COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN OPERATIONS
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
0001430691
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
U
Document Page Count:
39
Document Creation Date:
June 19, 2017
Document Release Date:
June 19, 2017
Sequence Number:
Case Number:
SC-2007-00006
Publication Date:
August 18, 1986
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE
CIA HISTORICAL RELEASE
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Central Intelligence Agency
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Wathington DC 20505
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT
COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY:
The Navy and the Fundamentals of Its Combat
Employment in Operations
18 August 1986
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is a translation of
part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy combat regulations, classified SECRET
and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This first chapter
provides a basic overview of the Soviet Navy's component structure and a fairly
definitive listing of naval operational terminology and the Soviet Navy's main
functions and responsibilities, plus a description of its highest readiness
state in peacetime.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document
should be handled on a strict need-to-know ?1.is vi hIL recipient agencies.
Clair . eorge
Deputy Director for Operations
?TaINS?AGrAWNT?Hilk NO.T BE !CROWED
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Director of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Director of Soviet Analysis
Director of Scientific and Weapons Research
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. 1983
SOURCE
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Intelligence Information Special Report
SUBJECT
Page 3 of 39 Pages
DATE
18 August 1986
Combat Regulations of the Navy: Chapter : The Navy and the Fundamentals of
Its Combat Employment in Operations
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of the first chapter of
the amwmi 1983 edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for
the Soviet Navy. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first one
provides a description of the different forces and components within the Soviet
Navy, with the delineation of the composition and responsibilities of each
component type. The second section covers basic operational doctrine and
terminology as it applies to the Navy. The roles played by a variety of
components in a naval battle are extensively treated. Finally, the third
section of the chapter defines the Soviet Navy's highest peacetime readiness
state, "combat duty," wherein Soviet naval forces can be in close proximity to
enemy forces and must be ready for immediate conflict. This section also
delineates in detail the component and command responsibilities entailed in the
performance of "combat duty."
End of Summary
Comment:
To facilitate dissemination and exploitation of this document it has been
broken down into separate chapters or groups of chapters. This is the first
report in the series to be disseminated. Translator's comments appearing in the
text are enclosed in brackets.
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USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
SE
Copy No.
COMBAT REGULATIONS
OF THE NAVY
FOR
DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP
Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983
as Per Order No. 039
of the USSR Minister of Defense
MOSCOW
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
1983
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TABLE OF CONTENTS*
CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN
OPERATIONS 7
The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission 7
The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the
Fundamentals of Naval Combat 20
Combat Duty 34
CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES
General Provisions
Control Posts
The Organization of the Interpretation of a Situation
The Organization of Communications
The Employment of Automated Control Systems
The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of
Forces
CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK
CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT
Submarine Division (Brigade)
Surface Ship Division (Brigade)
Naval Aviation Division (Regiment)
Naval Infantry Division (Brigade, Regiment)
Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment)
CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE SHIP
The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions
The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness
The Ship in Sea Transit
The Organization of the Ship's Defense and Protection
The Ship in Combat
CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS
CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES
Comment: Although Chapters 2 to 12 are not included in this
document, their titles and subsection titles have been provided for
information purposes.
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CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS
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CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE
UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES
Combat Actions in Debarking Amphibious Landing Forces
The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes
The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes
CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES
OF COMMUNICATION
The Defense of Basing Areas
The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication
The Fundamentals of Convoy Duty
%CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (RELOCATION) OF LARGE UNITS
AND UNITS
Basing
Rebasing (Relocation)
'CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS
Combat Support
Special Technical Support
Rear Services Support
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CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
IN OPERATIONS
The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission
[Translator's note: The first three pages of text from the original document
were not received. The chapter title and subtitle above were taken from the
table of contents. In the first seven paragraphs below there were areas of poor
legibility in the original text. Questionable words are indicated as such.]
[...] of a fleet, large units [soyedineniya] and units [chasti] of special
troops and [services?] (reconnaissance, naval [engineer?], [one word illegible],
communications, radiotechnical, radioelectronic warfare, nuclear-technical,
missile-technical, technical support, naval construction, and hydrographic) make
up the rear services units and facilities.
Submarines and naval aviation constitute the Navy's main attack strength.
5. Naval strategic nuclear forces are a component part of the strategic nuclear
forces. They include strategic missile submarines and are employed to carry out
the tasks and operations of the strategic nuclear forces in accordance with the
Supreme High Command's plans to hit important targets both in military-
geographical regions and in continental (oceanic) theaters of military
operations.
6. General purpose naval forces include all the types of forces of the Navy
and are employed to carry out tasks in strategic operations in oceanic theaters
of military operations, in operations by fleets and flotillas (squadrons
Ceskadry1), in naval operations, in systematic military operations, and also in
cooperation with troops on coastal axes.
7. The types of forces of the Navy include the following:
Submarine forces, made up of strategic missile submarines and multipurpose
submarines, hit important land targets; seek out and destroy submarines,
aircraft carriers and other surface ships.... [Next eight lines illegible,
except for the following words: support...groupings...coast...provide...other
tasks.]
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Surface forces, made up of surface ships and craft of various [one word
illegible] designations, destroy the enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers and
other surface ships, [his?] landing ship detachments, convoys, and individual
transports (ships); support [word illegible] basing areas, the [deployment?) and
[word illegible] of submarines [two or three words illegible] of craft and
individual transports (ships); carry out minelaying; support the debarkation of
an amphibious landing and [military?] [word illegible] activities on shore;
provide fire support for troops operating on coastal axes; conduct antimine
activities, reconnaissance, and radioelectronic warfare; land reconnaissance and
sabotage groups on the enemy's coast; and also perform other tasks.
Naval aviation, made up of land- and ship-based aircraft and helicopters,
destroys the enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers, other surface ships and
craft, his landing ship detachments, convoys, individual transports (ships),
aircraft, and cruise missiles; provides air cover for our own ships and naval
installations; carries out minelaying; performs antimine activities; conducts
airborne reconnaissance and radioelectronic warfare; and guides our forces to
enemy groupings and designates targets.
Naval aviation may also be employed to destroy enemy naval and air bases and
ports and the ships and vessels located in them, as well as individual
stationary naval targets (oilfields); to support amphibious landings and their
operations on shore; to neutralize and destroy air defense forces and means in
operations areas; and to perform other tasks.
Naval infantry, when operating as a component of amphibious landing forces,
seizes sectors of the enemy's coastline and islands, ports, naval basing points,
coastal airfields, and other coastal installations defended by the enemy; and,
in conditions where the landing force is mostly made up of large units and units
of the Ground Forces, naval infantry operates in forward detachments to seize
landing areas and supports the landing of the main forces.
In certain cases naval infantry may be employed to defend important shore
installations, including naval bases, coastal sectors, and individual islands.
Coastal missile-artillery troops, made up of mobile and stationary ground
missile complexes and artillery, destroy enemy surface ships, landing ship
detachments, and convoys within their range; support the deployment of our own
forces and their return to base; and provide cover from the enemy's surface
ships for our basing points, naval shore installations, coastal sea lanes, and
front and army (army corps) troop groupings operating on coastal axes.
In addition, they can be employed to destroy the enemy's basing points and
ports and the ships and transports located in them; to cover landing forces in
sea transit; and to neutralize an antilanding defense.
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8. Naval air defense forces are included in the composition of the types of
forces of the Navy and include: shipboard surface-to-air missile and
antiaircraft artillery systems and radiotechnical means; ship- and land-based
fighter aviation, special air defense ships; radar picket ships, aircraft, and
helicopters; and shore-based surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery
units and subunits. They are designated to directly cover diversified naval
forces and rear services groupings from enemy air strikes; destroy aircraft,
helicopters, antiship missiles, and other enemy air targets; conduct warfare
against airborne reconnaissance means and radioelectronic warfare aircraft;
carry out reconnaissance of the air enemy; and warn our own forces about him.
Naval air defense forces located in offshore areas, at bases, and on shore are
included in the unified Air Defense System of the Country and the Armed Forces
and carry out their tasks in cooperation with other air defense forces and
means.
9. Organizationally, the Navy consists of formations (ob"yedineniyal (fleets,
flotillas, naval air forces, and squadrons), naval bases, and separate naval
large units, units, and facilities.
The composition of formations and naval bases is variable. It depends-on
the assignments of the formations and naval bases, the nature of the tasks they
are performing, the areas and axes in which they are operating, and conditions
in the theater of military operations.
Ai fleet Mot] is an operational-strategic formation of the Navy and is
designated to carry out strategic, operational-strategic, and operational tasks
in its assigned operational zone in an oceanic (sea) theater of military
operations. It consists of diversified forces, which are organizationally
grouped into diversified force flotillas, strategic missile submarine flotillas,
_ ?
multipurpose 61.75Warine flotillas, naval airforces, operational squadrons,
diveisftied force squadrons, multipurpose submarine.squadrons, amphibious
landfujorce_squadrons, naval bases, divisions, brigades, and separate units,
and alsoof large units and-units of special troops and services and large
units, units, and facilities of naval rear services.
A diversified force flotilla [flotiliyal is an operational formation of the Navy
designated to carry out tasks in its assigned offshore operating zone in a sea
(oceanic) theater of military operations to support the basing and deployment of
naval forces and the combat stability of strategic missile submarines in their
comb-at patrol areas, to combatthe enemy's antisubmarine and other shipborne
forces in order to gain au0emacy at sea; to disrupt the enemy's sea lines of
communication; to support our own sea transportation; to debark amphibious
landing forces; to cooperate with front and army troops on coastal axes; to
maintain favorable operating conditions; and to organize all types of support in
its operational zone.
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The composition of a flotilla may include divisions (brigades) of
multipurpose submarines; divisions (brigades, diviziony*) of missile-artillery
and antisubmarine ships, missile and torpedo boats, ships and craft for offshore
defense, minesweepers and landing ships and craft; units of coastal missile-
artillery troops; units of special troops and services; and also the flotilla's
rear services units and facilities. In addition, naval aviation units can be
owationally subordinated to a.flotilla.
A strategic missile submarine flotilla is an operational formation of the Navy
designated to hit enemy targets according to the operational plan of the
strategic nuclear forces. The composition of the flotilla may include several
divisions of heavy missile submarine cruisers, strategic missile submarine
cruisers, units of special troops And services, and also rear services units and
facilities of the flotilla.
A multipurpose submarine flotilla is an operational formation of the Navy
designated to destroy enemy submarines, aircraft carriers, and other surface
ships, disrupt enemy ocean (sea) transportation, and carry out a number of other
important tasks in the most important areas of an oceanic theater of military
operations. The composition of the flotilla may include several divisions of
nuclear submarines, units of special troops and services, and also the
flotilla's rear services units and facilities.
Navalairforces are operational formations of the Navy designated to pArform
tasks independently or in cooperation with other naval forces and with
formations (large units) from branches of the Armed Forces taking part in naval
operations, and they are also designated to participate in airborne, airborne
landing, amphibious landing, and antilanding operations in a theater of military
operations.
Naval air forces are made up of _divisions and regiments of diverse types of
aircraft: naval missile-carrying, antisubmarine, attack, fighter,
reconnaissance, and special aircraft based at airfields and on air-capable
ships, as well as units of special troops and services and rear services units
and facilities.
* Translator's note: In this translation the Russian term diviziya has been
translated as "division," while the Russian term divizion (plural form:
diviziony) has been left in its transliterated form. A diviziya is a tactical
large unit made up of large Soviet combatants such as Kiev-type aircriff
carfiers, cruisers, nuclear submarines, etc., what the Soviets refer to as
"ships of the first rank.. A divizion is a tactical large unit made up of
smaller-size combatants such as diesel submarines, destroyers, escort ships,
minesweepers, tbrpedo boats, etc., -these being classified as "ships of the
second, third, or fourth rank." See also Section 11 of this chapter.
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An operational squadron [eskadra] is an operational-tactical formation of the
Navy designated to destroy the enemy's naval forces, gain supremacy, and disrupt
his ocean (sea) transportation in operationally important areas of an oceanic
(sea) theater of military operations, and sometimes to support amphibious
landings. The squadron's composition may include divisions and brigades of air-
capable, missile-artillery, and antisubmarine ships, multipurpose submarines,
and also the squadron's rear services vessels and units. In addition, naval
aviation units may be operationally subordinate to the squadron. It may also be
supported by long-range aviation units.
A diversified force squadron is an operational-tactical formation of the Navy
designated to perform tasks similar to those assigned to a diversified force
flotilla, but on a smaller scale and performed over a more limited area.
A multipurpose submarine squadron is an operational-tactical formation of
the Navy designated to destroy the enemy's submarines and surface ships, disrupt
his ocean (sea) transportation, and perform other tasks in its assigned area of
an oceanic (sea) theater of military operations. A squadron may be made up of
several divisions and brigades of submarines, units of special troops and
services, and also rear services units and facilities of the squadron.
An amphibious landing force squadron is an operational-tactical formation of
the Navy designated to participate in amphibious and airborne-amphibious landing
operations for the seizure of straits zones, cooperation with the front (army)
troops in defeating the enemy's ground force groupings and his reserves on a
coastal axis, the seizure of islands and the enemy's important coastal areas and
targets independently or in cooperation with airborne landing troops and other
forces, and also to perform other tasks within the overall plan of offensive
operations by front troops and naval forces.
It may support the transport of troops and materiel by sea or be employed as
part of expeditionary forces in local conflicts.
The squadron may be made up of a division (brigades) of landing ships,
brigades of landing transports, operationally subordinated large units (units)
of naval infantry, or other large units (units) of naval forces.
While an amphibious landing operation is being conducted the squadron may
have operationally subordinate to it large units of air-capable, missile-
artillery, and antisubmarine ships and minesweepers, submarines, and other craft
included in the debarkation forces (sily vysadki]; and also units of naval
aviation. When an amphibious landing operation is being conducted the squadron
commander may perform the duties of the debarkation force commander, and the
squadron staff may be the nucleus of the debarkation force staff.
A naval base is an equipped and defended area of the coast with its adjacent
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waters and includes, as a rule, several basing points and also the forces and
means designated to maintain favorable operating conditions in its assigned zone
of responsibility, support the deployment and return of naval forces to basing
points, and defend convoys and individual transports and vessels. The
composition of the large units and units at a naval base, as well as the units
and subunits of special troops, services, and rear services, is determined by
the base's tasks and by the extent, nature, and military-geographic
particularities of its zone of responsibility.
10. Alarge unit rsoyedineniyel (unit (chastl) is a component of the Navy headed
by a command and a staff and has its own name, number, and Combat Banner. It is
designated to carry out its own particular combat tasks and purposeful combat
training. The composition of a large unit or unit is determined by its
authorized structure and, as a rule, is invariable.
11. The division [diviziya] is the basic tactical large unit, the brigade and
divizion of ships are tactical large units, and the ship and regiment are tactical
units of the Navy designated to perform tasks in the operations (combat actions)
of formations Cob"yedineniya] and in naval operations, and when conducting
combat actions.
A submarine division (brigade) consists, as a rule, of submarines of a
single class (subclass), and a surface ship division (brigade) consists of one
or several classes (subclasses) of surface ships, depending on the tasks
assigned to the division (brigade).
A strategic missile (heavy missile) submarine cruiser division is the main large
unit of the naval strategic nuclear forces and is designated to deliver nuclear
missile strikes against assigned enemy targets and to perform other tasks.
A ballistic missile submarine division is designated to hit enemy ground and
naval targets and carry out other tasks.
A cruise-missile submarine division is designated to destroy the enemy's
aircraft carriers and other surface ships, his landing ship detachments,
convoys, and vessels, hit ground targets, and perform other tasks.
A mi He-torpedo and torpedo submarine division (brigade) is designated to seek
out and destroy he enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface
ships, transports, and vessels; lay mines; conduct reconnaissance; land
reconnaissance-sabotage groups; and perform other tasks.
Arnissile-artillery ship division (brigade) is designated to destroy the enemy's
aircraft carriers and other surface ships and craft, his landing ship
detachments, and convoys; support the deployment (and return) of submarines;
cover antisubmarine forces, landing ship detachments, and convoys from attacks
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by the enemy's surface ships; and also participate in fire destruction of the
enemy in a battle to debark an amphibious landing force; and perform other
tasks.
An antisubmarine ship division (brigade) is designated to seek out, track, and
destroy enemy submarines; support the deployment (and return) of submarines and
surface ships; protect large units of ships, landing ship detachments, and
convoys in sea transit; carry out picket duty; seek out and destroy the enemy's
underwater sabotage forces and means; and perform other tasks.
An amphibious landing force division is designated to participate in
amphibious landing operations and transport troops and materiel.
An offshore defense ship division (brigade) is designated to ensure favorable
operating conditions in its assigned zone of responsibility and to defend and
protect naval forces within the boundaries of the offshore area.
A river ship division (brigade) is designated to destroy the enemy's river ships
and craft and his amphibious crossing means, deliver strikes against enemy shore
installations and troops, lay mines, and perform other tasks.
Alanding ship division (brigade) is designated to transport by sea and to land
a reinforced motorized rifle regiment or a brigade (regiment) of naval infantry
on an unfortified coastline.
12. Arnissile boat brigade (divizion) is designated to destroy the enemy's
surface ships, vessels, and landing force transports independently or in
cooperation with missile-artillery ships and other naval forces.
Diviziony of torpedo boats within a brigade may be employed to lay mines and
land reconnaissance-sabotage groups on the enemy's coastline.
A minesweeper brigade (divizion) is designated to support favorable antimine
conditions in its area of responsibility, destroy mixed minefields, and provide
antimine protection for large units of submarines, surface ships, landing ship
detachments, and convoys.
A brigade (divizion) of construction and repair ships and vessels is designated to
train crews, delivery teams, and ships and vessels for putting to sea within set
time periods; support all types of testing on ships and vessels under
construction or repair; organize their rteltaLgUmmalajmints; prepare and
dispatch to fleets and large units new or repaired ships and vessels received
from industry; and also provide them with all types of supplies.
A naval missile-carrying aviation division is designated to destroy the enemy's
aircraft carriers and other surface ships, landing ship detachments, convoys,
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and vessels on the ocean (sea) and at bases; and also to destroy enemy ground
and naval targets; lay minefields; and perform other tasks independently or in
cooperation with large units and units of other types of forces of the Navy and
of aviation from other branches of the Armed Forces.
A naval missile-carrying aviation regiment is designated to destroy the enemy's
aircraft carriers and other surface ships, landing ship detachments, convoys,
and vessels on the ocean (sea) and at bases; and also to destroy enemy ground
and naval targets; lay minefields; and perform other tasks independently or as
part of an aviation division, or in cooperation with large units and units of
other types of forces of the Navy and with large units and units of aviation
from other branches of the Armed Forces.
An antisubmarine aviation regiment is designated to seek out and destroy
enemy submarines in the ocean (sea) independently or in cooperation with other
naval antisubmarine forces.
An attack aviation regiment is designated to destroy surface ships, boats, and
vessels; attack enemy ground and naval targets; ensure the debarkation of
amphibious landing forces; and support their operations on shore independently
or in cooperation with other naval forces and with large units and units of
aviation from other branches of the Armed Forces.
A fighter aviation regiment is designated to cover ships and vessels at sea;
support combat actions by other types of aviation; destroy enemy aircraft,
helicopters, and remotely piloted vehicles independently or in cooperation with
naval air defense forces and fighter aviation from aviation units of the Air
Defense Troops or front air forces.
A shipborne aviation regiment is designated to seek out and destroy
submarines, surface ships, and vessels; ensure the debarkation of amphibious
landing forces and provide aviation support for their operations on shore; cover
large units (groups) of ships from strikes by the air enemy; conduct
reconnaissance; provide target designation; and perform other tasks in
cooperation with ships of a large unit and with units of other types of
aviation.
A reconnaissance aviation regiment is designated to conduct air reconnaissance 7"
in oceanic (sea) theaters of military operations, vector naval strike forces
against the enemy, provide them with target designation, monitor the results of
combat actions, and also lay mines and perform other tasks.
A radioelectronic warfare aviation regiment is designated to conduct
radioelectronic warfare in support of' the combat actions of naval forces.
An air transport regiment is designated to support troop transportation by air
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in support of naval forces.
A naval infantry division (brigade, regiment) is designated to conduct combat
actions in an amphibious landing independently or in cooperation with large
units and units of the Ground Forces and also defend coastlines, individual
islands, and important naval installations.
When conducting combat operations jointly with the Ground Forces a naval
infantry division (brigade, regiment) is used in the landing of the forward
detachments or in the first echelon on the main axis of the amphibious landing
..
operations.
A coastal missile (missile-artillery) division is designated to destroy enemy
landing ship detachments, convoys, and surface ships, and to cover basing
points, naval shore installations, coastal sea lanes, and troop groupings of a
coastal front (army) from attacks from the sea.
A coastal missile (missile-artillery) brigade is designated to destroy the enemy's
landing ship detachments, surface ships, and craft; cover basing points, shore-
based naval installations, and troop groupings of a coastal army (army corps)
from strikes from the sea; and support the deployment of our own forces and
their return to basing points.
A hong-range coastal missile regiment is designated to destroy the enemy's
surface ships and landing force transports independently or as part of a
division.
It may be used to destroy the enemy's basing points (ports) and ships and
transports (vessels) located at them and to neutralize the enemy's antilanding
defense.
A coastal artillery regiment (separate battalion) is designated to destroy the
enemy's surface ships, landing force transports, and amphibious landing means
independently or as part of a missile-artillery division (brigade).
It may be used to destroy or neutralize enemy personnel and artillery or
other weapons on the coast.
13. Special troops and services are designated to support the combat
activities of formations and large units of the Navy and perform the special
tasks inherent to them. They include: reconnaissance large units, units, and
subunits; naval engineer service large units, units, and subunits; chemical
service units and subunits; communications units and subunits; radiotechnical
service units and subunits; radioelectronic warfare large units, units, and
subunits; nuclear-technical and missile-technical units and torpedo-technical
units and subunits; technical support large units, units, subunits, and
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facilities; search-and-rescue service large units, units, and subunits;
hydrographic service units and subunits; and rear services large units, units,
and facilities.
Organizationally, large units, units, subunits, and facilities of special
troops and services are included in the formations, large units, and units of
the Navy, and are also subordinated to the Center.
14. Reconnaissance large units, units, and subunits are designated to conduct
reconnaissance of the enemy's naval forces and of the operational preparation of
the oceanic (sea) theater of military operations, and also destroy or disable
important enemy targets and perform a number of other special tasks.
They include brigades and diviziony of reconnaissance ships, special-purpose
units, radio and radiotechnical reconnaissance units, radioelectronic
reconnaissance centers, reconnaissance posts, and reconnaissance subunits on
ships and aircraft.
15. Naval engineer service large units, units and subunits are designated to
perform tasks of providing engineer support for the combat actions of naval
forces, special troops, services, and rear services; and also to inflict losses
on the enemy by employing engineer munitions.
They include brigades, separate regiments, battalions (military construction
detachments), separate military construction companies, and also engineer
depots, special bureaus, and camouflage laboratories.
16. Chemical service units and subunits are designated to perform tasks of
providing chemical support for the combat actions of naval forces, special
troops, services, and rear services, and also to perform a number of other
special tasks.
They include vessels, craft, regiments, and battalions for radiation and
chemical reconnaissance and protection; chemical services of large units and
ships; radiation safety service units; and also chemical depots and chemical
laboratories.
17. Communications units and subunits are designated to deploy
communications systems and support the control of naval forces in all aspects of
their combat activities, and also to perform the tasks of deploying and using
automated systems and means at control posts and of ensuring communications
security.
They include communications centers, regiments, battalions, and companies;
ship combat communications units (diviziony); communications security monitoring
centers (posts); postal and courier communications centers (stations); and
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communications repair plants and depots.
18. Radiotechnical service units and subunits are designated to constantly
interpret the situation in support of the control of forces; provide target
designation for employing radioelectronic warfare weapons and means; perform the
tasks of deploying, using, and operating means of control, observation, and
target designation; and also perform other tasks of providing radioelectronic
engineer support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops,
services, and rear services.
They include radiotechnical battalions, companies, and platoons;
hydroacoustic systems and centers for undersea surveillance; coastal information
posts (centers); radiotechnical services (diviziony) of large units and ships;
repair plants (shops); laboratories for adjusting and tuning equipment; and
bases and depots of radiotechnical equipment.
19. Radioelectronic warfare large units, units, and subunits are designated to
radioelectronically suppress the enemy's radio, radio-relay, and tropospheric
communications; his radar, hydroacoustic, radio navigational, and radio control
means; and his electro-optical and other means for controlling forces and
weapons; and also to carry out measures in radio disinformation, in
counteracting the enemy's technical reconnaissance means, and in implementing
integrated technical monitoring of the use of our own radioelectronic means.
They include radioeiectronic warfare brigades, regiments, battalions,
companies, and squadrons (detachments) and integrated technical monitoring
centers.
20. Nuclear-technical units are designated to maintain stockpiles of all types
of nuclear warheads; prepare them for combat employment; deliver and distribute
them to large units, units, ships, coastal missile-artillery units, and to naval
aviation aircraft and helicopters; and also perform other nuclear-technical
support tasks.
They include stationary and mobile naval and aviation technical maintenance
bases.
21. Missile-technical units are designated to maintain missiles and artillery
and small-arms weapons; prepare them technically and deliver them to large
units, units, and ships; and also perform other missile-technical support tasks.
They include arsenals, missile technical bases, technical sites, mobile
missile bases and missile tenders, artillery bases and depots of weapons and
warheads, and repair plants for nuclear missile weapons.
22. Torpedo-technical units and subunits are designated to maintain torpedos,
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antisubmarine missiles, antisubmarine weapons, mines', antimine weapons,
antitorpedo weapons, weapons against underwater sabotage, and hydroacoustic
neutralization means; to prepare them technically and repair and deliver them to
large units, units, and ships; and also to perform other special weapon
technical support tasks for ships (vessels).
They include arsenals, bases, and depots of torpedos, mine-torpedo weapons,
mines, antisubmarine mines, and mine-artillery weapons; aviation bases of mine-
torpedo weapons, joint depots of weapons and equipment; mobile bases of
torpedos, antisubmarine weapons, mines, and antimine weapons; and torpedo-
technical bases of naval formations and large units.
23. Technical support large units, units, subunits, and facilities are designated to
perform technical support tasks (corresponding to their duties) for the combat
actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services.
They include special repair and recovery brigades and diviziony; ship repair
battalions and companies; artillery weapons bases; ship repair and floating
repair facilities, shops, and laboratories; subunits for routine maintenance and
adjustments; depots of weapons, materiel, ammunition, and military-technical
equipment; and measuring equipment laboratories.
24. Search-and-rescue largeunits, units, and subunits are designated to perform
search-and-rescue support tasks for the combat actions of naval forces, special
troops, services, and rear services, and also support for recoverable capsules
from space vehicles.
They include brigades, diviziony, units, and subunits of rescue ships, fire-
fighting craft, tugboats, and deep submergence vehicles; expeditions; and
search-and-rescue aircraft and helicopters.
25. Hydrographic service units and subunits are designated to perform tasks of
navigational-hydrographic, topographic-geodetic, and hydrometeorological
(meteorological) support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops,
services, and rear services.
They include oceanographic and hydrographic expeditions, detachments, and
parties; diviziony of vessels for navigational-hydrographic support; and
hydrographic service facilities and units.
26. Rear services large units, units, and facilities are designated to perform rear
services tasks and certain types of combat and technical support for the combat
actions and routine activities of naval forces, special troops, services, and
rear services.
They include brigades, diviziony, groups of support ships, truck regiments,
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battalions, companies, and platoons; rear services materiel depots; forward
fleet rear services bases and hospital bases; materiel support brigades;
aviation basing areas; separate airfield engineer and camouflage engineer
battalions; repair and recovery and airfield engineer companies; aviation-
technical bases and aviation-technical support units; plants and shops for
repairing aviation, automotive, armored, and rear services equipment; medical
units and facilities; military trade enterprises; rear services laboratories;
and also agricultural enterprises and agricultural product-processing
enterprises.
An auxiliary fleet is designated to perform tasks of delivering and
transferring materiel to naval forces on the ocean (sea) and at main and
dispersed basing points, evacuating the wounded and the sick, and also perform
separate technical and search-and-rescue support tasks.
It consists of brigades, diviziony, and groups of seagoing and inshore
support vessels.
27. Branch arms of naval forces in combat actions perform tasks based on
their designation and combat capabilities. Large units and units of special
troops and services, and also rear services large units, units, and facilities
are called upon to perform appropriate tasks to support the actions and control
of naval forces in the operations of formations, in naval operations, and in
combat actions.
28. Formations, large units, and units of other branches of the Armed
Forces and branch arms are called upon to perform the following tasks.
Formations, large units, and units of missile troops, artillery, and front aviation
deliver strikes against ship groupings at sea and at bases and against aircraft
at airfields; destroy the enemy's air defense installations in the flight zones
of naval and long-range aviation; and destroy his naval bases, ports, weapons
depots, and control posts. Also, fighter aviation engages enemy aircraft in the
air.
Formations, large units, and units of motorized rifle (tank) and airborne assault
troops participate in airborne landing, amphibious landing, and airborne-
amphibious landing operations carried out according to fleet plans, while
motorized rifle (tank) troops also participate in the defense of the basing
points of naval forces.
Formations, large units, and units of hong-range aviation, which are subordinated
to the Supreme High Command (the high command in a theater of military
operations), are to destroy the enemy's aircraft carrier groupings,
antisubmarine warfare force groupings, landing forces, and convoys on the ocean
(sea); destroy his naval bases, ports, airfields, control posts, communications
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centers, and weapons depots; lay mingsLand conduct reconnaissance in remote
areas.
Formations, large units, and units of air defense troops in the unified Air
Defense System of the Country and the Armed Forces cooperate with fleet air
defense forces to provide cover from air strikes for basing points, ports,
airfields, and other naval ground installations; for dispersal areas of naval
forces and groupings; and also for ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys
at sea and naval aviation units in the air within range of their forces and
_
means.
The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy
and the Fundamentals of Naval Combat
29. The employment of the Navy's forces is organized and carried out based
on the principles of Soviet military art. Its main principles are: constant
high combat readiness of large units, units, and ships; high intensity and
decisiveness of action; coordinated joint employment of the types of forces of
the Navy, and also close cooperation with large units and units of other
branches of the Armed Forces; decisive concentration of efforts on the most
important axes (or areas) at the decisive moment to fulfill the main tasks;
uninterrupted combat actions conducted with the maximum intensity necessary to
fulfill such tasks; bold maneuvers by forces and means, prior establishment of
reserves, and their skillful use and timely replenishment; ensuring surprise in
actions and using methods of performing tasks that the enemy does not expect;
consideration for and full exploitation of morale, political, and psychological
factors in support of the performance of assigned tasks; comprehensive support
for operations and combat actions; support for and timely establishment of the
combat effectiveness of forces; firm and uninterrupted control of forces; and
indomitability in the pursuit of designated goals and in the performance of
adopted decisions and assigned tasks.
Creative employment of these principles and a constant search for new, more
effeotive means of preparing and conducting operations and combat actions in
accordance with the developing situation consitute one of the most important
conditions for achieving success. Conventionality in military activities is
inadmissible.
30. When employing nuclear weapons, the main method of military actions by
the forces of the Navy is the simultaneous delivery of nuclear strikes against
the military-economic base of groupings of forces and troops, important military
and other types of enemy objectives and targets throughout the depth of his
operational zones, and against zones (areas) of responsibility, with subsequent
completion of the enemy's defeat. Here the following will have greatest
significance: organizing a nuclear attack against the enemy by delivering
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initial and subsequent nuclear strikes in combination with fire destruction;
employing, as a rule, the majority of one's combat-ready means in the initial
massed nuclear strikes; decisive exploitation by forces of the results of the
nuclear and fire strikes delivered against the enemy; organizing actions and
adopting effective measures for repelling (disrupting, weakening) the enemy's
nuclear strikes; and preventing the enemy from restoring the combat
effectiveness of large units, units, and ships and from organizing their
subsequent activities.
31. When employing only conventional weapons, the main method of military
actions by the forces of the Navy is the successive defeat of the opposing
enemy's groupings of forces. Here the following will have the greatest
significance: organizing fire destruction against the enemy's groupings of
forces that are directly opposing ours while simultaneously attacking specific
and highly important targets, objectives, and groupings in the enemy's depth;
massed employment of forces with decisive concentration and systematic increase
of their efforts on the main axes (areas); and ensuring constant readiness'of
forces for immediate actions with the employment of nuclear weapons.
32. In a war the employment of forces of the Navy takes the form of
operations, engagements, combat actions, (systematic combat and support
actions), battles, strikes, and attacks.
A fleet performs tasks of conducting fleet operations and systematic (combat
and support) actions; a flotilla (squadron) of diversified forces (operational
squadron) conducts flotilla (squadron) operations and systematic combat actions;
a flotilla (squadron) of submarines conducts combat actions and, in certain
cases, operations; a squadron of amphibious landing forces conducts combat
actions and amphibious landing operations; a large unit, unit, or ship conducts
combat actions, battles, strikes, and attacks.
A fleet operation is a set of coordinated and interconnected (in objective,
place, and time) simultaneous and successive operations by flotillas and
squadrons and separate naval operations and combat actions by the formations and
large units of the fleet, conducted in oceanic (sea) theaters of military
operations in cooperation with formations and large units of other branches of
the Armed Forces according to a unified concept and plan to perform operational-
strategic or operational tasks.
An operation by a diversified force flotilla (squadron) (by an operational squadron)
is an aggregate of combat actions coordinated and interconnected in objective,
place, and time and conducted in its assigned operational zone according to a
unified concept and plan to perform operational and operational-tactical tasks.
As a rule, it is a component part of a fleet operation.
A naval operation is an aggregate of naval engagements, combat actions,
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battles, and strikes coordinated and interconnected in objective, place, and
time and conducted in a specific area (zone) of an oceanic or sea theater of
military operations by specially created groupings of diversified naval forces
independently or in cooperation with formations, large units, and units of other
branches of the Armed Forces according to a unified concept and plan to perform
the most important operational and operational-tactical tasks.
Naval operations (combat actions) differ in their objectives and the tasks
to be performed; to destroy the enemy's ground targets; to destroy missile
submarines; to destroy aircraft carrier groupings; to defeat the enemy's naval
forces in enclosed and nearshore waters and in ocean areas; to disrupt ocean and
sea transportation; to destroy the enemy's antisubmarine warfare force
groupings; and to defend basing areas and sea lines of communication.
An amphibious landing operation is a joint operation and is an aggregate of
actions coordinated in objective, place, and time and conducted according to a
unified concept and plan to debark amphibious landing forces on territory
defended by the enemy and use them to carry out tasks on shore. They are
conducted by front and army troops and by naval forces in cooperation with
formations (large units) of the Air Defense Forces, the Air Forces, and airborne
landing troops.
An antilanding operation is a joint operation and is an aggregate of
coordinated (in objective, place, and time) combat actions by front and army
troops and naval forces conducted according to a unified concept and plan in
cooperation with formations from the Air Forces and the Air Defense Forces to
interdict an enemy invasion from the sea, disrupt (repel) debarkations by his
amphibious and airborne landing forces, and hold the defended seacoast and the
important installations located there.
An engagement israzheniyel is a component part of an operation and is an
aggregate of the most important battles united by a common concept and conducted
by specific groupings of troops (forces) to perform one operational task. An
engagement may be classified as combined-arms, air, antiair, or naval.
Systematic (combat and support) actions of a fleet or flotilla (squadron) are
conducted by specially assigned forces for an extended period to exert constant
pressure on the enemy, interdict or paralyze his actions, inflict losses on him,
and also to create favorable conditions for our own forces (troops) on specific
operational axes (in areas and zones). Systematic (combat and support) actions
also include organizing and conducting reconnaissance, performing picket duty,
and taking other measures to maintain favorable operating conditions in oceanic
(sea) theaters of military operations.
In addition, the forces of a fleet, flotilla, or squadron participate in
offensive and defensive operations by front and army troops and in airborne
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landing operations conducted on coastal axes, as well as in air and antiair
operations in a theater of military operations.
33. Large-unit, unit, or ship combat actions are a higher form of tactical
actions conducted by naval forces. They are an aggregate of battles, strikes,
and attacks conducted according to a unified concept and plan to perform one or
several successively arising tactical tasks. They may include searching for the
enemy, employing weapons against him, pursuit of the enemy, minelaying, and
other actions to attack him and achieve combat success in the performance of
assigned tasks.
Depending on the objectives and the tasks to be performed, the combat
actions of a large unit, unit, or ship are conducted to hit the enemy's ground
targets and troops, destroy his submarines and surface ships (vessels), defend
basing areas and sea lines of communication, and also cooperate with large units
and units of the Ground Forces in their offensive and defensive combat actions
on coastal axes.
A naval battle is an armed confrontation by large units (groups), units, and
ships with the enemy in order to destroy him or inflict enough damage to force
him to discontinue performing [combat] tasks. It consists of a number of
strikes and attacks coordinated in objective, place, and time.
An air battle is an armed confrontation in the air by aviation units,
subunits, and individual aircraft combining maneuver and fire to destroy the air
enemy and repel his attacks.
An antiair WW1 is the organized repelling of an air enemy's strike and the
conduct of surfak -to-air fire by the air defense forces and means of large
units, units, shi,s, and batteries in order to destroy air attack means and
successfully perform assigned tasks.
A combined-arms battle is conducted through the combined efforts of large
units, units, and subunits of all branch arms, special troops, and other
branches of the Armed Forces. A combined-arms battle is the main form of
tactical action by naval infantry.
A strike Eudad is a component part of an operation, engagement, combat
action, or battle consisting of simultaneously hitting the enemy's troop
groupings and his ground, air, and naval targets and installations through the
powerful effect of nuclear and conventional weapons or troops upon them.
Strikes can be categorized as follows: strategic, operational, or tactical --
in scale; nuclear (nuclear missile), fire, missile, missile-artillery, aviation,
or troop strikes -- depending on the means employed; and massive, concentrated,
grouped, or single -- according to the quantity of means participating and the
targets being hit.
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An attack[ataka] is the combination of rapid maneuver with the decisive
effect of weapons and radioelectronic warfare means on the enemy with the
objective of destroying him.
A search is the survey of a region using the visual and technical means of a
large unit, unit, group, ship, aircraft, or helicopter in order to detect and
identify the enemy.
Hitting Eporazheniye] is the infliction of damage on a target (installation,
area) that will lead to a complete or partial halt in its functioning.
The levels of hitting are: destruction, defeat, disablement, and
neutralization.
Destruction [unichtoxheniye] is the sinking of a ship, shooting down of an
air target, or the destruction (razrusheniye] of 50 percent or more of a shore
target (area).
Defeat (razgronq is completely depriving a group of targets (or a target) of
the capability to perform its assigned functions by destroying the main portion
of its forces and means.
Disablementivyvod iz stroyal is damaging a target or destroying a portion of
a target's or area's forces and means so that it is deprived of its combat
effectiveness for an extended period of time.
Neutralization [podavleniyej is depriving the target of its capability to
fulfill its assigned functions for a given period of time.
Pursuit is a combination of simultaneous and successive strikes and attacks
in order to conclusively defeat the retreating enemy within the shortest
possible time period.
Tracking is an aggregate of measures and actions by a large unit, unit,
ship, or aircraft (helicopter) taken, as a rule, in peacetime and directed at
maintaining contact with enemy forces and ensuring the employment of weapons
from favorable firing positions to destroy the enemy upon order immediately or
as soon as possible after military actions begin, and also to provide target
designation to other forces.
Minelaying is the employment of mines by a large unit, unit, ship, or
aircraft (helicopter) in order to hit the enemy's submarines, surface ships, and
vessels, as well as to paralyze (interdict) his actions by creating a mine
threat.
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34. A fleet, flotilla, or squadron operation, naval operations, or combat
actions are characterized by: an active, offensive nature and decisive goals;
large spatial scope and the performance of tasks by naval forces at great -
distances from their bases; high intensity and dynamism of combat actions
developing simultaneously on the water, underwater, and in the air; the
participation of diversified naval forces and troops and forces from the other
branches of the Armed Forces, as well as the employment of substantial forces
and means to perform supporting actions; massed employment of forces, means, and
various types of weapons; extensive employment of radioelectronic warfare means;
complexity of organization of all types of support, coordination, and control of
forces, especially in distant areas of the oceanic (sea) theater of military
operations.
35. The successful conduct of operations by formations and the conduct of
naval operations and combat actions is achieved in the following ways: by
maintaining forces in high readiness to perform tasks by constantly having
combat duty forces located in the probable areas of combat actions and targeted
against specific groupings of the enemy's naval forces and ground targets; by
building up our own forces in advance and ig_secret4 and also by rapidly
preparing and deploying all the remaining combat-ready forces in areas of
Impending combat actions; by constantly conducting reconnaissance of the enemy's
groupings of naval forces in peacetime and immediately before and during a war;
by concentrating our main efforts on hitting the main enemy targets, objectives,
and groupings of naval forces and by having our forces ready to perform tasks
with the employment of nuclear weapons or only conventional weapons; by
extensively maneuvering forces, means, and strikes when conducting operations
and combat actions; by carrying out actions in surprise, especially when
delivering initial strikes; by gaining and keeping supremacy at sea and in the
air in the areas of operations and combat actions while they_gre being condugted
or while the main tasks are being performed; by conducting supporting actions
and strikes in a timely manner; by using reserves skillfully; by reliably
covering the main groupings of naval forces and naval bases from air strikes; by
extensively employing radioelectronic warfare means and by organizing a reliable
radioelectronic defense in order to create favorable conditions for forces
carrying out the main tasks; through purposeful political work; and by carefully
organizing coordination, combat control, and all types of support, primarily
through timely replenishment of the materiel reserves of submarines and surface
ships deployed in distant areas.
36. A naval battle is the main form of tactical actions by naval forces.
Only in a naval battle is it possible to destroy the enemy's naval forces and
means operating on an ocean (sea), neutralize their capability to oppose, or
force them to refrain from carrying out, their assigned task. It is
characterized by decisiveness, the high maneuverability of forces participating
in it, rapid and sharp changes in the situation, the diversity of methods
employed to conduct the battle, surprise and massed employment of weapons, and
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extensive use of radioelectronic warfare means.
A naval battle includes deploying forces tactically, delivering strikes and
carrying out attacks against the enemy, and also repelling his strikes and
attacks and redeploying forces to develop combat success and carry out the tasks
of the battle.
37. The main principles in the conduct of a naval battle are: achieving
the objectives of the battle through the combined efforts of diversified forces;
surprise in the delivery of strikes against the enemy; concentrated (massed)
employment of weapons against enemy ships which it is one of the battle's
objectives to destroy; the rapidity of maneuver, strike, and attack in the
battle; achieving the objectives of the battle in the shortest possible period
of time; and comprehensive support for strike groups in the battle.
A commander's tactical art is demonstrated by his skillful use of these
principles when organizing the naval battle, and even in cases where the enemy
has superiority in forces it can lead to success in the naval battle.
38. A naval battle with the enemy may occur both at the beginning of a war,
when naval forces are tracking the enemy's forces, or during a war.
Regardless of the circumstances of its occurrence, a naval battle must be
carefully prepared in extremely short time periods, and measures must be taken
to maintain concealment and camouflage. This is achieved by formulating combat
documents in advance; by preparing large units, units, and ships for the
standard variants of actions; and by the timely, concealed, tactical deployment
of forces in the battle area.
39. A naval battle is conducted by large units, units, or groups of similar
or diversified naval forces or, in certain cases, by single ships employing all
their attack means independently or in cooperation with large units and units
from other types of forces of the Navy and other branches of the Armed Forces.
As a rule, in order to conduct a naval battle groupings of diversified
forces are set up which have large units of surface ships (submarines) as their
basis. Such a grouping of diversified forces may include nuclear submarines,
air-capable, missile-artillery, and antisubmarine ships, special air defense
ships, missile and torpedo boats, and support ships; it may also have attached
to it naval aviation units and subunits and may also be supported by long-range
and front aviation units and subunits.
As a rule, attached forces are subordinated to the large-unit (unit)
commander for the entire period of preparation and performance of the combat
task and they carry out all his orders.
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Supporting forces remain subordinated to their own chief, but perform the
tasks assigned to them by the large-unit (unit) commander whom they are
supporting.
40. As a rule, the main targets of strikes in a naval battle may be as
follows; in a battle with groups of surface ships -- aircraft carriers, ships
with missile strike weapons, and special munitions transports; in a battle with
submarines -- missile submarines; in a battle to destroy landing ship
detachments and convoys -- assault landing helicopter carriers, general purpose
landing ships, transports, and vessels, and landing force transports with troops
and equipment.
When allocating forces against the main enemy targets it is necessary to
provide for forces to operate against other elements of the enemy's battle
(cruising) formation (poryadok) which are capable of opposing our forces. As a
rule, escort ships, reconnaissance and radar picket ships and aircraft, and
radioelectronic warfare ships and aircraft are chosen as targets of supporting
strikes.
Reserves of forces and weapons must be provided to perform tasks that arise
unexpectedly, to intensify efforts on the main axis, and to compensate for
losses during a naval battle.
41. The large-unit commander forms strike groups which must possess the
combat capabilities necessary to hit the assigned enemy target (objective) and
have sufficient combat stability to repel his strikes.
Strike groups may be either homogeneous or diversified. Homogeneous strike
groups, depending on the type of forces of the Navy, may be submarine, surface,
or aviation groups.
Diversified strike groups may include submarines, surface ships, and
aviation.
In order to ensure the combat stability of strike groups they should have
escort ships with missile and artillery surface-to-air systems, antisubmarine
weapons, and radioelectronic warfare means, as well as multipurpose nuclear
submarines.
42. As a rule, retransmission ships are assigned to control the submarines
included in the composition of a diversified strike group. They are equipped
with hydroacoustic communications stations, which retransmit to submarines all
signals, commands, target designation data, and information on the situation
addressed to them.
43. When making a decision on deployment in the battle area, the large-unit
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commander must analyze and evaluate the enemy and his capabilities to employ
various types of weapons; evaluate the danger from mines; calculate the transit
route, taking into account the mine, radiation, chemical, international law,
navigation, and hydrometeorological conditions; plan the disposition of the
large unit's cruising formation; and determine the operating procedures in case
the enemy is encountered unexpectedly, as well as procedures for using forces
and means for defense, protection, and radioelectronic warfare.
When forming diversified strike groups, during deployment the large-unit
commander must designate the place (area), time, and procedures for the
rendezvous of surface ships and submarines.
44. The deployment of a large unit in the area of a naval battle may be
conducted by individual strike groups independently or within the overall
cruising formation of the large unit.
The strike groups assigned to perform the main task form the basis of the
large unit's cruising formation. All types of defense and combat support are
organized on their behalf.
As a rule, the cruising formation of a large unit includes the following:
reconnaissance and radar picket ships and aircraft; fighter groups to provide
cover; groups of attack aircraft operating from land-based airfields or air-
capable ships, and also ship strike groups to combat enemy surface ships; and
multipurpose nuclear submarines and ship hunter-killer groups to seek out and
destroy enemy submarines.
In order to monitor the deployment of strike groups and support groups,
control lines are designated, and also the times for traversing them.
45. In the deployment stage the large-unit commander must devote special
attention to acquiring information on the enemy: determining his location,
characteristics of movement, combat (cruising) formation and the position of the
main targets within it, his defense system, and also the characteristics of the
operation of his radioelectronic means. To do so the commander must organize
reliable tactical reconnaissance and obtain data on the enemy from the formation
[obnyedineniye] command post and from cooperating forces.
46. The most important condition for successfully transferring a large unit
to the area of a naval battle is its capability to repel strikes from the
enemy's various forces and attack means. This is achieved by putting the large
unit's forces into cruising formation.
A cruising formation Opokhodnyy_poryadok] is the relative positioning of a
large unit's main forces and support forces to ensure their reliable defense and
protection in sea transit and rapid tactical deployment into combat formation to
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carry out the assigned task.
47. When a battle is anticipated a large unit performs a tactical
deployment to put its forces into combat formation.
A combat formation [boyevoy_poryadokl is the positioning of the large unit's
(unit's) main forces and supporting forces relative to the enemy and to each
other that is aimed at effectively employing weapons and radioelectronic warfare
means against the enemy, taking into consideration the defense of our own
forces, the ease of controlling them, and ensuring that all elements of the
combat formation are secure from the effects of our own weapons, including
nuclear weapons.
A large unit's combat formation must ensure concentrated employment of
weapons against the enemy's main targets, effective use of radioelectronic
warfare means, the proper sequence and greatest effectiveness of strikes, the
security of our own forces from weapons employed by them, and the combat
stability of strike groups, especially when repelling the enemy's aviation
strikes and antiship missiles. It must also preclude unintentional interference
with weapons control systems.
48. In general, the cruising and combat formations consist of the main
forces (the ships or vessels being escorted and the forces immediately escorting
them) travelling in one or several groups (detachments), and supporting forces
(groups of diverse designation, single nuclear submarines, surface ships,
aircraft, or helicopters).
A group consists of two or more combat ships, aircraft, or helicopters
performing a specific combat task under a unified command and, as a rule, within
a large unit's cruising or combat formation.
Groups are subdivided: by assignment -- into strike, hunter-killer,
reconnaissance, reconnaissance-strike, minesweeping, radioelectronic warfare,
and other groups; by composition -- into homogeneous and diversified groups; by
weaponry -- into missile, missile-torpedo, torpedo-artillery, missile-artillery,
and other groups.
The inclusion of one group or another in the cruising or combat formation is
determined by the task assigned to it, the situation in the transit or combat
area, and also by the composition and capabilities of the assigned forces.
Groups that are part of a cruising or combat formation travel in ordered
arrangements [ordery) or underway formations [stroll.
49. Tactical deployment into combat formation is carried out upon a signal
from the large-unit commander. It is performed in such a way that when it is
completed ship and aviation groups and ships occupy firing positions and can
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deliver strikes against the enemy in a fixed sequence. Premature tactical
deployment may give away the battle's concept, while delayed completion of
deployment may allow the enemy to preempt the large unit's actions.
In the course of tactical deployment strike groups pinpoint the location of
their assigned strike targets, bring their weapons to full readiness, and occupy
their assigned firing positions.
SO. Maneuvering by a large unit (unit) in the course of tactical deployment
and occupying firing positions will be carried out, as a rule, within the
observation zones of the enemy's reconnaissance forces ana means and while we
are overcoming opposition from the enemy's defense forces. It must be conducted
rapidly, at high speeds, and while maintaining concealment, taking camouflage
measures, and opposing enemy reconnaissance. The nature of such a maneuver must
make it as difficult as possible for the enemy to employ weapons and must ensure
the most effective employment of our own weapons. Tactical deployment must
develop into attacks and the delivery of strikes.
51. The firing positions for strike groups are determined according to the
ranges and sectors (axes) relative to the enemy which ensure maximum
effectiveness in the employment of weapons and radioelectronic warfare means.
The relative disposition of strike and support group positions must ensure
freedom of maneuver for each group and preclude unintentional interference, for
which boundary sectors (zones) are established between adjacent positions.
52. In accordance with the concept of the battle, and also taking into
consideration tactical reconnaissance data and the relative disposition of the
enemy and his own strike groups, the large-unit commander determines the
position for the first group strike or designates the time of its delivery.
The time of the strike is designated in advance, taking into consideration
the following: bringing missile systems up to readiness; receipt of target
designation; completion of maneuver to proceed on combat course; and flight of
aircraft to their weapon employment positions, taking into account their
readiness to scramble, take off, and form up into combat formations.
In accordance with the combat orders received, nuclear weapons are employed
"at the designated time" or "immediately." The time of launch (salvo) is
considered to be the instant when the "Launch" (or "Salvo") button is pressed
(or the key is turned).
When organizing a group strike during combat actions (or a battle) with the
employment of only conventional weapons, coordination of the actions of the
forces designated to deliver the strike is conducted relative to time "H" -- the
Instant when weapons approach the main target (objective, area). Guided by this
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time and accounting for the distance of ships from the target (objective, area)
of the strike and the flight (travel) speed of the weapon, the commanders of
strike groups determine their own time to launch missiles, fire torpedos, or
fire artillery. The timing of all the other actions by the forces of the large
unit (unit) is planned and coordinated relative to the time of the strike.
Joint actions by a large unit and aviation in a naval battle are carried out
by delivering simultaneous or successive strikes.
In order to organize joint actions the large-unit commander must communicate
in advance to the commander of the aviation large unit (unit) the time
designated for him to deliver strikes and the sectors where aviation is to
operate. Relative to this time, the commander of the aviation large unit (unit)
designates each aviation group's takeoff time, flight route, and time of arrival
in the battle area. He informs the large-unit commander of these assignments.
53. The initial strike against the enemy must break down his will to resist
even at the beginning of the battle, not allow the enemy to repel the strike, be
as powerful as possible, and be performed immediately or at the designated time
according to orders.
The greatest effectiveness in the initial strike's impact is achieved by the
surprise, concentrated employment of weapons against the main enemy target and
by setting up the shortest possible time intervals between strikes by the large
unit.'s (unit's) various groups. The organization of strikes must preclude
unintentional interference, ensure the establishment of favorable conditions for
each subsequent strike, and make it difficult for the enemy to repel it.
54. The destruction of the enemy's groupings of surface ships, landing ship
detachments, and convoys in a naval battle is most effectively achieved by
organizing joint actions by large units and units of aviation, submarines,
surface ships and craft, and coastal missile-artillery units.
In a naval battle commanders of aviation, ship, and coastal strike groups
are assigned the targets (objectives), areas (lines), time, and axes for
strikes. The deployment procedures, the most suitable sequence of actions, and
also the procedures and methods for guidance, target designation, and
information exchange are set up.
55. A naval battle using large units and units of diversified forces is
organized and conducted according to a unified concept through the delivery
against the enemy of simultaneous and successive strikes that are coordinated
according to target, place, and time.
In order to ensure the mutual security of aviation and ship strike groups
and preclude their unintentional interference with the operation of missile
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guidance systems, these groups are assigned different sectors for launching
their missiles, while aircraft are additionally assigned the lowest possible
Wing altitude to enre that they are safe from ship-launched missiles.
Missile-carrying aircraft employ their weapons only after the aircraft crews)
have positively ascertained the identity of the ships under attack. The
aircraft crews must be briefed in a timely manner on the relative disposition of
strike objectives and our own ship groups.
In joint actions with coastal missile units, as a rule, missile-artillery
ships deliver strikes against the enemy before he enters the coastal missile
units' operating zones. While actions are taking place within the zone they
deliver strikes on the flanks from areas located outside the boundaries of the
coastal missile units' firing zone.
In certain cases ships and craft are allowed to maneuver and employ missiles
from positions located within the firing area of coastal missile units, but
ships must not approach restricted zones.
56. Commanders of strike groups must take the changing situation into
consideration and must provide updated information to each ship in the group on
such factors as firing positions, the strike target (objective, area), firing
methods, the number of missiles in salvos, and the missiles' launch time, and
must provide target designations in a timely manner.
Upon the arrival of an aviation strike group at the battle area the large-
unit (unit) commander specifies the axis (sector) of its strike against the
enemy, briefs the aviation group commander on the enemy's strength and combat
formation, on the location of the main and other targets (objectives) of the
strike, and on the position of our own forces relative to the enemy.
57. In the course of a naval battle the commander of a large unit, unit
(group), or ship must use every opportunity to develop the success of the
initial strike. This is achieved by organizing reliable tactical
reconnaissance, establishing constant observation of the enemy's actions,
objectively evaluating the results of the initial strike, redeploying to new
firing positions in a timely manner, delivering subsequent strikes within the
shortest possible period of time, and using reserves in a timely and appropriate
manner.
The large-unit (unit) commander and his staff must constantly keep track of
the timely detection of the enemy by large-unit (unit) reconnaissance forces and
means and be aware of information gathered on his location, and on such factors
as the movment of his combat (cruising) formation, the main target (objective),
his defensive system, and the characteristics of operation of his
radioelectronic warfare means.
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58. Observation of the enemy during the battle, distribution of target
designation data for repeat strikes, and reconnaissance on the results of
strikes delivered against the enemy are conducted by specially-designated ships
and aircraft (helicopters), and also by nuclear submarines after they have
carried out attacks against enemy ships.
59. The radioelectronic warfare forces and means of large units (units)
must, as a rule, be employed in a battle immediately before strikes are
delivered against the main target (objective) and its escort ships in order to
disorganize the enemy's control of forces and weapons and ensure reliable
control of our own forces and weapons.
60. The disengagement of forces from a battle is carried out only upon the
decision of the large-unit commander and upon his signal.
In the event the battle's goals have been achieved, the large-unit commander
makes a decision to disengage from the battle on the basis of an order from his
,senior commander, or also, in other cases, he makes it on his own with an
immediate report to that effect to his higher command.
Nuclear submarines and other forces provide cover for the disengagement of
surface ships from battle in accordance with the decision of the large-unit
commander or the senior commander.
61. When organizing cooperation between forces in a naval battle, the
large-unit (unit) commander must specify the methods of operation; coordinate
strike groups' efforts according to targets (objectives, areas), tasks, place,
and time; determine the axes (sectors) and lines (times) for strike groups'
actions and, when necessary, boundary lines (zones) between them; organize
communications, warning, identification, guidance, target designation, and the
procedures for using radioelectronic means, taking their electromagnetic
compatibility into account.
The methods for joint actions by submarines and surface ships and the
procedures for employing nuclear and conventional weapons which preclude
unintentional interference with our own forces and the possibility of damaging
them must be determined with special care.
62. The air defense forces and means of a large unit, unit, or ship conduct combat
actions independently or in cooperation with the large units and units of Air
Defense Troops and with the large units and units of the air defense troops and
fighter aviation of the air forces of a coastal front.
Air defense includes the organization, formation, and conduct of
antiaircraft and antimissile defense. Antiaircraft defense is organized to
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destroy flight vehicles in the air before they employ their weapons and to break
up (disrupt) their organized strikes. An antimissile defense is organized to
destroy antiship missiles in the air and to take measures which reduce the
effectiveness of their strikes.
An antiair defense is organized in any situation and is set up as a unified,
deeply-echeloned defense. It must be capable of detecting the air enemy in a
timely manner and engaging him in protracted and intense combat actions under
conditions of heavy exposure to fire and radioelectronic warfare.
Combat actions by ship large units at sea to repel the air enemy's means are
organized on the basis of air defense zones.
In the outer air defense zone, which is located 90 to 200 or more kilometers
out from the large unit's main forces, are performed the primary tasks of
destroying antiship missiles' airborne delivery vehicles before they launch
their missiles and of breaking up (disrupting) the air enemy's organized
strikes. Ship- and land-based fighter aviation, lqng-range. surface-to-air
missile systems, and radar picket ships and aircraft (helicopters) form the
basis of air defense in this zone.
In the inner air defense zone, extending out to 90 kilometers from the large
unit's main forces, are performed the tasks of destroying aircraft and antiship
missiles attacking the large unit's ships. Shipboard surface-to-air missile and
artillery systems and radiotechnical means, ship-based fighter aviation, and
radar picket ships and helicopters form the basis of air defense in this zone.
The self-defense zone, the depth of which is determined by the range to which
self-defense surface-to-air means of ships can hit air targets or by the close-
in kill limit of collective-defense surface-to-air missile systems, is set up to
destroy enemy air attack means which have penetrated directly to the large
unit's ships.
Combat Duty
63. The main purpose and content of all activity by flag officers
(komanduyushchiye], commanders (chiefs), staffs, political organs, and all
personnel of the Navy is the maintenance of constant high combat readiness of
formations, large units, units, ships, special troops, services, and rear
services. It indicates their capability, under any circumstances, to deploy,
initiate combat actions, and successfully perform their assigned tasks in an
organized manner and within specified time periods.
Constant high combat readiness is achieved by: a correct understanding on
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the part of flag officers, commanders (chiefs), staffs, political organs, and
all personnel of their tasks; predicting possible changes in the situation and
taking the measures necessary to plan and prepare impending actions in a timely
manner; bringing the forces to full strength and high readiness for mobilization
and bringing them to the highest levels of combat readiness in a timely and
well-organized manner; constant conduct of reconnaissance; precisely organized
performance of combat duty and alert duty; constant readiness of weapons and
means for combat employment; a high level of combat training and proficiency of
personnel; reliable organization of control, basing, and all types of support;
high morale and political consciousness, discipline, organized duty, and
vigilance of all personnel of the Navy.
64. Combat dolly [boyevaya sluzhba] is the mant.ype or activity and the
highest level of readiness of naval forces i peacettme-c-')
It is performed by naval forces in oceanic and sea theaters of military
operations according to a unified concept and plan to prevent a surprise attack
by the enemy, disrupt or weaken his strikes from oceanic and sea axes, maintain
high combat readiness of forces to carry out tasks in initial naval operations,
and support the interests of the Soviet Union in operiffinary important areas
of the world's oceans.
14ri
The main tasks of combal_daky forces are: missile submarine combat_patrol
and alert duty at the prescribed level of readiness to deliver strikes against
assigned enemy targets; combat security of missile submarines on deployment
routes and in their combat patrol areas; seeking out the enemy's missile
submarines and tracking them in readiness to destroy them when military
operations begin; reconnaissance of enemy aircraft carrier groupings and
tracking them in their combat maneuver areas in readiness to deliver strikes
against them when military operations begin; reconnaissance of antisubmarine
warfare forces and means in theaters of military operations; detection and
interdiction of reconnaissance activity by the enemy's submarines and surface
ships on the approaches to our coastline; monitoring the activity of foreign
ships and aircraft; identifying sea lines of communication and preparing
theaters in strategically important areas of the world's oceans; studying the
probable areas of military operations, the conditions for employing the various
types of forces of the Navy and their weapons and "e"ellnical equipment;
supporting the deployment of naval forces in period of threat; and carrying
out the Soviet government's foreign policy act
65. Combat 4mty is organized and carried out based on the following
requirements: matching the strength of forces to assigned tasks, the developing
situation, and their combat designation; the high readiness of forces for active
and decisive actions to carry out their assigned tasks; concentrating efforts
against the main strike groupings of the probable enemy's naval forces and
maintaining uninterrupted contact with them, especially in a period of threat;
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concealing the actions of forces; constantly conducting active reconnaissance of
foreign naval forces; having reserves for the rapid buildup of combat duty
forces; closelupdinating the forces deployed at sea with forces being built
up for combat ', and also with large units and units from other branches of
the Armed Forces allocated for joint actions; comprehensively organizing all
types of support; reliably controlling forces; and observing standards of
international law.
66. As a rule, naval ships and units within th guplement of formations,
large units, and aviation subunits perform combat -j at authorized strength or
as individual submarines, surface ships (vessels), and aircraft.
As a rule, naval infantry at battalion or company strength perform combat
duty on landing ships.
67. Combat rittk-y is carried out by combat patrol and by conducting search
and reconnaissance actions.
Combat patrol is carried out by maneuvering ballistic missile, cruise
missile, and mine-equipped submarines in specially assigned areas or on routes
at the prescribed level of readiness to employ weapons.
Search and reconnaissance actions are carried out by submarines, surface
ships (vessels), naval aviation, naval space reconnaissance units, and by the
antisubmarine and reconnaissance large units and units of fleets, flotillas, and
squadrons in order to detect the submarines and surface ships of foreign states
and track them, as well as detect the preparation of theaters of military
operations. Periodic search actions are conducted in the form of antisubmarine
search operations and short-term searches.
In fleets alert duty [boyevoye dezhurstvo] is organized along with combat
duty. It is carried out by locating units, ships, and subunits in special
(assigned) areas, disposition areas, and at main basing points and dispersed
basing points (on airfields) with weapons on board at the prescribed level of
readiness for departure (takeoff) to perform assigned tasks.
68. In peace yie each ship in constant readiness must be prepared to
perform combat tasks in areas remote from its base, either as part of a
large unit or on its own.
strk\ttc-?
Before departing on combat duty a ship commander must devote special
attention to setting up the prescribed reserves of materiel and carefully
preparing personnel, weapons, technical equipment, and the ship as a whole for
an extended voyage and performance of tasks under various conditions One
separated from the basing points. The ship's officers must study and know
thoroughly the methods and conditions for performing combat =tasks,
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international law for preventing collisions with ships at sea, and the
international legal procedures for cruising in the area where conducting combat
duty, for negotiating straits, for entering foreign ports, and for anchoring in
roadsteads.
gtavicc
69. A ship performs combat Igitasks in accordance with combat
instructions. A ship on combat must constantly be ready to employ weapons
and enter into combat when war begins or when given the order.
Each ship commander must be thoroughly aware of the fact that in peacetime
combat ships and special-purpose and support ships located on the open sea and
in foreign waters have immunity -- their activities are immune from and
independent of the actions of foreign ships and powers.
Any acts by foreign forces and powers aimed at violating or infringing upon
the immunity of a Soviet combat ship, special-purpose ship, or support vessel
must be resolutely resisted. The commander of a ship (vessel) must take -
measures to maintain the prestige of the Soviet government and ensure the safety
of the ship (vessel) and its crew, lodge a protest with the foreign flagship
(the ship commander or the authorities), demand the cessation of the unlawful
acts, immediately report the event up the chain of command, make detailed notes
in the ship's log, and continue to perform the assigned task.
70. In peacetime, constant tracking of the probable enemy's aircraft
carrier and other surface ship groupings which pose the threat of attack from
the sea is organized by combat duty ships.
The tracking of these groupings is carried out by the diversified forces of
an operational squadron operating within the complement of direct-tracking
strike groups or groups of ships (or ship).
71. The combat formation of a large unit carrying out tracking is
determined by the relative disposition of strike groups and direct-tracking
groups in tracking positions, which are determined by the sectors and ranges
from an aircraft carrier which ensure the most effective employment of weapons
and radioelectronic warfare means during delivery of the initial joint strikes
and which ensure reliable control of forces.
When engaged in tracking, the combat formation must make provision for the
following: the selection of optimal positions for strike groups in sectors and
at ranges relative to the main target for tracking and strike delivery, taking
into consideration the capabilities of our own weapons and the enemy's
countermeasures; the protection of missile submarines operating as components of
strike groups from countermeasures by enemy forces when tracking and delivering
strikes against the main target; the use of missile-artillery ships and other
ships from ship strike groups to oppose the enemy's countertracking ships, radar
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picket ships, and radioelectronic warfare ships; the most effective organization
of defense when repelling strikes by enemy aircraft, surface ships, and
submarines; and the safety of our own ships' employment of weapons and the
preclusion of unintentional interference with weapon control systems.
The positions of ship strike groups engaged in tracking are assigned in
permanent operating sectors and constitute areas delimited by the sides of these
sectors and by designated minimum and maximum ranges from the main target for
employing weapons.
72. When maneuvering in tracking positions, strike groups maintain their
assigned positions relative to the main target based on data provided by their
own observation means and by direct-tracking ships.
When the threat of a direct enemy attack arises, the squadron (large-unit,
group, ship) commander makes a decision to raise the level of readiness prior to
the initiation of combat actions and takes camouflage measures. He immediately
reports this up the chain of command.
73. Combat duty tasks are performed in areas where the probable enemy's
naval forces are operating, and under conditions where the aggressive
imperialist countries are conducting active reconnaissance.
In all cases, when performing any combat duty task, each ship and aircraft
must conduct reconnaissance, strive to identify the nature of the actions of the
probable enemy's naval forces, their composition, weaponry, tactical techniques,
and methods of employing weapons, their use of technical means, and the
parameters and procedures for operating radioelectronic means.
Countering foreign reconnaissance is achieved by observing maximum secrecy
in our actions and by taking camouflage and radioelectronic warfare measures to
disrupt the enemy's attempts to determine the composition of our combat duty
forces and the nature of. the tasks performed by them. Countering the enemy's
technical reconnaissance means must be performed especially carefully so that
the radiation parameters of, and the procedures for using, our own
radioelectronic means are concealed.
5Matee'
74. When performing combat .duty in distant areas, commanderscflrge units
or ships organize the defense of their ships so that the combat forces
performing tasks are, as a rule, directly contiguous to the probable enemy's
forces. As a result, the danger of a surprise attack is especially high.
The main threat to surface ships at sea is surprise strikes from air attack
means and submarines, while for submarines it is the probable enemy's
antisubmarine warfare forces.
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SWAM
75. Commanders of large units, groups, and ships on combat duty must
constantly be ready to take urgent, decisive, and bold actions at any moment to
suppress any aggressive and provocative actions by the probable enemy against
our forces and civilian vessels, and report this to the higher command. For
this purpose a specific procedure has been established for rapidly transmitting
especially important reports on indications of aggression against the Soviet
Union and countries friendly to it and on the detection of missile submarines,
groups of air targets, and aircraft carrier and other major groupings of ships
of foreign countries.
76. Rear services and special-technical support in combat duty areas is
organized, as a rule, by the Navy's rear services, weapon, and ship repair
means. For this purpose brigades of support ships (diviziony of supply vessels,
delivery vessels, and technical support vessels) are formed which are under the
command of the senior chief in the area where combat duty is being performed.
Support vessels must constantly have the necessary stores and be equipped
with means for delivering them, including while underway at sea.
77. While performing combat duty tasks, a squadron (large-unit, group)
commander is responsible for maintaining stockpiles of weapons and materiel on
ships (vessels) within the limits set as the minimum standard and for the combat
readiness of support forces and means. He organizes the use of support vessels
under his command and their defense, designates to ships the areas and times
allotted for delivering supplies, and indicates the types and numbers of weapons
and other cargo to be delivered to each ship.
The ship commander is responsible for organizing the rendezvous with support
vessels, strictly adhering to the time allotted for supply delivery. Depending
on the type of weapons used, the nature of the cargo and cargo-handling
equipment, and the conditions and time allotted for supply delivery, he selects
the most rational method of supply delivery (astern, abreast, by helicopter, or
by other means).
SEOtek
78. Cooperation between combat duty forces in a fleet's operational zone is
organized by the commander of the fleet; in the operational zones of flotillas
(operational squadrons) it is organized by flotilla commanders (operational
squadron commanders); and in an area where a large unit is performing combat
duty it is organized by the large-unit commander.
79. Fleet commanders control combat duty forces in their own operational
zones b..2_aE9..x....s_uAlgithroldirh formation commanders and large-unit commanders.
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