HANDBOOK OF ECONOMIC STATISTICS, 1987

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• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 05775731
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• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2022
• Document Release Date: August 28, 2018
• Case Number: F-2017-01874
• Publication Date: September 1, 1987

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Directorate of
Intelligence
alTPAS
UP ID OD dB NB CD 15)
-111 $M4 COL III Ili in OD OP ell
Handbook of
Economic Statistics,
1987
A Reference Aid
NT ICROFIL ED
ctiwk C.61-1\
For Data Entry
CPAS 87-10001
September 1987
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Directorate of
Intelligence
Handbook of
Economic Statistics,
1987
A Reference Aid
Research for this report was completed
on 1 August 1987
CPAS 87-10001
September 1987
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Handbook of
Economic Statistics, 1987
Purpose and Scope
The Handbook of Economic Statistics, 1987,
provides statistics for selected non-Communist
countries and all the Communist countries.
In general, the data in the Handbook are for
1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1982-86. Data for
the Communist and non-Communist countries
have been adjusted, when necessary, to achieve
comparability and therefore may differ from
data presented in the original sources. Footnotes
have been used liberally to give definitions,
exceptions, and methodology. The base year for
average annual rates of growth is the year prior
to the stated period.
Rounding of the Totals
The totals have been rounded, with some excep-
tions, to three significant digits. Because of
rounding, components may not add to the totals
shown. Totals are not presented if missing data
are believed to represent a significant part of the
total. In general, zeros appearing after the last
nonzero number following the decimal point are
not significant but are used merely for con-
sistency in presentation.
Symbols
The abbreviation NA (not available) is used
when information about the existence of the
data or the magnitude of the data is not avail-
able, and the abbreviation NEGL (negligible) is
used when the magnitude of the data is less than
one-half of the final unit employed for each
table.
Sources
The data given for the most recent years are
frequently preliminary and subject to revision.
The data for the Communist countries are offi-
cial data from the country cited, CIA estimates,
or estimates made by other organizations. The
data for the non-Communist countries are from
publications of the United Nations, the Organi-
zation for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment (OECD), publications of US Government
agencies, unclassified publications of other in-
ternational organizations or individual coun-
tries, or are estimates of this Office.
111
Terms
Unless otherwise indicated, the term Commu-
nist Countries includes the USSR, the countries
of Eastern Europe, China, Albania, Cambodia,
Cuba, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, and Yu-
goslavia; the term Eastern Europe includes Bul-
garia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Romania. The term European
Community includes Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United King-
dom, and West Germany. The term developed
countries includes the European Community,
Austria, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Liechtenstein,
Malta, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the
Republic of South Africa, and the United
States. The term Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes
all the developed countries, except Liechten-
stein, Malta, Israel, and the Republic of South
Africa.
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The Big Six includes Canada, France, Italy,
Japan, the United Kingdom, and West Germa-
ny. The Big Seven includes the United States
and the Big Six.
Except for economic aid data, the term less
developed countries includes the following:
� All independent countries of Africa except the
Republic of South Africa.
� All independent countries of East Asia except
Japan.
� All independent countries in Latin America
except Cuba.
� All independent countries in the Middle East
and South Asia, except Israel and Turkey.
Except for Cyprus, no country in either Eastern
or Western Europe is in the LDC grouping.
Except for Hong Kong, no territory that is a
possession, trust, or protectorate is included in
the LDC grouping.
The definition of less developed countries for
economic aid conforms to that used by the
Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the
OECD and other aid agencies and includes the
following non-Communist countries:
� All independent countries of Africa except the
Republic of South Africa.
� All countries of East Asia except Hong Kong and
Japan.
� Malta, Portugal, and Spain in Europe.
� All independent countries in Latin America,
except Cuba.
� All countries in the Middle East and South Asia.
Totals for the country groupings may or may not
include all of the countries listed above, depending
on the commodity or services listed.
iv
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Contents
Page
Graphic Summary
1
Economic Profile
21
Aggregative Trends
33
Soviet Economic Performance
63
Foreign Trade and Aid
77
Energy
129
Minerals and Metals
145
Chemicals and Rubber
163
Manufacturing Goods and Forestry
173
Agriculture
187
Transportation
211
Index and Conversion Factors
235
V
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Graphic Summary
Page
Figure 1. Gross National Product Per Capita, 1986 (in 1986 US $) 2
Figure 2. World Gross National Product and Population, 1986 4
Figure 3. Real Gross National Product Trends 5
Figure 4. Real Gross National Product Comparisons 6
Figure 5. Developed Countries: Aggregate Inflation Rate Trends 7
Figure .6. Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Real GNP Growth Rates 8
Figure 7. Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Inflation Rate Trends 9
Figure 8. Percent Change in the Value of Selected Foreign Currencies Relative to the US Dollar 10
Figure 9. Government Receipts, Outlays, and Balances as a Share of GDP 11
Figure 10. Selected Industrial Countries: Comparative Tax Burden, 1984 12
Figure 11. Selected Developed Countries: Trends in Interest Rates 13
Figure 12. Soviet and East European Economic Aid Extended to Less Developed Countries 14
Figure 13. USSR: Arms Deliveries to Less Developed Countries 15
Figure 14. Measures of Energy Efficiency 16
Figure 15. Minerals and Metals: Net Imports as a Share of Consumption, 1986 17
Figure 16. World Crude Steel Production 18
Figure 17. World Passenger Automobile Production 19
Figure 18. World Wheat and Coarse Grain Supplies 20
1
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Figure 1
Gross National Product Per Capita, 1986 (in 1986 US $)
Australia
Denmark
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Austria
East Germany
Luxembourg
United Arab Emirates
Bahrain
Finland
Nauru
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Netherlands
United States
Bermuda
Iceland
New Zealand
West Germany
Brunei
Italy
Norway
Canada
Japan
Qatar
Cayman Islands
Kuwait
Sweden
$5,001 to $10,000
American Samoa
Greece
Netherlands Antilles
Spain
Aruba
Greenland
New Caledonia
Trinidad and Tobago
Bahamas, The
Guam
Oman
USSR
Bulgaria
Hungary
Poland
Virgin Islands (US)
Cyprus
Ireland
Portugal
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Israel
Romania
Farce Islands
Libya
Saudi Arabia
French Polynesia
Monaco
Singapore
$1,001 to $5,000
1
Algeria
Djibouti
Jordan
Si. Christopher
Andorra
Dominica
Macau
and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Ecuador
Malaysia
St. Lucia
Argentina
El Salvador
Malta
San Marino
Barbados
Falkland Islands
Martinique
Seychelles
Belize
Fiji
Mexico
South Africa
Brazil
French Guiana
Mongolia
South Korea
British Virgin Islands
Gabon
Montserrat
Suriname
Chile
Gibraltar
Nicaragua
Syria
China-Taiwan
Grenada
Niue
Tonga
Colombia
Guadeloupe
North Korea
Turnsia
Congo
Guatemala
Panama
Turkey
Cook Islands
Hong Kong
Peru
Turks and Caicos Islands
Costa Rica
Iran
Puerto Rico
Uruguay
Cuba
Iraq
Reunion
Venezuela
$401 to $1,000
Albania
Ivory Coast
Nigeria
Tokelau
Anguilla
Jamaica
Papua New Guinea
Tuvalu
Bolivia
Kiribati
Paraguay
Vanuatu
Botswana
Lebanon
Philippines
Wallis and Futuna
Cameroon
Lesotho
St. Vincent and
Western Samoa
Dominican Republic
Liberia
the Grenadines
Yemen Arab Republic
Egypt
Maldives
Senegal
Yemen, People's Demo-
Equatorial Guinea
Mauritania
Solomon Islands
cratic Republic of
Guyana
Mauritius
Sri Lanka
Zambia
Honduras
Morocco
Swaziland
Indonesia
Namibia
Thailand
Less than $401
Afghanistan
Chad
Laos
Somalia
Angola
China-Mainland
Madagascar
Sudan
Bangladesh
Comoros
Malawi
Tanzania
Berm
Ethiopia
Mali
Togo
Bhutan
Gambia, The
Mozambique
Uganda
Burkina
Ghana
Nepal
Vietnam
Burma
Guinea
Niger
Western Sahara
Burundi
Guinea-Bissau
Pakistan
Zaire
Cambodia
Haiti
Rwanda
Zimbabwe
Cape Verde
India
Sao Tome and Principe
Central African Republic
Kenya
Sierre Leone
2
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The United States Guremment has not recontintred
the incorporation of Estonia. LAMS. and Utfarania
into the Soviet Union. Otte! Poundary representation
It not necessarily authoritative.
ef:7.
3
�
801043 (A04872,3) 8-87
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Figure 2
World Gross National Product and Population, 1986
Percent
313197 8-87
Developed
non-Communist countries
Less developed
non-Communist countries
Communist countries
GNP
16,800 billion 1986 US $
Other 6.8
China 1.6
USSR 14.0
Other LDCs 8.1
India 1.2
Brazil 1.7
Other EC 19.2
United States 24.7
Japan 9.8
Other developed 8.6
West Germany 4.3
Population
5.0 billion persons
Other LDCs 32.3
4
United States 4.9
Japan 2.4
Other developed 3.3
West Germany 1.2
Other EC 5.3
Brazil 2.9
India 15.8
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Figure 3
Real Gross National Product Trends
GNP Developed Non-Communist Countries Less Developed Non-Communist Countries Communist Countries
Average annual rate
of growth (percent)
1961-70
1971-80
1981-82
1983
1984
1985
1986
-2 0 2 4 6
Per Capita GNP Developed Non-Communist Countries
Average annual rate
of growth (percent)
1961-70
1971-80
1981-82
1983
1984
1985
1986
313198 8-87
-2 0
2
4
6
-2 0 2 4 6 -2 0 2 4 6
Less Developed Non-Communist Countries Communist Countries
-2 0 2 4 6 -2 0 2 4
5
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Figure 4
Real Gross National Product Comparisons
Average annual rate of growth (percent)
1971-80
1981-86
313199 8-87
Italy
France
West Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Canada
Japan
USSR a
0
' Growth at factor cost.
6
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Figure 5
Developed Countries: Aggregate Inflation Rate Trends
Average annual rate
of growth (percent)
1961-70
1971-80
1981-82
1983
1984
1985
1986
313200 8-87
OECD
0
2
4
8 10
Big Six a
0 2
a Japan, West Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, and Canada.
7
4
8 10
United States
0
2
4
8 10
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Figure 6
Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Real GNP Growth Rates
Less Developed Countries
Average annual rate -2
of growth (percent)
1961-70
1971-80
1981-82
1983
1984
1985
1986
313201 8.87
0 2 4 6
Oil Exporters Non-Oil-Exporters
-2
0
4 6
8
-2 0 2 4 6
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Figure 7
Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Inflation Rate Trends
Less Developed Countries Oil Exporters Non-Oil-Exporters
Average annual rate
of growth (percent)
1961-70
1971-80
1981-82
1983
1984
1985
1986
313202 8.87
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
9
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Figure 8
Percent Change in the Value of Selected Foreign Currencies Relative to the US Dollar a
31203 8-87
German mark
French franc
Trade-weighted dollar b
British pound
Japanese yen
-60
I I I I I I Ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 t
I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Change relative to selected foreign currencies, compared with March 1973.
b Relative to 16 major currencies, weighted by 1979-80 trade in manufactures.
10
1 1 1
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Figure 9
Government Receipts, Outlays, and Balances, as a Share of GDP
Percent
Receipts
Outlays
United States Japan
40
40
10
50 50
40
40
10
10
Balances
4
4
Note change in scale
2
2
0
0
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-8
1960
70
80 84
-8
1960
313204 8-87
�
70
West Germany
10
France United Kingdom
30
20
10
4
4
4
2
2
2
0
0
0
-2
-2
-2
-4
-4
-4
-6
-6
-6
80 84
-8
1960
70 80 84
-8
1960
70
80 84
-8
1960
11
N
70 80 84
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Figure 10
Selected Industrial Countries: Comparative Tax Burden, 1984
Taxes as a percent of GDP
313205 8-87
Social security contribution
General taxes
Direct
Indirect
0
Japan
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Italy
West Germany
France
10 15 20 25 30 35 ao 45
12
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Figure 11
Selected Developed Countries: Trends in Interest Rates
Percent
313206 8-87
Short term
(call money)
Long term
(government bond
yields)
United States
Japan
West Germany
IIIIIIiiiitiiiiIiiiiit IiiiiiiiiiIiiiiIiiiiii Itiii11'11111111'ml'
0 0 0
1965 70 75 80 85 1965 70 75 80 85 1965 70 75 80 85
France
15
10
5
United Kingdom
15
Italy
10 10
5
5
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiiih IiiiiIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiIi iiiiiIiiiiiiiiiIIIIIII
0 0 0
1965 70 75 80 85 1965 70 75 80 85 1965 70 75 80 85
13
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Figure 12
Soviet and East European Economic Aid Extended to Less Developed Countries
Percent
313207 8.87
Middle East
Asia
Africa
Latin America
USSR
1954-74: US $10.1 billion
Eastern Europe
1954-74: US $5.8 billion
1975-79: US $10.3 billion
1975-79: US $4.3 billion
14
1980-86: US $17.1 billion
1980-86: US $6.8 billion
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Figure 13
USSR: Arms Deliveries to Less Developed Countries
Percent
313208 8-87
Middle East and
North Africa
Asia
Latin America
Sub-Saharan Africa
I I I I I
0 1982
83
15
84
85
86
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Figure 14
Measures of Energy Efficiency a
Energy-to-GNP ratio OECD
� Oil-to-GNP ratio
United States
100 100
Index: 1973=100 90
Index: 1973=100
313209 8-87
\,
80
70
60
50
90
80
Japan
100
90
80
70 70
60
60
West Germany
France
100 100
90 90
80
70
60
70
60
50 50 50 50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
40 ao ao ao ao
1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85
United Kingdom
110
100
90
80
70
60
Italy
110
100
90
80
70
60
Canada
60
USSR
60
Eastern Europe
60
I I til1IIIII II it!iiii II II [HI II
50 50 50
1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85 1975 80 85
a Care should be taken in comparing the Soviet oil-to-GNP ratio directly
with the ratio of Western countries. The Soviet series is based on apparent
oil consumption because the Soviets do not publish data on consumption.
The apparent consumption series does not take into consideration possible
changes in year-to-year oil stock levels and is based on reported oil
production and estimates of oil exports and imports.
50
50
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Figure 15
Minerals and Metals: Net Imports as a Share of Consumption, 1986a
Percent
Bauxite
Copper
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Tin
Cobalt
Iron Ore
Manganese Chromium
United States
95
25
99
20
75
80
90
35
100
100
Japan
100
95
100
65
65
95
100
99
99
99
European Community
100
100
100
25
70
80
95
85
100
95
USSR
35 0 0 0
2
30 15 0 0 0
' Most data rounded to the nearest 5 percent.
313210 8-87
17
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Figure 16
World Crude Steel Production
Percent
313211 8-87
United States
European Community
Japan
USSR/Eastern Europe
Other Communist
Other
1960 1970
346 million metric tons 594 million metric tons
1980 1986
714 million metric tons
18
688 million metric tons
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Figure 17
World Passenger Automobile Production
Percent
1
United States
European Community
Japan
USSR/Eastern Europe a
Other
a Data include production in Yugoslavia.
313212 8-87
1960 1970
12.8 million units 22.5 million units
1980 1986
29.0 million units 32.5 million units
19
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Figure 18
World Wheat and Coarse Grain a Supplies
1.4
Billion metric tons
Production
Consumption
313213 8.87
" 70/71 71/72 72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87
2 Includes corn, sorghum, barley, oats, millet, rye, wheat, and miscellaneous grains.
20
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Economic Profile
Page
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Selected World Statistics
Economic Profile: Developed Countries, 1986
Economic Profile: Communist Countries, 1986
Economic Profile: Selected Less Developed Countries, 1986
Economic Profile: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 1986
Economic Profile: Selected Newly Industrializing Nations, 1986
Commodity Production of the US and the USSR
22-23
24
25
26
27
28
29-31
21
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Table 1
Selected World Statistics a
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Gross national product (billion 1986 US $)
6,370
10,400
12,400
14,700
14,900
15,300
15,900
16,400
16,800
Population (million persons, midyear)
3,050
3,721
4,104
4,476
4,635
4,717
4,799
4,882
4,967
Agricultural production index (1975=100)
65
88
100
111
119
119
125
127
129
Exports (billion US IS)
129.8
313.1
873.8
1,997.8
1,845.7
1,810.8
1,904.2
1,911.9
2,149.4
Crude oil, excluding natural gas liquids (million bld)
21.0
45.7
53.0
59.5
53.1
52.6
53.7
52.9
55.7
Natural gas (trillion cubic feet)
15.8
37.0
45.0
54.0
54.6
55.0
59.9
62.1
63.4
Hard coal (million metric tons)
1,985 b
2,141
2,361
2,728
2,829
2,824
2,942
3,178
3,160
Brown coal and lignite (million metric tons)
640
794
869
1,005
1,069
1,091
1,126
1,158
1,150
Electricity (billion kilowatt hours)
2,348
4,953
6,519
8,247
8,474
8,821
9,431
9,324
9,390
Iron ore (million metric tons)
522
769
892
896
796
800
864
881
890
Bauxite (million metric tons)
27.6
57.8
75.1
88.8
73.2
77.4
94.6
89.9
93.6
Pig iron (million metric tons)
259
431
468
510
454
466
482
490
481
Crude steel (million metric tons)
346
594
651
714
641
644
688
698
688
Refined copper (thousand metric tons)
NA
7,543
8,344
8,916
9,119
9,340
9,899
9,860
9,990
Primary aluminum (million metric tons)
4.5
9.7
12.0
15.4
13.3
14.8
16.5
16.1
16.1
Smelter lead (thousand metric tons)
2,313
3,292
3,369
3,205
3,237
3,910
3,709
3,985
3,825
Refined zinc (thousand metric tons)
3,025
4,827
5,460
6,057
5,881
6,175
6,362
6,360
6,820
Primary tin (thousand metric tons)
192
227
226
248
241
210
219
217
214
Mineral fertilizer c (million metric tons, nutrient content)
NA
66.3
93.3
119.0
119.0
119.1
130.7
139.2
135.5
Nitrogen fertilizer c (million metric tons of N)
NA
30.2
42.5
59.7
62.0
63.4
69.0
74.7
73.1
Phosphate fertilizer c (million metric tons of P205)
NA
19.2
27.1
33.4
31.1
31.3
33.8
35.6
33.8
Potassium fertilizer c (million metric tons of K,O)
NA
16.9
23.7
25.9
25.9
24.4
27.8
28.9
28.5
Synthetic fibers (thousand metric tons)
700
4,870
7,450
10,475
10,150
11,120
11,898
12,514
NA
Automobiles (thousand units)
12,800
22,500
25,220
28,997
26,130
29,686
30,413
32,310
32,520
Cement (million metric tons)
NA
585
720
867
888
892
891
912
900
Grain (million metric tons)
929
1,220
1,390
1,580
1,720
1,600
1,763
1,805
1,826
Wheat (million metric tons)
240
319
360
446
485
495
516
506
536
Coarse grain (million metric tons)
414
540
621
693
769
657
783
833
824
Rice (million metric tons)
162
312
356
396
420
449
467
472
470
Potatoes (million metric tons)
285
312
285
264
284
315
312
300
303
Sugar (million metric tons)
61.4
76.7
81.7
87.7
107
101
105
104
105
Coffee (thousand metric tons)
NA
3,566
4,393
4,810
4,946
5,574
5,174
6,015
5,254
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Table 1 (continued)
Selected World Statistics a
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Fish catch (million metric tons)
40.2
65.6
66.0
72.0
76.6
76.8
82.8
NA
NA
Cattle (million head)
901
1,096
1,202
1,205
1,257
1,260
1,257
1,267
1,275
Hogs (million head)
519
594
655
793
767
772
793
791
819
Meat (million metric tons)
65.4
102
117
138
133
137
141
146
150
Milk (million metric tons)
315
362
392
428
432
452
455
462
468
Wool (thousand metric tons)
2,450
2,840
2,722
2,773
2,854
2,874
2,874
2,989
2,990
Ginned cotton (million metric tons)
10.4
11.8
11.7
14.0
14.7
14.7
19.0
17.2
15.2
Tobacco (thousand metric tons)
NA
4,675
5,445
5,312
6,890
5,990
6,183
NA
NA
Railroad freight (billion ton-kilometers)
3,338
5,020
5,958
6,766
6,632
6,880
7,142
NA
NA
Fishing fleet inventory
(number)
NA
12,889
18,940
21,523
21,926
22,231
21,913
22,103
21,839
(thousand GRT)
NA
7,804
11,339
12,669
12,819
13,031
12,806
12,985
13,375
Merchant fleet inventory
(number)
17,229
19,503
22,353
23,855
24,467
24,503
24,699
25,010
NA
(million DW7)
171.6
325.1
556.4
638.1
660.2
647.1
646.9
641.1
NA
Tanker fleet inventory
(number)
3,371
4,119
5,177
5,439
5,647
5,600
5,574
5,473
NA
(million DW7)
63.7
152.4
301.7
379.9
374.0
352.6
337.9
313.5
NA
a For more detailed descriptions and definitions, refer to the b Including brown coal at its hard coal equivalent.
respective table. c Fertilizer year ending 30 June of the stated year.
23
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Table 2
Economic Proffie: Developed Countries, 1986
United
States
Canada
Japan
European Community
Total
France
Italy
Nether-
lands
United
Kingdom
West
Germany
Aggregative data
Population
Million persons at midyear
241.6
25.6
121.4
322.8
55.4
57.2
14.6
56.8
61.0
Percent change
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.2
NEG L
Gross national product
Billion 1986 US $ a
4,160.6
446.1
1,658.3
3,950
762.6
644.1
189.2
720.2
908.3
Percent real growth
2.5
2.9
2.2
2.4
1.8
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.2
Per capita (1986 US $)
17,220
17,430
13,660
12,240
13,770
11,260
12,960
12,680
14,890
Industrial production (percent growth)
1.0
4.3 b
-0.4
NA
0.6
2.7
1.0
1.8
2.2
Industry
Primary energy (million b/d oil equivalent)
32.1
5.8
1.5
13.2
2.0
0.6
1.4
5.2
2.7
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
2,653
467
673
1,550
332
193
63
301
397
Crude steel (million metric tons)
73.0
13.9
98.3
126
18.0
22.9
5.3
14.8
37.1
Cement (million metric tons)
72.4
10.5
70.2
152
22.6
36.6
2.8
13.4
26.5
Trade
Exports, f.o.b. (billion US $)
217.3 c
89.7
210.8
796.4
124.9
97.8
80.5
107.0
243.3
Imports, c.i.f. (billion US $)
387.1
85.6
127.6
781.1
129.4
99.9
75.6
126.2
191.1
Trade balance (billion US $)
-169.8
4.1
83.2
15.3
-4.5
-2.1
4.9
-19.2
52.2
Indicators of living standards
Grain production (kilograms per capita)
1,310
2,270
130
480
880
330
90
430
420
Meat production (kilograms per capita)
108
99
29
82
94
60
161
55
89
Automobile registrations (units per thousand persons)
557 d
434 b
216 b
340 b
385 b
376 b
336 b
327 b
428 b
Energy consumption (barrels oil equivalent per
capita) b
55
67
23
24
26
18
35
26
32
Consumer prices (percent growth in 1986)
1.9
4.2
0.6
NA
2.5
6.1
0.2
3.4
-0.3
Life expectancy (years) d
73
74
76
NA
74
73
76
71
72
a Data were converted at US purchasing power equivalents.
b Data are for 1985.
c Excluding Department of Defense shipments.
d Latest avaulable data.
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Table 3
Economic Profile: Communist Countries, 1986
USSR
Eastern Europe
China
Yugo-
slavia
Total
Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Aggregative data
Population
Million persons at midyear
281.5
112.1
9.0
15.5
16.6
10.6
37.5
22.8
1,059.4
23.3
Percent increase
0.9
0.4
0.1
0.3
-0.1
-0.2
0.7
0.5
1.3
0.7
Gross national product a
Billion 1986 US $
2,356.7
874
61.2
143.9
187.5
84.0
259.8
137.5
271.9
145.0
Percent real growth
1.2
2.7
2.2
1.4
2.0
1.3
3.0
5.6
7.8
3.0
Per capita (1986 US $)
8,370
7,780
6,800
9,280
11,300
7,920
6,930
6,030
260
6,220
Industrial production (percent growth)
3.6
1.9
1.2
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.9
3.8
9.2
3.0
Industry
Primary energy (million bid oil equivalent)
32.3
6.7
0.2
1.0
1.5
0.3
2.5
1.2
11.7
0.7
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
1,599
484
42
85
115
27
140
76
445
78
Crude steel (million metric tons)
161.0
61.1
2.9
15.1
8.0
3.7
17.1
14.3
52.1
4.5
Cement (million metric tons)
135.0
58.0 b
5.7
10.3
12.0
3.8
15.8
12.2b
161.6
9.1
Trade
Exports, f.o.b. (billion US $)
97.0
113.9
14.5
21.9
27.9
15.4
21.7
12.5
31.3 b
10.4
Imports, f.o.b. (billion US $)
88.9
112.5
15.3
22.0
27.6
15.8
21.2
10.6
39.5 b
11.8
Trade balance (billion US $)
8.1
1.4
-0.8
-0.1
0.3
-0.4
0.5
1.9
-8.2 b
-1.4
Indicators of living standards
Grain production (kilograms per capita)
750
830
870
700
700
1,180
660
1,110
370
760
Meat production (kilograms per capita)
63
100
92
100
129
161c
85
81
18
60 c
Automobile registrations (units per thousand persons) b
42
111
114
174
199
135
98
lid
NEGL
123
Energy consumption (barrels oil equivalent per capita)c
35
28
29
36
43
22
24
23
4
15
Life expectancy (years) e
70
NA
71
71
72
70
71
70
67
68
a Data were converted at US purchasing power equivalents.
b Data are for 1985.
c Data are on a c.i.f. basis.
d Latest available data.
25
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Table 4
Economic Profile: Selected Less Developed Countries, 1986
Africa
Asia
Latin America
Middle East and South Asia
Ivory
Coast
Zaire
Zimba-
bwe
Malay-
sia
Philip-
pines
Thai-
land
Chile
Colom-
bia
Peru
Bangla-
desh
Egypt
India
Paki-
stan
Syria
Aggregative data
Population
Million persons
at midyear
10.4
31.4
9.0
15.7
59.9
52.7
12.3
30.0
20.2
104.2
50.5
783.9
101.8
10.7
Percent increase
3.8
2.9
3.6
2.1
2.7
1.8
1.6
2.1
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.1
2.8
3.7
Gross domestic product
Billion 1986 US $
8.0a
4.5
4.6
26.4
34.2
41.5
16.0
28.6
20.7
15.8
25.5
210.0
33.0
20.2
Percent real growth
5��
1.4
1.0
1.0
0.2
3.8
2.4
5.3
8.5
3.9
5.9
5.0
7.0
-0.5
Per capita
(1986 US $)
790 a
140 a
510
1,680
570
790
1,300
950
1,020
150
500
270
320
1,890
Industry
Per capita
manufacturing (US $) b
240
20
130
330
180
130
280
210
280
10
80
40
60
180
Electricity production
(billion kilowatt-hours)
2.2
5.3
4.8
13.0
19.2
24.2
15.0
29.6
13.7
4.7
40.6
182.0
28.2
8.0
Agriculture
Per capita
agriculture (US $) b
340
40
70
390
170
180
130
210
80
50
100
80
80
310
Grain production
(million metric tons)
0.6 a
1.1
3.1
2.0
13.5
22.8
2.5
3.5
1.9
25.3
8.3
159.3
20.2
3.2
International trade
Exports, f.o.b.
(million US $)
3,170
1,090
2,774
13,875
4,770
8,794
4,222
5,102
2,509
880
3,714 a
9,340
3,384
1,853 .
Imports, c.i.f.
(million US $)
1,940 .
872
2,649
10,829
5,394
9,154
2,914
3,862
2,598
2,488
9,961 a
15,027
5,374
4,116 .
Living standard indicators
Literacy rate (percent) b
25
17
74
58
76
82
90
86
80
29
43
36
31
47
Life expectancy (years) b
46
46
54
60
61
56
68
65
61
54
53
46
51
57
a Data are for 1985.
b Latest year available.
. Data are for 1984.
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Table 5
Economic Profile: Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, 1986
Algeria
Ecuador
Gabon
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
United
Arab
Emirates
Venezuela
Aggregative data
Population
Million persons at midyear
22.7
9.7
1.0
176.7
48.6
16.4
1.8
3.7
105.5
0.3
14.1
1.7
17.8
Percent increase
3.1
2.9
2.1
2.1
3.4
3.6
4.3
1.1
2.6
4.1
4.9
8.7
2.7
Gross national product
Billion 1986 US $
57.0
10.9
3.3
76.2
80.8
38.0
23.0
20.0
62.7
7.0
85.0
25.0
53.9
Percent real growth
1.0
1.7
-2.0
0
-3.8
-15.0
-9.0
0
-6.0
-9.0
-10.0
-5.0
2.2
Per capita (1986 US $)
2,510
1,120
3,300
430
1,660
2,320
12,780
5,410
590
23,330
6,030
14,700
3,030
Industry
Crude oil production (thousand bid)
671
289
180
1,264
1,929
1,725
1,510 a
1,137
1,461
342
5,101 a
1,331
1,576
Share of oil in GNP (percent)
25b
14
50b
7
38
50
49
45c
25b
48
35
45
23
Trade
Exports f.o.b. (million US $)
12,795 d
2,181
1,951 b
14,824
13,435 b
9,785 .
12,241 d
10,928 b
12,548 b
2,326
37,530 d
14,036 b
10,065
Government oil revenues (billion US $)
6
1
1
5
7
7
7
5
6
2
22
7
7
Oil exports (thousand bld)
520
195
160 b
800
1,500
1,425
1,380 .
1,015
1,230
320
4,180 a
1,200
1,535
Imports c.i.f. (million US $)
8,448
1,815
924
10,724
10,359
9,302
6,042
4,627
8,877 b
1,010
33,696 d
7,326
9,524
United States (million US $)
406 b
594
91 b
1,154
34
527
720
311 b
676 b
69
3,449
550
3,136
European Community (million US $)
2,445 b
464 d
576 b
2,013
3,644
2,730
1,910
3,087 b
3,293 b
472
8,075
2,563
1,186 .
Japan (million US $)
NEGL
118 d
45 b
2,988
1,154
1,223
1,350
255 b
344 b
169
2,787
1,150
350 .
Living standard indicators
Literacy rate (percent) e
42
86
12
72
50
50
64
50
38
34
35
68
84
Life expectancy (years) e
55
61
35
48
58
64
69
55
37
57
53
62
67
. Including about one-half of Neutral Zone production.
b Data are for 1985.
. Data are for 1983.
a Data are for 1984.
. Latest available data.
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Table 6
Economic Profile: Selected Newly Industrializing Countries, 1986
Argentina a
Brazil
China (Taiwan)
Hong Kong
Mexico
Singapore
South Korea
Aggregative data
Population
Million persons
at midyear
30.8
143.5
19.5
5.5
80.2
2.6
41.6
Percent increase
1.3
2.5
1.3
1.4
2.1
1.1
1.4
Gross domestic product
Billion 1986 US $
78.5
280.0
70.7
23.5
127.1
18.6
95.7
Percent real growth
5.7
8.2
13.5
0.8
-3.7
1.9
12.5
Per capita (1986 US $)
2,550
1,950
3,630
4,270
1,580
7,150
2,300
Industry
Per capita
manufacturing (value added in US $)
1,590 b
320 c
990 b
1,070 b
380
1,280 d
580
Electricity production
(billion kilowatt hours)
44.8
193.0 c
59.0
18.2
85.4
10.5
64.7
Agriculture
Per capita
agriculture (value added in US $)
380
160 c
160"
4�
160c
70c
260
Grain production
(million metric tons)
26.8
36.8
2.1 c
NEGL
25.1
NEGL
8.4
Trade
Exports, f.o.b. (million US $)
8,396 c
22,393
39,789
35,440
16,238
22,509
37,714
Imports, c.i.f. (million US $)
3,814 c
14,332 c
24,165
35,366
13,993 c
25,511
31,585
Living standard indicators
Educational expenditures as a share
of GNP (percent)e
2.7
3.8
NA
2.6
5.2
4.8
3.3
Literacy rate (percent) e
93
75
90
90
83
84
93
Life expectancy at birth (years)e
68
59
72
71
69
68
66
Population per square kilometer c
10
14
535
4,850
41
4,115
408
a Argentina is included because its economy closely resem-
bles the NIC economies.
b Data are for 1980.
c Data are for 1985.
Data are for 1984.
e Latest available data.
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Table 7
Commodity Production of the US and the USSR a
Commodity
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Primary energy (million b/d of oil equivalent)
US
21.1
30.8
30.2
32.6
32.2
30.8
33.0
32.7
32.1
USSR
9.2
17.1
21.9
27.0
28.5
29.2
30.2
31.1
32.3
Crude oil (thousand bid)
US
7,055
9,648
8,375
8,597
8,658
8,680
8,735
8,933
8,668
USSR
2,943
6,976
9,570
11,700
11,830
11,864
11,728
11,350
11,754
Natural gas (trillion cubic feet)
US
12.8
21.9
20.1
20.2
18.5
16.8
18.2
17.2
16.8
USSR
1.6
7.0
10.2
15.4
17.7
18.9
20.7
22.7
24.2
Hard coal (million metric tons)
US
391.5
550.4
576.2
710.4
712.8
656.6
750.3
741.3
714.0
USSR
355.9
432.7
485.0
493.0
488.0
487.0
484.0
492.5
513.0
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
US
893.7
1,742.7
2,131.1
2,437.8
2,386.7
2,459.2
2,574.1
2,634.6
2,652.7
USSR
292.3
740.9
1,038.6
1,293.9
1,367.1
1,418.1
1,492.1
1,544.2
1,599.0
Iron ore (million metric tons)
US
90.2
91.2
80.1
70.7
36.0
38.2
52.1
49.5
40.0
USSR
105.9
197.1
234.7
244.7
244.4
245.2
247.1
248.0
250.0
Bauxite (thousand metric tons)
US
2,030
2,125
1,800
1,559
732
679
856
674
510
USSR
3,100
6,700
8,000
9,100
9,000
8,900
9,200
NA
NA
Pig iron (million metric tons)
US
62.2
82.8
72.3
62.3
39.3
44.2
47.1
45.3
39.9
USSR
46.8
85.9
103.0
107.3
106.7
110.5
110.9
110.0
114.0
Crude steel (million metric tons)
US
90.1
119.3
105.8
101.5
67.7
76.8
83.9
80.1
73.0
USSR
65.3
115.9
141.3
147.9
147.2
152.5
154.2
155.0
161.0
Refined copper (thousand metric tons)
US
1,650
2,074
1,632
1,730
1,694
1,584
1,509
1,435
1,479
USSR
475
1,015
1,320
1,470
1,510
1,540
1,590
NA
NA
Titanium sponge metal production (thousand metric tons)
US
4.8
14.0
14.4
20.4
14.2
12.7
22.1
21.0
15.8
USSR
6.0
40.0
57.0
68.0
70.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
72.0
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Table 7 (continued)
Commodity Production of the US and the USSR a
I
I
Commodity
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Primary aluminum (thousand metric tons)
US
1,827
3,607
3,519
4,654
3,274
3,353
4,099
3,500
3,037
USSR
565
1,640
2,345
2,705
2,735
2,795
2,879
2,940
2,970
Lead (thousand metric tons)
US
347
605
577
550
517
515
397
487
366
USSR
300
470
540
560
560
565
582
NA
NA
Refined zinc (thousand metric tons)
US
788
866
450
370
302
305
331
334
316
USSR
360
690
820
820
820
825
850
NA
NA
Gold (million troy ounces)
US
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.4
3.7
USSR
3.6
6.8
8.1
9.4
9.8
9.9
10.1
10.3
10.5
Synthetic ammonia (million metric tons of N)
US
3.6
10.3
12.2
14.7
11.8
10.5
12.5
12.9
10.4
USSR
1.1
6.3
9.9
13.8
14.6
16.9
17.7
18.2
19.4
Mineral fertilizer (million metric tons, nutrient content)
US b
7.4
15.8
18.2
23.4
17.1
20.0
21.5
17.5
NA
USSR
3.3
13.1
22.0
24.8
26.7
29.7
30.8
33.2
34.7
Nitrogen fertilizer (million metric tons of N)
US b
2.7
8.2
9.6
11.8
9.1
10.8
11.7
9.9
NA
USSR
1.0
5.4
8.5
10.2
11.6
13.0
13.3
14.2
15.2
Plastics (million metric tons)
US
2.8
9.7
10.2
12.8
12.9
14.7
16.0
16.6
16.7
USSR
0.3
1.7
2.8
3.6
4.1
4.4
4.8
5.0
5.3
Synthetic rubber (million metric tons)
US
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.1
USSR
0.4
1.0
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
Trucks and buses (millions)
US
1.2
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.9
2.4
3.1
3.4
3.4
USSR
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.3
Automobiles (millions)
US
6.7
6.5
6.7
6.4
5.0
6.7
7.6
8.0
7.5
USSR
0.1
0.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
30
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Table 7 (continued)
Commodity Production of the US and the USSR a
Commodity
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Newsprint (million metric tons)
US
1.8
3.0
3.2
4.2
4.6
4.7
5.0
4.9
5.1
USSR
0.4
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
Cement (million metric tons)
US
56.1
67.4
61.8
68.2
57.5
63.9
70.5
70.7
72.4
USSR
45.5
95.2
122.1
125.0
123.7
128.2
130.0
131.0
135.0
Grain (million metric tons)
US
181.3
186.7
249.2
269.7
332.9
207.5
314.6
347.0
315.8
USSR
125.6
186.8
140.1
189.1
186.8
192.2
172.6
191.7
210.1
Wheat (million metric tons)
US
36.9
36.8
57.9
64.6
76.5
65.9
70.6
66.0
56.8
USSR
64.3
99.7
66.2
98.2
84.3
77.5
68.6
78.1
92.3
Coarse grain (million metric tons)
US
141.9
146.1
185.5
198.4
250.7
137.1
237.7
274.9
252.9
USSR
61.1
85.8
71.9
88.3
93.2
103.3
92.5
101.6
107.3
Potatoes (million metric tons)
US
11.7
14.8
14.6
13.7
16.0
15.2
16.4
18.3
16.5
USSR
84.4
96.8
88.7
67.0
78.2
82.9
85.5
73.0
87.2
Sugar (million metric tons)
US
3.6
5.3
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.8
USSR
6.9
11.1
11.3
11.0
13.1
13.5
13.5
12.8
13.8
Meat (million metric tons)
US
12.8
22.5
23.0
24.2
23.9
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.1
USSR
8.7
12.3
15.0
15.1
15.4
16.4
17.0
17.1
17.7
Milk (million metric tons)
US
53.7
53.3
52.3
58.3
61.5
63.4
61.4
65.2
65.7
USSR
61.7
83.0
90.8
90.9
91.0
96.5
97.9
98.6
101.1
Ginned cotton (thousand metric tons)
US
3,107
2,219
1,808
2,422
2,605
1,692
2,826
2,925
2,130
USSR
1,458
2,343
2,524
2,959
2,673
2,607
2,586
2,625
2,654
For more detailed definitions, exceptions, and methodology
refer to the commodity tables.
b Fertilizer year beginning 1 July of the stated year.
31
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Aggregative Trends
Page
Tables 8-11.
Gross National Product 34-38
Table 12.
Real Gross National Product Growth 39
Table 13.
Real Gross National Product Per Capita Growth 40
Table 14.
Economic Indicators for Selected Non-OPEC Less Developed Countries 41
Table 15.
Economic Indicators for Selected Industrial Countries 42-43
Table 16.
Agricultural Production Index 44
Tables 17-18.
Industrial Production 45-46
Table 19.
Defense Expenditures as a Share of Gross National Product 47
Table 20.
Metal Prices 48
Table 21.
Agricultural Prices 49
Table 22.
OPEC Countries: Crude Oil Official Sales Price 50
Table 23.
Wholesale Price Index in Non-Communist Countries 50
Table 24.
Consumer Price Index 51
Table 25.
Population 52-53
Tables 26-28. Labor Force 54-56
Table 29.
Industrial Employment 57
Table 30.
Big Seven: Unemployment Rates 58
Table 31.
Big Seven: Personal Savings Rates 58
Table 32.
Foreign Trade Exchange Rates of the Communist Countries 59
Table 33.
East European Debt by Source 60
Table 34.
Medium- and Long-Term Debt of Selected Less Developed Countries 61
Table 35.
Selected Less Developed Countries: Vulnerability Ratios 62
Table 36.
Less Developed Countries: Economic Trends 62
33
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Table 8
Estimated Real Gross National Product
Billion 1986 US $
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
World
6,370
10,400
12,400
14,700
14,900
15,300
15,900
16,400
16,800
Developed countries a
4,450
7,190
8,320
9,800
9,910
10,200
10,600
10,900
11,200
United States
1,907.2
2,756.5
3,065.9
3,598.5
3,580.5
3,702.9
3,947.6
4,059.1
4,160.6
Australia
84.2
140.3
170.6
194.8
201.2
202.6
216.8
226.0
231.2
Canada
147.8
244.5
315.2
382.0
382.8
395.0
417.2
433.6
446.1
Japan
314.0
853.5
1,053.5
1,342.0
1,433.2
1,478.9
1,552.7
1,622.5
1,658.3
Sweden
70.0
110.1
125.1
133.6
134.3
137.5
143.0
146.2
149.2
Switzerland
64.6
102.4
106.7
116.0
116.3
117.1
119.2
124.0
126.2
European Community
1,680
2,700
3,130
3,620
3,630
3,680
3,770
3,860
3,950
Belgium
56.9
92.0
109.0
126.2
126.6
126.2
128.3
130.2
132.5
France
288.5
496.1
603.9
708.8
725.1
730.0
741.4
749.2
762.6
Italy
252.6
439.9
495.6
598.5
596.7
595.5
612.3
626.6
644.1
Netherlands
81.7
134.0
156.9
178.5
174.7
177.2
181.3
184.5
189.2
Spain
109.6
222.4
290.6
320.4
323.6
329.4
335.5
343.2
352.8
United Kingdom
395.8
523.6
583.0
632.3
633.6
657.0
675.6
700.5
720.2
West Germany
412.6
641.1
709.8
837.0
830.3
842.8
866.3
888.9
908.3
Less developed countries b
461
870
1,220
1,590
1,640
1,660
1,730
1,790
1,850
Argentina
51.0
67.9
76.3
82.5
73.6
75.8
78.0
74.3
78.5
Brazil
51.4
104.8
171.3
237.9
236.2
228.7
239.0
258.8
280.0
China (Taiwan)
8.4
20.0
29.3
48.4
52.9
56.1
59.8
62.3
70.7
Egypt
6.4
9.2
12.0
17.4
21.1
23.0
23.3
24.1
25.5
India
78.8
115.0
133.0
158.0
173.2
186.3
193.0
200.0
210.0
Mexico
32.8
64.5
88.6
122.2
131.1
124.2
128.5
132.0
127.1
Pakistan
10.4
14.3
16.9
22.6
25.5
27.2
28.4
30.8
33.0
Philippines
11.4
18.9
25.4
34.3
36.7
37.1
35.4
34.1
34.2
South Korea
11.2
27.6
42.3
60.6
68.3
74.8
80.7
85.1
95.7
Thailand
7.4
15.8
21.5
30.9
34.2
36.2
38.4
40.0
41.5
OPEC
Indonesia
19.7
28.4
41.9
61.3
67.6
70.5
74.8
76.2
76.2
Nigeria
28.1
49.3
66.2
77.6
75.3
68.9
65.1
66.7
62.7
Saudi Arabia
17.6
36.0
65.6
102.0
112.0
100.0
99.2
94.4
85.0
Venezuela
20.9
37.8
47.8
56.3
56.5
53.3
52.6
52.7
53.9
34
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Table 8 (continued)
Estimated Real Gross National Product
Billion 1986 US $
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Communist countries
1,460
2,340
2,850
3,260
3,370
3,460
3,540
3,620
3,770
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,320
2,090
2,530
2,850
2,930
3,000
3,060
3,110
3,230
USSR e
923.5
1,511.7
1,801.5
2,050.2
2,130.5
2,185.3
2,214.1
2,254.3
2,356.7
Eastern Europe
396
578
732
804
803
818
847
851
874
Bulgaria
25.0
43.7
54.8
57.6
61.0
60.0
61.9
59.9
61.2
Czechoslovakia
76.7
102.1
120.4
134.1
136.0
138.0
141.3
141.9
143.9
East Germany
94.1
127.0
150.5
168.9
171.6
175.1
179.9
183.9
187.5
Hungary
43.8
61.6
72.4
80.0
83.5
82.7
85.0
82.9
84.0
Poland
113.9
172.5
236.4
244.9
229.5
240.6
249.6
252.2
259.8
Romania
42.8
70.8
97.9
118.8
121.5
121.6
128.9
130.1
137.5
Other
China e
NA
92.7
121.0
162.2
184.4
201.1
225.2
252.2
271.9
Yugoslavia d
NA
80.7
100.6
132.7
136.3
137.0
140.8
140.8
145.0
a Data were converted to US dollars by the use of purchas-
ing power parities used by the OECD.
b Data were converted from national currencies by using the
1986 Par Rate/Market Rate factors.
e Data for the USSR were constructed as follows:
� Soviet GNP was estimated in 1982 rubles using the
methodology described in Table 37.
� The ruble estimates were multiplied by the geometric
mean of two dollar-ruble ratios-one weighted with US
price weights, the other with Soviet weights. For a discus-
sion of this procedure, see "US and USSR: Comparisons
of GNP," published in Soviet Economy in a Time of
Change, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the
United States, 10 October 1979, pp. 369-401.
� The resulting GNP estimates in 1982 US dollars were
converted to a 1986 price base using the US GNP implicit
price deflator.
d GNP estimates for Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugo-
slavia are based on benchmark figures for 1975 in 1975
dollars in Kravis, Heston, and Summers, World Product and
Income: International Comparisons of Real Gross Product,
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. GNP
35
indexes in constant domestic currencies derived from official
data were combined with the 1975 benchmarks to yield time
series in 1975 dollars. The US GNP deflator was then
applied to the series to convert 1975 dollars to 1986 dollars.
For Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, 1970
benchmarks were shifted to 1975 in proportion to the
geometric mean of the benchmark shifts for Hungary,
Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The 1970 benchmarks
were taken from UN Economic Bulletin for Europe, vol. 31,
no. 2, 1980.
e Official Chinese statistics.
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Table 9
Gross National Product Price Deflators
Index: 1970=100
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States
73.6
100.0
141.2
204.0
238.1
247.4
256.9
265.5
272.6
Australia
75.0
100.0
173.9
282.6
343.9
373.6
399.9
424.2
448.3
Canada
72.4
100.0
149.1
222.5
268.5
281.0
291.3
301.0
308.5
Japan
58.8
100.0
163.8
208.2
218.9
220.5
223.4
227.2
231.4
Sweden
65.9
100.0
153.7
251.3
298.8
328.0
353.0
377.2
400.7
Switzerland
65.4
100.0
148.4
165.9
190.3
196.6
202.1
207.5
215.3
European Community a
66.1
100.0
156.2
258.3
317.0
344.6
369.0
393.2
415.3
Belgium
71.3
100.0
151.8
199.0
223.3
237.5
250.0
262.8
272.0
France
65.2
100.0
152.5
247.8
311.9
341.8
366.3
388.1
405.5
Italy
64.3
100.0
177.0
395.9
551.5
634.1
702.7
764.4
818.2
Netherlands
60.1
100.0
155.1
208.6
233.4
237.7
243.0
248.7
246.6
Spain
54.0
100.0
178.8
409.8
522.0
582.8
646.5
702.7
775.5
United Kingdom
66.2
100.0
185.1
370.1
444.3
467.5
486.3
514.7
533.5
West Germany
69.6
100.0
137.3
167.8
182.2
188.1
191.7
196.0
200.3
a Gross domestic product deflators.
36
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Table 10
Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power
and Exchange Rate Equivalents, 1986
Purchasing
Power
Equivalents a
(Kravis)
Purchasing
Power
Equivalents b
(Gilbert)
Average
1986
Par Rate/
Market Rate
Average
1985
Exchange
Rate
Average
1973
Exchange
Rate
February
1973
Exchange
Rate
May 1972
Exchange
Rate
April 1971
Exchange
Rate
OECD
Gross Domestic Product, 1986 (Billion US $)
Belgium
128.8
132.7
110.9
83.4
127.1
122.8
110.5
99.1
Denmark
75.1
65.5
80.4
61.4
107.5
103.6
93.2
86.7
France
758.5
729.7
705.5
543.8
1,097.3
1,062.3
955.2
879.8
Italy
540.8
468.7
504.0
393.5
1,288.8
1,326.1
1,292.1
1,202.2
Japan
1,673.0
1,341.8
1,960.4
1,385.0
1,213.7
1,223.6
1,072.6
917.7
Netherlands
181.1
152.5
172.5
127.2
151.2
144.7
130.2
116.7
United Kingdom
615.0
581.1
545.5
482.0
911.8
925.9
968.9
892.4
West Germany
909.8
743.8
887.0
654.3
721.4
664.2
597.7
526.3
OECD
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, 1986 (United States= 100)
Belgium
76
78
65
49
75
72
65
58
Denmark
85
74
91
69
122
117
105
98
France
79
76
74
57
115
111
100
92
Italy
55
47
51
40
130
134
131
122
Japan
80
64
94
66
58
58
51
44
Netherlands
72
61
69
51
60
58
52
46
United Kingdom
63
59
56
49
93
94
99
91
West Germany
86
71
84
62
68
63
57
50
a For the individual OECD countries, the ratios for convert-
ing GDP in national currencies at 1986 prices into 1986 US
dollars on the basis of purchasing power equivalents are
derived from the 1975 ratios in World Product and Income:
International Comparisons of Real GDP, published for the
World Bank by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Balti-
more and London, 1981, using the geometric mean of
foreign and US weighted ratios. These 1975 GDP parities
were moved to 1986 by applying the following factor: the
derived price index for each OECD country for 1976-86
divided by a derived price index for the United States for
1976-86. These price indexes were derived for each
country by dividing the growth of GDP in current prices by
the growth of GDP in constant prices. The ratios thus
obtained were applied to the GDP values, given in the
national currencies in 1986 prices.
b For the individual European OECD countries, the ratios
for converting GDP in national currencies at 1986 prices
into 1986 US dollars on the basis of US purchasing power
equivalents are derived from the 1950 ratios in Milton
Gilbert and Associates, Comparative National Products and
Price Levels, OEEC, Paris, 1958, using the geometric mean
37
of European and US weighted ratios. These 1950 ratios were
moved to 1986 by applying the following factor: the derived
price index for each European country for 1951-86 divided
by a derived price index for the United States for 1951-86.
The ratios thus obtained were applied to the GDP values,
given in the national currencies in 1986 prices.
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Table 11
Gross National Product, by End Use,
in the US and the USSR, 1986 .
Billion 1982 Rubles
USSR b
US
Billion 1982 US $
USSR as a USSR US
Percent of US
USSR as a
Percent of US
Geometric Mean
of the Comparisons
in Dollars and Rubles
USSR as a Percent of US
GNP
777
1,797
43
2,630
3,677
72
56
Of which:
Consumption
408
1,506
27
1,252
2,586
48
36
New fixed investment
176
219
80
750
727
103
91
a The preferred procedure for making international econom-
ic comparisons is to convert each country's GNP to the
currency of the other. Two comparisons can then be made,
one in rubles and one in dollars. The two comparisons will
yield different answers. This phenomenon is commonly
known as the "index number problem," and it results from
differences in the relative price and quantity structures
found in each country. Goods produced in relatively large
quantities in either country tend to sell at relatively low
prices in that country, and vice versa. Soviet GNP is,
therefore, a larger share of US GNP when comparisons are
made in dollars since dollars place a greater weight than
ruble prices do on investment and defense goods, which
account for larger shares of output in the Soviet Union than
in the United States.
The important point about index numbers is that
valuations in either rubles or dollars are equally correct.
When a single comparison of US and Soviet GNP is
required, economists by convention often use the geometric
mean of the ruble and dollar comparisons as a reasonable
compromise that falls between the two.
The geometric mean comparison is presented here,
although the reader is cautioned that it is used for its
presentational convenience and does not, strictly speaking,
represent a more valid result than that presented in either
currency.
The estimate of Soviet GNP in dollars presented here is
different from that given in Table 8, which uses the
geometric mean of the comparisons for consistency with the
other data in that table. The approach used in this table,
however, is theoretically preferable.
b The above Soviet GNP data in established prices should
not be used in conjunction with Soviet foreign trade data
appearing in Tables 66-68. These latter tables use official
foreign exchange rates to derive dollar values for trade; we
have yet to estimate the value of Soviet foreign trade in
terms of actual purchasing power, which would allow for an
estimate of the share of foreign trade in Soviet national
income.
The magnitudes for the Soviet end-use components
were calculated to measure value of output compared with
the United States but not the cost in resources. The share of
38
total economic resources devoted to a particular end use
(such as defense) or the share of total output originating in
an individual sector (for example, agriculture or industry) in
the USSR should be measured in internal ruble prices and
costs.
The identified end uses of GNP are defined as follows:
(1) Consumption includes personal expenditures for goods
and services for all purposes and noninvestment outlays by
government for goods and services for health and education.
(2) New fixed investment is defined as the sum of expendi-
tures for gross private domestic investment net of inven-
tories; for public construction other than that for military
facilities; and for equipment purchased by the government
except that for defense. Since part of Soviet capital repair is
considered new investment in the Western sense, a portion of
Soviet expenditures on capital repair is included in Soviet
new fixed investment.
Other uses of GNP include defense, space, research and
development, inventory change, administration, net exports,
and a statistical discrepancy. The total value for these
expenditures cannot be derived for the USSR by subtrac-
tion, however.
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Table 12
Real Gross National Product Growth
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
OECD
5.2
4.6
3.0
3.3
-0.5
2.5
4.6
3.0
2.4
United States
4.6
3.0
2.2
3.4
-2.5
3.5
6.4
2.7
2.5
Australia
4.8
5.6
4.0
2.7
0
0.7
7.0
4.2
2.3
Canada
5.7
4.6
5.2
3.9
-3.4
3.2
5.6
3.9
2.9
Japan
10.1
11.0
4.3
5.0
2.8
3.2
5.0
4.5
2.2
Sweden
5.2
4.1
2.6
1.3
0.8
2.4
4.0
2.2
2.1
Switzerland
5.3
4.2
0.8
1.7
-1.2
0.7
1.8
4.0
1.8
European Community
5.0
4.6
3.0
3.0
0.5
1.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
Belgium
5.0
4.8
3.5
3.0
1.9
NEGL
1.7
1.5
1.8
France
5.8
5.4
4.0
3.3
1.8
0.7
1.6
1.1
1.8
Italy
5.2
6.2
2.4
3.8
-0.5
-0.2
2.8
2.3
2.8
Netherlands
4.8
5.3
3.2
2.6
-1.4
1.4
2.3
1.8
2.5
Spain
8.5
6.2
5.5
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.8
United Kingdom
3.2
2.5
2.2
1.7
1.4
3.7
2.8
3.7
2.8
West Germany
4.8
4.2
2.1
3.4
-1.0
0.3
2.8
2.6
2.2
Less developed countries
6.3
6.7
7.0
5.5
1.5
1.4
4.1
3.2
3.5
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR a
4.9
5.1
3.0
2.3
2.6
3.2
1.4
1.1
4.2
Eastern Europe
3.9
3.8
4.9
1.9
0.9
1.9
3.5
0.5
2.7
Bulgaria
6.4
5.1
4.7
1.0
3.2
-1.7
3.2
-3.3
2.2
Czechoslovakia
2.4
3.4
3.4
2.2
2.0
1.5
2.4
0.4
1.4
East Germany
3.0
3.1
3.5
2.3
-0.4
2.0
2.8
2.3
2.0
Hungary
3.9
3.0
3.3
2.0
3.6
-1.0
2.8
-2.6
1.4
Poland
4.5
4.0
6.5
0.7
-0.9
4.8
3.7
1.0
3.0
Romania
5.4
4.9
6.7
3.9
2.1
0.1
6.0
1.0
5.6
Other
China
NA
NA
5.5
6.1
8.3
9.1
12.0
12.0
7.8
North Korea
9.8
5.5
10.4
4.1
3.7
0.9
2.7
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
NA
NA
4.5
5.7
1.6
0.5
2.7
0
3.0
a At factor cost.
39
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Table 13
Real Gross National Product Per Capita Growth
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
OECD
United States
3.1
1.9
1.2
2.2
-3.5
2.4
5.6
1.9
1.5
Australia
2.8
3.6
2.3
1.6
-0.7
-0.6
5.8
2.9
1.0
Canada
3.8
2.9
3.8
2.7
-4.5
2.2
4.6
3.0
1.9
Japan
9.0
9.7
2.8
4.0
2.1
2.5
4.3
3.9
1.6
Sweden
4.5
3.3
2.2
1.0
0.8
2.4
3.9
2.1
1.9
Switzerland
3.1
3.1
0.4
1.7
-1.8
0.5
1.4
3.6
1.4
European Community
4.1
3.9
2.4
2.6
0.2
1.1
2.2
2.1
2.1
Belgium
4.3
4.4
3.2
2.8
1.8
-0.3
1.7
1.5
1.7
France
4.4
4.5
3.2
2.8
1.2
0.2
1.2
0.7
1.4
Italy
4.5
5.5
1.8
3.5
-0.7
-0.5
2.5
2.1
2.5
Netherlands
3.4
4.1
2.2
1.9
-1.9
1.0
1.9
1.3
2.1
United Kingdom
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.5
3.6
2.6
3.4
2.6
West Germany
3.8
3.4
1.7
3.4
-0.9
1.9
3.2
2.9
2.5
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
3.3
4.0
2.1
1.4
1.7
2.3
0.5
0.2
3.2
Eastern Europe
3.2
3.1
4.2
1.3
0.4
1.4
3.1
0.2
2.4
Bulgaria
5.5
4.4
4.1
0.7
2.9
-1.9
3.0
-3.2
2.2
Czechoslovakia
1.6
3.2
2.7
1.5
1.7
1.2
2.1
0.2
1.2
East Germany
3.2
3.1
3.7
2.5
-0.2
2.0
2.9
2.4
2.1
Hungary
3.6
2.7
3.0
1.6
3.7
-0.8
3.0
-2.4
1.6
Poland
3.3
3.2
5.5
-0.2
-1.8
3.9
2.8
0.3
2.3
Romania
4.7
3.6
5.7
3.0
1.5
-0.3
5.6
0.5
5.1
Other
China
NA
5.5
3.3
4.7
6.7
8.1
10.8
10.8
6.3
North Korea
6.6
2.7
7.3
3.7
1.7
-1.6
NEGL
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
NA
NA
3.5
4.8
0.8
-0.2
2.0
-0.7
2.3
40
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Table 14
Economic Indicators for Selected Non-OPEC
Less Developed Countries
Percent change
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
190
1984
1985
1986
Industrial production
China (Taiwan)
20.5
5.4
8.1
6.8
-0.6
14.1
12.2
1.4
14.9
India
1.6
4.7
1.2
0.7
4.7
4.4
5.7
6.5
5.8
Mexico
10.1
4.7
11.2
9.8
-3.3
-8.0
4.3
5.1
-5.1
South Korea
33.5
18.9
11.7
-1.8
5.0
15.8
15.0
4.0
32.3
Consumer price inflation
Brazil
12.7
28.9
52.7
82.8
97.9
142.0
196.7
235.1
65.0
China (Taiwan)
8.2
5.2
9.8
19.0
3.1
1.4
NEGL
-0.2
0.7
India
17.8
5.6
2.5
11.4
7.9
11.9
6.4
6.3
10.0
Mexico
12.0
15.2
18.2
26.3
58.9
101.9
65.5
57.8
86.2
South Korea
3.2
25.3
18.3
28.7
7.3
3.4
2.3
2.5
2.8
Wholesale price inflation
Brazil
15.3
27.8
55.9
106.5
92.0
168.2
236.2
225.7
59.9
China (Taiwan)
22.9
-5.1
13.8
21.5
-0.2
-1.4
-0.7
-2.6
-3.4
India
16.4
4.0
11.4
20.3
2.5
7.8
7.0
5.6
6.5
Mexico
16.0
10.4
18.3
24.4
56.1
107.3
70.3
53.6
88.1
South Korea
6.9
26.1
18.8
38.9
4.7
0.2
0.7
0.9
-2.8
Money supply
Brazil
41.8
33.6
73.6
70.0
69.7
92.0
203.5
305.5
303.8
China (Taiwan)
49.3
26.9
7.7
22.7
14.6
18.4
9.3
12.2
51.4
India
16.5
8.1
20.8
12.3
17.4
12.6
18.5
15.0
18.0
Mexico
24.2
21.3
33.1
33.1
62.1
41.2
63.0
50.8
67.9
South Korea
51.4
26.1
20.7
16.3
45.6
17.0
0.6
15.6
18.6
41
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Table 15
Economic Indicators for Selected Industrial Countries .
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1961-70
1971-75
1976-80
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Industrial production
United States
5.0
1.8
5.1
-7.2
5.9
11.2
2.0
1.0
Canada
6.2
4.0
3.4
-10.0
5.3
8.8
4.3
NA
Japan
13.6
1.5
6.6
0.4
3.5
11.1
4.6
-0.4
France
5.8
3.0
3.0
-1.5
1.1
1.7
0.8
0.6
Italy
7.0
1.6
5.5
-3.1
-3.2
3.3
1.2
2.7
United Kingdom
2.8
0.6
1.7
2.1
3.9
1.3
4.7
1.9
West Germany
5.8
0.9
3.4
-3.2
0.3
3.3
3.9
2.3
Consumer prices
United States
2.7
6.7
8.9
6.2
3.2
4.3
3.6
1.9
Canada
2.7
7.3
8.7
10.8
5.8
4.3
4.0
4.2
Japan
5.7
11.5
6.5
2.6
1.9
2.3
2.0
0.6
France
4.1
8.8
10.5
12.0
9.5
7.7
5.8
2.5
Italy
3.9
11.3
16.3
16.4
14.9
10.6
8.6
6.1
United Kingdom
4.1
13.0
14.4
8.6
4.6
5.0
6.1
3.4
West Germany
2.6
6.1
4.0
5.3
3.3
2.4
2.2
-0.2
Export prices (unit values, US dollar basis)
United States
2.0
12.0
8.3
1.5
1.0
1.4
-0.6
0.4
Canada
1.4
12.2
7.9
3.9
0.2
-0.4
-3.5
-5.2
Japan
-0.4
12.5
8.0
-6.4
-2.4
0.2
-0.6
20.7
France
1.3
15.2
9.2
-5.5
-4.8
-2.9
2.5
NA
Italy
0.5
14.3
10.9
-3.0
-4.4
-5.1
-0.3
21.9
United Kingdom
NA
12.7
15.6
-7.3
-6.2
-5.1
2.3
7.9
West Germany
2.6
16.0
10.5
-2.8
-3.2
-7.1
0
32.0
Import prices (unit values, US dollar basis)
United States
1.5
16.7
12.5
-2.0
-3.7
1.7
-2.4
-3.3
Canada �
1.4
10.6
8.2
-1.1
0.6
1.0
-2.1
-2.3
Japan
0.6
20.4
12.5
-7.4
-5.0
-2.8
-4.3
-13.4
France
0.6
16.0
10.5
-7.2
-7.0
-3.8
-0.4
NA
Italy
1.1
19.6
12.5
-5.3
-6.6
-3.7
-1.0
4.9
United Kingdom
NA
17.0
12.2
-6.1
-5.7
-4.5
0.5
5.1
West Germany
1.5
16.1
12.8
-4.7
-5.2
-4.8
-1.5
9.3
42
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Table 15 (continued)
Economic Indicators for Selected Industrial Countries a
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1961-70
1971-75
1976-80
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Productivity in manufacturing (output per hour)
United States
2.7
2.8
1.8
2.2
5.8
4.1
4.4
3.5
Canada
4.1
3.2
2.1
-2.4
6.5
3.1
2.3
-0.5
Japan
10.8
6.2
6.9
6.1
5.4
7.2
7.3
2.7
France
6.7
4.9
4.8
6.1
4.3
3.9
3.4
1.9
Italy
7.1
4.6
5.1
2.0
2.6
6.4
1.6
1.2
United Kingdom
3.6
3.7
1.3
6.2
8.3
5.3
3.6
3.0
West Germany
5.9
4.8
3.8
1.4
5.8
3.7
4.4
1.9
Unit labor costs in manufacturing (in US dollars)
United States
1.9
5.2
7.3
6.1
-2.5
-0.5
0.6
-0.5
Canada
1.7
7.6
5.5
10.3
-0.2
-2.2
-3.4
2.0
Japan
3.2
17.3
6.1
-12.1
2.5
-3.9
-2.7
42.6
France
1.2
16.3
9.0
-8.1
-7.1
-8.7
0.1
32.8
Italy
4.6
15.6
6.3
-0.7
1.1
- 9.5
0.1
31.9
United Kingdom
2.1
13.8
16.4
-10.3
-14.1
-10.3
0.3
18.7
West Germany
5.2
15.6
10.8
-4.2
-5.3
-9.4
-3.0
39.8
Export volume
United States
5.9
7.4
6.6
-10.5
-6.4
7.2
-1.6
0.8
Canada
9.8
2.8
6.2
0.4
8.3
22.6
4.0
4.2
Japan
17.5
9.9
9.5
-2.2
8.4
15.4
4.9
-1.2
France
8.5
7.6
6.7
-2.9
3.4
6.5
1.9
0.2
Italy
12.8
6.2
5.9
1.1
4.2
5.1
6.1
6.0
United Kingdom
4.8
4.5
5.1
3.2
1.6
8.7
5.8
1.8
West Germany
9.5
4.6
6.2
2.9
-0.2
9.6
6.4
2.2
Import volume
United States
8.7
2.5
6.6
-4.6
9.9
24.1
8.7
10.8
Canada
7.9
9.2
3.2
-16.2
15.4
20.6
5.5
4.5
Japan
14.7
3.9
6.2
-0.7
1.4
10.8
0.1
12.8
France
10.9
6.2
8.8
2.9
-1.6
1.6
4.9
8.5
Italy
11.0
0.7
7.5
0.3
0.8
7.4
8.2
7.2
United Kingdom
4.4
3.9
3.4
5.1
8.7
9.5
3.4
3.8
West Germany
10.3
3.5
6.4
1.0
4.0
5.5
4.5
7.8
a Growth rates were derived from unrounded data.
43
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Table 16
Agricultural Production Index
1970=100
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Developed countries
92
100
113
122
129
123
132
133
132
United States
98
100
113
124
138
114
133
142
134
Canada
107
100
116
129
151
143
140
144
155
European Community
France
95
100
108
123
127
123
133
132
129
Italy
89
100
108
120
116
128
119
122
120
United Kingdom
92
100
105
123
123
126
138
130
130
West Germany
85
100
102
111
120
116
125
119
123
Less developed countries
85
100
115
132
142
148
154
158
162
Africa
88
100
108
114
119
117
120
128
132
Far East
81
100
116
133
141
152
155
160
163
Latin America
88
100
114
132
141
141
145
151
149
Middle East
85
100
122
138
149
149
146
153
161
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR a
84
100
98
102
108
120
122
122
129
Eastern Europe b
91
100
120
127
128
127
136
135
141
Bulgaria
91
100
110
117
130
122
127
118
128
Czechoslovakia
83
100
114
125
126
132
136
135
136
East Germany
94
100
118
126
121
125
132
137
139
Hungary
91
100
125
145
155
153
160
148
150
Poland
92
100
118
114
111
107
117
120
125
Romania
91
100
133
156
157
158
177
170
187
Other
China c
82
100
121
156
184
202
231
NA
NA
North Korea d
90
100
154
131
191
183
189
195
180
Yugoslavia
87
100
117
134
145
143
144
135
141
a Estimates based on the value of crop production plus the
value of livestock output and changes in livestock numbers,
but minus feed, seed, and waste. Values have been changed
from 1970 average realized prices to 1982 average realized
prices.
b Estimates based on the value of crop production plus the
value of livestock products, with allowance for changes in
livestock numbers, but minus feed (including grain imported
for feed), seed, and waste.
c Index of gross value of agricultural output.
d Based on official grain claims.
44
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Table 17
Index of Industrial Production for Communist Countries
1970= 100
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 a
USSR and Eastern Europe b
USSR
Official
44
100
143
178
190
198
206
214
224
Adjusted
54
100
130
149
152
156
160
164
170
Eastern Europe
Adjusted
55
100
130
147
144
148
153
155
158
Bulgaria
Official
34
100
155
206
227
237
247
255
266
Adjusted
34
100
132
156
164
167
171
170
172
Czechoslovakia
Official
55
100
138
174
179
184
192
198
204
Adjusted
64
100
121
139
143
146
148
150
153
East Germany
Official
55
100
137
174
188
196
204
213
222
Adjusted
65
100
118
137
141
143
147
151
154
Hungary
Official
51
100
137
161
170
171
176
177
179
Adjusted
56
100
114
127
130
132
135
136
138
Poland
Official
45
100
164
207
180
192
202
211
220
Adjusted
51
100
144
148
126
134
138
140
144
Romania
Official
30
100
184
289
302
321
344
371
399
Adjusted
35
100
155
193
195
200
211
213
221
Other
North Korea c
Official
30
100
228
433
556
NA
NA
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
Official
46
100
146
203
213
215
227
233
242
Adjusted
NA
100
132
187
191
193
200
203
209
a Preliminary.
b The official indexes purportedly measure changes in the
gross value of industrial production. In general, the gross
value of production equals the sum of the value of output of
all industrial enterprises. As a result, since both intermedi-
ate and final goods are included in the value of output of
each enterprise, industrial products are double counted. For
example, steel used in producing automobiles is counted in
the value of both steel output and automobile output. In
addition to overstatement in the official indicator from this
source, disguised inflation also enters the index through
new-product pricing, where minor product improvements
result in a new-product price that is substantially higher
than can be justified by either improved quality or increased
production costs. Because output of these "new" products
grows from a small base, their rates of growth will proceed
at a higher rate than those of "old" products.
Adjusted indexes of industrial production�parallel to
45
those used by the Federal Reserve Board for measuring US
industrial output�are constructed in order to circumvent
most of these distortions, that is, price-weighted samples of
products form output indexes for various industrial compo-
nents and these component indexes are combined into an
aggregate index for industry by use of 1982 value-added
weights.
c An adjusted index is not available.
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Table 18
Index of Industrial Production for Selected Countries a
1960
OECD
United States
62
Canada
55
Japan
28
European Community
France
Italy
United Kingdom
West Germany
62
50
76
60
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
54
Eastern Europe
55
Bulgaria
34
Czechoslovakia
64
East Germany
65
Hungary
56
Poland
Romania
Other
51
35
China d
Yugoslavia
57
NA
a Indexes for the non-Communist countries are value-added
weighted indexes of intermediate and final products of
industry. Industry includes manufacturing, mining, and, in
most countries, public utilities. The indexes for the Commu-
nist countries are estimates of CIA (see Table 17 for detailed
explanation)�constructed as nearly as possible on the same
basis as the indexes for Western countries�or other calcula-
tions accepted by CIA. The indexes for the Communist
countries include manufacturing, mining, and public
utilities.
1970=100
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
100
108
138
131
139
155
158
159
100
121
142
128
135
147
153
NA
100
108
149
151
156
174
182
181
100
115
133
128
129
132
133
134
100
108
129
123
119
123
124
128
100
100
105
103
107
108
114
116
100
101
120
113
113
118
122
125
100
130
149
152
156
160
164
170
100
130
147
144
148
153
155
158
100
132
156
164
167
171
170
172
100
121
139
143
146
148
150
153
100
118
137
141
143
147
151
154
100
114
127
130
132
135
136
138
100
144
148
126
134
138
140
144
100
155
193
195
200
211
213
221
100
159
240
269
297
339
400
437
100
132
187
191
193
200
203
209
b Preliminary.
c Index of gross values of output for individual commodities
and branches are aggregated by 1982 value-added weights.
The three sectors covered�materials, machinery, and non-
durable consumer goods�constitute 50 percent, 33 percent,
and 17 percent, respectively, of the value-added weights for
industrial production. This index is as comparable as data
will permit with the index of US industrial production of the
US Federal Reserve Board.
46
d CIA estimates for 1960-75 were computed by applying
value-added weights to data for commodity production. The
data are fragmentary and uncertain; therefore, the index
should be regarded as providing only a tentative indication
of the general level and trend in production. The index for
1980-86 follows the trend for reported gross value of
industrial output.
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Table 19
Defense Expenditures as a Share of Gross National Product
Percent
1965
1970
1975
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
OECD.
Australia
4.4
3.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.9
Austria
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
Belgium
3.1
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
Canada
3.0
2.4
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
Denmark
2.8
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
Finland
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
France
5.2
4.2
3.8
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.1
Greece
3.5
4.7
6.6
6.5
6.1
5.5
6.8
6.8
6.3
7.2
Ireland
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.8
Italy
3.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7
Japan
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
Luxembourg
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
Netherlands
4.0
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
New Zealand
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.9
Norway
3.8
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.9
Portugal
6.0
6.5
5.3
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.5
Spain
2.7
3.1
2.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
Sweden
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.1
Switzerland
2.6
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
Turkey
5.0
4.2
5.8
5.2
4.4
4.4
5.0
5.3
5.0
4.5
United Kingdom
5.9
4.7
4.9
4.6
4.7
5.0
4.8
5.0
5.3
5.3
United States
7.2
7.6
5.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.5
6.1
6.3
6.2
West Germany
4.3
3.3
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
Less developed countries
NA
5.8
6.6
6.2
5.8
5.7
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.0
OPEC
NA
5.6
9.8
9.6
7.8
7.7
8.5
9.0
9.5
9.4
Iran
NA
7.8
17.6
16.6
8.2
6.6
6.8
6.7
5.2
7.2
Nigeria
NA
5.9
5.5
3.6
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.2
1.7
Saudi Arabia
NA
11.9
17.4
15.9
18.1
14.4
12.9
15.7
23.4
21.3
. Except for the United States, data are from the United
States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, based on the
ratio of military expenditures to GNP at current market
prices. Military expenditures are for current and capital
expenditures to meet the needs of the armed forces, includ-
ing expenditures of national defense agencies for military
programs; expenditures for the military components of such
47
mixed activities as atomic energy, space, and research and
development; military assistance to foreign countries; and
expenditures on paramilitary forces where they contribute
substantially to a country's military capabilities.
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Table 20
Metal Prices
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Aluminum a (US cents per pound)
27.23
24.50
28.72
39.79
71.64
76.00
77.70
81.00
81.00
81.00
Copper b (US cents per pound)
30.74
58.51
64.17
55.85
98.68
67.10
72.00
62.40
64.50
62.30
Lead e (US cents per pound)
9.02
14.39
13.78
18.66
41.10
24.70
19.30
20.00
17.70
18.40
Nickel d (US cents per pound)
74.00
78.70
129.00
205.83
347.25
320.00
320.00
320.00
320.00
320.00
Tin e (US cents per pound)
99.60
179.40
166.70
310.20
761.30
581.60
590.90
556.60
543.20
280.80
Zinc e (US cents per pound)
11.09
14.11
13.40
33.68
34.40
33.70
34.70
41.50
35.40
34.50
Silver f (US $ per troy ounce)
0.91
1.29
1.77
4.42
20.70
7.90
11.40
8.10
6.10
5.50
Gold e (US $ per troy ounce)
35.28
35.13
35.98
160.47
612.10
375.50
424.40
360.00
317.20
366.10
Platinum (US $ per troy ounce)
83.21
98.04
132.50
164.50
439.50
475.00
475.00
475.00
475.00
517.00
Iron ore h (US $ per metric ton)
17.00
16.00
15.00
23.00
27.00
26.00
24.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
Manganese ore (US $ per long ton)
45.00
39.00
28.00
70.60
78.50
79.90
73.30
69.80
68.40
65.50
Steel scrap (US $ per long ton)
33.20
34.27
44.95
71.86
91.20
63.10
73.20
36.40
74.40
73.40
Chrome ore i (US $ per metric ton)
18.93
19.31
23.12
39.78
55.00
50.90
50.00
50.00
43.90
40.00
Finished steel composite k (US $ per long ton)139.00
142.60
171.30
293.40
486.20
567.30
590.20
611.60
617.80
555.40
a Virgin unalloyed ingot at New York.
b London Metal Exchange electrolytic wirebars.
e London Metal Exchange refined pig lead, minimum 99.97
percent.
d US major producer of cathodes, spot, f.o.b. refinery.
e London Metal Exchange.
f US price (New York).
Major producers, New York.
h Brazil (North Sea ports).
48
Number 1, heavy melting average.
South African ports.
k Weighted index of steel shapes.
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Table 21
Agricultural Prices
US $ per metric ton
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Beef.
NA
882
1,304
1,327
2,760
2,368
2,449
2,227
2,130
2,099
Cocoa b
NA
355
655
1,239
2,502
1,638
2,030
2,341
2,176
1,969
Coffee.
915
1,005
1,147
1,442
3,399
3,086
2,910
3,175
3,153
3,770
COrn d
57
64
66
130
150
123
148
150
125
101
Cotton
NA
NA
NA
1,434
2,055
1,642
1,890
1,409
1,276
1,048
Palm oil f
228
273
260
429
583
445
502
730
501
257
Rice g
NA
NA
188
417
598
481
514
514
484
348
Rubber, natural h
842
567
465
659
1,620
1,001
1,239
1,093
926
944
Soybeans'
92
117
117
220
296
244
282
283
225
208
Soybean meal i
78
94
103
155
257
219
238
197
157
185
Soybean oil k
224
270
291
563
598
447
527
727
571
342
Sugar'
NA
47
83
452
640
186
187
114
89
133
Team
1,422
1,280
1,092
1,375
2,235
1,929
1,982
2,319
1,984
1,929
Wheat"
NA
NA
64
156
209
187
183
182
169
148
a Boneless Australian, f.o.b., New York.
h New York cocoa bean futures prices. Average of nearest
three active futures trading months.
. Other muds, New York.
d US No. 3 yellow, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
World Cotton Prices, "A" index, c.i.f., OSAKA.
f Malaysian, Europe.
g US No. 2, milled, 4 percent, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
h Smoked sheets, New York.
US No. 2, yellow, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
49
1 US, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
k Netherlands, f.o.b., ex-mill.
World raw cane, f.o.b., Caribbean ports, spot prices.
m London, average price all teas.
n US No. 2, DNS, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
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Table 22
World Crude Oil Prices
US $ per barrel
1973
1974
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OPEC official average
sales price a
3.39 b
11.28
11.02
18.67
30.87
33.63
29.31
28.70
28.14
23.49
World average price
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27.16
15.35
a F.o.b. prices set by the government for direct sales and, in
most cases, for the producing company buy-back oil.
Weighted by the volume of production.
b Posted prices.
Table 23
Wholesale Price Index in Non-Communist Countries a
1970= 100
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
85
100
148
224
254
259
264
266
263
Canada
81
100
168
269
315
328
343
352
355
Japan
89
100
149
192
195
194
194
192
183
European Community
Belgium
82
100
136
161
184
190
196
201
195
France
77
100
149
217
268
298
337
352
342
Italy
77
100
192
394
534
599
658
711
743
Netherlands
81
100
138
177
205
203
214
216
191
United Kingdom
74
100
185
369
436
460
488
515
538
West Germany
88
100
133
161
179
181
187
191
185
a Producer prices in manufacturing.
50
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Table 24
Consumer Price Index
1970=100
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
76
100
139
212
249
257
267
277
282
Canada
77
100
142
217
270
286
298
310
323
Japan
57
100
172
237
255
260
266
272
273
European Community
Belgium
74
100
150
204
238
256
272
286
290
France
67
100
153
252
320
351
378
400
410
Italy
68
100
171
365
506
582
643
699
741
Netherlands
66
100
151
202
229
235
243
249
249
United Kingdom
67
100
184
360
438
458
481
510
527
West Germany
77
100
135
165
184
190
195
199
199
Communist countries
USSR a
94
100
110
120
129
131
132
136
137
Eastern Europe b
Bulgaria
73
100
116
161
168
175
179
184
194
Czechoslovakia
73
100
111
126
130
132
134
137
138
East Germany
89
100
102
112
117
116
119
122
122
Hungary
81
100
122
166
188
204
220
239
258
Poland
78
100
130
202
473
.575
667
779
952
Romania
NA
100
116
139
177
186
188
180
180
Other
China
93
100
101
115
120
123
126
141
151
Yugoslavia d
32
100
241
561
1,039
1,464
2,243
3,892
7,359
a Implicit price index obtained from a comparison of indexes
of goods sold in the retail trade network in constant and in
current prices. The current price index is based on the values
of total retail and collective farm market sales in current
prices regularly published in Soviet statistical abstracts. The
index in constant 1982 prices is derived from the goods
components of the CIA index of total consumption. A more
complete explanation of the methodology and a discussion of
the relative merits of an "official" or "alternative" price
index are contained in "Soviet Economy in a New Perspec-
tive," US Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 14 October
1976, p.631.
b Calculated differently from that for the USSR; the official
index of personal consumption in current prices was deflated
by a calculated index of personal consumption in constant
prices. An explanation of the methodology is presented in
Thad P. Alton, Gregor Lazarcik, Elizabeth M. Bass, and
Wassyl Znayenko, "Official and Alternative Consumer
51
Price Indexes in Eastern Europe: Selected Years, 1960-81,"
Occasional Paper No. 73 of the Research Project on
National Income in East Central Europe (NY: L. W.
International Financial Research, Inc., 1982).
c Cost-of-living index for workers and staff members. Chi-
nese official statistics.
d Cost-of-living index from official Yugoslav statistics.
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Table 25
Population
Million persons at midyear
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
641.7
715.8
751.2
780.8
792.5
798.0
803.3
808.7
814.3
United States
180.7
205.1
216.0
227.7
232.5
234.8
237.0
239.3
241.6
Australia
10.4
12.7
13.8
14.8
15.1
15.3
15.5
15.7
15.9
Austria
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
Canada
17.9
21.3
22.7
24.1
24.7
24.9
25.1
25.4
25.6
Finland
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
Iceland
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Japan
94.1
104.3
111.6
116.8
118.5
119.3
120.0
120.8
121.4
New Zealand
2.4
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
Norway
3.6
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
Sweden
7.5
8.0
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.4
Switzerland
5.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.6
Turkey
28.2
35.8
40.5
45.1
47.3
48.4
49.5
50.7
51.8
European Community
280.0
303.4
312.5
318.0
319.8
320.5
321.2
322.0
322.8
Belgium
9.1
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
Denmark
4.6
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
France
45.7
50.8
52.8
53.9
54.4
54.6
54.9
55.2
55.4
Greece
8.3
8.8
9.0
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
10.0
Ireland
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Italy
50.2
53.7
55.6
56.5
56.6
56.8
57.0
57.1
57.2
Luxembourg
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Netherlands
11.5
13.0
13.7
14.1
14.3
14.4
14.4
14.5
14.6
Portugal
9.0
9.0
9.4
9.8
9.9
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.2
Spain
30.6
33.9
35.6
37.5
38.0
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
United Kingdom
52.4
55.6
56.2
56.3
56.3
56.4
56.5
56.6
56.8
West Germany
55.4
60.7
61.8
61.6
61.6
61.4
61.2
61.0
61.0
Less developed countries
Bangladesh
54.6
67.4
76.3
88.1
93.3
95.9
98.7
101.4
104.2
Brazil
71.7
95.7
108.7
123.2
129.7
133.1
136.5
140.0
143.5
Burma
22.8
27.4
30.2
33.4
35.0
35.7
36.5
37.2
38.0
Egypt
26.8
33.6
37.0
42.2
45.1
46.4
47.8
49.1
50.5
India
445.9
555.0
621.0
689.0
719.8
735.6
751.6
767.7
783.9
Indonesia
100.7
122.7
137.5
154.9
162.1
165.8
169.4
173.1
176.7
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Table 25 (continued)
Population
Million persons at midyear
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Less developed countries (continued)
Iran
21.6
28.9
33.4
39.2
42.2
43.8
45.4
47.0
48.6
Mexico
38.6
52.8
61.5
70.1
73.6
75.3
76.9
78.6
80.2
Nigeria
51.1
66.8
77.1
90.0
95.9
97.7
99.9
102.8
105.5
Pakistan
50.4
65.7
74.7
85.2
91.3
93.7
96.2
99.0
101.8
Philippines
28.6
38.7
44.4
50.9
53.7
55.2
56.7
58.3
59.9
South Korea
24.8
32.2
35.3
38.1
39.3
39.9
40.5
41.1
41.6
Thailand
27.5
37.1
42.3
46.9
48.9
49.8
50.8
51.8
52.7
Communist countries
1,039.3
1,264.7
1,387.0
1,475.9
1,510.8
1,529.6
1,548.0
1,565.5
1,584.4
USSR and Eastern Europe
310.9
345.8
360.9
375.7
381.5
384.5
387.5
390.5
393.5
USSR
214.3
242.8
254.8
266.4
271.1
273.6
276.3
278.9
281.5
Eastern Europe
96.6
103.0
106.1
109.3
110.4
110.8
111.3
111.7
112.1
Bulgaria
7.9
8.5
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
Czechoslovakia
13.7
14.3
14.8
15.3
15.4
15.4
15.5
15.5
15.5
East Germany
17.1
17.1
16.8
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.6
16.6
Hungary
10.0
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.6
10.6
Poland
29.6
32.5
34.0
35.6
36.2
36.6
36.9
37.2
37.5
Romania
18.4
20.3
21.2
22.2
22.5
22.6
22.6
22.7
22.8
Other
Albania
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
Cambodia
5.4
7.1
6.7
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.4
China
650.7
820.4
917.9
983.4
1,008.2
1,021.5
1,034.4
1,046.2
1,059.4
Cuba
7.0
8.5
9.3
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0
10.1
10.2
Laos
2.3
2.8
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.7
Mongolia
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
North Korea
10.5
13.9
15.9
17.9
18.7
19.2
19.6
20.4
20.9
Vietnam
31.5
42.4
47.9
53.6
56.2
57.6
59.0
60.5
62.0
Yugoslavia
18.4
20.4
21.3
22.3
22.6
22.8
23.0
23.1
23.3
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Table 26
Labor Force
Million persons at midyear
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States h
71.49
84.89
95.45
108.54
111.87
113.23
115.24
117.17
119.54
Canada h
6.58
8.49
10.05
11.65
12.03
12.26
12.47
12.72
12.95
Japan h
44.33
50.97
52.77
55.98
57.22
58.35
58.72
59.06
59.66
European Community
France
20.04
21.36
22.37
23.36
23.73
23.71
23.86
23.87
24.08
Italy
21.19
20.10
20.43
21.53
21.79
21.94
22.07
22.20
22.37
United Kingdom
24.65
25.48
26.07
26.84
26.90
26.94
27.28
27.46
27.47
West Germany h
26.28
26.74
26.65
27.05
27.24
27.28
27.40
27.63
27.83
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
158
178
191
203
206
207
208
209
210
USSR c
110.13
125.57
136.64
147.37
150.28
151.43
152.44
153.32
154.10
Eastern Europe d
47.4
52.3
54.3
55.3
55.6
55.7
55.8
56.0
56.4
Bulgaria h
4.83
5.08
5.20
5.23
5.20
5.19
5.18
5.17
5.16
Czechoslovakia
6.25
7.25
7.65
7.94
7.97
7.99
8.02
8.06
8.14
East Germany
7.99
8.22
8.40
8.72
8.81
8.87
8.92
8.94
8.96
Hungary
4.68
5.00
5.09
5.04
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.90
4.88
Poland
14.13
16.85
17.88
18.06
18.19
18.22
18.30
18.42
18.61
Romania
9.53
9.88
10.11
10.34
10.40
10.44
10.48
10.54
10.63
Other
China e
258.80
344.32
381.68
418.96
447.06
460.04
475.97
498.73
NA
Cuba"
NA
2.40
NA
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.40
3.40
3.50
Vietnam
8.50
10.95
12.50
26.50
27.90
29.00
30.10
31.20 ,
31.90
Yugoslavia h
8.42
8.05
8.33
9.00
9.21
9.34
9.40
9.53
9.61
Unless otherwise indicated, data include the armed forces
and the unemployed.
h Annual averages of monthly data.
c Data are from Revised and Updated Estimates and Pro-
jections of Labor Force and Employment in the USSR, by
Stephen Rapawy and Ward Kingkade US Bureau of the
Census, unpublished draft, December 1986.
d Excluding the armed forces.
e Data are as of the end of the year.
f Employment data.
s Excluding the armed forces and prior to 1980, South
Vietnam.
h Excludes workers temporarily employed abroad.
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Table 27
Agricultural Labor Force
Million persons at midyear
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
5.57
3.57
3.50
3.53
3.57
3.54
3.47
3.34
3.35
Canada
0.80
0.60
0.56
0.58
0.56
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
Japan
12.80
8.49
6.38
5.51
5.25
5.06
4.86
4.82
4.69
European Community
France
4.30
2.75
2.16
1.85
1.74
1.68
1.63
1.58
NA
Italy
6.51
3.84
3.24
2.90
2.52
2.52
2.39
2.26
NA
United Kingdom
1.12
0.78
0.68
0.65
0.64
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.62
West Germany
3.62
2.26
1.77
1.44
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
65.3
53.2
49.9
47.0
47.2
47.2
47.2
46.8
46.3
USSR a
45.44
36.97
36.08
34.72
34.66
34.75
34.82
34.52
34.08
Eastern Europe
19.9
16.2
13.8
12.3
12.5
12.5
12.4
12.3
12.2
Bulgaria
2.16
1.46
1.19
1.04
0.99
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.88
Czechoslovakia
1.49
1.20
1.06
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.00
East Germany
1.28
0.98
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.91
0.92
Hungary
1.67
1.18
1.02
0.99
1.02
1.02
1.00
0.96
0.92
Poland
7.01
6.45
5.74
5.32
5.63
5.65
5.55
5.49
5.49
Romania
6.25
4.94
3.93
3.11
2.99
3.00
3.03
3.03
3.00
Other
China b
170.19
278.14
294.60
302.11
320.13
325.10
325.33
311.88
NA
Cuba c
NA
0.92 d
0.92
0.77
0.77
0.79
0.75
0.75
0.75
Vietnam c
6.50
7.65
8.70
15.65
19.30
19.70
20.20
20.60
20.70
Yugoslavia c
4.81
4.31
3.60
2.71
2.36
2.27
2.20
2.16
2.14
a Data are from Revised and Updated Estimates and Pro-
jections of Labor Force and Employment in the USSR, by
Stephen Rapawy and Ward Kingkade, US Bureau of the
Census, unpublished draft, December 1986
b Yearend data, series revised in 1985.
c Employment data.
d Data are for 1971.
e Including South Vietnam beginning in 1980.
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Table 28
Nonagricultural Labor Force a
Million persons at midyear
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
65.92
81.32
91.95
105.02
108.30
109.68
111.77
113.83
116.19
Canada
5.79
7.88
9.49
11.06
11.48
11.67
11.89
12.13
12.36
Japan
31.53
42.48
46.39
50.47
51.97
53.29
53.86
54.24
54.97
European Community
France
15.74
18.61
20.21
21.51
21.99
22.03
22.23
22.29
NA
Italy
14.68
16.26
17.19
18.63
19.26
19.42
19.68
19.94
NA
United Kingdom
23.53
24.70
25.39
26.19
26.26
26.30
26.65
26.83
26.85
West Germany
22.66
24.48
24.88
25.61
25.84
25.89
26.01
26.24
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
92.3
124.7
141.1
155.6
158.7
159.9
161.0
162.6
164.2
USSR b
64.70
88.60
100.56
112.65
115.62
116.68
117.62
118.80
120.02
Eastern Europe
27.6
36.1
40.5
43.0
43.1
43.2
43.4
43.8
44.2
Bulgaria
2.67
3.62
4.01
4.20
4.21
4.23
4.25
4.26
4.28
Czechoslovakia
4.75
6.05
6.58
6.95
6.98
7.01
7.03
7.07
7.14
East Germany
6.72
7.24
7.52
7.85
7.94
7.99
8.01
8.03
8.04
Hungary
3.01
3.81
4.07
4.06
3.97
3.93
3.93
3.95
3.96
Poland
7.12
10.40
12.14
12.75
12.56
12.57
12.75
12.93
13.12
Romania c
3.28
4.94
6.19
7.23
7.41
7.44
7.45
7.52
7.62
Other
China d
88.61
66.18
87.08
116.85
126.93
134.94
150.59
186.85
NA
Vietnam e
2.00
3.30
3.80
10.85
8.60
9.30
9.90
10.60
11.20
Yugoslavia f
3.62
3.74
4.74
6.29
6.85
7.07
7.20
7.37
7.48
a Unless otherwise indicated, data include the armed forces.
b Data are from Revised and Updated Estimates and Pro-
jections of Labor Force and Employment in the USSR, by
Stephen Rapawy and Ward Kingkade, US Bureau of the
Census, unpublished draft, December 1986.
Excluding the armed forces.
d Yearend data, series revised in 1985.
Excluding the armed forces and prior to 1980, South
Vietnam.
f Excluding those employed abroad and the armed forces.
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Table 29
Industrial Employment a
Million persons, annual average
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
22.00
26.08
25.30
29.14
27.07
27.02
28.62
28.80
29.13
Canada
1.91
2.36
2.61
2.93
2.70
2.62
2.72
2.76
2.83
Japan
12.38
17.88
18.37
19.18
19.21
19.47
19.63
19.82
19.76
European Community
France
6.98
7.81
7.88
7.46
7.13
6.94
6.68
6.46
NA
Italy
6.86
7.59
7.66
7.77
7.59
7.40
7.04
6.89
NA
United Kingdom
10.90
10.53
9.65
9.07
7.86
7.52
7.50
7.48
7.36
West Germany
11.91
12.46
11.24
11.14
10.48
10.11
10.02
10.01
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
34.6
47.0
51.2
54.9
55.5
55.7
56.0
56.3
NA
USSR
22.62
31.59
34.05
36.89
37.61
37.83
37.96
38.10
NA
Eastern Europe
12.0
15.4
17.2
18.0
17.9
17.9
18.0
18.2
18.2
Bulgaria
0.77
1.16
1.30
1.37
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
Czechoslovakia
2.27
2.71
2.88
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
East Germany b
3.18
3.26
3.30
3.39
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.50
3.52
Hungary b
1.39
1.79
1.79
1.66
1.61
1.60
1.66
1.69
1.68
Poland
3.16
4.45
5.15
5.25
4.99
4.97
5.00
5.00
5.01
Romania b
1.26
2.07
2.80
3.33
3.47
3.53
3.52
3.58
3.59
Other
China b
29.79
28.09
42.84
56.00
59.30
60.23
63.38
NA
NA
Cuba e
NA
0.57"
0.68
0.85
0.89
0.91
0.99
1.02
1.05
Vietnam e
0.75
1.10
1.25
2.15
2.25
2.25
2.35
2.35
2.40
Yugoslavia
1.05
1.44
1.82
2.16
2.31
2.37
2.45
2.53
2.63
a Including employment in manufacturing, mining, and e State sector only.
construction. d Data are for 1971.
b Yearend data. e Including South Vietnam beginning in 1980.
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Table 30
Big Seven: Unemployment Rates a
Percent
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States
5.5
4.9
8.5
7.1
7.5
9.6
9.4
7.4
7.1
6.9
Canada
7.0
5.7
6.9
7.5
7.5
11.1
11.9
11.3
10.5
9.6
France
1.8
2.6
4.3
6.2
7.6
8.4
8.6
9.8
10.2
10.4
Italy b
3.8
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.0
5.0
NA
Japan
1.7
1.2
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.8
United Kingdom c
2.2
3.1
4.1
6.5
10.0
11.6
10.7
11.1
11.3
11.6
West Germany
1.1
0.6
4.1
4.0
5.6
7.7
9.2
9.1
9.3
8.9
a Unemployment as a share of total civilian labor force.
b Data adjusted to US concepts.
c Excluding Northern Ireland.
Table 31
Big Seven: Personal Savings Rates a
Percent
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States
5.8
8.1
9.2
7.1
6.8
5.4
6.3
5.1
3.9
Canada
3.3
5.5
12.5
13.4
17.0
14.1
14.7
13.6
11.3,
Japan
17.4
18.2
22.8
17.9
16.5
16.3
16.0
16.0
16.5
France
9.8
12.8
15.2
11.3
12.2
10.8
10.0
9.0
8.9
Italy
NA
19.1
22.6
20.3
20.0
18.9
19.1
19.7
20.5
United Kingdom
7.2
9.5
12.7
15.1
12.8
11.8
11.7
11.1
11.0
West Germany
8.5
14.8
15.1
12.8
12.8
11.2
11.6
11.4
11.9
a Savings as a share of disposable personal income.
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Table 32
Foreign Trade Exchange Rates of the Communist Countries a
Units per US $
Unit of Currency
1971
1973
1975
1977
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
USSR
Ruble
0.900
0.739
0.720
0.737
0.649
0.719
0.726
0.743
0.816
0.838
0.704
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Lev
1.17
0.97
0.97
0.95
0.86
0.95
0.95
0.97
1.01
1.03
0.95
Czechoslovakia
Koruna
7.20
5.84
5.58
5.64
5.38
5.88
6.12
6.32
6.65
6.79
6.00
East Germany b
Deutsche mark east
4.20
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.30
3.32
3.46
3.54
3.64
3.70
3.55
Hungary c
Forint
11.74
9.50
8.57
40.96
32.54
34.31
36.63
42.67
48.04
50.09
45.83
Poland
Zloty
4.00
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.05
3.36
84.82
91.62
113.72
147.18
175.29
Romania
Leu
6.00
4.97
4.97
4.97
4.47
15.00
15.00
17.18
21.28
17.14
16.15
Other
Albania
Lek
5.00
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
Cambodia
Ridl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.00
4.00
7.00
7.00
30.00
China
Yuan
2.39
2.01
1.96
1.86
1.50
1.71
1.89
1.98
2.32
2.94
3.45
Cuba
Peso
1.00
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.72
0.71
0.78
0.86
0.88
0.92
0.83
Laos
Kip
NA
NA
NA
NA
30.00
30.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
Mongolia
Tugrik
NA
3.31
NA
3.30
NA
NA
3.23
NA
NA
NA
NA
North Korea d
Won
2.36
2.06
2.02
2.02
1.77
1.85
2.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vietnam
Dong
NA
NA
NA
2.30
2.80
9.00
9.00
11.00
10.50
15.00
80.00
Yugoslavia
Dinar
14.88
16.24
17.34
18.29
24.64
34.97
50.28
92.84
152.82
270.16
379.22
a Average exchange rate for the year. Some countries also
have special exchange rates for noncommercial transactions,
such as diplomatic, tourist, and student expenditures and for
personal remittances.
b The unofficial rates actually used in East German account-
ing of foreign trade transactions. East Germany maintains
that an East German mark is equivalent to a West German
mark.
59
c Since January 1976, Hungary has expressed the value of
its foreign trade in domestic forints rather than diviza
forints.
d End of year rate. Noncommercial rate through 1977. Data
for 1980-82 are estimated.
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Table 33
East European Debt, by Source
Million US $
1971
1975
1977
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 a
Eastern Europe b
9,249
29,817
46,287
83,500
85,147
80,568
81,600
79,570
88,180
100,060
Commercial
5,316
23,097
36,186
61,555
58,902
52,778
46,660
41,110
46,940
54,950
Official
3,584
5,779
8,462
18,665
21,182
21,110
27,170
30,620
33,200
37,060
IMF/World Bank/Other
349
941
1,639
3,280
5,063
6,680
7,770
7,840
8,040
8,050
Bulgaria
743
2,640
3,707
3,550
3,050
2,750
2,390
2,260
3,610
4,880
Commercial
442
2,453
3,394
3,215
2,680
2,285
1,915
1,770
3,060
4,150
Official
301
187
313
335
370
465
475
490
550
730
Czechoslovakia
485
1,132
2,616
4,920
4,500
4,050
3,950
3,600
3,830
4,480
Commercial
284
926
2,290
4,060
3,695
3,110
2,935
2,565
2,840
3,380
Official
201
206
326
860
805
940
1,015
1,035
990
1,100
East Germany
1,408
5,388
7,828
14,100
14,900
13,000
12,840
12,150
13,900
16,750
Commercial
693
4,423
6,528
11,255
11,610
9,460
8,875
8,050
10,000
12,850
Official
715
965
1,300
2,845
3,290
3,540
3,965
4,100
3,900
3,900
Hungary
1,071
3,135
5,024
9,090
8,700
7,700
8,260
8,840
11,760
15,090
Commercial
968
3,081
4,965
8,790
8,335
6,940
6,950
6,940
9,760
12,380
Official
103
54
59
300
365
525
740
760
830
1,090
BIS/IMF
0
0
0
0
0
235
570
1,140
1,170
1,620
Poland
1,138
8,014
13,967
25,000
25,500
24,800
26,400
26,800
29,300
33,500
Commercial
340
5,910
9,928
14,900
14,215
13,640
10,900
9,400
10,600
12,100
Official
798
2,104
4,039
10,100
11,285
11,160
15,500
17,400
18,700
21,400
Romania
1,227
2,924
3,605
9,400
10,160
9,780
8,760
7,100
6,600
6,000
Commercial
585
2,024
2,306
6,545
6,167
5,415
4,770
3,430
2,900
2,700
Official
642
706
715
1,670
1,845
1,430
875
1,070
1,100
1,100
IMF/World Bank/
CEMA Banks
0
194
584
1,185
2,148
2,935
3,115
2,600
2,600
2,200
Yugoslavia
3,177
6,584
9,540
17,440
18,337
18,488
19,000
18,820
19,180
19,360
Commercial
2,004
4,280
6,775
12,790
12,200
11,928
10,315
8,955
7,780
7,390
Official
824
1,557
1,710
2,555
3,222
3,050
4,600
5,765
7,130
7,740
IMF/World Bank
349
747
1,055
2,095
2,915
3,510
4,085
4,100
4,270
4,230
a Preliminary.
b Including data for Yugoslavia.
60
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Table 34
Medium- and Long-Term Debt of Selected Less Developed Countries
Billion US $
1975
1977
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 a
Algeria
5.9
10.2
17.1
17.4
17.0
16.4
15.1
16.3
18.0
19.0
Argentina
4.9
7.5
12.7
16.8
22.8
27.1
35.5
38.2
42.0
44.5
Brazil
23.4
35.0
51.5
56.5
64.6
73.0
78.7
87.0
89.0
90.0
Colombia
2.9
3.1
3.9
5.0
6.2
7.2
8.2
9.4
10.0
10.4
Chile
4.4
4.6
7.5
9.4
12.7
14.0
15.0
17.3
17.8
17.5
Ecuador
0.6
1.3
3.3
4.1
5.3
5.4
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.2
Egypt
5.1
8.3
12.2
14.1
15.6
15.8
18.4
20.6
22.3
23.0
India
12.7
15.0
17.5
18.7
19.8
22.2
24.6
26.1
27.0
28.5
Indonesia
8.7
12.3
16.1
18.1
19.4
24.1
25.9
27.7
28.6
30.5
Iran
4.3
6.2
10.1
10.0
6.9
5.0
4.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
Iraq
0.4
0.7
2.3
2.5
3.0
2.3
4.3
5.2
5.3
7.0
Ivory Coast
0.9
2.0
3.9
4.9
5.2
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Malaysia
1.8
2.6
3.8
4.4
6.6
9.5
13.1
15.5
16.6
17.0
Mexico
16.6
26.7
37.7
41.0
52.9
59.5
82.3
87.5
88.0
88.0
Morocco
1.8
4.3
6.7
7.5
8.4
9.8
10.4
11.4
11.7
12.3
Nigeria
1.4
1.7
4.2
5.5
7.5
9.9
13.0
12.7
13.2
14.7
Pakistan
5.4
6.9
8.4
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.9
10.4
10.5
10.7
Peru
4.4
6.3
7.1
7.4
7.4
8.6
10.3
11.3
11.5
11.3
Philippines
2.8
5.1
7.2
9.0
10.4
12.0
13.5
14.1
17.7
18.5
Saudi Arabia
1.5
3.0
4.7
5.9
6.4
8.6
8.7
8.3
8.4
8.2
South Korea
6.0
9.5
15.5
18.1
21.4
23.5
26.9
30.0
33.2
32.0
Sudan
1.5
2.4
3.4
4.0
4.7
5.3
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.9
Taiwan
1.9
3.1
3.9
4.9
5.4
6.5
8.2
7.2
7.0
11.0
Thailand
1.4
2.0
4.1
5.8
7.2
8.5
9.7
10.9
13.0
13.2
Venezuela
2.3
6.3
12.3
14.1
15.0
17.1
17.7
23.7
25.2
25.5
a Preliminary.
61
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Table 35
Selected Less Developed Countries:
Vulnerability Ratios a
Table 36
Less Developed Countries:
Economic Trends
1980
1983
1986
Average Annual Data
Algeria
2.71
0.67
1979-82
1983-86
1987-91 a
Argentina
0.35
1.47
1.69
Growth of world trade (percent)
5
3
4
Brazil
1.28
3.11
1.85
OPEC oil price b (US $ per barrel)
29
27
20
Chile
0.47
1.63
Real nonoil commodity prices
-3
-5
3
China (Taiwan)
0.57
0.70
(percent change)
Egypt
0.49
0.69
6.07
Nominal interest rate-LIBOR
14
9
7
India
0.35
0.35
1.18
(percent)
Indonesia
0.63
0.80
0.85
Real interest rate-LIBOR
6
5
4
Iran
6.07
(percent)
Iraq
0.27
0.40
LDC net external borrowing
91
47
40
(billion US $)
Libya
1.73
Foreign investment in LDCs
11
10
12
Mexico
0.78
1.56
3.33
(billion US $)
Nigeria
0.45
0.31
3.08
LDC total debt/exports ratio
100
150
140
Peru
2.00
0.42
(percent)
Philippines
0.41
100.76
1.38
LDC total debt/GNP ratio
35
48
45
Singapore
3.66
2.08
(percent)
South Korea
0.44
1.30
LDC debt service/exports ratio
18
21
20
(percent)
Thailand
0.92
0.60
5.44
LDC interest payments/exports ratio
10
12
11
Venezuela
1.06
61.54
(percent)
a Ratio of interest payments to net new external borrowing.
b Negative ratio because of negative net borrowing.
62
a Projected.
b Market prices.
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Soviet Economic Performance
Page
Table 37.
Table 38.
Table 39.
Table 40.
Table 41.
Table 42.
Table 43.
Table 44.
Table 45.
Table 46.
Table 47.
Table 48.
Table 49.
Table 50.
Table 51.
Table 52.
Planned and Actual Economic Growth
CIA and Official Soviet Measures of Economic Growth
Percent Distribution of GNP at Factor Cost, by End Use
Growth of GNP at Factor Cost, by End Use
Share of GNP, by Sector of Origin
Growth of GNP, by Sector of Origin
Gross Fixed Capital Investment, by Function and Sector
Stock of Fixed Capital, by Sector
Aggregate Factor Productivity Growth
Industrial Factor Productivity Growth
Industrial Production, by Branch of Industry
Hard Currency Trade, by Commodity
Hard Currency Trade With Non-Communist Countries, 1985-86
Hard Currency Balance of Payments
Hard Currency Debt to the West
Gold Production and Reserves
64
65
66
66
67
67
68
69
70
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
63
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Approved for Release:
A useful starting point for analyzing the 1986-90 plan for the USSR is
to compare it with earlier five-year plans and results. If official Soviet
measures of actual growth are used in such comparisons, however, the
extent of plan fulfillment is exaggerated. These measures are subject to
upward bias because of hidden inflation and double counting�
problems that appear not to affect plan figures.' CIA estimates of
Soviet economic growth correct for this upward bias and, therefore, are
2018/08/22 C05775731
better suited than official statistics for comparisons with planned
growth.
' For discussion of these problems, see Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the
United States, USSR: Measures of Economic Growth and Development, 1950-80
(Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1982), pp.v-vi, 12-13, 212-215, 278-281;
and CIA, Comparing Planned and Actual Growth of Industrial Output in Centrally
Planned Economies, ER 80-10461, August 1980.
Table 37
USSR: Planned and Actual Economic Growth a
Percent
Average annual rate of growth
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981-85
1986-90
GNP
Plana
6.5 to 7.0
5.8
5.0
4.0
4.0
Actual b
5.1
3.0
2.3
1.9
NA
Industry
Plane
8.2
8.0
6.5
4.9
4.6
Actual b
6.2
5.5
2.7
2.0
NA
Agriculture
Plane
5.5
3.7
5.0
5.0
3.3
Actual d
3.7
�0.6
0.9
1.9
NA
a Weighted average of growth rates of gross value of output
from official Soviet plans for industry, agriculture, and other
major sectors of origin. Weights are CIA estimates of value
added at 1982 factor cost in these sectors.
b CIA estimate based on value added at 1982 factor cost.
e Official Soviet plan for growth of gross value of output.
d CIA estimate of output net of feed, seed, and waste (1982
value).
64
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Approved for Release:
To circumvent problems with official Soviet measures of economic
growth, CIA constructs synthetic estimates of gross national product
(GNP) and its major components. Total GNP covers value added by
primary inputs of labor and capital in sectors of origin, such as
industry and agriculture. Unlike Soviet statistics, CIA estimates of
GNP:
� Avoid much of the hidden inflation problem by using quantity data-
mostly from Soviet sources-on output of individual products, valued
at prices of a fixed base year.
� Include depreciation and services that do not contribute directly to
output of material goods.
� Provide improved measures of resource allocation and of growth in
the economy's production potential by adjusting valuation from
official prices to factor cost.
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CIA estimates for industry, like those of GNP, are corrected for hidden
inflation in Soviet measures. Moreover, value-added weights for these
estimates eliminate much of the double counting-present in official
statistics on gross value of output-of inputs sold from one producer to
another.
CIA estimates for agriculture, net output, exclude agriculture's use of
its own products as inputs but includes inputs from industry and other
sectors. For estimating value added, inputs from industry and other
sectors are also subtracted. Soviet statistics on gross values of output
reflect a good deal of double counting within agriculture, but hidden
inflation is not a significant problem.
All GNP estimates in this edition of the Handbook are based on values
at 1982 factor cost rather than the 1970 values reported previously.
Table 38
USSR: CIA and Official Soviet Measures of Economic Growth
Percent
Average annual rate of growth
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 ,
Total
CIA b
5.3
3.3
2.3
1.2
2.3
3.1
1.4
0.9
4.2
Soviet c
7.8
5.7
4.3
3.3
3.9
4.2
3.2
3.5
4.1
Industry
CIA d
6.2
5.5
2.7
1.3
0.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.6
Soviet
8.5
7.4
4.4
3.4
2.9
4.2
4.1
3.9
4.9
Agriculture
CIA f
3.7
-0.6
0.9
-0.7
7.2
6.0
-0.7
-1.7
7.3
Soviet e
4.2
0.8
1.6
-1.1
5.6
6.1
-0.1
0.1
5.1
a Preliminary.
b Net material product derived from GNP by adjustments to
exclude depreciation and services that do not contribute
directly to output of material goods. Also, weights used to
calculate growth are estimates of 1982 value added in
established prices, rather than at factor cost.
c "National income produced," or net material product.
d Value added.
e Gross value of output.
Net output.
65
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Table 39
USSR: Percent Distribution of Gross National
Product at Factor Cost,a by End Use
Percent
Total
Consumption
Investment
New fixed d
Administration, R&D, elements of defense, inventory
change, net exports, and outlays n.e.c.
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
51
49
50
51
50
49
50
50
50
21
24
26
28
30
30
30
30
31
17
20
20
22
23
23
23
23
24
28
26
24
21
21
21
20
19
19
a Because of the well-known difficulties in using Soviet
established prices as a measure of resource burden, the
shares of GNP in this table are based on GNP at factor cost.
In calculating GNP at factor cost, 1982 end-use weights
have been revised from an established price basis to a factor
cost basis by subtracting turnover taxes and profits and
adding subsidies and implicit capital charges. These revised
weights are then moved over time by indexes of the various
end uses in constant prices.
b Preliminary.
c Including consumption of food, soft goods, durables, per-
sonal services, and personal and government outlays for
education and health.
d Including machinery and equipment, construction and
other capital outlays, and net additions to livestock.
Table 40
USSR: Growth of Gross National Product
at Factor Cost, by End Use a
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981-85
1982
Total
4.9
5.1
3.0
2.3
1.9
2.6
3.2
1.4
1.1
4.2
Consumption c
3.7
5.4
3.4
2.5
1.8
0.6
2.3
2.9
1.6
3.0
Investment
7.3
5.4
4.2
4.3
3.4
3.6
4.3
1.1
3.1
6.0
New fixed d
7.0
5.9
3.6
3.9
3.3
4.2
4.2
1.3
2.4
6.2
Adminisiration, R&D, elements of
defense, inventory change, net exports,
and outlays n.e.c.
4.9
4.1
1.1
-0.4
0.2
6.3
3.9
-1.5
-3.4
4.8
a Because of the well-known difficulties in using Soviet
established prices as a measure of resource burden, the
shares of GNP in this table are based on GNP at factor cost.
In calculating GNP at factor cost, 1982 end-use weights
have been revised from an established price basis to a factor
cost basis by subtracting turnover taxes and profits and
adding subsidies and implicit capital charges. These revised
weights are then moved over time by indexes of the various
end uses in constant prices.
b Preliminary.
66
c Including consumption of food, soft goods, durables, per-
sonal services, and personal and government outlays for
education and health.
d Including machinery and equipment, construction and
other capital outlays, and net additions to livestock.
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Table 41
USSR: Share of Gross National Product,a by Sector of Origin
Percent
1960
1965
1970 1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
GNP
100
100
100 100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Agriculture
34
31
28 22
20
20
21
20
19
20
Industry
26
28
30 34
34
34
34
34
34
34
Construction
7
7
7 7
8
8
8
8
8
8
Transportation
6
7
8 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Communications
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Trade
5
5
6 6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Services
18
18
17 18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Other c
3
3
3 3
3
2
2
2
2
2
a Calculated at factor costs.
c Including salaries for military personnel.
b Preliminary.
Table 42
USSR: Growth of Gross National Product,a by Sector of Origin
Percent
Average annual rate of growth
1983
1984
1985
1986b
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75 1976-80 1981-85 1982
GNP
4.9
5.1
3.0 2.3 1.9 2.6
3.2
1.4
1.1
4.2
Agriculture C
3.6
3.7
-0.6 0.9 1.9 7.2
6.0
-0.7
-1.7
7.3
Industry
6.5
6.2
5.5 2.7 2.0 0.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.6
Construction
4.7
5.4
4.5 2.9 2.9 2.6
3.1
2.0
2.5
3.8
Transportation
10.2
7.2
6.6 3.6 2.3 1.2
2.8
1.5
2.1
4.0
Communications
7.3
8.6
6.4 4.7 3.8 2.2
3.5
4.7
4.6
5.0
Trade
5.0
7.3
4.5 2.8 1.5 0.2
2.6
2.3
0.8
2.3
Services
4.5
4.3
3.5 2.7 2.2 1.7
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
Other d
2.7
4.1
2.3 1.7 0.8 1.5
1.1
0.6
NEGL
1.3
a Calculated at factor cost.
b Preliminary.
Excluding intra-agricultural use of farm products but does
not make an adjustment for purchases by agriculture from
other sectors.
d Including salaries for military personnel.
67
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Table 43
USSR: Gross Fixed Capital Investment,
by Function and by Sector a
Billion rubles
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total investment
47.6
92.2
128.5
150.9
161.9
171.0
174.3
179.5
193.3
By function
Construction and installation
34.5
59.7
79.2
82.7
86.0
89.6
90.5
91.7
NA
Equipment
10.8
25.9
39.4
53.9
59.3
63.4
64.3
67.6
NA
Other capital outlays b
2.3
6.6
9.9
14.3
16.6
18.0
19.5
20.2
NA
By sector
Industry
17.2
32.5
44.9
53.3
57.0
60.1
62.7
65.5
NA
Ferrous metallurgy
1.6
2.3
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.3
NA
Chemicals and petrochemicals
1.2
2.7
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.8
4.5
NA
Fuels and power
5.1
9.5
12.5
17.4
20.2
21.4
22.7
25.3
NA
Machine building and metalworking
2.3
6.9
10.8
13.1
13.7
14.5
15.3
15.9
NA
Construction materials
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.3
NA
Consumer goods
2.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.1
6.0
NA
Other c
3.3
5.2
7.0
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.8
8.2
NA
Construction industry
1.4
3.3
4.8
6.0
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.1
NA
Transport and communications
4.6
9.0
14.4
18.1
19.9
21.4
22.3
21.9
NA
Agriculture
6.1
16.0
26.1
29.8
31.0
32.1
31.1
31.5
NA
Housing
10.8
15.8
19.2
21.1
24.0
25.9
27.3
28.1
NA
Other sectors d
7.5
15.6
19.1
22.6
23.7
25.2
25.1
26.4
NA
a Gross fixed investment is reported in standard project costs
("estimate prices" in Soviet terminology) of 1 January 1984.
b Other capital outlays are for surveys, designs, technical
documentation, and the like.
c Computed as a residual; includes investment in nonferrous
metallurgy, timber, paper, woodworking, and miscellaneous
other branches of industry.
d Computed as a residual. It includes investment in such
activities as trade, material and technical supplies, services
and procurements; science, education, culture, and art;
health, social insurance, physical culture, tourism, commer-
cial economy, and personal services.
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Table 44
USSR: Stock of Fixed Capital, by Sector a
Billion rubles
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total capital stock b
398
601
860
1,256
1,742
1,968
2,091
2,213
2,335
2,470
Industry
100
168
255
385
554
634
677
722
766
NA
Ferrous metallurgy
10
17
26
38
51
57
60
63
66
NA
Chemicals and petrochemicals
5
13
23
36
56
65
68
73
77
NA
Fuels and power
32
51
78
112
157
179
192
205
219
NA
Machine building and metalworking
18
32
51
82
129
149
161
172
183
NA
Construction materials
6
9
14
22
30
34
36
37
39
NA
Consumer goods
14
22
32
47
62
70
73
77
81
NA
Timber, woodworking, and paper
6
9
13
18
25
28
30
32
33
NA
Other
9
15
18
30
44
52
57
63
68
NA
Construction industry
7
12
22
35
55
66
71
75
78
NA
Trade, public dining, material, technical supply
11
20
31
47
66
73
78
82
86
NA
Agriculture b
54
77
106
167
238
272
288
303
318
NA
Transport and communications
54
83
117
171
237
268
286
304
322
NA
Housing
120
159
204
267
338
371
390
410
431
NA
Services
52
82
125
184
254
284
301
317
334
NA
a The fixed capital series presented here is expressed in
prices of 1973 with the value of stocks estimated as of 31
December of the respective year.
b Including the value of basic herds.
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Table 45
USSR: Aggregate Factor Productivity
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981-85 a
Gross national product
4.9
5.1
3.0
2.3
1.9
2.6
3.2
1.4
1.1
4.2
Factor productivity
0.5
0.9
-1.1
-1.1
-0.9
-0.4
0.3
-1.3
-1.4
1.7
Manhours
3.3
3.0
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.6
2.5
0.9
0.7
3.6
Capital
-3.6
-2.2
-4.6
-4.3
-4.0
-3.4
-2.9
-4.6
-4.5
-1.2
Land
4.7
5.0
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.7
3.1
1.5
1.8
4.2
Combined inputs d
4.4
4.1
4.2
3.4
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.5
Manhours
1.5
2.0
1.7
1.2
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.6
Capital
8.8
7.4
8.0
6.9
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
5.8
5.5
Land
0.2
NEGL
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
-0.1
-0.7
NEGL
a For computing average annual rates of growth, the base
year is the year prior to the stated period.
b Preliminary.
Based on indexes of GNP (1982 rubles), by sector of origin,
at factor cost.
d Inputs of workhours, capital, and land are combined using
weights of 56.5 percent, 40.5 percent, 3.0 percent, respec-
tively, in a Cobb-Douglas (linear homogeneous) production
function. These weights represent the distribution of labor
costs (wages, social insurance deductions and other income),
capital costs (depreciation and a calculated capital charge),
and land rent in 1982, the base year for all indexes
underlying the growth rate calculations.
Table 46
USSR: Industrial Factor Productivity
Percent
Average Annual Rate of Growth�
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
198185a
Industrial production
6.5
6.2
5.5
2.7
2.0
0.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.6
Factor productivity
-0.7
0.2
0.2
-1.9
-1.9
-3.2
-1.1
-1.1
-0.9
0.2
Manhours
3.5
3.1
3.9
1.3
1.4
NEGL
2.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
Capital
-4.4
-2.3
-3.0
-4.7
-4.7
-5.9
-4.0
-3.9
-3.7
-2.4
Combined inputs
7.3
6.0
5.2
4.7
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.4
Manhours
2.9
3.1
1.5
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
Capital
11.4
8.8
8.7
7.7
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.1
a For computing average annual rates of growth, the base
year is the year prior to the stated period.
b Preliminary.
c Inputs of workhours and capital are combined using
weights of 42.6 percent and 57.4 percent, respectively, in a
Cobb-Douglas (linear homogeneous) production
function. These weights represent the distribution of labor
costs (wages, social insurance deductions and other income)
and capital costs (depreciation and a calculated capital
charge) in 1982, the base year for all indexes underlying the
growth rate calculations.
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Table 47
USSR: Industrial Production,
, by Branch of Industry a
Percent
Average annual Rate of growth
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 c
1961-65 b
1966-70 b
1971-75 b
1976-80 b
1981-85"
Industrial materials
7.0
5.9
5.4
2.2
2.2
1.2
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.8
Electricity
11.5
7.9
7.0
4.5
3.6
3.1
3.7
5.2
3.5
3.6
Fuels
6.9
5.6
5.4
3.4
1.2
1.7
1.3
0.8
0.7
3.9
Ferrous metals
7.3
5.3
4.2
0.8
1.2
-0.4
3.0
0.9
2.8
2.8
Nonferrous metals
8.0
7.8
5.7
1.5
2.0
0.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Wood, pulp, and paper products
2.5
2.8
2.5
-0.6
2.1
0.6
3.0
2.8
2.1
5.4
Construction materials
5.6
6.1
5.1
1.4
1.5
-0.9
3.5
1.7
1.5
3.2
Chemicals
12.3
8.6
8.3
3.0
3.8
2.0
5.8
3.4
4.3
4.4
Total machinery
6.9
6.9
6.8
3.9
1.7
-0.2
1.8
2.7
4.2
4.4
Producer durables
8.5
7.6
8.7
4.6
3.7
2.9
4.2
4.6
4.9
4.4
Consumer durables
9.6
8.9
13.0
3.9
3.2
2.0
3.0
3.9
4.2
4.4
Nondurable consumer goods
4.8
6.0
3.4
1.9
1.7
1.3
2.4
2.4
0.2
1.1
Soft goods
2.7
6.4
2.6
2.4
1.6
-0.5
1.2
2.8
2.4
1.5
Processed foods
6.9
5.7
4.1
1.4
1.8
2.9
3.4
2.1
-1.6
0.7
Total industrial production
6.5
6.2
5.5
2.7
2.0
0.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.6
Based on CIA estimates rather than Soviet official series.
The latter are believed to contain an upward bias in rates of
growth because of double-counting and disguised inflation.
The branch indexes shown above are formed by combining
price-weighted samples of products into sector indexes,
which in turn are combined into branch indexes using 1982
value-added weights. The indexes for industrial materials,
consumer nondurables, and total industrial production are
formed by combining the component branch indexes using
1982 value-added weights.
b The base year is the year prior to the stated period. Rates
of growth are derived from unrounded data.
c Preliminary.
71
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Table 48
USSR: Hard Currency Trade, by Commodity a
Million US $
Share of Total to the World b
Percent
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
Exports
2,405
9,453
27,874
32,173
26,387
19
28
31
35
30
Petroleum and petroleum products
387
3,170
12,123
15,111
11,471
26
39
44
40
34
Natural gas
1
220
2,710
3,754
3,813
2
34
48
41
41
Coal and coke
92
390
366
209
278
23
28
22
12
15
Machinery and equipment
140
560
1,468
1,657
1,424
5
9
12
14
12
Ferrous metals
128
155
246
272
279
9
6
7
8
8
Wood and wood products
365
714
1,510
824
711
44
37
49
32
27
Chemicals
61
242
758
1,017
1,012
18
26
37
37
36
Agricultural products
167
522
458
181
179
12
22
17
8
8
Diamonds
175
478
1,304
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other
889
3,002
6,931
9,148
7,220
21
33
44
45
6
Imports
2,711
14,257
26,060
27,446
25,853
23
38
38
34
31
Grain
101
2,323
4,503
6,315
5,253
75
87
88
78
63
Other agricultural products
512
1,591
4,301
3,153
2,853
24
25
35
27
25
Machinery and equipment
927
4,593
6,039
5,822
4,818
22
37
26
20
16
Rolled ferrous metals c
279
2,565
3,481
3,362
3,524
49
80
80
76
77
Chemicals
248
800
1,953
1,814
2,250
50
55
60
56
61
Consumer goods
272
464
767
1,050
1,350
11
9
8
10
12
Other
372
1,921
5,016
5,930
5,805
22
67
82
78
62
a Including all countries trading with the Soviet Union on a
hard currency basis as of 1 January 1980.
b The importance of hard currency trade is overstated for
exports and understated for imports in Soviet statistics
because of the artificial prices the USSR uses in its CEMA
country trade.
c Including imports of pipes.
72
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Table 49
USSR: Hard Currency Trade With Non-Communist
Countries, 1985-86 a
Million US $
1985
1986
Exports b
Imports
Balance
Exports b
Imports
Balance
Total
26,387
25,853
534
25,104
23,088
2,016
Developed countries
19,731
20,077
-346
16,560
19,275
-2,715
Of which:
Australia
16
639
-623
12
723
-711
Austria
966
1,030
-64
767
1,210
-443
Canada
21
1,139
-1,118
14
886
-872
France
2,609
1,924
685
2,188
1,604
584
Italy
2,961
1,590
1,371
2,244
2,093
151
Japan
1,114
2,744
-1,630
1,392
3,132
-1,740
Netherlands
1,184
376
808
818
348
470
Sweden
591
368
223
423
348
75
Switzerland
461
680
-219
408
647
-239
United Kingdom
1,461
821
640
1,809
731
1,078
United States
391
2,852
-2,461
444
1,627
-1,183
West Germany
4,790
3,713
1,077
3,863
4,058
-195
Less developed countries
6,656
5,776
880
8,544
3,813
4,731
Of which:
Argentina
76
1,476
-1,400
76
273
-197
Brazil
84
456
-372
43
336
-293
Iraq
321
668
-347
416
491
-75
Libya
100
1,053
-953
50
988
-938
a Official Soviet trade data on f.o.b. basis.
b Includes exports not specified by partner countries, which are
believed to be deliveries of military goods.
73
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Table 50
USSR: Hard Currency Balance of Payments a
Million US $
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
Trade balance
-250
-306
-4,804
1,814
4,468
4,712
4,727
534
2,016
Exports, f.o.b.c
768
2,405
9,453
27,874
31,975
32,429
32,173
26,387
25,104
Imports, f.o.b.
1,018
2,711
14,257
26,060
27,507
27,717
27,446
25,853
23,088
Net interest
-5
-80
-473
-977
-944
-1,012
-1,110
-1,554
-2,133
Other invisibles d
-65
500
760
890
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,100
Current account balance
-320
114
-4,481
1,727
4,624
4,800
4,717
80
983
Borrowing from abroad
90
290
5,576
-818
-536
1,541
546
6,673
8,525
Change in assets f
0
-25
391
33
-1,982
-932
570
-1,812
-1,707
Net Credits to LDCs
NA
NA
-715
-950
-2,120
-3,200
-2,700
-1,700
-4,100
Gold sales
200
0
725
1,580
1,100
750
1,000
1,800
4,000
Capital account balance
290
265
5,977
-155
-3,538
-1,841
-584
4,961
6,718
Errors and omissions s
30
-379
-1,496
-1,572
-1,086
-2,959
-4,133
-5,041
-7,701
a Estimated.
b Preliminary.
c Including military exports to the LDCs.
d Including estimated net receipts from tourism, transporta-
tion, and official transfers.
e Soviet drawings less repayments on Western credits.
f Net change in Soviet assets held with Western commercial
banks. A positive sign indicates an increase in assets.
Including Soviet hard currency aid to and trade with other
Communist countries, trade credits extended to finance
Soviet exports to developed countries, and other nonspecified
hard currency expenditures.
74
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Table 51
USSR: Hard Currency Debt to the West a
Billion US $
1971
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
Commercial debt
0.4
7.3
9.7
12.6
11.1
12.2
13.1
19.4
26.6
Government-backed debt
1.4
4.3
9.1
7.4
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.8
10.1
Gross debt
1.8
11.6
18.8
20.0
19.4
21.0
21.5
28.2
36.7
Assets with Western banks
1.2
3.6
9.4
9.2
11.2
12.1
11.5
13.3
15.0
Net debt
0.6
8.1
9.5
10.8
8.3
8.9
10.0
14.9
21.7
Debt service
0.3
1.8
5.6
5.5
4.7
5.3
5.2
6.9
8.0
Debt-service ratio (percent)c
10
15
17
16
13
15
14
22
25
a Estimated.
b Preliminary.
c Debt service as a share of commodity export earnings plus
sales of arms, gold, interest receipts, invisibles, and
transfers.
Table 52
USSR: Gold Production and Reserves
Million troy ounces
Production
Reserves
Production
Reserves
1965
5.33
29.61
1977
8.94
53.76
1969
6.59
46.77
1978
9.32
48.68
1970
6.78
52.21
1979
9.58
48.68
1971
7.07
57.42
1980
9.45
54.01
1972
7.78
58.84
1981
9.58
56.14
1973
7.91
55.65
1982
9.77
61.38
1974
8.26
58.35
1983
9.93
67.90
1975
8.07
60.32
1984
10.10
73.56
1976
8.65
56.97
1985
10.32
76.10
1986
10.48
73.63
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Foreign Trade and Aid
Page
Tables 53-55. Trade of Selected Non-Communist Countries
Tables 56-59. Big Seven Trade
Table 60. Selected Non-OPEC LDCs: Indexes of Export Prices,
Import Prices, and Terms of Trade
78-83
84-91
92-93
Table 61.
Newly Industrialized Countries: Trade With the Big Seven 94
Table 62.
Selected Countries: Oil Export Revenues 95
Table 63.
Selected Countries: Oil Import Bill 96
Table 64.
Importance of Soviet Trade to Selected Western Countries 97
Table 65.
Selected Exporting Countries: Trade of High-Technology Industries 98
Tables 66-68. Soviet Foreign Trade 99-101
Tables 69-73.
East European Foreign Trade 102-106
Tables 74-76.
Chinese Foreign Trade 107-109
Tables 77-79.
Cuban Foreign Trade 110-111
Tables 80-84.
Communist Economic Aid and Arms Transfers to LDCs 112-115
Tables 85-86.
Soviet Economic Aid to Communist Countries 116
Table 87.
Arms Transfers to Non-Communist LDCs, by Selected Western Suppliers (1974-84) 117
Table 88.
Gross Official Bilateral Capital Flows to LDCs 118
Table 89.
Net Financial Flows to LDCs 119
Table 90.
US Economic Loans and Grants Extended to LDCs 120-121
Table 91.
US Military Deliveries to LDCs 122-123
Tables 92-93.
Military Personnel From Non-Communist LDCs Trained in Communist Countries 124-125
Table 94.
Communist Economic and Military Technicians in LDCs 126-127
Table 95.
Academic, Technical, and Military Trainees Departing From LDCs for Training in 128
Communist Countries
77
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Table 53
Exports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
84,724
127,093
222,177
573,595
1,252,166
1,231,645
1,169,721
1,154,215
1,231,475
1,276,876
NA
United States
20,601
27,530
43,241
108,112
220,786
233,739
212,276
200,538
217,890
213,144
217,307
Australia
2,050
3,005
4,771
11,943
22,031
21,767
21,987
20,635
23,528
22,759
22,629
Austria
1,120
1,600
2,857
7,519
17,489
15,841
15,642
15,428
15,739
17,239
22,508
Canada
5,813
8,449
16,747
34,074
67,734
72,726
71,234
76,461
90,208
90,781
89,679
Japan
4,055
8,451
19,318
55,819
130,441
151,495
138,385
146,965
169,700
177,164
210,757
New Zealand
847
1,007
1,223
2,162
5,421
5,622
5,571
5,414
5,518
5,720
5,880
Norway
881
1,443
2,457
7,232
18,542
18,217
17,593
17,997
18,886
19,985
18,229
Sweden
2,566
3,971
6,795
17,383
30,906
28,658
26,808
27,446
29,378
30,460
37,260
Switzerland
1,859
2,941
5,063
12,953
29,632
27,049
26,019
25,591
25,849
27,450
37,471
Turkey
321
464
588
1,401
2,910
4,703
5,746
5,728
7,134
7,958
NA
European Community
43,539
66,676
116,664
309,188
691,208
636,930
614,687
598,734
613,435
649,770
796,363
Belgium-Luxembourg
3,792
6,394
11,600
28,804
64,656
55,694
52,354
51,937
51,891
53,736
68,809
Denmark
1,494
2,320
3,356
8,712
' 16,982
16,095
15,382
16,042
15,981
17,090
21,243
France
6,866
10,176
18,099
53,120
116,030
106,424
96,694
94,943
97,566
101,674
124,948
Greece
203
328
643
2,294
5,153
4,246
4,298
4,413
4,811
4,539
5,648
Ireland
427
618
1,120
3,192
8,398
7,677
8,067
8,599
9,641
10,357
12,657
Italy
3,654
7,200
13,206
34,816
77,673
75,264
73,497
72,702
73,317
79,025
97,832
Netherlands
4,028
6,398
11,648
35,022
73,940
68,715
66,281
64,683
65,854
68,257
80,523
Portugal
326
584
946
1,939
4,640
4,148
4,164
4,599
5,201
5,685
7,200
Spain
725
935
2,388
7,690
20,720
20,333
20,498
19,734
23,564
24,247
27,187
United Kingdom
10,609
13,810
19,430
43,423
110,155
102,244
97,017
91,641
93,881
101,248
106,989
West Germany
11,415
17,913
34,228
90,176
192,861
176,090
176,435
169,441
171,728
183,912
243,327
OPEC
7,510
10,475
17,018
113,503
303,537
280,081
223,497
179,611
NA
151,099
NA
Algeria
394
637
1,009
4,700
13,871
14,396
13,144
12,583
12,795
12,600
NA
Ecuador
146
164
190
974
2,481
2,451
2,128
2,224
2,583
2,905
2,183
Gabon
47
105
144
943
2,531
2,200
2,160
2,000
2,011
1,951
NA
Indonesia
841
708
1,108
7,102
21,909
22,260
22,293
21,152
21,902
18,590
14,824
Iran
844
1,305
2,623
20,211
14,106
12,597
19,430
19,512
12,531
13,435
NA
Iraq
467
711
847
8,297
26,278
10,530
10,250
9,785
NA
10,300
NA
Kuwait
962
1,284
1,693
9,184
19,842
16,299
10,864
11,540
12,241
10,100
NA
Libya
12
796
2,366
6,840
21,919
15,576
13,954
11,089
11,140
10,928
NA
Nigeria
475
752
1,240
8,001
25,946
17,846
12,185
10,357
11,856
12,548
NA
78
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Table 53 (continued)
, Exports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OPEC (continued)
Qatar
126
163
237
1,809
5,672
5,691
4,252
3,338
4,513
3,542
2,326
Saudi Arabia
891
1,395
2,424
29,683
109,083
119,876
79,077
45,861
37,530
28,000
NA
United Arab Emirates
NA
NA
510
6,959
20,678
20,234
17,261
15,011
14,104
14,036
NA
Venezuela
2,305
2,455
2,627
8,800
19,221
20,125
16,499
15,159
13,971
12,272
10,065
Other countries
Argentina
1,079
1,493
1,773
2,961
8,021
9,143
7,625
7,836
8,107
8,396
NA
Brazil
1,268
1,596
2,739
8,670
20,132
23,293
20,175
21,899
27,005
25,639
22,393
Chile
488
637
1,249
1,552
4,671
3,906
3,710
3,836
3,657
3,823
4,222
China (Taiwan)
164
450
1,428
5,301
19,774
22,520
22,090
25,095
30,425
30,690
39,789
Colombia
465
539
736
1,465
3,945
2,956
3,095
3,081
3,462
3,552
5,102
Dominican Republic
180
126
249
894
962
1,188
768
785
868
735
NA
Egypt
568
605
762
1,402
3,047
3,233
3,120
3,214
3,140
3,714
NA
El Salvador
117
189
236
531
1,074
797
699
735
725
676
NA
Guatemala
116
187
298
641
1,557
1,254
1,153
1,180
1,127
1,060
NA
Hong Kong
689
1,143
2,514
6,027
19,730
21,808
20,984
21,954
28,317
30,184
35,440
India
1,332
1,687
2,026
4,355
8,586
8,295
9,358
9,148
9,445
8,003
9,340
Israel
217
430
779
1,941
5,538
5,670
5,255
5,108
5,807
6,260
7,136
Jamaica
159
214
342
759
963
974
726
713
714
549
596
Lebanon
43
87
192
1,121
868
836
727
691
582
482
500
Malaysia
1,187
1,236
1,687
3,843
12,945
11,770
12,030
14,104
16,484
15,441
13,875
Mexico
765
1,120
1,403
2,904
15,570
19,646
21,214
21,819
24,407
22,108
16,238
Morocco
354
430
488
1,543
2,441
2,386
2,062
2,006
2,171
2,165
NA
Pakistan
394
528
397
1,052
2,618
2,883
2,397
3,077
2,558
2,740
3,384
Peru
444
685
1,034
1,291
3,898
3,255
3,721
2,722
3,147
2,966
2,509
Philippines
624
698
1,041
2,294
5,741
5,655
4,968
4,890
5,274
4,607
4,770
Singapore
1,136
981
1,554
5,376
19,375
20,967
20,788
21,833
24,070
22,812
22,509
South Africa b
1,995
2,585
3,355
8,959
25,680
20,859
17,727
18,608
17,348
16,523
18,454
South Korea
33
175
835
5,081
17,505
21,254
21,853
24,445
29,245
30,283
34,715
Sri Lanka
385
409
342
569
1,062
1,088
1,031
1,063
1,467
1,333
1,215
Syria
113
169
203
930
2,108
2,103
2,026
1,910
1,853
NA
NA
Thailand
411
622
710
2,208
6,505
7,031
6,945
6,368
7,413
7,120
8,794
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Interna- b Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and
tional Financial Statistics. Exports are f.o.b. Namibia.
79
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Table 54
Imports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
87,145
133,897
231,421
603,090
1,396,904
1,325,844
1,247,866
1,227,029
1,337,382
1,390,181
NA
United States
16,381
23,233
42,695
105,880
256,984
273,352
254,884
269,878
341,179
361,627
387,081
Australia
2,662
3,762
5,056
10,697
22,399
26,215
26,667
21,458
25,919
25,889
25,616
Austria
1,416
2,101
3,549
9,394
24,444
21,043
19,502
19,367
19,629
20,986
26,851
Canada
6,073
8,597
14,251
36,106
62,544
70,010
58,131
64,806
77,946
81,079
85,638
Japan
4,491
8,169
18,881
57,860
141,296
142,866
131,499
126,437
136,176
130,488
127,553
New Zealand
786
1,052
1,245
3,155
5,472
5,734
5,782
5,333
6,203
5,992
6,063
Norway
1,462
2,210
3,702
9,705
16,926
15,650
15,477
13,497
13,885
15,556
20,319
Sweden
2,901
4,377
7,007
17,450
33,438
28,840
27,585
26,098
26,426
28,547
32,688
Switzerland
2,206
3,643
6,374
13,303
36,341
30,682
28,678
29,192
29,521
30,702
41,039
Turkey
468
572
948
4,739
7,909
8,933
8,843
9,235
10,757
11,035
NA
European Community
47,128
74,399
124,920
326,691
772,517
687,303
656,473
628,091
636,467
664,134
781,083
Belgium-Luxembourg
3,970
6,502
11,412
30,781
71,864
62,450
58,227
55,313
55,455
56,186
68,580
Denmark
1,805
2,822
4,407
10,368
19,428
17,575
16,691
16,257
16,612
18,245
22,865
France
6,282
10,384
19,131
53,966
134,889
120,953
115,714
105,392
104,372
108,251
129,402
Greece
702
1,134
1,958
5,357
10,548
8,810
10,026
9,500
9,435
10,134
11,350
Ireland
634
1,041
1,621
3,778
11,153
10,608
9,706
9,170
9,674
10,015
11,619
Italy
4,732
7,378
14,970
38,535
99,662
91,102
86,223
80,362
84,218
91,045
99,937
Netherlands
4,531
7,461
13,300
35,531
78,039
67,231
63,766
61,652
62,180
65,197
75,560
Portugal
544
897
1,556
3,839
9,309
9,800
9,572
8,240
7,961
7,652
9,448
Spain
722
3,040
4,747
16,265
34,078
32,150
31,465
29,193
28,831
29,963
35,055
United Kingdom
13,034
16,128
21,871
53,341
115,545
102,710
99,713
100,071
104,722
108,957
126,183
West Germany
10,172
17,612
29,947
74,930
188,002
163,914
155,370
152,941
153,007
158,489
191,084
OPEC
5,403
6,345
9,931
52,080
133,050
156,773
160,382
144,361
126,315
102,890
NA
Algeria
1,264
671
1,257
6,008
10,826
11,269
10,754
10,393
10,286
9,061
8,448
Ecuador
114
165
274
987
2,253
2,246
1,989
1,465
1,716
1,606
1,815
Gabon
32
62
80
469
822
976
799
852
724
949
924
Indonesia
574
695
1,002
4,770
10,834
13,272
16,859
16,352
13,882
10,259
10,724
Iran
560
859
1,662
10,343
12,246
12,499
11,955
18,320
15,370
11,635
10,359
Iraq
390
456
508
4,214
13,942
20,735
21,534
12,166
11,078
10,556
9,302
Kuwait
242
377
625
2,390
6,529
6,978
8,282
7,373
7,009
6,639
6,042
Libya
169
320
554
3,542
6,777
8,382
7,175
7,467
6,800
5,422
4,627
Nigeria
604
771
1,059
6,041
16,660
20,877
16,060
12,254
9,364
8,877
NA
Qatar
32
70
64
413
1,423
1,518
1,947
1,456
1,162
1,140
1,010
80
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Table 54 (continued)
Imports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OPEC (continued)
Saudi Arabia
234
506
710
4,214
30,165
35,269
40,644
39,197
33,696
21,000
NA
United Arab Emirates
NA
NA
267
2,685
8,746
9,646
9,440
8,356
7,634
7,568
7,326
Venezuela
1,188
1,393
1,869
6,004
11,827
13,106
12,944
8,710
7,594
8,178
9,524
Other countries
Argentina
1,249
1,199
1,694
3,947
10,541
9,430
5,337
4,504
4,585
3,814
NA
Brazil
1,462
1,096
2,849
13,592
24,961
24,079
21,069
16,801
15,210
14,332
NA
Chile
526
604
941
1,338
5,124
6,364
3,529
2,754
3,191
2,743
2,914
China (Taiwan)
297
558
1,528
5,960
19,750
21,130
18,815
20,315
21,995
20,120
24,165
Colombia
519
454
843
1,495
4,663
5,199
5,478
4,968
4,498
4,141
3,862
Dominican Republic
100
97
304
889
1,640
1,668
1,444
1,471
1,446
1,487
NA
Egypt
668
934
787
3,934
4,860
8,782
9,078
10,275
10,766
9,961
NA
El Salvador
122
201
214
598
962
985
857
891
977
961
NA
Guatemala
121
229
284
733
1,598
1,674
1,388
1,135
1,277
1,175
960
Hong Kong
1,026
1,569
2,905
6,766
22,409
24,765
23,553
24,013
28,567
29,705
35,366
India
2,303
2,838
2,124
6,381
14,864
15,418
14,786
14,061
15,067
14,879
15,027
Israel
556
829
2,115
6,093
9,685
10,191
10,304
9,591
9,800
10,163
NA
Jamaica
217
289
525
1,124
1,171
1,473
1,372
1,480
1,130
1,124
964
Lebanon
290
543
653
2,048
3,650
3,499
3,391
3,661
2,948
2,203
2,203
Malaysia
911
1,096
1,401
3,566
10,779
11,550
12,418
13,262
14,051
12,302
10,829
Mexico
1,186
1,560
2,461
6,570
19,460
24,068
15,128
8,023
11,788
13,993
NA
Morocco
413
453
684
2,568
4,255
4,400
4,315
3,592
3,911
3,850
NA
Pakistan
654
1,047
731
2,158
5,350
5,631
5,465
5,329
5,853
5,890
5,374
Peru
379
729
622
2,551
2,500
3,447
4,168
3,049
2,212
1,835
2,598
Philippines
715
894
1,236
3,756
8,295
8,479
8,263
7,976
6,432
5,459
5,394
Singapore
1,332
1,224
2,461
8,134
24,003
27,572
28,167
28,158
28,667
26,285
25,511
South Africa b
1,629
2,563
3,843
8,293
19,246
22,619
18,575
15,704
16,234
11,469
12,989
South Korea
344
463
1,984
7,274
22,292
26,131
24,251
26,192
30,631
31,136
31,585
Sri Lanka
413
310
386
757
2,057
1,905
2,015
1,935
1,869
1,947
1,857
Syria
239
213
360
1,685
4,118
5,040
4,015
4,542
4,116
NA
NA
Thailand
447
742
1,299
3,280
9,214
9,955
8,549
10,287
10,398
9,242
9,154
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Interna- b Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and
tional Financial Statistics. Imports are c.i.f. Namibia.
81
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 55
Trade Balance of Selected Non-Communist Countries
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
-2,427
-6,804
-9,244
-29,495
-144,738
-94,199
-78,145
-72,814
-105,907
-113,305
NA
United States
4,220
4,297
546
2,232
-36,198
-39,613
-42,608
-69,340
-123,289
-148,483
-169,774
Australia
-612
-757
-285
1,246
-368
-4,448
-4,680
-823
-2,391
-3,130
-2,987
Austria
-296
-501
-692
-1,875
-6,955
-5,202
-3,860
-3,939
-3,890
-3,746
-4,343
Canada
-260
-148
2,496
-2,032
5,190
2,716
12,874
11,384
12,262
9,702
4,041
Japan
-436
282
437
-2,041
-10,855
8,629
6,886
20,528
33,524
46,676
83,204
New Zealand
61
-45
-22
-993
-51
-112
-211
81
-685
-272
-183
Norway
-581
-767
-1,245
-2,473
1,616
2,567
2,116
4,500
5,001
4,429
-2,090
Sweden
-335
-406
-212
-67
-2,532
-182
-777
1,348
2,952
1,913
4,572
Switzerland
-347
-702
-1,311
-350
-6,709
-3,633
-2,659
-3,601
-3,601
-3,252
-3,568
Turkey
-147
-108
-360
-3,338
-4,999
-4,230
-3,097
-3,507
-3,623
-3,077
NA
European Community
-3,589
-7,723
-8,256
-17,503
-81,309
-50,373
-41,786
-29,357
-23,032
-14,364
-15,280
Belgium-Luxembourg
-178
-108
188
-1,977
-7,208
-6,756
-5,873
-3,376
-3,564
-2,450
229
Denmark
-311
-502
-1,051
-1,656
-2,446
-1,480
-1,309
-215
-631
-1,155
-1,622
France
584
-208
-1,032
-846
-18,859
-14,529
-19,020
-10,449
-6,806
-6,577
-4,454
Greece
-499
-806
-1,315
-3,063
-5,395
-4,564
-5,728
-5,087
-4,624
-5,595
-5,702
Ireland
-207
-423
-501
-586
-2,755
-2,931
-1,639
-571
-33
342
1,038
Italy
-1,078
-178
-1,764
-3,719
-21,989
-15,838
-12,726
-7,660
-10,901
-12,020
-2,105
Netherlands
-503
-1,063
-1,652
-509
-4,099
1,484
2,515
3,031
3,674
3,060
4,963
Portugal
-218
-313
-610
-1,900
-4,669
-5,652
-5,408
-3,641
-2,760
-1,967
-2,248
Spain
3
-2,105
-2,359
-8,575
-13,358
-11,817
-10,967
-9,459
-5,267
-5,716
-7,868
United Kingdom
-2,425
-2,318
-2,441
-9,918
-5,390
-466
-2,696
-8,430
-10,841
-7,709
-19,194
West Germany
1,243
301
4,281
15,246
4,859
12,176
21,065
16,500
18,721
25,423
52,243
OPEC
2,107
4,130
7,087
61,423
170,487
123,308
63,115
35,250
NA
48,209
NA
Algeria
-870
-34
-248
-1,308
3,045
3,127
2,390
2,190
2,509
3,539
NA
Ecuador
32
-1
-84
-13
228
205
139
759
867 ,
1,299
368
Gabon
15
43
64
474
1,709
1,224
1,361
1,148
1,287/
1,002
NA
Indonesia
267
13
106
2,332
11,075
8,988
5,434
4,800
8,020
8,331
4,100
Iran
284
446
961
9,868
1,860
98
7,475
1,192
-2,839
1,800
NA
Iraq
77
255
339
4,083
12,336
-10,205
-11,284
-2,381
NA
256
NA
Kuwait
720
907
1,068
6,794
13,313
9,321
2,582
4,167
3,064
3,461
NA
Libya
-157
476
1,812
3,298
15,142
7,194
6,779
3,622
4,340
5,506
NA
Nigeria
-129
-19
181
1,960
9,286
-3,031
-3,875
-1,897
2,492
3,671
NA
Qatar
94
93
173
1,396
4,249
4,173
2,305
1,882
3,351
2,402
1,316
82
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Table 55 (continued)
Trade Balance by Selected Non-Communist Countries
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OPEC (continued)
Saudi Arabia
657
889
1,714
25,469
78,918
84,607
38,433
6,664
3,834
7,000
NA
United Arab Emirates
NA
NA
243
4,274
11,932
10,588
7,821
6,729
6,470
6,468
NA
Venezuela
1,117
1,062
758
2,796
7,394
7,019
3,555
6,449
6,377
4,094
541
Other countries
Argentina
-170
294
79
-986
-2,520
-287
2,288
3,332
3,522
4,582
NA
Brazil
-194
500
-110
-4,922
-4,829
-786
-894
5,098
11,795
11,293
NA
Chile
-38
33
308
214
-453
-2,458
181
1,082
466
1,080
1,308
China (Taiwan)
-133
-108
-100
-659
24
1,390
3,275
4,780
8,430
10,570
15,624
Colombia
-54
85
-107
-30
-718
-2,243
-2,383
-1,887
-1,036
- 589
1,240
Dominican Republic
80
29
-55
5
-678
-480
-676
-686
-578
-752
NA
Egypt
-100
-329
-25
-2,532
-1,813
-5,549
-5,958
-7,061
-7,626
-6,247
NA
El Salvador
-5
-12
22
-67
112
-188
-158
-156
-252
-285
NA
Guatemala
-5
-42
14
-92
-41
-420
-235
45
-150
-115
NA
Hong Kong
-337
-426
-391
-739
-2,679
-2,957
-2,569
-2,059
-250
479
74
India
-971
-1,151
-98
-2,026
-6,278
-7,123
-5,428
-4,913
-5,622
-6,876
-5,687
Israel
-339
-399
-1,336
-4,152
-4,167
-4,521
-5,049
-4,483
-3,993
-3,903
NA
Jamaica
-58
-75
-183
-365
-208
-499
-646
-767
-416
-575
-368
Lebanon
-247
-456
-461
-927
-2,782
-2,663
-2,664
-2,970
-2,366
-1,721
-1,703
Malaysia
276
140
286
277
2,166
220
-388
842
2,433
3,139
3,046
Mexico
-421
-440
-1,058
-3,666
-3,890
-4,422
6,086
13,796
12,619
8,115
NA
Morocco
-59
-23
-196
-1,025
-1,814
-2,014
-2,253
-1,586
-1,740
1,685
NA
Pakistan
-260
-519
-334
-1,106
-2,732
-2,748
-3,068
-2,252
-3,295
-3,150
-1,990
Peru
65
-44
412
-1,260
1,398
-192
-447
-327
935
1,131
-89
Philippines
-91
-196
-195
-1,462
-2,554
-2,824
-3,295
-3,086
-1,158
-852
-624
Singapore
-196
-243
-907
-2,758
-4,628
-6,605
-7,379
-6,325
-4,597
-3,473
-3,002
South Africa a
366
22
-488
666
6,434
-1,760
-849
2,904
1,114
5,054
5,465
South Korea
-311
-288
-1,149
-2,193
-4,787
-4,877
-2,398
-1,747
-1,386
-853
3,130
Sri Lanka
-28
99
-44
-188
-995
-817
-984
-872
-402
-614
-642
Syria
-126
-44
-157
-755
-2,010
-2,937
-1,989
-2,632
-2,263
NA
NA
Thailand
-36
-120
-589
-1,072
-2,709
-2,924
-1,604
-3,919
-2,985
-2,122
-360
a Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and
Swaziland.
83
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Table 56
Big Seven: Direction of Trade a
Million US $
Exports to (f.o.b.)
Imports from (cif.)
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Com-
munist
Other
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Corn-
munist
Other
United States
1980
221,194
92,836
34,893
17,763
7,648
68,054
251,818
107,737
19,386
58,091
2,735
63,869
1981
234,063
96,803
35,465
21,533
7,963
72,298
267,284
123,652
20,498
51,793
3,766
67,575
1982
211,598
86,349
33,274
22,862
6,558
62,555
247,320
124,238
20,302
32,731
3,671
66,377
1983
199,699
89,365
30,752
16,905
5,088
57,589
260,057
134,361
20,983
26,493
3,956
74,264
1984
216,739
101,804
31,282
14,385
7,216
62,051
328,482
177,157
28,245
28,061
5,738
89,280
1985
212,152
100,926
31,209
12,480
7,092
60,447
347,623
198,952
30,447
24,014
6,342
87,867
1986
215,134
106,247
33,402
10,844
5,127
59,514
369,664
218,177
33,443
21,519
7,448
89,077
Japan
1980
127,132
46,940
13,197
18,597
9,489
38,910
139,300
36,035
11,566
56,754
6,902
28,044
1981
148,151
56,115
15,560
22,824
9,770
43,883
140,639
36,891
12,608
54,866
7,872
28,402
1982
135,724
52,370
14,189
21,775
8,525
38,866
129,373
34,970
11,512
48,470
7,516
26,905
1983
143,705
60,716
14,728
19,088
9,059
40,114
124,259
35,860
11,995
42,202
7,103
27,100
1984
165,433
78,952
16,109
15,839
10,834
43,699
133,437
39,031
14,003
41,371
8,038
30,993
1985
173,812
86,238
16,997
13,287
16,649
40,641
127,508
38,075
13,665
36,563
8,634
30,570
1986
205,057
109,674
22,072
11,737
14,491
47,084
123,444
45,640
15,056
23,954
8,455
30,338
West Germany
1980
203,072
69,998
77,540
12,545
10,785
32,204
194,312
69,543
67,176
20,590
9,623
27,380
1981
184,893
63,416
66,924
15,398
8,777
30,378
169,113
62,056
58,711
16,645
8,565
23,135
1982
184,536
65,868
66,878
15,693
8,519
27,578
160,393
58,976
56,653
13,514
8,837
22,412
1983
177,095
64,536
65,152
12,403
8,912
26,092
158,042
58,444
58,375
10,687
8,723
21,813
1984
179,112
69,475
65,348
9,844
8,271
26,174
158,552
58,737
57,656
9,660
9,282
23,216
1985
192,203
75,489
71,577
8,590
9,720
26,826
164,664
61,606
60,461
9,219
9,063
24,315
1986
254,146
101,167
98,753
8,235
12,074
33,916
199,149
78,060
74,909
6,078
9,781
30,320
France
1980
120,937
46,227
31,694
9,831
5,284
27,901
137,172
56,336
33,760
25,133
5,813
16,129
1981
110,883
41,199
27,317
10,895
4,521
26,952
123,290
50,165
29,731
22,332
5,527
15,536
1982
99,910
37,902
25,255
10,221
3,306
232,225
117,785
50,554
29,113
18,397
4,848
14,872
84
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Table 56 (continued)
Big Seven: Direction of Trade a
Million US $
Exports to (fob.)
Imports from (cif)
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Corn-
munist
Other
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Corn-
munist
Other
France (continued)
1983
97,667
38,638
24,717
8,714
3,998
21,601
107,479
47,398
28,040
13,366
4,554
14,121
1984
100,424
40,841
25,554
9,078
3,438
21,513
106,565
47,006
28,173
11,957
4,313
15,115
1985
104,711
44,032
27,525
7,248
3,839
22,066
110,673
49,494
30,645
10,470
4,349
15,714
1986
128,579
55,425
36,059
6,582
3,521
26,991
132,299
63,602
38,545
7,397
5,129
17,626
United Kingdom
1980
113,801
38,296
40,134
10,330
3,146
21,894
117,664
48,795
39,230
9,898
2,547
17,194
1981
105,324
37,351
35,201
11,079
2,367
19,325
104,044
44,196
36,286
7,237
2,058
14,266
1982
99,546
36,571
33,359
10,189
1,813
17,614
101,056
44,133
35,202
5,715
2,326
13,680
1983
93,918
36,460
31,973
7,986
1,758
15,741
101,383
46,022
35,816
3,974
2,343
13,229
1984
96,157
39,599
32,268
6,722
2,259
15,308
106,564
47,517
38,164
3,335
2,717
14,831
1985
103,750
44,640
34,799
6,596
2,133
15,582
111,220
50,673
39,947
3,218
2,449
14,933
1986
109,920
46,254
36,716
6,953
2,619
17,378
128,673
60,368
45,732
2,439
2,746
17,387
Italy
1980
82,220
36,082
17,382
9,815
3,115
15,826
102,755
44,002
18,496
17,667
5,866
16,723
1981
79,532
32,666
15,116
12,804
2,902
16,043
93,613
37,480
16,241
19,491
5,190
15,210
1982
77,578
33,796
15,330
10,670
2,745
15,036
89,032
35,721
16,240
17,357
5,703
14,010
1983
76,615
34,370
15,428
9,883
3,063
13,872
83,834
32,420
16,561
14,856
5,738
14,259
1984
77,252
36,651
15,259
8,617
3,017
13,708
88,335
34,543
18,396
13,344
6,563
15,489
1985
83,590
40,986
17,060
7,272
3,550
14,721
94,995
38,447
19,933
14,420
5,625
16,570
1986
103,332
52,993
23,317
6,191
4,012
16,819
104,096
48,554
25,266
9,308
4,905
16,062
Canada
1980
68,133
50,631
4,332
1,813
2,838
8,518
66,823
52,443
2,671
4,902
549
6,256
1981
73,090
55,456
3,903
2,044
2,969
8,718
74,398
58,376
2,855
5,180
666
7,321
1982
71,605
54,644
3,426
2,113
3,288
8,133
61,988
49,874
2,437
2,753
460
6,463
1983
76,758
61,700
2,906
1,564
3,269
7,318
68,872
57,000
2,689
1,877
457
6,849
1984
90,332
74,638
3,178
1,531
3,087
7,897
82,997
68,966
3,166
1,869
566
8,430
1985
� 90,663
76,066
3,041
1,147
2,508
7,901
86,263
72,023
3,547
1,625
568
8,499
1986
89,693
75,481
3,151
1,050
2,136
7,875
90,906
75,878
4,041
1,187
737
9,063
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Direction of
Trade. Country totals in this table do not agree with totals in
Tables 53 and 54 because of different practices of reporting data in
the International Financial Statistics and the Direction of Trade.
85
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Table 57
Big Seven: Exports, by Commodity a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Big Seven
163,218
415,790
904,105
904,620
854,292
842,358
902,835
933,677
1,076,266
Foodstuffs
15,946
44,765
90,033
93,414
83,686
81,808
82,901
75,514
82,395
Raw materials
13,319
24,164
58,047
46,874
40,282
42,499
46,029
43,626
44,948
Fuels
5,274
18,085
48,554
56,085
57,430
52,956
53,795
56,640
39,498
Manufactures
124,555
318,916
690,765
691,218
654,836
646,256
698,424
734,816
877,365
Other
4,124
9,862
16,706
17,029
18,058
18,839
21,686
23,081
32,050
United States
43,226
107,652
216,916
230,506
210,929
199,144
216,008
211,406
211,897
Foodstuffs
6,919
21,105
39,392
42,262
35,711
35,043
35,771
28,073
26,325
Raw materials
4,114
7,538
20,066
15,136
13,339
13,277
14,924
13,522
13,280
Fuels
1,695
4,481
8,134
10,294
12,777
9,703
9,468
10,106
8,205
Manufactures
28,762
70,961
144,065
156,991
142,470
134,698
146,932
149,201
153,896
Other
1,736
3,568
5,261
5,825
6,634
6,424
8,915
10,505
10,193
Canada
16,185
32,300
63,105
68,281
66,977
72,420
84,938
85,575
86,488
Foodstuffs
1,975
4,399
7,773
8,775
8,987
9,150
9,308
7,946
7,797
Raw materials
4,850
7,450
15,519
14,300
12,167
13,116
14,623
13,924
14,422
Fuels
978
5,334
9,010
9,451
9,601
10,017
11,079
11,921
8,202
Manufactures
8,262
14,842
29,724
34,115
34,849
38,576
47,714
49,645
53,152
Other
119
276
1,079
1,640
1,372
1,562
2,214
2,139
2,915
Japan
19,319
55,728
129,542
151,910
138,584
146,804
170,038
175,858
206,219
Foodstuffs
674
808
1,704
1,837
1,498
1,509
1,589
1,428
1,550
Raw materials
433
1,262
2,218
1,731
1,442
1,768
1,513
1,622
1,853
Fuels
48
220
504
554
411
432
505
539
581
Manufactures
17,965
52,638
123,768
146,503
133,949
141,653
164,808
170,537
200,108
Other
200
800
1,350
1,286
1,291
1,442
1,623
1,733
2,127
86
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Table 57 (continued)
Big Seven: Exports, by Commodity a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
West Germany
34,189
90,021
191,647
175,485
175,456
168,748
171,016
183,335
242,404
Foodstuffs
1,188
4,241
10,146
10,227
9,814
9,236
9,414
9,608
12,375
Raw materials
1,192
2,643
6,512
5,007
4,391
4,709
4,829
4,876
4,243
Fuels
1,011
2,813
7,143
6,973
6,473
5,626
5,546
5,058
3,880
Manufactures
30,232
78,706
162,675
147,755
149,518
143,140
145,710
158,223
217,393
Other
565
1,618
5,172
5,523
5,260
6,039
5,517
5,570
4,512
France
17,739
51,604
110,868
101,247
92,359
91,145
93,166
97,458
119,071
Foodstuffs
2,803
8,069
17,796
17,216
15,239
15,415
15,271
15,903
19,406
Raw materials
1,199
2,628
5,853
4,649
3,869
4,045
4,556
4,481
4,835
Fuels
376
1,410
4,485
4,724
3,661
3,461
3,396
3,751
3,190
Manufactures
13,147
39,052
82,276
74,264
69,173
67,632
69,444
72,807
91,070
Other
214
445
456
394
417
592
499
516
570
United Kingdom
19,351
43,660
114,382
102,137
96,544
91,421
94,308
101,097
106,654
Foodstuffs
1,259
3,221
7,774
7,500
6,989
6,554
6,486
6,671
8,411
Raw materials
1,190
1,961
6,418
4,387
3,855
4,196
4,100
3,685
4,225
Fuels
496
1,798
14,882
19,364
19,517
19,824
20,479
21,578
12,677
Manufactures
15,151
33,682
82,603
68,405
63,492
58,411
60,908
66,833
78,476
Other
1,253
2,998
2,705
2,481
2,691
2,436
2,335
2,330
2,865
Italy
13,210
34,825
77,641
75,247
73,440
72,671
73,359
78,945
97,815
Foodstuffs
1,127
2,921
5,448
5,597
5,454
4,901
5,062
5,885
6,550
Raw materials
341
682
1,462
1,664
1,220
1,389
1,484
1,516
1,889
Fuels
669
2,030
4,395
4,725
4,991
3,893
3,323
3,687
2,728
Manufactures
11,036
29,035
65,652
63,182
61,382
62,144
62,907
67,569
86,137
Other
37
157
684
79
393
344
583
288
511
a Data are from the United Nations trade tapes. Country
totals in this table do not agree with totals in tables 53 and
56 because of differences in reporting practices.
87
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 58
Big Seven: Imports, by Commodity a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Big Seven
157,592
408,071
984,149
950,059
889,979
888,310
989,823
1,025,178
1,129,451
Foodstuffs
27,228
60,387
106,733
101,677
97,838
97,298
101,652
104,041
120,827
Raw materials
27,828
45,582
100,855
82,894
72,611
75,183
80,872
76,183
76,727
Fuels
17,018
101,364
280,218
284,271
245,788
216,450
221,160
208,549
144,000
Manufactures
81,261
190,483
483,309
469,087
460,132
485,341
569,661
618,381
756,901
Other
4,260
10,255
13,051
12,146
13,624
14,053
16,490
18,024
30,956
United States
39,962
96,941
250,280
271,213
253,033
267,971
338,189
358,895
381,362
Foodstuffs
6,446
10,518
20,572
20,910
19,902
21,024
24,254
25,238
27,255
Raw materials
4,687
8,116
17,504
17,258
13,056
16,043
17,598
16,041
17,013
Fuels
3,081
26,403
82,204
84,261
67,424
59,999
63,074
55,680
39,768
Manufactures
23,988
48,526
125,798
143,734
147,004
165,081
226,383
253,434
287,985
Other
1,761
3,377
4,204
5,053
5,650
5,825
6,881
8,503
9,283
Canada
13,348
33,954
57,707
64,897
54,259
60,477
73,230
75,869
81,095
Foodstuffs
1,153
2,817
4,301
4,554
4,186
4,228
4,761
4,480
4,926
Raw materials
727
1,578
3,635
3,384
2,610
3,025
3,219
2,951
3,424
Fuels
749
4,090
7,143
7,953
5,473
4,171
4,702
4,568
3,782
Manufactures
10,518
25,071
41,734
47,976
41,012
48,077
59,141
62,428
66,040
Other
202
397
894
1,030
978
977
1,408
1,442
2,922
Japan
18,883
57,840
139,892
140,830
130,319
125,017
134,257
127,512
124,269
Foodstuffs
3,195
10,344
16,849
18,247
16,576
17,117
18,609
17,752
20,802
Raw materials
7,188
11,421
26,120
22,073
21,039
20,331
21,934
20,108
19,519
Fuels
3,906
25,641
69,991
72,563
65,618
58,925
60,337
55,790
35,909
Manufactures
4,381
9,849
26,023
26,897
26,121
27,586
32,167
32,123
38,250
Other
213
584
912
1,055
968
1,062
1,214
1,743
9,789
88
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 58 (continued)
Big Seven: Imports, by Commodity a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
West Germany
29,814
74,208
185,922
162,691
154,049
152,011
152,872
157,596
189,647
Foodstuffs
5,524
12,092
22,749
20,343
19,576
18,924
18,599
19,145
22,503
Raw materials
5,109
8,095
17,798
13,378
12,263
12,442
13,299
12,887
12,233
Fuels
2,627
13,099
41,904
39,802
36,427
32,404
31,170
31,348
21,876
Manufactures
15,608
38,760
98,797
85,827
82,067
84,559
85,487
90,647
127,948
Other
947
2,163
4,676
3,344
3,719
3,684
4,320
3,582
5,086
France
18,922
53,606
134,328
120,279
115,454
105,272
103,613
107,588
127,854
Foodstuffs
2,798
6,921
13,815
12,406
12,231
11,938
11,693
11,825
15,000
Raw materials
2,675
5,050
10,737
8,503
7,310
6,890
7,183
7,050
7,639
Fuels
2,291
12,260
35,726
34,671
30,827
25,751
24,905
23,946
16,144
Manufactures
11,103
29,210
73,544
64,564
64,998
60,602
59,756
64,668
88,962
Other
55
165
509
137
91
93
78
101
111
United Kingdom
21,724
53,595
117,902
101,153
99,032
99,240
105,687
109,110
125,449
Foodstuffs
5,267
10,345
15,564
14,265
13,699
12,777
13,018
12,944
15,695
Raw materials
4,342
6,048
12,437
8,904
7,710
8,487
8,022
7,533
8,089
Fuels
2,270
9,613
15,912
14,280
12,868
10,657
13,797
13,496
9,185
Manufactures
8,804
24,180
72,474
62,293
63,114
65,889
69,387
73,553
90,427
Other
1,042
3,409
1,516
- 1,412
1,642
1,431
1,466
1,584
2,053
Italy
14,939
37,928
98,119
88,996
83,834
78,322
81,971
88,593
99,775
Foodstuffs
2,846
7,350
12,883
10,952
11,669
11,289
10,718
12,657
14,646
Raw materials
3,100
5,274
12,624
9,394
8,625
7,965
9,618
9,623
8,810
Fuels
2,095
10,258
27,338
30,741
27,150
24,544
23,176
23,722
17,336
Manufactures
6,859
14,888
44,937
37,797
35,815
33,546
37,339
41,525
57,289
Other
40
159
339
114
576
981
1,122
1,068
1,693
a Data are from the United Nations trade tapes. Country
totals in this table do not agree with totals in tables 54 and
56 because of differences in reporting practices.
89
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 59
Big Seven: Trade Balance, by Commodity
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Big Seven
5,626
7,719
-80,044
-45,439
-35,687
-45,952
-86,985
-91,501
-53,185
Foodstuffs
-11,282
-15,622
-16,700
-8,263
-14,152
-15,489
-18,751
-28,527
-38,432
Raw materials
-14,508
-21,418
-42,808
-36,020
-32,329
-32,684
-34,843
-32,557
-31,779
Fuels
-11,744
-83,279
-231,664
-228,186
-188,358
-163,494
-167,365
-151,909
-104,502
Manufactures
43,294
128,433
207,456
222,131
194,704
160,915
128,763
116,435
120,464
Other
-136
-393
3,655
4,883
4,434
4,786
5,196
5,057
1,094
United States
3,264
10,711
-33,364
-40,707
-42,104
-68,827
-122,181
-147,489
-169,465
Foodstuffs
473
10,587
18,820
21,352
15,809
14,019
11,517
2,835
-930
Raw materials
-573
-578
2,562
-2,122
283
-2,766
-2,674
-2,519
-3,733
Fuels
-1,386
-21,923
-74,070
-73,967
-54,647
-50,296
-53,606
-45,574
-31,563
Manufactures
4,774
22,435
18,267
13,257
-4,534
-30,383
-79,451
-104,233
-134,090
Other
-24
191
-1,057
-772
-984
599
2,034
2,002
910
Canada
2,836
-1,654
5,398
3,384
12,718
11,943
11,708
9,706
5,393
Foodstuffs
823
1,582
3,472
4,221
4,801
4,922
4,547
3,466
2,871
Raw materials
4,123
5,872
11,884
10,916
9,557
10,091
11,404
10,973
10,998
Fuels
229
1,243
1,867
1,498
4,128
5,846
6,377
7,353
4,420
Manufactures
-2,255
-10,229
-12,010
-13,861
-6,163
-9,501
-11,427
-12,783
-12,888
Other
-83
-121
185
610
394
585
806
697
-7
Japan
437
-2,112
-10,350
11,080
8,265
21,787
35,781
48,346
81,950
Foodstuffs
-2,521
-9,536
-15,145
-16,410
-15,084
-15,608
-17,020
-16,323
-19,252
Raw materials
-6,755
-10,158
-23,902
-20,342
-19,597
-18,563
-20,421
-18,486
-17,666
Fuels
-3,858
-25,422
-69,487
-72,009
-65,207
-58,493
-59,832
-55,251
-35,328
Manufactures
13,584
42,788
97,745
119,606
107,828
114,067
132,641
138,414
161,858
Other
-13
216
438
231
323
380
409
-10
-7,662
90
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 59 (continued)
Big Seven: Trade Balance, by Commodity
Million US $
1970
1975
� 1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
West Germany
4,375
15,814
5,725
12,794
21,407
16,737
18,144
25,739
52,757
Foodstuffs
-4,335
-7,850
-12,603
-10,116
-9,762
-9,688
-9,185
-9,537
-10,128
Raw materials
-3,917
-5,452
-11,286
-8,371
-7,872
-7,733
-8,470
-8,011
-7,990
Fuels
-1,616
-10,286
-34,761
-32,829
-29,954
-26,778
-25,624
-26,290
-17,996
Manufactures
14,624
39,946
63,878
61,928
67,451
58,581
60,223
67,576
89,445
Other
-382
-545
496
2,179
1,541
2,355
1,197
1,988
-574
France
-1,184
-2,002
-23,460
-19,032
-23,095
-14,127
-10,447
-10,130
-8,783
Foodstuffs
5
1,148
3,981
4,810
3,008
3,477
3,578
4,078
4,406
Raw materials
-1,476
-2,422
-4,884
-3,854
-3,441
-2,845
-2,627
-2,569
-2,804
Fuels
-1,915
-10,850
-31,241
-29,947
-27,166
-22,290
-21,509
-20,195
-12,954
Manufactures
2,044
9,842
8,732
9,700
4,175
7,030
9,688
8,139
2,108
Other
158
280
-53
257
326
499
421
415
459
United Kingdom
-2,373
-9,935
-3,520
984
-2,490
-7,819
-11,379
-8,013
-18,795
Foodstuffs
-4,007
-7,124
-7,790
-6,765
-6,710
-6,223
-6,532
-6,273
-7,284
Raw materials
-3,151
-4,087
-6,019
-4,517
-3,855
-4,291
-3,922
-3,848
-3,864
Fuels
-1,773
-7,815
-1,030
5,084
6,649
9,167
6,682
8,082
3,492
Manufactures
6,348
9,502
10,129
6,112
378
-7,478
-8,479
-6,720
-11,951
Other
211
-412
1,189
1,069
1,049
1,005
869
746
812
Italy
-1,729
-3,103
-20,478
-13,749
-10,394
-5,651
-8,612
-9,648
-1,960
Foodstuffs
-1,719
-4,428
-7,435
-5,355
-6,215
-6,388
-5,656
-6,772
-8,096
Raw materials
-2,760
-4,592
-11,162
-7,730
-7,405
-6,576
-8,134
-8,107
-6,921
Fuels
-1,426
-8,227
-22,943
-26,016
-22,159
-20,651
-19,853
-20,035
-14,608
Manufactures
4,177
14,147
20,715
25,385
25,567
28,598
25,568
26,044
28,848
Other
-3
-2
345
-35
-183
-637
-539
-780
-1,182
91
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 60
Selected Non-OPEC LDCs: Indexes of Export
Prices, Import Prices, and Terms of Trade a
1970= 100
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Non-OPEC LDCs
Export
185
226
233
273
314
301
282
273
277
252
Import
217
230
252
295
358
368
350
337
331
310
Terms of Trade
85
98
92
93
88
82
81
81
84
81
Brazil
Export
189
266
246
269
285
268
252
238
243
229
Import
217
232
247
297
380
422
408
387
367
346
Terms of Trade
87
115
100
91
75
64
62
61
66
66
Colombia
Export
175
376
315
311
347
311
308
309
330
308
Import
173
192
215
237
260
276
282
276
285
269
Terms of Trade
101
196
147
131
133
113
109
112
116
114
El Salvador
Export
164
317
266
302
312
290
275
222
NA
NA
Import
197
193
215
240
305
339
362
337
NA
NA
Terms of Trade
83
164
124
126
102
86
76
66
NA
NA
Ethiopia
Export
123
222
220
229
221
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Import
155
177
197
214
240
263
NA
NA
NA
NA
Terms of Trade
79
134
125
112
107
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
India
Export
172
199
211
230
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Import
226
201
224
292
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Terms of Trade
76
99
94
79
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Jordan
Export
291
245
271
280
335
346
355
315
324
306
Import
259
251
262
284
355
389
371
329
327
310
Terms of Trade
112
98
103
99
94
89
96
96
99
99
Kenya
Export
175
297
270
297
360
324
295
290
321
278
Import
221
245
278
333
440
462
440
462
436
453
Terms of Trade
79
121
97
89
82
70
67
63
74
61
Malaysia
Export
183
246
273
351
414
381
350
337
350
299
Import
249
254
276
314
378
409
401
387
372
347
Terms of Trade
73
97
99
112
110
93
87
87
94
86
92
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Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Table 60 (continued)
Selected Non-OPEC LDCs: Indexes of Export
Prices, Import Prices, and Terms of Trade a
1970=100
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Mauritius
Export
454
332
350
385
436
405
369
366
347
354
Import
257
283
324
382
458
421
428
389
372
364
Terms of Trade
177
117
108
101
95
96
86
94
93
97
Morocco
Export
308
203
234
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Import
232
162
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Terms of Trade
133
125
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Pakistan
Export
173
227
258
299
319
331
303
294
306
265
Import
220
218
231
259
323
371
350
318
326
299
Terms of Trade
79
104
112
115
99
89
87
92
94
89
Philippines
Export
168
150
168
207
216
211
176
184
203
178
Import
258
283
289
339
420
467
399
401
453
426
Terms of Trade
65
53
58
61
51
45
44
46
45
42
South Korea
Export
148
181
200
241
252
260
251
242
250
241
Import
217
217
230
295
355
374
346
330
334
320
Terms of Trade
68
83
87
82
71
70
73
73
75
75
Sri Lanka
Export
143
209
223
244
265
240
217
245
290
241
Import
261
222
240
367
493
548
466
423
423
440
Terms of Trade
55
94
93
66
54
44
47
58
69
55
Syria
Export
291
381
404
531
690
766
669
628
642
NA
Import
273
297
317
397
515
669
628
726
680
NA
Terms of Trade
107
128
127
134
134
114
107
87
94
NA
Thailand
Export
212
210
229
272
321
310
273
277
271
239
Import
239
270
294
338
418
465
451
426
417
398
Terms of Trade
89
78
78
80
77
67
61
65
65
68
Tunisia
Export
395
340
375
529
770
791
724
653
NA
NA
Import
215
202
213
236
267
258
234
212
198
198
Terms of Trade
184
168
176
224
288
307
309
308
NA
NA
a Data are from the International Financial Statistics. US from national data, with the original 1975 comparison base
dollar indexes for total exports and total imports converted shifted to 1970.
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Table 61
Newly Industrialized Countries:
Trade With the Big Seven
Billion US $
1970
1975
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
NICs
Exports
0.3
20.2
48.1
58.1
67.2
69.8
82.8
101.1
103.8
114.1
Imports
9.3
28.1
54.4
68.6
75.8
63.6
62.4
72.2
71.3
82.8
Balance
-9.0
-7.9
-6.3
-10.5
-8.6
6.2
20.4
28.9
32.5
31.3
Brazil
Exports
0.2
4.6
6.0
7.3
8.2
8.2
12.0
15.9
16.0
14.9
Imports
1.7
6.6
6.6
8.4
7.6
6.0
4.8
6.0
6.0
8.3
Balance
-1.5
-2.0
-0.6
-1.1
0.6
2.2
7.2
9.9
10.0
6.6
China (Taiwan)
Exports
NEGL
3.6
11.2
12.6
14.2
14.7
17.8
22.7
24.5
30.9
Imports
1.3
3.9
8.7
10.6
10.8
9.8
11.3
12.5
11.1
15.2
Balance
-1.3
-0.3
2.5
2.0
3.4
4.9
6.5
10.2
13.4
15.7
Hong Kong
Exports
0.1
3.5
7.2
8.5
9.6
9.3
10.4
13.3
13.0
15.8
Imports
1.5
2.9
7.5
9.6
10.2
9.7
10.0
12.0
11.7
13.8
Balance
-1.4
0.6
-0.3
-1.1
-0.6
-0.4
0.4
1.4
1.3
2.0
Mexico
Exports
0.1
3.7
10.2
15.3
18.0
20.0
21.6
23.3
23.8
20.9
Imports
2.3
6.8
12.5
19.1
23.2
15.2
11.4
14.5
16.3
15.3
Balance
-2.2
-3.1
-2.3
-3.8
-5.2
4.8
10.2
8.8
7.5
-5.6
Singapore
Exports
NEGL
1.4
4.4
5.3
6.2
5.9
7.2
8.5
8.4
8.5
Imports
0.9
3.2
6.6
9.2
10.3
10.4
11.1
11.2
10.3
10.6
Balance
-0.9
-1.8
-2.2
-4.0
-4.2
-4.1
-3.9
-2.7
-1.9
-2.1
South Korea
Exports
NEGL
3.5
9.1
9.1
11.0
11.7
13.8
17.4
18.1
23.1
Imports
1.6
4.6
12.5
11.7
13.7
12.5
13.8
16.2
15.9
19.6
Balance
-1.6
-1.1
-3.4
-2.6
-2.7
0.8
NEGL
1.2
2.2
3.5
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Table 62
Selected Countries: Oil Export Revenues
Billion US $
1975
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Non-Communist countries
Algeria
4
6
9
15
14
13
13
12
13
6
Ecuador
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Gabon
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
Indonesia
4
6
8
13
14
15
14
12
8
5
Iran
19
21
20
13
11
19
19
17
15
7
Iraq
8
11
22
25
11
10
8
10
11
7
Kuwait
8
9
17
19
14
9
10
11
10
7
Libya
6
10
15
23
14
14
12
10
9
5
Mexico
NEGL
2
4
9
13
16
15
15
13
6
Nigeria
7
9
16
24
18
12
10
12
12
6
Qatar
2
2
4
6
6
4
3
3
3
2
Saudi Arabia
27
36
56
99
112
74
45
37
26
22
United Arab Emirates
7
8
13
19
19
16
13
11
11
7
Venezuela
8
9
13
18
19
16
14
15
13
7
Communist countries
USSR a
8
15
22
28
30
35
37
39
37
33
a Soviet prices to other CEMA countries, which in volume
terms account for about one half of Soviet exports of crude
oil and petroleum products, have been based on an average
of the world market prices for the previous five years.
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Table 63
Selected Countries: Oil Import Bill a
Billion US $
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1983
1984
1985
1986
Developed Countries
United States
2.3
7.0
24.8
59.5
76.9
54.3
58.1
51.4
36.5
Israel
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.3
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.7
Japan
2.7
6.7
21.0
38.0
58.9
45.7
45.5
40.6
24.1
European Community
France
1.6
3.3
10.5
19.4
30.7
20.7
20.0
18.8
11.1
Italy
1.2
2.4
9.2
16.6
24.6
21.1
18.8
19.3
11.9
Netherlands
0.3
0.5
5.8
12.4
17.0
13.7
12.8
12.6
7.4
Spain
0.4
0.9
3.7
7.1
11.9
10.5
9.9
9.8
6.2
United Kingdom
1.8
3.3
9.3
11.0
14.0
8.6
11.0
10.5
6.4
West Germany
2.0
5.1
11.7
26.6
35.1
25.2
24.4
24.1
15.5
Less developed countries
Brazil
0.2
0.7
3.3
6.9
10.3
8.7
6.9
5.8
3.0
India
0.2
0.7
1.4
3.0
6.1
3.5
2.9
3.1
2.5
South Korea
0.1
0.3
1.3
3.4
6.2
6.2
6.4
6.2
3.9
China (Taiwan)
0.1
0.2
0.7
2.5
4.2
4.1 b
3.8 b
33 b
2.8
Philippines
0.1
0.2
0.8
1.4
2.3
2.1
1.5
1.3
0.8 b
Thailand
0.1
0.2
0.7
1.6
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.1
0.8
Colombia
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1
Pakistan
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
0.7
Hong Kong
0.1
0.1
0.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.8
Chile
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
a Total cost of imported crude oil and petroleum products.
b Crude petroleum only.
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Table 64
Importance of Soviet Trade to
Selected Western Countries
Percent
Soviet Trading Partner
Exports to USSR
as a Share of Total
Exports
Imports From USSR
as a Share of Total
Imports
Share of Trading Partner's GNP
Exports to the
USSR
Imports From the
USSR
1980
1983
1984
1985
1980
1983
1984
1985
1980
1983
1984
1985
1980
1983
1984
1985
Argentina
20.1
20.9
14.7
14.4
0.1
0.7
0.8
1.1
0.8
NEGL
NEGL
NA
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NA
Australia
4.8
2.4
2.5
2.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
NEGL
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.4
NEGL
NEGL
0.1
NEGL
Austria
2.7
3.9
4.5
3.8
4.2
4.3
5.0
4.4
0.6
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
Brazil
1.8
3.4
1.5
1.8
0.2
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
NEGL
0.1
0.1
NEGL
Canada
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.4
0.1
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
Finland
17.6
26.1
18.9
21.5
21.0
25.7
23.2
20.6
4.9
6.8
5.1
5.7
6.5
6.9
5.8
5.3
France
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.3
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
Italy
1.6
2.6
2.2
2.0
3.0
4.5
4.9
3.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.8
Japan
2.1
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
Netherlands
0.7
0.9
0.5
0.5
1.7
4.3
3.6
3.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.8
2.0
1.8
1.9
United Kingdom
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.5
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
United States
0.7
1.0
1.5
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
West Germany
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.9
3.3
2.9
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.7
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Table 65
Selected Exporting Countries: Trade
of High-Technology Industries
Percent
Microelectronics
Rank 1981
1 United States
(25.7)
2 Japan
(12.3)
3 Malaysia
(10.7)
4 Singapore
(7.7)
5 West Germany
(5.8)
6 Philippines
(5.0)
1985
United States
(23.1)
Japan
(16.6)
Malaysia
(10.4)
Singapore
(6.1)
West Germany
(5.5)
United Kingdom
(5.3)
7 Hong Kong South Korea
(4.3) (4.5)
Computers
1981
United States
(40.8)
West Germany
(10.7)
United Kingdom
(8.5)
France
(7.8)
Japan
(6.1)
Italy
(4.1)
Canada
(3.6)
Telecommunications
Equipment
1985 1981
United States Japan
(32.3) (15.6)
Japan West Germany
(13.2) (14.8)
United Kingdom Sweden
(8.8) (14.2)
West Germany United States
(8.2) (12.4)
France Netherlands
(5.2) (7.3)
Italy France
(3.6) (5.9)
Netherlands Canada
(3.4) (5.2)
1985
Japan
(24.0)
Sweden
(12.6)
United States
(11.8)
West Germany
(9.5)
Canada
(8.1)
France
(6.1)
Aerospace
1981
United States
(49.4)
United Kingdom
(14.2)
West Germany
(10.3)
France
(6.5)
Canada
(4.9)
Italy
(3.8)
United Kingdom Belgium
(3.5) (1.4)
1985
United States
(47.9)
United Kingdom
(12.9)
West Germany
(10.5)
France
(8.5)
Canada
(5.1)
Italy
(3.6)
Netherlands
(1.5)
Machine Tools
and Robotics
1981
West Germany
(22.5)
United States
(17.6)
Japan
(14.2)
Italy
(8.6)
Switzerland
(8.0)
United Kingdom
(6.2)
1985
Japan
(21.5)
West Germany
(17.3)
United States
(17.0)
Switzerland
(8.9)
Italy
(7.4)
United Kingdom
(4.9)
France France
(4.9) (3.3)
98
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Table 66
Soviet Foreign Trade a
Million US $
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Non-Communist Countries
Total
Eastern
Europe
China
Other
Asia
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less Developed Countries
Total
Unspecified
1960
Exports
Imports
5,558
5,623
4,210
3,974
3,071
2,792
816
847
66
98
257
237
1,348
1,649
1,022
1,120
326
529
31
33
1965
Exports
Imports
8,166
8,050
5,555
5,606
4,551
4,668
192
225
165
120
647
593
2,611
2,444
1,506
1,647
1,105
797
270
2
1970
Exports
Imports
12,787
11,720
8,359
7,630
6,752
6,627
25
22
415
156
1,167
825
4,428
4,090
2,449
2,849
1,979
1,241
795
16
1975
Exports
Imports
33,406
37,076
20,271
19,415
16,494
15,723
129
150
480
277
3,168
3,265
13,135
17,661
8,573
13,554
4,562
4,107
1,908
31
1979
Exports
Imports
64,912
57,966
36,152
32,810
28,380
26,762
268
241
1,081
618
6,423
5,189
28,760
25,156
19,576
20,405
9,184
4,751
4,361
49
1980
Exports
Imports
76,437
68,473
41,433
36,420
32,216
29,407
261
226
1,203
681
7,753
6,106
35,004
32,053
24,932
24,386
10,072
7,667
4,766
168
1981
Exports
Imports
79,380
73,194
43,439
37,174
33,777
29,399
115
131
1,528
584
8,019
7,060
35,941
36,020
24,416
25,356
11,525
10,664
4,935
209
1982
Exports
Imports
87,168
77,846
47,182
42,529
36,288
33,566
166
143
1,711
791
9,017
8,029
39,986
35,317
26,222
26,202
13,764
9,115
6,422
172
1983
Exports
Imports
91,652
80,451
51,005
45,494
39,355
37,163
345
314
1,768
764
9,537
7,253
40,647
34,957
26,707
25,379
13,940
9,578
7,053
287
1984
Exports
Imports
91,495
80,410
51,889
47,067
39,847
37,530
575
627
1,836
778
9,631
8,132
39,606
33,343
26,425
24,228
13,181
9,115
6,905
136
1985
Exports
Imports
86,957
82,929
53,250
50,662
40,710
39,398
935
991
2,388
834
9,217
9,439
33,707
32,267
22,490
23,301
11,217
8,966
5,144
127
1986
Exports
Imports
97,046
88,873
64,995
59,425
51,021
47,275
1,293
1,295
3,198
1,077
9,483
9,778
32,051
29,448
18,824
22,651
13,227
6,797
7,777
134
a Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Exports and imports are f.o.b.
b Cuba, Mongolia, and Yugoslavia.
99
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Table 67
Soviet Exports a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total exports
5,558
8,166
12,787
33,406
76,437
79,380
87,168
91,652
91,495
86,957
Machinery and equipment
1,141
1,634
2,753
6,241
12,081
10,862
11,230
11,426
11,408
11,858
Fuels, lubricants, and related materials
902
1,403
1,986
10,476
35,908
39,882
45,588
49,193
49,743
45,894
Coal and coke b
242
384
408
1,399
1,695
1,597
1,660
1,757
1,730
1,836
Petroleum and petroleum products
657
998
1,469
8,212
27,851
30,029
35,028
38,092
38,002
33,826
Ores and concentrates
243
310
403
868
993
1,016
1,026
1,053
1,042
982
Iron ore
175
250
325
692
651
656
665
682
662
623
Base metals and manufactures
837
1,328
1,978
3,813
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ferrous metals
642
997
1,351
2,673
3,551
3,511
3,644
3,681
3,534
3,591
Rolled ferrous metals
480
716
961
1,794
2,465
2,422
2,465
2,503
2,346
2,363
Nonferrous metals
195
331
627
1,140
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Aluminum
35
111
184
356
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chemicals
150
244
334
949
2,025
2,275
2,203
2,307
2,707
2,824
Wood and wood products
305
593
831
1,916
3,093
2,632
2,471
2,587
2,575
2,634
Lumber
183
312
333
780
1,207
990
912
936
941
976
Textile raw materials and semimanufactures
358
421
437
976
1,435
1,545
1,566
1,297
1,142
1,111
Cotton fiber
288
334
372
917
1,357
1,472
1,444
1,195
1,000
965
Consumer goods
907
904
1,310
2,378
2,679
2,733
2,573
2,597
2,583
2,563
Food
702
664
994
1,538
1,407
1,584
1,331
1,299
1,337
1,283
Grain.
467
270
399
508
310
404
393
326
305
235
Other consumer goods
205
240
316
840
1,272
1,149
1,242
1,298
1,246
1,280
Other and unspecified
715
1,329
2,755
5,789
14,672
14,924
16,867
17,511
16,761
15,500
Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Exports are f.o.b.
b Including small amounts of charcoal and other solid fuels.
Excluding wheat flour.
100
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Table 68
Soviet Imports a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total imports
5,623
8,050
11,720
37,076
68,473
73,194
77,846
80,451
80,410
82,929
Machinery and equipment
1,673
2,690
4,166
12,574
23,198
22,107
26,766
30,709
29,451
30,820
Transportation equipment
659
990
1,232
3,326
4,674
4,601
5,301
6,731
6,509
7,550
Fuels, lubricants, and related materials
237
198
226
1,447
1,126
1,483
2,239
3,042
3,420
3,048
Natural gas, coal, and coke
93
123
144
752
208
269
287
300
316
314
Petroleum and petroleum products
144
75
82
695
918
1,214
1,952
2,742
3,104
2,734
Ores and concentrates
314
315
304
631
881
949
858
931
1,030
1,058
Base metals and manufactures
545
389
691
3,595
4,653
4,594
5,358
4,948
4,656
4,881
Ferrous metals
373
314
593
3,346
4,635
4,574
5,343
4,937
4,644
4,870
Rolled ferrous metals
338
287
568
3,197
4,335
4,259
5,060
4,694
4,398
4,581
Nonferrous metals
172
75
98
249
18
20
15
11
12
11
Tin
35
21
30
65
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chemicals
149
373
493
1,447
3,275
3,211
3,028
3,216
3,256
3,705
Rubber and rubber products
196
199
194
331
351 b
298
209
285
254
191
Wood and wood products
105
150
248
796
1,369
1,305
1,219
1,076
1,000
1,045
Textile raw materials and semimanufactures
364
358
561
889
1,493
1,271
1,283
1,671
1,312
1,399
Cotton fiber
180
162
249
271
96
46
47
323
317
304
Wool fiber
118
100
120
265
502
534
549
565
355
465
Consumer goods
1,573
2,656
3,975
13,110
24,136
28,609
27,450
24,976
26,900
26,524
Food
613
1,512
1,838
8,347
15,882
19,262
17,664
15,818
17,634
16,392
Grain c
17
397
135
2,673
5,114
7,257
6,120
5,147
6,816
5,950
Other consumer goods
960
1,144
2,137
4,763
, 8,254
9,347
9,786
9,158
9,266
10,132
Other and unspecified
467
722
862
2,256
7,991
9,367
9,436
9,597
9,131
10,258
a Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Imports are f.o.b.
b Only natural rubber reported.
c Excluding wheat flour.
101
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Table 69
East European Foreign Trade a
Million US $
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Non-Communist Countries
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less
Developed
Countries
1960
Exports
7,624
5,523
2,817
2,102
604
2,101
1,603
498
Imports
7,754
5,541
2,954
2,084
503
2,213
1,772
441
1965
Exports
11,789
8,423
4,692
3,172
559
3,366
2,581
785
Imports
11,611
8,114
4,436
3,111
567
3,497
2,765
732
1970
Exports
18,159
12,546
6,612
4,955
979
5,613
4,426
1,187
Imports
18,522
12,503
6,803
4,908
792
6,019
5,052
967
1975
Exports
45,269
30,126
15,639
12,157
2,330
15,143
11,379
3,764
Imports
51,314
30,607
16,345
12,238
2,024
20,707
17,687
3,020
1980
Exports
85,002
53,997
29,334
20,612
4,051
31,005
22,269
8,736
Imports
91,222
56,133
32,178
20,134
3,821
35,089
26,054
9,035
1981
Exports
83,426
52,995
29,422
19,096
4,477
30,431
20,076
10,355
Imports
86,565
56,593
33,540
18,582
4,471
29,972
22,961
7,011
1982
Exports
89,133
58,707
33,366
20,295
5,046
30,426
20,243
10,183
Imports
85,461
60,205
35,793
19,275
5,137
25,256
18,814
6,442
1983
Exports
94,774
63,966
36,842
21,944
5,180
30,808
21,531
9,277
Imports
90,151
64,845
38,704
21,292
4,849
25,306
18,223
7,083
1984
Exports
97,688
66,055
37,494
22,115
6,446
31,633
22,584
9,049
Imports
91,440
66,088
39,307
22,087
4,694
25,352
18,324
7,028
1985
Exports
97,794
68,272
39,151
22,966
6,155
29,522
21,329
8,193
Imports
93,921
67,789
40,365
22,828
4,596
26,132
19,449
6,683
1986 c
Exports
113,816
83,407
47,816
28,646
6,944
30,410
22,693
7,717
Imports
112,401
84,422
50,816
27,855
5,751
27,979
23,109
4,870
. Official East European statistics. Trade with the Commu-
nist countries was derived by converting the value of the
trade expressed in the currency of each East European
country to rubles and then to dollars at the prevailing
foreign exchange rate. Exports are on an f.o.b. basis.
Imports are f.o.b. except for Hungary, which is on a c.i.f. c Preliminary.
basis.
b Including data for Albania, China, Cuba, Mongolia, North
Korea, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia.
102
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Table 70
East European Exports, by Country a
Million US $
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986b
Bulgaria
571
2,004
4,807
10,489
11,505
12,222
12,535
12,780
14,489
USSR
307
1,078
2,643
5,268
5,950
6,852
6,816
7,138
8,907
Eastern Europe
151
431
968
1,741
1,858
2,091
2,032
2,181
2,674
Developed countries
73
289
474
1,636
1,302
1,272
1,215
1,133
834
Less developed countries
18
125
463
1,385
1,970
1,599
2,065
1,930
1,578
Czechoslovakia
1,929
3,792
8,158
15,255
16,180
17,123
17,408
17,810
21,898
USSR
659
1,222
2,664
5,535
6,671
7,305
7,599
7,802
9,401
Eastern Europe
561
1,213
2,621
4,294
4,264
4,423
4,449
4,757
6,104
Developed countries
335
783
1,673
3,242
2,786
2,680
2,775
2,778
3,182
Less developed countries
200
331
706
1,287
1,312
1,462
1,347
1,281
1,365
East Germany c
2,207
4,647
10,680
18,862
22,203
24,291
24,552
23,889
27,862
USSR
924
1,742
3,700
6,616
7,712
8,637
9,112
8,892
10,129
Eastern Europe
588
1,386
3,368
5,389
5,276
5,713
5,592
5,698
6,928
Developed countries
446
1,078
2,631
4,546
6,432
7,250
7,247
7,053
7,939
Less developed countries
89
183
431
1,205
1,611
1,471
1,155
1,124
1,275
Hungary
874
2,317
5,694
11,644
12,424
13,199
13,278
13,438
15,366
USSR
256
790
2,174
3,980
4,910
5,253
5,020
5,742
6,715
Eastern Europe
278
648
1,518
3,288
3,170
3,385
3,563
3,403
4,282
Developed countries
192
630
1,424
3,031
2,654
2,899
2,989
2,609
2,913
Less developed countries
58
137
334
845
1,147
1,106
985
899
746
Poland
1,326
3,548
10,510
17,543
15,262
16,427
17,269
17,710
21,701
USSR
390
1,251
3,362
5,609
5,804
6,550
6,792
6,860
9,013
Eastern Europe
335
882
2,671
3,801
3,667
4,043
4,295
4,766
6,020
Developed countries
403
1,024
3,278
5,857
3,661
3,755
4,059
3,983
3,950
Less developed countries
93
258
845
1,649
1,545
1,481
1,448
1,207
1,628
Romania
717
1,851
5,420
11,209
11,559
11,512
12,646
12,167
12,500
USSR
281
529
1,096
2,326
2,319
2,245
2,155
2,717
3,651
Eastern Europe
189
395
1,011
2,099
2,060
2,289
2,184
2,161
2,638
Developed countries
154
622
1,899
3,957
3,408
3,675
4,298
3,773
3,875
Less developed countries
40
153
985
2,365
2,598
2,158
2,049
1,752
1,125
a Domestic currency converted into US dollars at the ex-
change rate prevailing at time of transactions. Exports are
on an f.o.b. basis. Trade with the Communist countries was
derived by converting the value of the trade expressed in the
currency of each East European country to rubles and then
to dollars at the prevailing foreign exchange rate.
b Preliminary.
c East German figures were converted first into current-year
rubles and then into current-year US dollars.
103
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Table 71
East European Imports, by Country a
Million US $
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
Bulgaria
625
1,178
1,831
5,528
9,776
11,611
12,374
12,349
13,087
15,296
USSR
332
589
955
2,826
5,622
6,499
7,196
7,145
7,250
8,831
Eastern Europe
174
236
372
1,007
1,394
1,576
1,756
2,107
2,265
2,748
Developed countries
89
266
355
1,289
1,658
1,922
1,719
1,826
2,076
2,320
Less developed countries
13
37
81
209
342
708
768
842
1,064
932
Czechoslovakia
1,816
2,673
3,695
8,874
15,523
16,005
17,039
17,350
17,894
21,966
USSR
630
955
1,209
2,818
5,659
7,045
8,004
8,154
8,256
10,084
Eastern Europe
524
851
1,123
2,839
4,506
3,927
4,612
4,888
5,133
6,481
Developed countries
360
514
917
2,244
3,693
2,932
2,708
2,590
2,711
3,448
Less developed countries
161
197
214
501
829
682
664
738
711
804
East Germany c
2,194
2,823
4,923
11,947
20,790
20,624
21,975
21,926
22,155
27,618
USSR
958
1,205
1,945
4,172
7,451
8,571
8,902
8,878
8,995
11,376
Eastern Europe
496
693
1,246
3,147
5,004
4,696
4,972
5,068
5,262
6,320
Developed countries
484
656
1,378
3,704
6,336
5,625
6,347
6,357
6,542
8,344
Less developed countries
90
120
182
483
1,218
876
1,021
964
894
450
Hungary
976
1,520
2,505
6,795
12,613
12,866
13,367
12,939
12,934
15,760
USSR
303
553
832
2,284
4,617
5,031
5,326
5,357
5,691
6,890
Eastern Europe
317
415
726
1,813
3,200
3,300
3,655
3,500
3,466
4,429
Developed countries
237
383
678
1,966
3,707
3,235
2,945
2,839
3,155
3,631
Less developed countries
58
113
177
498
845
909
1,111
972
577
615
Poland
1,495
2,340
3,608
12,752
19,702
14,610
15,753
16,542
17,419
21,161
USSR
465
728
1,361
3,294
6,698
6,659
7,066
7,554
7,847
9,800
Eastern Europe
400
706
1,000
2,354
3,963
3,626
4,266
4,373
4,505
5,212
Developed countries
447
583
938
6,199
6,699
3,167
3,056
3,136
3,495
3,693
Less developed countries
99
210
196
597
1,789
596
746
805
762
699
Romania
648
1,077
1,960
5,418
12,818
9,745
9,643
10,334
10,432
10,600
USSR
266
406
501
951
2,131
1,988
2,210
2,219
2,326
3,835
Eastern Europe
173
210
441
1,078
2,067
2,150
2,031
2,151
2,197
2,665
Developed countries
155
363
786
2,285
3,961
1,933
1,448
1,516
1,470
1,673
Less developed countries
20
55
117
732
4,012
2,671
2,773
2,707
2,675
1,370
a Imports are f.o.b. except for Hungary, which is on a c.i.f. basis.
Trade with the Communist countries was derived by converting
the value of the trade expressed in the currency of each East
European country to rubles and then to dollars at the prevailing
foreign exchange rate. Country totals include trade with central-
ly planned economy countries other than the USSR and Eastern
Europe.
b Preliminary.
. East German figures were converted first into current-year
rubles and then into current-year US dollars.
104
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Table 72
East European Exports, by Commodity Group a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
Bulgaria
2,004
4,807
10,489
11,505
12,222
12,535
12,780
14,489
Machinery and equipment
581
1,956
4,657
5,392
5,915
5,979
6,837
7,752
Fuels, minerals, and metals
162
375
1,573
1,461
1,393
1,354
1,278
1,449
Agricultural and forestry products
870
1,620
2,559
2,635
2,664
2,795
2,352
2,666
Manufactured consumer goods
295
495
923
1,081
1,210
1,266
1,240
1,405
Other
96
361
777
932
1,040
1,141
1,074
1,217
Czechoslovakia
3,792
8,158
15,255
16,180
17,123
17,408
17,810
21,898
Machinery and equipment
1,911
3,916
7,673
8,608
9,383
9,801
10,152
12,482
Fuels, minerals, and metals
705
1,574
2,624
2,346
2,431
2,385
2,369
2,912
Agricultural and forestry products
277
587
1,312
1,181
1,147
1,149
1,122
1,380
Manufactured consumer goods
629
1,485
2,426
2,718
2,774
2,698
2,743
3,372
Other
270
596
1,220
1,327
1,388
1,375
1,425
1,752
East Germany
4,647
10,680
18,862
22,203
24,291
24,552
23,889
27,862
Machinery and equipment
2,402
5,415
9,676
10,768
11,611
11,515
11,132
12,984
Fuels, minerals, and metals
469
1,292
2,791
4,107
4,299
4,297
4,778
5,572
Agricultural and forestry products
344
972
1,207
1,532
1,919
2,038
1,839
2,145
Manufactured consumer goods
939
1,666
2,791
3,153
3,425
3,707
3,368
3,929
Other
493
1,335
2,397
2,643
3,037
2,995
2,771
3,232
Hungary
2,317
5,694
11,644
12,424
13,199
13,278
13,438
15,366
Machinery and equipment
755
2,107
4,495
4,013
4,078
4,076
4,663
5,332
Fuels, minerals, and metals
334
678
1,490
1,652
2,085
2,138
1,586
1,813
Agricultural and forestry products
619
1,435
3,190
3,429
3,524
3,439
3,333
3,381
Manufactured consumer goods
494
1,162
2,073
2,050
2,072
2,111
2,258
2,581
Other
115
312
1,396
1,280
1,440
1,514
1,599
1,829
Poland
3,548
10,510
17,543
15,262
16,427
17,269
17,710
21,701
Machinery and equipment
1,366
4,109
7,807
7,646
7,852
8,220
8,731
10,699
Fuels, minerals, and metals
848
3,058
4,473
3,754
4,501
4,507
4,126
5,056
Agricultural and forestry products
600
1,209
1,754
1,145
1,396
1,606
1,700
2,083
Manufactured consumer goods
571
1,534
2,684
2,167
1,938
2,090
2,302
2,821
Other
163
600
825
550
740
866
850
1,042
Romania
1,851
5,420
11,209
11,559
11,512
12,646
12,167
12,500
Machinery and equipment
422
1,371
2,791
3,814
3,649
4,249
4,222
4,338
Fuels, minerals, and metals
420
1,209
3,720
2,786
3,154
3,326
3,030
3,113
Agricultural and forestry products
496
1,225
1,962
1,618
1,427
1,467
1,448
1,488
Manufactured consumer goods
335
873
1,816
1,942
1,934
2,011
2,056
2,113
Other
178
742
920
1,399
1,348
1,593
1,411
1,450
a The values of East European exports by commodity group
were calculated by applying East European data on percent-
age breakdowns to total exports expressed in US dollars
(see table 70, footnote a). Values for 1986 were estimated
using percentage shares for 1985.
105
b preliminary.
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Table 73
East European Imports, by Commodity Group a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 b
Bulgaria
1,831
5,528
9,776
11,611
12,374
12,349
13,087
15,296
Machinery and equipment
743
2,289
3,461
3,936
4,232
4,211
4,345
5,078
Fuels, minerals, and metals
533
1,852
4,194
5,364
5,729
5,792
6,138
7,174
Agricultural and forestry products
291
702
948
952
1,064
1,037
1,243
1,453
Manufactured consumer goods
104
282
430
557
532
506
497
581
Other
160
403
743
802
817
803
864
1,010
Czechoslovakia
3,695
8,874
15,523
16,005
17,039
17,350
17,894
21,966
Machinery and equipment
1,234
3,204
5,681
5,298
5,657
6,003
6,156
7,556
Fuels, minerals, and metals
868
2,467
4,921
6,258
7,003
7,096
7,229
8,874
Agricultural and forestry products
890
1,544
2,499
2,273
2,062
2,065
2,165
2,658
Manufactured consumer goods
314
683
916
880
954
919
1,020
1,252
Other
389
976
1,506
1,296
1,363
1,267
1,324
1,625
East Germany
4,923
11,947
20,790
20,624
21,975
21,926
22,155
27,618
Machinery and equipment
1,684
3,680
6,403
6,545
6,570
5,701
5,938
7,402
Fuels, minerals, and metals
1,359
3,644
7,630
8,085
8,702
9,121
9,416
11,738
Agricultural and forestry products
1,383
2,700
3,929
3,303
3,911
3,881
3,567
4,446
Manufactured consumer goods
222
669
1,039
832
967
1,250
1,374
1,712
Other
275
1,254
1,789
1,859
1,825
1,973
1,861
2,320
Hungary
2,505
6,795
12,613
12,866
13,367
12,939
12,934
15,760
Machinery and equipment
774
2,188
3,872
3,924
3,810
3,506
3,699
4,507
Fuels, minerals, and metals
591
1,855
3,406
3,847
4,197
3,998
3,854
4,696
Agricultural and forestry products
611
1,291
2,346
1,917
2,112
2,070
1,966
2,396
. Manufactured consumer goods
193
482
971
1,132
1,136
1,216
1,319
1,608
Other
336
979
2,018
2,046
2,112
2,149
2,095
2,553
Poland
3,608
12,752
19,702
14,610
15,753
16,542
17,419
21,161
Machinery and equipment
1,306
4,769
6,443
3,872
4,285
4,946
5,731
6,962
Fuels, minerals, and metals
960
3,826
6,127
5,552
6,459
6,435
6,532
7,935
Agricultural and forestry products
772
2,270
4,118
2,732
2,205
2,349
2,282
2,772
Manufactured consumer goods
231
676
1,261
1,154
1,528
1,538
1,603
1,947
Other
339
1,211
1,753
1,300
1,276
1,274
1,272
1,545
Romania
1,960
5,418
12,818
9,745
9,643
10,334
10,432
10,600
Machinery and equipment
790
1,880
3,153
2,592
2,391
2,552
2,785
2,830
Fuels, minerals, and metals
596
2,070
6,447
4,824
5,149
5,436
5,320
5,406
Agricultural and forestry products
306
845
1,884
1,179
1,013
1,116
1,148
1,166
Manufactured consumer goods
108
206
310
409
366
434
438
445
Other
160
417
1,124
741
724
796
741
753
a The values of East European imports by commodity group
were calculated by applying East European data on percent-
age breakdowns to total imports expressed in US dollars
(see table 71, footnote a). Values for 1986 were estimated
using percentage shares for 1985.
106
b preliminary.
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Table 74
Chinese Foreign Trade a
Million US $
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Non-Communist Countries
Total
Eastern
Europe
USSR
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less
Developed
Countries c
1965
Exports
Imports
2,035
1,680
650
515
95
110
225
190
330
215
1,385
1,165
575
805
810
360
1970
Exports
Imports
2,155
2,045
480
390
255
225
20
25
205
140
1,675
1,655
660
1,370
1,015
285
1975
Exports
Imports
7,130
6,830
1,375
1,005
630
595
150
130
595
280
5,755
5,825
2,610
4,985
3,145
840
1980
Exports
Imports
18,925
19,305
1,885
1,945
1,130
1,110
230
295
525
540
17,040
17,360
8,270
13,515
8,770
3,845
1981
Exports
Imports
21,495
17,940
1,240
1,270
745
700
130
115
365
455
20,255
16,670
10,045
12,740
10,210
3,930
1982
Exports
Imports
23,435
16,690
1,210
1,670
660
925
145
165
405
580
22,230
15,020
10,225
10,805
12,005
4,215
1983
Exports
Imports
23,710
18,485
1,365
1,620
670
810
310
340
385
470
22,345
16,870
9,940
11,825
12,215
5,045
1984
Exports
Imports
27,645
25,490
1,615
2,080
590
1,050
625
575
400
455
26,030
23,410
11,880
15,450
14,150
7,960
1985
Exports
Imports
31,325
39,480
2,175
2,695
805
1,410
995
940
375
345
29,150
36,785
13,550
24,655
15,600
12,130
a Data are f.o.b. and rounded to the nearest US $5 million.
b Including data for Albania, Cuba, Mongolia, North Korea,
Vietnam, and Yugoslavia.
c Including data for Hong Kong and Macao.
107
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Table 75
Chinese Exports a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total
2,155
7,130
18,925
21,495
23,435
23,710
27,645
31,325
Food and live animals
660
2,045
3,210
3,450
3,595
3,235
3,545
3,925
Live animals
70
215
340
380
395
330
350
330
Meat and meat preparations
105
240
385
375
500
430
530
510
Fish and fish preparations
70
190
400
425
385
330
355
405
Cereals and cereal preparations
150
615
485
510
495
290
355
780
Vegetables and fruit
170
435
935
1,050
1,040
1,005
980
985
Beverages and tobacco
20
80
120
120
140
155
135
135
Crude materials, excluding fuel
380
840
1,820
2,050
1,790
2,090
2,570
2,930
Oilseeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels
70
160
185
525
245
345
475
500
Textile fibers and wastes
105
245
545
500
550
730
975
1,165
Crude animal and vegetable
materials
115
225
540
455
465
470
510
495
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related
materials
60
1,025
4,415
4,765
5,255
4,790
5,735
7,215
Petroleum and petroleum products
5
865
4,165
4,495
4,930
4,475
5,430
6,630
Animal and vegetable oils and fats
25
55
85
105
70
105
140
1,300
Chemicals
115
350
1,180
1,300
1,280
1,320
1,405
1,600
Chemical elements and compounds
25
100
480
550
565
545
595
685
Manufactured goods
590
1,650
4,410
5,140
5,005
4,935
5,880
6,205
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up
articles
390
1,035
2,765
3,080
2,920
3,155
4,075
4,380
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures
60
170
415
480
480
420
420
400
Manufactures of metal
40
110
390
520
565
630
650
570
Machinery and transport equipment
75
260
610
805
790
925
1,145
1,185
Miscellaneous manufactured goods
225
800
3,010
3,665
4,150
4,525
5,735
6,675
Clothing
100
355
1,665
2,095
2,435
2,740
3,375
3,765
Other
5
25
65
95
1,365
1,630
1,355
1,325
a Data are f.o.b. and rounded to the nearest $5 million.
108
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Table 76
Chinese Imports a
Million US $
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total
2,045
6,830
19,305
17,940
16,690
18,485
25,490
39,480
Food and live animals
330
815
2,860
3,080
3,495
2,580
2,030
1,635
Cereal and cereal preparations
255
540
2,225
2,340
2,475
2,010
1,520
1,050
Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey
65
155
300
470
650
370
295
215
Crude materials, excluding fuels
235
730
3,325
3,175
2,520
2,375
2,735
3,330
Rubber, crude (including synthetic
and reclaimed)
95
165
430
215
245
260
285
315
Textile fibers and their waste
95
395
2,065
2,280
1,470
1,100
1,225
1,575
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related
materials
40
130
175
175
175
175
215
500
Petroleum and petroleum products
10
40
30
55
30
45
55
310
Animal and vegetable fats and oils
5
40
180
105
95
60
75
100
Chemicals
310
815
2,185
2,025
2,110
2,195
3,315
3,655
Chemical elements and compounds
175
250
545
470
525
565
670
825
Fertilizers, manufactured
65
390
980
755
580
585
985
885
Manufactured goods
690
2,190
4,575
4,000
4,195
5,785
7,610
10,845
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up
articles, and products
40
90
845
1,575
1,160
1,120
1,530
2,100
Iron and steel
390
1,475
2,235
1,320
1,870
3,300
4,200
5,865
Nonferrous metals
200
395
420
165
430
745
905
1,315
Machinery and transport equipment
405
2,010
5,350
4,595
3,280
4,185
7,620
16,375
Machinery, other than electric
190
985
2,790
2,545
1,405
1,790
3,000
6,825
Electric machinery
30
190
1,070
1,345
820
1,190
2,425
4,715
Transport equipment
190
835
1,490
705
1,055
1,205
2,200
4,835
Miscellaneous manufactured goods
25
75
485
595
670
895
1,510
2,445
Other
NEGL
25
170
190
145
240b
380b
600b
a Data are f.o.b. and rounded to the nearest $5 million.
b Including beverages and tobacco.
109
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Table 77
Cuban Foreign Trade a
Million US $
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Non-Communist
Countries
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
Other b
1965
Exports
Imports
691
866
529
649
323
428
103
98
103
123
162
217
1970
Exports
Imports
1,050
1,311
778
905
529
691
150
125
99
89
272
406
1975
Exports
Imports
3,572
3,767
2,401
1,935
2,011
1,513
279
304
111
118
1,171
1,832
1979
Exports
Imports
4,829
5,089
3,967
4,205
3,271
3,468
511
580
185
157
862
884
1980
Exports
Imports
5,593
6,409
3,922
4,983
3,177
3,989
569
826
176
168
1,671
1,426
1981
Exports
Imports
5,406
6,546
4,063
5,260
3,018
4,139
730
918
315
203
1,343
1,286
1982
Exports
Imports
5,928
6,645
5,008
5,886
3,956
4,507
666
1,082
386
297
920
759
1983
Exports
Imports
6,416
7,235
5,521
6,261
4,494
4,931
746
1,120
281
209
895
974
1984
Exports
Imports
6,174
8,213
5,530
6,906
4,451
5,448
826
1,136
253
322
644
1,307
1985
Exports
Imports
6,503
8,677
5,786
7,302
4,868
5,840
722
1,133
196
329
717
1,375
1986
Exports
Imports
6,290
9,650
5,700
8,400
4,850
7,000
670
1,080
180
320
590
1,250
a Exports are on an f.o.b. basis; imports are on a c.i.f. basis.
Cuban trade with non-Communist countries is based on
hard currency world prices while its Communist country
trade uses soft currency negotiated prices which are fre-
quently subsidized in Cuba's favor and do not reflect real
market values. The result is a more favorable global trade
balance than if Cuba conducted all of its trade at world
market prices.
110
b Including data for China, Mongolia, North Korea, Viet-
nam, Yugoslavia, and Albania.
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Table 78
Cuban Exports a
Million US $
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total
691
1,050
3,572
5,593
5,928
6,416
6,174
6,503
6,290
Sugar
591
806
3,209
4,677
4,560
4,730
4,663
4,851
4,750
Raw and refined
579
785
3,183
4,624
4,526
4,717
4,625
4,818
NA
Molasses
12
21
26
53
34
13
38
33
NA
Minerals
50
175
169
270
347
360
340
360
400
Nickel
40
173
164
260
339
352
329
321
NA
Other
10
2
5
10
8
8
11
39
NA
Tobacco
33
33
63
51
124
119
64
100
100
Raw
19
15
22
8
54
37
21
43
NA
Manufactured
14
18
41
43
70
82
43
57
NA
Foodstuffs b
5
29
131
255
312
372
280
384
400
Fish and shellfish
3
19
63
124
117
122
104
128
150
Citrus
1
3
14
58
118
137
134
156
150
Other c
12
7
NEGL
340
585
835
827
808
640
a Exports are f.o.b.
b Excluding sugar and sugar products.
c Includes reexports of petroleum imports.
Table 79
Cuban Imports a
Million US $
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total
866
1,311
3,767
6,409
6,645
7,235
8,213
8,677
9,650
Food and live animals, beverage, tobacco, oil, fats
205
263
718
1,093
1,001
914
935
949
NA
Crude materials, except fuels
25
61
145
278
258
229
307
336
NA
Mineral fuels, lubricants
85
114
377
1,311
1,807
2,160
2,522
2,881
NA
Chemicals
46
77
212
426
361
483
502
479
NA
Manufactures
153
130
464
884
913
867
1,100
1,090
NA
Basic manufactured machinery and transport equipment
133
368
911
2,253
2,097
2,213
2,501
2,621
NA
Miscellaneous manufactured articles
NEGL
NEGL
1
164
208
262
248
223
NA
Other b
219
298
939
107
98
98
NA
a Imports are c.i.f.
b Some of the imports reported in the other category through
1978 probably could be included in "manufactures" or
"basic manufactured machinery and transport equipment".
Sources: Anuario Estadistico de Cuba (various issues),
various National Bank of Cuba publications.
111
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Table 80
Communist Economic Aid to Less Developed Countries,
Extensions and Drawings a
Million US $
Total
USSR
Eastern Europe
China
Extended
Drawn
Extended
Drawn
Extended
Drawn
Extended
Drawn
Total
62,055
30,955
37,685
17,670
17,015
8,005
7,355
5,280
1954-76
25,290
11,640
13,390
6,835
7,360
2,590
4,540
2,215
1977
1,205
1,340
435
555
550
505
220
280
1978
4,870
1,250
3,000
520
1,620
430
250
305
1979
4,625
1,175
3,800
620
645
310
175
245
1980
4,470
1,560
2,620
955
1,330
330
520
275
1981
1,825
1,750
845
925
895
510
85
310
1982
2,085
2,410
1,420
1,350
625
690
35
375
1983
3,925
2,740
3,185
1,645
410
720
330
375
1984
5,930
2,535
3,120
1,510
2,070
725
735
300
1985
3,870
2,320
2,905
1,450
720
575
245
300
1986
3,955
2,225
2,960
1,305
780
625
215
300
a Data rounded to the nearest $5 million.
Table 81
Communist Arms Transfers to Less Developed Countries,
Agreements and Deliveries a
Million US $
Total Deliveries
USSR Deliveries
Eastern Europe
China
Agreements
Deliveries
Agreements
Deliveries
Total
191,695
165,275
18,810
16,020
13,560
10,400
1954-76
34,330
29,400
3,000
2,075
2,995
2,855
1977
7,465
7,000
650
355
110
110
1978
9,215
8,500
560
550
235
165
1979
15,285
14,500
750
645
215
140
1980
14,875
13,900
905
690
445
285
1981
16,000
14,200
2,665
1,390
3,015
410
1982
19,280
15,950
1,960
2,135
1,840
1,195
1983
19,680
16,585
1,655
1,535
830
1,560
1984
20,295
16,005
1,700
2,255
335
2,035
1985
16,865
13,670
2,940
2,615
830
580
1986
18,405
15,565
2,025
1,775
2,710
1,065
a Data rounded to the nearest $5 million. Data for the Less Developed Countries includes Cuba.
112
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Table 82
Soviet Economic Aid Extended to Less Developed
Countries, by Recipient
Million US $
1954-86
1985
1986
1954-86
1985
1986
Total
37,683
2,903
2,962
Zambia
30
Africa
9,548
583
108
Other
306
12
6
Algeria
1,937
340
East Asia
261
Angola
946
25
7
Indonesia
214
Burkina
6
NEGL
NEGL
Other
47
Cameroon
8
Latin America
3,461
296
613
Central African Republic
3
Argentina
390
Congo
74
Bolivia
204
NEGL
1
Equatorial Guinea
4
NEGL
Brazil
708
300
Ethiopia
1,298
NEGL
Nicaragua
1,268
296
312
Ghana
110
NEGL
Other
891
1
Guinea
406
7
Middle East and South Asia
24,412
2,024
2,241
Madagascar
270
93
69
Afghanistan
3,451
325
100
Mauritania
34
16
Bangladesh
515
82
NA
Morocco
2,098
Egypt
1,439
Mozambique
337
90
26
India
6,548
1,200
2,126
Nigeria
1,207
NA
Iran
1,164
Senegal
8
NEGL
Iraq
2,726
Sierra Leone
35
NEGL
North Yemen
197
Somalia
164
Pakistan
1,210
Sudan
65
Sri Lanka
100
Tanzania
44
NA
Syria
1,916
Tunisia
123
Turkey
3,399
Uganda
35
NEGL
Other
1,747
418
15
113
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Table 83
East European Economic Aid Extended to the
Less Developed Countries, by Recipient
Million US $
1954-86
1985
1986
1954-86
1985
1986
Total
17,016
722
779
Brazil
781
Africa
4,806
448
554
Ecuador
27
8
Algeria
974
200
Nicaragua
588
94
14
Ethiopia
561
73
50
Peru
265
12
Ghana
149
NA
Uruguay
31
Guinea
130
Venezuela
10
Morocco
234
20
Other
776
11
Nigeria
741
170
67
Middle East and South Asia
8,536
160
193
Somalia
41
NEGL
Afghanistan
214
NEGL
4
Sudan
386
117
Bangladesh
688
2
Tanzania
87
Egypt
1,828
100
Tunisia
284
India
432
Zambia
166
Iran
686
Other
1,052
205
100
Iraq
493
East Asia
688
6
Lebanon
9
Burma
213
North Yemen
38
NA
Indonesia
367
Pakistan
729
58
Philippines
80
6
South Yemen
169
Other
28
6
Sri Lanka
93
Latin America
2,986
114
25
Syria
1,759
15
Argentina
298
Turkey
1,388
160
15
Bolivia
99
NEGL
Other
10
Colombia
111
114
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.
Table 84
Chinese Economic Aid Extended to the
Less Developed Countries, by Recipient
Million US $
1956-86
1985
1986
1956-86
1985
1986
Total
7,355
243
215
Uganda
42
Africa
4,287
166
193
Zaire
188
50
Algeria
92
Zambia
351
6
Benin
56
NEGL
Other
512
23
31
Burkina
61
1
NEGL
East Asia
464
12
Burundi
125
10
54
Burma
241
1
Cameroon
106
2
NA
Indonesia
47
Central African Republic
29
Philippines
31
Chad
68
NEGL
Other
145
11
Congo
199
Latin America
289
52
9
Ethiopia
143
3
1
Guyana
38
Ghana
58
NEGL
Nicaragua
22
20
3
Guinea
144
11
Peru
42
Kenya
77
13
Other
187
32
6
Madagascar
144
50
5
Middle East and South Asia
2,269
14
12
Mali
143
1
9
Afghanistan
76
Mauritania
189
1
NEGL
Bangladesh
124
4
Mauritius
47
12
Egypt
193
Mozambique
89
4
Iraq
45
Niger
58
1
Nepal
313
10
11
Rwanda
56
North Yemen
130
Senegal
53
NEGL
Pakistan
960
1
Sierra Leone
94
1
15
South Yemen
96
Somalia
220
17
Sri Lanka
222
Sudan
208
32
Syria
70
Tanzania
592
1
5
Other
40
Togo
46
Europe
45
Tunisia
97
Malta
45
115
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Table 85
Soviet Economic Aid Extended to Communist Countries a
Million US $
1954-85
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total 128,765
17,995
20,755
15,680
10,025
8,800
7,805
Eastern Europe 68,465
12,500
14,100
9,000
3,800
2,300
1,100
East Asia 10,780
1,195
1,265
1,130
1,080
1,095
1,275
North Korea 1,450
260
145
130
40
55
95
Vietnam 9,330
935
1,120
1,000
1,040
1,040
1,180
Other 49,520
4,300
5,390
5,550
5,145
5,405
5,430
Cuba 38,440
3,465
4,560
4,665
4,260
4,620
4,545
Mongolia 11,085
835
830
885
885
785
885
a Data are rounded to the nearest $5 million.
Table 86
USSR: Economic Assistance to Cuba a
Million US $
1961-85
1975
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total 42,155
1,065
2,945
3,180
3,465
4,560
4,665
4,260
4,620
4,545
Development aid b 11,450
150
320
460
830
1,415
975
1,070
1,000
895
Trade subsidies 30,705
915
2,625
2,720
2,635
3,145
3,690
3,190
3,620
3,650
Sugar c 23,570
575
2,425
2,325
1,165
1,365
2,580
2,740
3,420
3,550
Petroleum a 6,690
310
165
380
1,480
1,655
1,005
345
100
0
Nickel 445
30
35
15
-10
120
105
105
100
100
a Based on official Cuban and Soviet trade data. Data
rounded to the nearest $5 million.
b Based on (a) estimated balance-of-payments aid necessary
to cover Cuban trade deficits with the USSR; (b) Cuban
purchases of capital goods from Moscow; and (c) public
statements by Cuban and Soviet officials concerning the
amount of development aid extended. This aid is repayable,
but terms are highly concessional.
Sugar and nickel subsidies are estimated as the difference
between the price Moscow pays for these commodities and
their world market value. The difference is considered a
grant and not subject to repayment.
d The petroleum subsidy reflects the difference between the
value of petroleum purchased from the USSR and the value
of these imports at world market prices. It is considered a
grant and not subject to repayment.
116
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Table 87
Arms Transfers to Non-Communist Less Developed Countries,
by Selected Western Supplier, 1974-84
Million US $
France
Italy
United Kingdom
West Germany
Total
18,525
5,090
8,350
5,790
Africa
3,200
1,500
900
1,500
Algeria
50
150
150
300
Libya
800
675
15
400
Morocco
1,050
50
0
5
Nigeria
275
220
375
310
Sudan
30
10
20
270
Tunisia
130
70
5
20
East Asia
375
320
350
300
China (Taiwan)
5
0
0
0
Indonesia
200
5
150
160
South Korea
15
5
10
30
Thailand
10
230
65
5
Latin America
1,750
1,400
550
1,750
Argentina
335
180
150
1,360
Brazil
80
120
240
0
Chile
600
0
25
140
Ecuador
430
270
45
0
Peru
250
140
0
240
Venezuela
5
600
10
0
Middle East
12,600
1,750
5,600
2,000
Egypt
1,300
375
580
210
Iran
50
450
60
50
Iraq
5,400
530
300
750
Israel
Jordan
1,000
0
1,200
5
Kuwait
100
110
50
220
Oman
40
10
630
70
Qatar
650
0
310
0
Saudi Arabia
3,500
225
2,000
525
Syria
200
0
180
40
United Arab Emirates
340
30
250
110
South Asia
600
120
950
240
India
80
80
925
40
Pakistan
500
40
10
190
117
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Table 88
Gross Official Bilateral Capital
Flows to the Less Developed Countries a
Million US $
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total
32,210
41,779
44,196
54,370
51,221
53,150
51,351
51,508
45,977
Development Assistance Committee b
24,803
32,399
35,369
43,221
40,946
44,849
43,135
44,428
40,127
United States
7,079
8,632
8,023
10,953
9,530
12,510
11,419
12,602
12,718
France
3,243
4,088
4,866
6,037
5,727
5,425
5,191
6,010
5,618
West Germany
2,729
3,654
5,090
6,183
5,011
4,750
4,833
4,771
5,082
United Kingdom
1,396
1,925
2,780
2,739
3,246
2,659
2,204
2,059
2,116
Japan
4,266
6,255
5,792
7,026
8,337
9,177
9,627
8,350
6,994
Other developed countries c
6,090
7,845
8,818
10,283
9,095
10,328
9,861
10,636
7,599
OPEC d
6,067
8,130
7,652
9,589
8,525
5,891
5,476
4,545
3,530
Communist countries
1,340
1,250
1,175
1,560
1,750
2,410
2,740
2,535
2,320
USSR
555
520
620
955
925
1,350
1,645
1,510
1,450
Eastern Europe
505
425
310
330
510
690
720
725
575
China
280
305
245
275
310
375
375
300
300
a Total gross official capital flows include official develop-
ment assistance, which is concessional, and other official
flows, which are less concessional or are primarily trade
facilitating in character.
b Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development.
c Including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
Finland, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Sweden, and Switzerland. Disbursements by all donors to
China and Yugoslavia are excluded.
118
d Official development assistance-data for other official
flows are not available for OPEC.
e Data rounded to the nearest $5 million.
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Table 89
Net Financial Flows to the Less Developed Countries a
Billion US $
Net Disbursements
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Total
57.5
78.1
83.0
85.2
100.8
90.4
75.8
88.3
48.3
Official flows
26.2
34.5
34.9
44.8
43.6
43.8
40.8
42.1
37.6
Bilateral
20.4
27.5
28.7
35.8
36.1
34.5
31.7
32.9
30.2
Industrial countries
13.3
18.4
19.5
23.5
24.7
25.9
23.4
25.7
25.4
OPEC b
5.9
7.8
7.4
9.7
8.4
5.8
5.4
4.5
3.5
Communist countries c
1.2
1.3
1.8
2.6
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.7
1.3
Multilateral
5.8
7.0
6.2
9.0
7.5
9.3
9.1
9.2
7.4
Private flows
31.3
43.6
48.1
40.4
57.2
46.6
35.0
46.2
10.7
Net disbursements. Official flows consist of Official Devel-
opment Assistance (ODA) and Other Official Flows (00F).
Private flows consist of direct investment, private export
credits, and portfolio investment.
b Gross flows of ODA, other official flows are not available.
c Members of the Council for Mutual Economic Coopera-
tion (CEMA).
119
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Table 90
US Economic Loans and Grants Extended
to the Less Developed Countries a
Million US $
1946-86 b
1975c
1980c
1982c
1983c
1984c
1985 c
1986 c
Total
165,169
4,548
7,570
8,040
8,564
9,007
12,311
10,036
Africa
15,000
335
800
954
971
1,165
1,591
1,202
Ethiopia
573
24
15
2
3
10
87
78
Ghana
506
8
28
17
7
20
25
24
Liberia
689
16
24
66
63
66
69
59
Morocco
1,489
24
27
63
54
84
106
85
Mozambique
172
19
1
10
18
39
32
Somalia
620
5
...
56
70
82
83
69
Tanzania
351
40
25
20
8
6
9
3
Tunisia
1,053
13
29
17
19
18
30
39
Zaire
948
5
26
24
30
46
61
72
Other
8,599
200
607
688
707
815
1,082
741
East Asia
25,703
494
407
277
286
308
426
618
Burma
199
7
14
19
15
20
16
Indonesia
3,428
90
196
91
111
116
114
102
Philippines
3,053
68
83
107
103
106
240
399
South Korea
6,063
37
31
Thailand
952
7
30
36
29
42
42
38
Other
12,008
292
60
29
24
29
10
63
Latin America
19,510
520
498
840
1,161
1,217
1,892
1,490
Bolivia
1,048
26
30
20
63
78
51
75
Brazil
2,447
15
2
1
NEGL
1
1
Chile
1,198
96
10
7
3
2
1
1
Colombia
1,406
28
23
3
4
8
11
12
Costa Rica
1,099
4
16
52
214
170
220
163
Dominican Republic
1,216
12
56
82
63
98
171
102
Ecuador
501
8
12
23
27
29
52
60
El Salvador
1,778
4
58
182
246
216
434
323
Guatemala
751
14
13
16
30
20
107
117
120
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Table 90 (continued)
US Economic Loans and Grants Extended
, to the Less Developed Countries a
Million US $
1946-86b
1975c
1980c
1982c
1983c
1984c
1985.
1986c
Mexico
385
NEGL
7
9
8
8
11
12
Panama
570
21
2
13
7
12
74
33
Peru
1,195
16
53
55
94
165
79
58
Other
5,916
276
216
377
402
411
680
533
Middle East and South Asia
58,702
1,786
2,802
2,958
2,987
3,093
4,470
4,331
Afghanistan
550
21
3
9
Bangladesh
2,205
304
157
172
172
193
205
185
Egypt
13,082
370
1,166
1,065
1,005
1,104
1,292
1,293
India
11,415
249
222
222
210
213
191
197
Israel
12,700
353
786
806
785
910
1,950
1,898
Jordan
1,683
99
73
15
20
20
100
95
Pakistan
6,552
181
59
200
279
307
339
356
Sri Lanka
926
38
60
71
80
76
67
66
Turkey
4,217
4
198
301
286
140
176
120
Other
5,372
167
81
106
150
130
147
112
Europe and Oceania
2,406
95
94
48
39
59
106
92
Spain
1,120
3
7
22
12
12
12
Other
1,286
92
87
26
27
47
94
92
Interregional
43,848
1,318
2,969
2,963
3,120
3,165
3,826
2,303
a Data are for fiscal years and are for official development
b Data are reported on a net basis, excluding total c Data reported are on a gross basis.
assistance, which is concessional. deobligations.
121
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Table 91
US Military Deliveries to the Less Developed Countries a
Million US $
1975-86
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total
85,582
7,324
7,546
7,563
5,973
6,965
8,579
10,715
7,778
7,156
6,161
North Africa and
the Middle East
63,257
5,609
6,121
6,203
4,324
5,052
6,500
8,685
5,612
4,879
3,830
Egypt
4,460
12
57
193
209
207
1,066
1,037
348
669
661
Iran
10,182
2,555
2,065
2,519
7
0
0
0
0
2
0
Israel
9,719
1,091
948
515
853
1,308
1,122
459
495
717
423
Jordan
1,943
112
178
126
277
221
193
344
100
151
71
Kuwait
979
157
191
74
79
67
92
78
66
48
92
Lebanon
576
NEGL
10
11
17
14
39
191
221
53
13
Morocco
818
55
99
142
69
128
64
67
77
55
39
North Yemen
324
22
27
70
72
49
40
17
10
12
3
Oman
108
1
1
1
8
18
34
26
8
5
3
Saudi Arabia
32,597
1,594
2,535
2,500
2,640
3,005
3,782
6,092
3,681
2,992
2,407
Tunisia
466
6
2
45
11
24
16
26
140
161
30
Other
1,085
4
8
7
82
10
52
348
466
14
88
Sub-Saharan Africa
1,045
99
111
38
53
72
160
96
122
83
122
Cameroon
42
8
3
NEGL
3
1
3
4
12
NEGL
7
Kenya
163
1
47
8
4
28
25
21
6
8
14
Liberia
43
NEGL
0
2
1
1
1
10
7
10
10
Nigeria
110
4
10
9
11
11
13
7
10
3
2
Somalia
94
0
0
0
0
0
14
21
23
21
15
Sudan
313
0
32
8
22
23
94
14
44
22
54
Zaire
89
9
12
7
10
7
7
8
5
11
8
Other
191
77
7
4
2
1
3
11
15
8
12
122
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Table 91 (continued)
US Military Deliveries to the Less Developed Countries a
Million US $
1975-86
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Latin America
2,751
211
125
122
139
101
239
233
331
493
394
Argentina
151
13
24
36
12
11
10
7
4
5
7
Brazil
319
14
12
16
15
15
14
29
21
15
32
Chile
148
57
11
15
10
0
0
0
0
1
1
Colombia
104
8
4
8
5
12
21
12
14
9
7
Ecuador
140
10
24
9
11
8
13
31
10
5
11
El Salvador
433
NEGL
1
NEGL
2
13
59
47
85
117
108
Mexico
157
6
3
2
4
5
76
31
4
10
13
Peru
164
31
18
16
15
10
11
9
4
4.
5
Venezuela
734
52
10
14
20
22
30
43
146
257
85
Other
401
20
18
6
45
5
5
24
43
70
125
Asia
16,406
1,200
1,068
1,082
1,329
1,504
1,390
1,525
1,540
1,464
1,585
India
115
10
11
11
9
5
6
6
19
11
14
Indonesia
501
37
22
30
117
77
29
41
26
44
22
Malaysia
439
44
66
22
24
58
29
51
40
25
29
Pakistan
1,801
44
53
63
57
89
151
261
518
379
156
Philippines
486
50
54
38
56
33
53
32
22
30
43
Singapore
696
22
14
91
29
75
44
105
49
45
187
South Korea
4,589
272
508
474
497
432
404
331
314
303
489
Taiwan
3,988
194
214
227
269
442
467
510
356
476
481
Thailand
1,725
54
113
98
248
271
171
183
190
144
132
Other
2,066
473
13
28
23
22
36
5
6
7
32
Europe
2,123
205
121
118
128
236
290
176
173
237
230
Portugal
430
4
25
11
20
24
88
33
70
111
40
Spain
1,693
201
96
107
108
212
202
143
103
126
190
a Fiscal years. Including deliveries under the following pro-
grams: (1) Military Assistance Program grants under the
various Mutual Security Acts; (2) Foreign Military Sales,
which consist of US-financed arms, US-guaranteed private
arms credits, and US-approved commercial sales; and (3)
Military assistance excess stocks, which involved surplus
equipment that has been valued at 33 percent of the original
acquisition value.
123
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Table 92
Military Personnel From Non-Communist Less Developed Countries
Trained in Communist Countries, 1955-86 a
Number of persons
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
China
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
China
Total
97,040
77,885
15,390
3,765
East Asia
9,300
7,590
1,710
Africa
37,345
26,665
7,775
2,905
Cambodia
30
30
North Africa
14,055
9,130
4,910
15
Indonesia
9,270
7,560
1,710
Algeria
3,780
2,995
770
15
Latin America
2,920
1,840
1,080
Libya
10,130
6,060
4,070
Nicaragua
2,005
925
1,080
Morocco
145
75
70
Peru
910
910
Sub-Saharan
23,290
17,535
2,865
2,890
Other
5
5
Angola
3,260
3,155
105
Middle East
29,190
24,865
3,955
370
Benin
120
120
NA
Egypt
6,390
5,665
675
50
Congo
1,665
755
495
415
Iran
875
315
530
30
Equatorial Guinea
200
200
Iraq
5,810
4,510
1,130
170
Ethiopia
3,280
2,560
720
NA
North Yemen
4,510
4,510
Ghana
395
220
175
South Yemen
1,785
1,595
90
100
Guinea
1,495
1,030
105
360
Syria
9,615
8,100
1,515
Mali
1,100
975
75
50
Other
205
170
15
20
Mozambique
580
400
130
50
South Asia
18,285
16,925
870
490
Nigeria
1,255
1,080
175
Afghanistan
12,425
11,725
700
Somalia
2,635
2,395
210
30
Bangladesh
485
445
40
Sudan
610
330
20
260
India
4,870
4,700
170
Tanzania
3,230
2,145
60
1,025
Pakistan
490
45
NA
445
Zambia
685
490
135
60
Sri Lanka
15
10
5
Other
2,780
1,680
460
640
a Data refer to the minimum number of persons departing for
training. Data rounded to nearest 5.
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Table 93
Military Personnel From the Non-Communist Less Developed Countries
Trained in Communist Countries, 1986 a
Number of persons
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
China
Total
USSR
Eastern China
Europe
Total
10,465
6,935
3,530
Mozambique
1,000
NA
1,000
Africa
5,930
3,335
2,595
Nigeria
240
140
100
North Africa
1,910
970
940
East Asia
Algeria
110
100
10
Latin America
1,200
400
800
Libya
1,800
870
930
Nicaragua
1,200
400
800
Sub-Saharan Africa
4,020
2,365
1,655
Middle East
6,001
500
100
Angola
1,500
1,400
100
Iraq
300
200
100
Congo
405
220
185
North Yemen
200
200
Ethiopia
680
480
200
South Yemen
100
100
Ghana
75
5
70
South Asia
2,735
2,700
35
Guinea
55
55
Afghanistan
2,025
2,000
25
Guinea-Bissau
NA
NA
India
710
700
10
Mali
65
65
Data refer to the minimum number of persons departing for training.
Data rounded to the nearest five persons.
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Table 94
Communist Economic and Military Technicians
in Less Developed Countries, by Country, 1986 a
Number of persons
Economic
Military
USSR and
Eastern Europe
China
USSR and
Eastern Europe
China
Total
122,745
46,820
20,795
375
Africa
78,830
8,380
7,960
220
North Africa
64,150
1,975
3,325
Algeria
17,150
450
1,065
Libya
44,000
50
2,260
NA
Mauritania
50
400
Morocco
2,325
75
Tunisia
625
1,000b
Other
Sub-Saharan
14,680
6,405
4,635
220
Angola
2,475
150
1,200
100
Congo
2,350
35
80
10
Ethiopia
1,700
Gabon
15
100
Ghana
70
60
Guinea
620
75
70
Guinea-Bissau
210
150
70
Kenya
95
125
Madagascar
170
625
55
Mali
505
250
60
5
Mozambique
1,400
150
950
Niger
25
125
Nigeria
4,880
100
50
Rwanda
10
600
NA
Sao Tome/Principe
150
15
150
Senegal
50
100
Sierra Leone
10
35
Somalia
1,000
20
Sudan
105
400
20
5
Tanzania
110
550
90
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Table 94 (continued)
Communist Economic and Military Technicians
in Less Developed Countries, by Country, 1986 a
Number of persons
Economic
Military
USSR and
Eastern Europe
China
USSR and
Eastern Europe
China
Zambia
315
100
100
Other
1,115
1,660
40
80
East Asia
255
115
3,100
Europe
10
225
Latin America
1,465
200
400
Bolivia
40
Brazil
120
Colombia
60
60
Nicaragua
695
300
Peru
90
10
100
Uruguay
10
Other
450
130
Middle East
34,200
37,425
5,700
115
Iran
1,500 b
100
Iraq
15,625
17,000
1,100
50
North Yemen
650
6,000
350
South Yemen
3,250
1,100
Syria
5,500
15
3,000
Other
7,675
14,410
50
65
South Asia
7,985
475
3,635
40
Afghanistan
5,225
3,025
Bangladesh
95
100
10
40
India
1,600
600
Nepal
15
225
Pakistan
955
100
Sri Lanka
90
50
Other
5
Minimum estimates of number present for one month or more. Data rounded to the nearest five persons.
b Most of these technicians departed by the end of the year.
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Table 95
Academic, Technical, and Military Trainees Departing
From Less Developed Countries for Training in Communist Countries,
by Area of Destination a
Number of persons
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total trainees
19,030
20,700
22,990
26,900
29,475
35,990
34,430
USSR and Eastern Europe
18,965
20,610
22,760
26,495
29,065
35,465
34,155
China
65
90
230
405
410
525
275
Academic trainees
13,865
13,530
12,825
14,995
16,820
19,355
16,555
USSR and Eastern Europe
13,815
13,480
12,470
14,795
16,695
19,085
16,280
China
50
50
85
200
125
270
275
Technical trainees
2,975
3,745
5,110
5,715
5,565
6,850
7,410
USSR and Eastern Europe
2,975
3,745
5,035
5,665
5,540
6,850
7,410
China
75
50
25
Military trainees
2,190
3,425
5,055
6,190
7,090
9,785
10,465
USSR and Eastern Europe
2,175
3,385
4,985
6,035
6,830
9,530
10,465
China
15
40
70
155
260
255
Data rounded to the nearest five persons. Data are for
persons departing for training and not necessarily those
completing training.
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Energy
Page
Table 96.
Table 97.
Table 98.
Table 99.
Table 100.
Table 101.
Table 102.
Table 103.
Table 104.
Table 105.
Table 106.
Table 107.
Table 108.
Table 109.
Table 110.
Table 111.
Primary Energy Production
Primary Energy Consumption
Primary Energy Production, by Type
Proved Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
Crude Oil Production
Crude Oil Refining Capacity
Oil Consumption
Major Exporters of Oil
Major Importers of Oil
Imports of Crude Oil and Refined Products by the OECD Countries
Natural Gas Production
Hard Coal Production
Brown Coal and Lignite Production
Electricity Production
Installed Electricity Generating Capacity
Installed Nuclear Electricity Generating Capacity
130
131
132
133
134
135
135
136
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
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Table 96
Primary Energy Production a
Thousand barrels per day of oil equivalent
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
21,143
30,819
31,071
30,154
32,162
32,567
32,187
30,847
33,035
32,740
32,111
Canada
1,750
3,709
4,942
4,678
5,258
4,840
4,821
5,028
5,467
5,840
5,762
Japan
1,017
1,028
774
874
1,076
1,178
1,237
1,266
1,297
1,488
1,534
Norway
158
298
405
589
1,297
1,424
1,467
1,646
1,761
1,813
1,889
European Community
7,230
7,560
8,150
8,680
10,700
10,900
11,500
12,000
11,800
12,900
13,200
France
1,082
1,026
860
899
983
1,129
1,347
1,520
1,726
1,830
1,955
Netherlands
216
648
1,349
1,702
1,754
1,713
1,363
1,342
1,379
1,489
1,383
United Kingdom
2,693
2,348
2,453
2,571
4,125
4,242
4,715
4,991
4,350
4,988
5,207
West Germany
2,503
2,495
2,400
2,357
2,484
2,523
2,595
2,510
2,590
2,781
2,656
Other countries
Indonesia
428
873
1,364
1,359
1,920
1,933
1,693
1,820
2,079
1,892
1,942
Iran
1,126
3,920
6,267
5,802
3,564
1,819
2,446
2,717
2,459
2,533
2,208
Kuwait
1,766
3,138
3,171
2,225
2,773
1,830
925
1,192
1,245
1,166
1,641
Mexico
445
825
944
1,226
2,244
2,914
3,720
3,628
3,681
3,614
3,092
Saudi Arabia
1,405
3,929
7,763
7,312
10,046
10,469
7,100
5,538
5,091
3,865
5,587
Venezuela
2,940
3,945
3,717
2,690
2,784
2,538
2,310
2,215
2,253
2,063
2,048
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
13,100
22,400
25,100
27,700
32,600
33,200
34,700
35,600
36,800
37,800
39,000
USSR
9,250
17,074
19,541
21,906
26,298
27,029
28,487
29,193
30,220
31,085
32,330
Eastern Europe
3,870
5,280
5,550
5,840
6,300
6,180
6,230
6,370
6,540
6,680
6,700
Bulgaria
109
151
133
143
172
181
206
214
215
212
227
Czechoslovakia
761
906
898
907
967
963
950
971
977
991
987
East Germany
1,027
1,172
1,105
1,126
1,202
1,213
1,277
1,301
1,372
1,475
1,471
Hungary
207
277
276
270
286
278
288
292
309
322
311
Poland
1,278
1,895
2,133
2,294
2,586
2,446
2,363
2,417
2,467
2,487
2,514
Romania
487
879
1,009
1,096
1,084
1,102
1,149
1,179
1,204
1,195
1,187
Other
China
4,103
4,196
5,418
6,602
8,742
8,628
9,042
9,650
10,541
11,582
11,698
North Korea
120
365
435
455
635
725
770
800
820
830
860
Yugoslavia
202
330
362
402
496
532
572
604
659
644
658
a Data are for coal, crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids,
hydroelectric and nuclear electric power expressed in terms of oil
equivalent, and exclude minor fuels such as peat, shale, and
fuelwood.
130
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Table 97
Primary Energy Consumption a
Thousand barrels per day of oil equivalent
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
37,800
63,000
71,900
68,900
78,500
76,200
71,700
72,000
74,600
75,900
United States
20,628
31,810
35,372
33,817
38,401
37,125
34,566
34,602
35,952
36,117
Canada
1,960
3,067
3,575
3,755
4,437
4,498
4,274
4,266
4,478
4,672
Japan
1,931
5,746
7,113
6,909
7,695
7,524
7,075
7,154
7,621
7,655
Norway
186
361
408
411
496
489
483
515
534
535
European Community
11,300
18,400
21,100
19,700
22,600
21,700
20,300
20,400
20,900
21,500
Belgium b
588
939
1,080
975
1,086
1,034
921
904
941
968
France
1,840
3,103
3,701
3,426
3,980
3,964
3,728
3,777
3,871
3,991
Italy
1,058
2,383
2,787
2,660
2,995
2,939
2,792
2,774
2,834
2,873
Netherlands
487
1,171
1,496
1,412
1,592
1,506
1,282
1,318
1,374
1,418
Spain
433
872
1,137
1,238
1,483
1,468
1,444
1,480
1,506
1,529
United Kingdom
3,506
4,259
4,523
4,107
4,453
4,075
3,916
3,900
3,894
4,098
West Germany
2,960
4,809
5,397
4,880
5,787
5,548
5,100
5,103
5,294
5,427
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
12,300
20,800
23,900
26,000
30,400
31,100
31,900
32,600
33,900
35,500
USSR
8,499
14,871
17,183
18,832
22,148
22,729
23,729
24,365
25,548
26,750
Eastern Europe
3,790
5,950
6,670
7,120
8,300
8,380
8,210
8,240
8,350
8,720
Bulgaria
131
391
476
527
651
668
690
697
709
715
Czechoslovakia
798
1,136
1,244
1,300
1,484
1,466
1,437
1,456
1,498
1,517
East Germany
1,166
1,491
1,554
1,586
1,801
1,827
1,793
1,800
1,848
1,978
Hungary
270
431
475
509
606
602
598
594
611
648
Poland
1,050
1,653
1,892
2,078
2,454
2,479
2,368
2,347
2,292
2,420
Romania
376
844
1,031
1,125
1,305
1,338
1,320
1,343
1,393
1,444
Other
China
4,226
4,100
5,475
6,360
8,202
8,439
8,671
9,191
9,903
10,674
Yugoslavia
227
448
542
598
791
831
836
898
959
NA
a Data are for coal, crude oil, natural gas liquids, natural
gas, and hydroelectric and nuclear electricity expressed in
terms of oil equivalent. Data exclude minor fuels such as
peat, shale, and fuelwood and include marine bunkers.
b Including data for Luxembourg.
131
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Table 98
Primary Energy Production, by Type a
Thousand barrels per day of oil equivalent
1970
1980
1986
Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
OECD
United States
7,359
11,380
10,686
1,394
9,785
10,170
9,838
2,774
9,921
10,268
8,195
3,727
Canada
171
1,625
1,110
803
437
1,754
1,202
1,447
686
1,832
1,316
1,928
Japan
538
18
45
427
244
10
39
885
218
12
37
1,267
European Community
France
523
68
118
317
284
51
129
665
205
68
73
1,609
Netherlands
59
43
544
2
0
35
1,657
21
0
95
1,267
21
United Kingdom
1,992
2
194
160
1,762
1,639
629
212
1,461
2,643
770
333
West Germany
1,999
152
224
120
1,789
93
327
314
1,629
79
266
682
Other countries
Indonesia
2
855
10
6
5
1,596
319
13
20
1,290
617
15
Iran
7
3,870
35
8
10
1,672
122
15
10
1,944
239
15
Kuwait
0
3,050
88
0
0
1,759
71
0
0
1,570
71
0
Mexico
40
475
234
76
70
2,129
634
81
80
2,676
246
90
Saudi Arabia
0
3,890
39
0
0
10,272
197
0
0
5,426
161
0
Venezuela
1
3,753
170
21
0
2,225
239
74
0
1,646
327
75
Communist countries
USSR
6,077
7,058
3,279
660
6,652
12,031
7,172
1,174
7,000
12,300
11,340
1,690
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
125
7
8
12
116
3
3
53
125
6
0
96
Czechoslovakia
861
4
17
23
905
2
9
51
885
2
10
90
East Germany
1,150
1
10
12
1,082
1
53
84
1,330
1
50
90
Hungary
182
39
56
1
140
41
99
1
120
40
113
38
Poland
1,790
8
84
11
2,364
7
104
18
2,390
4
100
20
Romania
125
281
460
13
178
241
639
57
210
227
690
60
Other
China
3,350
602
71
172
5,932
2,113
254
329
8,365
2,620
243
470
North Korea
275
0
0
90
580
0
0
145
690
0
0
170
Yugoslavia
164
56
18
93
254
85
31
162
375
83
40
160
a Data are for coal, crude oil, (including natural gas liquids), pressed in terms of oil equivalent, and exclude minor fuels
natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear electric power ex- such as peat, shale, and fuelwood.
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Table 99
Proved Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas,
. and Coal, Yearend 1986 a
Crude Oil b Natural Gas b
(Billion barrels) (Trillion cubic
feet)
Coal e
(Million metric
tons)
Crude Oil b Natural Gas b
(Billion barrels) (Trillion cubic
feet)
Coal e
(Million metric
tons)
OECD
Other countries (continued)
United States
35 d
185
102,000
Nigeria
16
47
100
Canada
7d
100
4,900
Oman
4
8
Norway
10
103
NA
Qatar
3
152
0
European Community
Saudi Arabia
167
124
United Kingdom
9
33
14,000
South Africa
NEGL
NEGL
30,000
West Germany
NEGL
6
25,500
Syria
1
4
Other countries
United Arab Emirates
33
96
Algeria
9
106
NA
Venezuela
25
59
750
Brazil
2
3
900
Communist countries
Ecuador
2
4
0
USSR and Eastern Europe
Egypt
4
9
NEGL
USSR
5080e
1,200
173,800
India
4
18
16,650
Eastern Europe
Indonesia
8
49
2,600
Poland
NEGL
5
37,000
Iran
49
450
200
Romania
1
9
400
Iraq
47
28
Other
Kuwait
92
35
0
North Korea
0
0
10,000
Libya
21
21
0
Yugoslavia
NEGL
1
8,700
Mexico
55
77
1,000
a The portion of total resources which has been assessed as
being exploitable under local economic conditions and avail-
able technology.
b Sources for Non-Communist countries: Oil Energy Trends
and Oil and Gas Journal.
e Yearend 1984. Data are expressed in terms of coal equiva-
lent (7,000 kilocalories per kilogram) and include anthracite,
bituminous and subbituminous coal, and brown coal/lignite.
d For comparability, US and Canadian crude oil reserves
have been adjusted upward to include estimated NGL
reserves.
e The Soviets do not publish reserve statistics on oil. Most
recent published US and Western European estimates fall
within this range.
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Table 100
Crude Oil Production a
Thousand barrels per day
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
7,860
11,500
11,800
10,800
12,800
12,900
13,300
13,800
14,300
14,700
14,500
United States
7,055
9,648
9,208
8,375
8,550
8,597
8,658
8,680
8,735
8,933
8,668
Canada
526
1,305
1,800
1,439
1,496
1,424
1,270
1,356
1,411
1,457
1,472
Norway
0
0
32
189
403
528
518
614
700
785
841
European Community
221
267
225
232
1,780
1,840
2,360
2,620
2,870
2,920
2,920
United Kingdom
3
2
2
2
1,568
1,619
2,094
2,299
2,535
2,533
2,508
Other countries
Algeria
183
976
1,065
945
1,154
1,020
701
699
638
645
671
Indonesia
411
855
1,339
1,307
1,591
1,576
1,324
1,385
1,466
1,235
1,264
Iran
1,068
3,831
5,861
5,350
3,168
1,662
2,282
2,492
2,187
2,258
1,929
Iraq
1,004
1,563
2,018
2,262
3,477
2,514
972
922
1,203
1,437
1,725
Kuwait c
1,696
2,983
3,018
2,085
2,497
1,661
822
1,076
1,117
1,040
1,510
Libya
0
3,321
2,175
1,480
2,092
1,830
1,183
1,076
1,073
1,069
1,137
Mexico
271
420
465
705
1,461
1,936
2,746
2,666
2,746
2,733
2,431
Nigeria
17
1,090
2,054
1,783
2,302
2,058
1,298
1,241
1,393
1,464
1,461
Saudi Arabia C
1,315
3,789
7,600
7,075
9,535
9,903
6,486
5,062
4,649
3,468
5,101
United Arab Emirates
0
691
1,533
1,663
1,831
1,702
1,248
1,119
1,097
1,146
1,331
Venezuela
2,846
3,708
3,366
2,346
2,356
2,165
1,893
1,781
1,813
1,621
1,576
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
3,220
7,320
8,730
9,930
11,700
12,000
12,100
12,200
12,000
11,600
12,000
USSR
2,943
6,976
8,370
9,570
11,405
11,700
11,830
11,864
11,728
11,350
11,754
Eastern Europe
277
340
356
363
315
299
301
296
293
278
280
Bulgaria
4
7
4
2
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
Czechoslovakia
3
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
East Germany
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hungary
24
39
40
40
41
41
41
40
40
40
40
Poland
4
8
8
11
7
7
5
4
4
4
4
Romania
241
281
300
306
259
242
246
243
240
225
227
Other
Albania
15
30
34
37
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
China
102
602
1,138
1,542
2,123
2,113
2,042
2,121
2,280
2,496
2,613
Cuba
1
3
3
5
5
5
11
15
15
17
17
Yugoslavia
18
57
68
74
83
85
87
83
83
83
83
Unless otherwise indicated, data are for crude oil and
exclude natural gas liquids, shale oil, natural gasoline, and
synthetic crude oil.
b Including shale oil.
c Including about one-half of Neutral Zone production.
134
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,
Table 101
Crude Oil Refining Capacity,
1 January 1987
Thousand barrels per day
OECD
36,602
Indonesia
636
Trinidad and Tobago
300
United States
15,459
Iran
530
Virgin Islands
600
Australia
626
Iraq
318
Communist countries
Canada
1,760
Kuwait
618
USSR and Eastern Europe
13,469
Japan
4,790
Libya
329
USSR
11,000
European Community
12,267
Nigeria
250
Eastern Europe
2,469
Belgium
648
Qatar
62
Bulgaria
300
France
1,834
Saudi Arabia
1,125
Czechoslovakia
455
Italy
2,679
Venezuela
1,225
East Germany
470
Netherlands
1,401
Other
Hungary
242
Spain
1,305
Argentina
670
Poland
385
United Kingdom
1,780
Bahamas
350
Romania
617
West Germany
1,720
Brazil
1,321
Other
OPEC
5,847
Egypt
452
China
2,200
Abu Dhabi
185
India
991
Cuba
160
Algeria
465
Mexico
1,349
North Korea
42
Ecuador
88
Netherlands Antilles
320
Yugoslavia
483
Gabon
16
Singapore
961
Table 102
Oil Consumption
Thousand barrels per day
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States
9,795
14,695
17,310
16,320
18,515
17,055
15,295
15,230
15,725
15,725
16,140
Japan
590
4,000
5,390
4,965
5,500
5,000
4,505
4,330
4,490
4,195
4,210
Canada
835
1,485
1,755
1,660
1,850
1,815
1,575
1,425
1,445
1,350
1,435
Western Europe
4,010
12,400
14,700
13,000
14,200
13,300
11,800
11,500
11,400
11,300
11,700
Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
420
1,290
1,470
1,390
1,310
1,195
1,095
1,030
1,005
1,015
1,125
France
580
1,950
2,485
2,195
2,405
2,255
1,870
1,800
1,755
1,730
1,745
Italy
475
1,760
2,080
1,915
2,035
1,950
1,770
1,715
1,640
1,665
1,670
Spain a
120
540
760
890
1,050
1,060
1,000
1,000
825
810
805
United Kingdom
975
2,030
2,270
1,875
1,900
1,635
1,575
1,480
1,810
1,615
1,575
West Germany
660
2,570
2,985
2,565
2,905
2,605
2,230
2,205
2,205
2,240
2,375
Other
780
2,260
2,640
2,400
2,505
2,535
2,295
2,250
2,160
2,260
2,385
a Including the Canary Islands.
135
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Table 103
Major Exporters of Oil a
Thousand barrels per day
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Non-Communist countries b
United Arab Emirates
777
1,522
1,661
1,818
1,697
1,104
1,001
973
1,010
1,200
Algeria
985
1,029
940
1,031
868
607
554
483
495
520
Indonesia
725
1,167
1,095
1,270
1,197
868
910
949
740
800
Iran
3,519
5,424
4,886
2,580
952
1,644
1,920
1,576
1,700
1,500
Iraq
1,499
1,933
2,096
3,309
2,494
743
676
943
1,220
1,425
Kuwait c
2,831
2,847
1,991
2,372
1,551
669
907
955
930
1,380
Libya
3,313
2,210
1,478
2,051
1,776
1,050
958
947
1,040
1,015
Mexico
0
0
95
533
828
1,492
1,537
1,600
1,573
1,290
Nigeria
1,055
1,993
1,719
2,234
2,034
1,088
1,024
1,162
1,290
1,230
Saudi Arabia c
3,564
7,346
6,789
9,051
9,309
5,642
4,218
3,760
2,550
4,180
Venezuela
3,470
3,150
2,086
2,094
1,837
1,553
1,357
1,362
1,160
1,535
Communist countries
USSR d
1,920
2,380
2,600
3,280
3,280
3,390
3,670
3,670
3,370
3,650
a Including refined products.
b Excluding bunkers.
c Including one-half of neutral zone production.
d Gross basis.
Table 104
Major Importers of Oil
Thousand barrels per day
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
3,419
6,256
6,056
8,388
6,767
5,113
5,051
5,437
5,067
6,061
Japan
4,206
5,576
5,008
5,635
5,091
4,451
4,313
4,474
4,221
4,235
France
2,146
2,875
2,278
2,762
2,549
1,977
1,851
1,790
1,923
1,925
Italy
2,345
2,669
2,121
2,435
2,152
2,051
1,842
1,827
1,822
1,961
West Germany
2,676
3,001
2,509
2,972
2,692
2,224
2,186
2,162
2,200
2,349
Communist countries
Bulgaria
172
241
254
300
301
290
290
290
290
NA
Czechoslovakia
218
309
338
397
403
363
357
360
353
NA
East Germany
209
323
343
417
445
437
457
471
459
NA
Hungary
107
151
188
234
206
208
209
209
183
NA
Poland
189
285
330
411
416
328
351
339
345
NA
Romania
46
83
102
286
320
218
248
271
293
NA
136
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Table 105
Imports of Crude Oil and Refined Products
, by the OECD Countries, 1986
Thousand barrels per day
OECD
United
States
Canada
Japan
Western
Europe
West
Germany France
United
Kingdom Italy
Nether-
lands
Spain
Other
Aus-
tralia
New
Zealand
Algeria
820
266
2
14
538
128
82
29
79
102
40
78
0
0
Bahrain
46
2
0
36
4
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
Egypt
301
10
0
19
272
13
39
59
121
0
8
32
0
0
Iraq
946
81
0
161
704
16
107
70
112
66
115
218
0
0
Kuwait
727
68
0
180
451
19
22
13
151
120
20
106
28
0
Libya
939
0
0
1
938
147
59
41
300
28
145
218
0
0
Qatar
240
12
0
168
51
0
28
6
4
6
1
6
8
1
Saudi Arabia
3,151
681
25
797
1,598
151
321
73
364
216
114
359
45
5
United Arab Emirates
1,053
42
0
831
162
4
34
0
50
14
9
51
18
0
OAPEC
8,223
1,162
27
2,207
4,718
478
693
291
1,182
553
452
1,069
102
7
Ecuador
79
78
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gabon
113
24
0
0
89
1
65
4
1
2
16
0
0
0
Indonesia
795
309
0
458
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
20
5
Iran
769
16
30
214
509
41
65
10
135
81
66
111
0
0
Nigeria
1,181
420
40
0
721
194
128
57
110
69
52
111
0
0
Venezuela
1,127
772
65
13
277
119
20
23
42
31
10
32
0
0
OPEC a
11,940
2,769
162
2,838
6,041
822
931
327
1,348
735
588
1,290
119
11
Other b
5,899c
3,280
292
1,342
2,960"
1,583
895
658
491
1,001
426
2,149
69
37
Total
18,186 c
6,061
454
4,235
9,277"
2,418
1,866
1,044
1,961
1,737
1,022
3,472
191
a
Consumption
34,130
16,140
1,435
4,210
11,680
2,375
1,745
1,575
1,670
665
805
2,845
585
80
a OAPEC members, excluding Bahrain and Egypt, plus
other countries shown.
b Including unknown.
. Excluding intra-OECD trade.
d Excluding intra-European trade.
137
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Table 106
Natural Gas Production a
Billion cubic feet
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
13,700
27,100
31,100
29,500
31,500
30,200
27,900
26,300
28,200
27,700
26,800
United States c
12,770
21,920
21,600
20,110
20,470
20,180
18,520
16,820
18,230
17,200
16,810
Canada
525
2,275
3,120
3,090
3,345
2,465
2,500
2,520
2,760
2,970
2,700
Norway
0
0
0
10
905
885
895
905
965
930
945
European Community
356
2,690
5,010
5,950
6,240
6,090
5,380
5,470
5,560
5,760
5,540
Netherlands
12
1,117
2,640
3,385
3,490
3,400
2,685
2,640
2,655
2,860
2,600
United Kingdom
NEGL
398
1,020
1,275
1,365
1,290
1,265
1,395
1,420
1,515
1,580
West Germany
16
465
550
515
630
670
595
625
655
610
545
Other countries
Algeria
NEGL
160
170
335
550
410
940
1,280
1,240
1,320
1,275
Indonesia
NA
NA
30
80
555
655
675
770
1,155
1,230
1,265
Mexico d
222
481
540
585
920
1,300
1,120
1,100
1,035
955
505
Venezuela
163
349
460
450
465
490
600
550
610
610
670
Communist countries e
USSR and Eastern Europe
2,040
8,250
10,000
12,000
16,300
17,300
19,700
20,900
22,700
24,500
25,900
USSR
1,600
6,990
8,346
10,215
14,359
15,370
17,675
18,921
20,735
22,698
24,215
Eastern Europe
435
1,260
1,660
1,800
1,950
1,950
2,010
2,020
1,960
1,760
1,690
Bulgaria
0
17
8
4
5
7
5
5
5
5
5
Czechoslovakia
51
43
37
33
39
23
23
22
21
25
21
East Germany
1
44
248
257
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
Hungary
12
123
170
183
230
217
234
229
244
247
231
Poland
19
183
213
211
259
224
195
193
214
225
195
Romania
352
847
989
1,115
1,117
1,179
1,252
1,275
1,176
960
940
Other
China
NA
136
226
325
512
504
411
411
438
454
466
Yugoslavia
2
35
47
55
66
64
60
74
71
85
86
a Data include only gas from natural gas wells and associat-
ed gas from petroleum fields.
b Data are for net production-that is, for gas actually
collected and utilized as fuel or raw material. They exclude
gas used for reinjection, as well as gas flared, vented, or
wasted, whether or not it has been processed for the
extraction of natural gasoline.
c Data for the United States are in terms of net marketed
production. Data for the USSR refer to gross production less
losses and waste. US gross production (less losses and waste),
which includes gas reinjected in order to maintain reservoir
pressure, would be as follows (in billion cubic feet):
1960
1965
1970
1973
1975
1979
14,510
17,660
23,790
24,065
21,105
21,885
138
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
21,870
20,210
18,595
20,190
19,535
18,920
A much smaller share of total production in the USSR is
believed to be used for reinjection.
d Including gas used for repressuring and gas wasted.
C Gross production.
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Table 107
Hard Coal Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
923
983
914
953
1,050
1,100
1,130
1,080
1,130
1,180
1,160
United States
391.53
550.39
530.13
576.18
670.62
710.38
712.78
656.57
750.26
741.31
713.98
Australia
21.90
45.21 b
55.48 b
60.70
73.42
73.63
96.79
109.08
124.55
138.96
138.00
Canada
8.02
11.60
16.82
21.71
28.01
30.58
35.32
37.15
47.48
51.01
48.23
Japan c
51.07
39.69
22.41
19.00
17.64
18.03
17.60
17.06
16.64
16.38
16.10
European Community
446
328
282
268
253
264
262
249
177
219
231
Belgium
22.47
11.36
8.84
7.89
6.12
6.32
6.54
6.10
6.30
6.22
5.60
France
55.96
37.36
26.35
23.64
18.61
20.20
18.76
18.65
18.28
15.12
14.50
Spain
13.78
10.75
10.00
10.82
11.86
13.15
15.67
15.42
15.62
16.15
15.90
United Kingdom d
196.71
147.11
132.02
128.68
122.36
130.09
124.72
119.26
51.18
91.88
107.89
West Germany c
143.26
116.34
102.99
96.76
93.31
94.49
96.31
89.62
84.86
88.85
87.13
Other countries
India
52.59
73.69
77.87
95.89
103.45
109.10
128.32
134.83
144.77
149.26
163.00
South Africa
38.17
54.61
62.35
69.44
105.48
116.04
136.91
139.01
140.00
NA
NA
South Korea
5.35
12.39
13.57
17.58
18.20
18.54
20.23
18.95
20.64
23.29
25.00
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern
Europe
496
613
657
696
738
726
716
716
713
721
742
USSR
355.92
432.72
461.22
485.00
497.00
493.00
488.00
487.00
484.00
492.50
513.00
Eastern Europe
140
180
196
211
241
233
228
229
229
229
229
Bulgaria
0.57
0.40
0.35
0.33
0.27
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.20
Czechoslovakia
26.40
28.20
27.78
28.12
28.46
28.20
27.46
26.92
26.42
26.22
25.70
East Germany
2.72
1.05
0.75
0.54
0.05
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
Hungary
2.85
4.15
3.41
3.02
3.00
3.07
3.04
2.83
2.57
2.64
2.32
Poland
104.44
140.10
156.63
171.62
200.94
193.12
189.31
191.09
191.60
191.64
192.08
Romania
3.40
6.40
7.17
7.32
8.11
8.06
8.34
7.79
8.46
8.66
8.80
Other
China f -
280.00
327.40
398.10
478.00
635.00
620.00
666.00
715.00
789.00
872.00
870.00
North Korea f
6.80
21.80
26.40
27.30
39.50
45.60
48.80
50.40
52.00
53.00
54.00
Yugoslavia
1.28
0.64
0.58
0.60
0.43
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.41
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for net production of d Excluding data for Northern Ireland.
anthracite and bituminous coal. c Including low-quality coal at its hard-coal equivalent.
b Twelve months ending 30 June of the stated year. f Raw production. Including a negligible amount of brown
c Including brown coal. coal.
139
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Table 108
Brown Coal and Lignite Production
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
111
166
190
210
263
272
296
305
317
328
324
United States
2.49
7.21
12.88
17.71
38.01
42.31
47.94
52.93
57.26
62.54
64.40
Australia
15.21
24.18 a
24.68 a
28.18
32.54
32.89
37.81
34.09
35.11
36.54
34.90
Austria
5.97
3.67
3.63
3.40
2.74
2.87
3.30
3.04
2.90
3.08
3.00
Canada
1.97
3.46
3.65
3.55
5.02
5.98
7.49
7.76
9.92
9.67
8.28
Spain
1.76
2.83
3.00
3.38
10.69
15.46
23.88
24.53
24.32
24.14
22.10
Turkey
1.91
4.44
5.73
7.11
14.96
15.05
16.16
22.79
24.28
31.67
35.00
European Community
106
123
139
150
169
173
183
184
188
185
178
Greece
2.49
8.08
13.57
18.41
23.57
23.20
27.40
30.59
32.50
35.98
38.20
West Germany
96.22
107.77
118.66
123.38
130.61
129.86
127.36
124.37
126.71
120.67
114.31
Other countries
India
0.05
3.54
3.32
2.79
3.25
4.55
6.67
7.30
7.66
7.78
8.40
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern
Europe b
469
587
588
602
627
630
660
670
704
717
734
USSR
134.21
144.74
153.47
160.00
161.00
160.00
163.00
158.00
156.00
157.00
160.00
Eastern Europe
335
442
434
442
466
470
497
512
548
560
574
Bulgaria
15.42
28.85
26.46
27.52
27.96
29.95
31.97
32.15
32.14
30.66
35.00
Czechoslovakia
57.89
81.30
81.25
86.27
96.21
95.73
98.84
100.47
102.86
100.39
100.00
East Germany
225.47
261.48
246.25
246.71
256.06
258.10
276.04
278.00
296.00
312.00
311.00
Hungary
23.68
23.68
23.37
21.87
22.66
22.64
23.04
22.39
22.47
21.40
20.80
Poland
9.33
32.77
39.22
39.87
38.08
36.87
37.65
42.52
58.90
57.75
67.26
Romania
3.36
14.13
17.68
19.77
24.66
27.10
29.56
36.73
35.82
37.65
39.00
Other
North Korea c
3.80
5.70
6.60
7.70
10.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
11.50
Yugoslavia
21.43
27.78
31.87
34.94
41.68
46.61
54.20
59.00
64.68
69.10
70.02
a Twelve months ending 30 June of the year stated.
b Net output.
c Including unknown amounts of hard coal.
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Table 109
Electricity Production a
Billion kilowatt-hours
1960
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
1,710
3,520
4,300
4,400
5,260
5,230
5,220
5,410
5,650
5,880
5,920
United States C
893.72
1,742.73
2,086.28
2,131.06
2,472.14
2,437.82
2,386.69
2,459.24
2,574.07
2,634.65
2,652.70
Of which: Hydro
149.12
250.70
275.33
303.15
281.55
276.02
309.21
332.13
321.15
281.15
290.84
Australia
23.20
53.89
64.80
73.93
92.09
96.32
104.89
109.19
115.81
121.63
126.97
Canada
115.10
208.34
268.64
278.74
361.32
376.05
385.95
405.41
435.51
457.38
466.98
Japan
111.49
359.54
470.29
475.79
589.64
577.52
581.15
618.10
648.57
673.00
673.00
Sweden
34.72
60.64
78.08
80.57
92.45
93.43
99.52
108.86
123.49
132.98
143.11
European Community
450
930
1,130
1,130
1,390
1,390
1,380
1,410
1,450
1,550
1,550
France
75.01
146.97
182.36
185.31
241.13
243.29
265.39
281.29
306.80
323.57
332.00
Italy
56.24
117.42
145.52
147.33
180.53
185.74
181.82
180.11
179.54
195.01
193.00
Spain
18.61
56.49
76.27
82.38
105.41
110.32
113.51
115.45
115.50
124.91
120.00
United Kingdom
136.97
249.11
281.87
271.99
299.87
284.94
271.31
275.58
280.49
297.05
300.96
West Germany
116.42
242.61
299.00
301.80
374.22
368.77
365.20
371.96
376.60
408.70
397.00
Other Countries
Brazil
22.86
45.46
64.64
80.29
124.67
139.49
152.00
161.98
178.54
192.95
NA
India
20.12
61.21
72.80
85.93
104.63
119.15
129.98
139.90
153.73
166.20
182.00
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
406
987
1,220
1,380
1,640
1,710
1,800
1,860
1,960
2,020
2,080
USSR
292.27
740.93
914.61
1,038.61
1,238.20
1,293.88
1,367.10
1,418.10
1,492.07
1,544.20
1,599.00
Of which: Hydro
50.91
124.38
122.34
125.99
172.02
183.89
174.70
180.36
202.99
214.50
210.00
Eastern Europe
114
246
301
340
404
420
429
446
466
473
484
Bulgaria
4.66
19.52
21.96
25.24
32.48
34.84
40.44
42.62
44.67
41.62
41.80
Czechoslovakia
24.46
45.16
53.47
59.28
68.09
72.73
74.70
76.28
78.39
80.62
84.70
East Germany
40.30
67.65
76.91
84.51
96.85
98.81
102.92
104.93
110.00
114.80
115.00
Hungary
7.62
14.54
17.64
20.46
24.51
23.87
24.52
25.70
26.23
26.30
26.77
Poland
29.26
64.53
84.27
97.17
117.47
121.86
117.58
125.81
134.80
137.60
140.29
Romania
7.65
35.09
46.78
53.72
64.93
67.49
68.90
70.20
71.60
71.80
75.50
Other
Albania
0.19
0.96
1.55
1.66
2.80
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
China
NA
115.90
166.80
195.80
281.95
300.62
327.70
351.40
377.00
410.70
445.45
Cuba
2.90
4.89
5.60
6.58
9.40
9.90
11.02
11.40
12.30
12.20
12.00
North Korea
9.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
22.00
23.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
30.00
31.00
Yugoslavia
8.93
26.02
35.06
40.04
54.97
59.44
62.32
67.56
73.01
74.80
77.70
a Data are for total (gross) production at generating centers
and therefore include transmission losses and station use (see
footnote b).
b Data are gross production or estimates of gross production
based on reported net, adjusted by increasing by 7.5 percent
the thermal electric production to include production that is
consumed by the station itself. Hydroelectric production
that is consumed by the station itself is a negligible part of
the gross production. Therefore, no attempt has been made
to adjust the net production for hydroelectric power.
141
c Beginning in 1980, data are for public utilities only.
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Table 110
Installed Electricity Generating Capacity a
Million kilowatts
1960
1965
1970
1973
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
186.53
254.52
360.33
459.25
527.35
615.69
630.94
650.10
658.18
672.46
698.10
NA
Canada
23.03
29.35
42.83
54.38
61.35
77.23
82.00
85.55
89.53
95.22
99.26
NA
Japan e
23.64 d
38.06
59.48
85.30
104.21
131.22
137.94
150.00
154.65
159.23
163.29
NA
Norway
6.61
9.92
12.91
15.44
16.93
18.94
20.25
22.37
23.20
23.21
23.24
NA
Sweden
8.96
12.04
15.31
19.46
23.14
25.77
27.42
29.68
30.71
30.86
33.17
NA
European Community
France
21.17 e
26.97 e
36.22
43.09
46.29
56.38
62.71
73.81
78.00
84.68
86.80
NA
Italy
16.31 e
23.82 e
30.41
36.51
39.10
44.34
46.82
50.02
51.50
53.99
55.63
NA
Netherlands
5.18
7.29
10.11
12.46
15.45
16.76
17.88
17.39
17.23
16.58
NA
NA
Spain
6.57
10.17
17.91
23.20
25.76
27.91
29.32
31.63
33.53
35.55
38.30
NA
United Kingdom b
36.60 e
49.29 e
62.06
72.65
73.92
74.33
73.64
69.19
66.43
66.90
67.61
NA
West Germany
28.38 e
40.60e
47.54
58.50
70.11
82.79
82.59
85.77
86.96
89.88
92.70
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
66.72
115.03
166.15
195.56
217.48
245.28
266.71
285.49
293.56
303.69
315.00
321.00
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
0.92
2.16
4.12
5.11
7.06
7.99
8.20
9.50
9.63
9.65
9.70
NA
Czechoslovakia
5.72
8.21
10.81
12.12
13.64
16.37
16.65
18.91
18.90
18.60
19.66
NA
East Germany
7.84
10.31
12.57
15.04
16.93
19.44
20.45
21.86
21.79
22.26
22.76
NA
Hungary
1.48
2.00
2.73
3.23
4.29
5.24
5.41
5.65
6.10
6.30
6.40
NA
Poland
6.32
9.67
13.89
17.73
20.06
24.79
25.29
26.84
27.88
27.79
29.04
NA
Romania
1.78
3.26
7.35
10.12
11.58
15.60
16.11
16.91
17.99
18.82
19.58
NA
Other
China
NA
15.08
23.77
33.92
43.41
63.02
65.87
72.36
76.64
79.86
86.36
92.32
Cuba f
0.94
0.96
1.30
1.30
1.40
2.17
2.62
2.83
2.93
3.16
3.39
3.40
North Korea
1.79
2.12
2.80
4.00
4.60
5.04
5.04
5.80
6.00
6.10
6.50
6.70
Yugoslavia
2.40
3.73
6.97
8.65
9.39
12.89
14.08
16.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
a All plants for both public and industrial use. Unless
otherwise indicated, data are as of the end of the year.
b Beginning in 1982, data are for public utilities only.
e Capacity as of 31 March of the stated year.
d Capacity as of 31 March 1961.
C Gross capacity.
f Including 410,000-kW capacity in industrial plants not
linked to the national grid system.
142
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Table 111
Installed Nuclear Electric Generating Capacity a
Thousand megawatts
1960
1970
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
0.9
14.2
63
104
113
134
147
166
198
220
United States
0.4
6.0
37.4
50.3
52.2
57.6
60.4
67.1
76.2
84.1
Canada
0
0.2
2.5
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.9
8.3
9.6
11.0
Japan
0
0.8
5.0
14.5
14.5
16.6
16.6
19.0
23.6
23.6
Finland
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
Sweden
0
NEGL
2.4
3.7
4.6
6.4
7.3
7.3
9.4
9.4
Switzerland
0
0.4
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
European Community
0.5
6.8
14.7
27.7
33.2
44.3
51.3
59.3
74.0
87.0
Belgium
0
NEGL
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.6
3.5
3.5
5.5
5.5
France
0.1
1.7
2.9
8.3
12.9
20.1
25.3
28.0
33.8
44.9
Italy
0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Netherlands
0
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Spain
0
0.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.0
2.9
3.8
5.7
5.7
United Kingdom
0.4
4.1
5.3
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.9
11.1
11.7
West Germany
NEGL
0.3
2.8
7.7
8.6
9.8
9.8
12.3
16.1
17.4
Other countries
Argentina
0
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
Brazil
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
0.6
0.6
China (Taiwan)
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
3.1
3.1
4.0
4.9
4.9
India
0
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.3
Pakistan
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
South Africa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
1.8
1.8
South Korea
0
0
0
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.8
1.8
2.7
4.5
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
NEGL
1.0
6.8
12.9
16.1
22.3
25.1
30.1
34.6
37.3
USSR
NEGL
0.9
4.8
10.2
12.5
17.4
20.2
24.3
28.3
29.3
Eastern Europe
0
0.1
2.0
2.7
3.6
4.9
4.9
5.8
6.3
8.0
Bulgaria
0
0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
Czechoslovakia
0
0
0.1
0.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.8
3.1
East Germany
0
0.1
1.0
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
Hungary
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.9
1.3
Other
Yugoslavia
0
0
0
0
0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
aData are as of the end of the year and presented on a net
basis except for Communist countries which are gross
capacities.
143
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Minerals and Metals
Table 112.
Table 113.
Table 114.
Table 115.
Table 116.
Table 117.
Table 118.
Table 119.
Table 120.
Table 121.
Table 122.
Table 123.
Table 124.
Table 125.
Table 126.
Table 127.
Table 128.
Table 129.
Table 130.
Table 131.
Iron Ore Production
Manganese Ore Production
Tungsten Ore Production
Chromite Production
Bauxite Production
Pig Iron Production
Crude Steel Production
Rolled Steel Production
Refined Nickel Production
Refined Copper Production
Primary Aluminum Production
Smelter Production of Lead
Refined Zinc Production
Titanium Sponge Metal Production
Cobalt Production
Smelter Production of Primary Tin
Primary Magnesium Production
Gold Production
Platinum-Group Metals Production
Molybdenum Production
Page
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
159
160
161
161
162
162
145
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Table 112
Iron Ore Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
United States
90.21
91.20
80.13
70.73
36.00
38.20
52.10
49.53
40.00
Australia
4.42
51.19
97.65
95.54
87.69
71.04
94.41
92.86
90.00
Canada
19.80
47.70
46.87
48.75
35.59
33.50
41.06
39.50
36.10
Sweden
21.69
31.51
30.87
27.18
16.14
14.26
18.12
20.45
20.49
European Community
118
88.1
70.6
43.3
30.1
26.1
25.4
24.5
21.8
France
66.96
56.80
49.65
28.98
19.39
15.93
14.84
14.45
12.44
Spain
5.64
7.06
8.22
8.87
8.37
7.45
7.26
6.46
6.09
Other countries
Brazil
9.34
40.20
89.89
114.73
93.16
88.72
112.06
123.00
132.00
India
10.68
31.37
41.40
41.90
40.90
38.80
41.03
42.54
47.80
Liberia
3.05
23.66
24.38
18.19
18.17
14.94
15.10
15.32
15.30
Mexico
0.86
4.81
5.35
8.06
8.16
8.04
8.32
7.82
7.30
South Africa
3.10
9.20
12.10
26.30
24.55
16.60
24.65
24.41
24.48
Venezuela
19.49
22.10
24.77
16.10
11.20
9.72
13.05
16.23
19.10
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
115
208
244
251
250
251
253
254
NA
USSR
105.86
197.14
234.70
244.71
244.41
245.20
247.10
248.00
250.00
Eastern Europe
9.34
10.8
9.13
6.73
6.07
6.19
6.28
6.45
NA
Bulgaria
0.42
2.41
2.34
1.89
1.55
1.80
2.06
1.98
2.18
Czechoslovakia
3.12
1.61
1.77
1.93
1.86
1.91
1.87
1.82
1.76
East Germany
1.64
0.42
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Hungary
0.52
0.63
0.64
0.43
0.47
0.44
0.38
0.31
NA
Poland
2.18
2.55
1.25
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Romania
1.46
3.21
3.07
2.33
2.10
1.99
1.92
2.29
2.30
Other
Albania
0.25
0.40
0.47
0.75
0.70
0.85
1.08
1.13
1.15
China
100.00
72.30
109.00
120.00
NA
113.39d
126.7 d
132.0 d
140.08 d
North Korea
2.50
6.50
6.75
8.50
11.00
12.00
12.50
12.50
NA
Yugoslavia
2.20
3.69
5.24
4.53
5.11
5.02
5.32
5.48
6.75
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for the gross amount
of marketable iron ores in the state in which they leave the
mines, including manganiferous ores but excluding pyrites.
b The metal content of the ore in the OECD countries varies
from year to year. The approximate current content is as
follows: United Kingdom and West Germany, 28-31 per-
cent; France, 32 percent; United States and Canada, 63-64
percent; and Australia and Sweden, 60-65 percent.
146
c The metal content of the ore in the other countries ranges
from 30 percent to 68 percent.
d Final product. Data on gross amount of marketable ores
not available.
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Table 113
Manganese Ore Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
Australia
62
751
1,550
1,999
1,123
1,370
1,849
2,003
1,649
Italy
49
50
0
9
9
7
10
9
6
Japan
324
270
158
80
78
75
62
21
6
Other countries
Brazil
999
1,880
2,160
2,281
2,341
2,092
2,693
2,700
2,700
Gabon
0
1,450
2,250
2,147
1,512
1,857
2,119
2,340
2,510
Ghana b
545
405
409
252
160
173
269
290
280
India
1,200
1,650
1,580
1,692
1,490
1,281
1,130
1,240
1,300
Mexico
205
274
428
447
509
350
476
396
459
South Africa
1,190
2,680
5,770
5,695
5,217
2,886
3,049
3,601
3,719
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
6,350
7,230
8,340
9,930
10,000
10,100
10,300
10,500
10,700
USSR
5,872
6,841
8,459
9,750
9,821
9,876
10,089
10,290
10,578
Eastern Europe
477
390
278
180
183
182
178
167
165
Bulgaria
25
33
35
49
45
45
45
38
40
Hungary
123
169
131
83
83
59
67
63
60
Romania
175
102
112
48
55
78
66
66
65
Other
Yugoslavia
13
15
17
30
27
32
27
25
25
a The metal content of the ore of various countries is as 30 percent; Bulgaria, about 27 percent; and Hungary, 26
follows: the United States, more than 35 percent; other non- percent.
Communist countries and Cuba, 25-53 percent; the USSR, b Dry weight.
about 35 percent; Yugoslavia, about 35 percent; Romania,
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Table 114
Tungsten Ore Production a
Metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
3,160
4,220
2,490
2,738
1,575
1,016
1,173
996
780
Australia
1,900
1,260
1,498
3,575
2,618
2,015
1,733
1,970
1,300
Austria
110
80
360
2,150
1,465
1,408
1,632
1,481
1,387
Canada b
0
1,340
1,170
3,179
2,842
328
3,715
4,031
1,786
France
340
80
620
577
727
832
796
733
500
Japan
470
850
770
668
604
475
477
568
511
Portugal
1,390
1,080
1,420
1,568
1,353
1,183
1,509
1,755
1,637
Spain
440
410
350
446
545
517
565
458
447
Turkey
0
0
0
96
150
325
350
350
350
Other countries
Bolivia
1,020
1,840
2,036
2,732
2,534
2,449
1,893
1,643
1,160
Brazil
642
920
896
876
1,524
1,026
1,037
1,175
1,200
Burma
470
220
490
823
844
930
1,096
945
715
Mexico
90
290
280
266
194
186
274
282
294
Peru
230
800
580
549
682
762
699
723
742
Rwanda
230
180
350
431
324
231
260
167
13
South Korea
2,730
2,070
2,400
2,737
2,420
2,480
2,702
2,579
2,500
Thailand
210
710
1,640
1,615
855
562
741
586
361
Communist countries
USSR
5,400
6,900
8,100
9,200
9,500
9,700
10,000
9,200
9,200
China
13,990
5,470
6,710
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
a Data are for the estimated tonnage of contained tungsten.
b Shipments.
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Table 115
Chromite Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
Finland
0
121
331
362
345
245
446
450
450
Greece
35
26
35
43
29
28
61
59
62
Japan
67
33
24
14
11
8
7
12
11
Turkey
481
519
717
391
452
346
487
600
600
Other countries
Brazil
6
27
173
313
276
155
256
275
285
India
100
271
500
320
339
422
423
560
620
Iran
68
200
172
82
40
50
50
50
50
Madagascar
0
131
194
180
44
46
60
127
100
Philippines
734
566
520
496
322
267
261
272
183
South Africa
772
1,427
2,076
3,414
2,432
2,506
3,407
3,698
3,480
Zimbabwe
606
363
590
554
432
420
477
536
540
Communist countries b
USSR
1,200
3,000
3,500
3,400
3,400
3,300
3,326
3,360
3,454
Albania
289
466
779
1,020
675
685
720
825
850
Cuba
29
23
36
28
27
34
38
38
38
Yugoslavia
101
41
2
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
a Data are in gross weight.
b Production of chrome ore. In the Communist countries, the
chromic oxide content is estimated as follows: USSR, 46
percent; Albania, 45 percent; Cuba, 35 percent; and Yugo-
slavia, 26 percent.
149
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Table 116
Bauxite Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
5,370
16,900
29,000
34,500
29,400
29,500
36,400
37,000
37,400
United States
2,030
2,125
1,800
1,559
732
679
856
674
510
Australia
70
9,260
21,000
27,178
23,625
24,372
31,537
31,839
32,431
European Community
3,260
5,510
5,610
5,230
4,540
4,140
3,910
3,980
3,890
France
2,070
2,990
2,560
1,921
1,662
1,663
1,607
1,530
1,379
Greece
884
2,290
3,010
3,286
2,853
2,455
2,296
2,453
2,500
Other countries
Brazil
121
510
970
6,688
6,289
7,199
6,433
6,251
6,224
Guinea
1,378
2,490
8,400
11,862
11,827
12,421
13,160
13,100
14,597
Guyana
2,511
4,417
3,251
2,471
1,783
1,087
1,333
1,675
1,466
Jamaica
5,840
12,000
11,600
12,054
8,378
7,683
8,937
5,975
6,964
Suriname
3,460
6,020
4,930
4,696
4,205
3,400
3,454
3,000
3,847
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
4,380
8,970
11,200
12,500
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USSR a
3,100
6,700
8,000
9,100
9,000
8,900
9,200
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
1,280
2,270
3,240
3,400
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Hungary
1,190
2,022
2,890
2,950
2,627
2,917
2,994
2,815
3,022
Romania
88
250
350
470
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other
China b
640
1,500
2,800
3,300
3,300
NA
NA
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
1,025
2,098
2,306
3,138
3,668
3,500
3,347
3,538
3,459
a Including nonbauxite ore such as nepheline and alunite for
the production of alumina.
b Data are for aluminous shales and clays used for the
manufacture of aluminum and exclude shales exported and
those used for refractories, abrasives, and cement.
150
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Table 117
Pig Iron Production
Million metric tons
1960a
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
62.2
82.8
72.3
62.3
39.3
44.2
47.1
45.3
39.9
Australia
2.9
6.1
7.5
7.0
6.0
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.9
Canada
4.0
8.2
9.2
11.2
8.0
8.6
9.6
9.7
9.2
Japan
11.9
68.0
86.9
87.0
77.7
72.9
80.4
80.6
74.7
European Community
72.7
102.0
95.3
97.4
82.9
80.0
88.9
86.5
84.9
Belgium
6.5
10.8
9.1
10.5
7.8
8.0
9.0
8.7
8.0
France
14.1
19.2
17.5
19.2
15.0
13.9
15.0
15.4
14.1
Italy
2.7
8.3
11.4
12.1
11.5
10.3
11.6
11.7
11.9
Spain
1.9
4.2
6.8
6.7
6.0
5.4
5.3
5.5
4.8
United Kingdom
16.0
17.5
12.0
6.4
8.3
9.5
9.5
10.4
9.2
West Germany
25.5
33.6
30.1
33.9
27.6
26.6
30.2
31.5
29.0
Other countries
Brazil
1.8
4.2
7.1
13.0
10.8
12.9
17.2
19.0
20.4
India
4.3
7.0
8.3
8.5
9.6
9.1
9.4
9.8
10.5
Mexico
0.7
2.3
3.0
5.3
5.1
5.0
5.4
5.1
5.0
South Africa
2.0
3.9
5.2
7.5
6.8
5.2
5.5
6.6
6.8
South Korea
NEGL
NEGL
1.2
5.6
8.4
8.0
8.8
8.8
9.0
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
60.2
110
133
144
139
144
146
145
150
USSR
46.8
85.9
103.0
107.3
106.7
110.5
110.9
110.0
114.0
Eastern Europe
13.4
23.9
30.0
37.1
32.5
33.3
34.9
34.9
35.6
Bulgaria
0.2
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
Czechoslovakia
4.7
7.6
9.3
9.8
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
East Germany
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.7
Hungary
1.2
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
Poland
4.2
7.0
7.8
12.0
8.5
9.7
9.6
9.8
9.9
Romania
1.0
4.2
6.6
9.0
8.6
8.2
9.6
9.1
9.6
Other
China
27.5
22.0
33.8
38.0
35.5
37.4
40.0
43.5
50.1
North Korea
0.9
2.1
2.5
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.0
NA
Yugoslavia
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.1
3.1
a Including ferroalloys.
151
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Table 118
Crude Steel Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
90.1
119.3
105.8
101.5
67.7
76.8
83.9
80.1
73.0
Australia c
3.8
6.8
7.8
7.6
6.4
5.7
6.3
6.6
6.7
Canada
5.3
11.2
12.9
15.9
11.8
12.8
14.7
14.5
13.9
Japan
22.1
93.3
102.3
111.4
99.5
97.2
105.6
105.3
98.3
European Community
99.8
146
138
142
125
123
134
136
126
Belgium
7.2
12.6
11.6
12.3
9.9
10.2
11.3
10.7
9.7
France
17.3
23.8
21.5
23.2
18.4
17.6
19.0
18.8
18.0
Italy
8.2
17.3
21.8
26.5
24.0
21.7
24.0
23.7
22.9
Spain
2.0
7.4
11.1
12.6
13.2
12.7
13.5
14.2
12.0
United Kingdom
24.7
28.3
20.2
11.3
13.7
15.0
15.1
15.7
14.8
West Germany
34.1
45.0
40.4
43.8
35.9
35.7
39.4
40.5
37.1
Other countries
Brazil d
2.3
5.4
8.3
15.3
13.0
14.7
18.4
20.5
21.2
India
3.3
6.1
7.1 e
9.4
10.7
10.3
10.3
11.1
11.1
Mexico
1.5
3.9
5.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.6
7.4
7.2
South Africa
2.1
4.8
6.5
9.1
8.3
7.2
7.8
8.6
8.8
South Korea
NEGL
0.5
2.0
8.6
11.8
11.9
13.0
13.5
13.5
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
86.4
156
193
210
204
210
214
214
222
USSR
65.3
115.9
141.3
147.9
147.2
152.5
154.2
155.0
161.0
Eastern Europe
21.2
39.8
51.3
61.7
56.4
57.4
60.0
59.3
61.1
Bulgaria
0.2
1.8
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
Czechoslovakia
6.8
11.5
14.3
15.3
15.0
15.0
14.8
15.0
15.1
East Germany
3.8
5.1
6.5
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.6
7.9
8.0
Hungary
1.9
3.1
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.7
Poland
6.7
11.8
15.0
19.5
14.8
16.2
16.5
16.1
17.1
Romania
1.8
6.5
9.6
13.2
13.1
12.6
14.4
13.8
14.3
Other
China
18.7
17.8
24.0
37.1
37.1
39.9
43.4
46.6
52.1
Cuba
NA
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
North Korea
0.6
2.2
2.6
3.6
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.5
NA
Yugoslavia
1.4
2.2
2.9
3.6
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.5
4.5
a Data are for ingots and steel for castings.
b Excluding steel for castings made in foundries operated by
companies not producing ingots.
Twelve months ending 30 June of the stated year.
d Excluding alloy steel.
e Ingots only.
152
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Table 119
Rolled Steel Production
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
69.35
82.37
72.54
76.07
55.85
61.31
66.90
66.26
63.46
Canada a
4.13
8.24
9.48
12.29
9.35
10.00
8.70
8.62
10.76
Japan
17.20
76.03
86.28
101.79
91.87
91.00
99.00
99.89
93.90
European Community
78.0
117
108
119
104
105
114
114
109
Belgium
5.88
10.26
9.10
10.67
8.55
8.67
9.71
9.32
9.00
France
13.70
18.73
17.56
21.00
17.41
16.25
17.33
17.23
16.50
Italy
7.78
14.76
15.41
19.66
17.55
17.90
17.84
17.71
17.90
Spain a
1.27
5.46
8.94
10.14
10.00
10.79
12.87
11.33
9.60
United Kingdom
18.41
22.18
15.57
10.08
11.66
12.44
12.63
12.82
12.90 '
West Germany
25.84
35.97
32.98
37.36
31.20
31.32
34.76
35.96
33.65
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
57.8
108
137
148
144
149
152
152
NA
USSR
43.68
80.65
98.69
102.91
102.31
106.44
107.30
108.00
112.00
Eastern Europe
14.1
27.4
38.3
45.0
41.6
42.8
45.1
44.2
NA
Bulgaria
0.19
1.42
2.50
3.21
3.25
3.24
3.38
2.93
3.30
Czechoslovakia
4.48
7.94
10.03
10.76
10.66
10.73
10.91
11.04
10.66
East Germany
2.61
3.41
5.22
5.13
4.96
5.08
5.39
5.64
5.90
Hungary
1.19
2.04
2.68
3.04
2.86
2.82
2.95
2.86
2.90
Poland
4.42
8.14
11.08
13.55
10.48
11.73
12.20
11.80
12.34
Romania
1.25
4.50
6.81
9.32
9.35
9.20
10.30
9.90
NA
Other
China
11.30
13.40
16.80
27.16
29.00
30.00
33.70
36.92
40.50
Yugoslavia
0.97
1.77
2.36
4.24
4.51
4.65
5.67
5.69
5.60
a Steel mill products.
153
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Table 120
Refined Nickel Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
12.9
14.0
20.1
40.1
40.8
30.3
40.8
33.0
1.5
Australia
0
1.0
34.0
35.3
45.9
41.8
38.7
40.8
42.0
Canada
127.5
189.3
157.8
152.3
58.6
87.2
104.0
91.0
115.0
Japan
18.7
89.9
78.0
98.4
90.6
82.2
89.3
92.7
88.8
Norway
30.4
38.5
37.1
37.1
25.8
28.6
35.5
37.5
38.2
European Community
47.3
56.3
63.1
44.2
20.0
42.2
44.3
41.5
53.0
France b
10.0
10.3
10.9
9.8
7.4
4.9
5.2
7.0
10.0
Greece
0
8.6
14.9
13.9
4.5
12.9
15.8
16.0
12.0
United Kingdom
34.3
36.7
37.3
19.3
6.9
23.2
22.3
17.8
31.0
Other countries
Dominican Republic
0
0
30.0
16.3
5.3
21.2
24.2
25.8
22.0
New Caledonia
11.4
27.9
52.8
32.6
28.0
21.7
29.2
36.1
33.0
Communist countries c
USSR
72.0
137.0
210.0
229.0
250.0
260.0
268.0
198.0
215.0
Cuba d
12.8
36.6
37.3
38.2
37.6
39.3
33.2
33.6
35.0
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for refined metal and
the nickel content of ferronickel and nickel oxide.
b Excluding data for New Caledonia.
c Czechoslovakia and East Germany each produce a small
amount of refined nickel.
154
d Nickel content of oxides and sulfides.
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Table 121
Refined Copper Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
1,650
2,074
1,632
1,730
1,694
1,584
1,509
1,435
1,479
Australia
84
146
192
182
178
203
206
199
198
Canada
378
493
529
505
354
497
539
534
520
Japan
248
705
819
1,014
1,075
1,092
935
936
943
European Community
838
1,079
1,100
1,130
1,270
1,230
1,200
1,260
1,260
Belgium
212
338
332
374
502
431
428
456
450
Spain
42
83
139
154
172
159
156
152
158
United Kingdom
219
205
152
161
134
144
137
125
126
West Germany
309
406
422
374
394
421
379
414
425
Other countries
Chile
226
465
534
811
852
834
880
884
935
Peru
30
36
71
226
225
194
220
230
226
Zaire
145
190
226
144
175
227
225
227
227
Zambia
403
581
629
608
585
575
522
479
460
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
576
1,220
1,750
2,030
2,050
2,100
2,180
NA
NA
USSR
475
1,015
1,320
1,470
1,510
1,540
1,590
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
101
204
428
561
541
557
591
627
628
Bulgaria
14
38
50
63
65
68
70
93
95
Czechoslovakia
10
17
23
33
26
26
28
26
26
East Germany
40
40
50
51
51
50
55
63
63
Hungary
8
12
13
16
12
13
13
13
13
Poland
22
72
249
357
348
360
380
387
388
Romania
7
25
43
41
39
40
45
45
43
Other
Albania
1
6
7
12
10
10
11
12
12
China
90
290
300
320
325
340
350
350
NA
Cuba b
NA
NEGL
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Yugoslavia
35
89
138
131
127
124
128
135
140
a Data are for primary and secondary refined copper pro-
duced from domestic and imported ores and scrap.
b Copper concentrate.
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Table 122
Primary Aluminum Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
1,827
3,607
3,519
4,654
3,274
3,353
4,099
3,500
3,037
Australia
12
206
214
303
381
478
758
851
882
Canada
691
972
887
1,068
1,065
1,091
1,227
1,282
1,360
Japan
133
733
1,013
1,091
351
256
287
227
140
Norway a
171
522
595
653
638
713
765
712
712
European Community
549
1,160
2,170
2,600
2,340
2,280
2,400
2,280
2,360
France
238
381
383
432
390
361
342
293
322
Greece
NA
91
136
146
135
136
136
123
124
Italy
84
147
190
271
233
196
230
224
243
Netherlands
0
75
258
259
251
235
249
245
258
Spain
29
120
210
386
367
358
381
370
375
United Kingdom a
29
40
308
374
241
252
288
275
276
West Germany
169
309
678
731
723
743
777
745
765
Other countries
Brazil
18
56
121
260
299
401
455
550
762
Ghana
0
113
143
188
174
42
0
49
125
India
18
161
167
185
217
204
269
260
225
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
696
2,000
2,820
3,210
3,150
3,230
3,340
3,400
3,420
USSR
565
1,640
2,345
2,705
2,735
2,795
2,879
2,940
2,970
Eastern Europe
131
359
480
509
417
434
456
460
452
Czechoslovakia
20
31
43
38
34
36
34
32
30
East Germany
35
56
60
62
58
57
58
60
60
Hungary
50
66
70
73
74
74
74
74
74
Poland
26
99
103
95
43
44
46
47
48
Romania b
0
107
204
241
208
223
244
247
240
Other
China
80
188
357
415
425
435
400
410
400
Yugoslavia
25
48
168
185
246
284
302
316
320
a Including the pure content of virgin alloys.
b Including aluminum alloys.
156
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Table 123
Smelter Production of Lead a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
347
605
577
550
517
515
397
487
366
Australia c
247
351
311
361
400
379
378
383
340
Canada
145
186
172
163
174
178
173
173
180
Japan
69
178
152
175
193
199
208
218
219
Sweden
45
41
38
20
64
61
66
59
65
European Community
440
528
505
474
463
474
493
507
509
Belgium
93d
89d
106"
54
53
54
72
67
70
France
74
120
102
127
123
115
118
134
140
Italy
42
54
33
42
36
37
38
30
29
Spain
71
76
73
84
100
108
110
113
101
United Kingdom e
16
44
26
30
34
41
36
36
39
West Germany
140
113
92
112
111
116
102
110
111
Other countries
Mexico
186
150
173
145
145
167
175
203
200
Peru
74
72
71
80
69
68
70
82
66
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
404
676
783
823
824
832
883
NA
NA
USSR
300
470
540
560
560
565
582
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
104
206
243
263
264
267
301
NA
NA
Bulgaria
40
99
110
120
118
116
114
116
110
Czechoslovakia
12
18
18
20
21
57
57
NA
NA
Poland f
40
54
76
82
79
81
84
87
85
Romania f
12
35
39
41
46
49
46
47
46
Other
Yugoslavia
89
97
126
102
81
98
83
99
113
Unless otherwise indicated, data are for smelter production
of lead produced from domestic and imported ores and
concentrates, excluding all metal produced from scrap (sec-
ondary metals).
b Excluding refined lead produced from imported base
bullion.
c Including lead bullion.
d Including secondary metal, remelted lead, and alloys.
e Lead bullion from imported ores and concentrates.
f Probably including some secondary metal.
157
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Table 124
Refined Zinc Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
2,780
3,540
3,180
3,730
3,480
3,800
3,900
3,800
3,850
United States b
788
866
450
370
302
305
331
334
316
Australia
122
264
200
306
296
303
306
293
310
Canada
237
418
427
592
512
617
683
692
572
Finland
0
56
110
147
155
155
159
160
150
Japan
180
676
722
735
662
701
754
740
708
European Community
830
992
1,180
1,490
1,430
1,510
1,580
1,650
1,670
Belgium
248
241
218
248
241
276
285
290
290
France
146
224
181
253
244
250
259
286
290
Italy
85
142
180
206
159
156
170
216
229
Netherlands
36
47
124
170
186
188
210
202
195
Spain
47
88
133
152
182
190
207
205
200
United Kingdom
76
147
53
87
79
88
86
74
86
West Germany
192
104
295
371
335
357
356
368
371
Other countries
Mexico
53
81
154
144
132
175
180
182
176
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
577
1,030
1,210
1,190
1,130
1,150
1,180
NA
NA
USSR c
360
690
820
820
820
825
850
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
217
340
393
369
314
321
327
326
324
Bulgaria
17
76
86
90
92
93
93
90
90
East Germany
4
15
15
18
17
16
17
16
16
Poland
176
209
243
215
165
170
176
180
179
Romania
20
40
49
46
40
42
41
40
39
Other
Yugoslavia
36
65
98
85
87
88
93
83
89
a Data are for electrolytic and distilled (including redistilled)
zinc produced from domestic and imported ores and scrap
and other secondary materials.
b Including production from secondary smelters.
c Primary metal only.
158
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Table 125
Titanium Sponge Metal Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
4.8
14.0
14.4
20.4
14.2
12.7
22.1
21.1
15.8
Japan
2.3
9.2
7.6
19.4
16.8
10.6
15.4
21.9
14.5
Communist countries
USSR
6.0
40.0
57.0
68.0
70.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
72.0
a Raw titanium in the form of sponge metal produced from b Calculated, 1970-85, from reported consumption, imports,
rutile or ilmenite concentrates. exports, and stock changes.
Table 126
Cobalt Production a
Metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
Australia
13
469
2,079
1,975
1,480
1,150
1,080
830
800
Canada
1,618
2,609
1,354
1,603
1,404
1,584
2,235
2,067
2,490
Finland
NA
1,270
1,404
1,035
1,036
1,035
950
950
950
Other countries
Morocco
1,271
604
1,961
838
792
0
0
0
0
Zaire
8,222
13,958
13,971
15,422
11,300
11,300
18,000
20,000
20,000
Zambia
1,847
2,400
2,057
4,400
3,251
3,200
4,620
5,800
5,770
Communist countries
USSR
1,600
3,700
5,000
6,000
6,500
6,700
6,900
NA
NA
Albania
NA
NA
NA
326
345
354
363
600
600
Cuba
NA
1,208
1,240
1,613
1,500
1,621
1,397
1,420
1,400
a Recoverable cobalt content of ores mined, unless otherwise
indicated.
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Table 127
Smelter Production of Primary Tin a
Metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
13,700
4,540
6,500
3,000
3,500
2,500
4,000
3,000
3,213
Australia
2,290
5,210
5,250
4,820
3,105
2,913
2,899
2,683
1,302
European Community
43,100
37,700
23,000
17,100
15,700
16,400
18,900
18,300
16,000
Belgium
8,390
4,260
4,560
2,800
0
0
0
0
0
Spain
470
3,910
5,250
4,100
3,700
3,700
4,400
3,900
3,500
United Kingdom
26,800
22,000
11,520
5,830
8,164
6,467
7,105
7,548
7,000
Other countries
Bolivia
1,020
300
7,530
18,190
19,032
14,164
15,842
12,859
8,500
Brazil
NA
3,100
5,400
8,640
9,298
12,950
18,887
24,701
25,500
Indonesia
2,010
5,190
17,800
30,470
29,755
28,390
22,467
20,909
22,000
Malaysia
77,600
91,500
83,100
71,320
62,836
53,338
46,911
45,500
44,000
Nigeria
NA
8,070
4,680
2,680
2,754
1,190
1,400
1,020
1,000
Thailand
220
22,000
16,600
34,690
25,497
18,467
19,729
17,966
18,500
Communist countries
USSR
10,600
21,000
25,000
32,500
33,400
33,600
34,600
25,000
26,000
East Germany
1,000
1,200
1,200
1,800
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,300
NA
China
29,000
10,000
18,000
18,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
a Excluding tin derived from scrap or detinning.
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Table 128
Primary Magnesium Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
36
102
109
154
93
105
144
136
126
Canada
7
9
4
9
8
6
8
7
7
Japan
2
10
9
6
6
6
7
8
8
Norway
10
35
38
44
36
30
49
55
55
European Community
France
2
5
8
9
10
11
13
14
14
Italy
5
8
7
8
10
8
7
8
7
Communist countries
USSR
25
80
98
104
109
111
114
87
89
Table 129
Gold Production
Million troy ounces
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
1.67
1.74
1.05
0.97
1.47
1.96
2.06
2.43
3.73
Australia
1.09
0.62
0.53
0.55
0.87
0.98
1.30
1.88
2.48
Canada
4.63
2.41
1.65
1.63
2.08
2.36
2.68
2.82
3.36
Japan
0.26
0.26
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.17
0.33
Other countries
Brazil
0.11
0.17
0.17
1.30
1.50
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
Colombia
0.43
0.20
0.31
0.51
0.47
0.44
0.80
1.14
1.40
Ghana
0.89
0.71
0.52
0.35
0.33
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.29
Mexico
0.30
0.20
0.14
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.27
0.27
0.28
Philippines
0.41
0.60
0.50
0.64
, 0.83
0.82
0.83
1.06
1.30
South Africa
21.38
32.20
22.94
21.67
21.36
21.85
21.86
21.52
20.52
Zimbabwe
0.56
0.44
0.35
0.37
0.43
0.45
0.48
0.47
0.48
Communist countries
USSR
3.63
6.78
8.07
9.45
9.77
9.93
10.10
10.32
10.48
161
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Table 130
Platinum-Group Metals Production
Thousand troy ounces
1960 1970 1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States a
24 17 19
3
8
6
15
10
NA
Canada
460 482 399
411
228
224
348
337
281
South Africa b
406 1,500 2,600
3,100
2,600
2,600
3,500
3,700
3,600
USSR
1,000 2,500 3,300
3,700
4,100
4,200
4,300
3,800
3,850
a Crude placer platinum and byproduct metals recovered
largely from domestic copper refining,
b Platinum-group metals from platinum ores and osmium
and iridium from gold ores.
Table 131
Molybdenum Production a
Metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
32,000
66,400
61,200
80,300
52,300
25,700
58,700
57,100
53,600
United States
31,000
50,500
48,100
68,351
38,275
15,400
47,021
49,174
40,680
Canada b
348
15,300
13,000
11,900
13,961
10,194
11,557
7,852
12,900
Japan
381
264
140
56
97
97
147
98
0
Other countries
Chile
2,014
5,700
9,090
13,668
20,048
15,264
16,861
18,389
16,316
Peru
NEGL
607
651
2,688
2,915
2,642
2,947
4,036
3,484
Communist countries
USSR
4,800
9,500
10,500
12,000
12,300
12,600
13,000
11,300
11,400
a Molybdenum content of ores and concentrates.
b Shipments.
162
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Chemicals and Rubber
Page
Table 132.
Table 133.
Table 134.
Table 135.
Table 136.
Table 137.
Table 138.
Table 139.
Table 140.
Table 141.
Caustic Soda Production
Synthetic Ammonia Production
Sulfuric Acid Production
Chemical Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Nitrogen Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Phosphate Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Potassium Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Plastics Production
Natural Rubber Production
Synthetic Rubber Production
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
171
172
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Table 132
Caustic Soda Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
4,510
9,200
8,694
10,529
8,514
9,107
9,901
9,942
9,933
Canada
338
860
845
1,459
1,367
1,528
1,586
1,591
1,680
Japan
869
2,685
2,948
3,157
2,792
2,863
3,085
3,074
3,076
European Community
France
597
1,094
1,120
1,333
1,402
1,336
1,633
1,468
1,460
Italy
429
999
1,002
953
862
1,009
1,073
1,031
1,030
West Germany
776
1,682
2,489
3,176
3,026
3,350
3,612
3,697
3,696
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,420
3,140
4,220
5,200
5,260
5,350
5,540
5,630
NA
USSR
704
1,783
2,395
2,755
2,783
2,853
2,972
3,056
3,229
Eastern Europe
716
1,360
1,830
2,440
2,480
2,490
2,560
2,570
NA
Bulgaria
17
46
84
162
155
147
163
151
144
Czechoslovakia
115
189
257
325
324
330
329
332
335
East Germany
327
413
442
626
695
687
694
667
638
Hungary b
16
67
89
189
178
192
194
194
202
Poland
167
313
392
415
363
392
379
414
427
Romania
74
330
566
723
760
745
805
814
NA
Other
China
407
892
1,289
1,923
2,073
2,123
2,222
2,353
2,270
Cuba
NA
4
4
3
11
16
18
14
14
Yugoslavia
48
93
97
136
169
171
191
188
198
a Pure caustic soda (100 percent NaOH), including tonnage
not commercialized but used on site for processing.
b Including regenerated caustic soda.
164
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Table 133
Synthetic Ammonia Production a
Thousand metric tons of N
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
3,595 b
10,315
12,232
14,664
11,771
10,500
12,462
12,923
10,450
Canada
382 b
1,007
1,336
2,556
2,509
2,888
3,493
NA
NA
Japan
1,059
2,682
2,990
2,110
1,653
1,546
1,669
1,628
1,477
France
724
1,619
1,941
2,085
1,900
1,960
1,959
NA
NA
Italy
724
1,272
1,452
1,409
1,048
932
1,209
1,215
1,530
Netherlands
410
1,340
1,908
2,275
2,010
2,121
2,819
NA
NA
West Germany
1,242
1,821
1,981
2,044
1,570
1,703
1,963
1,908
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
2,180
10,400
16,200
21,300
22,300
25,000
26,000
26,700
NA
USSR
1,138
6,282
9,868
13,762
14,605
16,904
17,677
18,232
19,400
Eastern Europe
1,040
4,090
6,340
7,560
7,680
8,110
8,340
8,500
NA
Bulgaria
111
788
935
1,009
1,033
1,124
1,138
1,138
NA
Czechoslovakia
153
432
710
841
726
809
827
994
NA
East Germany
392
481
919
1,181
1,167
1,210
1,207
1,210
NA
Hungary
67
414
513
795
791
812
813
790
NA
Poland
285
1,187
1,707
1,483
1,384
1,430
1,499
1,490
NA
Romania
29
792
1,559
2,247
2,583
2,723
2,857
2,876
NA
Other
China c
490
2,970
5,911
12,150
12,430
NA
NA
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
12
285
391
405
424
411
501
630
NA
a Unless otherwise indicated, nitrogen content of synthetic
ammonia. To convert to actual production of synthetic
ammonia, multiply by 1.2158.
b Data are for 1961.
c Including only ammonia produced for fertilizer.
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Table 134
Sulfuric Acid Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
38,700
61,600
64,900
80,500
66,100
70,600
76,600
74,000
69,600
United States b
16,223
26,785
29,357
40,059
30,148
33,982
38,005
35,971
33,404
Canada
1,517
2,475
2,723
4,295
3,085
3,679
4,054
3,896
3,580
Japan
4,452
6,925
5,997
6,778
6,530
6,662
6,457
6,559
6,510
European Community
14,200
21,300
22,200
24,600
21,100
21,300
22,800
22,100
20,600
France
2,046
3,682
3,758
4,950
4,166
4,309
4,531
4,252
4,010
Italy
2,299
3,327
3,006
2,827
2,221
2,339
2,540
2,520
2,380
Spain
1,132
2,021
3,624
3,052
2,870
2,860
3,407
3,390
3,320
United Kingdom
2,745
3,352
3,166
3,380
2,587
2,629
2,654
2,555
2,330
West Germany
3,170
4,435
4,157
4,777
4,411
4,339
4,309
4,200
4,014
Other countries
Mexico
249
1,235
2,047
2,351
2,732
2,996
3,196
2,222
2,160
South Korea
5
388
550
1,702
1,597
1,610
1,975
2,028
1,897
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
7,890
18,100
27,200
31,500
31,700
33,100
33,600
34,200
NA
USSR
5,398
12,059
18,645
23,033
23,801
24,714
25,338
26,037
27,900
Eastern Europe
2,500
6,060
8,590
8,460
7,940
8,360
8,270
8,210
NA
Bulgaria
123
502
154
852
916
861
908
810
806
Czechoslovakia
553
1,110
1,245
1,285
1,252
1,244
1,246
1,297
1,292
East Germany
730
1,099
1,002
958
920
926
885
883
883
Hungary
178
457
630
590
571
606
549
520
543
Poland
685
1,901
3,413
3,019
2,676
2,786
2,769
2,863
2,969
Romania
226
994
1,448
1,756
1,600
1,941
1,915
1,835
NA
Other
China
1,330
2,914
4,847
7,643
8,175
8,696
8,172
6,764
7,510
Cuba
NA
322
418
401
332
356
336
373
370
Yugoslavia
121
696
935
1,186
1,183
1,300
1,471
1,489
1,595
a Pure (monohydrate) sulfuric acid (100 percent H2SO4).
b Including appreciable amounts produced in government-
owned privately operated plants.
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Table 135
Chemical Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
22,300
43,300
46,300
59,500
48,900
54,900
58,000
51,400
NA
United States
7,410
15,789
18,221
23,377
17,053
19,955
21,508
17,462
NA
Canada
496
4,465
6,226
9,816
7,711
9,927
10,379
9,450
NA
Japan
1,544
2,770
2,142
1,850
1,741
1,722
1,851
1,692
NA
European Community
11,200
17,400
16,700
20,100
18,300
19,000
19,800
18,600
NA
France
3,021
4,644
4,354
4,924
4,331
4,515
4,646
4,440
NA
Italy
1,110
1,621
1,511
1,837
1,698
1,640
1,880
1,625
NA
Spain
674
1,604
1,794
2,148
2,007
1,871
2,114
2,091
NA
West Germany
3,897
4,743
3,756
4,824
3,882
4,325
4,398
4078
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
6,510
20,800
33,000
37,200
39,400
42,700
44,000
46,300
NA
USSR c
3,281
13,099
21,998
24,767
26,738
29,733
30,808
33,194
34,700
Eastern Europe
3,230
7,720
11,000
12,400
12,600
13,000
13,200
13,100
NA
Bulgaria
127
750
918
947
997
1,035
1,047
1,010
NA
Czechoslovakia
287
680
1,062
1,182
1,114
1,123
1,136
1,051
NA
East Germany
2,166
3,245
3,984
4,735
4,668
4,714
4,732
4,842
NA
Hungary
102
517
690
847
869
901
882
864
NA
Poland
477
1,629
2,581
2,238
2,284
2,324
2,356
2,270
NA
Romania
71
895
1,729
2,451
2,692
2,913
3,073
3,097
NA
Other
China
389
2,437
5,254
12,321
12,782
13,791
14,610
13,322
12,328
Yugoslavia
45
364
411
439
434
442
473
466
531
a Nitrogen fertilizer (in terms of nitrogen), phosphorus fertil- b Data are for "fertilizer years"-in general, the year begin- C Including some products used for technical purposes and
izer (in terms of phosphoric anhydride), and potassium ning 1 July of the stated year. microelement fertilizers not elsewhere included.
fertilizer (in terms of potassium oxide).
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Table 136
Nitrogen Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Thousand metric tons of N
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD a
8,460
19,300
21,200
26,600
23,100
25,600
27,700
24,700
NA
United States
2,739
8,161
9,591
11,825
9,051
10,750
11,694
9,864
NA
Canada
286
726
775
1,755
1,751
2,085
2,456
2,337
NA
Japan
1,030
2,105
1,557
1,202
1,126
1,075
1,210
1,065
NA
European Community
3,800
7,130
7,940
9,710
9,160
9,460
10,100
9,500
NA
Belgium
278
594
610b
743b
755b
706b
715b
795b
NA
France
671
1,351
1,361
1,640
1,530
1,600
1,693
1,600
NA
Italy
658
956
1,000
1,318
1,116
1,081
1,323
1,147
NA
Netherlands
417
930
1,155
1,624
1,505
1,700
1,739
1,480
NA
Spain
110
592
825
960
856
841
990
977
NA
United Kingdom
449
748
1,055
1,167
1,399
1,363
1,360
1,209
NA
West Germany
1,180
1,505
1,259
1,436
1,092
1,207
1,272
1,219
NA
Other countries a
India
110
846
1,508
2,164
3,430
3,487
3,917
4,323
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,910
8,740
13,500
16,100
17,700
19,400
19,900
20,700
NA
USSR c
1,003
5,423
8,535
10,241
11,593
13,014
13,328
14,223
15,200
Eastern Europe
906
3,320
4,950
5,850
6,150
6,420
6,540
6,500
NA
Bulgaria
86
602
672
730
758
831
836
838
NA
Czechoslovakia
140
296
496
618
568
591
576
526
614
East Germany
334
395
538
943
948
968
959
1,078
NA
Hungary
57
350
421
559
571
594
583
604
584
Poland
270
1,030
1,533
1,290
1,298
1,341
1,369
1,254
1,445
Romania
19
647
1,292
1,707
2,008
2,091
2,212
2,197
NA
Other
China
196
1,523
3,709
9,993
10,219
11,094
12,210
11,438
10,589
Yugoslavia
4
238
279
296
295
302
357
372
433
a Data are for "fertilizer years"-in general, the year begin-
ning 1 July of the stated year. Including some technical
nitrogen and anhydrous ammonia exported for further
processing.
b Including Luxembourg.
Including some nitrogen for technical purposes.
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Table 137
Phosphate Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Thousand metric tons of P70,
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD a
7,960
13,700
13,900
17,800
13,800
15,400
16,100
13,900
NA
United States
2,626
5,369
6,531
6,265
6,363
7,735
8,400
6,680
NA
Australia
569
695
481
829
759
678
641
637
NA
Canada
210
560
610
724
581
687
640
593
NA
Japan
515
665
585
648
615
647
641
627
NA
European Community
3,530
5,470
4,450
4,650
4,200
4,150
4,180
3,900
NA
Belgium
289
745
625 b
590 b
460 b
400 b
400 b
430 b
NA
France c d
770
1,451
1,259
1,351
1,200
1,230
1,224
1,090
NA
Italy
399
510
370
424
455
434
421
408
NA
Spain
299
487
456
497
449
383
459
455
NA
West Germany
750
946
649
687
564
552
492
446
NA
Other countries a
Brazil
45
162
594
1,582
1,139
1,055
1,484
1,282
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,850
5,500
8,120
9,080
9,530
10,000
10,400
11,200
NA
USSR.
1,192
3,585
5,511
6,455
7,057
7,417
7,695
8,596
9,100
Eastern Europe
658
1,910
2,610
2,630
2,470
2,620
2,660
2,590
NA
Bulgaria
41
148
246
217
239
204
211
172
NA
Czechoslovakia .
147
322
398
361
335
326
344
310
307
East Germany.
166
430
427
370
286
315
308
299
NA
Hungary
45
167
206
149
156
167
160
130
163
Poland
207
599
929
843
868
872
869
889
948
Romania
52
244
404
687
590
733
765
788
NA
Other
China .
193
907
1,531
2,308
2,537
2,666
2,360
1,760
NA
Yugoslavia
41
126
132
143
139
140
116
94
98
a Data are for "fertilizer years"-in general, the year begin-
ning 1 July of the stated year.
b Including Luxembourg.
. Including production of ground phosphate rock for direct
application and phosphate animal feeds.
d Beginning 1 May of the stated year.
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Table 138
Potassium Fertilizer Production, Nutrient Content
Thousand metric tons of K,0
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD a
5,920
10,300
11,200
15,100
11,900
14,000
14,200
12,900
NA
United States
2,045
2,259
2,099
2,052
1,639
1,470
1,414
1,098
NA
Canada
0
3,179
4,842
7,337
5,379
7,155
7,283
6,520
NA
European Community
3,870
4,820
4,270
5,730
4,920
5,340
5,490
5,240
NA
France
1,581
1,842
1,734
1,933
1,601
1,685
1,729
1,750
NA
Spain
265
525
512
691
702
647
665
659
NA
West Germany b
1,967
2,293
1,848
2,701
2,226
2,566
2,634
2,413
NA
Other countries a
Israel
92
576
712
812
940
956
1,166
1,260
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
2,750
6,570
11,300
12,000
12,100
13,300
13,800
14,400
NA
USSR c
1,084
4,087
7,944
8,064
8,079
9,294
9,776
10,367
10,400
Eastern Europe
1,670
2,490
3,400
3,930
4,000
3,980
4,030
4,050
NA
Czechoslovalda a
0
62
168
203
211
206
216
215
NA
East Germany
1,666
2,420
3,019
3,422
3,434
3,431
3,465
3,465
NA
Hungary d
0
0
63
139
142
140
139
130
NA
Poland d
0
0
119
105
118
111
118
127
NA
Romania d
0
4
33
57
94
89
96
112
NA
Other
China
0
7
14
20
26
31
40
NA
NA
a Data are for "fertilizer years"-in general, the year begin-
ning 1 July of the stated year. Including unidentified double
counting of some products used for technical purposes
(estimated at 4 percent to 5 percent of the total).
b Excluding technical potash.
c Including some potassium for technical purposes.
d Imported potash added to domestically produced nitrogen
and phosphate to form multinutrient fertilizer.
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Table 139
Plastics Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
2,850
9,660
10,206
12,786
12,912
14,729
15,956
16,594
16,700
Japan
556
5,128
4,373
6,422
5,986
6,504
7,424
7,301
7,280
European Community
Belgium
46
419
678
1,835
2,023
2,246
2,374
2,498
2,750
Italy
346
1,567
2,053
2,464
2,142
2,436
2,718
2,640
2,650
Netherlands
116
795
1,350
1,975
2,502
2,777
2,641
2,450
NA
West Germany
982
4,321
5,046
6,710
6,275
7,031
7,409
7,553
7,850
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
560
2,860
4,920
7,110
7,710
8,380
8,980
9,200
NA
USSR b
312
1,670
2,838
3,637
4,058
4,419
4,819
5,019
5,344
Eastern Europe
248
1,190
2,080
3,470
3,650
3,960
4,170
4,180
NA
Bulgaria
7
89
156
255
337
398
430
406
NA
Czechoslovakia
64
245
428
894
956
1,002
1,039
1,103
1,140
East Germany
115
370
605
861
990
1,045
1,056
1,048
1,045
Hungary
10
56
124
328
326
345
385
389
423
Poland
40
224
421
549
451
535
601
603
631
Romania
12
206
347
579
591
633
655
628
NA
Other
China
54
176
330
898
1,003
1,121
1,180
1,234
1,290
Yugoslavia
15
97
160
483
489
466
551
586
647
a Dry basis, excluding water, solvents, and other liquid diluents.
b Including resins for manmade fibers.
Table 140
Natural Rubber Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
India
25.2
89.9
136.0
155.4
165.9
168.0
183.9
198.3
200.0
Indonesia a
620.3
815.2
822.5
1,020.0
880.0
997.2
1,115.6
1,130.2
990.0
Malaysia b
755.7
1,269.2
1,459.3
1,530.0
1,494.2
1,563.7
1,530.6
1,471.4
1,540.4
Sri Lanka
98.8
159.2
148.8
133.2
126.2
140.0
141.9
137.5
140.0
Thailand a
170.8
318.8
355.0
501.1
552.2
587.2
628.6
725.7
775.0
a Exports plus estimated consumption.
e Including data for Malaya and Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah.
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1
I
I
Table 141
Synthetic Rubber Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
1,910
4,550
4,480
5,420
4,730
5,050
5,580
5,400
5,510
United States
1,459
2,232
1,990
2,215
1,817
1,987
2,219
2,026
2,145
Canada
162
205
173
253
182
182
218
209
188
Japan
23
698
789
1,094
931
1,002
1,160
1,158
1,140
European Community
269
1,380
1,470
1,770
1,690
1,780
1,880
1,900
1,920
France
17
316
350
511
479
514
551
544
542
Italy
67
155
200
250
210
220
215
225
245
Netherlands
12
200
216
212
203
196
207
235
205
United Kingdom
92
316
261
212
246
262
289
270
289
West Germany
81
302
316
390
384
418
438
448
452
Other countries
Brazil
0
75
129
249
228
221
258
266
280
Mexico
0
44
60
91
100
124
139
146
148
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
485
1,330
2,100
2,550
2,430
2,480
2,610
2,640
2,760
USSR
378
1,035
1,676
2,040
1,950
1,970
2,085
2,125
2,250
Eastern Europe
107
295
427
508
484
514
527
518
510
Bulgaria
0
4
19
30
25
25
26
26
26
Czechoslovakia
0
50
57
60
66
67
71
70
76
East Germany
87
118
144
150
155
155
152
140
130
Poland
20
62
108
118
100
120
119
126
116
Romania
0
61
99
150
138
147
159
156
162
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Manufacturing Goods and Forestry
Page
Table 142.
Table 143.
Table 144.
Table 145.
Table 146.
Table 147.
Table 148.
Table 149.
Table 150.
Table 151.
Table 152.
Table 153.
Table 154.
Table 155.
Table 156.
Synthetic Fibers Production
Electric Generator Production
Turbine Production
Housing Construction
Metalcutting Machine Tool Production
Metalforming Machine Tool Production
Grain Combine Production
Tractor Production
Passenger Automobile Production
Truck and Bus Production
Railroad Freight Car Production
Rubber Tire Production
Cement Production
Newsprint Production
Plywood Production
174
175
175
176
176
177
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
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Table 142
Synthetic Fibers Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
307.2
1,626.7
2,664.4
3,571.4
2,922.4
3,416.0
3,389.1
3,430.7
3,544.9
Japan
118.3
1,027.9
1,062.0
1,400.4
1,294.8
1,438.8
1,414.8
1,446.0
1,524.0
European Community
208
1,430
1,830
2,030
2,000
2,130
2,210
2,300
2,260
France
45.3
175.2
208.8
224.4
205.2
207.6
213.6
202.8
183.6
Italy
33.7
241.7
316.8
399.6
489.6
540.0
597.6
672.0
681.2
United Kingdom b
61.0
336.9
361.2
288.0
202.8
225.6
234.0
231.6
207.6
West Germany
52.3
497.0
633.6
721.2
702.0
758.4
770.4
796.8
788.4
Other countries
South Korea
NEGL
46.2
267.9
537.6
612.0
663.6
NA
NA
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
35.5
361
819
1,200
1,310
1,400
NA
NA
NA
USSR
15.0
167.0
365.0
570.0
655.0
708.0
744.0
789.0
840.0
Eastern Europe
20.5
194
454
630
650
688
NA
NA
NA
Bulgaria
0
23.1
41.7
55.5
62.1
61.9
NA
NA
NA
Czechoslovakia
3.4
31.4
69.4
110.0
125.0
129.0
134.0
137.0
NA
East Germany
7.8
47.3
111.8
138.7
149.0
151.0
154.0
158.0
NA
Hungary
0.4
5.6
11.3
20.4
20.4
22.8
21.6
22.8
24.0
Poland
8.0
57.5
124.2
168.0
134.5
152.4
160.3
164.0
NA
Romania
0.9
29.5
95.6
141.0
159.7
171.2
281.3
257.2
NA
Other
Yugoslavia
NA
8.7
18.5
49.9
61.2
74.1
100.0
99.0
97.3
a Data are for noncellulosic fibers whether made of natural
polymers, which are based on materials such as casein or
groundnuts, or made of synthetic polymers, which are based
mostly on coal or petroleum. Data exclude waste, glass
fibers, and rubber fibers.
b "Delivery weight," approximately 3 percent less than
"actual weight," prior to mid-1967. Thereafter, approxi-
mately one-half of production is reported as "actual
weight."
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Table 143
Electric Generator Production a
Thousand kilowatts
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States b
12,899
27,565
30,496
21,122
9,967
12,170
11,028
7,255
NA
Communist countries
USSR
7,900
10,578
17,100
16,100
12,700
12,600
13,700
12,300
14,900
Bulgaria
29
37
32
71
228
85
90
145
NA
Czechoslovakia a
1,391
1,487
1,474
879
1,189
892
864
NA
NA
Hungary a d
357
473
752
487
428
NA
518
NA
NA
Romania
83
747
1,479
1,111
929
606
1,011
788
NA
China
NA
2,918
4,965
4,193
1,645
2,740
4,674
5,610
7,120
a Turbogenerators and hydrogenerators. Production of diesel
generators is believed to be negligible in most instances.
b Shipments of units of 4,000 kilowatts and larger.
a Generators for steam and gas turbines only.
d Thousand kilovolt amperes.
Table 144
Turbine Production a
Thousand kilowatts
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States b
12,899
27,565
30,496
21,122
9,967
12,170
11,028
7,255
NA
Communist countries
USSR a
9,200
16,191
18,886
19,600
17,300
15,500
21,300
21,600
21,900
Czechoslovakia
1,555
2,239
1,720
1,120
2,104
1,503
1,896
2,576
NA
Poland d
186
471
1,820
1,318
893
587
NA
NA
NA
Romania e
98
121
712
497
337
597
257
NA
332
NA
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for steam and hydrau-
lic turbines. Most production of turbines is for use in
matched sets with generators for production of electricity. In
addition, turbines are produced in single units for many
purposes, including direct industrial drives, marine propul-
sion, and pipeline transmission.
b Shipments of units of 4,000 kilowatts and larger. Data are
available only for turbines produced in integral units togeth-
er with generators. Therefore, data for turbines and genera-
tors for the United States are assumed to be the same. Some
turbines are produced in single units, but no data are
available on this production.
175
a Including a number of gas turbines.
d Steam turbines only.
a Steam turbines of more than 500 kilowatts only.
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Table 145
Housing Construction
Million square meters
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States a
145.4
152.3
159.0
182.3
120.0
171.6
201.0
207.9
219.1
USSR b
109.6
106.0
109.9
105.0
107.9
112.4
112.5
113.0
118.2
a Housing production measured in square meters based on
U.S. Census data for housing completions. Average unit size
corrected to conform to Soviet "useful space" concept. Data
does not include mobile homes.
b Total "useful" housing space, which includes all interior
space of living units but excludes space at exterior halls,
service areas, and walls.
Table 146
Metalcutting Machine Tool Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States b
42.91
49.31
64.32
61.37
49.10
35.40
34.45
33.82
35.00
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
155.92
202.16
231.35
216.00
195.00
190.00
188.00
182.00
163.00
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
3.15
13.94
16.28
18.87
17.90
15.12
15.20
17.20
19.46
Czechoslovakia
30.23
35.19
29.66
36.90
37.10
35.40
37.00
37.20
37.60
East Germany
41.90
22.22
19.72
17.50
18.00
20.40
20.70
21.90
23.21
Hungary
9.78
14.48
12.83
10.20
13.10
13.10
13.10
10.70
10.70
Poland
22.47
29.73
33.19
28.20
32.20
39.30
47.10
48.70
50.35
Romania
4.44
14.14
28.27
29.40
37.90
59.00
80.20
89.40
90.80
Other
China
153.50
138.90
174.90
133.60
99.80
121.00
133.50
167.20
159.00
a Power-driven metalcutting machines that are not portable
by hand and are used to remove metal in the form of chips;
these machines include lathes and planers and milling,
honing, lapping, grinding, electroerosion, and ultrasonic
cutting machines.
b Average value of $1,000 and over for 1960-75 and begin-
ning in 1980, $2,500 and over.
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Table 147
Metalforming Machine Tool Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States b
19.3
24.2
26.8
30.3
18.3
31.5
34.1
17.8
38.3
USSR
29.9
41.3
50.5
57.2
57.3
57.4
55.3
52.7
51.4
a Power-driven metalforming machine tools that are not
supported in the hands of an operator when in use and are
designed to press, forge, emboss, hammer, extrude, blank,
spin, shear, and bend metal into shape.
b Average value of $1,000 and over for 1960-75 and begin-
ning in 1980, $2,500 and over.
Table 148
Grain Combine Production a
Units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
United States b
30,165
21,017
31,259
28,502
22,726
13,673
11,296
7,117
NA
Communist Countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
67,000
103,000
108,000
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USSR
59,000
99,200
97,500
117,000
112,000
118,000
118,000
112,000
112,000
Eastern Europe
8,040
4,230
10,800
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
East Germany
1,972
900
1,500
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Poland
564
2,155
3,591
4,593
4,500
4,550
4,800
5,132
NA
Romania
5,500
1,179
5,659
4,890
4,800
5,094
4,900
6,806
NA
a Tractor-drawn and self-propelled.
b Shipments.
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Table 149
Tractor Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
178.5
191.7
232.0
155.4
80.8
51.9
57.4
38.4
NA
Japan
NA
33.8 b
207.3
203.0
179.4
171.0
201.4
209.7
209.1
European Community
France
63.4
68.8
55.8
39.1
40.2
38.6
36.2
32.6
25.6
Italy
37.6
84.8
116.4
128.3
92.8
88.4
94.8
97.9
89.3
United Kingdom c
181.0
160.7
141.7
103.3
91.0
89.0
102.0
102.0
86.8
West Germany a
120.7
105.4
114.1
94.6
93.4
98.3
80.6
86.0
81.9
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
308
569
697
728
724
741
748
758
NA
USSR
238.5
458.5
550.4
555.0
555.0
564.0
571.0
585.0
595.0
Eastern Europe
70.0
111
147
173
169
177
178
172
NA
Bulgaria
0
3.5
5.1
6.8
6.2
5.9
5.8
5.4
5.1
Czechoslovakia
32.5
18.5
29.6
33.4
33.5
34.2
34.2
35.2
37.0
East Germany
9.1
16.4
4.0
4.4
4.4
3.7
2.1
2.6
NA
Hungary
2.6
1.9
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.4
Poland
8.7
41.0
57.6
57.5
53.0
55.5
58.8
59.0
61.8
Romania
17.1
29.3
50.0
70.9
71.8
77.1
76.5
70.0
NA
Other
China
10.8
24.0
NA
98.0
40.0
37.0
39.7
44.6
33.9
Yugoslavia
7.3
12.0
33.2
50.7
52.3
55.9
59.7
56.6
55.0
a Excluding garden-type tractors.
b Data are for 1971.
c Shipments.
d Excluding single-axle tractors.
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Table 150
Passenger Automobile Production
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
6,675
6,547
6,713
6,400
5,049
6,739
7,621
8,002
7,516
Canada
326
923
1,045
847
808
969
1,033
1,075
1,061
Japan
165
3,179
4,568
7,038
6,882
7,152
7,073
7,645
7,836
European Community
4,960
9,870
9,200
10,500
10,100
10,800
10,300
10,700
11,600
France
1,136
2,458
2,951
3,487
3,086
3,228
2,910
2,784
2,994
Italy b
596
1,720
1,348
1,445
1,296
1,396
1,436
1,354
1,800
Spain
NA
455
702
1,048
944
1,136
1,174
1,217
1,390
United Kingdom
1,353
1,641
1,268
924
888
1,045
910
1,048
1,019
West Germany
1,817
3,528
2,905
3,512
3,772
3,875
3,784
4,165
4,273
Other countries
Brazil e
57
255
554
652
686
685
666
460
508
Mexico c
NA
137
262
316
324
214
244
289
207
South Korea c
NA
NA
NA
58
99
128
167
262
457
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
272
710
1,780
2,140
2,010
2,060
2,130
2,160
NA
USSR
139
344
1,201
1,327
1,307
1,315
1,327
1,332
1,326
Eastern Europe
133
366
581
815
704
740
802
826
NA
Bulgaria
0
8
15
15
15
15
16
15
18
Czechoslovakia
56
143
175
184
174
178
180
184
184
East Germany
64
127
159
177
183
188
202
210
217
Poland"
12
64
164
351
228
269
279
283
290
Romania e
1
24
68
88
104
90
125
134
NA
Other
Yugoslavia e
4
111
183
255
213
220
244
229
226
a Factory sales. Starting in 1980 excluding passenger vans.
b Excluding production for the armed forces.
e Including vehicles assembled from imported parts.
d Excluding special passenger cars.
e Including jeeps.
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Table 151
Truck and Bus Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD b
United States .
1,194
1,692
2,272
1,667
1,906
2,414
3,075
3,357
3,393
Canada
72
236
379
528
468
554
809
856
870
Japan
595
2,126
2,376
4,006
3,857
3,966
4,037
4,711
4,470
European Community
1,000
1,290
1,240
1,620
1,250
1,090
1,120
1,380
1,390
France
234
292
336
505
446
332
424
460
500
Italy a
49
134
109
167
156
179
160
185
190
Spain
17
77
113
146
102
31
32
154
230
United Kingdom
458
458
380
389
269
245
224
266
236
West Germany
238
318
288
380
258
283
264
295
211
Other countries
Brazil
76
161
395
516
346
319
329
508
610
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
452
728
977
1,080
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USSR
385
572
763
872
866
875
880
900
1,300
Eastern Europe
67
156
214
210
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Bulgaria
0
3
6
7
7
8
8
8
NA
Czechoslovakia
18
27
33
46
47
43
47
48
49
East Germany
13
27
38
40
38
40
41
46
46
Hungary e
4
10
13
14
13
12
13
14
15
Poland
23
53
85
67
48
52
55
49
55
Romania
9
37
39
36
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other
China f
15
70
133
136
122
137
182
269
230
North Korea
3
8
10
12
14
15
16
16
16
Yugoslavia
6
17
19
21
20
16
16
16
15
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for light and heavy
trucks, wheeled tractors for road haulage, special vehicles,
and buses.
d Excluding production for the armed forces.
. Excluding wheeled tractors.
f Excluding buses, jeeps, and three-wheel trucks.
b Data include complete units exported for assembly.
. Factory sales, including passenger vans starting in 1980.
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Table 152
Railroad Freight Car Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
57.31
66.18
72.39
85.92
17.24
5.77
12.40
12.08
11.51
European Community
France b
7.93
14.23
9.62
5.60
3.83
3.00
2.90
1.68
2.51
West Germany
6.63
9.60
6.96
10.60
NA
2.75
NA
NA
NA
Other countries
India c
11.90
11.98
12.24
11.40
15.80
16.40
15.40
15.00
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
64.7
97.3
117
106
88.1
87.6
88.4
NA
NA
USSR
36.40
58.30
69.90
63.00
58.60
58.40
58.60
58.70
NA
Eastern Europe
28.3
39.0
47.4
42.6
29.5
29.2
29.8
NA
NA
Bulgaria
2.01
1.99
2.51
3.00
2.98
3.10
2.77
2.90
NA
Czechoslovakia
5.15
4.35
5.03
7.27
6.52
5.57
5.53
5.89
NA
East Germany
2.14
5.51
5.03
3.87
3.59
3.13
3.11
3.29
NA
Hungary
0.45
0.50
0.48
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
NA
Poland
13.90
15.46
18.74
15.22
6.37
6.05
6.36
6.80
6.92
Romania
4.62
11.16
15.59
13.24
10.03
11.30
12.00
NA
NA
Other
China
23.00
8.00
14.50
10.57
10.56
15.78
18.10
19.30
NA
North Korea
0.60
3.50
4.00
4.50
4.70
4.80
4.90
4.90
4.90
Yugoslavia
3.42
2.61
3.33
2.13
3.03
3.16
NA
NA
1.48
a Units of two, four, or more axles. Most production now
consists of four-axle units.
b Shipments.
c Four wheelers only.
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Table 153
Rubber Tire Production a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
123,059
193,971
191,999
159,263
178,500
186,923
209,375
195,972
191,040
Japan c
10,100
63,828
74,580
113,004
125,292
134,616
135,360
146,940
132,680
European Community
France d
16,518
39,415
39,365
50,544
41,484
47,328
44,316
46,244
51,132
Italy
NA
22,383
25,716
52,320
44,364
37,944
39,900
41,112
42,390
United Kingdom c
15,904
30,540
26,008
26,346
24,376
23,976
24,115
24,220
25,643
West Germany c
14,745
37,548
32,016
37,800
36,336
37,884
39,252
40,260
42,780
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
25,300
52,300
76,900
89,900
88,700
90,700
95,200
98,900
NA
USSR
17,225
34,620
51,480
60,100
61,700
62,000
63,700
65,200
66,000
Eastern Europe
8,070
17,700
25,400
29,800
27,100
28,700
31,500
33,700
NA
Bulgaria
204
919
1,736
2,117
2,212
2,317
2,415
2,479
NA
Czechoslovakia
2,387
3,933
5,945
6,740
6,198
6,217
6,500
6,311
NA
East Germany
2,714
4,692
6,272
7,067
7,051
7,380
7,784
8,364
8,580
Hungary
551
1,090
1,013
840
735
735
794
825
857
Poland
1,862
4,516
6,644
8,020
5,322
6,695
8,103
8,541
NA
Romania
351
2,508
3,786
5,046
5,445
5,346
5,882
7,210
NA
Other
China
NA
4,200
7,000
11,000
8,640
12,710
15,345
18,527
19,932
Cuba
325
202
368
387
218
353
450
472
470
Yugoslavia
391
2,763
5,110
9,584
9,388
9,423
9,858
11,194
11,632
Unless otherwise indicated, data are for all motor vehicle
tires, excluding aircraft and bicycle tires.
b Excludes motorcycle tires after 1975.
Excluding motorcycle tires.
d Excluding motorcycle, tractor, and agricultural tires.
182
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Table 154
Cement Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
186
318
336
383
354
358
354
341
346
United States
56.06
67.43
61.82
68.24
57.47
63.88
70.49
70.66
72.39
Canada
5.34
7.28
9.74
10.34
8.14
7.80
8.86
9.67
10.50
Japan
22.54
57.19
65.52
87.96
79.21
80.89
78.85
72.86
70.22
Turkey
2.04
6.37
10.86
14.81
15.72
13.60
15.74
17.41
18.48
European Community
85.4
156
164
181
172
171
160
150
152
Belgium
4.39
6.73
6.89
7.49
6.32
5.72
5.72
5.54
6.16
France
14.35
29.01
29.71
29.10
26.15
24.50
22.72
22.22
22.58
Italy
16.01
33.08
34.24
41.86
40.25
39.77
38.30
37.15
36.63
Spain
5.23
16.70
24.10
28.01
29.60
31.21
25.50
21.88
21.75
United Kingdom
13.50
17.17
16.90
14.81
12.96
13.39
13.49
12.24
13.42
West Germany
24.90
38.32
33.50
34.26
30.37
29.57
28.63
25.60
26.51
Other countries
Brazil
4.74
9.00
16.74
27.19
25.44
20.88
19.49
20.62
23.53
India
7.84
13.96
16.24
17.70
22.50
25.36
29.03
25.90
32.86
Mexico
3.09
7.27
11.70
16.26
19.10
17.03
18.38
19.97
19.60
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
68.4
137
180
191
186
190
193
189
NA
USSR
45.52
95.25
122.06
125.05
123.68
128.16
130.00
131.00
135.00
Eastern Europe
22.9
42.1
58.1
66.0
62.0
61.4
62.6
58.0
NA
Bulgaria
1.59
3.67
4.36
5.36
5.62
5.64
5.71
5.22
5.7
Czechoslovakia
5.05
7.40
9.30
10.55
10.32
10.50
10.53
10.27
10.3
East Germany
5.03
7.98
10.66
12.44
11.72
11.78
11.56
11.60
12.00
Hungary
1.57
2.77
3.76
4.66
4.37
4.25
4.14
3.68
3.85
Poland
6.60
12.18
18.54
18.44
16.03
16.16
16.66
15.00
15.83
Romania
3.05
8.13
11.52
14.60
13.93
13.03
14.02
12.20
NA
Other
China
15.65
25.75
46.26
79.86
95.20
108.25
123.02
145.95
161.56
Cuba
0.80
0.74
2.08
2.83
3.16
3.10
3.34
3.20
3.0
North Korea
2.30
2.80
5.00
6.60
7.40
7.70
8.00
8.50
NA
Yugoslavia
2.40
4.40
7.07
9.31
9.72
9.59
9.31
9.01
9.12
a All types of hydraulic cements used in construction.
183
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Table 155
Newsprint Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
12,700
18,800
17,400
22,000
21,300
22,000
23,600
23,700
24,500
United States
1,818
3,035
3,153
4,239
4,574
4,688
5,025
4,924
5,108
Australia
90
173
196
222
364
376
378,
372
368
Canada
6,068
7,996
7,056
8,621
8,117
8,486
9,013
8,988
9,289
Finland
781
1,305
1,028
1,430
1,297
1,285
1,538
1,489
1,314
Japan
732
1,917
2,160
2,674
2,580
2,562
2,554
2,592
2,735
New Zealand
91
214
219
319
322
322
320
320
320
Norway
226
554
436
588
662
704
841
811
854
Sweden
582
1,030
1,188
1,534
1,322
1,434
1,585
1,595
1,726
European Community
2,120
2,290
1,620
1,890
1,550
1,560
1,830
1,950
2,140
France
551
430
256
260
248
218
264
263
302
Italy
259
311
240
271
198
194
206
178
217
United Kingdom
753
757
316
364
86
79
230
349
421
West Germany
230
408
482
593
666
662
696
694
751
Other countries
South Africa
0
160
210
226
362
240
301
325
NA
South Korea
27
102
107
214
212
208
216
244
272
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
678
1,420
1,660
1,920
1,870
1,880
1,900
1,945
NA
USSR
434
1,101
1,361
1,532
1,508
1,528
1,532
1,589
1,645
Eastern Europe
244
319
300
380
361
348
364
356
NA
Czechoslovakia
34
81
77
71
79
68
72
72
68
East Germany
89
97
96
116
113
106
106
113
NA
Poland
77
88
83
91
78
83
86
81
NA
Romania
44
53
44
103
91
91
100
90
NA
Other
Cuba a
NA
19
32
35
37
34
44
59
60
Yugoslavia
28
75
85
45
29
28
29
28
37
a Printing and writing paper.
184
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Table 156
Plywood Production
Thousand cubic meters
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
12,400
26,200
25,400
27,900
24,200
28,800
29,500
30,000
31,200
United States
7,910
14,078
14,579
14,857
13,300
17,090
17,984
18,868
19,200
Canada
1,000
1,851
2,051
2,338
1,682
2,064
1,846
1,900
2,050
Finland
414
706
415
639
596
580
592
556
580
Japan
1,286
6,922
6,168
8,000
6,740
7,291
7,300
6,805
7,438
European Community
1,430
2,140
1,860
1,760
1,590
1,470
1,520
1,480
1,560
France
390
643
551
527
477
483
476
490
480
Italy
150
420
400
400
425
325
346
350
380
Spain
75
225
266
162
150
120
129
135
143
West Germany
660
569
400
429
331
334
336
300
330
Other countries
Brazil
98
342
660
826
900
900
900
930
980
Malaysia
2
197
404
601
787
800
800
572
640
Philippines
287
653
423
553
434
469
414
200
350
Singapore
NA
215
334
480
480
480
480
480
480
South Korea
20
578
976
1,071
971
973
844
758
693
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,690
2,600
2,850
2,710
2,660
2,730
2,980
3,030
NA
USSR
1,354
2,045
2,196
2,022
2,015
2,103
2,349
2,410
2,576
Eastern Europe
333
558
658
684
646
625
629
619
NA
Bulgaria
64
71
65
56
57
55
53
51
47
Czechoslovakia
46
57
113
137
152
146
150
141
NA
East Germany
60
73
78
82
76
77
76
75
NA
Hungary
22
12
5
5
5
5
5
5
NA
Poland
73
99
128
131
104
109
111
112
NA
Romania
68
246
269
273
252
233
234
235
NA
Other
Yugoslavia
61
103
126
186
181
135
141
145
155
185
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Agriculture
Page
Table 157.
Total Grain Production
188-189
Table 158.
Wheat Production
190
Table 159.
Coarse Grain Production
191
i
Table 160.
Rice Production
192
(
(
Table 161.
Potato Production
193
Table 162.
Sugar Production
194
Table 163.
Fish Catch
195
Table 164.
Cattle Numbers
196
Table 165.
Hog Numbers
197
Table 166.
Meat Production
198
Table 167.
Milk Production
199
Table 168.
Soybean Production
200
Table 169.
Coffee Production
201
Table 170.
Wool Production
202
Table 171.
Ginned Cotton Production
203
Table 172.
Chemical Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content
204-205
Table 173.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content
206
Table 174.
Phosphate Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content
207
Table 175.
Potassium Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content
208
Table 176.
Grain Yields
209
187
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Table 157
Total Grain Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Developed countries
United States
181.26
186.72
249.17
269.68
332.94
207.50
314.59
347.01
315.81
Australia
10.81
12.86
17.73
16.36
14.05
30.87
28.36
24.92
23.69
Canada
25.39
26.47
35.26
39.81
51.78
46.25
41.85
47.76
58.15
Japan
20.18
17.00
17.60
13.17
13.98
14.07
16.02
15.87
15.80
New Zealand
0.38
0.58
0.65
0.75
0.71
0.87
1.12
1.22
1.40
South Africa
6.52
8.06
11.50
13.02
11.15
6.29
7.48
10.36
10.96
Turkey
12.12
15.66
21.91
24.21
26.06
24.36
26.19
26.37
29.30
European Community
79.7
102
116
145
146
139
174
162
154
France
23.02
31.29
35.12
47.36
48.19
46.04
57.54
55.07
48.99
Italy
11.98
16.15
17.15
17.99
18.33
18.07
19.92
18.13
18.74
Spain
7.27
10.30
14.20
18.64
13.14
13.75
21.01
20.95
16.32
United Kingdom
9.46
13.01
13.82
19.42
21.87
21.46
26.58
22.44
24.36
West Germany
15.06
16.07
20.08
22.41
23.90
22.54
25.97
25.92
25.59
Other countries
Argentina
12.57
19.66
22.79
18.27
34.08
30.62
31.11
27.46
26.75
Bangladesh
14.57
16.86
19.28
21.66
22.29
22.85
23.15
24.48
25.30
Brazil
14.61
22.78
26.19
33.19
33.71
29.16
32.68
35.95
36.79
Colombia
1.56
1.67
2.83
3.24
3.54
3.35
3.24
3.20
3.47
Egypt
5.43
6.62
7.36
7.52
7.93
8.08
7.37
8.31
8.33
India
78.97
101.80
117.35
,131.15
127.52
154.55
154.71
158.94
159.34
Indonesia
15.35
22.15
25.26
33.65
36.82
40.39
43.43
43.37
45.04
Mexico
7.36
14.99
16.62
21.11
20.20
22.41
23.88
26.48
25.05
Pakistan
6.24
11.75
12.82
16.86
17.86
18.84
17.25
17.50
20.16
Peru
1.13
1.32
1.48
1.14
1.58
1.55
2.16
1.84
1.86
Thailand
8.38
15.47
18.39
20.60
20.12
23.43
24.51
25.60
22.79
Venezuela
0.51
0.86
1.09
1.55
1.45
1.30
1.43
2.06
2.44
Zimbabwe
1.01
0.79
2.03
1.88
1.77
1.06
1.47
3.34
2.86
188
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Table 157 (continued)
Total Grain Production a
Million metric tons
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR b
Eastern Europe c
Bulgaria d
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Other
Cambodia e
China f
Cuba g
Laos c
North Korea
Vietnam h
Yugoslavia
a Data are for the following products, where they are
produced: barley, corn, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, and wheat.
h Including miscellaneous grains and pulses. Measured in
bunker weight, that is, gross output from the combine which
includes excess moisture, unripe and damaged kernels, weed
seeds, and other trash. For comparison with US or other
country grain output, an average discount of 11 percent
should be applied.
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
173
242
213
270
276
277
269
280
303
125.56
186.80
140.12
189.09
186.77
192.22
172.63
191.67
210.07
47.2
55.1
73.1
80.7
88.9
84.6
96.0
88.8
93.2
4.97
6.91
7.87
7.81
10.21
8.10
9.24
5.38
7.86
4.84
7.20
9.28
10.70
10.28
11.04
11.98
11.77
10.80
6.38
6.46
8.91
9.63
10.02
10.07
11.35
11.60
11.70
6.90
7.62
12.19
14.01
14.88
13.74
15.44
14.54
12.51
14.30
16.26
19.56
18.34
21.17
22.09
24.39
23.73
24.91
9.83
10.63
15.27
20.20
22.34
19.60
23.58
21.82
25.41
NA
NA
NA
1.60
1.90
1.80
1.60
NA
NA
143.50
239.96
284.52
320.56
354.50
387.28
407.31
379.11
391.09
0.41
0.39
0.47
0.50
0.54
0.55
0.58
0.56
0.55
NA
0.80
NA
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.30
1.55
2.66
3.50
5.40
4.60
6.70
7.00
7.20
7.20
6.80
NA
NA
11.50
14.40
16.20
16.80
17.30
18.00
18.50
10.93
11.61
15.01
15.66
17.41
17.28
18.01
15.81
17.77
c Including miscellaneous grains.
d Including pulses.
e Data reflect only rice production.
f Including soybeans, broad beans, and field peas. Tubers are
included on a grain equivalent basis of 5 metric tons of
tubers to 1 metric ton of grain for 1970-86 and on a grain
equivalent basis of 4 metric tons of tubers to 1 metric ton of
grain for 1960.
189
g Data reflect only govern
total production of grains
h Including corn, manioc,
paddy-equivalent basis (1
rice).
ment collections of corn and rice;
is somewhat higher.
sweet potatoes, and soybeans on a
ton paddy =0.63 tons of grain or
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Table 158
Wheat Production
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
36.87
36.78
57.89
64.62
76.54
65.86
70.62
66.00
56.79
Australia
7.45
7.89
11.98
10.86
8.88
22.02
18.67
16.13
17.36
Canada
14.11
9.02
17.08
19.29
26.79
26.50
21.20
24.25
31.85
Turkey
7.00
10.08
14.83
16.55
17.54
16.44
17.24
17.03
19.00
European Community
33.1
41.4
45.1
61.6
64.7
64.1
82.6
71.4
71.8
France
11.01
12.92
15.01
23.68
25.34
24.74
32.98
28.89
26.59
Italy
6.79
9.69
9.61
9.16
8.90
8.72
10.06
8.52
9.07
Spain
3.52
4.13
4.30
6.04
4.41
4.27
6.05
5.33
4.29
United Kingdom
3.04
4.24
4.49
8.47
10.32
10.88
14.97
12.05
13.88
West Germany
4.82
5.66
7.01
8.16
8.63
9.00
10.22
9.87
10.41
Other countries
Argentina
4.20
4.92
8.57
7.78
15.13
12.30
13.22
8.70
8.90
India
10.32
20.09
24.10
31.83
37.45
42.79
45.48
44.07
46.88
Iran
2.60
4.26
5.57
6.00
6.50
5.96
5.50
6.66
7.13
Pakistan
3.91
7.29
7.67
10.86
11.30
12.41
10.88
11.70
13.97
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
77.3
119
90.3
127
113
107
104
110
127
USSR a
64.30
99.73
66.22
98.18
84.30
77.50
68.60
78.10
92.31
Eastern Europe
13.0
19.1
24.1
29.1
29.0
29.4
35.8
31.6
34.4
Bulgaria
2.38
3.06
3.01
3.87
4.95
3.64
4.84
3.05
4.00
Czechoslovakia
1.50
3.17
4.20
5.39
4.61
5.82
6.17
6.02
5.60
East Germany
1.46
2.13
2.74
3.10
2.74
3.55
3.90
3.81
4.10
Hungary
1.77
2.72
4.01
6.08
5.76
5.99
7.34
6.55
5.80
Poland
2.30
4.61
5.21
4.18
4.48
5.16
6.01
6.47
7.39
Romania
3.55
3.40
4.91
6.47
6.51
5.25
7.58
5.67
7.55
Other
China
22.17
29.19
45.31
55.21
68.47
81.39
87.82
85.81
90.30
Yugoslavia
3.57
3.79
4.40
5.09
5.22
5.53
5.60
4.86
4.68
a Measured in bunker weight, that is, gross output from the
combine which includes excess moisture, unripe and dam-
aged kernels, weed seeds, and other trash. For comparison
with US or other country grain output, an average discount
of 11 percent should be applied.
190
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Table 159
Coarse Grains Production a
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
141.91
146.14
185.46
198.43
250.72
137.12
237.68
274.89
252.92
Canada
11.28
17.45
18.19
20.51
25.05
19.74
20.65
23.51
26.30
Turkey
4.95
5.34
6.84
7.42
8.52
7.60
8.68
9.07
10.00
European Community
45.0
59.3
69.2
81.6
79.4
73.7
89.4
88.5
80.5
Denmark b
3.94
5.58
5.69
6.40
6.77
4.82
6.84
5.98
5.79
France
11.90
18.28
20.07
23.65
22.83
21.26
24.52
26.12
22.36
Italy
4.57
5.64
6.53
7.87
8.36
8.33
8.85
8.49
8.59
Spain
3.39
5.79
9.52
12.17
8.33
9.26
14.52
15.16
11.53
United Kingdom
6.42
8.77
9.33
10.95
11.56
10.58
11.62
10.39
10.49
West Germany
10.25
10.41
13.07
14.25
15.27
13.54
15.75
16.05
15.18
Other countries
Argentina
8.22
14.34
13.87
10.23
18.64
18.04
17.42
18.35
17.44
Brazil
9.10
14.29
16.62
20.71
22.15
19.18
21.67
22.61
21.11
India
16.64
18.31
19.90
19.01
19.30
21.71
21.68
18.57
20.45
Mexico
5.84
11.91
13.10
17.86
15.22
18.53
19.00
21.27
21.11
South Africa
5.76
6.67
9.70
11.55
8.73
4.52
5.14
8.57
8.70
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
95.2
122
121
140
153
158
152
159
166
USSR c
61.08
85.78
71.88
88.30
93.20
103.30
92.50
101.60
107.30
Eastern Europe
34.1
35.8
48.7
51.4
59.7
55.0
59.9
57.0
58.7
Bulgaria
2.56
3.81
4.81
3.89
5.18
4.39
4.34
2.25
3.86
Czechoslovakia
3.34
4.03
5.08
5.31
5.67
5.22
5.81
5.75
5.20
East Germany c
4.92
4.32
6.17
6.53
7.28
6.52
7.45
7.79
7.60
Hungary
5.08
4.78
8.02
7.86
9.07
7.70
8.07
7.95
6.67
Poland c
12.00
11.65
14.35
14.16
16.69
16.93
18.38
17.26
17.52
Romania
6.22
7.17
10.29
13.69
15.78
14.27
15.89
16.01
17.86
Other
Cuba
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Yugoslavia
7.34
7.79
10.57
10.52
12.15
11.72
12.38
10.97
13.09
Data are for the following products, where they are
produced: barley, corn, oats, rye, and sorghum.
b Excluding corn.
Unless otherwise indicated, data include miscellaneous
grains.
d Measured in bunker weight, that is, gross output from the
combine, which includes excess moisture, unripe and dam-
aged kernels, weed seeds, and other trash. For comparison
with US or other country grain output, an average discount
of 11 percent should be applied.
191
Corn only. Data reflect government collections only. Total
production is somewhat higher.
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Table 160
Rice Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
2,477
3,801
5,826
6,629
6,969
4,523
6,296
6,120
6,097
Japan
16,072
15,861
17,097
12,824
12,838
12,958
14,848
14,578
14,559
European Community
1,290
1,560
1,670
1,660
1,660
1,180
1,710
1,900
1,870
Italy
622
819
1,010
968
1,008
1,021
1,009
1,123
1,082
Other countries
Bangladesh
14,522
16,733
19,582
20,821
21,322
21,751
21,930
23,012
24,247
Brazil
5,392
5,394
7,782
9,776
9,716
7,742
9,027
9,019
10,406
Burma
6,850
8,162
9,208
13,317
14,373
14,288
14,255
14,466
14,466
India
52,011
63,401
73,352
80,312
70,772
90,048
87,553
96,306
92,000
Indonesia
14,953
19,324
22,340
29,652
33,584
35,303
38,136
39,033
39,275
South Korea
4,151
5,471
6,485
5,311
7,308
7,608
7,970
7,855
7,790
Thailand
9,475
13,570
15,300
17,368
16,878
19,549
19,905
20,264
18,200
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
313
1,460
2,210
2,920
2,640
2,800
2,920
2,820
NA
USSR
187
1,279
2,009
2,791
2,470
2,600
2,720
2,570
2,633
Eastern Europe
126
176
206
130
169
205
204
250
NA
Bulgaria
32
66
68
67
75
74
61
76b
NA
Hungary
45
45
69
24
48
47
33
36
44
Romania
49
65
69
39
46
84
110
138
NA
Other
Cambodia
NA
NA
NA
1,600
1,400
1,700
1,970
1,900
2,100
China
59,730
109,990
125,560
139,910
161,600
168,870
178,260
168,570
171,126
Cuba c
306
291
338
352
372
518
555
524
480
Laos
NA
800
NA
1,100
1,184
1,101
1,321
1,471
1,500
North Korea
1,100
1,400
2,500
2,300
3,300
3,500
3,600
3,600
3,400
Vietnam"
4,212
4,500
4,500
11,700
14,500
14,732
15,528
15,600
15,850
Yugoslavia
22
32
37
42
42
40
36
42
NA
a Rough, or paddy, rice. Data refer to crops harvested in the b US Department of Agriculture estimates.
last half of the year stated, combined with crops harvested in c Milled rice. Data reflect government collection only.
the first half of the following year. d Prior to 1980, data for North Vietnam.
192
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Table 161
Potato Production
Million metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
11.68
14.78
14.60
13.74
15.96
15.15
16.45
18.33
16.50
Austria
3.81
2.70
1.58
1.26
1.12
1.01
1.14
1.04
1.04
Canada
2.06
2.30
2.20
2.47
2.80
2.56
2.80
2.96
3.00
Japan
3.59
3.62
3.26
3.42
3.78
3.57
3.71
3.74
3.76
European Community
67.4
53.8
40.5
42.0
41.4
35.8
43.3
44.5
42.8
France
15.89
8.90
6.64
6.62
6.79
5.73
6.96
7.81
6.50
Italy
3.82
3.67
2.94
2.92
2.62
2.50
2.45
2.39
2.50
Netherlands
3.97
5.65
5.00
6.27
6.22
5.41
6.67
7.15
7.25
Spain
4.62
5.30
5.34
5.47
5.22
5.16
5.98
5.78
5.00
United Kingdom
7.27
7.82
4.79
7.11
6.88
5.86
7.40
6.89
6.93
West Germany
24.54
16.25
10.85
7.93
7.82
6.30
8.05
8.70
8.70
Other countries
Argentina
2.07
2.34
1.35
1.57
1.82
2.01
2.12
2.00
2.10
India
2.75
3.91
6.22
8.33
9.91
9.96
12.15
12.64
13.17
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
149
169
151
111
129
135
147
134
150
USSR
84.37
96.78
88.70
67.02
78.18
82.91
85.52
73.01
87.19
Eastern Europe
64.3
72.4
62.0
43.7
50.9
52.1
61.7
61.4
62.6
Bulgaria
0.48
0.37
0.32
0.30
0.47
0.43
0.42
0.44
0.47
Czechoslovakia
5.09
4.79
3.56
2.70
3.61
3.18
3.98
3.45
3.46
East Germany
14.82
13.05
7.67
9.21
8.88
7.06
11.91
12.35
9.86
Hungary
3.00
1.81
1.27
0.94
0.97
0.79
1.55
1.34
1.26
Poland
37.90
50.30
46.43
26.39
31.95
34.47
37.44
36.55
39.00
Romania
3.01
2.06
2.72
4.13
5.01
6.21
6.39
7.29
8.60
Other
China
NA
NA
NA
139.22
133.40
146.25
151.30
130.20
134.81
Cuba a
0.02
0.08
0.12
0.21
0.22
0.17
0.22
NA
NA
Yugoslavia
3.27
2.96
2.39
2.58
2.64
2.59
2.80
2.41
2.52
a Data reflect government collections only; the total produc-
tion is considerably higher.
193
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Table 162
Sugar Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983 1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States e
3,637
5,327
5,955
5,313
5,418
5,215 5,342
5,415
5,750
Australia d
1,441
2,507
2,930
3,415
3,652
3,171 3,627
3,439
3,439
European Community
8,170
9,660
11,200
14,000
15,900
13,000 14,500
14,500
14,700
France
2,267
2,580
2,981
4,253
4,825
3,875 4,305
4,324
3,650
Italy
998
1,199
1,429
1,934
1,282
1,352 1,385
1,352
1,850
United Kingdom
860
925
724
1,202
1,544
1,185 1,400
1,316
1,350
West Germany
1,877
2,100
2,571
2,994
3,586
2,725 3,151
3,454
3,400
Other countries d
Brazil
3,319
5,019
6,299
8,270
8,941
9,555 9,259
8,455
7,999
India
2,814
4,634
5,048
4,528
9,126
8,452 6,635
7,016
7,790
Mexico
1,530
2,402
2,636
2,719
2,739
3,076 3,308
3,492
3,700
Philippines
1,398
1,980
2,672
2,332
2,709
2,112 2,578
1,665
1,514
South Africa
952
1,649
1,968
1,780
2,371
1,584 2,276
2,540
2,420
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe e
11,100
15,300
16,100
15,200
18,600
19,100 19,200
18,400
19,200
USSR
6,916
11,110
11,285
11,008
13,120
13,472 13,548
12,825
13,804
Eastern Europe
4,170
4,160
4,800
4,240
5,480
5,580 5,690
5,540
5,360
Bulgaria
186
403
343
371
434
476 487
497
539
Czechoslovakia
958
951
913
847
972
909 1,017
1,053
965
East Germany
739
587
793
797
974
920 946
990
885
Hungary
381
304
335
509
499
518 442
525
465
Poland
1,484
1,509
1,857
1,160
1,949
2,154 1,921
1,843
1,829
Romania
425
410
560
553
648
604 876
633
676
Other
China b
440
1,350
1,740
2,570
3,384
3,771 3,799
4,513
5,240
Cuba g
5,942
8,538
6,314
6,665
8,207
7,460 7,783
7,889
7,600
Yugoslavia
243
385
571
709
683
772 996
1,032
1,000
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for beet sugar pro-
duced in the calendar year. Data are given in terms of the
raw value of centrifugal sugar. Refined sugar is equal to
approximately 92 percent of raw sugar weight. Centrifugal,
as distinguished from noncentrifugal, sugar includes cane
and beet sugar produced by the centrifugal process and is
the principal type of sugar moving in international trade.
b Including cane sugar.
e Including Puerto Rico, for all years except 1960 and 1970.
d Cane sugar only.
e Including raw cane sugar imported for refining.
194
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Table 163
Fish Catch a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States
2,815
2,810
2,842
3,511
3,635
3,988
4,143
4,814
4,679
Canada
934
1,334
993
1,415
1,347
1,404
1,346
1,221
1,341
Iceland
593
734
995
1,645
1,515
789
839
1,535
1,689
Japan
6,207
8,825
9,896
9,949
10,436
10,827
11,255
12,021
11,440
Norway
1,543
2,906
2,484
2,658
2,409
2,501
2,836
2,456
2,115
European Community
5,120
6,640
6,820
6,170
6,590
6,860
6,610
6,610
6,590
Denmark
581
1,226
1,767
1,738
2,029
1,927
1,863
1,847
1,705
France
734
784
784
743
794
746
774
739
786
Spain
970
1,532
1,512
1,205
1,265
1,374
1,250
1,268
1,253
United Kingdom
924
1,076
954
893
835
903
839
836
896
West Germany
674
613
442
357
307
314
305
327
227
Other countries
Chile
340
1,200
899
2,632
2,817
3,673
3,982
4,499
NA
India
1,161
1,756
2,266
2,340
2,442
2,367
2,507
2,859
NA
Indonesia
761
1,225
1,382
1,742
1,842
1,990
2,205
2,217
NA
Peru
3,727
12,535
3,446
3,681
2,739
3,529
1,568
2,997
NA
Philippines
466
1,031
1,443
1,475
1,557
1,788
1,978
1,935
NA
Thailand
221
1,444
1,553
1,944
1,792
2,120
2,250
2,250
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
3,890
8,810
11,700
10,800
11,000
11,300
11,300
12,100
12,100
USSR b
3,541
7,828
10,357
9,359
9,526
10,000
9,900
10,600
10,700
Eastern Europe
349
978
1,350
1,400
1,440
1,300
1,430
1,490
1,380
Bulgaria
8
84
151
136
164
140
151
150
135
Czechoslovakia
9
13
17
17
16
20
20
20
20
East Germany
114
320
330
227
244
270
265
300
265
Hungary
15
26
31
33
34
43
20
20
17
Poland
187
473
679
803
791
582
672
700
686
Romania
16
62
139
182
189
244
300
300
260
Other
Cuba
31
106
143
154
186
195
198
200
220
Yugoslavia
31
46
57
56
58
67
80
74
75
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are in terms of live weight
for all species of fish and seaweed, crustaceans, and mol-
lusks, but exclude aquatic mammals.
b Including aquatic mammals.
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Table 164
Cattle Numbers a
Million head
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
96.24
112.37
132.03
111.19
115.44
115.00
113.70
109.75
105.47
Australia
16.50
22.16
32.79
26.20
24.55
22.48
22.16
22.78
23.22
Canada
10.39
11.63
14.01
12.12
12.09
11.66
11.36
10.98
10.59
New Zealand
5.99
8.78
9.65
8.02
8.04
7.91
7.63
7.77
7.92
Turkey b
14.30
14.37
14.41
16.61
16.98
16.50
16.00
15.50
15.00
European Community
73.9
79.2
86.1
84.2
84.1
84.9
85.5
84.8
83.6
France
18.74
21.72
24.33
23.55
23.49
23.66
23.52
23.10
22.81
Italy b
9.40
9.61
8.24
8.81
8.90
9.13
9.22
9.21
9.01
United Kingdom
11.69
12.30
14.84
13.32
12.96
13.16
13.13
12.98
12.70
West Germany
12.48
14.29
14.43
15.05
15.00
15.10
15.55
15.69
15.63
Other countries
Argentina
43.52
52.26
58.70
58.94
57.95
58.00
58.60
58.81
57.61
Brazil b
72.89
78.45
91.00
91.00
93.00
93.00
93.30
94.70
95.21
Colombia
15.00
20.20
23.22
24.23
24.23
24.00
22.44
21.94
20.51
Ethiopia
22.45
26.23
25.88
26.00
26.20
26.30
26.00
26.00
26.30
Mexico
17.41
24.88
28.40
33.00
34.70
33.87
33.92
33.85
33.74
South Africa
12.30
10.13
12.33
13.58
13.10
12.52
12.90
12.00
11.75
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
99.4
124
142
148
148
149
152
154
153
USSR
74.23
95.16
109.12
115.10
115.90
117.20
119.60
121.06
120.90
Eastern Europe
25.2
28.5
32.5
32.9
32.4
31.8
32.5
32.6
32.3
Bulgaria
1.28
1.26
1.55
1.79
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.78
1.74
Czechoslovakia
4.30
4.22
4.57
4.92
5.10
5.13
5.19
5.15
5.07
East Germany
4.46
5.19
5.58
5.60
5.75
5.69
5.77
5.85
5.83
Hungary
2.00
1.93
2.02
1.95
1.95
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.77
Poland
8.70
10.84
12.82
12.16
11.47
11.02
11.09
10.91
10.77
Romania
4.45
5.04
5.98
6.51
6.30
6.25
6.75
7.04
7.08
Other
China
79.12
92.28
97.53
94.59
97.64
101.13
103.50
108.39
113.82
Yugoslavia
5.30
5.03
5.81
5.44
5.35
5.35
5.34
5.20
5.03
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are as of the beginning of b Including buffalo.
the year. c Cattle, buffalo, horses, donkeys, mules, and camels.
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Table 165
Hog Numbers a
Million head
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
59.03
57.05
54.69
67.35
58.70
54.53
56.69
54.07
52.30
Canada
6.05
6.56
5.90
9.69
10.04
10.07
10.74
11.03
10.68
Japan
1.92
6.34
7.68
10.00
10.04
10.27
10.42
10.72
11.06
European Community
53.1
74.6
80.1
91.7
92.7
94.4
94.3
94.6
97.0
Denmark
6.20
8.35
8.05
9.53
9.78
9.50
9.02
8.96
9.10
France
8.36
10.46
12.03
11.44
11.80
11.71
11.25
10.98
10.96
Italy
4.15
9.22
8.81
8.81
9.02
9.13
9.19
9.04
9.14
Netherlands
2.82
5.47
7.14
9.75
10.19
10.59
11.01
11.80
12.91
Spain
6.03
6.92
7.86
11.26
10.70
11.68
12.12
11.80
11.90
United Kingdom
6.01
8.13
8.84
7.79
7.91
8.21
7.78
7.79
7.93
West Germany
14.87
19.32
20.23
22.37
22.31
22.48
23.45
23.62
24.28
Other countries
Brazil
46.82
35.60
35.20
36.50
33.50
33.50
30.00
30.00
30.50
Mexico
6.08
10.30
11.70
16.89
17.15
16.46
13.14
12.32
13.12
Philippines
6.57
6.46
6.60
7.93
7.59
7.98
7.61
7.30
7.28
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
92.7
97.9
132
138
137
139
143
143
143
USSR
53.44
56.06
72.27
73.90
73.30
76.70
78.70
77.91
77.80
Eastern Europe
39.2
41.9
60.2
63.8
63.8
62.3
63.9
64.9
65.3
Bulgaria
2.27
1.97
3.42
3.83
3.84
3.81
3.77
3.73
3.91
Czechoslovakia
5.69
5.53
6.72
7.59
7.30
7.13
7.07
6.74
6.65
East Germany"
8.28
9.24
11.52
12.13
12.87
12.11
13.06
13.19
12.95
Hungary
6.07
5.70
8.29
8.37
8.30
9.04
9.84
9.24
8.28
Poland
12.62
13.45
21.71
20.98
19.08
17.56
15.85
17.21
19.17
Romania
4.30
5.97
8.57
10.89
12.46
12.64
14.35
14.78
14.32
Other
China
120.04
172.51
260.78
319.71
293.70
298.54
306.79
331.40
336.93
Cuba c
NA
0.26
0.60
0.72
0.85
0.91
1.01
1.04
1.05
Yugoslavia
6.21
5.54
7.68
7.50
8.43
8.37
9.34
8.67
7.82
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are as of the beginning of b As of 30 November of the previous year.
the year. c State sector only.
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Table 166
Meat Production a
Thousand metric tons
OECD
United States
Australia
Canada
Japan
European Community
France
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
West Germany
Other countries
Argentina
Brazil
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe d
USSR
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Other
China
Cuba f
Yugoslavia d
a Data are on a carcass weight, bone-in basis, and are for
beef, veal, buffalo, pork, mutton, lamb, goat, and poultry
where they are produced. Unless otherwise indicated, data
exclude horsemeat, rabbit, game, edible offal, and lard.
b Non-Communist country data include meat from animals
imported for slaughter.
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983b
1984b
1985b
1986b
12,808
22,548
22,986
24,216
23,944
25,007
25,288
25,784
26,095
1,360
2,166
2,469
2,769
2,734
2,626
2,360
2,409
2,562
1,100
2,053
2,156
2,445
2,499
2,429
2,434
2,558
2,537
318c
1,398
2,072
3,002
3,106
3,194
3,310
3,495
3,555
11,000
17,500
20,800
24,800
24,900
25,400
26,000
26,100
26,400
2,646 .
3,814
4,357
5,011
5,111
5,069
5,241
5,168
5,209
1,011 .
2,054
2,360
2,965
3,013
3,432
3,498
3,479
3,426
554c
1,255
1,853
2,312
2,523
2,495
2,507
2,506
2,509
1,719
2,604
2,852
3,073
3,028
3,134
3,198
3,224
3,148
2,694 .
3,749
3,956
5,114
4,944
5,091
5,223
5,214
5,439
2,277 .
3,188
3,103
3,640
3,420
3,148
3,371
3,560
3,649
1,767 .
3,015
3,569
4,472
5,055
5,047
4,248
4,424
4,621
13,900
19,300
24,600
25,700
25,300
26,600
27,600
28,000'
29,000
8,682
12,278
14,968
15,073
15,368
16,449
16,985
17,131
17,700
5,260
7,000
9,660
10,700
9,930
10,100
10,600
10,900
11,300
307
476
657
781
807
837
848
843
826
802
1,098
1,349
1,499
1,413
1,483
1,536
1,547
1,556
1,021
1,348
1,837
1,899
1,835
1,873
1,988
2,077
2,145
816
1,040
1,422
1,566
1,691
1,769
1,846
1,760
1,705
1,751
2,182
3,062
3,148
2,580
2,509
2,526
2,781
3,187
561
857
1,328
1,769
1,602
1,630
1,902
1,911
1,846
NA
5,965
7,970
12,054
13,508
14,021
15,406
17,607
19,180
NA
NA
NA
412
426
441
463
472
475
824
1,059
1,329
1,519
1,573
1,565
1,678
1,464
1,390
. Including horsemeat.
d Data are on a slaughter weight, bone-in basis, and include
horsemeat, rabbit, game, edible offal, and slaughter fats in
addition to the meats listed in footnote a above. Slaughter
weight is roughly 3 percent less than carcass weight because
it excludes kidney and leaf fat. As a result of this broader
198
coverage, the meat producton data for the USSR and
Eastern Europe are above the level attained if the coverage
was limited to that shown for other countries.
e Data are for pork, beef, and mutton.
r State purchases only.
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Table 167
Milk Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
53,702
53,268
52,314
58,298
61,464
63,354
61,439
65,166
65,680
Australia
6,355
7,712
6,677
5,562
5,415
5,676
6,087
6,205
6,202
Canada
8,385
8,272
7,751
7,855
8,258
8,019
8,096
7,891
8,050
Japan
1,887
4,760
4,963
6,505
6,750
7,036
7,138
7,380
7,525
New Zealand
5,318
5,907
6,142
6,833
6,775
6,879
7,624
7,872
8,042
European Community
86,900
96,800
104,000
111,000
115,000
119,000
124,000
122,000
123,000
Denmark
5,399
4,630
4,918
5,117
5,217
5,427
5,234
5,099
5,400
France
22,652
27,245
29,686
26,859
27,358
27,905
33,918
33,000
33,700
Italy
9,648
8,936
9,385
10,749
10,800
10,580
10,901
10,847
10,650
Netherlands
6,838
8,239
10,221
11,785
12,708
13,231
12,782
12,559
12,800
Spain
NA
4,456
5,138
5,871
5,947
6,070
6,438
6,442
6,702
United Kingdom
12,670
12,374
13,934
15,958
16,745
17,300
16,227
16,042
16,000
West Germany
19,250
21,856
21,604
24,778
25,465
26,913
26,151
25,675
26,300
Other countries
Argentina
4,530
4,196
5,650
5,301
5,652
5,300
5,200
5,823
6,200
Brazil
5,045
7,722
9,970
10,265
10,100
10,700
12,303
12,580
11,860
India
NA
7,630
9,750
13,500
14,900
16,000
17,100
19,000
20,100
Mexico
2,473
3,053
4,980
6,742
9,783
9,573
7,101
7,424
7,550
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
89,500
117,000
128,000
131,000
129,000
137,000
140,000
140,000
144,000
USSR b
61,718
83,016
90,804
90,899
91,044
96,473
97,906
98,608
101,100
Eastern Europe
27,800
33,700
37,600
40,600
38,300
40,900
41,800
41,700
42,600
Bulgaria
745
1,252
1,436
1,830
1,984
2,062
2,103
1,873
1,959
Czechoslovakia
3,830
4,795
5,463
5,909
5,929
6,557
7,140
6,900
7,017
East Germany .
5,730
7,091
8,095
8,321
7,678
8,203
8,729
8,995
9,130
Hungary
1,619
1,682
1,822
2,537
2,760
2,826
2,716
2,631
2,652
Poland
12,501
14,950
16,377
16,499
15,191
15,990
15,750
15,626
15,423
Romania d
3,343
3,912
4,381
5,480
4,758
5,242
5,408
5,717
6,200
Other
Cuba.
NA
380
591
889
929
948
945
929
925
Yugoslavia
2,283
2,567
3,654
4,342
4,450
4,550
4,570
4,600
4,536
a Whole milk from cows, unless otherwise indicated.
b Including milk from sheep, goats, camels, and mares.
. In terms of 3.5 percent butterfat content.
d Including milk from buffaloes.
. State production of pasteurized and raw milk.
199
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Table 168
Soybean Production
Thousand Metric Tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Developed Countries
United States
15,113
30,675
42,079
48,772
59,611
44,519
50,645
57,114
54,685
Canada
154
283
367
713
848
735
944
1,048
988
Japan
418
126
126
174
226
217
238
228
228
European Community
Italy
NA
NA
1
NA
9
59
110
283
680
Other Countries
Argentina
1
27
485
3,500
4,150
4,000
7,000
6,500
7,300
Brazil
246
1,509
9,892
15,156
12,836
14,582
15,541
18,278
13,276
India
NA
NA
120
450
491
583
934
1,100
1,300
Indonesia
437
498
563
653
521
568
743
817
890
Mexico
NA
280
699
312
648
686
685
740
550
Paraguay
NA
30
216
540
830
740
550
950
600
South Korea
130
232
311
216
257
233
226
234
272
Thailand
26
70
114
100
113
172
247
309
331
Communist Countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
168
603
780
525
480
560
469
458
500
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
2
8
80
107
116
82
72
37
40
Romania
12
91
213
448
301
259
407
317
360
Other
China
10,160
11,645
12,062
7,966
9,042
9,769
9,705
10,521
11,010
North Korea
NA
228
290
340
360
380
400
425
438
Vietnam
3
26
30
32
100
107
67
86
120
Yugoslavia
26
5
30
34
198
210
228
174
200
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Table 169
Coffee Production a
Thousand Metric Tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Brazil
1,797
755
1,228
1,061
958
1,665
1,420
1,877
1,004
Cameroon
38
81
87
102
127
68
130
116
114
Colombia
456
570
540
724
861
816
694
678
714
Costa Rica
70
75
79
109
115
130
151
121
138
Dominican Republic
35
42
55
60
63
68
72
72
70
Ecuador
33
78
76
69
84
81
97
121
131
El Salvador
93
129
193
165
146
155
162
156
156
Ethiopia
51
205
174
187
202
220
240
250
260
Guatemala
84
133
129
163
159
153
140
152
174
Honduras
24
34
50
76
72
74
73
84
78
India
67
64
93
150
152
130
105
190
120
Indonesia
92
178
162
295
265
236
315
325
348
Ivory Coast
185
240
270
250
248
271
85
260
280
Kenya
34
59
66
91
87
87
111
97
116
Madagascar
51
67
88
85
81
81
81
82
82
Mexico
123
184
214
208
231
313
240
269
278
Peru
33
65
59
95
90
91
87
93
96
Philippines
32
49
62
145
171
139
122
135
135
Uganda
119
221
213
110
167
172
204
210
220
Zaire
NA
81
64
88
84
83
81
92
90
a Green coffee.
201
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Table 170
Wool Production a
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
146.20
85.02
54.22
47.79
47.61
45.00
43.00
40.00
39.00
Australia
737.20
923.40
793.48
708.51
717.21
702.00
728.00
815.00
819.00
New Zealand
266.50
333.80
294.10
357.00
363.00
371.00
364.00
373.00
350.00
Turkey
43.50
47.15
52.32
61.28
62.08
62.00
51.00
62.00
62.00
European Community
176
145
132
140
143
148
149
155
155
France
29.53
20.35
15.70
22.20
22.20
23.00
24.00
24.00
23.00
Spain
35.10
33.81
22.15
21.29
22.88
24.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
United Kingdom
54.98
46.30
49.30
51.80
49.80
52.00
54.00
58.00
58.00
Other countries
Afghanistan
NA
27.00
25.00
23.00
23.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
Argentina
221.10
170.00
160.00
152.16
151.94
155.00
153.00
160.00
160.00
Brazil
24.10
31.71
29.10
32.25
30.00
31.00
30.00
30.00
31.00
Chile
23.90
25.50
18.80
20.60
22.00
21.00
21.00
20.00
21.00
India
34.11
36.00
31.00
35.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
Pakistan
14.70
19.50
28.33
42.60
40.70
43.00
45.00
48.00
50.00
South Africa b
143.80
145.60
108.20
102.90
110.00
114.00
109.00
105.00
99.00
Uruguay
82.50
79.65
60.77
67.28
78.38
82.00
82.00
91.00
91.00
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
427
507
546
556
568
581
590
571
592
USSR a
356.80
418.90
449.60
443.00
452.10
462.40
465.30
446.60
465.00
Eastern Europe
70.5
88.1
96.7
113
116
118
125
125
127
Bulgaria
21.04
28.81
34.01
35.09
34.89
35.94
36.16
34.00
34.00
Czechoslovakia d
2.50
3.99
3.60
4.20
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
East Germany
7.90
6.90
9.70
11.90
12.60
12.10
14.00
13.86
14.40
Hungary
8.20
9.78
8.39
12.14
12.76
12.72
12.00
11.12
10.76
Poland
9.04
8.94
9.45
12.73
12.50
13.21
15.34
16.96
17.35
Romania
21.85
29.72
31.53
37.38
38.60
39.35
42.30
43.68
44.00
Other
Yugoslavia
13.55
11.95
10.66
10.07
9.74
9.52
10.00
10.00
10.00
aRaw wool (grease basis) from sheep, which includes both
shorn and pulled wool together with the wool element of
"wooled sheepskins."
b Including data for Lesotho and Namibia.
a Physical weight.
d Purchases.
202
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Table 171
Ginned Cotton Production
Thousand metric tons
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
3,107
2,219
1,808
2,422
2,605
1,692
2,826
2,925
2,130
Australia
NA
19
25
99
101
141
249
257
196
Greece
63
110
130
117
100
128
147
168
196
Turkey
169
400
480
499
488
522
580
516
470
Other countries
Argentina
124
85
140
84
111
180
171
114
142
Brazil
425
594
390
615
650
556
970
810
747
Colombia
70
117
121
116
33
77
125
113
94
Egypt
478
509
382
529
460
400
399
432
407
Guatemala
21
57
102
125
46
61
68
41
24
India
1,008
954
1,160
1,326
1,376
1,278
1,725
1,955
1,611
Iran
99
154
139
63
93
91
111
104
106
Mexico
457
312
197
353
183
226
272
208
139
Nicaragua
33
78
109
77
79
76
70
51
37
Pakistan
304
542
514
715
822
468
1,008
1,200
1,309
Sudan
114
245
108
96
199
218
196
147
170
Syria
111
150
158
118
158
193
153
162
131
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,480
2,360
2,540
2,960
2,680
2,620
NA
NA
NA
USSR
1,458
2,343
2,524
2,959
2,673
2,607
2,586
2,625
2,654
Eastern Europe a
23
15
14
5
5
6
NA
NA
NA
Bulgaria
23
15
13
5
5
6
NA
NA
NA
Romania
NA
NA
1
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NA
NA
NA
Other
China
1,063
2,277
2,381
2,707
3,598
4,637
6,258
4,147
3,540
Yugoslavia a
2
4
2
NEGL
1
1
1
1
NA
a Data are for the crop year beginning 1 August of the stated
year.
203
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Table 172
Chemical Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content b
Kilograms per hectare of arable land a
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States
38.9
80.9
90.0
112.7
102.0
86.7
104.5
103.8
94.1
Australia
21.2
22.2
15.9
27.8
26.5
23.7
24.2
24.4
25.6
Canada
8.6
18.5
29.8
42.2
42.1
43.7
48.7
51.7
51.7
Japan
NA
372.6
319.3
372.1
387.2
412.1
437.0
438.5
426.6
Turkey
1.5
15.7
29.8
51.1
45.5
53.5
58.1
53.8
50.1
European Community
Belgium-Luxembourg
NA
564.8
540.4
533.9
498.2
520.6
546.7
535.6
522.1
Denmark
151.1
223.4
239.4
236.4
233.0
246.2
263.9
246.9
317.5
France
102.4
243.5
246.7
300.8
299.0
299.3
311.6
308.8
304.3
Greece
NA
86.1
119.0
134.2
146.9
160.6
161.1
163.9
174.5
Ireland
124.8
365.0
410.7
618.2
609.4
643.8
697.3
697.3
647.9
Italy
51.5
89.6
121.0
169.8
165.5
161.4
168.9
172.8
170.2
Netherlands
456.1
749.3
750.7
788.8
772.7
738.1
788.8
795.7
806.1
Portugal
NA
34.2
67.6
73.0
77.4
72.0
65.5
62.9
70.5
Spain
31.6
59.3
69.3
81.1
67.2
72.5
71.0
79.8
82.1
United Kingdom
183.3
259.9
262.9
293.6
328.8
364.7
374.6
373.2
385.7
West Germany
266.2
399.6
385.5
471.2
418.4
435.0
421.1
399.0
427.7
Other countries
Brazil
NA
28.3
52.3
59.1
37.6
36.5
30.7
46.3
43.5
India
2.3
13.2
16.5
30.9
34.0
34.6
39.4
47.5
50.9
Egypt
NA
113.2
175.1
271.4
286.8
334.6
360.5
340.9
382.6
Argentina
NA
2.6
1.6
3.3
2.7
3.1
3.5
4.1
4.0
South Africa
NA
38.6
52.1
77.9
90.5
83.1
64.9
71.0
65.0
Israel
NA
140.1
170.7
191.9
180.4
178.3
183.1
196.3
205.1
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Table 172 (continued)
Chemical Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content b
Kilograms per hectare of arable land a
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR a d
11.2
44.3
74.3
80.9
82.6
86.7
98.7
99.1
108.9
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
33.8
141.1
156.5
198.4
250.6
250.1
243.7
226.3
208.7
Czechoslovakia a
91.4
240.4
314.7
334.7
332.7
336.9
343.5
338.3
335.6
East Germany
197.4
310.7
361.5
325.2
344.1
281.5
290.1
315.3
327.5
Hungary
29.5
149.7
276.3
262.4
279.3
288.5
299.8
288.1
252.9
Poland
49.0
167.8
242.4
234.8
225.2
213.4
231.4
221.7
230.6
Romania
8.1
56.5
114.0
116.5
154.0
159.1
157.7
148.2
157.9
Other
Albania
NA
78.8
100.6
122.3
115.3
155.0
144.6
132.0
NA
China e
4.6
27.5
44.7
86.7
92.0
104.5
115.3
120.6
123.6
North Korea
NA
165.0
NA
326.0
349.0
338.0
345.0
355.0
360.0
Yugoslavia
27.9
77.0
89.6
104.5
128.4
119.9
117.8
125.0
127.0
a Including land under temporary crops, gardens, fallow or
idle land, and permanent crops such as orchards and vine-
yards, unless otherwise indicated.
b Data are "fertilizer years"-in general, the year beginning
1 July.
a Including phosphate rock; excluding livestock phosphates.
Data indicate the quantity supplied to agriculture.
d Arable land is total area less pasture and hayland.
a Sown area is used because of extensive multiple cropping.
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Table 173
Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content a
Thousand metric tons of N
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States
2,749
7,379
9,445
10,817
9,964
8,280
10,063
10,436
9,473
Canada
91
292
556
914
966
1,002
1,157
1,255
1,280
Japan
753
872
653
614
643
683
701
697
694
Turkey
25
243
482
807
799
863
1,021
955
916
European Community
2,860
5,790
6,970
8,640
8,550
8,850
9,070
9,270
9,380
France
565
1,453
1,708
2,146
2,193
2,196
2,320
2,337
2,408
Italy
323
594
724
1,006
988
968
996
1,017
1,026
Spain
275
578
722
902
818
799
808
915
901
United Kingdom
463
801
1,045
1,240
1,386
1,560
1,601
1,580
1,568
West Germany
618
1,131
1,228
1,551
1,323
1,465
1,378
1,452
1,517
Other countries
India
296
1,487
1,909
3,522
3,882
4,043
4,627
5,333
5,658
Mexico
155
438
732
904
1,112
1,255
1,088
1,193
1,320
Pakistan
NA
252
444
844
833
953
914
935
1,128
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe b
1,600
7,520
11,400
12,600
12,900
13,600
14,900
14,700
15,500
USSR
769
4,605
7,339
8,262
8,383
9,038
10,292
10,279
10,950
Eastern Europe
832
2,920
4,060
4,370
4,540
4,560
4,660
4,370
4,510
Bulgaria
101
379
380
450
518
536
550
479
474
Czechoslovakia
143
413
532
675
615
646
682
692
671
East Germany
235
511
678
752
750
607
694
697
770
Hungary
75
391
536
537
563
647
625
626
558
Poland
251
785
1,143
1,344
1,213
1,245
1,322
1,239
1,337
Romania
27
438
788
609
882
884
783
641
703
Other
Albania
5
27
36
68
72
71
73
75
NA
China
614
3,923
6,116
12,112
11,528
12,211
13,679
14,800
12,049
North Korea
NA
270
414
550
564
564
583
590
NA
Yugoslavia
109
294
360
417
477
463
443
469
477
a Data are "fertilizer years"-in general, the year beginning b Data indicate the quantity supplied to agriculture.
1 July.
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Table 174
Phosphate Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content a
Thousand metric tons of P20,
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States
2,488
4,358
4,742
4,930
4,367
3,754
4,446
4,210
3,770
Australia
572
743
490
853
754
730
773
731
784
Canada
169
326
503
634
636
652
713
728
700
Japan
491
656
623
690
701
721
765
777
741
New Zealand
225
321
386
338
326
330
375
380
335
Turkey
12
176
389
619
489
565
618
555
486
European Community
3,150
4,930
4,440
4,920
4,590
4,590
4,680
4,620
4,510
France
877
1,809
1,664
1,773
1,677
1,631
1,679
1,580
1,466
Italy
379
518
490
748
706
657
682
719
710
Spain
279
432
422
476
340
422
398
436
483
United Kingdom
426
543
391
404
445
464
474
469
439
West Germany
652
913
780
837
753
740
745
732
737
Other countries
Brazil
77
377
1,014
1,988
1,318
1,210
992
1,541
1,312
India
56
462
374
1,091
1,172
1,201
1,372
1,814
2,055
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,800
5,150
7,530
8,520
8,920
8,760
9,330
9,520
10,400
USSR b c
1,088
3,133
4,728
5,590
5,879
6,115
6,454
6,625
7,615
Eastern Europe c
716
2,020
2,800
2,930
3,040
2,650
2,880
2,900
2,820
Bulgaria
50
235
250
291
409
361
345
355
287
Czechoslovakia
150
325
456
495
494
479
529
524
537
East Germany
218
410
441
389
374
304
333
330
318
Hungary
66
217
429
390
398
392
410
431
336
Poland
180
595
887
885
817
826
900
885
900
Romania
52
235
338
476
551
288
360
371
444
Other
Albania
2
18
25
17
6
29
25
18
18
China b
99
330
693
2,744
2,931
3,209
3,729
3,625
3,109
North Korea
NA
50
161
127
130
129
130
130
NA
Yugoslavia
71
182
197
209
268
235
241
255
261
a Data are "fertilizer years"-in general, the year beginning b Data are for soluble phosphate fertilizers and for ground c Data indicate the quantity supplied to agriculture.
1 July. phosphate rock used for direct application.
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Table 175
Potassium Fertilizer Consumption, Nutrient Content a
Thousand metric tons of K,0
1960
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States
1,967
3,839
4,726
5,733
5,108
4,383
5,259
4,999
4,561
Japan
600
610
525
512
535
581
632
631
613
European Community
2,960
4,230
3,950
4,560
4,440
4,590
4,720
4,260
4,600
France
750
1,389
1,314
1,689
1,700
1,744
1,834
1,863
1,821
Italy
104
225
276
357
363
379
386
376
344
Spain
95
206
258
284
219
264
250
286
300
United Kingdom
450
535
384
410
470
521
542
541
517
West Germany
1,006
1,185
1,099
1,144
1,055
1,042
1,014
988
932
Other countries
Brazil
107
306
558
1,307
767
876
727
1,074
1,059
India
28
228 �
227
618
670
622
629
846
854
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,830
5,000
8,660
7,890
8,260
8,080
9,290
9,260
9,850
USSR b
766
2,574
5,176
4,904
4,905
4,991
6,200
6,167
6,822
Eastern Europe
1,060
2,420
3,480
2,990
3,350
3,090
3,090
3,090
3,030
Bulgaria
6
25
50
89
117
141
114
103
103
Czechoslovakia
217
489
670
560
611
617
565
533
527
East Germany
497
614
707
496
602
496
424
550
550
Hungary
27
229
553
472
524
490
551
467
444
Poland
313
1,036
1,431
1,270
1,315
1,111
1,202
1,157
1,176
Romania
3
28
71
101
185
237
230
278
227
Other
Albania
1
2
2
4
3
8
5
1
1
China
0
12
112
478
693
616
810
770
804
Yugoslavia
103
156
163
198
265
242
236
252
254
a Data are "fertilizer years"-in general, the year beginning 1 July.
b Data indicate the quantity supplied to agriculture.
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Table 176
Grain Yields
Kilograms per hectare
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Developed countries
United States
2,467
3,043
3,157
3,461
3,774
4,374
3,542
4,380
4,768
4,706
Australia
1,299
974
1,219
1,414
1,052
875
1,647
1,609
1,459
1,576
Canada
1,495
1,730
2,106
2,051
2,167
2,486
2,208
2,035
2,236
2,626
Japan
4,115
4,398
5,123
5,932
4,841
5,308
5,300
5,958
5,849
5,899
South Africa
1,011
916
1,132
1,473
1,557
1,493
955
1,103
1,551
1,602
European Community
France
2,524
3,107
3,380
3,694
4,852
5,009
4,951
5,974
5,750
5,243
Italy
1,828
2,399
2,755
3,347
3,521
3,585
3,526
3,927
3,767
3,857
United Kingdom
3,132
3,751
3,569
3,812
4,944
5,438
5,421
6,592
5,592
6,054
West Germany
3,189
2,820
3,337
4,016
4,429
4,858
4,562
5,303
5,283
5,292
Other countries
Argentina
1,336
1,403
1,775
1,956
1,871
2,440
2,305
2,552
2,434
2,539
Bangladesh
t�
1,674
1,673
1,832
2,006
1,996
2,059
2,147
2,211
2,323
Brazil
1,340
1,428
1,409
1,380
1,576
1,545
1,615
1,677
1,828
1,645
Burma
1,563
1,573
1,605
1,700
2,586
2,955
2,911
2,899
2,894
2,925
Egypt
NA
3,776
3,912
3,978
4,135
4,204
4,322
4,076
4,651
4,687
India
934
865
1,135
1,261
1,350
1,346
1,564
1,564
1,606
1,620
Indonesia
1,542
1,560
1,989
2,306
2,865
3,330
3,318
3,378
3,512
_ 3,485
Mexico
1,020
1,295
1,518
1,670
2,157
2,357
2,174
1,978
2,172
2,096
Pakistan
1,247 a
887
1,230
1,391
1,610
1,637
1,675
1,545
1,609
1,797
Philippines
937
1,045
1,334
1,321
1,583
1,697
1,750
1,781
1,874
1,902
Thailand
1,398
1,785
2,038
1,894
1,931
1,923
2,050
2,119
2,138
1,941
Zimbabwe
NA
1,344
1,232
1,836
1,166
1,148
602
884
1,822
1,674
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
1,117
944
1,569
1,103
1,499
1,459
1,629
1,446
1,634
1,796
Eastern Europe
Hungary
1,997
2,323
2,544
3,896
4,808
5,178
4,734
5,401
5,158
4,954
Poland
1,613
1,900
1,946
2,487
2,337
2,615
2,726
2,990
2,894
2,996
Romania
1,389
1,862
1,802
2,445
3,123
3,709
3,240
3,761
3,667
4,034
Other
China
2,698
1,615
1,769
2,074
2,947
3,466
3,726
3,961
3,835
3,874
Vietnam
NA
1,954 b
2,095 b
2,213
2,085
2,394
2,535
2,639
2,693
2,761
Yugoslavia
1,962
2,060
2,374
3,184
3,633
4,018
3,938
4,218
3,746
4,372
a Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan. b Including North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
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Transportation
Page
Tables 177-178.
Railroad Freight 212-213
Tables 179-180.
Motor Vehicle Freight 214-215
Tables 181-182.
Inland Water Freight 216-217
Table 183.
Ocean Freight 218
Table 184.
Air Passengers 218
Table 185.
Air Freight 219
Table 186.
Civil Aircraft Inventory 219
Tables 187-188. Petroleum Pipelines 220
Table 189.
Mainline Locomotive Inventory 221
Table 190.
Railroad Freight Car Inventory 222
Table 191.
Fishing Fleet Inventory 223
Table 192.
Merchant Fleet Inventory 224-225
Table 193.
Tanker Fleet Inventory 226-227
Table 194. Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger
228-234
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Table 177
Railroad Freight a
Billion metric ton-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
868.5
1,141.0
1,122.7
1,350.0
1,172.0
1,216.8
1,353.7
1,288.3
1,284.6
Canada
95.5
158.0
197.2
228.1
203.7
219.8
244.5
232.01
234.5
Japan
53.4
63.4
47.1
39.3
31.3
29.1
23.2
22.1
20.7
European Community
175
213
180
197
176
175
178
184
NA
France
56.9
70.4
64.0
69.5
61.2
59.4
60.1
58.5
53.9
Italy c
15.9
18.0
14.9
18.4
16.9
16.8
17.9
18.0
17.3
United Kingdom a
30.5
26.8
20.9
17.6
15.9
17.1
12.5
15.7
16.0
West Germany
52.3
71.3
55.1
65.3
57.3
55.9
59.8
63.9
61.1
Other countries
India . f
87.8
127.4
148.2
157.1
174.4
175.8
172.5
196.5
206.2
South Africa . g
30.8
57.2
61.9
96.5
90.5
77.8
90.3
92.6
91.5
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,690
2,780
3,590
3,820
3,820
3,960
4,010
4,090
NA
USSR
1,504.3
2,494.7
3,236.5
3,439.9
3,464.5
3,600.1
3,638.8
3,718.4
3,835.0
Eastern Europe
187
284
354
381
351
360
370
368
NA
Bulgaria
7.0
13.9
17.3
17.7
18.3
18.1
18.1
18.2
18.3
Czechoslovakia
47.4
61.0
69.3
72.6
71.6
73.1
74.0
73.6
NA
East Germany
32.9
41.5
49.7
56.4
54.0
54.9
56.7
58.7
NA
Hungary
13.3
19.8
23.5
24.4
23.3
23.1
22.8
22.3
22.6
Poland
66.5
99.3
129.2
134.7
112.7
118.0
123.5
120.6
121.8
Romania
19.8
48.0
64.8
75.5
71.1
72.3
75.2
74.2
NA
Other
China
276.7
349.6
425.6
571.2
612.0
664.6
724.8
812.6
876.0
North Korea
9.1
14.3
24.3
33.5
40.3
39.6
40.7
NA
NA
Excluding urban systems; plantation, forest, mine, indus-
trial plant, underground, funicular, and cable railroads; and
short lines of little importance. Unless otherwise indicated,
data are for the state or principal railroad system and
include all goods and livestock carried during the calendar
year and exclude service traffic, mail, and nonrevenue
government stores. Freight traffic carried on more than one
railroad line within a country is counted only once. Foreign
trade freight traffic carried through more than one country,
however, is counted in each country. Data for the United
States include express and mail and are specifically for
revenue and nonrevenue freight traffic for a more realistic
comparison with Soviet methods of reporting.
b Including secondary or private railroads operating as com-
mon carriers.
212
. Excluding livestock.
d Excluding data for Northern Ireland.
e Including mail and passenger baggage. Data are for the
year beginning 1 April of the stated year.
r Including service traffic.
g Including Namibia.
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Table 178
Railroad Freight a
Million metric tons carried
OECD
United States b
Canada b
European Community
France
United Kingdom a
West Germany b d
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
Eastern Europe
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1,180.5
1,426.3
1,368.5
1,645.0
1,426.0
1,481.0
1,647.0
1,567.0
1,562.0
161.2
211.2
252.4
278.0
248.0
268.0
298.0
283.0
286.0
227.0
260.0
228.0
229.0
202.0
195.0
198.0
193.0
178.0
253.1
209.0
176.0
150.0
135.0
146.0
106.0
134.0
137.0
429.2
392.6
328.7
367.0
322.0
314.0
336.0
359.0
344.0
2,820
4,140
5,080
5,290
5,220
5,370
5,470
5,500
NA
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary a
Poland
Romania
Other
China
Cuba
North Korea
a Excluding urban systems; plantation, forest, mine, indus-
trial plant, underground, funicular, and cable railroads; and
short lines of little importance. Unless otherwise indicated,
data are for the state or principal railroad system and
include all goods and livestock carried during the calendar
year and exclude service traffic, mail, and nonrevenue
1,884.9
2,896.0
3,621.1
3,728.0
3,725.0
3,850.6
3,909.5
3,951.0
4,078.0
931
1,240
1,460
1,560
1,490
1,520
1,560
1,540
NA
38.4
68.2
78.8
77.8
83.9
82.6
83.4
82.9
85.0
194.1
236.9
271.4
286.0
288.9
292.1
299.0
293.2
NA
237.8
262.9
289.0
311.6
322.5
325.6
337.4
347.9
NA
96.0
117.4
131.7
129.8
127.0
123.8
121.7
117.4
119.0
286.9
382.3
464.2
482.1
402.1
414.5
425.5
419.4
430.7
77.5
171.3
228.3
274.6
270.5
280.0
289.3
283.4
NA
NA
681.3
889.6
1,112.8
1,135.3
1,187.8
1,240.7
1,307.1
NA
NA
11.7
10.9
14.1
18.2
17.7
18.4
18.4
18.4
38.5
68.0
106.4
152.3
183.2
180.0
185.0
NA
NA
government stores. Freight traffic carried on more than one
railroad line within a country is counted only once. Foreign
trade freight traffic carried through more than one country,
however, is counted in each country. Data for the United
States are in tons originated, thus giving a more realistic
comparison with European methods of reporting.
213
b Including secondary or private railroads operating as com-
mon carriers.
a Including data for Northern Ireland.
d Including service traffic.
a Including performance of railroads owned jointly by Hun-
gary and Austria within Hungary.
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Table 179
Motor Vehicle Freight
Billion metric ton-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
323.85
675.85_
744.75
910.43
853.01
943.23
994.08
1,000.64
1,043.30
Japan
20.80
135.92
129.70
178.90
187.72
193.53
200.81
205.94
211,97
Communist countries b
USSR and Eastern Europe
117
278
433,
558
596
595
583
579
NA
USSR
98.52
220.83
337.93
432.10
485.30
485.80
475.10
476.16
NA
Eastern Europe
18.8
57.0
94.7
126
111
109
108
NA
NA
Bulgaria
2.04
7.90
12.39
15.89
16.73
16.94
17.12
18.72
NA
Czechoslovakia
5.11
10.09
15.02
21.33
20.96
20.64
20.91
21.50
NA
East Germany
5.00
12.23
16.69
21.02
16.24
15.38
14.49
15.06
NA
Hungary
NA
5.82
8.73
11.40
11.88
11.95
11.95
NA
NA
Poland
5.69
15.76
32.60
44.55
34.02
35.47
36.58
36.59
38.90
Romania
0.94
5.16
9.29
11.76
11.15
8.26
7.30
6.00
NA
Other
China
13.20
13.80
20.30
76.40c
94.90 c
108.40c
153.60c
177.00c
203.20c
a Total traffic for all urban streets and rural roads.
b Including traffic by state automotive transport organiza-
tions and by cooperatives; branch enterprises; and transport
units of industries, plants, offices, and the like.
c Including freight carried in vehicles by all sectors.
214
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Table 180
Motor Vehicle Freight a
Million metric tons carried
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
9,920
17,800
25,900
30,100
31,700
31,600
30,700
NA
NA
USSR
8,493
14,623
20,914
24,149
26,500
26,400
25,600
25,800
NA
Eastern Europe
1,430
3,170
4,970
5,980
5,200
5,180
5,120
NA
NA
Bulgaria
128
493
724
816
880
907
914
874
NA
Czechoslovakia
428
703
997
1,235
1,281
1,266
1,258
1,238
NA
East Germany
270
464
588
730
608
584
561
555
NA
Hungary
135
407
501
584
578
562
554
NA
NA
Poland
408
863
1,743
2,168
1,379
1,397
1,420
1,394
NA
Romania
57
240
419
451
479
469
418
362
NA
Other
China
708
568
725
760
787
791
789
762
NA
Cuba b
NA
24
47
70
80
76
74
75
74
a Including traffic by state automotive transport organiza-
tions and by cooperatives; branch enterprises; and transport
units of industries, plants, offices, and the like.
b State transport only.
215
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Table 181
Inland Water Freight
Billion metric ton-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
123.00
229.21
265.16
334.25
318.48
331.02
356.25
341.36
339.14
European Community
France
10.77
14.18
11.90
12.15
10.19
9.45
8.90
NA
NA
Netherlands
20.02
30.74
29.60
33.48
31.39
32.30
33.59
NA
NA
West Germany
40.39
48.81
47.56
51.44
49.40
49.09
52.00
NA
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
107
186
235
260
277
287
280
276
NA
USSR
99.60
173.98
221.71
244.90
262.40
273.20
264.30
261.50
255.40
Eastern Europe
7.67
11.9
12.8
14.9
14.5
14.2
15.5
14.3
NA
Bulgaria
0.62
1.83
2.39
2.61
2.54
2.33
2.64
2.04
2.43
Czechoslovakia
1.96
2.43
2.58
3.59
3.78
3.92
4.43
4.36
4.93
East Germany
2.25
2.36
2.36
2.16
2.29
2.42
2.64
2.43
2.89
Hungary
1.08
1.60
1.47
1.87
1.73
1.74
1.81
1.62
NA
Poland
0.90
2.36
1.95
2.33
1.57
1.45
1.44
1.41
1.62
Romania
0.86
1.35
2.08
2.35
2.56
2.30
2.50
2.41
NA
a Internal, intraport, and local water traffic, excluding Great
Lakes traffic. For 1985, coastwise and foreign trade traffic
within US waters together amounted to 105 billion metric
ton-kilometers. In the same year, traffic on the Great
Lakes amounted to 71 billion metric ton-kilometers of
domestic trade and 40 billion metric ton-kilometers of US
foreign trade.
216
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Table 182
Inland Water Freight
Million metric tons carried
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
358.56
502.22
528.17
570.77
518.05
508.28
565.73
552.40
548.80
European Community
France
68.05
110.35
94.58
92.20
76.41
71.95
68.89
NA
NA
Netherlands
149.67
241.44
235.80
269.27
241.13
247.23
256.85
NA
NA
West Germany
171.36
240.00
227.30
240.98
221.90
223.94
236.48
NA
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
235
395
524
638
669
673
692
704
NA
USSR
210.32
357.80
475.50
568.10
604.50
606.70
619.10
633.00
649.00
Eastern Europe
24.9
36.8
48.7
69.81
64.5
66.2
72.9
71.3
NA
Bulgaria
1.56
3.69
4.41
4.94
4.98
4.78
4.90
4.00
4.52
Czechoslovakia
3.53
4.46
5.65
10.46
11.39
11.86
13.37
13.33
14.13
East Germany
12.63
13.66
14.59
16.30
16.83
17.47
18.70
17.70
21.05
Hungary
2.30
2.78
3.04
3.52
3.42
3.23
3.25
3.30
NA
Poland
2.95
8.84
14.89
22.25
13.71
14.28
15.45
14.54
14.88
Romania
1.91
3.40
6.10
12.34
14.20
14.56
17.20
18.40
NA
Other
Cuba b
NA
0.93 c
4.83 d
5.25 d
5.24
5.62
5.77
5.51
5.50
a Internal, intraport, and local water traffic, excluding Great
Lakes traffic.
C Transported by Flota Propia.
a Transported by Flota Propia and companion boats.
b Coastal freight.
217
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Table 183
Ocean Freight a
Billion metric ton-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
189
922
1,150
1,340
1,250
1,340
1,380
1,330
NA
USSR b
131.5
656.1
736.3
848.2
834.5
891.7
933.0
905.0
967.8
Eastern Europe
57.7
266
410
491
417
444
449
423
NA
Bulgaria e
2.5
38.9
42.2
62.5
59.1
61.2
60.5
56.5
60.3
Czechoslovakia
7.5
10.5
12.0
12.4
14.1
13.6
14.1
14.2
NA
East Germany e
10.5
69.7
79.7
70.7
55.7
65.3
66.0
64.1
NA
Hungary a
1.3
2.7
4.0
7.6
7.9
8.0
9.2
8.8
8.4
Poland e
34.8
106.6
206.1
257.4
191.7
197.1
193.4
176.1
172.7
Romania
1.1
37.5
66.3
80.3
88.1
98.3
106.1
103.4
NA
Unless otherwise indicated, data are for international
shipping and include the performance of ships of less than
1,000 gross register tons.
b Including Caspian Sea, Danube River, and domestic coast-
al and intercoastal traffic.
e Including coastal traffic.
d Including Danube River traffic.
e Possibly excluding the performance of some ships flying
the Polish flag but under control of the Chinese-Polish
Shipbrokers Corporation.
Table 184
Air Passengers
Billion passenger-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
62.5
212.0
262.0
405.9
404.3
423.8
465.9
498.8
522.8
Canada
4.3
15.4
25.0
36.2
32.3
31.5
34.2
35.3
NA
Japan
1.1
15.0
30.1
50.9
55.4
55.6
61.1
63.7
NA
European Community
France
5.2
13.6
23.3
34.1
37.6
38.3
38.5
39.3
38.1
United Kingdom
7.3
19.0
30.2
56.1
49.2
49.7
50.4
57.3
50.8
Communist countries
USSR
12.1
78.2
122.6
160.6
172.5
176.8
184.0
188.4
195.8
a Revenue passenger-kilometers flown on scheduled service
of certificated route air carriers.
218
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Table 185
Air Freight a
Million metric ton-kilometers
1960 1970 1975 1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States b
1,377 7,277 8,603 10,359
9,963
10,755
11,983
11,661
12,350
Canada
66 425 628 823
912
990
1,126
1,156
NA
Japan
24 426 920 . 1,976 d
2,340 d
2,655 d
2,941 d
3,127 d
NA
European Community
France
152 542 1,086 2,093
2,298
2,597
2,894
2,981
3,100
Netherlands
117 393 617 996
1,086
1,245
1,456
1,485
1,540
United Kingdom
181 617 933 1,544 .
1,382 .
1,528 .
1,858 .
1,982 .
2,010 e
West Germany
41 523 974 1,584
1,688
2,042
2,345
2,498
2,840
Communist Countries
USSR
563 1,877 2,590 3,090
3,030
3,190
3,280
3,350
3,380
a Express freight, and mail traffic.
b Revenue ton-kilometers flown on scheduled service of
certificated route air carriers.
. Japan Air Lines data only.
Japan Air Lines and Japan-Asia Airways.
. Excluding airlines based in the UK territories and
dependencies.
Table 186
Civil Aircraft Inventory a
Units
United States b
Jet
Turboprop
Piston
USSR .
Jet
Turboprop
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
202
2,136
2,114
2,469
2,504
2,691
2,724
2,989
NA
227
374
260
267
159
204
185
231
NA
1,408
153
114
77
79
78
51
77
NA
191
425
1,080
1,855
1,796
1,830
1,995
2,015
2,180
174
1,238
1,500
1,925
1,700
1,655
1,515
1,600
1,600
a Data exclude light aircraft. No attempt has been made to b Large aircraft only. Data for all cargo operators not . Data basically represent the inventory of Aeroflot-the
standardize comparisons of the US and Soviet aircraft available prior to 1980. This data refers to certificate route Soviet civil airline.
inventories in terms of capacity for passenger-cargo carrying carriers, supplementals, commercial operators, and all cargo
and/or range capability. operators.
219
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Table 187
Petroleum Pipelines
Billion metric ton-kilometers
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States
333.8
629.2
740.2
858.5
826.3
811.7
829.3
823.4
846.8
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
NA
300
693
1,260
1,340
1,390
1,410
1,350
NA
USSR
51.2
281.7
665.9
1,216.0
1,306.8
1,353.1
1,370.3
1,312.5
1,401.3
Eastern Europe
NA
18.1
26.7
40.8
37.7
38.7
39.0
39.6
NA
Bulgaria
0
0
0
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
NA
Czechoslovakia
NA
6.4
4.4
10.3
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.5
NA
East Germany
0
2.2
4.3
5.0
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.5
NA
Hungary
0.1
0.7
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.8
NA
Poland
NA
7.0
12.7
17.1
16.6
17.5
17.8
17.0
17.8
Romania
1.0
1.8
2.8
5.2
3.7
4.4
4.5
4.8
NA
Table 188
Petroleum Pipelines
Million metric tons carried
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
OECD
United States a
414.7
784.6
982.6
1,020.0
981.9
964.6
985.4
978.5
1,006.3
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
NA
400
603
772
787
797
799
787.0
NA
USSR
129.9
337.9
496.8
626.9
640.9
648.7
648.0
631.0
653.0
Eastern Europe
NA
61.8
106
145
146
149
151
156
NA
Bulgaria
0
0
0
3.1
16.5
15.6
20.1
21.6
NA
Czechoslovakia
NA
13.4 b
14.9 b
21.5
19.2
19.1
16.5
19.1
NA
East Germany
0
15.4
32.1
41.6
38.8
39.3
37.3
38.3
NA
Hungary
1.2
6.3
13.8
15.8
16.5
16.0
16.7
16.7
NA
Poland
NA
15.4
30.5
40.7
36.7
39.3
39.8
38.7
40.1
Romania
5.6
11.3
14.5
22.5
18.1
19.3
20.6
21.3
NA
a Data are for tons originated, thus giving a more realistic
comparison with the Communist countries.
b Crude petroleum only.
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Table 189
Mainline Locomotive Inventory a
Thousand units
1960
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States b
31.18
29.12
30.20
28.86
26.92 c
25.50 c
24.01 c
22.55 c
Canada
3.75
3.42
3.98
4.17
3.76
3.62
NA
NA
Austria
1.48
1.20
1.19
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.22
NA
Sweden
1.88
1.58
1.42
1.38
1.29
1.29
1.26
NA
Switzerland
1.10
1.33
1.42
1.45
1.45
1.43
1.43
NA
European Community
46.6
27.2
25.4
24.5
24.4
23.6
NA
NA
France
7.96
6.07
5.98
6.06
6.04
5.99
5.90
NA
Italy
5.28
3.58
3.63
3.72
3.84
3.71
NA
NA
Spain
3.64
1.70
1.14
1.21
1.23
1.30
1.38
NA
United Kingdom
16.05
4.45
3.86
3.53
3.23
3.06
2.92
NA
West Germany
10.44
8.05
7.65
7.10
7.02
6.85
6.68
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
55.8
47.8
58.0
66.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
USSR
34.00
28.90
37.13
45.95
50.60
NA
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
21.8
18.8
20.9
20.5
NA
NA
20.3
NA
Bulgaria
0.64
0.68
0.64
0.80
0.90
NA
0.96
NA
Czechoslovakia
5.23
4.60
4.98
4.27
NA
NA
4.64 d
NA
East Germany
6.00
5.00
5.92
5.62
5.52
NA
5.82
5.62
Hungary
2.46
2.00
1.92
2.40
1.70 d
NA
1.69 d
NA
Poland
5.80
5.07
5.52
5.68
5.13
5.17
5.20
5.18
Romania
1.72
1.50
1.88
1.70 d
2.00 d
NA
1.97
1.93
Other
China
5.60
6.53
8.63
10.56
11.25
11.73
11.50
12.14
North Korea
0.35
0.49
0.67
0.87
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.17
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for the state or b Data are for secondary or private railroads operating as
principal railroad system and include diesel, diesel-electric, common carriers and include gas turbine locomotives.
steam, and electric locomotives. Data are as of the end of the c Class I locomotives only.
year. d Does not include steam locomotives.
221
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Table 190
Railroad Freight Car Inventory a
Thousand units
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
OECD
United States b
1,945.7
1,806.2
1,803.7
1,755.5
1,741.7
1,616.1
1,570.0
1,513.0
1,447.2
European Community
France
362.6
362.3
302.4
283.9
253.1
245.9
239.8
233.8
NA
United Kingdom . d
956.0
605.6
383.9
239.7
137.6
87.9
69.8
59.5
NA
West Germany
309.6
329.5
321.0
335.1
334.2
327.0
316.7
311.5
NA
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
949.0
1,130.0
1,194.0
1,489.0
1,785.0
1,887.0
1,937.0
NA
NA
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
22.0
33.0
37.8
43.0
NA
22.9
NA
22.9
NA
Czechoslovakia
129.3
136.1
135.8
136.0
150.1
NA
NA
200.0
NA
East Germany
154.3
152.0
150.0
141.8
153.0
149.2
NA
156.0
150.0
Hungary
62.0
73.4
71.4
88.9
131.7
76.4
NA
74.4
NA
Poland
249.0
263.9
274.3
305.0
194.9
168.7.
172.1 .
168.5 .
166.0 .
Romania
55.5
68.6
86.0
95.0
NA
89.3
NA
89.6
NA
Other
China f
132.0
143.0
175.0
237.0
290.4
303.9
316.6
291.3
300.9
North Korea f
10.4
15.2
18.0
21.0
26.0
32.0
34.5
36.5
39.0
a Units of two, four, or more axles. Unless otherwise indicat-
ed, data refer to both state and private ownership of cars
used on the state or principal railroad system. Data are as of
the end of the year. Because of the lack of comparability in
data, totals for the OECD and the Communist countries are
omitted.
b Units of four or more axles.
. Including secondary or private railroads operating as com-
mon carriers.
d Excluding privately owned tank cars and including data
for Northern Ireland.
PKP railroad cars only.
f The majority are four-axle units.
222
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Table 191
Fishing Fleet Inventory a
1970
1975
1980
.1984
1985
1986
Number
Thousand
GRT b
Number
Thousand
GRT
Number
Thousand
GRT
Number
Thousand
GRT
Number
Thousand
GRT
Number
Thousand
GRT
OECD
United States
201
74
1,743
398
2,537
524
3,137
627
3,163
638
3,148
643
Japan
2,386
978
3,149
1,217
2,989
1,107
2,958
1,090
2,917
1,080
2,828
1,080
Norway
635
182
621
211
715
240
615
225
589
210
593
223
European Community
3,662
1,303
4,401
1,578
4,246
1,416
3,977
1,286
3,839
1,243
3,814
1,225
France
660
195
620
200
514
170
483
159
481
160
362
132
Netherlands
284
57
392
93
386
94
436
125
432
129
429
130
Portugal
158
110
197
127
172
127
186
124
191
124
192
125
Spain
1,364
433
1,744
552
1,776
558
1,563
492
1,534
488
1,523
482
United Kingdom
577
235
618
236
516
169
340
94
324
86
319
77
West Germany
182
147
147
145
136
117
126
82
115
67
104
44
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
3,428
4,442
4,717
6,563
5,179
7,497
4,168
7,123
4,182
7,270
3,903
7,628
USSR
3,055
3,997
4,219
5,937
4,564
6,678
3,597
6,329
3,628
6,483
3,341
6,847
Eastern Europe
373
445
498
626
615
819
571
794
554
787
562
781
Bulgaria
17
55
34
94
40
110
39
108
39
106
38
103
East Germany
172
136
164
147
171
173
139
154
139
154
138
153
Poland
176
231
270
282
357
354
331
308
325
307
325
305
Romania
8
23
30
103
47
182
62
224
51
220
61
220
Other
Cuba
167
66
181
81
264
172
265
168
265
168
265
142
Yugoslavia
3
1
3
1
8
3
13
2
13
2
19
2
a Data are as of midyear.
b Gross register tons; excluding ships under 100 GRT.
223
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Table 192
Merchant Fleet Inventory a
1965
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
World total
17,825
214,069
19,503
325,149
22,353
556,388
23,855
638,080
24,669
646,889
25,010
641,093
Non-Communist countries
16,243
202,277
17,020
303,720
19,222
523,247
20,035
590,670
20,442
589,182
20,685
579,558
OECD
12,440
148,453
12,164
208,962
11,286
316,611
10,971
323,208
9,173
274,404
8,632
247,302
Non-European Community
6,573
80,586
6,291
109,801
5,341
158,533
4,556
145,347
4,280
137,166
4,104
125,059
United States b
2,376
28,283
1,579
21,346
857
17,694
568
20,169
503
20,811
503
20,811
Japan
1,333
16,450
2,109
39,142
2,051
63,238
1,843
57,322
1,695
58,201
1,675
57,541
Norway
1,365
23,538
1,173
32,374
991
47,796
613
36,789
490
26,912
402
18,202
Sweden
443
5,643
366
6,898
324
12,723
258
6,378
232
3,983
212
3,705
Other
1,056
6,672
1,064
10,041
1,118
17,082
1,274
24,689
1,360
27,259
1,312
24,800
European Community
5,867
67,867
5,873
99,161
5,945
158,078
6,415
177,861
4,893
137,238
4,528
122,243
France
542
6,406
457
9,007
444
17,690
354
20,327
293
14,060
273
11,911
Greece.
916
10,388
1,195
18,214
1,804
37,638
2,835
67,067
2,020
59,519
1,681
51,457
Italy
588
6,917
625
9,803
633
16,081
647
17,331
598
14,391
585
11,850
United Kingdom
2,052
26,385
1,772
37,065
1,576
54,913
1,313
45,386
699
24,338
667
24,274
West Germany
843
7,184
993
11,697
611
13,453
470
11,630
455
7,831
505
6,866
Other
926
10,587
831
13,375
877
18,303
796
16,120
828
17,099
817
15,885
Non-OECD countries
3,803
53,824
4,856
94,758
7,936
206,636
9,064
267,462
11,269
314,778
12,053
332,256
Flag of Convenience
1,898
38,341
2,686
72,065
4,675
159,568
4,863
189,477
5,814
196,522
5,859
192,885
Cyprus
21
207
217
1,933
573
4,762
347
2,212
573
12,084
721
15,626
Liberia
1,313
30,906
1,840
60,992
2,546
132,694
2,191
150,058
1,832
120,860
1,688
109,993
Panama
564
7,228
629
9,140
1,556
22,112
2,325
37,207
3,409
63,578
3,450
67,266
Other countries
1,905
15,483
2,170
22,693
3,261
47,068
4,201
77,985
5,455
118,256
6,194
139,371
Brazil
227
1,590
201
2,017
260
4,546
278
7,681
321
9,467
326
10,047
India
210
2,266
242
3,709
308
6,943
365
9,359
374
10,469
359
10,672
Malaysia/Singapore
8
19
99
643
429
8,118
651
12,571
644
13,466
616
13,173
Other
1,460
11,608
1,628
16,324
2,264
27,461
2,907
48,374
4,116
84,854
4,893
105,479
224
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Table 192 (continued)
Merchant Fleet Inventory a
1965
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Communist countries
1,582
11,792
2,483
21,429
3,131
33,141
3,820
47,410
4,227
57,707
4,325
61,535
USSR and Eastern Europe
1,171
9,462
1,939
16,845
2,290
23,337
2,527
30,144
2,551
33,098
2,573
34,119
USSR d
985
7,961
1,395
11,921
1,622
15,044
1,725
18,919
1,757
21,150
1,757
21,150
Eastern Europe
186
1,501
544
4,924
668
8,293
802
11,225
794
11,948
816
12,968
Bulgaria e
60
548
106
948
110
1,228
103
1,617
105
1,784
108
1,821
Czechoslovakia f
9
105
12
138
14
221
16
227
19
275
19
274
East Germany
60
550
130
1,310
146
1,729
158
1,864
150
1,704
148
1,645
Hungary
17
23
16
28
16
67
22
114
19
107
19
107
Poland g
10
105
230
2,000
289
3,866
312
4,705
267
4,145
266
4,692
Romania
30
170
50
500
93
1,182
191
2,698
234
3,933
256
4,429
Other
411
2,330
544
4,584
841
9,804
1,293
17,266
1,676
24,609
1,752
27,416
Albania h
8
44
11
72
11
72
10
74
11
53
11
77
China
190
1,075
269
1,944
495
6,082
870
11,800
1,202
18,173
1,271
20,763
Cuba
31
203
53
428
64
581
78
893
93
991
96
1,004
Yugoslavia
180
1,000
200
2,100
229
2,826
262
3,785
265
4,216
262
4,340
Other
2
8
11
40
42
243
73
714
105
1,176
112
1,232
a Ships of 1,000 gross register tons (GRT) or more. Data are
as of the end of the year. Data for the non-Communist
countries include all combination passenger and cargo ships,
whereas, unless otherwise indicated, those for the Commu-
nist countries exclude passenger ships that have small cargo
capacities.
b Excluding ships operating only on the Great Lakes and
US-owned ships flying the Liberian, Panamanian, and other
"flags of convenience."
c Excluding Greek-owned ships flying the Liberian, Pana-
manian, and other "flags of convenience."
d Excluding the Caspian Sea Fleet passenger ships and
vessels subordinate to the Ministry of the Fishing Industry.
e Before August 1968, a few additional Bulgarian-owned
ships were operated under the flags of non-Communist
countries.
225
f Until March 1967, an undetermined number of Czechoslo-
vak-flag ships were jointly owned with China.
g Including some ships flying the Polish flag but under the
control of the Chinese-Polish Shipbrokers Corporation. At
the end of 1985, there were 13 of these ships.
h Data include a number of ships jointly owned by the
Chinese-Albanian Joint Stock Shipping Company.
Including North Korean and Vietnamese vessels.
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Table 193
Tanker Fleet Inventory a
1965
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
World total
3,533
89,576
4,119
152,450
5,177
301,667
5,439
379,870
5,574
337,983
5,473
313,457
Non-Communist countries
3,290
85,629
3,759
146,555
4,736
292,241
4,910
366,529
4,976
324,210
4,859
299,183
OECD
2,350
58,883
2,528
96,952
2,917
173,746
2,855
197,426
2,497
156,491
2,329
136,212
Non-European Community
1,274
32,365
1,328
48,690
1,469
88,179
1,450
97,251
1,349
85,902
1,255
74,424
United States b
341
7,561
294
7,739
267
9,711
273
15,024
247
15,783
233
15,385
Japan
236
6,965
368
16,036
531
33,950
567
34,486
493
31,541
482
29,636
Norway
467
13,599
363
17,351
332
28,467
273
28,899
247
20,922
191
13,990
Sweden
73
2,098
80
2,887
79
6,524
69
4,087
70
2,151
64
2,049
Other
157
2,142
223
4,677
260
9,527
268
14,755
292
15,505
285
13,364
European Community
1,076
26,518
1,200
48,262
1,448
85,567
1,405
100,175
1,148
70,589
1,074
61,788
France
157
3,682
135
5,799
154
13,190
120
16,632
90
10,280
83
8,432
Greece c
129
2,970
216
7,714
345
15,557
422
27,997
315
24,751
261
21,220
Italy
143
2,872
198
4,585
236
7,953
247
11,758
233
9,234
224
6,689
United Kingdom
441
11,562
434
20,863
459
32,869
426
30,733
266
. 15,341
263
16,157
West Germany
48
1,295
59
2,956
83
5,627
67
5,353
89
3,115
86
2,207
Other
158
4,137
158
6,345
171
10,371
123
7,702
155
7,868
157
7,083
Non-OECD countries
940
26,746
1,231
49,603
1,819
118,495
2,055
169,103
2,479
167,719
2,530
162,971
Flag of Convenience
686
23,310
916
42,708
1,299
100,554
1,252
130,445
1,368
114,762
1,376
107,947
Cyprus
1
13
13
214
47
860
21
194
76
6,302
102
7,421
Liberia
534
19,018
730
36,802
1,014
89,470
943
116,018
761
87,343
701
77,991
Panama
151
4,279
173
5,692
238
10,224
288
14,233
531
21,117
573
22,535
OPEC
38
571
42
1,315
82
4,245
206
12,740
305
15,228
320
14,843
Iraq
0
0
0
0
10
380
22
2,164
18
1,415
18
1,384
Kuwait
3
161
6
787
7
1,150
22
2,613
31
2,505
34
3,330
Libya
0
0
0
0
5
410
14
1,506
12
1,413
12
1,348
Venezuela
14
284
16
372
15
440
13
- 409
24
876
22
800
Other
21
126
20
156
45
1,865
135
6,047
220
9,019
234
7,981
Other Non-OPEC
216
2,865
273
5,580
438
13,696
597
25,918
806
37,729
834
40,181
Brazil
46
604
45
810
53
944
74
5,032
89
5,454
94
5,739
India
8
217
13
510
25
1,510
47
3,467
62
4,086
68
4,397
Other
162
2,044
215
4,260
360
11,242
476
17,419
655
28,189
672
30,045
226
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Table 193 (continued)
Tanker Fleet Inventory a
1965
1970
1975
1980
1984
1985
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Number
Thousand
DWT
Communist countries
243
3,947
360
5,895
441
9,426
529
13,341
598
13,773
614
14,274
USSR and Eastern Europe
212
3,562
301
5,108
331
6,975
361
10,081
400
10,225
400
10,154
USSR d
184
3,125
265
4,389
280
4,796
310
7,537
359
8,274
361
8,266
Eastern Europe
28
437
36
719
51
2,179
51
2,544
41
1,951
39
1,888
Bulgaria
11
160
18
267
20
472
18
549
15
506
15
506
East Germany
10
144
9
288
16
612
12
427
9
225
7
162
Poland
5
95
5
95
8
665
13
982
9
538
9
538
Romania
2
38
4
69
7
430
8
586
8
682
8
682
Other
31
385
59
787
110
2,451
168
3,260
198
3,548
214
4,120
China
19
135
38
375
80
1,916
132
2,513
165
2,640
180
3,103
Cuba
2
5
3
26
6
75
11
111
13
116
13
116
Yugoslavia
10
245
15
380
14
378
13
434
10
417
11
526
Other e
3
6
10
82
12
202
10
375
10
375
Tankers and whaling tankers of 1,000 gross registered tons
(GRT) or more. Data are as of the end of the year and
include specialized oil and chemical tankers and some
combination carriers (oil/dry bulk carriers). For the pur-
poses of this table, the tonnage is converted to deadweight
(DWT).
b Excluding ships operating only on the Great Lakes and
US-owned ships flying the Liberian, Panamanian, and other
"flags of convenience."
c Excluding Greek-owned ships flying the Liberian, Pana-
manian, and other "flags of convenience."
227
d Excluding the Caspian Sea Fleet and tankers assigned to
the Ministry of the Fishing Industry.
Including North Korean and Vietnamese vessels.
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Table 194
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
OECD
OECD (continued)
Australia
Dampier
275
Italy (cont.)
Bari
239
Port Hedland
227
Falconare
263
Port Walcott
279
Fiumicino
285
Sidney
273
Genoa
300
Canada
Seven Islands
275
Imperia
239
St. John
357
La Spezia
255
Vancouver
238
Livorno
269
Victoria
238
Mililli
263
Denmark
Skaw
259
Multedo
255
Finland
Skoldvik
259
Oristano
239
France
Antifer
555
Palermo
255
Brest
319
Porto Empedocle
239
Cherbourg
358
Priolo
285
Donges
282
Ravenna
239
Dunkirk
271
Sarroch
255
Fossurmer
361
Savona
241
Lauera
259
Taranto
275
Le Havre
362
Venice
239
Marseilles
255
Japan
Aioi
279
Port De Bouc
239
Buckner Bay
230
Port Vendres
239
Chiba
285
Sete
281
Fukuoca
238
Ushant
363
Fukuyama
290
Greece
Agiori Theodoroi
339
Hakata
238
Pachia Ammos
555
Heianza Island
290
Patras
239
Himeji
267
Piraeus
555
Hirohata
279
Ireland
Dublin
273
Ishinomaki
210
Italy
Augusta
318
Kagoshima
238
Augusta Bay
291
Kashima
279
228
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
OECD
OECD (continued)
Japan (cont.)
Kawasaki
234
Japan (cont.)
Wakamutsu
276
Kiire
484
Yokkaichi
276
Kisarazu
306
Yokohama
290
Kobe
273
Netherlands
Amsterdam
239
Kure
306
Europort
424
Kyushu
238
Flushing
290
Mizushima
258
Hook of Holland
269
Muroran
261
Ouderkerk
274
Mutsure
238
Pernis
363
Nagasaki
258
Rotterdam
390
Nagoya
286
Ymuiden
275
Nakagusuku
225
Norway
Aalesund
422
Naoetsu
238
Bergen
290
Oita
306
Holmestrand
290
Okinawa
290
Naruik
270
Osaka
232
Vestnes
555
Sakai
285
Volda
259
Sakaide
239
Portugal
Aveiro
239
Sasebo
279
Lisbon
555
Shimizu
234
Madeira
228
Shimotsu
275
Setubal
323
Shiogama
236
Sines
323
Tachibana Bay
232
St. Michaels
275
Toba
261
St. Vincent Po
230
Tobata
275
Spain
Algeciras
422
Tokuyama
237
Bilbao
311
Tokyo
306
Cadiz
285
Toma Komai
285
Ceuta
275
Ube
268
Corunna
228
Uraga
380
Europa Point
273
229
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
OECD
OECD (continued)
Spain (cont.)
Ferrol
230
United Kingdom (cont.)
Immingham
285
La Coruna
363
Lock Striven
318
Las Palmas
408
Lyme Bay
318
Malaga
285
Milford Haven
283
Santa Cruz De Tene
269
Moray Firth
284
Tarragona
318
Newhaven
285
Tenerife
409
Pembroke Dock
273
Valencia
239
Shell Haven
318
Sweden
Brofjorden
282
Solent Anchorage
269
Gothnburg
318
Southampton
280
Rorvik SW
278
Sullum Voe
318
Turkey
Ceyhan Terminal
293
United States
Cape Flattery
238
United Kingdom
Amlwch
318
Cape Henry
274
Angle Bay
285
Colombia River
268
Angleoev
285
Coos Bay
238
Barking
269
Corpus Christi
338
Berry Head
447
Delaware Bay
268
Brixham
290
Everett
238
Burntisland
274
Freeport US
345
Coryton
285
Galveston
318
England
285
Gulf Coast
361
Falmouth Bay
259
Hampton Roads
273
Fawley
330
Hinchinbrook
269
Finnart
278
Long Beach
267
Firth of Clyde
325
Loop Terminal
424
Fishguard
285
Los Angeles
268
Folkestone
285
Miami
284
Gravesend
285
New Orleans
424
Greenock
279
Nikishka
248
Hound Point
285
Norfolk
274
230
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
OECD
Other Countries (continued)
United States (cont.)
Pascagoula
413
Barbados (cont.)
Bridgetown
268
Philadelphia
275
Brazil
Angra Dos Reis
412
Point Conception
240
Itaqui
248
Point Fermen
259
Nictheroy
253
Port Arthur
362
Rio de Janeiro
282
Portland Or.
228
Salvador
248
Sabine
284
Santos
269
Sabine Pass
278
Sas Luiz de Maranh
306
San Diego
228
Sao Sebastiao
390
San Francisco
269
Sepetiba Terminal
275
Seal Beach
267
Tubarao
290
Seward
238
Brunei
Brunei
380
Southwest Pass
413
Seria
233
Tacoma
238
Cape Verde
Porto Grande
422
Texas City
273
St. Vincent CV
280
Valdez
269
Chile
Punta Arenas
269
West Germany
Bremen
269
Cyprus
Limassol
239
Hamburg
424
Djibouti
Djibouti
277
Rendsburg
249
Egypt
Adabiya
307
Wilhelmshaven
358
Alexander Eg
264
Other Countries
Sadat
277
Bahamas
Greeport BF
424
Sidikerir
345
Great Isaac Island
276
Sukhna
361
Hole in the Wall
270
El Salvador
Acajutla
273
South Riding Point
424
Gabon
Port Gentil
280
Bahrain
Bahrain
372
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
273
Mina Sulman
357
India
Bombay
271
Sitrah
295
Mormugao
228
Sitrah Anchorage
240
Vadinar Terminal
269
Barbados
Barbados
316
Indonesia
Balik Papan
268 s
231
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
Other Countries (continued)
Other Countries (continued)
Indonesia (cont.)
Belawan
232
Mexico (cont.)
Coatzacoalcos
274
Blang Lancang
216
Dos Bocas
285
Iran
Hormuz Island
259
Mazatlan
254
Kharg Island
372
Salina Cruz
276
Sirri Island
447
Morocco
Tangier
279
Israel
Ashdad
268
Netherlands Antilles Aruba
424
Haifa
268
Bonnaire Island
424
Ivory Coast
Abidjan
318
Bullen Bay
424
Jordan
Aqaba
280
Curcao
279
Kuwait
Kuwait
228
St. Eustatius
424
Mena Abdulla
323
Nigeria
Bonny
355
Mina Abd Allah
228
Brass River
283
Mina Al Ahmadi
408
Escravos
285
Mina Saud
264
Escravos River
285
Sea Island KU
295
Forcados
355
Shuaiba
330
Que Iboe
285
Liberia
Monrovia
272
North Korea
Unggi
241
Libya
Marsa El Brega
290
Oman
Al Matrah
323
Malaysia
Batu Pahat
285
Khor Fakkan Anchor
355
Johore River
274
Mina Al Faha
289
Keland
232
Mina Al Fahal
273
Labuan
380
Oman
390
Pasir Gudang
268
Qaboos
240
Penang
424
Quoin Island
318
Malta
Malta
362
Ras Al Hadd
284
Marsaxlo KK
270
Salala
276
St. PauIs Bay
318
Pakistan
Karachi
284
Valletta
270
Port Muhammed Bin
254
Mauritius
Mauritius
217
Panama
Cape Mala
267
Mexico
Cayos Arcas Termin
565
Puerto Armuelles
267
232
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DW7)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Other Countries (continued)
Other Countries (continued)
Philippines
Bataan
278
South Korea
Inchon
261
Batangas
270
Masan
273
Limay
283
Mokpo
284
Manila
267
Pusan
285
Subic Bay
219
�
Ulsam
484
Villanueva
276
Yosu
273
Qatar
Doha
307
Sri Lanka
Colombo
276
Halul Island
316
St. Lucia
Cul-de-Sac
339
Qatar
316
Port Casteries
253
Qatar Anchorage
257
St. Lucia
339
Umm Said
316
Suriname
Paramaribo
259
Saudi Arabia
Jeddah
484
Sweden
Brofjorden
282
Juaymah Terminal
555
Gothenburg
318
Jubail
338
Rorviksw
278
Juddah
358
Taiwan
China Nationalist
285
Ras Al Khafi
284
Kaohsiung
424
Ras Tanura
484
Keelung
284
Ras Tanura Entry
228
Taiwan
285
Yanbu
362
Thailand
Bangkok
484
Yenbo
555
Phuket
290
Senegal
Dakar
339
Trinidad & Tobago
Pointe A Piezze
274
Senegal
284
Port of Spain
273
St. Louis
249
Tunisia
la Goulette
239
Singapore
Pub o Bukom
358
Turkey
Ceyhan Terminal
293
South Africa
Cape Agulhas
274
United Arab
Abu Al Bukhoosh
290
Cape Town
413
Emirates
Abu Dhabi
316
Durban
290
Al Ruwais
238
East London
225
Arzanah Island
269
Richards Bay
361
Das Island
413
Robben Island
413
Dubai
412
233
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Table 194 (continued)
Offloading Ports Accessible to Fully Loaded Tankers
of 200,000 Deadweight Tons and Larger, January 1987
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Port
Largest Loaded
Tanker
Accommodated
(Thousand DWT)
Other Countries (continued)
Other Countries (continued)
United Arab Emirates (cont.)
Fateh Terminal
363
United Arab Emirates (cont.)
Zirku Island
361
Fujairah
565
USSR
Melkaya
285
Hamriyah
274
Venezuela
Punta Cardon
257
Hamriyah Terminal
274
Virgin Island
Christiansted
259
Jebel Ali
413
Hovic
284
Jebel Dhanna
361
St. Croix
284
Khor Al Fakkan
413
Yemen
Aden
407
Mubarras Terminal
239
Yugoslavia
Omisalj
339
Ras Al Khaimah
372
Sharjah
319
234
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Index and Conversion Factors
Page
Index
237-241
Conversion Factors
242
235
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Index to Handbook of
Economic Statistics 1987
Acid, sulfuric 166
Aggregate factor productivity, USSR 70
Aggregate inflation rate trends, developed
countries 7
LDCs 9
Agricultural, labor force 55
prices 49
production index 22, 44
Aid, Chinese economic to LDCs 112, 115
Soviet and East European economic
to LDCs 14,112-114
Soviet economic to Communist
countries 116
US economic loans and grants to
LDCs, by recipient 120-121
Aircraft, civil, inventory 219
Air freight 219
Air passengers 218
Aluminum, primary 22, 156
Ammonia, synthetic 165
Arms transfers, Communist, to LDCs 112
to non-Communist LDCs 117
Automobiles, passenger, production 19, 179
Average annual rates of growth in
industrial production, by branch of
industry, USSR 71
Balance of payments, USSR 74
Balance of trade, non-Communist
countries 82-83
Bauxite 22, 150
Big Seven exports by commodity 86-87
imports by commodity 88-89
personal savings rates 58
trade 84-89, 94
trade balance by commodity 90-91
unemployment rates 58
Bilateral capital flows to LDCs, gross 118
Brown coal 140
Buses, production 180
Capital, flows to LDCs, total gross
bilateral 118
investment, gross fixed, USSR 68
stock of fixed, USSR 69
Cars, passenger production 179
railroad freight 181
Cattle 23, 196
Caustic soda 164
Cement 22, 24-25, 183
Chemical fertilizer, nutrient content
consumption 204-208
production 22, 167-170
China, economic aid to LDCs 115
exports 25, 107-108
foreign trade 25, 107-109
imports 25, 107, 109
Chromite 149
Civil aircraft, inventory 219
Coal, brown and lignite 22, 140
hard 22, 139
proved reserves 133
237
Coarse grains 20, 22, 191
Cobalt 159
Coffee 22, 201
Combines, grain 177
Commercial vehicles, production 180
Commodity production of the US
and USSR 29-31
Communist countries, economic aid
to LDCs 112
economic profile 25
exchange rates 59
exports 25, 99-100, 102-103, 105,
107-108, 110-111
GNP 2-6, 25, 34-35
gross industrial production 25, 45-46
imports 25, 99, 101-102, 104,
106-107, 109-111
industrial production 25, 45-46
military aid to LDCs 112
military personnel from LDCs, trained
in 124-125
Soviet economic aid 116
trade, foreign (see Trade, foreign,
Communist countries)
training of LDCs academic, technical
and military trainees 128
training of LDCs military personnel
124-125
Communist economic and military
technicians in LDCs 126-127
Construction, total housing 176
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Index (continued)
Consumer price index 51
Consumption, oil 24-25, 135
Conversion factors 242
Copper, refined 22, 155
Cotton, ginned 23, 203
Crude oil 22, 134-137
proved reserves 133
refining capacity 135
Crude steel, production 18, 22, 24-25, 152
Cuba, Soviet economic assistance to 116
foreign trade 110-111
Currencies, relative to US $1, selected 10
Currency, exchange rates of Communist
countries 59
Debt, East European by source 60
medium- and long-term, LDCs 61
Defense expenditures, GNP, share of 47
Deflators, price, GNP 36
Developed countries, economic profile 24
trade, foreign, direction of 78-91
Eastern Europe, debt by source 60
economic aid to LDCs 113
exports 25, 102-103, 105
foreign trade 25, 102-106
foreign trade, direction of 102-104
imports 25, 102, 104, 106
Economic aid (see Aid)
Economic indicators, selected non-OPEC
less developed countries 41
selected industrial countries 42-43
Economic trends, selected LDCs 62
Electric generator production 175
Electricity generating capacity, installed
142-143
Electricity, production 22, 141
Employment, industrial 57
Energy 130-143
efficiency 16
primary 130-132
primary, consumption 131
primary, production, by type 132
Equipment, electricity generating 175
Exchange rate equivalents, GDP 37
Exchange rates, Communist countries 59
Expenditures, defense, GNP, as a share of 47
Export prices 42-43, 92-93
Exporters of oil 27, 136
Exports, Big Seven 84-87
China 25, 107-108
Cuba 110-111
Eastern Europe 25, 102-103, 105
non-Communist countries 78-79
USSR 25, 72-74, 99-100
World 22
Factor productivity, USSR 70
Factors, conversion 242
Fertilizer, chemical, consumption 204-208
chemical, nutrient content production
22, 167-170
nitrogen, consumption 206
nitrogen, production 22, 168
phosphate, consumption 207
phosphate, production 22, 169
potassium, consumption 208
potassium, production 22, 170
Fibers, synthetic 22, 174
Financial flows, net, to LDCs 119
Fish catch 23, 195
Fishing fleet inventory 23, 223
Fixed capital, stock of, USSR 69
Fixed investment, gross, USSR 68
Fleet, fishing 23, 223
merchant 23, 224-225
tanker 23, 226-227
238
Foreign trade (see Trade, foreign)
Freight cars, railroad 181, 222
Freight traffic, air 219
inland water 216-217
motor vehicle 214-215
ocean 218
railroad 23, 212-213
truck 214-215
Gas, natural, production 138
natural, proved reserves 133
GDP (see Gross Domestic Product)
Gross Domestic Product, exchange rate
equivalents 37
purchasing power equivalents 37
share of, government receipts, outlays
and balances, selected 11
Generating capacity, electricity
installed 142-143
nuclear, installed 143
Ginned cotton 23, 203
GNP (see Gross National Product)
Gross National Product 2-6, 8, 22-28,
34-40, 64-67
Communist countries 2-6, 25, 34-35,
38-40, 64-67
defense expenditures as a share of 47
deflators 36
Eastern Europe 2, 25, 34-35, 39-40
end use, US 38
end use, USSR 38, 66
growth 5-6, 8, 39
growth, per capita 40
LDCs, aggregate real growth rates 8
market prices 34-35
per capita 2-3, 24-28
price deflators 36
real, comparisons 6
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Index (continued)
Gross National Product,
real, trends 5
US 4, 6, 24, 34, 36, 38-39
USSR 4, 6, 25, 35, 38-40, 66-67
World 4, 22, 34
Gold 75, 161
USSR 75, 161
Government receipts, outlays and
balance as a share of GDP 11
Grain combines 177
Grains, coarse 20, 22, 191
Grain, total 22, 188-189
yields 209
Gross fixed capital investment, USSR 68
Gross industrial production index
Communist countries 25, 45, 70-71
Gross official bilateral capital flows
to LDCs 118
Harbors (see Ports)
Hard coal 22, 139
Hard currency, balance of payments
USSR 74
debt to the West, USSR 75
trade, USSR 72-74
High-technology industries, trade of
selected exporting countries 98
Hogs 23, 197
Housing construction 176
Hydroelectricity 141
Import prices 42, 92-93
Importers of oil 136-137
Imports, Big Seven 84-85, 88-89
China 25, 107, 109
Eastern Europe 25, 102, 104, 106
non-Communist countries 26-28, 80-81
USSR, 25, 72-74, 99, 101
Industrial factor productivity, USSR 70
Industrial countries, economic indicators
selected 43
Industrial employment 57
Industrial production, average annual rates
of growth, by branch, USSR 71
Industrial production index, Communist
countries 25, 45-46, 66-67, 70-71
Inflation rate trends 7, 9
Inland water freight traffic 216-217
Installed electricity generating capacity
142-143
Interest rates, major industrial countries 13
International economic comparisons
selected countries 6, 24-28
Investment, gross fixed capital, USSR 68
Iron ore 22, 146
Iron, pig 22, 151
Labor force 54-57
agricultural 55
nonagricultural 56
industrial 57
LDCs, aggregate inflation rate trends 9
aggregate real GNP growth rates 8
aid (see Aid)
arms transfers 15, 117, 122-123
Communist economic and military
technicians in 126-127
economic profile, selected 26-28
economic trends, selected 62
medium- and long-term debt, selected 61
military personnel training in
Communist countries 124-125
net financial flows to 119
non-OPEC, economic indicators 41
non-OPEC, export and import prices
and terms of trade 92-93
official bilateral capital flows to 118
239
LDCs, US military deliveries 122-123
vulnerability ratios, selected 62
Lead, smelter 22, 157
Less developed countries (see LDCs)
Lignite 22, 140
Locomotives, mainline, inventory 221
Machine tools 176-177
Magnesium, primary 161
Mainline locomotive inventory 221
Manganese ore 147
Meat 23, 198
Merchant fleet inventory 23, 224-225
Metalcutting machine tools 176
Metalforming machine tools 177
Metal imports as a share of
consumption, 1986 /7
Metal prices 48
Military personnel from LDCs trained in
Communist countries 124-125
Milk 23, 199
Mineral imports as a share of
consumption, 1986 17
Molybdenum 162
Motor vehicle freight 214-215
Natural gas production 22, 138
Natural gas, proved reserves 133
Natural rubber 171
Net financial flows 119
Newly industrialized countries
economic profile, selected 28
trade with Big Seven 94
Newsprint 184
Nickel, refined 154
Nitrogen fertilizer, consumption 206
production 22, 168
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Index (continued)
Nonagricultural labor force 56
Non-Communist countries, exports 78-79
imports 80-81
oil import bill 96
trade balance 82-83
Non-OPEC LDCs, economic indicators 41
export and import prices and terms
of trade 92-93
Nuclear electricity generating capacity 143
Ocean freight traffic 218
Oil, consumption 24-25, 135
crude 27, 132-137
crude production 27, 134
crude, proved reserves 133
crude refining capacity 135
exporters 27, 136
export revenues 27, 95
import bill, selected countries 96
imports 136
prices 50
trade 136-137
OPEC, economic profile 27
oil prices 50
Ore, iron 146
manganese 147
tungsten 148
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, economic profile 27
Paper 184
Passenger automobiles, production 19, 22,
30, 179
Passenger traffic, air 218
Petroleum pipeline transportation 220
Phosphate fertilizer, consumption 207
production 22, 169
Pig iron 151
Pipeline transportation, petroleum 220
Plastics 171
Platinum-group metals 162
Plywood 185
Population 4, 22-28, 52-53
Ports, offloading, accessible to fully
loaded tankers 228-234
Potassium fertilizer, consumption 208
production 22, 170
Potatoes 22, 193
Power generating equipment 175
Price deflators, GNP 36
Price index, consumer 51
wholesale 50
Prices, agricultural 49
export and import and terms of trade
42-43, 92-93
metal 48
oil 50
Primary aluminum 22, 156
Primary energy 130-132
by type 132
consumption 131
Primary magnesium 161
Primary tin 32, 160
Productivity, aggregate factor, USSR 70
industrial factor, USSR 70
Proved reserves of crude oil, natural gas
and coal 133
Purchasing power equivalents, GDP 37
Railroad freight cars, inventory 222
production 181
Railroad freight traffic 23, 212-213
Rates of exchange, Communist countries
Refined copper 22, 155
Refined nickel 154
240
Refined zinc 22, 158
Reserves, crude oil, natural gas, and
coal, proved and probable 133
gold, USSR 75
Rice 22, 192
Rolled steel 153
Rubber, natural 171
synthetic 172
tires 182
Savings rate, personal 58
Smelter lead 22, 157
Smelter tin 160
Soda, caustic 164
Soviet (see USSR)
Soybeans 200
Sponge metal, titanium 159
Steel, crude 18, 22-25, 152
rolled 153
Stock of fixed capital, USSR 69
Sugar 22, 194
Sulfuric acid 166
Synthetic ammonia 165
Synthetic fibers 22, 174
Synthetic rubber 172
Tankers, ports accessible to fully
loaded tankers 228-234
Tanker fleet inventory 23, 226-227
Tax burden, industrial countries 12
Terms of trade 92-93
Tin, primary 22, 160
Tires, rubber 182
Titanium sponge metal 159
Total gross bilateral capital flows
to LDCs 118
Tractors 178
59 Trade 78-111
Big Seven 84-91
foreign, China 25, 107-109
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Index (continued)
Trade, foreign, China, exports 25, 107-108
foreign, China, imports 25, 107, 109
Transportation, petroleum pipeline 220
Truck freight 214-215
foreign, Communist countries
25, 99-111
Trucks, production
180
Cuba 110-111
Tungsten ore 148
foreign, developed countries, direction
of 24, 78-91
foreign, Eastern Europe 25, 102-106
Turbine production
Unemployment rates
175
58
foreign, Eastern Europe, direction
102-104
foreign, Eastern Europe, exports 25,
102-103, 105
foreign, Eastern Europe, imports 25,
102, 104, 106
foreign, non-Communist, exports 78-79
foreign, non-Communist, imports 80-81
foreign, non-Communist, trade
balance 82-83
foreign, oil import bill 96
foreign, USSR, direction 73, 97, 99
foreign, USSR exports 25, 72-74, 99-101
foreign, USSR, imports 25, 72-74,
99, 101
high-technology industries, selected
exporting countries 98
oil 136-137
terms of 92-93
USSR foreign 25, 72-74, 97, 99-101
World 22
Trade balance, Big Seven, by
commodity 90-91
newly industrialized countries 94
non-Communist countries 82-83
Traffic, freight, air 219
freight, inland water 216-217
freight, motor vehicle 214-215
freight, ocean 218
freight, railroad 212-213
passenger, air 218
US, economic loans and grants to LDCs, by
recipient 120-121
foreign exchange value of dollar 10, 59
GNP, end use 38
housing construction 176
military deliveries to LDCs 122-123
US, USSR, commodity production 29-31
USSR, aggregate factor productivity 70
arms deliveries to LDCs 15
average annual rates of growth in industrial
production, by sector of industry 71
balance of payments 74
CIA, Soviet, measures of economic
growth 65
economic aid to Communist countries 116
economic aid to Cuba 116
economic aid to LDCs 113
economic growth, planned, actual 64
economic performance 64-75
exports 25, 72-74, 99-100
factor productivity, aggregate 70
foreign trade 25, 72-74, 99-101
gold 75, 161
gross fixed capital investment 68
gross industrial production index 45
GNP, distribution of 38, 66
GNP, end use 38, 66
GNP, growth by sector of origin 67
hard currency debt to the West 75
hard currency trade 72-74
housing construction 176
241
USSR, imports 25, 72-74, 99, 101
industrial factor productivity 70
industrial production, by branch of
industry 71
industrial production, gross, index 45
industrial production, indexes 45-46
stock of fixed capital 69
trade, foreign 25, 72-74, 97, 99-101
USSR, US, commodity production 29-31
Value of the US dollar, percent change 10
Vehicles, automobile, production 19, 179
commercial, production 180
Vulnerability ratios, selected LDCs 62
Wheat 20, 22, 190
Wholesale price index 50
Wool 23, 202
World, crude steel production 22
GNP 4, 22, 34
passenger automobile production 19, 22
population 4, 22
statistics 22-23
trade 22-23
wheat and coarse grains 20, 22
Zinc, refined 22, 158
Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
Acres
Hectares
0.4046856
Meters, cubic
Tons, register
0.353147
Acres
Kilometers, square
0.004046856
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852
Acres
Meters, square
4046.856
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1.609344
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589998
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Feet
Meters
0.3048
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Ounces, troy
Pounds, troy
0.083333
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Ounces, troy
Grams
31.10348
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
929.0304
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Feet, square
Meters, square
0.09290304
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Gallons, US liquid
Liters
3.785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Gallons, US liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Grams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Grams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
Hectares
Meters, square
10,000
Quarts, dry
Liters
1.101221
Inches
Centimeters
2.54
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Inches, cubic
Milliliters
16.387064
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Quintals
Tons, metric
0.1
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.000016387064
Tons, long
Kilograms
1016.047
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Tons, long
Tons, metric
1.016047
Inches, square
Meters, square
0.00064516
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Tons, metric
Ounces, troy
32,150.7
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Ton-miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.635169
Kilograms
Tons, metric
0.001
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Liters
Meters, cubic
0.001
Tons, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Meters
Centimeters
100
Yards
Meters
0.9144
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Yards, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.7645549
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
242
Approved for Release: 2018/08/22 C05775731