CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH IN THE SOVIET UNION

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06541157
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2022
• Document Release Date: May 14, 2018
• Case Number: F-2016-00405
• Publication Date: May 10, 1963

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Research Supplement to
Scientific Intelligence Report
Cloud Physics and Weather Modification
Research in the Soviet Union
PUBLICATIONS ifILM COO
DO NO2 REMOVE
1 3 JUN 1963
CO�SR/63-13 RS
10 May 1963
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Scientific Intelligence
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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Research Supplement to
Scientific Intelligence Report
CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER MODIFICATION
RESEARCH IN THE SOVIET UNION
Cgil�SR/6313 RS
10 May 1963
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
�SECRET
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PREFACE
The data presented in this supplement provide background
information supporting the opinions, judgments, and conclusions
that are contained in the Scientific Intelligence Report,
OSI/SR 63-130 Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Research
in the Soviet Union, 10 May 19630-SEME4r
The evaluation presented herein is based primarily on an
external contract study of recent Soviet work by a leading
UOS univergity. The cutoff date for this report is
1 January 1963.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE 0 . 0 0
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
REFERENCES
682/02
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-- Glossary 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0. 0. . Al
-- Soviet Airplanes Used for Weather
Observations . 0 0 00 00 .0 0 0 . B1
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-- Soviet Instruments for Cloud Physics
Research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cl
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-- Leading Contributors to Soviet Cloud
Physics . 0 0 .0 .0 .0 .
-- Major Organizations and Personnel
Engaged in Cloud Physics Research 0 0 0 El
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
Attenuation. --In radar, the reduction in the intensity of the
electromagnetic waves from the radar along the path of the signal.
Backscattering.-- The radiation scattered at 1800 to the direction
of the incident wave.
Coalescence. --The merging of two water drops into a single
larger drop.
Condensation nuclei. --A particle, either liquid or solid, upon
which condensation of water vapor begins in the atmosphere.
Convective cloud. - -A cloud that owes its vertical development,
and possibly its origin, to atmospheric motions that are predomi-
nantly vertical.
Cumulus.-- A principal type of cloud in the form of individual,
detached elements that are generally dense and possess sharp
nonfibrous outlines. These elements develop vertically, appearing
as rising mounds, domes, or towers, the upper parts of which
resemble a cauliflower.
Cumulus congestus. --A strongly sprouting cumulus with
generally sharp outlines and, sometimes, with a great vertical
development.
Glaciation. --The transformation of cloud particles from water
drops to ice crystals.
Hygrometer. --An instrument that measures the water vapor
content of the atmosphere.
Hygroscopic nuclei. --Those condensation nuclei composed of salts
that yield aqueous solutions of a very low equilibrium vapor pressure
compared with that of pure water at the same temperature.
Ice-crystal nuclei. --Any particles that serve as the centers in
the formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere.
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Nucleation. --Any process by which the phase change of a sub-
stance to a more condensed state is initiated within the less
condensed state.
Peltier cooling. --The absorption of heat at the junction of two
unlike metals in a thermoelectric circuit.
Radar echo. --A general term for the appearance, on a radar
scope, of the radio energy returned from a target. In meteorology
the target usually is a rain cloud.
Sounding. --An upper air observation usually made by balloon-
borne instruments. Among the elements evaluated are temperature,
humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction.
Stratus. --A principal type of cloud in the form of a gray layer
with a rather uniform base.
Super cooling. --reduction of temperature of any liquid below
its normal freezing point.
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APPENDIX B
SOVIET AIRPLANES USED FOR -WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
Airplane
Designation
Description
LO-3 "Flying Observatory"
LO-4
"Flying Observatory" for use on aircraft
with pressurized cabins and speeds greater
than 300 km/hr.
Principal Components:
Temperature unit
Hydrometer unit
Instrument panel
Power unit
Cloud indicator unit 117/
IL-12 Airplane (airspeed 280 km/hr); to make
measurements with the following:
Two fast responding resistance
thermometers
Radio altimeter
Differential altitude transducer
Airspeed transducer
Accelerometer 118/
P0-2
LI- 2
IL-28
Airplane used in 1948. Measured droplet
sizes and liquid water. 119/
Airplane with SM-43 meteorograph
Jet bomber used by Uzbek Administration
of Civil Air Fleet. Stripped of armament
Tail gunner's section equipped with
meteorological instruments. Several
flights per day to "great altitudes".
Measures "velocity and direction of wind,
air pressure -- in short, all the data
needed for safe:flights by passenger air
craft. "121/
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Airplane
Designation
TU-104
Description
Jet airplane (airspeed over 800 km/hr);
to make measurements in troposphere and
lower stratosphere with the following
instruments:
(1) Screened thermometer
with temperature pulsation
meter
(2) Thermohygrometer
(3) Cloud transmissometer
(4) Electric field meter
(5) Cloud droplet spectrum
(6) Water contents
Items (1) through (4) are recording con-
tinuously 122/
IL-14 Flying laboratory of the Arctic and Antarc-
tic Sci. Res._ Inst., A. I. Voskresenski,
leader of the group, stated that the air-
plane was used during the last 5 years
in Central Arctic for studying clouds and
fogs. "Flying laboratory has latest
equipment . " Stayed in Arctic for almost
a month and made 16 long flights. Data
transmitted back by radio for use by
weather forecasters. 123/
KM-2
TU-4
AN- 2
Airspeed 180 km/hr. Used to measure
icing rate. Data compared with icing
rate of IL-12 and TU-4. 124/
Airspeed 350 km/hr. Used to measure
icing rate. 125/
Airplane used to observe clouds. (This
airplane was used in conjunction with
highly instrumented IL-12) 126/
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APPENDIX C
SOVIET INSTRUMENTS FOR .CLOUD PHYSICS RESEARCH
Instrument
Designation Description
SM-43 Meteorograph
Components:
Stagnation thermometer with
bimetallic plates
Differential temperature 127/
SEM-1
Electric Aircraft Meteorograph to replace
SM-43
Components:
1(4-51 optical recorder
NU-8202 pressure receiver
D-25 remote control board
Shielded aircraft thermometer with
balanced bridge
Annundiator clock 128/
SGD AgI-1956 airborne silver-iodide generator
129/
SIP-3 Airborne tra.nsmissometer 130/
SIV Zaytsev's liquid-water content meter.
Designed for use on P0-2 airplanes. 131/
Sly- 3 Liquid-water content meter for use on
LI-2 and IL-14 airplanes. 132/
PZK-1
Electrical instrument for liquid'-water
content measurements. 133/
Instrument for measuring electric
charges and sizes of individual drops.
134/
PZK- 2 Instrument for measuring electric charges
and sizes of individual drops. 135/
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Instrument
Designation
Description
DSTG Airborne thermal hygrometer. Measures
free air temperature and dew point. 136/
Airborne device for measuring and
recording vertical air motions. 137/
"Metel" Aircraft carbon dioxide dispensing equip=
ment. 138/
P-60-14
Airborne dewpoint hygrometer. Cooling
agent CO2 in alcohol. 139/
Fourteen-channel oscillograph recorders
with a chart speed of 2.5 mm/sec. Two
installed on an IL-12, LI-784 airplane.
140/
Radar sets Kobalt 3-cm radar.
SCR-545-A 10.7 cm radar 141/
Icing rate meter: Visually observe
accumulation of ice on an airfoil with
a graduated rule at center. 142/
"Thunderstorm-by-passer": an
instrument that measures electric field
strength. When the field exceeds certain
values one can differentiate thunder-
storms from other clouds. 143/
AFA- 27T Aerial photographic camera 144/
LO-3 Thermohygrometer -- set of airborne
instruments for use on airplanes having
speeds of 250-300 km/hr.
Measures :temperature, humidity,
pressure, airspeed, and turbulence. 145/
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Instrument
Designation
Description
LO-4 Thermohygrometer -- replacement for
LO-3 on high-speed pressurized airplanes.
Major difference from LO-3: uses semicon-
ductor element to cover dewpoint hygro-
meter and a photoelectric dewpoint
detector. 145/
SIV -1
Aircraft icing detector -- ice accumu-
lated on rotating cylinders is weighed:.
Developed by Ts. A. 0. 147/
S10 Aircraft icing rate meter --ze. rotating
cylinder 50 mm in diameter collects
ice, and its thickness is measured.
Developed by Scientific Research
Institute for Hydrometeor.
Instruments, 148/
IV-GGO Instrument for determining the visibility
range of actual objects. 149/
Sonic anemometer 150/
Dropmeter. Device for measuring the
size and concentration of raindrops by
observing the amount of forward-
scattered light. 151/ 152/
P-1 Standard weighing rain gage with
accelerated chart speed. 153/
Lightning recorder -- a cold thyratron
is fired with a 100-ft long antenna,
detects the rapid electric field change
associated with lightning. 154/
"Malakhit" Radio Theodolite -- for making wind
measurements. 155/
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Instrument
Designation
AT-850
G-3
AM-2M
M-54
A-26
LARMS-A
RKZ-1A
Description
Aerological theodolite 156/
Sonic thermometer 157/
Storm recorder -- makes lightning
sferics observations. 158/
Electric thermometer -- makes remote
measurements of the temperature of the
surface layer of the soil. 159/
Ground and snow temperature 160/
"Anemorhumbometer" -- a new device
also used by aviators for measurement
of wind velocity and direction. 161/
A "long-distance device" that records the
lower limits of clouds. 162/
Automatic radiometeorological station --
telemeters weather reports from glaciers
of Antarctic highland to Mirnyy Observa.
tory. 163/
Radiosonde -- measures: pressure from .
1, 060 to 5 mb temperature from +50 to '
-80�C relative humidity from 15 to 100%.
Can be tracked by radar. 164/
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APPENDIX D
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO SOVIET CLOUD PHYSICS
On the basis of the available scientific literature it is possible
to list Soviet scientisit who have made important contributions to
the various areas of research. Asterisks designate particularly
productive scientists.
Atmospheric nuclei and precipitation chemistry
S. A. Durov
Ya, I. Frenkel (deceased)
*R. I. Grabovskiy (author of a book on this subject in 1956)
N. S. Smirnov
Cloud droplet spectra and liquid-water contents in clouds.
A. L. Dergach (deceased)
*A. Kh. Khrgian (author of book on physics of the atmosphere
in 1953)
I. P. Mazin
Ye, S. Selezneva
*Ye. B. Zak
*V. A. Zaytsev
Raindrop spectra
*N. V. Krasnogorskaya
*I. V. Litvinov
A. Ye, Mikirov
Ice crystals and snowflakes
I. V. Litvinov
*Ye. B. Zak
*A. D. Zamorskiy (author of book on this subject in 1955)
Cloud formation and structure
A. G. Arnelin
*A. P. Chuvayev
N. I. Grishin
*L. N. Gutman
*N. V. Kolobkov (author of book on thunderstorms and
squalls in 1951)
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Cloud formation and structure (continued)
V. S. Kozharin
L. T. Matveyev
K. S. Shifrin
*N. S. Shishkin (author of book on clouds, precipitation,
and thunderstorms in 1954)
M. P. Timofeyev
*N. I. Vulfson
Precipitation processes
B. V. Deryagin
*L. G. Kachurin
B. V. Kiryukhin
*L. M. Levin
*V. Ya. Nikandrov
P. S. Prokhorov
*N. S. Shishkin (author of book on clouds, precipitation,
and thunderstorms in 1954)
N. P. Tverskaya
Atmospheric electricity
V. I. Arabadzhi
Ts. G. Breydo
*A. P. Chuvayev
Ya. I. Frenkel (deceased)
*I. M. Imyanitov (author of book on instruments and methods
for studies of atmospheric electricity)
P. L. Kapitsa
N. V. Kolobkov
*L. M. Levin
*V. M. Muchnik
*N. S. Shishkin
*I. S. Stekolnikov (author of several books on lightning)
P. N. Tverskoy
Instruments
I. M. Imyanitov
N. V. Krasnogorskaya
A. A. Ledokhovich
B. F. Loch
N. Z. Pinus
V. A. Zaytsev
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Radar meteorology
M. P. Dolukhanov
A. G. Gorelik
V. V. Kostarev
N. V. Kotov
*V. M. Muchnik
Ye, M. Salman
*A. B. Shupyatskiy
*D. M. Vysokovskiy
Cloud seeding and weather control
*A. P. Chuvayev,
*I. M. Imyanitov
P. N. Krasikov
V. G. Morachevskiy
*V. Ya. Nikandrov
V. V. Piotrovich
A. D. Solovev
A. I. Voskresenskiy
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APPENDIX E
MAJOR ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONNEL ENGAGED
IN CLOUD PHYSICS RESEARCH*
Academy of Sciences, USSR
Coordinating Council on Problems of Physics of Clouds and Precipi-
tation, Moscow
High Altitude Geophysical Institute, Mt. Elbrus
The director is Prof. Dr. G. K. Sulakvelidze. The institute is
concerned with cloud modification, hail suppression, and atmospheric
electricity studies. It was formed in February 1961 out of what formerly
was the Elbrus Expedition, initiated in the late thirties.
*Only the names of personnel engated in cloud physics research
are given in this appendix. Names of other personnel in these organi-
zations are not included in this appendix.
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Institute of Applied Geophysics, Moscow
The director is Ye. K. Fedorov. Ths institute is concerned
with all types of cloud physics research including cloud seeding.
Aleksandrov, E. L.
Balabanova, V. N.
Belyayev, V. I.
Belyayeva, I. I.
Bibilashvili, N. Sh.
Bocharov, Ye. I.
Bolsheverov, �B. M.
Bonchkovskiy, V. F.
Borishanskiy, L. S.
Chudaykin, A. V.
Gromov, A. M.
Khvostikov, I. A.
Klinov, F. Ya.
Krasnogorskaya, N. V.
Krechmer, S. I.
Laktionov, A. G.
Levin, L. M.
Litvinov, I. V.
Maleyev, M. N.
Mam.ina, Ye, F.
Merzhanov, K. M.
Mikirov, A. Ye.
Novikov, Ye. A.
Oralkhon,ikid.ze, A. A.
Pavlova, I. S.
Peterimova, N. I.
Petrov, G. D.
Pshenay-Severin, S. V.
Pudovkina, I. B.
Rodionov, S. F.
Rovinskiy, F. Ya.
Sergiyeva, A. P.
Shaposhnikova, I. I.
Shchelokov, V. V.
Skatskiy, V. I.
Smirnov, N. S.
Starostina, R. E.
Tantsova, N. N.
Teverovskiy, Ye. N.
Vulfson, N. I.
Zaytseva, A. M.
Zhigalovskaya, T, N.
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Moscow
The director is V. I. Spitsyn. The institute is concerned with
nuclei and growth of water drops.
Batova, G. A.
Churakov, V. N.
Deryagin, B. V.
Dubinin, M. M.
Dukhin, S. S.
Izmayl ova, G. IL
Kudryavtseva, N. M.
Leonov, L. F.
Moskvitin, N. N.
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Nikolskiy, A. P.
Petryanov, I.
Prokhorov, P. S.
Rozenblyum, N. D.
Sarakhov, A. I.
Starozhilova, A. I.
Todes, 0. M.
Valesenko, G. Ye.
Yashin, V. N.
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Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere, Moscow
The director is A. M. Obukhov. The institute is concerned with
theoretical studies of convection and convective clouds.
Bibikova, T. N.
Driving, A. Ya.
Feygelson, Ye, M.
Gutman, L. N.
Polozova, M. N.
Smirnova, A. I.
Tsvang, L. R.
Zolotavina, N. Y.
CHIEF, DIRECTORATE OF THE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
Main Geophysical Observatory, Leningrad
The director is M. I. Budyko. The observatory is concerned with
all types of cloud physics research, with emphasis on convective clouds
and with cloud modification studies.
Arkhipova, Ye. P.
Bashkirova, G. M.
Bazilevich, V. V.
Budilova, Ye., P.
Chestnaya, I. I.
Chikirova, G. A.
Chukanin, K. I.
Churinova, M. P.
Chuva.yev, A. P.
Dergach, A. L. (deceased)
Dianov, I. M.
Drozdov, 0. A.
Dubov, A. S.
Dvali, Ye. R.
Frenkel, Ya, I.
Gayevskiy, V. L.
Gigineyshvili, V. M.
Gordon, I. Z.
Imyanitov, I. M.
Khimach, M. A.
Kolokolov, V. P.
Kotov, N. V.
Krasikov, P. N.
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Krasilshchikov, L. B.
Kryukova, G. T.
Kulik, M. M.
Ledokhovich, A. A.
Loch, B. F.
Makhotkin, L. G.
Mamontov, N. V.
Matveyev, L. T.
Mikhailovskaya, V. V.
Minin, I. K.
Morachevskiy, V. G.
Morozyanskiy, A. L.
Myukhkyurya, V. I.
Nikandrova, G. T.
Nikandrov, V. Ya.
Ogorodnov, D. Ye.
Osipova, G. I.
Pastukh, V. P.
Pershina, T. A.
Pinegin, G. N.
Piotrovich, V. V.
Polyakova, Ye, A.
Rabinovich, B. I.
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Reynet, Ya. Yu.
Salman, Ye. M.
Selezneva, Ye. S.
Selitskaya, V. I.
Sereyev, 0. D.
Shifrin, K. S.
Shishkin, N. S.
Shtal, V.
Shvets, M. Ye.
Solovev, A. D.
Sokhrina, R. F.
Strelts ova, M. B.
Tarasov, A. V.
Timofeyev, M. P.
Titov, N. A.
Vasilchenko, I. V.
Vinograd, P. L.
Vorontsov, P. A.
Voskana, A. I.
Voskresenkiy, A. I.
Zabrodskiy, G. M.
Zamorskiy, A. I.
Zaytsev, V. A.
Ziganov, N. P.
Zykova, V. V.
Central Aerological Observatory, Dolgoprudnaya, near Moscow
The director was G. I. Golyshev. The observatory is concerned
with all types of cloud physics research, with emphasis on stratiform
clouds and cloud modification.
Bergun, K. I.
Borovikov, A. M.
Britayev, A. A.
Burkovskaya, S. N.
Chernikov, A. A.
Fedor ova, A. A.
Gayvoronskiy, I. I.
Gorelik, A. G.
Gromova, T. N.
Khrgian, A. Kh.
Kondratyev, N. N.
Korneyev, A. N.
Kostarev, V. V.
Krutskaya, L. I.
Malkina, A. D.
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Marfenko, 0. V.
Mazin, I. P.
Minervin, V. Ye.
Pinus, N. Z.
Reshchikova, A. A.
Reshetov, V. D.
Seregin, Ya. A.
Shmeter, S. M.
Shupyatskiy, A. B.
Shur, G. N.
Stepanenko, V. D.
Tonkova, Z. V.
Trubnikov, B. N.
Tsitovich, T. A.
Zak, Ye. G.
El
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CHIEF DIRECTORATE OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute
The director is A. F. Treshnikov. The institute is concerned
with stratified clouds and cloud modification.
Dergach, A. L. (deceased) Zabrodskiy, G. M.
Voskresenskiy, A. I.
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REFERENCES
1. Balabanova, V. N., "Determination of the Water Content of Clouds
by Filtration Method, " Izvest. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz.,
no 19 1961, p 157-159,
2. Nikandrova, G. T. and Fridman, G. T., "Procedure for Determining
the Size Distribution of Drops in Clouds," Trudy Glavnoi Geofiz. Obs.,
no 102, 1960, p 58-62.
3. Laktionov, A. G. and Levin, L. M., "Comparative Measurements
of Concentration and Function of the Distribution of the Water Aerosol
Particles, " Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz., no 7, 1960,
p 1056-1058
4, Gliki, N. Nitseyev, N. V., and Marchenko, "The Transfor-
mation of Cloud Droplets Into Ice Crystals," Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, vol 143, no 5, 1962, p 1087-1089
5. Litvinov, I. V., "The Methodology of Measuring the Distribution
of Snowflakes in Snowstorms by Sizes, " Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Ser. Geofiz., no 7, 1959a, p 1011-1017,
6. Litvinov, I. V., "Distribution of the Particles of Snowfalls by
Size," Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz., no 10, 1959b, p 1473-
1480,
7. Shupyatskiy, A. B., "Shape and Rate of Fall of Water and Rain
Drops, " Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz., no 5, May 59,
Moscow, p 568-569,
8. Rovinsky, F. Ya., "New Methods of Recording Water Drops,"
Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz., no 7, 1956, p 1076-1078
9. Gromov, A. M., "An Airplane Condensation Hygrometer with an
Automatic Recording Dewpoint, " Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser.
Geofiz. , no 4, 1960, p 620-625,
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of a Supercooled
Nauk SSSR,
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