MISSING IN ACTION - PEOPLE AND POLICIES 1948 -1973 VOLUME II

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• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 03111004
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• Document Creation Date: July 13, 2023
• Document Release Date: December 16, 2022
• Case Number: F-2023-00034
• Publication Date: December 1, 1974

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MISSING IN ACTION - PEOPLE AND POLICIES
1948 - 1973
VOLUME II
by
James J. White
DDA OP 13
December 1974
PERMANENT HISTORICAL DOCUMENT
DO NOT DESTROY
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This document contains information affecting the national
defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title
18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended.
Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re-
ceipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
iWARNING NO
SENSITIVE IN
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J.
Access Controlled by CIA History Staff and DDA
1ISSING IN ACTION - PEOPLE AND POLICIES
1948 - 1973
VOLUME 11
by
James J. White
Approved:
Fred W. M. Jann94r
Director of PersOnnel
Directorate of
Administration
Copies:
#1 - CIA-HS
#2 - DDA
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Contents
VOLUME I
Page
Foreword iii
I. Events of the 1950's and Earlier 1
The OSS Experience in Summary
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
1
World and Organization Climate of the
Early 1950's 5
STAROMA Mission, 29 November 1952 8
Downey and Fecteau Declared Missing in
Action, 18 December 1952 12
Declared Dead, 4 December 1953 15
Victims Personal Circumstances,
December 1953 18
Bombshells: September and November 1954. � 21
The Ad Hoc Committee in the 1950's 32
Official Efforts to Gain Release,
1954-1959 34
Unofficial Efforts. . � . OOOOOOOO 53
Personnel Administration of the MIAs in
the 1950's 59
Travel to China, 1958-1959 68
Liaison with the Families 75
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II. The MIAs in the 1960's 79
The 1960 May Day Incident: The Gary
Powers Shootdown 79
15 September 1960, Three More MIAs
The Castro Captives 99
=IR ���
The FE Cases in the 1960's
111
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
Release Efforts (Downey, Fecteau,
116
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
in the 1960's
Personnel Administration in the 1960's.
129
End
of the Second Decade, the
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
139
III.
The 1970's:
Homecomings
144
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
Changed Diplomatic Climate of the 1970's.
150
The Fecteau Case in the 1970's:
His
Release on 13 December 1971,
and
His
151
(b)(3)
The
Downey Case in the 1970's:
His
Release on 12 March 1973,
and
His
168
(b)(3)
187
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
190
Awards and Decorations
Postscript to an Era
197
Index
204
viii
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VOLUME II
Appendices
Page
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Chronology 1951 - 1973
248
Appendix D Finding of Death of Missing
Person John T. Downey 273
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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Page
Appendix I
Appendix J
Appendix K
OP Oral History Project
(Selected) Tape Transcripts. . . . 319
Weekly Visit La Cabana Fortress
Prison
Appendix L Figure
Figure
Figure
No. 1 Downey with DCI . � � �
No. 2 Fecteau with DCI. � � �
No. 3
456
461
462
463
Figure No. 4 Fecteau/ DeFelice,
Downey 464
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APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX B
Chronology 1951 � 1973
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APPENDIX B
1951
1952
Chronology 1951 - 1973
(b)(1)
(b)(3)_
29 Nov
Two young paramilitary officers, John
T. Downey and Richard G. Fecteau, dis-
appeared on an overflight of northeast
China. Their Civil Air Transport plane
was piloted by CAT pilots Robert Snoddy
and Norman Schwartz.
18 Dec Downey and Fecteau officially declared
Missing in Action.
1953 4 Dec Presumptive finding of death of a missing
person made in each case one year after
Downey-Fecteau disappeared in accordance
with the Missing Persons Act. Their in-
surance and federal benefits paid to
survivors over the period of the next
few months.
1954
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1954 (cont.)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
23 Nov Two years after their disappearance,
Peking announced to the world that
Downey and Fecteau were in custody,
having been tried, convicted, and sen-
tenced for espionage. Downey received
life imprisonment and Fecteau twenty
years.
Announced simultaneously was the sen-
tencing of eleven American airmen, the
crew of a downed B-29 commanded by Col.
John K. Arnold, USAF, who received a
10-year sentence, the crew receiving
lesser sentences.
(b)(3)
(b)(1)
1955 5 Jan Secretary General Hammarskjold met for
13 hours with Chou En-lai in Peking --
90 percent of the time, according to the
UN, spent on the military prisoner issue.
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1955 (cont.)
7 Jul
Ad hoc committee revitalized under
Chief/FE to focus on evacuation plan
in case Downey and Fecteau were released.
Chaired by William Nelson, Chief
the committee was composed
representatives of OS, OP, Fl, PP,
TSS.
of
and
4 Aug The Chinese Communists released the
eleven US airmen, the so-called Arnold
Group. No mention made of Downey and
Fecteau. Airmen brought out first
direct word on the two CIA men.
11 Sep The Agreed Announcement of the Ambassa-
dors of the United States of America
and the People's Republic of China was
issued at Warsaw. It set up the require-
ment that each country take appropriate
(b)(3)
measures so that American and Chinese
nationals desiring to return to their
respective countries could exercise their
right to do so.
1956
9 Jan
(b)(3)
� 28 Apr
DCI approved
employees
code of conduct for Agency
subject to capture by an enemy.
(b)(3)
17 Sep
Pay and Allowances for Missing
Persons replaced
of the Confi-
(b)(3)
dential Funds
Regulations.
1957
29 Jan State Department Release: The Facts Con-
cerning the Chinese Communists Failure to
Release Imprisoned Americans in Violation
of the 10 September 1955 Agreed Announce-
ment of the Ambassadors of the United
States of America and the People's Re-
public of China.
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1957 (cont.)
Aug Mrs. Downey met with President Eisen-
hower, the first of four Presidents with
whom she was to plead for measures to
obtain her son's release.
19 Aug Memo, Chief/FE to DDP, subject: Scope
and Duties of Committee on Americans
held in Prison in Communist China. This
memo placed overall responsibility for
the prisoners with the committee, ex-
panding its previous task of evacuation
planning.
24 Oct Memo, Chief/FE to DCI, subject: Actions
taken, CIA Connected Americans in Chinese (W(1)
Communist Jails. (b)(3)
19 Dec
1958 Jan
Memo, Chief/FE to D/Pers, subject: Pro-
motions for Personnel Imprisoned in Com-
munist China. Downey from GS-7 to GS-11/4,
Fecteau from GS-7 to GS-11/3,
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
(W(1)
First visit to prisoners in China made by(b)(3)
Mrs. Downey, Mrs. Fec-
teau accompanied by (b)(3)
John Downey's brother, William. DCI had
previously (19 Dec 1957) approved the pay-
ment of travel funds for the visit in the .
amount of $14,000, accounting to be made (W(1)
upon return. (b)(3)
17 Feb Mrs. Downey, William Downey,
met with the DCI Allen Dulles
widely publicized meeting
with the new Secretary
State, Christian Herter, later that
month.
to a
Prior
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1958 (cont.)
22 Sep DCI approved C/FE recommendation trans-
ferring primary responsibility for CIA
prisoners in Communist China to the
Director of Personnel. D/Pers desig-
nated Ben DeFelice, Chief, Casualty
Affairs Branch, as his representative
on prisoner affairs with Df.PPlire tn
chair the ad hoc committee)
1959 13 -
19 Jul
23 Sep
Visit of William Downey who had moved
to Hong Kong to devote his full time to
obtaining release of his brother. The
visit triggered, through British attor-
ney George E. S. Stevenson and a Com-
munist intermediary named Percy Chen, a
plea for clemency citing the 10th Anniver-
sary of the founding of the People's
Republic of China./
Mrs. Downey
Mrs. Fecteau,
met with
Secretary of State Herter on prisoner
release.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
29 Sep UPI release quoted Communist diplomatic
sources as stating prisoners might be re-
leased on 1 Oct, supposedly at Khrushchev's
suggestion, coincident with 10th Anniver-
sary of founding of People's Republic of
China.
Also in Sep the prisoner issue was included
on the agenda for President Eisenhower's
meeting with Premier Khrushchev at Camp
David.
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1959 (cont.)
1 Oct Petition for the release of John Downey
based on general amnesty being given to
Chinese prisoners in connection with the
10th Anniversary celebration was forwarded
to the Supreme Court of the PRC by Steven-
son, Chen having dropped out of the picture.
20 Nov Memo, John L. Bischoff (DeFelice's
superior) to D/Pers, subject: Agency
Action on Release of CIA Prisoners in
China.
1960 1 May U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers missing
on an overflight of the Soviet Union some-
where between Peshawar in Pakistan where
rag the flight originated and Bodo in Norway
where it was supposed to terminate. US
releases news item on missing weather
plane.
ogi
Mit
awl
IMO
7 May Khrushchev announced that the Soviets held
both pilot and plane after shootdown deep
in the Soviet Union.
17 May Summit meeting in Paris suspended, Presi-
dent Eisenhower's visit to USSR cancelled,
and he returned to the United States.
Aug Mrs. Downey and William Downey visited
John Downey in Peking prison.
17 Aug Moscow trial of Francis Gary Powers began
with his family in attendance. Powers
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for
espionage.
15 Sep David L. Christ, GS-15, C/Audio Support
Branch, TSD; Thornton J.,Anderson, GS-14, .
C/Section III, Engineering Br, TSD; Walter
E. Szuminski, GS-9, Audio Support Specialist,
arrested by Castro G-2 in Havana.
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(b)(3)
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1960 (cont.)
26 Oct Memo, to D/Pers, (b)(3)
subject: Investment of Pay and Allowances
of Missing Personnel. This memo authorized
C/Monetary Branch, OF, as directed by D/Pers
to withdraw money from prisoner accounts
for the purchase of Series E Bonds.
Later sayings accounts were authorized and,
eventually, in Dec 1964 investment in
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
17
Dec
Cuban Military Court sentenced the three
TSD "Techs" to 10 years in prison on
charges of crimes
of the state,
of wire taps
against the stability
specifically the setting
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
1961 3 Jan The United States broke off diplomatic
relations with the Cuban Government after
the Castro Government demanded that the
US Embassy be reduced to eleven persons.
28 Mar Mrs. Christ met with the DCI, Allen Dulles.
(b)(1
(b)(3
17 -
19 Apr Bay of Pigs invation and failure.
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1961 (cont.)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
16 Aug
Mrs. Christ met with Gen. Maxwell Taylor
for the Attorney General, Robert Kennedy.
Background papers prepared by the DDCI
for Vice President Johnson and MacGeorge
Bundy.
1962 10 Feb Francis Gary Powers exchanged for KGB
Col. Abel on Glienicker Bridge between
East and West Berlin. Deal arranged at
high levels in the two governments with
New York attorney and OSS alumnus James
Donovan as intermediary. A Board of In-
quiry under Federal Judge E. Barrett Pretty-
man exonerated Powers in Mar 1962. His pay
and allowances were released.
4 Mar Mrs. Mary Downey met with the new DCI,
John McCone, to ask for measures to be
taken to gain her son's release.
1 Apr
3 Apr
Downey, Fecteau promoted to GS-12
At the 109th meeting in Warsaw, US Ambas-
sador John M. Cabot again raised question
of conformance to 1955 Agreed Announcement
permitting civilians to return to their re-
spective countries. Ambassador Cabot's
claim that early release of such persons
would reduce international tensions re-
jected by PRC Ambassador Wang Ping-nan.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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1962 (cont.)
28 Apr Supplemental (to 1959) petition by way
of appeal for John Downey submitted to
Peking, Barrister (b)(3)
at Law, Hong Kong, on instruction of G. E.
S. Stevenson.
16 May
Mrs. Mary Downey visited her son John in
Peking, making the journey alone. The
visit was preceded by a visit of Mrs.
Downey to the Attorney General Robert
Kennedy, which was the occasic,
review of the prisoner issue.
18 Jun Report of Audit of Pay and Allowances of
Missing Persons to 30 Nov 1961. This
10-year audit showed the accounts to be
in good shape except for minor discrep-
ancies which were corrected. The gradu-
ated retroactive in-step and grade pro-
motions had been accurately posted.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
16 Oct State Department telegram for US Embassy,
Stockholm, referenced possible ChiCom
willingness to release Americans as tribute
to Dag Hammarskjold as proposed by Dr. Uno
Willers, Librarian of the Royal Library,
Stockholm, a friend of Dag's. This lead
was pursued through Apr 1963 but again
without success.
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Or,
1962 (cont.)
22 -
28 Oct
Cuban missile crisis.
6 Dec Mrs. Christ met with Attorney General
Robert Kennedy concerning husband's
release.
23 Dec Castro began to free Cubans from the
Bay of Pigs brigade in exchange for
$50,000,000 of food, medical supplies,
and farm equipment, supposedly raised
privately. James Donovan, the inter-
mediary, had by then established
personal rapport with Fidel Castro; and
Attorney General Robert Kennedy was
coordinating the effort.
1963 Jan David L. Christ
22 Apr
1964
* Nov 1973
Thornton J. Anderson
E. Szuminski
Walter
Castro released Christ, Anderson, and
Szuminski. The latter two returned to
full duty status on 2 Sep and are still*
employed by the Agency; Christ returned
on 9 September and retired from the Agency
in 1968.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
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1964 (cont.)
Nov Mrs. Mary Downey and son, William,
visited John Downey in Peking.
7 Dec At the 123rd meeting of the Ambassa-
dorial-level talks in Warsaw, US Am-
bassador Cabot said to his Chinese
opposite number, Ambassador Wang: "We
have yet to secure the release of the
four Americans who you hold, in our
opinion, contrary to the Agreed An-
nouncement. In this connection, I do
wish, however, to express our apprecia-
tion for the permission which you gave
Mrs. Downey and William Downey to visit
John Downey. We have noted newspaper
reports to the effect that Chinese Red
Cross officials have reminded Mrs.
Downey of the Chinese People's Republic
general policy of leniency and early
(b)(1)
release for good behavior. We hope that
this means that Downey and (b)(3)
other Americans will be released soon."
(No reply was received from Ambassador
Wang on the prisoner issue.)
1965
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
Apr Francis Gary Powers receiyed the Intel-
ligence Star.
3 Oct Article in the Boston Globe on Richard
Fecteau described how he spent his time
with "7 years to go."
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1966 . 1 Feb Prisoners sponsored for participation in
the CIA Retirement and Disability
System (CIARDS) by D/Pers.
1967
1968
Aug Downey and Fecteau promoted GS-13.
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1968 (cont)
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1968 (cont.)
15 Nov Letter received from Chinese Communist
Government replying specifically to the
June letter from the State Department
stating that, "the Chinese Government does
not see any need at present to give the
US Government information about the con-
victed American criminals who are serving
prison terms in China."
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
1969 21 Feb The new US Ambassador to the Warsaw talks,
Walter J. Stoessel, took ChiComs to task
on the prisoner issue in a strongly worded
letter to the Chinese charge.
1970
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(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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1970 (cont.)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
1971
Jun Dr. Jerome Cohen, Jack Downey's Yale class-
mate, Harvard Law School professor, and
acknowledged authority on Chinese criminal
law appeared before the Fulbright (Senate
Foreign Relations) Committee testifying
at some length on his thesis that the USG
was at fault on the Downey-Fecteau case.
Cohen believed that if the USG would ac-
knowledge culpability and apologize, the
two men would be freed. The Yale Class of
1951 made the theme of it 20th reunion
"Free John Downey."
9-
11 Jul Dr. Henry Kissinger made his secret visit
to Peking as President Nixon's emissary
to Chou En-lai.
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arAlc.r1/4..E, J.
1971 (cont.)
2-
16 Nov Mrs. Mary Downey, accompanied by Mr.
and Mrs. William Downey, visited John
Downey in Peking. They also had brief
visit with Richard Fecteau.
13 Dec Richard G. Fecteau was released and returned
to the United States, having served 19 years
of a 20-year sentence. Extensive coverage
in the US press. Fecteau was flown di-
rectly to the Valley Forge Military Hos-
pital in Pennsylvania. His MIA status
was officially ended on 17 Dec 1971.
Dec Downey and Fecteau promoted to GS-14 as
recommended by D/Pers with concurrence
of the DDP, the CS Personnel Management
Committee, and the Chief/FE.
1972
14 Jan-
16 Feb Fecteau
Feb President Nixon's "Journey for Peace" to
Peking.
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1973 1 Feb President Nixon at a news conference
publicly identified the only civilian
American known to be in a Chinese prison
-- Jack Downey -- as an agent of the
Central Intelligence Agency.
7 Mar Notification received by the Agency
from William Downey of Mrs. Downey's
stroke. Her condition considered
serious with very slim chance of sur-
vival.
12 Mar Following personal intervention by Presi-
dent Nixon, John Downey freed after
serving 20 years and 4 months of a life
sentence. The release was widely publi-
cized in the US press. Downey_'' flown
directly to New Britain (W(1)
(b)(3)
15 Mar LCDR Robert J. Flynn (USN) shot down in
China on 21 Aug 1967 and Maj. Phillip
Smith (USAF) shot down in Sep 1965, both
of whom had been imprisoned with Downey
and Fecteau in Peking, were released by
the Chinese Communists.
20 Mar
Downey's MIA status was ended and he was
returned to reaular employment rolls on
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
4-
20 Apr
Downey debriefing.
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1973 (cont.)
17 Jul Memo, D/Pers to Exec/Sec., CIA Manage-
ment Committee, forwarded the honor
awards recommendations of the ad hoc
committee. / (WO)
(b)(3)
Fecteau and
Downey were recommended for the Intel-
ligence Star. The committee also
recommended that Fecteau be granted an
additional award -- the Intelligence
Medal of Merit -- for his outstanding
performance and personal conduct fol-
lowing his release until the time Downey
was released.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
This was the last official act
of the ad hoc committee and it was dis-
banded on 24 Jul 1973.
28 Aug At a meeting of the Agency's Honor and
Merit Awards Board attended by the
Director, William E. Colby, and by the
full membership of the ad hoc committee,*
the following awards were approved by the
Director:
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
John Downey - Distinguished Intelli-
gence Medal
Richard Fecteau Distinguished In-
mpaal
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
In addition, the Intelligence Medal of
Merit was approved for Fepteau in recog-
nition of his exemplary conduct following
his release and prior to that of Downey.
* Ben DeFelicef 0/Pers, Chairman;
EA;
CCS, members MIA Ad Hoc Committee.
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EA; and
Cl/OPS;
(b)(3)
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John T.. Downey,
GS-7, FE
Disappeared 29 Nov 52
China
Richard G. Fecteau Disappeared 29 Nov 52
GS-7, FE
China
12 Mar 73
Hong Kong
12 Dec 71
Hong Kong
Aircraft shot down on
operational mission.
Received life sen-
tence.
Aircraft shot down on
operational mission.
Received 20 year sen-
tence.
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Thornton J. Anderson
Arrested 15 Sep
60
22 Apr
63
GS-14, TSD
Havana; Cuba
Cuba
David L. Christ
Arrested 15 Sep
60
22 Apr
II
63
GS-15, TSD
Walter E. Szuminski
Havana, Cuba
Cuba
fl
GS-9, TSD
(b)(1)
Robert L. Neet
Arrested 15 Sep
60
16 Sep
60
(b)(3)
GS-11, FE
Havana, Cuba
Cuba
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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N
Francis G. Powers
DPD
Arrested 1 May 60
USSR
10 Feb 62
E. Berlin,
E. Germany
Awarded Intelligence
Star Apr 1965. Re-
signed 15 Oct 62.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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APPENDIX D
Findin9 of Death of Missing Person
John T. Downey
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J.
APPENDIX D
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington 25, D. C.
FINDING OF DEATH OF MISSING PERSON
Pursuant to the provisions of Section 5 of the Act of
7 March 1942 (Public Law 490, 77th Congress) as amended,
upon direction and delegation by the Director of Central
Intelligence, I find Mr. John Thomas Downey to be dead.
He was officially reported as missing as of the third
day of December 1952. For the purposes stated in said
Act, death is presumed to have occurred on the fourth
day of December 1953.
Date: 4 December
Date of Birth:
Home Address:
Emergency Addressee:
Name: Mrs.
Relationship:
Address:
/s/
1953
Acting
-- 0 0 0 0
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION
Duty:
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
(b)(6)
(b)(6)
Personnel
--
Director
on
1951
Date Entered
3 June
Mary V. Downey
Mother
(b)(6)
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313%,,c1X-r, 1
APPENDIX G
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,
APPENDIX J
OP Oral History Project
(Selected) Tape Transcripts
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0.1.>i