ITALY - DECEMBER 1973 - NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY (NIS)

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06675028
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2022
• Document Release Date: April 3, 2017
• Case Number: F-2017-01012
• Publication Date: December 1, 1973

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iliZgraM2WOUNSMTAI
SECRET
-114SISGI-
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Italy
December 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
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NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS
Th� bask unit of the NIS is the General Survey, which is now
published in a boundby-chapter format so that topics of greater per-
ishability can be updated on an individual basis. These chapters�Country
Profile, The Society, Government and Politics, The Economy, Military Geog-
raphy, Transportation and Telecommunkations, Armed Farces, Science, and
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particularly Science and Intelligence and Security, that are not pertinent to
all countries, are produced selectively. For small tzuntries requiring only
minimal NIS treatment, the General Survey coverage may be bound into
one volume.
Supplementing the General Survey is the NIS Basic intelligence Fact-
book, a ready reference publication that semiannually updates key sta-
tistical data found in the Survey. An unclassified edition of the factbook
omits some details on the economy, the defense forces, and the intelligence
and security organizations.
Although detailed sections on many topics were part of the NIS
Program, production of these sections has been phased out. Those pre-
viously produced will continue to be available as long as the major
portion of the study is considered valid.
A quarterly listing of all active NIS units is published in the inventory
of Available NIS Publications, which is also bound into the concurrent
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Initial dissemination, additional copies of NIS units, or separate
chapters of the General Surveys can be obtained directly or through
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The Genera/ Survey is prepared for the HIS by the Lentral Intelligence
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nated by the Central Intelligence Agency.
WARNING
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The NIS is Notional Intelligence and may not be re-
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This chapter was prepared for the NIS by the
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ITALY
CONTENTS
Thie chimer aunenedee the setentilte earerace
in the General Surrey dated October IDA.
A. General 1
B. Organizatkm, planning, and financing of
researeh 3
C. Scientific education, manpower, and
facilities 6
D. Maio, research fields 7
1. Air, ground, and naval weapons
7
2. Biological and chemical warfare
11
3. Nuclear energy
12
t Electronk3
13
& Medical sciences
14
O. Other sciences
15
a. Chemistry and metallurgy
15
b. Physics and mathematics
17
c. Astrogeophysical sciences
19
Mussy
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FIGUR� 5.0. 222 tracuportilifek*
Conap.oes. hr. (Aermacchl 1)e.igesed Li. ini�i an Ital-
ian Arms requirement for ii light ainlalt. der .�M-3
is suitable for 'awl' missions as formienl air controller.
obwrvation. easualts evacuation. tactical support of
gnnesed forces, and general duties. SW-Marchetti has
developed the SM LUIIIA tel perform similar miksimes.
Two 4 'doer renegrams an' emerging that will hate
major intpart upon thr inelustrs from the later 1971c.
to the eady IHIgfs. Huth programs wiring financed
Ileneugh the Milan Cresernenrut and will he miler
Arritalia management. Also, bath an. ILI illabonithr
tspe programs�onr with iler United Kingdom and
West Germans, the ollwi with the United Slates.
Under Iler germs of a tripartite agreement. Italian
industrs is to reveler :eland I 7; iii the work involved
in the development and production 01 a Slulti-itolr-
Cornleat-Alneall designated thr litis
include contracts for electronic en a 'Intent and
airframe sections. 4:orrent planning indicates our of
the sh" prototylw aircraft will be built in Halls.
Deliveries of the MIll:A-75 are sehedesled
UIliIiW1Wi' iii Hu late 19e%. The waned major
program is !wham; ihr U.S. Hewing company and
Arritnlia. This program provides Ida the joint
deed/newest of a STOL tnatopml. %Oh pnethiction to
einumenee hy Ike lute 1970.%.
The Italian missile rrwan.h and development effort
Is r�panding and now unlink* the design and
development of naval Iantishipl missiles, us well its
field-forte defensive used antitank iisiWies. The Rayal
sIstrun include ilw %en Indigo and Spada Mattatr-lcs-
Ilw Sea Killer 51k3. and the ()lomat antiship
CfUkt MiSsiles. Of thew. Ihe ()lomat program is the
nunt noteworthy. aucl it repretents a joint effort
between Oto NIelara in la Spetia and Matra of
France. The field force ssstents arr the Indigo .tuf ate-
I ii and Spanirro antitank missiles_ Production of
thr Indigo missile is clurrrtuls limited to about III
missiles esrry 3 months. The Italian Arms wpottrills
plans to equip ItKi firing batteries with this !Ilea&
dieting the ne�t 5�Sear period. Tlw Spaniel.' antitank
missilr is e�pected to gn inlet %env prod' whole by 11175.
At that thew. it will probalds lie used as a rrplacement
the U.S. Tow asititatil uiIs.ik locing bought for ewe
by the thelian Arms and now being produced under
Meow in Italy and lewd by the lianas' Army. Shuts
efforts reportedly air uncle-may on an mum rued I
111111 ill ti4' slit lace- to-14 f ace missile and II Ls
adaptations of the Sea Killer \ILI (Nettlimi) and Sea
Killer MO (Ville:mot antiship missiles. The N etteeno is
a Ira m-fitlin4 solid propellant missile designed for use
against destroson and smaller sessels.
'II� Italian% bust iesseqrd bravely in tbe Fii Mr
Forte Sllisiir Teel Hauge. Latina. near A loin. and in
thr Salto di Quimi Test Range. Sardinia. These ranges
havr been 'wed to test NATI) aykit�Ills and F.S110
sounding nickels in addition to Italian and
rorlwts. Spate amoriated 'meanie a% all othry
tuditmul-Incl research. Is 'aleninistenil Ihniugh the
(NH. Folhosiitg ertergartioaibbil in the (:NB
Nablishrel Ihr Inter-( :4 ninnillre (i a It Iminn for the
i1uiul ill Space Problems (:1S11) to roonlinate thr
national Matt iii 1hr sttiul of pare ba�lle trhearei0
tit I Ow Spate Activity Service cSAS) to manage the
mote 'smelted miserh elf spare fe%ea
devrhipmeill. The SAS itidiition all activities Unlit% ed
he Italy's p4uhripation in the European Launcher
Orvell "Innen t Orga 'Ora lion I ELM)). the Esetelpran
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Spam 'tetrarch Orgaiiiraticon tESRt)1. and the
EUA loran �inference for Satellite (:nonnitinirations
t
Italy hcot conducted limited tetrarch and
development on ground weapons. 11nuever. the
mounded facilities and improved capabilities of
Italian industry is enabling numerous mints to he
undertaken in the tetearcli. development, 411141
production of annitted vehicles. Tomo %nth vehicles :11r
current') in development. booth of which am light
%eight and amphiliiims-...1111V. the Fiat 6616
reciiiimilwancv vehicle 'Figure 61 it dmitlitx1 for a
ihn.oe-man crew. the other. the Fiat f161.1 armored
personnel carrier (Figure K drtigned to tarry 6 too h
men plat the driver. A wconol version]. the 11614r. it
designed with a longer yy heelloate to aeroommodate 12
combat-equipped men.
Italy +vat int lilted uilli Franco and %Vett Cowin:my
In I hr determination) of requitementt lot lite 1.eopanl-
1 tank awl later bought NM Leopard. hum Wm!
(;ermain and uffl coproduce 600 11110se starting in
Pat, hut the ettein of participation, in minal tetrarch
and development it unknown eteept dial ettensive
FiGt/ItE 6. Fiat 66I6 boilan-deveioped listativelght
amphlbiove neternebstetee vettidaitkiekii-
r o..
_
HOME 7. net 66141 lIghtouriglot annohibinas (unwed
personnol garner being developed by Italy-Me*
In
letting of la.opani.1 (under hot climatic condition./
w us condoicted in Sardinia by the Italiansl'Aoniderable modification research and redesign also
K conducted an U.S. armored vehicles onrd
by the Italian Amy. Italians rrsecutioris kite
modemlord the U.S. M--17 1Pallootil tank. Firepoourt
tout inenrased it replacing the 90-nim glIll stills a 103-
nun pm: other Improvements inclonled a new
transmission, a modified hull. as new electrical t)Ntelfl.
a redesigned fir:4 SySielli and ammunition storage
arrangement. and a diesel engine. Also, an improved
track link hiss been developed for the t'SA NI-113
armored personnel cattier% ined In Italy.
Italian %%la in muir 'A a dare equipment is eteellent.
and commercial firms have ettend_ve program% to
develop and manufacture Itinit-quality mInes and
mine fours low Ilw Italian Amoy. Research and
deVehlpt1W1111 ills etplositet and oplosive phenomena
our maintained at a Mel to provide fin future defense
requirements. Facilities are availahle for esperiments
wills loigh-enenty materials. and some mak is &Ile OH
the deVellIplitenl of Ile% allti iiiiis,nsrJ esplosit r
compositions. Maly has a contidemble cap:Jollity for
rewards mid developnient off Inintroul vehicles :mil
Rids engines. but little effourt is made with ;espy, to
militart hanlware. Fiat it the majoir pnoduceruI
nil I i a it vehicles. Reseal tell ptiolects inesent It
andentay stress vehiele design for nomontainous anti
rough tetrain copes-Atom and amphibiont capabilitv.
The Runt significant bdolging and sirrani.enming
equipment dewlopinent cunently limit-may is the
Astra moiltispan lank-lanswIted bridge; although
laomeholl bridges have been med. hilt lust heroine
the lint 0111111fy ill the West to hate succeuftolly
oleselooped a tiiiiltitpari bridge. It consith of a scissors.
type treadway %pall +sills the ramp welkin capable of
hying converted into al pier too terve :Is intermediate
%import. After the first pan it eirploiced. sionouite
tpans ran he lannelled by other bridgelaters from the
deck sol the emplared span.
Itasit ha% as reialii.v4 strong feWilfell aural
tlevrinpinent nip:dilav Iii loponniiiiiir minimum&
'11w development al the 1-
Satin in cooperatioon wills lir lk.fullt Corporation ill
dor United States it a ei111611111111%
el�leadleraltic mailing'', hiker& '111ii. VI (kik%
CahleV1 P lust reeentlt completed oletehop-
off an millsoplintogiaphie attachment (sir a
sterroplotter. a precition stereottionpatatior. and a nets
aerial mapping control to add to its full hue of
photfogmnimellie and geodetic einiipment. Re%earch
related to quartermatter equipment sisters a varlet% of
fields. Considerable work has keen flaw ion coolliquiltle
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containers. decigned for both storage and transport of
hulk Ikpaid POI. products. submersible and foaling
oil hisses. und fueling Isuoys for use in marine POI.
terminal systems. Italian work lir direct energy
conversirin system is limited. although some d'art is
underway ma magnelohydtods Made% especiallti
closed-est* *stems.
The Balkans hate hi the past or are now nanlucting
MearCh and development In all aspects of UndenVa ter
ordnance. including antisubmarine warfare (ASW)
mortars. tarPeghleS. and mines. Italy has long been a
pioneer in these areas of development. The only
known research and development being concluded hi
the field of torpedoes is dirretet1 toward a wire.guided
torpedo carrier for the U.S.-supplied Mk 44 hirperks.
Italy has had under development for nutny years an
ASW mine designated T.A.R. A gun mount program
has beers established, and a number eil priva:-� (Inns
are participating in the des elopitairt of modest dual.
isurpose. r.apicl.fire mounts. Naval fire csailrol ssstenis
alma are under development.
2. Biological and chemical warfare WA-
The Italians have A NI111:111 11111hWeill Villd chemical
war fare 8W/ CVS'I research and dev 'shipment
prugrum clinseted essentially toward defensive aspects.
Primary resprinsihility for Millating and isionlinating
11W utd 1:W research and development efforts within
the Italian Armed Farms rests with the Inspect's,
General of Atomic. Bisslogical. and 1:1wersiral (AIR!)
1)elesise. The (lief. Cheridstry and Physics Tedmical
Semler.. suixonlinate to the ABC hopeetorate, directs
and iulmiliisters die 11W and LW mosairli. testing.
and equipment developmental activities of the Army
Technical Center for 1:heenit1ry. Physic.. and Illohsgy
(A11.3. Home. Them are hair hang:Males at All:: the
chemistry and biology laboratmies, both of which
develop deteetion rapicl screening. iral 111/11111
technician; a physics laboratory to support the first
and a terhnological lahnraterry hi develop veld
item
Scientists engaged in IIW. lind (:W-relatesl fields at
researeh are crinipelent and benefit iliniugti in
eschange of infomuition on 'offensive and defensive
advancys Iii BW/t:W through NATO. the Mutual
Weipusis Ikvelopment I)ata Esc-haute Agreement
with the United Slates. and PINAREI. (Francr.
United Kingdom, Italy. the Netherlands. West
(:ernialW. Ilelgium. and lamenihouna
Known SW (mean+ is eradined Ii. defensive
aspects. particularly detection and identifiecition. hut
medkal and health iesclusts pnwides knowledge
applicable to all aspects of 11W. Work at Art: has
Included studying the 'ravel of aensol elands
containing fluorescent particles. meleirrological
observations in various sections rof the 'sanctify.
development of a sampling kit, and investigations of
the fluorescent antibody staining teehiligille MN its
potential role in IIW agent detectirni. A contract has
been awarded for research in methods of mass
%lamination by aerosol.
Various civilian institutes and labotutories not
ecimmtly connected dinectly %sills BW offer facilities
that could he applied to 11W pnigrants if funding and
titled's-es new puteldell. For maniple, the Iligher
Institute of Ilealtli, Rome, has responsibilities for
di/atlantk work, and research is conducted on
leptospirosis. Q.lever. arboviroses (presently the
Mania virus h smiler study), air sampling techniques
related to pollution. and on Ilse epiderniolmy and
cliagsuois of microbial irafedirms. Haman and animal
Inumllosis are studied :it thr lassitude of I lyelene of
the linisersity of Florence. Floreewe. arid at the
Veterinary Clink of the University sit Pisa. Pka.
resperlivel.
Scientists id the Seninitherupy arid Vaccinogen
Institute. Siena. prepared a detailed report on suellismb
rdopletl for the titnithin tif polyvalent snake venom
aatisera. Collected datum wens meal to determine the
tonicity of each venom Alilt1 the neutralizing dose ha
the conespooding autism. Although thr natural
poisons research is medically oriented. the data
rrsioltisig from such work could trail to awn
sophistinited CW lethal and incapacitating agents.
Itesearihu;also is tieing concluded on neuromuscular
blocking agents: quaternary ammonium salts wen.
found to display eliolincolyiir properties similar to the
stasulatel U.S. incapacitating agent HZ. No
information is availalsk tos indicate that Italy is
ellitiAged In t till yi lig new CW agents. Some basic.
reward, has been vormitidell. however, on known
lethal agents. inchaling the anal Dene
Isgemils for defroster putposev. rliis sun ii prolialily
continuing. Italy's research mi eiattiral poisons is
slevolecl primarily to plant alkaloids and snake
venoms. Belatisely little inters'st is shown in laidesial
Indus.
A haveislek kit has been devised fin iiidnirti
(N( Xis) and Isalhilitin medical teams. It contains.
aiming other fist aid items. atropine automatic
inketem lute %has of 2-toritline rildosime Inethinclide
(PAM ter combat iten-r avid Inchon* and aim.1
nitrite ainiandes anti aminciplienol for IsItaxl agerit
antidotes. The Italians have developed a refillable
antomatie alnipine sell-injedar for sell-aid against
ii
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ve agent poisoning. Tests of this item. however.
showed that the plastic spring housing tended to crack
after only a few uses. Weak on dectontaminatIon
appannus Is limited to the evaluation of NATO
equipment with adaptations or irnpnwrinents to these
Items. Because emulsions adhere to surfaces. 11w
Italians claim that the application of emulsions is
effective for deasniamination: for nerve agents. they
have considered hydrate of aluminum
The Tirrena Incorporated Company. Rome.
reportedly has developed a 'elks of backpack
flamethrowets. There is no infoormation that any of
these models have been standattlizesl. The latest
model. T-69. contains three 94iter (14 gal.) steel
tanks�two Intend tanks for fuel and a central tank for
the compressed propellant gas. The maximum range is
listed as 80 meters. with an effective nange between 59
and 70 meters. Also under development is is 73.emn
mom round for use in disseminating riot contra'
agents.
CW tkfensive research mad tlevelopment efforts are
directed primarily toward improving detection and
protective equipment sind therapeutic agents: a
csonsiderahle amount of work is undertaken to improve
pmtectIve clothing items by ow of eit het initurgnated
or disposalole4ype clothing for enteral issue. The
Italians are attempting to obtain French and U.S.
material samples to enabk them to cleveksp a local
sourer for the fabrication of Inityl�voated materials.
3. Neckar energyiS)
ErW several years. the Italian nuclear research
program has hems devilled psintadly to the
investigation of baste contrpts with touly a minimum
effort toward practival applirations. 'Mese priorities
probably v.ill he reversed as a etanwpwittv of as law
which restructured CAEN Ito late 1971. Under this
law, the ueeney remains under the �per:anneal control
of the Ministry of Indootty best now Is headed by a
plesident wills an ("relative boanl and a maned of
ailminisloullosi. all appointed by the Council of
Ministers. All major political parties ore immolated ha
the (:NKN and. as a ctontetisience. Ihe Italian nuclear
Ij
prognini K espectet1 to wceive increased attention anal
support from die national gsweniment. This new haw
has hero Implemented and Ezio (:knienliil. formerly
the direettor of (:NEN's Computing Center hi
Bologna. tins been wined President saf the (KN.
Prinuary alert of this reoreanization upon the
Italian nuclear research Kilogram will he the
tedirectiion of the major effort. While bask research
will cinatinale. the chief effort now will he toward
practical oppikatluns, espetially hi the realm of
3.1 12
tractors and reactor fuels. A major research effort will
also he espentled in controlled thermonuclear
reactions remark Alm of interest is the investigation
of uraniUM enrichment.
Nuclear electric power is competitive Ira Italy at a
higher rant than In Many European conistries 'amuse
sof the high cost of conventional fuels and near total
exploitation of hydnielectric resourtvs. Large sums of
money base hems spent for the development of
nuclear power by Loth the government and pulsate
Industry.
Italy has there passer reactors In operation. a fourth
one under construction. untl others tokanned,
� 2111.ntegawatt elect deal OM Wel gas-voided reactor
some 41) miles south of ROIlle. 'war Latina. is bawd on
British technology and uses natural uranhun furl.
SENN. a 160-MWe boiling water martin (11%'R) on
the Garigliano river is loused ma General F.ketrie
technology and me. 2.1% and 2.6% enriched uraninite
Incl. SEINE a f.'57 :%IWe pressurized water reatior
(PWR) near Torino on the Po river is lowed On
Westinghouse technology and uses 2.7% to 3.9%
enriched uniniiiiit fuel. The fourth plant. a 750 NI��'e
BWR. similar to the SENN reactor. Is being Intik near
(:remmoss and is cynics' to be operating in 1975.
Other, both BWR's and PWR's, are being planned for
various locsalloin.
With its espanding nuclear power prontrain. Italy
has shown considerable interest in establishing sin
independent nuclear fuel capability. including
uranium enrichment, fuel faloticatiosi. and fuel
trpowessine. The Italians have two small fuel
pnwessing plants. one in southern Italy about 3) miles
from Taranto. and ante at Satanist. The saw mar
Taranto is specifically desieited for processing
thorlimetionisaining fuels, while the one at Saliaggia Is
for pnocessine enriched uranium] fuel elements. Their
natural uninitsm fuel elements hum the British-
plaided tractor use niurvord to the Culled Kineclons
for reprocessing.
'Admonitory reseatch intro both gaseino &Ruskin and
gets centriliagatiout for uranium emichment is
conthotied withlugoverainent facilities with iialoistrial
participation' liewarclo Aids air at vety low levels
and probaloly are intended only to foster stientific
interest in order to prim& (:NEN with assistantr
during any consideration of join* in multinatismal
group studies 411 group spoitsorThip of produefion
facilities. Italian industry should be sable to build and
operate fuel Calitiration Intilities adequate for their
plenum Ian Italy will remain dependent upon
Imports for furl supplies. slow their (morn uranium
irserves are insufficient In support their nuclear pins sr
1110gM111.
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For several years the Italian Nan has been invoked
In a warm for the development and construction of
an 18.000-lon mocker pottered naval support ship to
he called the Eerier; Femsl. ft is proposed that this ship
be equipped with an h0-megawatt pressurized stater
reactor using 5% enriched uranium fuel. France
presided the fuel for the land.hased prototype for this
reactor. Italian naval officials have insisted that the
ship will be operational in the 197243 period.
lloneser. it now appears that construction has not
even started. Because of the naval association of the
vessel. Italy has been unable to get assurances of foci
supplies foe ass OW:10MA reactor. 11th could change
if Italy does become past of any pancrans %hereby
they would have access to enriched uranium.
Italy has adequate research facilities. including
suberitical and critical assemblies and research
reactors. to supped a nuclear research program and to
provide training for the associated personnel.
Fundamental and applied nuclear irseurch is king
carried roin in three types of facilities: 11 three national
Inslitsites�Caseseela Center for Nuclear Stud!es.
Frascati National Laboratories. and the Noticing!
Institute (us Nuclear Physics (INini). all in or neer
BMW; 2) University facilities that are nut associated
directly with the national institutes: and 3/ snicker-
associated centers such as the Center of Infonnution.
Study. and Eaperimentation in Milan and the
Saltiggiu Nuclear Research Center near TOrillit NIOSt
al the financial support for 'NE is provided by the
CNEN. INFN actually is an independent orgailiza-
then of nuclear research laboratories located at 17
universities. at the Frascati National
Labondones, and at the Higher Institute of Health.
The Itedinit-contmlled thermonuclear reactions
research Is centered at Frascati and is partially
supported by Euratom. Although most of
rsperintental work has been concerned with
mgoltimegagions magnetic fields produced by
implosion techniques, this work has now ken cut
bark and a much larger effort has been put into laser-
induced fission research. In addition, research
scientists eat FROA.1111 are investigating plasma focus
phenomena and cornbwilent esperinsents a-wraith/I
with toroidal geometry devices.
Italy is a participant in several International unclear
energy programs Random pnivkks some funding for
the controlled thermstmidear reaction% research at
Frascati. participates to a small estent in the Italian
unclear power program, and hilly operates the Center
few Nuclear Research at Ispra. The results from lona
rewards profects an. shared by all of Euratom, lad
Italy naturally will he the prime beneficiary. Italy alas
is a member of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) and the European Organization for
Nuclear Research rt:ERNi.
Electronics
Italian electronics research and development efforts
lag behind those of the other advanced countries of
Western Europe. Basic electric resevreh has been
limited primarily by as chronic shortage of funds rather
than by any specific technological shortcomings.
Nevedheless. impressive results have been obtained
through production of systems and components using.
where necessary. foreign-designed equipment. This
has ken possible through a samples system of mergers
and/or licensing agreements with cumpanies in use
United States. France. the United Kingdom. and West
Germany. Such arrangements have lowered the total
slat of decimates research and development and have
enabled Italy to use its production espertise to greater
advantage. Some eseellent tetrarch is performed by
industry and universities. however, and the counIn's
needs are king met hy an adequate supply of capable
scientists.
The Selertia Associated Electronic Ittilincries. Ine.
(Seienta Industrie Elritroatehr rtuncktte S. P. A. I.
BMW. is one of Italy's largest electronics research.
development. and pnaluction organitations and has
spearheaded the industry in many NAT() projects
essential In the defense. ed. Westeni Faintly. The arras
of applied research include space and military
comfit admit isms systems. radar, and computeri. 1ligh-
quality work has been done in ICICCOM11111111V.111011%.
Including development of eill.solid.state luelical radio-
relay equipment currier telephone and trivet:nth
systems, pulse code umehilation system parametric
amplifiers, and communloitions satellite antennas.
Especially noteworthy is their mean+ in microwave
pollination and components.
Ihe Italians um doing basic anal applied research
related to radar aml have produced families III
tracking awl fire-contrul radars. as well ass 3�1) search
and a 2-1/ random frequency agile radar. Military
nukes ineuisiumstr ii frill Cn111101CMCnt of electronic
counter.ontedrresseamnes features. such as instan-
taneous wistontaile gain tasitiol fast tinte clinstaist.
sensitivity time ronlnd. staggered pulse repetition
frequency and %kir lobe blanking. 11-apples' condiments
wave radios have been developed for missile guidance
applirations.
The Italians are makine rapid progress In the design
and production of equipnwed for electronic warfare;
they carnally Piave significant capabilities both In
eletinatic countenneasums elillipubriit. especially that
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for elect:tank reconnaissance. and in electrorcle
counter-countermeasures techniques'. Intercept
equipment has been developed for we against ground.
mobile communications splems. Shiphome and
airborne electnanic intelligence and direction-finding
systems include some of the Latest features in
automation and design sophistimallon. The Italians
have experimented with data link systems between
direction-finding stations. and integral intereept/lam-
ming systems have been deteloped for rapid jamming
response. as well as loam hnough capability. The EL70
jammer. a joint German-Italian profed. was produced
by f:Irdrordczo of Italy as a deceptimereixoter
ktiftmet al* to recognize and mounter qweific aircraft
and missile threats. Oilier interesting electronic
warfare developments are a brute-force jammer to
render fire�contml radar ineffective heyoml a very
limited range and a coommunicatiton link which allows
a inland statism Inset bequests*. aultenatically (and
oiler operating mmditiams) of other mai keis within the
net when a special signal appears.
Infrared activities have Included work on
communications and deteditan techniques and in
1970 included infrared signatone studies of ships and
disposable decoys. The Galileo Works. Florence. hots
developed an infrared locum-rider missile voidance
system and a passive tracker. The shipboanl
electronics system for the Israeli Gabriel ilaissile system
Is of Italian design. Other efforts in the military
elect no-optical liII area combined low-level-level iir
radar tracker and later nmgefintler systems for fire
control.
In the late 19.110s and early 1961)s. the major Italian
elect tonics compan F. ()II vet t I. developed anal
produced several of its own models of erneral purpose
dielial computen. Prior to the sale of its momputer
interest to a U.S. mompany. Olivetti also pooduced
tither models ming licensed U.S. designs. Sint, the
mid-1060\ the only &mystically tkvelimed Italian
computer model has hems the 1.aben-70. made by the
1.abaraterf Elettranhi e Nuclear! in Milan. Special
Impose ditital and analog computers also have been
developed indigenously. An UM ing�iype computer.
the model (iGIL was built in lira and was intruded
to be part of the fire control system Installed in West
German army tanks. Selcnia has developed the C01)-
3452. a third-generation computer incorponaing
medium scale integration. (or military and air truffle
control applIcalken. Production of ilth sssteno is
impeded to he undenvay in the near future. Selenia
reportedly is also consinadliag a general purptne
digital computer for the non series F.SR() satellites.
14
& Medical seitaseesi%
tack of funds and equipment has limited advances
in lokanedical research in Italy. although individual
scientists are esceedingly capable. Training for
research Is good and noteworthe work is being done.
particularly In biophysics. genetics, and pimp
macolney. Resean.4a is promoted primarily by the
CNR. which has a National Consultative Committee
for Hinton and Nletlicine. the Ministries of Health
and Agriculture, the unisvnities. and the private
sector. Italy relies in pad on support from
international soarers. especially the U.S. National
Institutes of Health and the M'orld Ilealth
Organization. Major research renters include doe
Higher Institute of Health of the Ministry of health.
the Mario Nred Phartnasological Research Institute.
the National Institute of Nutrition of the hlinistry of
Agriculture. mud the Fiormitalia unit of the
Montemotini industrial complex.
The level of pharmacAoeimal research is high. Fine
work is being clone on the interaction of drugs, the
mechanism associated wills the development of
arteriosclerosis, the phartnamodynatnie action of
boarloittonales. the synihesis and transport tor lipids.
species differences in tosicolney. and the phut-
mactogenetic aspeds of !random and memory. An
intenlisciplinary, molecula r-Ithalogical approach is
being male in clinical phamuaetology.
In the development of phannaceutinals. good work
is onelenvay me mardkwaseular agents, the mechanics
of antitumor ;sedum. screcribig of new cancer
chemotherapeutic agents. die mechanism of iletion of
psychternpie drugs. and the modifiration of sy tithes's
of ergot alkaloids. Interesting studies are toting
contrilliated to steroid biosynthesis and to the
chemistry of ani [tensor and antiviral antibiotics. The
Mario Negri institute is carrying on rewards in canter
cliematlocrapley. neuropsychopharniamilliey. the
phannamilogy of lipid metabolism. and the ttosimalogy
of industrially important chemicals
Reston+ in lolochemistry is espedally uetive anal
prlichictioro reflects havestigative areas of worlduitle
interest. Italian bkochemists have esploiled a is kit'
range of sophisticatml instrumentation. including Ilse
electron inierownpe and gas chromatiograpli. (:iirrent
studies have included work on the mechanism of
hormone release. doe role of pnntaeltunaliess and use
intemdion of neural and homoonal control, functional
differentiation of tissue peptides, the action of
inommenglobillins. and the diagnosis 01 brain tumors.
The hliiiistry of Health is supporting the sturdy of
clinical laboratory asslinualinn. Allhotegli Italy has ii
�
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limited number of members working hi biophysics
and genetics. they ate quite capable. Qualitutively
pull moans hove been made on the effects of
chemical, and ultraviolet radiation on cell mutation.
the physical chemistry of bone matrons sells.
radioldahlogind methods of study of cell populatiom.
and the effect of radiation on cellulao clonstituents.
The CNR is 'impartible fundamental tesearch on the
graduar and function of biological macromolecules.
the esti-action and analysis of ribosome preeunois. the
study of poncho fractions of grain. and the cytotosic
effects of selected drug agents.
PInsioltarists are doing fundamental orsca icli itli the
physiology of diving: the Italians are interested in
aspects of research related to underwater physiology.
Meal of production include cardiovascular physiol-
ogy. neurophysiology. endocrine activity. cellular
physiology. and the physiology of respindion. The
Higher Institute of Health and the CNR are
arapending in as study of health-related aspects of the
Italian environment. Routine studies of the
envinmment and atmosphete pollution arc underway
at a Euratom facility for nuclear mean* at Ispra.
Careful research he nunition is devoted to study of
food additives and the micrisisialogy and chemical
compusiton of food. water land air, the nutritive value
of foodstuffs. anal biological research on the
motritional pnorss. Italy parlicitules in research work
promotes! 1w the Fond and Agricuhure Organization
(FAO) and ble the WoeId Health Onranizalkin.
Italy has developed modern facilities foe meats+ on
vaccines. The higher Insiluuutcof Ileahlt is deco-hiring
Its competence ha toollutiarn research. micraltiological
synthesis. parusitology, and (nod microbiology. Italian
research Is being strengthened in wpiskrniology.
especially or ailmovinnes. A fundamental carnpaign hi
undenvay to eliminate intestinal pannites in school
children.
The military medical services of Italy conduct
active medind research programs in well-staffed
research institutes with modern equipment. Subway-
ily research conducted at the Mr Vance Center of
Study and Research on Aviation and Spare Medicine.
Rome. has drawn international attention. The f:enter
for Malloy Applications of Nuclear Energy. a
toiservice organiration. is playing on eveo-incrrasing
role in radiation pathology and binlinty. The financing
and coordination of medieul oesearch of interest to
national &from Is carded out by the 1)eferne
Scientific-Technical Council. subordinate to the
Ministry of Defense. On problems of nudist)l Inkiest.
military medical research institutes coonlimate with
the Natkmal Research (:ouneil. the National
Committee for Nuclear Enemy. the 11irdstry of
timid,, other eravernment ministries and gawks.
universities. and pdvale industry. Military onedical
research pcssonnel participate In intentatiarnal
scientific and medical meetings anal in 541111e
Instances. share their 'tooling% with padivipating
countries.
I. Other itieneestro-
& Chensistry rod arlithstigy
Chemistry occupies to strong position in the Indian
universities and in isschntry. Most ol the basic research
is carried out at the university institutes. Chemical
reseauelh is stronger in industrial laboratories than in
gossenament iintitutes. The total cheanival mean+
elfaut if only sli�hily less than that in France hut
substantially less than that in West f;enirans in the
United Kingdom
There is considemble strength in several aspects of
organic chemistry in Italy. Including synthesis. organic
reactions. and pram' of structure. The Unit ersitsof
1111m is strong in the organic chemistry of it-quite%
alkaloids. unkind and plant pigments. and other
'alimony gleellfring products. The University of ('.C11104
also works on terpenes. and the University of Naples
dues reward' on iggments of tontine orossisms. The
University of Pisa is involved in studies on
',monometallic campanulas and optirally active
europium's. Many other universities are active in
synthetic tomtit- chemistry. Italian mean+ on bight
polymers. including both their preparation and the
study of Ilwit propenies. Is recognired
internationally. The outstanding figure is 1)r. Giulio
Natio. who was awarded the Noltel Prize in 1:Itemistry
he 19113 fair his signifieunt work on sten-inpetific
polymerization which led to the development of
commercial polypropylene. 1)r. Natio has been
responsible. as head of the leonine. ad Industrial
4:Itemistry at the Polyteehotic Institute of Milan. for
directing a large amount of important reseawit tin
pulynteriration catalysts. siereospecific palyincri,a.
non. iunactic polymers. %traction- ash polymers, and
kinetics of polyaiwrization. Ills institute has been well
Immolated In Nlatidectalini-Eallson S.p.A.. Stilian.
Polymer reseaoch Is coneentrateil also at the CNI1
Institute for Mueramadeettlar Chemistry. Milan.
which aloes work on sterrosiwrific parlymerirations,
behavior of fused polymers us related to asiathelk,, filter
pnicluetion. anal the structute of 'samples polynters by
means ui X-noy diffraction. electron dilfruction.
nuclear mimetic fe%1111/111M. and infmred techniques,
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Industrial torganic and inorganic chemistry is stmng
In Italy. Montecatini-Edison is the largest employer of
chemists in the country. In 1966 this company had
about 3.100 chemisb doing research on polymers.
plastics. synthetic fibers. petrochemicals. dyes.
agriendhinal chemicals, oreanic intennediates. and
other industrial chemicals, involving an esposditure of
about $U million. The pharmaceu'ical industry and
sewed universities synthesize times. The Italian
chemical industry has been deteriorating napidly in
recent years anti suffeted a loss of nearly $199 million
In 1971 and probably nearly as much in 1972. As u
result. n : ss heel, difficult for the industry to carry out
a develops. cut plan.
Muck of the research in physical chemist* is
directed toward physical organic mean& Francesco
Menisci at the Milan Polytechnic Institute is known
for his ersearch on reactions of her radicals and on
**hems involvine free radical martian,. Physics'l
atonic research at the University of Milan involves
reactirm kinetics. Malys's. and stereochemistry. There
is research � on reactions of aryl radieuls and on
confonmaional analysis at the University of Bologna
and on reartion kinetics and mechanisms at the
UniVellity of Padova. Several institutions are hooked
in elecanichemIcal ;march, The work of Roberhs
Piontelli on electrode behavior. ovenohage effects.
and metallic dispeohms he mo'.ien salts at the Milan
Polytechnic Institute is noteworthy. The University of
Rome does research on electrochemical reductions of
organic compounds and on amazing of sibrininum.
There is emend physical chemistry research at many
of 11w universities.
Research in inorganic chemistry is widespread.
Pmfessor I.uigl %MIMI of the University of Florence is
noted for his mean+ ha coonlination chemistry.
particularly on nickel. cobalt, copper. and other metal
completes. Important work on metal carbonyl
completes involving nickel. cobalt. rhodium, and
thenium is dime at the University of Milan.
Several of the Italian smivenitks rue strong in
biochemistry. Particularly significant is the mimice
work by Allessandm Rossi-Fanelli and Eruldo
Antonini of the Univenity of Rome on hemoglobin
and myoglobiu chemistry. This university also does
research on pmteins and decityrilemucleie acid
(DNA Also strung in biochemistry is the University of
Padova. which does research on hemocyanin (a
aspiratory pigment of atihmpads and nonlholut
pnaeins. DNA. and mimes enzymatic fractions. such
as mitoehoordrial oxidations and phosphorylations.
The University of Milan does research on protein
synthesis and on development of methods for wady,*
16
of plasma and urine for holinOOLIS and other
vonstitirents.
Although Italy has a lame metals production
Industry that is of considerable cetsnomic importance.
Ii has not developed a strong capability in
metallurgical research and development. The research
efforts have been directed principally toward
improved methods in extractive metallurgy and in
solving steel production problems. The ersearet
program hocks the depth and scope of that in most
industrial European countries. The program is weak in
the areas of fundamental physical inetalleirgy and
metal physics. basic feronn physical metallurgy.
fatigue. creep and rupture, mid damage criteria. In
overall metallurgical research and development
capabilities. Italy is considerably behind West
Germany. France. and (:zechosiovakia, is about on a
par with Switrerland. and is well ahead of Spain and
Greece.
The most signifiesmt metallurgical research carried
out in Italy is that done in the laboratories of Fiat, the
industrial giant involved in automothr. aircraft,
marine. diesel engine. and pouer plant construction.
Significant research on ferrous metallurgy is also
carried out in the laboratories of Italsider, the
government-conlmiled steel company. altil in the
Comic Steel Company in Aosta. Noteworthe work is
done at tlw Institute of light Metals and Alloys in
NoVista on nonferrous metallurgy and at (:NR's
(killer for the Studies of the Preparation of Minerals
in Rome on extractive metallurgy.
Fundamental studies of physical metallurgy rind
metal physics. which air normally undenaken at
universities. are notably lacking. Most efforts along
these lines in Italy an directed toward the study of
defect structures in ionic compounds (metal halides)
and senikondociors. Some exevIlent research on the
electrochemical aspects of moss cormion cracking of
roustenitic stainless steels has emanated from the
Ustiveraty of Milan.
In the government-supported. norsarademie
laboratories, fundamental resean41 is rolooductrul at the
Center for InfOrniatiOn. Studies, and Esperinirulatkni
in Milan on point defects, diffusion. and rudiutiou
damage in metals and particularly ho dilute copper.
silver, and gold allan. Euratom in Ispris has studied
naliation-pnaluced point defects in metals. Internal
rddion phenomena hi hydrneen-contantiointed body-
mulcted-cubic metals. and the potential of improving
the ductility of aluminum-aluminum saIdc sintenil
products. called SAP. for potential use us nuclear
chuckling material. In the field of attractive
metalluryty. the (:NII (*.enter for Studies of the
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Prcpandion of Minerals in Rome has studied the
roasting of nonferrous ores. the &tailors of zinc iatt%
eltdrochemicul 'Ailing. and similar sublets.
Steel refining and prucludion prublems have ken
reseaeched at the plant laboratories of :talsider. Work
has included iron on' concentration, blast funkier
studies. oxygen refining. continuous rusting. and steel
fuhricution. These studies have all ken direded
'man' improvemenb in steel pnaluction. Howevei.
link effort on lemon physical metallurgy has been
observed in publications emanating from Ito'shirr
"utilities. In contrast. the labontiodes of the (:ogsse
Steel Company have eowentrated their efforts on
ferrous physical metallurgy and the development of
impnived steels and insprnved heal treatment
procedures.
ilspalca end nestheinntica
Italian physics resssuch is concentrated in a few
fields, with most of the effosi being devoted to the
nuclear sciences and tedishologies (33%) and the
physics of solid states (30%). The remaining physics
Chid is neady equally divided among the areas of
relativity and gruvitation, molecular and alonde
physic% aralt$1110. fluid mechanics. magnetohydrody-
mimics. plasma. quantum electmnics. and optics. A
majan portion of the funthunental research is
conducted at the university institutes and labotatodes.
whereas research of an applied nature is being lankier'
at the ernynsment-soppurted agentirs and hi the
laliorcandes of industry.
I lih.cnrsgs research into 11w physics of elementary
panicles appears to hold the 11111111f intrust In the
nuclear sciences. The largest portion of such research
oreurs at the Vitivenities of Rome and Trieste. At the
Univenity of Rome. 'Mart+ in ekmenituey pad kin is
fairly swan-date and comparable with that being
dune in other advanced countries. Because they have
access to the Mow storage ring. the Italians can
minim the gamma-gamenis interaction pnwesses
needed to observe chanted plane collkicin pnaduction
peaks. Others at the univessity an- investigating
multihadronie cross section. ham, on &Times
annihilation. They are making theoretical es :siltation,.
of results obtained in experimental research in the
United States on prfasne-antirmaon annihilation cross
sections. Campled wills their udvantval theoretical
research. Italian physkists cii the University 14 Horne
engage in well hahhneed programs of extkrirnental
research. This is possible heroine they have items to
the high-energy elesinm-synclmanue at Enneuti
where research dealing with neutral-piton photo.
productions on protons from delitedllin Is 11111111 done.
Iligh�energy research at the University of Trieste is
whimsy(' and of high quality in both themy and
experimentul work, and studies in photo- and elednr-
production. pion dirldbutIons in high-multiplicity
interactions and resonances, and thr photo-production
of positive plum me underwal. Mint of the high
energy irseards done at the other universities is
theoretical. excepting that being done at the
University of Bad where resonance productions in
pion interactions are being conducted in the
labstratory.
Basic research In low-energy physics is limited to
theoretical studies dealing with the stnrchor of nuclei
and elastic scattering cnns-sections. Approaches ate
also being studied which the investigators hope will
evolve into new theatrics concerning unstable states. In
experimental srm%irch at the University of Bart,
memmements of forward scattering angles related to
curium isotopes are undenvay for the purpose of
gaining information concerning angular correation.
Efforts an. bring din-tied by physicists at the
University of Pisa tannin, studying Inward neutrino-
Induced reactions on the double-shell nuclei. The law.
energy nuclear researchen al the CNEN laborators in
Rome are studying nractions and levd structures and
decay schemes through the ow of tan isotope of
lutetium. During the past 3 ean. (NEN ha.
expanded its own wench Milleri in nuclear phssies
and engineering. nidkaion biology. and atomic- fuel
treatment. and has the ersponsibility of establishing
anomie powerplants in Italy. These Involve the 200.
megawatt Sinus, plant with lb gas cooled eraclor of
British design at 141111w. the 160-megawatt Senn plant
with a Central Electric boiling water unman on tie
Garigliano river. and thr 235-megawatt Sdni plant
with 11 WI44111011111Se piessurized water reactor at
%'crvdhi. cuRENE, the lint halloos power reactor (33
megawatts) was developed by sk USE In Mihm and
is ow of the earliest series of experimental power
macaws of advanced design finarnycl by CN EN.
Solid Mae 1)4$1C% tillearch which lags suds
research in other ladvausced countries by 3 ran. is
coneentruted in tk vadoto large universities. CNEN
laboratories. and industry-supported iesearch
institutes. Industrial concerns am intercom' primarily
In solid-state research from the standpnint of
senslcombitior device development. metallurgy,
magnetic. materials and. In some eases, the
photographic properties of various silver halides.
Reseurch also includes snakes of local antifenurnag-
netie ordering commonly observed in ferromagnetic
alloys. At the University of Genoa. mean+ drals with
magnetic moments of samarium in the various metals
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being investigated. Abc. some good tesearch it
underway in connection with superconductivity
characteristics of -Ronde metals legartling critical
fields and temperatures. Such work has oblectives
related to anliferromagnetie intetactiorts uncl localized
spin
Phpicists at the University of 'hokum conconttate
heavily in semiconductor material and ilevicv
development and pmprdy studies. Their aciivities
include the prototype development of bipolar
transistors and diodes. Impurity property in silicon
crystak doping of semiconductor layers lunneline
studies, and ttattsmissioon energy loss of light being
chunnekel through silicon. The research is aimed
primarily at improving Rohm elecinonics. which is
needed to promote expansions in their computer and
communications industries. Some of the must
advanced solid�state research is being done at the
1;nivetsity of Modena where properties of cadmium
tellurides are being investigated in cootnecliion with
ddh mobility of holes.
Faitly advanced hut limited research is being done
In optics. interferometry. specirostopy. holography.
and quantum electmnics. At CNEN. optics specialisb
are investigating optical signal pmcessing using
acoustic light modulators for tooting images.
Performance characteristics ale brine !toothed far
optical systems illuminated by coherent light in a
linear motion pattern to analsve the far-field
diffraction. Al the CNR-suppoded Optics Institute In
Naples. teseatrh is being concluded on mieroholoo
graphic interferumeky. Diffused laser light is king
employed in obtain bright field interferognims.
Optical spedmscopy research is being conducted at
the University of Rome where approaches being used
employ grating synthesis. A new technique. which
appears to hold promise for producing high-resolution
spectroscopy. is being emplussixed; it Is based on she
antistokes intensity caused by photon interactions.
The Italians are devoting efforts to classic
introfemmetry experimenh dealing with light beams
In otthoganal stales of elliptical polarixatioin. The
laboratories have been following WM, prognono
to produce low-noise and high-effkleney produdion
of holograms by developing a process for treating
photographic plates too obtain an optimum ratio
belisven noise and efficiency.
There is u strong trend toward increased research in
magnekohydrodynamies and plasma physics involving
studies on classic plane magnelohydrodynantic and
laminar militias and plasm� stabilities in specific
media. Fluid mechanics research related to
hydonlynamics and teactor engineering is concerned
Ill
Z*.
1P3P
." � ":.
with the general theorem for nonlinear problems and
boundary conditions cionespimding to the motion of
viscous &ids in tubes with a permeable wall.
Italy has a few scientists who purmoti reseatrit into
gnavitalion and relativity. Physicists well known
throughout 11w workl in this area are P. D. Vincensini
and M. Mierumi. A limited amount of research In
atomic and molecular physics is carded Ian at the
Universities of Samna Hotd Naples. Studies deal wills
the specific compounds of monochloramine and
dideutertacetylene and involve analysis of fit nda men-
lel and "hot band,'. that are useful in haterprrta lion of
their near infrared spectrum through use of microwave
$pectnseopy. Studies whited to inorganic molecules
comprise investigations of the vibration spectra of
cobalt and rhodium carbonyls. Much of the reward'
In acoustics and ultrasonics is related to octoolognipli&
and the propagation of sound in water. Notable work
Ii done hi ultrasonic cavitation lend the Willi:ikon of
shockwaves for sloodyine the stmeture of solid
materials and for nondestructive testing.
Mathematics has a highly respected phor in the
scientific community. and Itallais muthennotics have
long been capable and poodonlisv. For clownish%
mention shisuW be ltig4k. of the work of minim-
maticiun Ricci (19th centoory) for his work an tenon
cakulto. which underlies much differential geonsetp
and relativity theory. Also, during the present molars-.
encithematidan physicist Enrico Fermi contributed
greatly too the development of atomic. encro.
SIrang research areas for Italian mathematicians
now include anal&sis. especially onliturty and partial
differential equations and oilcans' theory; geometry.
both differential and algebraic; matheonalleal physics.
especially quantum mechanics; and numerical
catalysis. The country's total mean+ output is aiming
the hest in Western Europe. anti 1k wink is tvpIcallv
of good quality. An indication of wick acceptance of
the work is that much is published abroad. largely in
the United Slates best caw In many other countries.
The Italians also publish several good mathematieul
Journals; Nuevo antenna is a mon/ wail I n terrial lima
vehicle for mallivmatical ph&sies. The reputation of
Italian mathematicians may be less thole II was two or
three genet:Moto ago. but it is still quite good.
In the World Directory of Mathematicians. &n-
ary 863 Italians listed: their numben follinv those of
the United States and the U.S.S.R. While the Italians
do pendoce many research papers (about 2ti of the
world output reviewed in the most comprehrusise
abstract journo1). their output scents a link low for
their long list of prominent mathematicians. This may
he related to a tilt kism that has been stated regarding
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the Italian academie system. namely. that prolessots
are "kings." and. although a man must work
dilieently to become a profe.sor. he has little
requiretnent to do much research after he attains the
rank. There we. of course. some professors who are
doing research. but the await mean+ productivity
per man appears law.
At the lower kvels of Italian univenity education.
mathematics is apparently emphasized. laying the
foundation for broad we of mathematics in many
fiekh. Iloweset, advanced. education in mathematics
beams less Mani/rd. Thus. for cans:vie. in 1971 only
three Italian universities Mid, Pisa, and Torino) had
established work in computer science. Several research
institotes have since been established to help bride
Ube gap. One of these is the Institute for Informution
Processing. formerly the Center of Studies of
Electronic (:+emputers in Pisa. This institute
collaborated with the Olivetti Corporation in
developing early Italian computers: it now does
research In numerical analysis and %%WOOS brunches of
applied mathematics, and it collaborates hi
instruction with the University of Pha. Other research
institutes include the Institute of Applied Mechanics
for Aerial DIssatnie and Cas Dynamic Engines.
counected with the Torino Polytechnic ballistic. and
the Numerical AimIssis Institute. connected with a
wave/sit!? in Rome. The lantituteis contain or have
acvess to substantial computing facilities. Including in
Pisa an IBM 761) plan other machines. in Timings an
IBM :169/14. and in Ronne a UNIVAC 110S.
Substantial computing facilities appear in he widely
available.
Italian industry was slow to me mathematicians,
although SCVCrill leading mathematicians have
content ruled their efforts Olt fields such as shell theory.
numerical analysis, and reessgoiii kin of characters. The
me of computers was stimulated he lute 196$4 wish
Inauguration of the VNIVAI: Advanced System'
Computer Cenier in Rome.
There has been substantial cooperation in
mathematics between Italy and the U.S.S.R.
CAillaboratisin in use of mailed% of calculation has
keen conducted under the Misted Commission for
Scientific-Technical Creopendion. In
19741 the General Electric Information Srole118%
contracted to supply two large rhythmic computers.
type 6E423. to a maw vehicle pluct in Moscow. Ily
1971 the Olivetti Corponstion appeared In he is wodd
!miler he raw of computers for machine design. In
doing this they seemed to have made clever use of U.S.
scientific findings. In June 1972 it was 'matted that
the Olivetti Oarporatien had, since trrid-1970. sold
.:quesimolaaliar
lame quantities of automatic machine tooling to the
U.S.S.R.. ineludisia computer pi ramming and
electronic numerical control equipment known as
"Inductosyns." a kind manufactured In the United
States. The U.S.S.R. was also reported attempting to
acquire the technology for its own poriduction of the
Olivetti machine tool systems, In 1970 the CGE FIAR
Defense and Commercial Electronia Department at
Milan had licensing agreements with the General
Ekcide Company arid AEC TrIefunken and specific
agreements with several U.S. companies in the
computer field. The F1AR was pursuing projects hi
several military applications. The Italian mathe-
matical effort is faddy strong and quite competent. It
Includes a substantial trend towanl applications,
ohich is patticuludy noteworthy now in work on
numerical analysis and computing. but whirls Italian
Industry seems to have been somewhat 510W to UMW.
c. distrogeopersind sciences
Iii general. Italy is not outstanding in astronomy.
However. beller-than-avemee work is done in solar
astronomy. which is emphasized. While there are more
than 13 astronomical observatories in Italy, 'minding
small private installations, most equipment is
mediocre. For stellar work. however. Italy has Iwo of
the largest telescopes in Western Europe. One is a ii).
Inch tellector at Morale% an observing station of the
Gress' Astmesomical Observatory. Milan: the other is a
411-inch refiedcw at the Astrophysical Observatory.
Asiago. of the University 'if Padova. Al the
Astrophs4cal (Roservatury of Catania. Sicily. stellar
research emphasizes the study of skin that eshilat
activity bylined to be similar to that (4 the sun. such
us flare, spotted. and magnetic stars. The Catetia
observatory is also a solar patted station. tither optical
air radio solar research facilities are located at Bologna.
Florearcr. Rome, and Trieste. All of these observatories
participated actively in the International Active Sun
Years !IASI') programs (1969-71). An International
Astnnunnical Liailtsele Station at Curtailine has
participated le studies of variations in the posilkm of
the pole. while the Astranossaml Observatory of
Torino has been the site of the Central Bureau of the
Latitude Service and is supported by the International
Adtontsmical Union and the 11.1(X:. The Vatican has
an observatory which specializes In studying the
aware of the Milky Way gaiety it Castelgondolfts.
Italy has a relatively modest but on-going space
rewards program, it Italian aernspace industry was
responsible for the design. development. and
construction of all the lest satellites and some
'Irelands space-home and ground equirmsent fur the
19
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ELDO Europa-1 launch vehicle progosm. which
concluded In June 1970. It continues to be involved to
a lesser deter . In some aspects of the Europa-2
peorttam. The Industry has contributed to the 'design
and development of electronic and other componetth
for the major satellite projects of ES110: Italy has also
cooperated in ESRO migrants hy designing satellite
and sounding rockets onboard scientific experiments
and has also made available to ESRO its Salto di
Quitra rocket launching range on the southeast mast
of Saedinia.
lbe country has coopemted estensively with the
U.S. NASA since 1960. Initially. rocket-ktunditd
sodium vapor high-altitude %dud studies were made
From the Salto di Quina range. The Sun Mateo project
wars cooperatively begun in 1962. under which Italy
established the Sall MEMO launch range near the
equator off the Kenya coast of Africa. The gauge
consists of two plathents a fen miles out III FintillIng
Buy. One. the San Maim. is the launch plutfonn: the
other. the Santa Rita, is the base for launch control
and tracking facilities. Italy has designed. built, and
launched Shire scientific satellites under Ilw Sim
Marco program: the San Marco I. launched In 1961
from Wallops Wand. Virginia. the San Marco 2.
!munched from the San Marco range in 1967 (the lint
scientific satellite to he placed by any nation Into an
equatorial orbit): and in April 1971. the San Maircoli.
the last of the series, was also launched from the San
Mann n.nge into on equatorial whit. In March 1970.
the CNR and NASA established an agreement by
which the latter will pnivide reimbunable launchings
be Italian scientific spacecraft. The first expected to
he launched tinder this agieement is the Italian 511110
satellite. This is a communica thins and scientific
satellite In he placed into earth synchronous orbit bum
Cape Kennedy.
In Mardi 1972 a stew series of !odium waren high
altitude wind studies Was begun with the launching of
a Nike-Apache (ticket from the Sun Marco range. The
Italians have andi developed and oared MelriOnliald�
cad MAVIS fer sounding the atmosphere at somewhat
lower km's. In 1970 an inexpensive two-stage rocket
was unckr development. the tint stage of which is
recoverable and is prism-11rd ha chemically generated
steam. The U.S. Mr Force was partially supportine the
development of the second stage. which is propelled
by the combustion of metals in water.
Italy is a member ul the Intematimuil Tekeumunu-
nkalkss Coromtium (INTELSAT). Its /maw
ground terminal is Waited at Como del Fiscino, about
60 miles east of Rom. A second terminal at a new site
about 90 miles from Rome Is planned. This will
20
supplement that at Fueino and will work with die
SIRIO sutellite.
ItalIan meteorological research is limited and not
particularly significant. The country has several
government agencies concerned with the area. hut the
Air Form Meteorological Service, which is /notched to
the Impetiontle for Telecommunications and Flight
Assistance sir the Ministry of Defense. is tesponsible for
senine�hoth eivil and military interests by operating
the country's major synoptic observing and forecasting
stations. The director. Maj. Ceti. Peof� De. Glontio
Eva. represents Italy in the World Meteorological
Organization k WMO) as in member of that
iirganizatinn's F-xecutive Committee. Besides its As
administrative division% the service headquarter
supervises three main meteurulogical offices through
the Analysis. Forecast. and Metermilogical Informa-
tion Centre and supports four seinianitionmoin
seaseli institutes. the most impirtata heir e the Insti-
tute of Atnwspherie Slosh% in Rome.
The Institute of Atmospheric- Physics i5 411IV of the
main research bodies of the CNR and was {mimicd to
promote. intensify. and coordinate 11w research
activity in meteorology and atmospheric plissies in
Italy. The activities of the Institute of Atmospheric
Physics name from them-livid studies and experiments
in specialized education and wining. These multifold
activities. developed in dine collaboration with the
Italian Meteorolirgical Serviee for Aviation. are curried
nut through the use of scientific and technical services.
issalkshops. a vast Maury. and dose relationship with
relevant national and intemationat bodies. The
Institute of Ainseapherir Physics has been directed toy
the CNR to develop two distinct pram:tins. The first
has the doulde purpose In update tlw National
Metermilogical Organization and its equipment and
to realize a mow efficient weather hartualtig system
able to powide feminine warnings of hazardous
weather for the protection of life and property. This
pmgrum will span 5 yean and cost about $25
approximately half of which will be spent k the Al.
Force Metemulugical Service to establish a radar
wanting net of at least 10 weather nidar stations to
augment the present network of sly stations.
Equipment utilized by this project will he ptoviiled
the Industrial Society of Automatic Eletiointic
Products (SIAM of Bologna. This company oho
develops and produces mummer systems and various
other rhythmic equipment far IOC Iii meteorolisgical
op Atkin% The second project being developed is
claimant with the establishment id ain International
Center for studies and research on meteorology dm1
dynamic dinuitology of the Nleiliterratwan with
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International collaboration at the Institute of
Atmraphetic Physics and an Internmional School of
Mediterranean Meteorology under the sponsorship of
WMO.
Italian unisersity kvel instruction in meteorology b
extremely inadequate with only the High Institute of
Napks and the Naval Hydrographic Institute
supporting Chain of Meteorology. Satisfactory resulb.
on a limited scale. have been achieved through
university and postgoaduute level courses at IFA.
Despite official recognition of a need foe restructuring
and expanding technical. scientific. and training
programs. it is considered that multiplkity of
responsibility and inadequate funding sill restrict
early realizations of these goals. A number of key
Italian sdentists in the field are known internationally
and have published considerably on meteorology.
The Italian research effort In geodesy and
ginavimetry compares well with ilw general average of
other European countries. and scientific and technical
capabilities are rising slowly and are being used to
augment the military and the economic potential. The
Military Geographic Institute in Florence. under the
Army General Staff. is the official government agency
responsible for most Italian geodetic, accomplish-
ments. It Is one of the best equipped facilities of its
kind in Europe for research and experimental studies
In geodesy and is staffed by highly competent and
qualified personnel.
Horizontal control surveys have resulted in the
complete revision of the national first�order
triangulation network. Recent activity also has
Included primary and secondary idaneulation arch
along the Ionian. Calabrian. and NortloSicilian
coastal band and measurements across the strait to
connect Sicily with the mainland.
Within the framework of the International
f;riav Imelda Commission. � the Observatory for
Experimental Geophysics in Trieste is collecting and
preparing the observational data related to the.
pendular and gravimetric measures for a new
gravimetrie standard and for the world gravimetrie
network Final adjustment of these proenims will he
retried Out with US. and Canadian groups.
Hydrolnaic and hydraulic research. programs
compue favorably with those of the mote progiressive
countries in Western Europe. Research is performed at
approximately a dozen modern laboratories, the
majority of which are in the northern part of the
country. Most are connected with universities and are
financed by the government and by private contracb..
all have computer facilities, and many of the
labonalories have such facilities on the site. The
research is mostly of an applied nature and is directed
toward the production of decide power. the
maximum exploitation of water resources, and the
insprovernent of irrigation systems and navigable
Inland waterways. In hydrologic tesearch. emphasis is
on ground water flow. Irrigation works. sediment
transportation. sea and brackish water desalinization.
and water pollution control. Significant hydrologic
research is carried out at several laboratories with the
principal one at the Institute of Hydraulics anti
Hydraulic Engineering of the Polytechnic University
of Milan. Hydraulic research is performed on is wide
variety of subjects. but the work is concerned primarily
with density currents, general fluid mechanics. scour,
cavitation. dynamic behavior of h)draulie machinery.
and the best design and location for surge tanks.
stilling basins. locks. weirs. sluicv gates. spillways.
valves. culverts, and siphons. Italian hydrologists and
hydraulic engineers air active in national and
International scientific ornanirations and conferences.
particularly the technical committees.
Terrestrial geophysical research in Italy is
conducted ptimarily by the universities. The
Univenity of Genoa has a geornags,rtic station in
northern Italy at which continuous obsemations are
made of geomagnetic field parameters. mictopisl-
%aliens. and whistlers. These data are utilized Mandy
the chanictedstics of the magnetosphere. Other
magnetic stations are located on the islands of Capri
and Pon= and at the Vesusian Observatory. Thb
observatory also engages in volcano research, as does
the Institute of Volcanology of the University of
Cialanks. An Esperimentul Geophysics Observatory.
Trieste, has included a seismological station equipped
to conduct marine seismic surve)s. The Observatory
has engaged also in privately financed geophysical
explonition atiivity.
Oceanography hr Italy has for several yeats suffered
from inadequate funding,. Although armuul appro.
;Motions far science have increased significantly each
war, such programs as oceanography can only he
financed adequately at the expense of tunic research.
which receives most of the research and clesehrprnent
funds. To rectify this Mutation. 'the c.ommbsion for
Oceanography of the CNR has prepared a report on
the present status of oceanographic felearCh and on
plans and requirements for the period 197246. In
additkm in the list of program goals. the report
mentions the scarcity of well trained scientists and
technicians and estimates that 300 new people will
need to he added to this field during the buildup
period. To support the proposed pi:grams adequately.
funds must hr increased fmm $4.5 million in 1972 to
21
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nearly 119.0 million In 1970, with an additional 92.0
million for building Ragman.
The acquisition of the 1.400 ion oceanic research
� ship Baleack. a el from the United States, and the
830-ton. 190-forn research ship 1.. F. Margit
� equipped with two modern laboratories and
purchawd by the CNR in 1970. has increased Italian
capability for oceanographic data collection and in
the training ci ocesnogniphees. The 854on mem*
ship U. Mimosa, operated by the Marine ilialogkal
Institute in Venice. is used for bioloeical research in
coastal ergions. Italy has purchased a second two-man
� general purpose research submarine, which is
scheduled for delivery in 1972. Italy also has made
significant advances in the use of free diving
techniques for marine research.
Research conducted at the Antisubmarine Warfare
Research Center in La Spezia, established by NATO
In 1939 has helped the Italian oceanographic effort.
Studies in physical oceanography and other
oceanographic inpects of concern lo antisubmarine
warfare are carried clot by the center. The Laboratory
for the Study of Radioactive Contamination of the
Sea. also at La Speria. Is developing new sampling
techniques. An Institute of Marine Biolosy near
Trkste and operated by the University of Trieste has
been completed. It aill concentrate on the study of
marine fauna and flora of the Achialic Sea. Other
Italian &Milks conductine marine biological and
oceanographic research are the Institute of
Experimental Thalzvaography and the C.eophysical
Observatory In Trieste. Italian Center for Thalasso-
graphic Studies In Venice. the Zonlogical Station and
the Navy Ilydrographic Institute in Naples, and the
Laboratury for Marine Geology In Bologna.
22
Italy's interest in international oceanographic
activities has Increased during the last several years.
The country is a member of the more prominent
International oceanographic urganizatkins such as the
International Commission for the Scientific Ex-
ploration of the Nlediterninean Sea (ICSEMS).
International Council for the Esplonation of the Sea
(ICES). and the Intergovernmental. Oceanographic
Commission (10C1. Italy participated in a Is nation
survey of the eastern hlediteminean Sea during
August-September 1967. During the survey, they
collected hathythermograrns. marine organisms.
bottom samples and cures, as well as data on internal
waves. physical properties. and meteorology. ltaiy is
participating in a cooperative oceanographic program
In the Icelandic legion along with the other NATO
countries. The various phases of the program involve
sea ice observation, environmental training. ocean
thermal structure. geophysical surveys, and hydro-
gniphic surveys. Italy lasted a United Nations 1:410
Conierence and Seminar on Marine Pollution that was
held in Rome during December MX
Coastal research Is concerned primarily with sea
level changes in the Tyrrhenian. Ligurian. and
Adriatic Seas anal on methods of arresting beach
erosion by artificial accretion. Other research projects
are concerned with coastal improvement and
prntecikin torth�KIN sea woes. sedimentation. sticks,
seismic refractions. and cunents. A lame part of the
research Is performed at ELC-electroconsult. a
research company in Milan. the Institute of
Hydraulics and lisdraulic Engineering. Torino. and
the Hydraulic and Hydraulic Simian% Institute.
Genoa.
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