HANDBOOK FOR THE WRITING OF CLANDESTINE SERVICES HISTORY

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 03438323
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: March 8, 2023
• Document Release Date: September 4, 2019
• Case Number: F-2018-01717
• Publication Date: February 1, 1966

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SE91dT
CSHB 5-13-1
HANDBOOK
FOR THE WRITING OF
CLANDESTINE SERVICES HISTORY
1 February 1966
Copy N? 69
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HANDBOOK
FOR THE WRITING OF
CLANDESTINE SERVICES HISTORY
1 February 1966
SECRET
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
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CONTENTS
1966
Page
CHAPTER I - Organization and Procedures
1
CHAPTER II - Approach and Treatment
5
CHAPTER III - Style and Format
9
CHAPTER IV - Sources
15
CHAPTER V - Prospective Uses
19
APPENDIX A - CS Historical Procedures
1. Management of the CS Historical Program
21
2. Profile of a Historical Paper
22
3. Debriefing Guide
24
4. Instructions Regarding Outside Interviews .
25
APPENDIX B - Reference Material
1. Reference Aids
a. Knowledgeable Persons Finder
27
b. Index to Source Documents
27
c. Catalog of CS Histories
27
d. Roster of CS Historical Writers
27
e. Chronology
27
f. Historical Staff Records
28
2. Dates of Organizations and DCI's
28
3. Basic Reference Materials for Writers . .
30
4. Calendars 1800 to 2050
31
APPENDIX C - Format and Technique
1. Sample References
33
2. CS Symbols and Abbreviations
34
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CHAPTER I. Organization and Procedures
1. The Need
The need for a systematic record of the operations of
the Clandestine Services has been recognized; it is basic
and invaluable for the orderly progression of operational
planning. This record should include the development of
the operational arm of the Agency, its contributions to
the development of national policy, its experiences with
operational, organizational and methodological innovations,
and its relations with policy authorities, other agencies,
and other intelligence services. Reliance on word-of-mouth
techniques for passing along experiences and valuable les-
sons learned in past operations has proved entirely inade-
quate. Especially when priorities shift, with a build-up
in one area and a balancing decrescendo elsewhere, there
is a natural lag in the transfer of our accumulated ex-
perience, if indeed there is any transfer at all. With the
growth of the Clandestine Services, informal or sporadic
reviews of past activities form an inadequate basis from
which to apply experience to the future fulfillment of our
responsibilities.
2. The CS Historical Board
A Clandestine Services Historical Board has been
established under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Director
for Plans. The purpose of the Board is to review, advise,
and assist in the preparation of CS historical studies.
3. The Historical Staff and Its Clandestine Services Group
The Historical Staff is a part of the Office of the
Director of Central Intelligence. A DDP Representative has
been assigned to the Historical Staff to manage the CS his-
torical program. Working with him is the Clandestine Services
Group (HS/CSG), a research team for developing approaches
to and supporting the preparation of histories of the
Clandestine Services. The DDP Representative and the HS/CSG
serve as the implementing arm of the CS Historical Board.
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4. The Participation of the CS Components
Each division and staff chief:
a. Has designated a senior officer on his immediate
staff as responsible Historical Officer (HO) for the co-
ordination of historical matters.
b. Is arranging for the DDP Representative, Histori-
cal Staff, to receive lists of particularly knowledgeable
persons from group, branch, section and/or desk chiefs,
usually via the HO. The period of interest reaches back
to 1 October 1945. The list will indicate the subject or
region of knowledgeability and the period in which the in-
dividual held related responsibilities.
c. Is assisting the HS/CSG to locate, index and pre-
serve valuable source documents, through his Records Manage-
ment Officer (RMO).
d. Will insure through his HO that historical papers
in the custody of his staff or division which have been
identified, reviewed and accepted as a part of the Clandes-
tine Services history will be maintained for reference and
historical purposes.
5. Individual Participation
a. The cooperation of all CS operations and staff
officers in the CS historical program is encouraged. When
the opportunity affords; every officer should take the time
to analyze and record his experiences; he should keep a
record of the subject and date of any study or special re-
view which he has prepared. Such a study can often be done
between tours or assignments and held by the officer for
later use. In some instances he may be sought out for de-
briefing in the course of the CS historical program.
b. With the inevitability of having to pass the torch
eventually to another generation, it is incumbent upon
those now engaged in operations to record their activities
for the benefit of others. Every writer of CS history is
encouraged to share the findings of his research with those
who will be working in related fields. Discovery in the
files of history-type background studies, summaries, or
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reviews and the location of source documents such as com-
mand decisions, delegations of authority, and statements
of functions and responsibilities should be reported to
the HS/CSG for recording content and location in the in-
dexes described below in section 6 and in Appendix B 1.
6. The Participation of the Clandestine Services Group of
the Historical Staff
a. The DDP Representative with the assistance of the
HS/CSG will advise and guide participants in the CS histor-
ical program--explain the purpose behind the CS effort,
show the relationship between the work of individual par-
ticipants and the planned history, furnish references and
leads to sources, outline elements to be included in CS
historical papers, provide other assistance (e.g., review-
ing papers before final typing as required), and integrate
the products into a Catalog of CS Histories.
b. The HS/CSG will develop guidance papers and archi-
val aids to assist historical writers.
c. The HS/CSG will be winnowing the wheat from the
chaff in the retired files, identifying important items and
knowledgeable CS individuals. Thus it will provide the
means for:
(1) Filling existing gaps by identifying available
knowledgeable officers to prepare historical papers.
(2) Keeping past and current material from slip-
ping away and being lost to history; as documents of
historical value are identified in record collections
the HS/CSG analysts will record their content and lo-
cation for inclusion in an Index to Source Documents.
7. Controls
The sensitivity of its content will determine where
each historical paper will be held and the release proce-
dures for it. Normally, the original will be held in the
ifice of riary interest for appropriate control and
ater use; one carbon will be held, as part of :the perma-
nent set of papers comprising the Clandestine Services
History, in the office of the DDP.
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CHAPTER II. Approach and Treatment
1. General
Preparation of the history of any segment of the organ-
ization or functions of the CS is at once a creative and a
tedious job. The identification of the stages or phases of
our program as it parallels shifts in U.S. policy, the vi-
cissitudes of a foreign government, or the movement of key
staff officers becomes an intriguing exercise. To develop
such a story into a factual and fluid account is a stimu-
lating challenge. One must surely be an inventor of pro-
portions to develop the means and create the tools to cope
with the many aspects of each CS activity. In any sense of
the word this is a constructive task of real benefit to the
Agency and in particular to the officers of the CS.
2. Content
a. Some of the questions a historical paper should
answer are the following:
(1) Mission development: How did the function of
a unit, base, division, staff, etc., develop as it has
since September 1945 or its beginning? What were the
significant steps, and how did they emerge one from
another or from external prompting? Was it sometimes
diverted from its proper function?
(2) Organization: How have organiiational prob-
lems (for example OSO-OPC, overt-covert support func-
tions, the play between geographical and functional
units) been solved, or not solved? What experiments
failed to work, and why?
(3) Relationships of all kinds: What effect have
ups and downs of policy guidance (NSC/White House,
OCB/Special Group) had? What have been the relations
with State and Defense at headquarters? With ambassa-
dors, armed service commanders, and other U.S. agencies
in the field? With foreign services? With host gov-
ernments? How did the closer working relationships
with DDI components evolve?
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(4) Problems and methods: What innovations have
been made in methods (for example agent communications,
proprietary enterprises, the extension of deep cover)?
What problems were they intended to solve? How well
have they worked, or why didn't they work? What ad-
ministrative or support problems have been particularly
significant?
(5) Operations: What have the major programs
been? How successful was each? How much a contribu-
tion to fulfillment of the Agency's job? To national
objectives? What went wrong in the failures? What
individual operations and techniques have been parti-
cularly significant, or instructive?
b. Some of the elementary musts for any paper are the
following:
(1) State the time span and geographic area, func-
tion, or program covered.
(2) Identify the writer in true name, his position
in CIA, and his relationship to the operation being
recorded.
(3) Give date of writing.
(4) Note any special security considerations be-
yond the stamped classification.
(5) Identify the organizational units involved,
with charts when appropriate.
(6) Specify what personnel were involved, whether
staff, contract, agent, etc.
(7) Make clear the types of operation in question,
not only general types such as Fl, CA, etc., but broad
categories such as unilateral, economic, or maritime
and specific kinds such as illegal entry or intelli-
gence exchange.
(8) Describe the support services used, not only
obvious ones like training and logistics but also in
less obtrusive requirements, for example in the legal
field.
(9) Offer constructive criticism and your conclu-
sions.
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3. Treatment
The history should state not only what was done but
how and why it was done. Normally the various facets of
subject matter should be woven into a chronological narra-
tive, not separated out in analytical fashion, though some-
times it is desirable to interrupt the narrative to trace
the history of a particular problem.
Using evidence responsibly in context, honest conclu-
sions can be drawn regarding the extent of successes and
failures and the reasons therefor. But the factual narra-
tive should not be interlarded with editorializing, and
personal opinion should not be substituted for an objective
narrative.
Every writer has to use his own style. A general
admonition is to avoid the stilted phraseology of govern-
ment directives and interoffice memoranda, using a strong
and simple idiom with direct, concrete expressions. Proper
use of technical intelligence terms is indispensable, but
overuse of CS jargon should also be avoided.*
Unity in writing, a singleness of effect and a well-
proportioned product, is promoted by outlining in advance
and by keeping the presentation chronological. It requires
the coherence of orderly arrangement and sticking to one
subject at a time, as well as good judgment as to the rela-
tive importance of materials and corresponding emphasis in
presentation.
*E.g., The flap over the digraph and the cable slugs
occurred while the COS was on TDY and the RMD was in
the pouch.
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CHAPTER III. Style and Format
1. Style Conventions
a. Use third person, even when the writer participated.
b. The first time an abbreviation occurs in a paper,
it should be used in conjunction with and preceded by the
full title.
c. Dates and time: Preferred usage is day, month,
year (23 June 1953) and 24-hour time (2330 hours), speci-
fying time zone where not evident.
d. Names, titles, and rank: The initial mention of
a true proper name should be in full, if known, and preceded
by a title (i.e., Mr., Mrs., Col., etc.) to denote its being
a true name, not a pseudonym. Only the first letter of the
surname should be capitalized. Subsequent references may
be by title and surname only.
e. Pseudonyms: The first use of a pseudonym should
be in full, e.g., Joseph Q. SMITH; no title is used with a
pseudonym. Subsequent references may be by surname only.
f. Cryptonyms: Cryptonyms should be used to desig-
nate sensitive operations, agents, and organizations and
should be written in capital letters.
. g. Geographic names: When writing about small, out-
of-the-way places use the approved government-wide geo-
graphic spellings. If exact locations are important, give
reference map coordinates or latitude and longitude.
h. Statistics: Tabulate where possible.
i. Ships and aircraft: Names of ships and aircraft
should preferably be enclosed in quotation marks.
j. Except as otherwise specified, the United States
Government Printing Office Style Manual, January 1959, may
govern in matters of spelling, grammar, punctuation, abbre-
viations, etc.
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k. Anachronisms: Watch out for errors in chronology
such as using place names or personal titles which would
be correct only at an earlier or later period than the one
under discussion.
2. Format
a. Physical form
(1) Papers should be typewritten double-spaced
(except integrated parts of a single bibliographic
reference) on one side of letter-size paper (8"x10-1/2")
with 1" top and 1-1/2" left-hand margins to allow for
fastening.
(2) The nature and sensitivity of the paper will
determine the number of copies prepared and their dis-
tribution.
(3) Page numbers should be placed at the bottom
above the security classification.
(4) A distinctive cover designed for completed
historical papers certifies that the document covered
is a permanent part of the Clandestine Services His-
tory which may not be destroyed and is indexed in the
"Catalog of CS Histories."
b. Security classification and controls
(1) All CS historical text will bear the security
classification SECRET, or higher if necessary, and will
be stamped with the GROUP 1 stamp on the first page.
(2) If, for completeness, the history must contain
code-word or other sensitive material this will be
segregated in a separate text and the reader referred
to it by a footnote. This will allow the authorized
custodian of such material to screen requests and de-
termine clearances and need-to-know of each requester.
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c. Documentation
Full and accurate referencing is fundamental to
historical writing. All moot points or limited informa-
tion should be documented in footnotes or references.
(1) Source footnotes should be referenced by
number and listed at the end of the paper (or chap-
ter of long papers) by corresponding number. (See
Appendix C.)
(2) Instead of the Latin op. cit., supra.,
infra., loc. cit., ibid., the English equivalents
are preferred.
(3) Footnotes will usually refer to either an
interview or a document. They should specify:
(a) Nature or source (cable, dispatch,
memorandum, intelligence report, interview, etc.)
(b) Originator
(c) Recipient
(d) Date
(e) Symbol and number
(f) Top secret or registration number
(g) Subject
(h) Present file location
d. References
The list of references at the end of each paper
(or chapter, or part, if paper is lengthy) may include
references other than those mentioned in the text.
e. Illustrations
Maps, charts, pictures, etc. may be placed in
the text or appendixes. They should, however, be clearly
marked as to source and security classification.
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f. Appendixes
There is no limit to the number of appendixes
that can be used. Examples include:
(1) List of references
(2) Chronology
(3) Source listing
(4) List of interviewees
(5) Copies of important documents
(6) Photographs, maps, charts, graphs, etc.
(7) Restricted identity lists for separate
storage, if necessary.
3. Index
a. Indexing is a tool for the ready use of the his-
torical paper and nothing should be omitted which the dis-
criminating reader might wish to locate.
b. Items included
(1) It is an axiom of indexing that all proper
names mentioned in the paper, whether of persons,
places, units, organizations, or ships, should be
indexed, unless the mention is casual and cursory.
(a) Names of persons should be listed by
surname, given name or initials, and rank, if any.
Officers are indexed under the highest rank mentioned
in the text. An effort should be made to supply the
given names of all persons listed.
(b) Place names are so important in history
that even such terms as "Hill 50" and "Route 5"
should be indexed if they have significance. Occasion-
ally a place is known by two names, such as "Nakagusuku
Bay" and "Buckner Bay." In this case the item should
be indexed under the name most frequently used, with
an entry under the other name giving a cross reference
to the main entry.
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(c) Names of organizations, both military
and civilian, should be indexed. These include such
terms as "Air Corps," "Ordnance Department," and
"National Resources Planning Board."
(d) Any topic of whatever nature, in case
it is the subject of significant discussion, should
be included in the index. The topics should be as
specific as possible. For topics which are expressed
by various words, select the word which is used
chiefly in the text.
(e) The theme of a paper as a whole should
not be itself an entry in the index.
c. Form of the index
(1) Items are listed in alphabetical order. All
phrases which begin with a particular word are listed
before a combined form of the word is introduced. For
example, "Air forces" should precede entries beginning
with "Airborne." Since Arabic numerals do not fit an
alphabetical scheme, they cannot be used at the begin-
ning of an entry; hence, such terms as "28th Infantry
Division" must be entered as "Infantry Division, 28th."
All main entries should be in substantive, not adjec-
tival, form; for example, "Audio operations" is a cor-
rect main entry, but not simply the word "Audio."
(2) Important items should be broken down into
subheadings, each of which should consist of a key
word or phrase. Unlike main entries, subheadings may
be in adjectival form, since they serve to modify the
main heading. Initial or final prepositions should
be used in subheadings only when the meaning would be
ambiguous without them.
(3) Indentation and spacing require careful
attention. Extra space is left between entries under
"A," "B," "C," and other letters of the alphabet.
Main entries are flush with the left margin; sub-
headings are indented one space. Material carried
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over from a preceding line is indented two spaces. If
an entry is carried over to the next page the entry
should be repeated, thus: "Training areas -- Continued."
(4) Use should be made of cross reference to in-
dicate related topics which the reader might wish to
consult. Cross reference should also be used when the
reader is likely to consult a topic under an entry dif-
ferent from that under which the page numbers are given.
d. Details of Style
(1) The initial letter of the first word of each
main entry should be capitalized; the first letter of
a subheading is not ordinarily capitalized; otherwise
the general rules for capitalization apply to the
index.
(2) Rules for abbreviation are the same for the
index as for the main text.
(3) Commas should separate entries from page num-
bers, and page numbers from each other.
(4) Periods are not used in the index except for
abbreviations and to set off complete statements; they
should occur before and after statements beginning
with See and See also.
(5) When See also is followed by reference to
several entries, the items should be separated by semi-
colons.
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CHAPTER IV. Sources
1. General
The sources of material for CS history are limited
only by the ingenuity, personal contacts, and doggedness
of the writer. Most intelligence officers who have been
chosen to write a segment of the history will be knowledge-
able of the appropriate sources of information. The fol-
lowing paragraphs are offered simply as a checklist.
2. Personal sources
Dates, places, and people that may be hazy in the
writer's memory can sometimes be identified through per-
sonal documents:
a. Itineraries of travel, receipts, and personnel
actions which may be in personal custody in the office
b. Letters, both received and sent
c. Diaries and journals
d. Photographs or slide collections
e. Maps and charts
3. Official documents
A large number of papers regularly prepared within
the Clandestine Services will quite naturally lend them-
selves to historical exploitation. These may include but
are not limited to:
a. Related Missions Directives
b. Annual Assessment of the RMD (Field)
c. Operational Program (Budget)
d. Project Profile (outline, periodic summaries,
termination)
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e.
or other Situation Reports
f. Operational Highlights and like division-directed
reporting on operations
g �
Reports
h. Briefing Folder or Handbook and Operational Cli-
mate Papers (including replaced pages)
i. Interagency Agreements and International Liaison
Protocols
j. Staff studies and policy recommendations for higher
authority
Other official records which a writer of historical papers
might require:
k. Directives
1. Organization and personnel records and chronology
m. Existing operational summaries or histories
n. Digraph and cryptonym cross-index cards
o. Document control abstracts
P.
Agent 201 files
q. Archives: e.g.,
(1) Cables
(2) RI
(3) Records Center
(4) Shelf Lists
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4. Interviews and debriefings
a. The historian usually begins by getting all he.
can out of documentary records and then tries to get be-
hind the documents, as well as fill in between them, with
carefully chosen questions posed to knowledgeable persons.
Such interviews should be recorded and cited like other
documents. The historian of recent events can reverse this
procedure, getting the story from participants first and
then checking and supplementing it with documents, if he
has too little first-hand knowledge of the subject to get
started or if the people are more available than the papers.
b. Persons to be interviewed could include:
(1) Past and present division, staff, branch,
desk, station, base, section chiefs, and case officers
for policies, responsibilities and operations
(2) Administrative assistants and secretaries
to chiefs, for supporting records and documents
(3) Senior reports officers
(4) Support personnel (Communications, Finance,
Logistics, Personnel, Training, Security, etc.)
(5) Other returnees from overseas duty
(6) Within appropriatd security considerations,
retirees who have held responsible positions
c. For a suggested debriefing questionnaire see
Appendix A3.
d. For instructions regarding interviews see Appendix
A4.
5. Assistance of the HS/CSG
a. The reference system of the HS/CSG is being devel-
oped in order to relieve CS officers as far as possible from
having to search irrelevant masses of information. (Des-
cribed in Appendix B.)
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b. In order to guard valuable historical documents
from destruction the HS/CSG researchers are stamping them
on the lower margin of the first page (or green cover sheet
of Top Secret documents) as follows:
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT
Destroy only with consent
of the Historical Staff
Name:
Date:
c. Complete folders that have been reviewed by
HS/CSG researchers will bear the following stamp:
,THIS FILE WAS REVIEWED BY THE
CS GROUP OF THE HISTORICAL
STAFF ON
ENTIRE FILE SHOULD BE RETAINED
AS HISTORICAL RECORD
FILE CONTAINS SELECTED ITEMS
STAMPED AS HISTORICAL RECORDS
ENTIRE FILE OF NO HISTORICAL
CONCERN
d. To preserve source references writers of CS
history will be provided a stamp as follows for documents
cited in their papers:
THIS DOCUMENT IS
A SOURCE REFERENCE IN
A HISTORICAL PAPER
DO NOT DESTROY
(It is recommended that at the time this stamp is placed
on a document that the writer also indicate the title of
the paper being written.)
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CHAPTER V. Prospective Uses
1. The audience
We are writing for future senior CS officers in the
first instance. They will receive their first exposure to
CS history when they are serving as Indians on their way
up and have a need to know. Furthermore, within controls
imposed by originating elements and the CS system of opera-
tional security, sanitized portions of the history may be
made available to others through established vehicles such
as the Studies in Intelligence. It is anticipated that the
results of our historical efforts will be available to the
Agency leadership of the future, and that they may assist
others in correctly assessing the impact of the happenings
of our day, contributing thus to the enlightenment of the
leaders of tomorrow.
2. The use
The prospective uses of a historical paper include:
a. Provide to those engaged in operational, organi-
zational and policy planning, analytical documentation of
previous CS programs and experiences with appropriate con-
clusions.
b. Summary for new chiefs of station, branch chiefs,
desk chiefs, and other key officers.
c. Operational guidance through constructive criticisn
d. Aid in updating project renewals, RMD's, project/
budget justifications, etc.
e. As source of background material in response to
urgent requirements from policy makers.
f. As a faCility for substantiating debriefings.
g. As a monitoring review and summation of opera-
tions for later analysis.
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h. As a ready backstop for senior CS officers in
testing their opinions and judgments of new demands and
shifting programs.
i. As an aid in operational training (with the con-
sent of the originating office).
j. As frame of reference in launching a new CS
activity or resolving a difficult problem.
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0/DCI
Historical Staff
Responsible Historical Officers
Component Support and
Guidance Outline Review
Division and Staff Chiefs
����
Management of the CS Historical Program
Direction,
Coordination, 6"
Technical Assistance
WRITERS OF CS HISTORY
Division and Staff
Records Management Officers
and Records Officers
CS
Historical Board
CS Group,
Historical Staff
I 1
CO
0
c�
CO
Location, Identification, Indexing
and Recording of Papers and People
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APPENDIX A
2. PROFILE OF A HISTORICAL PAPER
a. Title Page (include date and name of writer)
b. Table of Contents (subheadings within Chapters
or Parts if it is a long or complex history)
c. Introduction
d. Chronology (if paper covers an extended period)
e. Body (if more than one operation, activity or
major grouping or trend of events, treat in phases, parts
or chapters)
f. Constructive Conclusions (summarize, identifying
the key issues on which success or failure turned)
g. Index (proper names--individuals and places, ele-
ments of government and organizations, specialized terms
and titles)
h. Reference Bibliography (set up documents in num-
bered list relating to numbers used in the body of the
paper, as in Appendix C) [Copies of reports submitted
for use in the paper or debriefing summaries should be
attached to the paper or they should be listed as ref-
ences in the Reference Bibliography]
i. List of Contacts and Contributors (cross refer-
ence by use of letters instead of numbers so that personal
sources of information noted in the body may be easily
identified)
(1)
1953-1957
(2)
1954-1957
ME Division,
Case Officer,
j. List of Key Agents (when pseudonyms or cryptonyms
are used corresponding true lists will be maintained in
separate folders in the control office)
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APPENDIX A
NOTE: Background papers, operational reviews or chrbnologi-
cal summaries may already be written which meet the stand-
ards of a historical paper. However, such papers may not
have the component parts which could make them orderly and
thorough. With the addition of at least a, b, and g above
such a paper can satisfy the requirements of the CS Histori-
cal Board. These papers which have already been written
then can be included in the Catalog of CS Histories as a
full-fledged segment of our history.
k. Suggested approaches to a historical paper:
(1) Describe the then prevailing political and
operational climate with particular reference to its
effect on access and susceptibility to manipulation.
(2) Define the problem, array of forces, and the
objective.
(3) Indicate the types of information needed to
determine the course of action, the sources exploited,
and evaluation.
(4) Describe the capabilities available at the
onset--agents, mechanism. (How can they be woven
into the narrative including any new capabilities
developed?)
(5) Outline the development of the operation(s)
including the steps taken, reactions and results
noted. Note support of all cooperating Agency and
other U.S. Government elements.
(6) Summarize the major results in terms of the
initial objective.
(7) Add annexes describing:
(a) Tradecraft employed
(b) Support problems and solutions
(funding, cover, communications, training)
(c) Policy problems
(d) Maps and charts
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APPENDIX A
3. DEBRIEFING GUIDE
(General information desired from each interviewee.)
NAME:
RESPONSIBILITIES:
(Job title or duties)
DATE OF INTERVIEW:
DATES:
(Arrival and departure)
NAMES: (Others known to have been responsible for an impor-
tant part of the program and suggested as additional
informants; why suggested.)
GENERAL COMMENTARY: (Work performed, relationship with
others (foreign and U.S. Government elements), progress,
unusual developments, support required, Headquarters
and station guidance and coordination.)
CONCLUSIONS: (Aspects of the program which may have been
successful and could or should be applied to Agency
efforts in other countries. Approaches and procedures
found to be productive in your activity. Mistakes,
failures, or shortcomings, with constructive sugges-
tions.)
REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND MATERIALS: (Identify and if pos-
sible provide a copy of reports or studies prepared
earlier which cast light upon your responsibilities
and actual activities; list any periodic reports which
may refer to your operations.)
Assembling your ideas for the debriefing, keep in mind
that your information will be used in the preparation of a
history of CS efforts. The historical paper and its attach-
ments will be read by individuals assigned similar respon-
sibilities.
Interviewer
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APPENDIX A
4. INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING INTERVIEWS IN SUPPORT OF CS
HISTORICAL PAPERS
a. Normally it is anticipated that an individual re-
sponsible for preparing a historical paper will acquire the
necessary information largely from existing documentation,
both current and retired, from interviews (debriefings) of
personnel presently on duty, and from the writer's own ex-
periences and responsibilities which relate to the paper at
hand.
b. The history of the Clandestine Services presently
in the process of development reaches back to October 1945.
This fact alone indicates that there will be gaps in infor-
mation sometimes so great that the sources mentioned above
will be found inadequate. In such instances the writer may
find himself compelled to interrogate or debrief at some
length one or more individuals who may have already retired
from the Agency. Contacts with such persons will only be
made when absolutely necessary.
c. Prior to approaching a person who has retired from
the.Agency the following steps will be taken:
(1) The name of the individual and, if known,
his address will be submitted to the security officer
of the component having jurisdiction over the paper
being prepared. The security officer will forward
this data to the Deputy Director of Security for Personnel
Security for examination as to security implications
and approval for approaching the individual.
(2) After receiving clearance for making the con-
tact, the name and address of the individual to be
approached will be submitted to the Domestic Contact
Service (DCS). This office will make an appropriate
introduction and establish the bona fides of the
individual desiring to conduct the interview.
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APPENDIX A
d. In every case the writer of a CS historical paper
will advise the DDP Representative, Historical Staff,
before interviewing a retired employee of the Agency and
indicate that the appropriate clearance and contact arrange-
ments have been made.
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APPENDIX B
1. REFERENCE TOOLS AVAILABLE IN THE HISTORICAL STAFF
The following is a list and brief description of the
aids being compiled in the Historical Staff by the CS Group
that may be helpful to the writer of CS history:
a. Knowledgeable Persons Finder
(An alphabetical card index of persons known to
have a detailed knowledge of CS operations or functions (on
either an area or a functional basis) and their specialty
and a subject index of organizations, functions, and proj-
ects listing knowledgeable persons by name.)
b. Index to Source Documents
(A cross index of abstract cards of existing docu-
ments known to have historical significance. These would
include directives, regulatory issuances, functional state-
ments, organizational charts, cables, memoranda, dispatches,
tabulations, graphs, books, and maps. This material may be
written, printed, taped, or photographed. This index is
arranged by country, area, unit, and function.)
c. Catalog of CS Histories
(A card index, by area and function, of completed
historical studies. These papers may be quite broad in
their coverage of a division, branch, country, general func-
tion, or specific operation. This index includes summary
notations with controls, location, and availability.)
d. Roster of CS Historical Writers
(An alphabetical card index of officers who have
been nominated or approved for writing a segment of CS his-
tory, along with a parallel progress file of the papers
being written.)
e. Chronology
(A card index of CS organizational events main-
tained by date and supplemented by charts reflecting
approved reorganizations.)
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AFTENDIX B
f. Historical Staff Records (not purely CS)
Numerous and varied historical studies and his-
tories of parts of the Agency and predecessor organizations.
2. DATES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND DCI's
The following dates are some of the major milestones
in the history of CIA and predecessor organizations:
a. Organizations and Components
Existence
Organization Symbol
Official
From To
Coordinator of Information
Office of Strategic Services
Strategic Services Unit
COI
OSS
SSU
11 Jul
13 Jun
1 Oct
1941
1942
1945
13 Jun 1942
1 Oct 1945
Present
Central Intelligence Group
CIG
22 Jan
1946
18 Sep 1947
Office of Special Operations
OSO
29 Jul
1946
1 Aug 1952
(merged with
OPC to form
the Clandes-
tine Services)
Central Intelligence Agency
CIA
18 Sep
1947
Present
Special Procedures Group
SPG
22 Dec
1947
1 Sep 1948
(Became OPC)
Office of Policy Coordination
OPC
1 Sep
1948
1 Aug 1952
(merged with
OSO to form
the Clandes-
tine Services)
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APPENDIX B
b. Directors of Central Intelligence
Rear Admiral Sidney W. Souers, USNR
23 January 1946 - 7 June 1946
Lieutenant General Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg, USA
10 June 1946 - 1 May 1947
Rear Admiral Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter, USN
1 May 1947 - 7 October 1950
Lieutenant General (later General) Walter Bedell Smith, USA
7 October 1950 - 9 February 1953
Mr. Allen Welsh Dulles
26 February 1953 - 29 November 1961
Mr. John Alex McCone
29 November 1961 - 28 April 1965
Vice Admiral William Francis Raborn, Jr., USN (Ret.)
28 April 1965 - 30 June 1966
Mr. Richard McGarrah Helms
30 June 1966 -
c. Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
Mr. Kingman Douglass
1 February 1946 - 11 July 1946
Brigadier General (later Major General) Edwin Kennedy Wright, USA
July 1946 - 10 March 1949
Mr. William Harding Jackson
2 October 1950 - 3 August 1951
Mr. Allen Welsh Dulles
23 August 1951 - 26 February 1953
(also served as Deputy Director (Plans)
4 January 1951 - 23 August 1951)
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APPENDIX B
Lieutenant General (later General) Charles Pearre Cabell, USAF
23 April 1953 - 31 January 1962
Lieutenant General Marshall Sylvester Carter, USA
3 April 1962 - 28 April 1965
Mr. Richard McGarrah Helms
28 April 1965 - 30 June 1966
(also served as Deputy Director for Plans
17 February 1962 - 28 April 1965)
Vice Admiral Rufus L. Taylor, USN
13 October 1966 -
d. Deputy Directors
Deputy Director (Administration) (DD/A)
(established 1 December 1950)
Murray McConnel
1 December 1950 - 31 March 1951
Walter R. Wolf
1 April 1951 - 30 June 1953
Lawrence K. White
1 July 1953 - 3 February 1955
Deputy Director for Intelligence (DDI)
(established 2 January 1952)
Loftus E. Becker
1 January 1952 - 23 February 1953
Robert Amory, Jr.
23 February 1953 - 30 March 1962
Huntington Sheldon (Acting)
30 March 1962 - 23 April 1962
Ray S. Cline
23 April 1962 - 17 January 1966
R. Jack Smith
17 January 1966 -
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APPENDIX B
Deputy Director for Operations (DD/O)
(established 1 December 1950)
Allen W. Dulles
1 December 1950 - 4 January 1951
Deputy Director for Plans (DDP)
(established 4 January 1951)
Allen W. Dulles
4 January 1951 - 23 August 1951
Frank G. Wisner
23 August 1951 - 1 January 1959
Richard M. Bissell, Jr.
1 January 1959 - 17 February 1962
Richard M. Helms
17 February 1962 - 28 April 1965
Desmond FitzGerald
28 April 1965 -
Deputy Director for Research (DD/R)
(established 19 February 1962)
Herbert Scoville, Jr.
19 February 1962 - 15 June 1963
Colonel Edward B. Giller, USAF (Acting)
15 June 1963 - 5 August 1963
Deputy Director for Support (DDS)
(established 3 February 1955)
Lawrence K. White
3 February 1955 - 5 July 1965
Robert L. Bannerman
5 July 1965 -
Deputy Director for Science and Technology (DDS&T)
(established 5 August 1963)
Albert D. Wheelon
5 August 1963 - 26 September 1966
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APPENDIX B
e. Assistant Directors (OPC and OSO)
Assistant Director for Policy Coordination (ADPC)
Frank G. Wisner
1 September 1948
Kilbourne Johnston
23 August 1951 -
- 23 August 1951
1 August 1952
Assistant Director for Special Operations (ADSO)
Donald H. Galloway, Colonel, USA
11 July 1946 - 17 December 1948
Alan R. McCracken, Captain, USN (Acting)
17 December 1948 - 18 March 1949
Robert A. Schow, Colonel, USA
18 March 1949 - 15 February 1951
Willard G. Wyman, Major General, USA
15 February 1951 - 17 December 1951
Lyman B. Kirkpatrick
17 December 1951 - 1 August 1952
3. BASIC REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR WRITERS
The following is a list of reference materials that
may
a.
b.
c.
d.
ligence
e.
prove helpful to a CS writer:
U.S. Government Style Manual
New York Times' "Watch Your Language"
Transliteration Handbook HB 50-150-1
Reporting and Dissemination of Positive Intel-
Information CSHB 51-1-1
World Almanac (useful for dates of world events)
f. Questions relating to place-name spellings and
locations should, within security and cover limitations,
be referred to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, Depart-
ment of the Interior, Code 129, Extension 4241.
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CSHB 5-13-1, APPENDIX B
1 February 1966
CALENDARS -1800 TO 2050
t.)
INDE X
1806- 4
1828-10
1856-10
1884-10
1912.- 9
1940._ 9
1968.... 9
1996.- 9
2024-- 9
1801- 5
1829._ 5
1857... 5
1885... 5
1912._ 4
1941.... 4
1969_ 4
1997... 4
2025-. 4
1802.- 6
1830.... 6
1858.- 6
1886_, 6
1914.... 5
1942._ 5
1970._ 5
1998... 5
2026... 5
1803.- 2
1831- 7
1859., 7
1887... 7
1915.... 6
1943._ 6
1971... 6
1999... 6
2027-- 6
� 1804... 8
1832__ 8
1860... 8
1888... 8
1916.-14
1944.14
1972_14
2000...14
2028_14
1805.... 3
.1833.... 3
1861..- 3
1889... 3
1917._ 2
1945._ 2
1973._ 2
2001.- 2
2029.- 2
1806..._ 4
1834_, 4
1862.- 4
1890._ 4
1918._ 3
1946_ 3
1974._ 3
2002.- 3
2030.- 3
1807.... 5
1835_. 5
Ian__ 5
1891.., 5
1919... 4
1947.4
1975._ 4
2003._ 4
2031._ 4
1808..13
1836_13
1864.-13
1892..13
1920_12
1948...12
1976...12
2004...12
2032...12
1809.- 1
1837... 1
1865.... 1
1893._ 1
1921.... 7
1949..., 7
1977.... 7
2005.... 7
2033.- 7
1810_, 2
1838_ 2
1866._ 2
1894._ 2
1922...., 1
1950_ 1
1978._ 1
2006.- 1
2034.- 1
1811-- 3
1839.., 3
1867._ 3
1895.... 3
1923_ 2
1951.., 2
1979.... 2
2007.... 2
2035.- 2
1812..11
1840_11
1868_11
1896.-11
1924.10
1952..10
1980_10
2008.-10
2036...10
1813... 6
1841._ 6
1869... 6
1897_ 6
1925.. 5
1953.... 5
1981_ 5
2009... 5
2037._ 5
1814... 7
1842. 7
1870.- 7
1e96._ 7
1926_ 6
1954.. 6
1982._ 6
2010.., 6
2038-- 6
1815_, 1
1843._. 1
1871._ 1
7899_. 1
1927.... 7
1955... 7
1983._ 7
2011... 7
2039.... 7
1816... 9
1844... 9
1872..., 9
1900.- 2
1928._ 8
1956..., 8
1984... 8
2012._ 8
2040.... 8
1817... 4
1845_ 4
1873._ 4
1901... 3
1929._ 3
1957.. 3
1985.... 3
2013.... 3
2041-- 3
1818- 5
1846._ 5
1874..., 5
1902.- 4
1930.... 4
1954.....4
1986.....4
2014._ 4
2042._ 4
1819... 6
1847.... 6
1875... 6
1903... 5
1931.... 5
1959.....5
1981.....5
2015.... 5
2043.... 5
1820.�14
1848_14
1876...14
1904....,13
1932..13
1960...13
1988.-13
2016-.13
2044,13
1821._ 2
1849.- 2
1877... 2
1905.., 1
1933.... 1
1961... 1
1989.. 1
2017._ 1
2045... 1
1822.- 3
1850_ 3
1878.- 3
1906._ 2
1934.... 2
1962_ 2
1990 ... 2
2018.... 2
2046.- 2
1823..- 4
1851.._ 4
1879._ 4
1907._ 3
1935.... 3
1963._ 3
1997.- 3
2019_, 3
2047.... 3
1824......12
1852_12
1880.._12
1908...11
1936_11
1964_11
1992...11
2020-.11
2048-.11
1825... 7
1853.- 7
1881.., 7
1909.... 6
1937._ 6
1965.- 6
1993.... 6
2021.... 6
2049.- 6
1826.., 1
1854_ 1
1882... 1
1910._ 7
1938.- 7
1966..., 7
1994_. 7
2022.... 7
2050.... 7
1827__ 2
1855_ 2
1883..- 2
1911.- 1
1939._ 1
1967.., 1
1995..., 1
2023... 1
8.....a.c.,..,
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1
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31
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SECRET
CSHB 5-13-1
1 February 1966
APPENDIX C
SAMPLE LIST OF REFERENCES
1.
Cable, IN 18937
17 Oct 1961.
(W(1 )
(b)(3)
2.
19 Nov
1961, subj:
(c(b)(1)
Pb)(3)
1958. subif
3.
Memo. CEE to Record. 5 Jun
(b)(1)
TS Control.
(b(b)(3)
4.
(b)(3)
5.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
6.
The Baltimore Sun, 25 Aug 1945,
P. 20.
7.
The Washington Evening Star,
21 Dec 1945.
8.
The New York Times, 14 Aug
1945, p. 8.
9.
Lecture, Dr. George H. Gallup,
American Institute
of Public Opinion, before the Industrial College of
the Armed Forces, 17 Jun 1947. L47-150. Industrial
College Library.
10. Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1924, p. 43.
11. Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United
States Army, 1 July 1941 to,30 June 1943 . . p. 25.
9
12. H.R. Rpt. 1667, 78th Cong., 2d sess., "Legislative
Appropriation Bill, 1939," 18 June 1944.
33
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pproved for Release: 2019/08/07 C03438323
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SECRET
CSHB 5-13-1
1 February 1966
APPENDIX C
CS SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
a. For listings of the symbols and unit abbre-
viations that have CS historical significance see:
(1) The RID Sensitive Document Section
(Room 1D-15 Hqs., Red Line 9185)
(2) The RID ADP Section/Abstract Unit
(Room GC-46 Hqs., Red Line 9312)
b. Examples of older common symbols and unit
abbreviations are:
ADPC
ADSO
AL
CFD
CIG
COI
COMMO
LC
OPC
OPS
- Assistant Director for Policy Coordination
- Assistant Director for Special Operations
- Administration and Logistics Staff
- Covert Finance Division
- Central Intelligence Group
- Coordinator of Information
- Office of Communications
Liaison Control
- Office of Policy Coordination
- Operations
OSO - Office of Special Operations
OSS - Office of Strategic Services
PDC - Personnel DIrvision (Covert)
PO - Plans and Operations Staff
PY - Psychological Staff Division
SSU - Strategic Services Unit
STC - Staff C
TR(C) - Training Division (Covert)
34
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