COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: THE DEFENSE OF BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS AND UNITS
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
0001430728
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
U
Document Page Count:
34
Document Creation Date:
June 19, 2017
Document Release Date:
June 19, 2017
Sequence Number:
Case Number:
SC-2007-00006
Publication Date:
April 30, 1987
File:
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Body:
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AR 70-14
APPROVED FOR RELEASE
CIA HISTORICAL RELEASE
PROGRAM
,JUNE 2017
Lento inteingence Agency
LLIG
ifT
Wa4 ington. O. C. 20505
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT
: COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY:
The Defense of Basing Areas and Sea Lines
of Communication and the Basing and Rebasing
(Redeployment) of Large Units and Units
30 April 1987
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is a translation of
part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy combat regulations, classified SECRET
and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This eighth report in
the series covers the actions taken by the Soviet Navy to defend naval basing
areas, sea lines of communication, and convoys against a perceived mine,
submarine, or small-combatant threat. It also describes the system of basing,
rebasing, and redeployment of Soviet naval forces and defines naval basing
terms.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document
should be handled on a strict n -to-know is within recipient agencies.
r . orge
Deputy Director for Operations
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Director of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Director of Soviet Analysis
Director of Scientific and Weapons Research
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. 1983
SOURCE
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Intelligence Information Special Report
SUBJECT
Page 3 of 33 Pages
DATE
30 April 1987
Combat Regulations of the Soviet Navy: Chapters 10 and 11, Combat
Actions to Defend 13at1ag..Ar_w_i_nd Sea Lines of Comizadcatico and
he Basing and Rebasing (Redeployment) fIrge and Units
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of Chapters 10 and 11 of
the SECRET 1983 edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for
the Soviet Navy. Chapter 10 describes the actions taken by the Soviet Navy
operating alone or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces to
defend naval basing areas and sea lines of communication (SLOCs). Bases are
protected by setting up defenses against enemy submarines, mines, small
combatants, and combat-swimmer forces using naval warships and, if the situation
warrants it, using units from the Ground Forces and Air Defense Forces.
Attention is also give4 to the methods used to protect Soviet submarines, ships,
and auxiliaries as they exit from or enter basing areas and how to provide those
areas maximum protection against nuclear weapons before, during, and after an
enemy nuclear attack. The section on SLOC defense deals primarily with the
screening and protection of convoys against enemy submarines, mines, and small-
combatants. Chapter 11 briefly describes the system and purpose of basing,
rebasing, and redeployment of Soviet naval forces and defines such terms as main
basing points, dispersal basing points, maneuver basing points, supply points,
anchorages, and dispersed ship-repair points.
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PAGE 3 (CONTINUATION)
Page 3a of 33 Pages
30 April 1987
Translator's comments appearing in the text of this report are enclosed in
brackets.
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USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
Copy No.
COMBAT REGULATIONS
OF THE NAVY
FOR
DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP
Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983
as Per Order No. 039
of the USSR Minister of Defense
MOSCOW
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
1983
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TABLE OF CONTENTS*
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CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN
OPERATIONS
The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission
The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the
Fundamentals of Naval Combat
Combat Service
CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES
General Provisions
Control Posts
The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation
The Organization of Communications
The Employment of Automated Control Systems
The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of
Forces
CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK
CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITY OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT
Submarine Division (Brigade)
Surface Ship Division (Brigade)
Naval Aviation Division (Regiment)
Naval Infantry Division (Regiment)
Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment)
CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITY OF THE SHIP
The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions
The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness
The Ship in Sea Transit
The Organization of the Defense and Protection of the Ship
The Ship in Battle
CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS
CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES
Comment: Although Chapters 1-9 and Chapter 12 are not included
in this report, their titles and subsection titles have been provided for
in purposes.
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CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS
CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE
UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES
Combat Actions to Land Amphibious Landing Forces
The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes
The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes
CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES
OF COMMUNICATION 7
The Defense of Basing Areas 8
The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication 19
The Fundamentals of Convoy Service 22
CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS
AND UNITS 28
Basing 28
Rebasing (Redeployment) 31
CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS
Combat Support
Special Technical Support
Rear Services Support
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CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS
AND SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION
485. Combat actions to defend basing areas and sea lines of communication
[SLOCs] are conducted by large units and units of all types of forces of the
Navy in operations (combat actions) of a fleet or mixed force flotilla
(squadron)* independently or in cooperation with large units and units of other
branches of the Armed Forces.
486. In order to defend basing areas and SLOCs, in a flee (flotilla)
operation the following groupings are formed: gouping ?rwrces to destroy
enemy naval forces and cover fleet basing points from strikes by them; a
grauning...algrogia to directly defend and protect fleet forces and installations
from enemy strikes from land; a g ou ? . .o. s; a
grou in to deliver r gainst enemy forces opposing sea
transportation; a grnuping of forces for the direct screening of convoys
(auxiliaries) at loading, unloading, and forming-up points and during sea
transit; and,a grouping nf reserve forces.
Based on the decision of the fleet (flotilla) commander in chief, groupings
of forces are formed from the complement of mixed fprce flotillas or naval bases
(large units of offshore defense ships), large units, and units and also ships
not included in a mixed force flotilla or a naval base (large unit of offshore
defense ships). Based on the decision of the front troop commander, groupings
are also formed from s ci 11 -detailed motorized rif e nk - .nd
forti ied'areas_. And sometimes groupings are formed from naval infantry units.
A grouping of air defense troops and forces includes forces and means used
to provide direct cover to basing areas and SLOCs.
487. The commander in chief of a mixed force flotilla is responsible for
defending and protecting basing areas and SLOCs against weapons of mass
destruction in his operational zone, and the commander of a naval base (large
unit of offshore defense ships) is responsible for it in his zone (area) of
responsibility.
488. In order to conduct combat actions to defend basing areas and SLOCs, a
zone (area) of responsibility is assigned to a naval base (large unit of
offshore defense ships). It includes a sea theater sector with the following
* Henceforth a mixed force flotilla (squadron) will be called a mixed force
flotilla.
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located within its limits: ship (auxiliary) basing points, coastal
installations, and SLOC sectors with loading and unloading points.
The dimensions of the zone (area) of responsibility and its boundaries are
set by the staff of a fleet (mixed force flotilla) in accordance with the
situation in the operational zone of the fleet (mixed force flotilla) and the
availability and capabilities of the forces and means in the complement of the
naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships), taking into account the
prevention of enemy strikes against basing areas and SLOCs.
489. Preparation for the defense of basing areas and SLOCs is done in
peacetime. The main measures taken to prepare for combat actions are: making
the decision; assigning tasks to large units, ships, and units; planning combat
actions; organizing cooperation; preparing the command, the staffs, and the
forces for the performance of their assigned tasks; completing final preparation
of combat action areas; organizing all types of support; organizing control; and
monitoring the readiness of forces for combat actions.
The planning of combat actions is carried out according to tasks. In the
planning process the following are developed: the plan for the defense of
basing areas and SLOCs; the air defense plan; the plans for the main types of
combat support, vp_eial technical support, and rear services support; the plans
for the organization of control and communications; the plan for cooperation;
and other documents.
490. The cooperation and control of forces participating in combat actions
to defend basing areas and SLOCs are organized and carried out by the commander
in chief of a mixed force flotilla in his operational zone and by the commander
of a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships) in his zone (area) of
responsibility.
The Defense of Basing Areas
491. The defense of basing areas is carried out in order to hold them and
prevent strikes against them from the sea, air, and land; to protect the fleet
forces and installations located in them; to create favorable conditions for
restoring the combat capability of forces and preparing then for combat actions;
and to support a stable operating regime in the coastal areas of a theater of
military operations. It includes: destroying enemy forces operating against
fleet forces and installations in basing areas; covering fleet forces and their
basing points from strikes from seaward and from the air; providing
antisubmarine, mine-countermeasure, anti-small-combatant, and counter-swimmer
defense (or support); protecting fleet basing installations from weapons of mass
destruction; and also defending [basing areas] from land.
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492. Combat actions to destroy diverse enemy forces operating against our
forces and installations in the basing area and to cover then from strikes from
seaward and from the air are organized, as a rules_ by the commander of a naval
base (large unit of offshore &Tense ships) in his zone (area) of responsibility
-611-tfie basis of [the following] zones.
A far zone is established to detect the enemy, warn our own forces, and
disrupt (hinder) the strikes organized by the enemy against basing areas
(points).
An intermediate zone is established to destroy surface ships, small
combatants, and submarines attacking our ships and auxiliaries in basing areas,
on the approaches to them, and in transit through coastal fairways [pribrezhnyye
farvatery] and to destroy submarines and midget submarines carrying mines and
combat swimmer forces and means.
A near zone is established to destroy surface ships, small combatants,
submarines, missiles, smart bombs [upravlyayemyye bomby], mines, and combat
swimmer forces and means.
Large units (groups) of ships at basing points organize self defense within
the near zone.
493. The air defense of large units, ships, and installations in basing areas
and the coastal zone is organized and carried out by the forces and means of the
coastal military district (front), the forces and means of a formation
[ob"yedineniye] (or large unit) ofthe Air Defense Forces, and by fleet air
defense forces.
The disposition of the air defense system must allow for combining the area
air defense of [basing] areas with point air defense of large units (groups),
units, and ships operating in these [basing] areas. The:_eaat _air defense is
cscled-out-bit-figlater_miation forces controlled from coastal command eats
(:u e posts), fr_pm_AggbacijmnIWILIN11..guidanne-p0Sts for fighter aviation
and from riU4i-Surveillance aircraft [samolety radiolokatsionnogo
ora and by long-range surface-to-air missile complexes.
494. The air defense of fleet coastal units is carried out by surface-to-
air missile large units, by front air defense units and fighter aviation of the
Air Forces and by the Air Defense Forces. In order to increase coverage against
air strikes, the surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery subunits of
these units are used.
495. The commander of a naval base (or of a large unit of offshore defense
ships) organizes the following: timely dispersal of ships (auxiliaries) and
materiel; observation of the situation in the air using coastal and shipboard
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radiotechnical means; cover and deception; the reinforcement of large units of
front air defense troops and the Air Defense Forces with shipboard fire weapons
and the deployment of radar picket ships; cooperation when using the
antiaircraft means of ships included in the overall air defense system; and the
watch duties of the air defense forces and means of subordinate large units
(units) in accordance with the orders of the fleet (flotilla) commander in
chief.
496. The commander of a large unit (group) of ships anchored in a basing
area organizes air defense using the ships' air defense means. Accordingly, he
Is obliged to do the following: establish communications with the senior
surface-to-air missile officer; clarify matters concerning the organization of
air defense; assign each ship a sector of observation and fire; organize control
of air defense means; and specify the readiness level of shipboard air defense
means and the procedures for their combat duty (boyevoye dezhurstvo).
497. The commander of a large unit (group) is responsible for maintaining
the constant readiness of the large unit's (group's) shipboard air defense
means; warning all ships of the large unit (group) about the air enemy; making a
timely decision on the use of shipboard air defense means and controlling them
when repelling an air attack independently or in cooperation with the surface-
to-air missile troops and fighter aviation of the front Air Forces and the Air
Defense Forces; and detailing ships (auxiliaries) from within the large unit
(group) to assist the crews of fighter aircraft who have made a forced landing
or have ejected in the area of the large unit (group) of ships.
498. Observation of the situation in the air is done by large units of
front air defense troops and the Air Defense Forces, by radar picket ships, and
by the technical and visual means of the large unit (group) of ships. The depth
of the radar field of the large unit must correspond to the prescribed readiness
of its fire weapons, preclude the possibility of a surprise attack from the air
from low or extremely low altitudes, and ensure the timely employment of
shipboard air defense means.
499. Cooperation between surface-to-air missile troops, fighter aviation,
and the air defense fire weapons of ships when anchored at basing points or
roadsteads is organized by the commander of a large unit of the front air
defense troops or the Air Defense Forces.
500. The surface-to-air means of ships included in the overall air defense
system are centrally controlled by the senior surface-to-air missile officer
through the command posts of large-unit commanders or, when ships are berthed
separately, through ship commanders.
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The surface-to-air means of ships not included in the overall air defense
system are controlled from the command posts of the commanders of large units
(groups) of ships.
501. Antisubmarine defense (support) in a zone (area) of responsibility is
organized to ensure that forces in bases and at sea are safe from strikes by
enemy submarines.
(Four pages of the original document were not received.]
(?] in the [sea] transit of our own forces, the landing of amphibious landing
forces, the assault crossing of mine threat areas with our own forces, and in
other instances of support for combat actions; and also when acquiring
information or detecting any signs that the enemy has employed mine weaponry in
the combat action areas of our own forces.
512. In order to ensure the safety of navigation of ships and auxiliaries,
not less than two systems of fairways are set up. One fairway system is the
operating system and the others (sic] are alternates. The operating and
alternate fairway systems are linked by connecting fairways (perekhodnyye
farvatery).
513. When there is not enough time to reconnoiter for mines, and also when
there are not enough minesweepers to search for mines, the exit (entry) of ships
and auxiliaries from (to) basing points is ensured by guiding them behind
sweeps.
514. Minefields are destroyed as quickly as possible in those eases where
they present a real threat to the navigation and combat activity of ships and
auxiliaries.
In order to support emergency exits of ships and auxiliaries from basing
points when there is not enough time or the necessary number of minesweepers,
minefields are destroyed or disarmed by underwater explosions of line charges
(shnurovyye zaryady], depth charges, and aerial bombs. In this case the
appropriate measures must be taken to reduce the probability of damage to ships
and auxiliaries by the mines which remain after underwater explosions are
carried out.
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515. Anti-small-combatant defense (anti-small-combatant support) in a zone
(area) of responsibility is organized to ensure that ship forces and coastal
installations are safe from missile, torpedo, and gunnery strikes from enemy
small combatants and to prevent the laying of minefields and the landing of
reconnaissance-sabotage groups.
516. The basis of anti-small-combatant defense consists of reconnaissance
of enemy surface forces, combat actions by maneuver forces to search for and
destroy enemy small combatants, and actions to support the exit (return) of
large units (groups) of ships (auxiliaries) from (to) basing points.
517. Reconnaissance of enemy surface forces is carried out by radio and
radiotechnical reconnaissance forces and means, by airborne and ship patrols,
and by radiotechnical and visual observation.
516. Combat actions to search for and destroy enemy small combatants
include: destroying enemy small combatants on call on the basis of intelligence
data; and searching for and destroying small combatants on threat axes where
reliable intelligence on enemy surface forces is not ensured.
519. Support against attacks by enemy small combatants when large units of
surface ships are exiting (entering) [basing areas] includes: coverage of
surface ships on threat axes from attacks by enemy small combatants; support
from screening forces [sily okhraneniyal when repelling attacks by small
combatants; and reinforcement of protection on transit route sectors where there
is a threat of attacks by small combatants.
520. Surface ships, small combatants, coastal missile-artillery troop
units, and ship- and land-based attack [shturmovaya] aviation are used to
destroy enemy small combatants. Fire-support helicopters may also be used to
perform this task.
Radioelectronic warfare means and cover-and-deception means are employed to
reduce the effectiveness of strikes by enemy small combatants.
521. The disposition of the anti-small-combatant defense must provide for
hitting detected enemy small combatants throughout the depth of the zone (area)
of responsibility.
When there is a limited complement of forces and means, point defense of the
basing points and anchorages of ships is organized. In this ease the
destruction of enemy small combatants in the remaining portion of the zone
(area) of responsibility is carried out in the course of systematic combat
actions.
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522. A counter-swimmer defense Eprotivopodvodno-diversionnaya &wrens]
(counter-swimmer support) in a zone (area) of responsibility is organized to
interdict the actions of enemy combat swimmer forces and means (podvodno-
diversionnyye ally i sredstva] against ships (auxiliaries) and hydrotechnical
and coastal installations at basing points and to disrupt reconnaissance
conducted by them.
523. The basis of a counter-swimmer defense consists of the aggregate of
measures with regard to searching for and destroying platforms, saboteurs, and
their weapons and also consists of measures for hampering the actions of combat
swimmers.
The following forces are used to perform counter-swimmer defense tasks:
special maneuver forces and stationary means for countering combat swimmers;
self-defense means of ships, auxiliaries, and coastal installations; shipborne
small craft, ASW helicopters, counter-swimmer forces and means detachments,
coastal radiotechnical surveillance means, and security subunits (podrazdeleniya
okhrany].
524. A counter-swimmer defense is organized according to zones.
The search for and destruction of submarines carrying combat-swimmer forces
and means, midget submarines, and self-propelled underwater vehicles are carried
out hulmjauant_:The depth _of_tile_zone_12_20-25 LnautIna11 miles from the
entrance to the basing point, '
The search for and destruction of midget submarines, self-propelled
underwater vehicles, and combat swimmers on propulsion units are carried out in
theinutgliateb.p. depth of the zone ? ? - t:uticall miles from
the entrance to the basing
The search for and destruction of counter-swimmer forces and means which
have penetrated into the basing point are carried out in the near zone. The
depth of the zone includes the water area of the basing point.
Attacks by combat-swimmer forces and means are repelled in the self-defense
zone of ships. The depth of the zone is determined by the range of shipboard
means of destruction.
525. In order to defend ships in basing points, a system of fire
destruction must be stipulated which includes planned fire destruction and
preventive depth-charging (or use of grenades).
Planned fire destruction is carried out using the method of moving and
stationary barrages.
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Preventive depth-charging (or use of grenades) is carried out in order to
force combat-swimmer forces to surface or abort their mission.
526. The protection and defense of coastal installations from sabotage is
carried out by security subunits in cooperation with units and subunits of
border troops of other branches of the Armed Forces deployed on the coast.
527. In order to provide security against the mine weaponry of combat
swimmers, periodic examinations of the submerged portion of ships' hulls,
important hydrotechnical facilities, and the [sea] bottom at anchorages are
carried out by shipborne frogmen and counter-swimmer forces and means
detachments.
528. Before combat actions begin, ships (auxiliaries) anchored in foreign
ports organize the following: surveillance duty (dozornaya sluzhba] on the
upper deck along the perimeter of the ship, illumination of the water area
around the ship, examination by frogmen of the submerged portion of the hull
(with permission from the local authorities), and patrol duty [patrultnaya
sluzhba] on the pier.
529. Protecdon against weapons of mass destruction is organized for basing
areas to reduce as much as possible the effects of nuclear, chemical, and
bacteriological (biological) weapons on large units, units, and ships operating
in the zone (area) of responsibility, to retain their combat capability, and to
ensure the stability of the basing system under such conditions.
Protection is organized taking into account the possibility of widespread
radiological contamination and extensive destruction of the stationary elements
of the basing system.
530. Protection against weapons of mass destruction in the zone (area) of
responsibility of a naval base (or large unit of offshore defense ships)
includes the following: dispersing large units, units, and ships and
periodically changing their anchorages (disposition), taking into account the
protective and camouflage properties of the terrain; carrying out engineer
preparation of the basing points of ships and the disposition areas of units;
warning large units, units, and ships about the direct threat and initiation of
enemy employment of weapons of mass destruction; carrying out anti-epidemic,
sanitary-hygienic, and special preventive medical and veterinary measures;
detecting the aftereffects of enemy employment of weapons of mass destruction
and notifying large units, units, and ships about them; moving unharmed forces
out of dangerous areas; and helping large units, units, and ships eliminate the
aftereffects of the enemy's employment of weapons of mass destruction.
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531. The timely dispersal, concealment, and camouflaging of forces and
supplies of materiel must be a constant concern of the commander of a naval base
(commander of a large unit of offshore defense ships).
532. The staff of the naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships)
warns large units, units, and ships about the direct threat and initiation of
enemy employment of weapons of mass destruction and also notifies them about the
aftereffects of the enemy's employment of weapons of mass destruction.
533. In order to acquire data on the parameters of nuclear bursts in a zone
(area) of responsibility, the fixing of nuclear bursts is organized and carried
out by subunits of chemical protection units equipped with special means and by
posts in the coastal observation system.
534. The timely detection of radiological, chemical, and bacteriological
(biological) contamination is achieved by organizing radiological, chemical, and
bacteriological (biological) observation by the forces and means of chemical
protection units, by posts of radiotechnical units, by roadstead posts, and by
units and ships located in the zone (area) of responsibility.
The identification of damage, sinkings, fires, and the radiological,
chemical, and bacteriological (biological) situation in the zone (area) of
responsibility is carried out by subunits of the naval engineer, chemical, and
medical services.
535. Assistance to damaged ships (auxiliaries) and rescue operations are
provided by the forces and means of the rescue detachments of a naval base and
the fleet search-and-rescue service.
In order to assist coastal units and conduct rescue and emergency repair and
recovery operations at centers of destruction, rear services units and subunits
and coastal rescue detachments are used. They are formed in military
construction detachments, training detachments, naval schools, and arsenals; at
coastal and aviation-technical bases; and at depots, repair enterprises, and
other installations in accordance with the list specified by the order of the
commander of the naval base.
In order to perform [rescue] operations which require skilled personnel and
special equipment, coastal rescue detachments are reinforced by subunits of
special troops and services of the naval base.
If there are centers of massive medical casualties, special medical units
and facilities are sent to the boundaries of those centers.
536. After the enemy has employed weapons of sass destruction, decisive
steps are taken to restore the normal functioning of basing points as rapidly as
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possible and to help ships (auxiliaries) and units restore their combat
capability and eliminate the aftereffects of the enemy's employment of weapons
of mass destruction.
If a basing point sustains major damage and dangerous contamination, forces
and means are rebased to other [basing] points, or additional basing points,
supply points, and ship-repair points are established in new areas.
537. The naval base commander is responsible for warning and sheltering the
civilian population in a timely manner and for evacuating it in accordance with
the fleet plan.
538. Amtilanding defense and huld defense are carried out by large units of
the Ground Forces in cooperation with large units and units of a flotilla (naval
base).
In certain cases, when the execution of ant ilanding defense tasks is
assigned to a flotilla or naval base, they [are supported?] by large units and
units of the Ground Forces.
539. When antilanding defense and land defense are organized, it is
determined where the anticipated landing areas of enemy landing forces,
reconnaissance-sabotage groups, and combat swimmers will be, surveillance of the
sea approaches to these areas is organized, minefields and engineer obstacles
are set up in landing threat sectors, and measures are developed to destroy
landing ship detachments at sea and as they approach the shore.
The commander of a large unit (unit) organizes the destruction of enemy
reconnaissance-sabotage groups that have landed within the disposition area of
the large unit (unit).
540. The protection and defense of coastal (land-based) installations are
organized by the commanders of large units and units (subunits) in their basing
points (disposition areas) for the given conditions of the situation, and the
required forces and means are detailed by them for this.
When necessary, upon the instructions of the commander of a large unit
(unit), personnel from other garrison units may be called upon to perform guard
duty.
Based on the commander's decision, the staff of a large unit (unit),
together with the staffs of support units, develops the plan for protection and
defense of installations in the area of responsibility.
541. The protection and defense of coastal (land-based) installations
(command posts, control posts, main basing points, dispersal basing points,
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airfields, firing positions, arsenals, depots, and areas and points where
equipment and other materiel are located) are organized to cover them from enemy
air strikes and protect them against land attacks by the enemy (his
reconnaissance-sabotage groups, penetrating units and subunits, and combat
swimmers), and against airborne and amphibious landings.
542. Coverage of installations from enemy air strikes is implemented, as a
rule, within the overall air defense system.
In order to provide air defense for the most important installations,
surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) are detailed
(formed) from the air defense forces of the fleet, the Ground Forces, and the
Air Defense Forces, and in some cases from units (subunits) of fighter (fighter-
bomber) aircraft.
543. Installations receive engineer preparation in the form of trenches,
communication trenches, shelters, and obstacles using signalling systems and
means. Units and subunits are made responsible for defense sectors, the
procedure for actions and the conduct of fire are determined, and the signals
for controlling battle are specified.
544. In order to successfully repel an enemy attack, continuous
reconnaissance and surveillance are organized using observation posts, patrols,
listening posts [rety], and sentries, including on motor vehicles (armored
personnel carriers). When necesiary, air reconnaissance may be performed in
support of land defense. Data on the enemy are immediately transmitted to the
senior officer in charge.
545. The defense of dispersal basing points is organized within the overall
defense system of the operational zone of a mixed force flotilla or in the zone
(area) of responsibility of a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships).
When ships from one or several large units are anchored at one dispersal
basing point, the commander of the basing point (large-unit commander or the
senior officer at a roadstead) is responsible for organizing the defense.
All commanders (captains) of ships (auxiliaries) anchored at a roadstead are
subordinate to the senior officer at the roadstead.
When necessary, the commander in chief of a mixed force flotilla or the
commander of a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships) details
additional forces and means to reinforce individual aspects of the basing
point's defense in accordance with instructions from the commander of the large
unit (senior officer at the roadstead).
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546. The exit of large units and ships from basing points is supported by the
forces of mixed force flotillas and naval bases (large units of offshore defense
ships) and by large units and units of front air defense troops, front Air
Forces, and the Air Defense Forces.
The scope of measures to support an exit (entry) depends on the specific
conditions of the situation, the type and quantity of ships and auxiliaries
exiting (entering), and the availability of support forces and means.
Support for the exit of large units from bases (basing points) is organized
at the large-unit commander's request, which is submitted according to
prescribed procedures in the fleet. When exiting from bases, the commanders of
large units must take all possible measures to defend their ships with their own
forces and means.
547. The most important condition that ensures that exiting (entering)
ships and auxiliaries are safe from enemy attacks is concealment of their exit
(entry).
Ships and auxiliaries are not allowed to turn on their radars when exiting
(entering) basing points, except in cases when this is necessary to ensure
navigation safety or when repelling an enemy attack.
548. As a rule s
01$:
ints while submerged.
When the military-geographic conditions of the area do not permit a
submerged exit, submarines exit on the surface [either] independently or with an
escort.
Submarines areg_exiting(enterin) bases in order to ensure
that they are safe from attacksbyenei?inari7lii, aircraft, and surface ships
and from mines.
Surface ships and aircraft are called upon for escort service.
The commander of a large unit of surface ships is designated as the escort
commander. All forces making up the escort are subordinate to him.
In order to organize cooperation with submarines and aviation, officer
representatives from the large unit of escorted submarines and (escorting)
aviation must be located on the escort commander's ship.
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The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication
549. The defense of sea lines of communication (SLOCs) is carried out in
order to ensure the sea transit of troops, armaments, and materiel in support of
the fleet, the maritime fronts, and also the national economy. It consists of
destroying enemy forces which are a threat to sea transportation; covering and
defending from sea and air strikes loading and unloading points, convoys and
single transports (auxiliaries) in sea transit, and the basing points of forces
defending SLOCs; creating conditions which ensure the mine and navigation safety
of our transports (auxiliaries) and ships and creating conditions which hamper
enemy ships' navigation.
Cooperation between forces participating in the defense of SLOCs is
organized by the commander In chief of a flotilla or the commander of a naval
base (large unit of offshore defense ships) in his operational zone or zone
(area) of responsibility. When this is done, the tasks and actions of the
following forces are coordinated: convoys, forces for their direct cover, and
forces detailed for operational cover.
550. The method of sea transportation -- convoys or single transports
(auxiliaries) -- is determined by and depends on the following: the amount and
time periods of transportation; Oe availability of forces and means to perform
tasks; the capabilities of loading and unloading points; the distance of lines
of communication from enemy basing areas; the enemy's capabilities to oppose our
transportation; and also the military-geographic conditions of the area.
551. National economic sea transportation, fishing, the hunting of sea
animals, the harvesting of ocean produce, and the mining of ocean minerals in
the operational zones of mixed force flotillas and in the zones (areas) of
responsibility of naval bases (large units of offshore defense ships) is planned
by ship owners and coordinated with the staffs of the mixed force flotillas and
naval bases (large units of offshore defense ships).
552. The staff of a mixed force flotilla or of a naval base (large unit of
offshore defense ships) organizes all types of combat support for the defense of
SLOCs.
The safety of auxiliaries at loading (unloading) points is ensured within
the defense system of basing areas by the forces of a mixed force flotilla or of
a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships); at stopover points and
sheltering points the safety of auxiliaries is ensured by direct screening
forces and, in certain cases, by reinforced forces upon the decision of the
commander in chief of the mixed force flotilla or the decision of the commander
of the naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships).
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553. The organization of air defense for sea transportation consists of
providing timely warning to convoys and individual auxiliaries about the air
enemy; covering them from enemy air strikes at loading points, forming-up
points, intermediate points, and sheltering points when they are in sea transit
and in their assigned areas; preventing the enemy from conducting air
reconnaissance and airborne minelaying in the areas (on the routes) of sea
transportation.
The air defense of sea transportation in operational zones and zones (areas)
of responsibility is organized by the forces and means of front air defense and
the Air Defense Forces based on tasks assigned by the staff of a mixed force
flotilla or of a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships).
In sectors of SLOCs not covered by the front air defense system, the air
defense of sea transportation is carried out by the air defense forces and means
of a mixed force flotilla, a naval base (large unit or offshore defense ships),
or the convoys (auxiliaries) themselves.
During sea transit by convoys (auxiliaries) beyond the range of coastal
guidance posts for fighter aviation but within fighter aviation's tactical
combat radius, radar picket ships with shipboard control and guidance posts for
fighter aviation (KPUNIA) may be detailed from the complement of a mixed force
flotilla or a naval base (large unit of offshore defense ships) to control
fighter aircraft.
554. The organization of reconnaissance to support sea transportation
consists of identifying the enemy's system of measures aimed at disrupting or
interdicting our sea transportation; identifying the composition, location, and
the nature of the activity of the enemy's forces, detecting enemy forces in a
timely manner, ensuring that the strike groups are vectored against them, and
determining the results of strikes; identifying submarine operating areas and
mined areas; identifying the tactics of enemy forces during their actions on
SLOCs; and uncovering the enemy's reconnaissance system aimed at identifying our
transportation.
Operational reconnaissance data from the fleet and from cooperating large
units (formations) of other branches of the Armed Forces are used to support
reconnaissance organized within the operational zone of a mixed force flotilla
and in the zone of responsibility of a naval base.
555. The protection of convoys and individual auxiliaries from weapons of
mass destruction consists of warning convoys and individual auxiliaries about
the immediate threat of employment of nuclear weapons and radiological
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contamination; dispersing auxiliaries at loading (unloading) points; detailing
rescue ships to convoys; and helping auxiliaries eliminate the aftereffects of
enemy employment of weapons of mass destruction.
556. The organization of radioelectronic warfare (REB) in support of sea
transportation consists of suppressing enemy radioelectronic means of
reconnaissance and means for controlling forces and weapons by jamming them;
protecting the radioelectronic means of convoys and individual auxiliaries; and
creating a false radioelectronic situation.
557. The organization of cover and deception in support of sea
transportation consists of opposing enemy reconnaissance forces; establishing
operating regimes for radioelectronic means; specifying the transit times of
convoys and individual auxiliaries in accordance with visibility and weather
conditions; and using technical means of cover and deception.
558. The organization of ASW support for sea transportation consists of
warning convoys and individual auxiliaries about detected enemy submarines on
transit routes; searching for and destroying submarines on a convoy's transit
route and on the approaches to it; providing ASW coverage on the movement routes
of convoys (individual auxiliaries); deploying ASW lines (barriers); and setting
up positioned obstacles.
559. The organization of mine-countermeasures support for sea
transportation consists of detecting mines on the transit routes of convoys and
individual auxiliaries in a timely manner; warning convoys about a mine threat;
supporting the search for a route around a minefield or the crossing of a
minefield by a convoy or individual auxiliary; and reducing the probability of
an auxiliary hitting mines by monitoring the status of its physical fields and
by specifying modes of movement which reduce the possibility of setting off
pressure mines.
560. The organization of anti-small-combatant support consists of assigning
routes and times and selecting weather conditions which reduce the probability
of encountering enemy small combatants; warning convoys and individual
auxiliaries about the detection of enemy small combatants in a timely manner;
covering convoys and individual auxiliaries on transit routes from strikes by
small combatants; supporting convoy screening forces when repelling strikes; and
reinforcing the screening of convoys on sectors of the transit route which are
threatened by attacks from small combatants.
561. Navigation-hydrographic support and hydrometeorological support are
organized to create favorable navigation-hydrographic conditions for convoy
deployment and for continuous information on the actual and anticipated
hydrometeorological situation.
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562. Forces providing cover to SLOCs in their operational zone or zone
(area) of responsibility are centrally controlled from the command post of the
commander in chief of a mixed force flotilla or the commander of a naval base
(large unit of offshore defense ships).
The Fundamentals of Convoy Service
563. Convoy service [konvoynaya sluzhba] is the aggregate of measures and
actions performed to ensure that the deployment, production activity, and
anchorage of auxiliaries (transports) are safe from actions taken against them
by enemy forces and means.
564. Convoy _service_ sections (branches) are formed in wartime in the staffs
of mixed force flotillas and naval bases (large units of offshore defense ships)
to organize convoy service. They organize and support the performance of tasks
in defense of shipping and the cooperation between the control organs of
formations and large units of the Navy Angjj_lespi_p_omers.
565. A convoy is organized for the direct screening of transports
(auxiliaries) that are transporting troops, military cargo, and national
economic cargo by sea.
A convoy is formed based on the order or combat instruction of the commander
in chief of a fleet (the commander in chief of a mixed force flotilla, or the
commander of a naval base).
566. Control of convoys between t-. -rs s exercised tit.. he instructions
of the Main Staff of the Navy; ? taften_bases-if_is exercised by the staff of a
fleet (mixed force flotilla); and within a base_ it is exercised by the staff of
Tidied force flotilla, (naval base).
Regardless of who is controlling a convoy, the staffs of a fleet, mixed
force flotilla, naval base, or large unit of offshore defense ships continually
follow the convoy's actions in the zone through which the convoy's route passes
and create conditions which ensure the successful performance of the convoy's
tasks.
567. A convoy consists of auxiliaries formed into a detachment
(detachments) and screening forces (large units, units, ships, aircraft, and
helicopters).
A detachment, as a rule, is made up of auxiliaries having similar
maneuvering and seakeeping qualities. The number of auxiliaries in a detachment
is determined on the basis of the purpose of the sea transit, the task to be
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performed, the availability of screening forces, the special features of the
theater, and the probability of enemy opposition.
The task of the screening forces is to ensure that auxiliaries in sea
transit are safe from enemy strikes.
The delivery of strikes against enemy groupings and the coverage of convoys
during sea transit and at loading and unloading points are carried out according
to the plan of the staff of a fleet (mixed force flotilla, naval base).
Depending on possible enemy opposition on threat axes, submarines are
deployed to cover SLOCs, covering detachments (detachment) of surface ships are
formed, air reconnaissance and radioelectronic reconnaissance are conducted, and
missile-carrying and attack aviation units and coastal missile-artillery troop
units are designated to deliver strikes against enemy groupings which are
hindering the transit of convoys.
568. The loading of auxiliaries and the rendezvous of screening forces and
loaded auxiliaries in the convoy formation area are carried out according to the
plan of the staff of a fleet (mixed force flotilla, naval base).
The commander of the convoy, together with his underway staff, directly
forms up the convoy and prepares it for sea transit.
As a rule, one of the commanders of the large units which are screening the
convoy is designated as the convoy commander. He is responsible for the forces
and auxiliaries subordinated to him from the time the convoy is formed until it
reaches its destination.
In order to control the screening ships and auxiliaries in convoys made up
of a large number of screened auxiliaries and screening ships, the convoy
commander may form detachments of auxiliaries and designate the commanders of
the screening forces and the commanders of the detachments of auxiliaries.
569. In accordance with the order (combat instruction), the convoy
commander makes the decision on the convoy's transit, wherein he specifies the
following: the variants of the anticipated situation in the transit area; the
concept for the transit and the conduct of defensive actions in accordance with
the variants of the situation; the organization of forces within the groups in
the cruising formation; the combat tasks assigned to groups in the cruising
formation of the convoy and the procedures for cooperation between them when
repelling enemy attacks; measures for cover and deception and radioelectronic
warfare; the organization of observation and the use of radioelectronic
equipment; the procedure for relieving screening forces (if such relief is
planned); actions in case of stormy weather, fog, damage to auxiliaries,
accidents, or separation from the convoy; the organization of control and
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communications; and the time required for ships and auxiliaries to be ready to
put to sea.
The commander's decision on sea transit is depicted graphically on a chart
with an explanatory note and is approved by the senior officer who gave the
order (combat instruction) for the forming-up and sea transit of the convoy.
570. The convoy's tranjgute f assignedy the staff of a fleet (mixed
force flotilla-4 naval base), taking the following into account: the anticipated
enemy along the transit route; the safest route in terms of navigation and
mines; the geographic conditions; the number and location of airfields in the
theater; and the availability of missile-artillery troops and coastal technical
observation means on shore.
571. The composition of the screening forces directly subordinated and
detailed to the convoy commander may include ASW ships, missile-gunnery ships,
minesweepers, submarines, special air defense ships, radar picket ships,
radioelectronic warfare ships, and ASW aircraft and helicopters.
Auxiliaries may be convoyed both over the entire transit route and on
separate sectors of the route, depending on the opposition anticipated from
enemy forces.
572. When there is a threat of enemy employment of nuclear weapons, a
convoy's sea transit is carried out in open orders (v razomknutykh orderakh)
which preclude several auxiliaries being hit simultaneously with a single
medium-yield nuclear burst.
When there is no threat of enemy employment of nuclear weapons, a convoy's
transit may be carried out in closed orders (v somknutykh orderakh].
573. A convoy's departure from its forming-up area is supported by the
forces of a mixed force flotilla (naval base) and by the convoy's screening
forces.
Support for a convoy's departure by the forces of a mixed force flotilla
(naval base) continues until the convoy completes forming up into its assigned
cruising formation, after which a portion of the forces supporting the departure
begins to carry out tasks connected with supporting the convoy's sea transit
within the operational zone (zone of responsibility) of the mixed force flotilla
(naval base).
As a rule, a convoy's entry into (exit from) sheltering points is supported
by the convoy's screening forces.
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574. The air defense of convoys within the area of responsibility of front
air defense troops, front Air Forces, and of coastal formations (ob"yedine;1331
of the Air Defense Forces is organized using their forces in cooperation with
fleet air defense forces. Outside this zone the air defense of convoys is
organized using fleet air defense forces and means in cooperation with specially
detailed forces of fighter aviation of front Air Forces and formations of the
Air Defense Forces. As a rule, the composition of a convoy must include ships
controrand guidance posts equipped
with the necessary means for radioelectronic surveillance, control, and
communication with fighter aviation.
The commander of a convoy organizes the use of air defense means that are on
board the ships and auxiliaries of the convoy. He is responsible for the
organization of cooperation between these means and fighter aviation controlled
from the KPUNIA.
575. The protection of a convoy against weapons of mass destruction is
organized by the staff of a fleet (mixed force flotilla, naval base) and the
commander of the convoy.
The organization of protection against weapons of mass destruction consists
of protecting auxiliaries and screening forces at loading, forming-up,
sheltering, and unloading points and detailing the forces and means of a fleet
(mixed force flotilla, naval base) to help the convoy eliminate the aftereffects
of enemy employment of weapons of mass destruction.
During sea transit the convoy commander warns auxiliaries and screening
ships about the immediate threat of enemy employment of weapons of mass
destruction, organizes radiological and chemical observation, organizes warning
within the convoy about radiological and chemical contamination, disperses
auxiliaries and screening ships, and moves the convoy and individual auxiliaries
away from base surges and radioactive fallout.
576. The antisubmarine defense of a convoy is carried out by screening ships
and by ASW aircraft (helicopters).
As a rule, ASW screening by ships must be in the form of a circle. In
certain cases it may take the form of a screen [zavesa] or maneuvering screening
(manevriruyushcheye okhraneniye]. A screen is employed when there are high-
speed auxiliaries and not enough screening ships. Maneuvering screening is
employed when there are slow-going auxiliaries and not enough screening ships.
The commander (captain) of an auxiliary which has detected a submarine or
torpedo evades it independently, while simultaneously warning all ships
(auxiliaries) in the convoy.
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577. Mine-countermeasure defense (pivtivmninnaya oboronal of a convoy is
organized and carried out in the mine threat sectors of its route by distant and
close mine-countermeasure screening forces.
When anchored mines are detected or when the threat of encountering them
exists, the commander of a convoy rearranges his auxiliaries so they can proceed
behind sweeps. Minesweepers lead the convoy behind sweeps upon the orders of
the commander of the convoy. Each ship (auxiliary) independently evades
floating mines and cleared mines within the swept area.
578. Anti-small-combatant defense of a convoy during sea transit is
organized using the convoy's screening forces independently and in cooperation
with covering forces. Screening forces destroy small combatants which penetrate
to the convoy and destroy cruise missiles fired by them.
579. Counter-swimmer support in the forming-up areas and at the
destinations of convoys is organized according to the decision of the commander
in chief of a mixed force flotilla (commander of a naval base) in the
operational zone (zone of responsibility) where these areas or destinations are
located.
The defense of convoys against combat swimmer forces at intermediate
stopover points is carried out by forces and means according to the decision of
the convoy commander.
580. A convoy evades enemy attacks by maneuvering upon the signal of the
convoy commander. Commanders of ships and captains of auxiliaries independently
evade enemy weapons, taking into account safety measures when maneuvering.
A damaged auxiliary is allowed to leave a formation [stroy] only when it is
totally impossible for it to proceed within the convoy. The captain of such an
auxiliary is obliged to take all measures to maintain his position in the
formation and keep his auxiliary afloat. He must immediately report to the
convoy commander the nature of the damage, his ability to continue moving, the
kind of assistance he needs, and an estimated time for repairing the damage.
The convoy commander makes the decision to leave a damaged ship behind, to
allow it to continue independently, or to tow it.
Rescue vessels or ships from the screening forces are detailed to protect
and assist damaged ships.
Auxiliaries proceeding within a convoy are forbidden to engage in rescue
operations without orders from the convoy commander.
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581. Cooperation between the screening forces of a convoy and a detachment
of auxiliaries is organized by the convoy commander. Cooperation between a
convoy and covering forces detailed to conduct combat actions in support of the
convoy is organized by the commander in chief of a fleet (mixed force flotilla)
or the commander of a naval base.
582. The convoy commander controls the forces within the convoy from his
command post. The convoy commander's command post is located on one of the
screening ships and is equipped with the necessary communications means which
ensure reliable control of forces.
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CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS AND
UNITS
Basing
583. Basing is organized and carried out for comprehensive support of the
activity of formations [ob"yedineniya], large units [soyedineniya], units,
ships, special troops, special services, and rear services of the Navy in
peacetime and wartime.
It includes: using specially equipped points and coastal installations for
mooring ships (auxiliaries) and distributing deployed large units and units
within these points; bringing those units to the highest level of combat
readiness in a timely manner, and also restoring combat capability as rapidly as
possible after enemy strikes or after the execution of tasks; supporting the
activity of large units and units with the required intensity when performing
combat service in peacetime, at the beginning of a war, and during a war;
dispersing forces and moving them out from under enemy strikes when combat
actions are initiated in surprise; and preparing large units, units, and ships
(auxiliaries) for combat.
In addition, the basing points for submarines must be equipped with
locations (areas) for bottoming [pokladka na grunt], ballast trimming, and
mooring in a submerged condition.
584. The complex of basing points, installations, and multi-function
engineer structures located and set up in ocean (sea) theaters of military
operations and in the interior of the country constitutes the basing system of
the Navy.
In general, the basing system includes: the naval bases, main basing
points, and dispersal basing points for ships and for the airfields of fleet air
forces; areas, disposition locations, zones, deployment areas, and positions for
large units and units of naval infantry and missile-artillery troops;
installations for control, communications, and combat training plus other
installations; and mobile means ashore and afloat which support basing. The
basing system must have reliable defense and protection against enemy attacks
from the sea, air, and land; it must fully meet the needs of based forces within
prescribed time periods; it must be convenient and safe from a navigation-
hydrographic standpoint; and it must have the necessary reserves of materiel
supplies and delivery means on hand.
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565. The main basing points of fleet forces and the airfields of fleet air
forces are the foundation of the basing system.
Main basing points bpsnovnyye punktybazirovaniyal (13PB) are set up in
advance, and their purpose is to provide safe anchorage and disposition for
large units, ships (auxiliaries), and units at the prescribed level of combat
readiness, restore combat capability, conduct combat training, and support all
types of activity in peacetime and when combat actions are being conducted.
The organs for the control of large units (units) are located at the main
basing point and are equipped with control posts with communications means.
Dispersal basing points fipunktyrassredotochennogo bazirovaniyal ONREO --
maneuver basing points, supply points, anchorages, and dispersal ship-repair
points -- are set up in advance, in a threat period, and when combat actions are
being conducted.
The purpose of maneuver basing points [punktymanevrennogobazirovaniya]
onwm is to provide ships and auxiliaries with protected anchoragpl and with
combat support, special technical support, and rear services suppoilt and also to
perform lir210?....repairAwhich require the least amount of work and which, as a
rule, can carried out b the crews of shios_or auxiliaries using_ the forces
and means of shi -re.. r acil - nd afloat and weapons and armament
111,114.t. Maneuver basing points are set up outside the_ggnillus.fiii:ForiTis. In
wartime they are also deployed in ports, port stations [portpunkty], and on
ungrepadireachesy using technical support units, rear services units and
facilities, and stationary, floating, and mobile coastal means to provide basing
and power-supply support. The number of ships and auxiliaries located in a
maneuver basing point at any one time is specified by the norms prescribed for
dispersal.
The purpose of supply points [punktysnabzhenlyal (PSN) is to provide
individual ships or groups of ships with sevygeateraltoattsof
teriel b usin de ts (or their departments), mobile means _ashore and
afloat or the transport and also also baging m afloat
Zia-1311Ure.
The purpose of anchorages pnesta stoyank0 (MS) is to disperse groups of
ships or individual ships of a large unit outside their basing points.
In certain cases anchorages may be equipped with piers, anchorage buoys, and
other devices for mooring ships and also the required means for cover and
deception and all types of defense.
The purpose of dispersal ship-repair points fpunkty rassredotochennogo
sudoremonta] ODIISFO is to perform vital repairs on ships (auxiliaries) which
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return from sea with damage sustained in combat or in accidents. Their purpose
also is to complete or accelerate repairs on individual ships (auxiliaries)
which have urgently been removed from ship-repair facilities under the threat of
an enemy attack. As a rule, dispersal ship-repair points are set up at maneuver
basing points in protected bays (harbors).
The ship-repair enterprises or facilities of civilian ministries and
departments may be used as dispersal ship-repair points.
586. Maneuver basing points, supply points, anchorages, and dispersal ship-
repair points are set up in advance and used, as a rule, to disperse the
mooring, supply, and repair of ships when main basing points are disabled, when
there is a danger of an enemy surprise attack during a threat period, or when
fleet forces are making the transition to wartime status.
587. The basing of fleet air forces units is ensured by establishing a
network of main, alternate, and gymuLgritields with the appropriate equipment,
service facilitieZ7-1IVIEk quarters,1. and other structures.
The airfield network must ensure the following: constant combat readiness
for the conduct of combat actions at any time of the year or day; the maximum
possible depth of operation by aviation units against enemy targets; the
readiness, combat capability and dispersal of units and aircraft; the capability
to disperse aviation units within the prescribed time periods to bring the fleet
to the highest level of combat readiness; the delivery of materiel and weapons
within prescribed time periods, and (one word illegible] of their [word
illegible] and cover and deception; and the control of aircraft (helicopters)
over the entire depth of operation of aviation units.
588. Within the basing points of missile submarines, provision must be made
for them to use their weapons while moored at Qiers or docks. Concealed remea/40
submarine repair bases may be set up to make repairs between cruises.
589. The commander of a large unit (unit) and his staff are responsible for
organizing and supporting the basing of the large unit (unit).
When organizing basing, the staff must provide for the protection and
defense of the basing point from an enemy surprise attack; measures for
observation, warning, and communications; the protection of the large unit
(unit) from weapons of mass destruction and measures to eliminate the
aftereffects of their use; and the procedures for combat support, special
technical support, and rear services support.
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Rebasing (Redeployment)
590. When preparing for combat actions and during combat actions, a fleet
may rebase formations and redeploy large units, units, and ships ixnIgi_or'to
moye_basing_nolnts and all t pes of support forces and means closer to the areas
whvg_cambat?taseingcarreou.
A large-unit commander's decision on rebasing specifies the following: the
purpose and concept of rebasing (to what area and within what time period
redeployment will be carried out, the transit routes and formations used by
ships and auxiliaries, the transit flights by aircraft and helicopters, the
methods of transportation of troops and services, and the covering and
supporting forces and means); the tasks of large units, units, ships, and
subunits; the procedures and time periods for redeployment; the procedures for
the actions of forces and troops upon encountering the enemy; and the bases for
organizing cooperation and all types of support and control. Based on the
commander's decision, tasks are assigned to subordinate, attached, and
supporting large units, units, ships, support auxiliaries, and subunits, and
redeployment is planned.
591. Rebasing (redeployment) may be carried out for an extended period of
time or for the time required to execute specific combat tasks, to points
located on a coagaineeizedjrn:memoronourown territory.
Rebasing (redeployment) for an extended period of time is carried out when
new formations or large units are formed, when new basing points or airfields
are set up, when it il_mmamsmary-to_reinforce the complement of forces In one
ocean (sea) theater of slitter operations or another, ana also wnen re rin
follow-up combat ac ions.
Rebasing (redeployment) for the time required to execute specific combat
tasks is usually carried out in connection with preparations for follow-up
combat actions or when it is necessary to temporarily reinforce the complement
of forces on one axis or another of an ocean (sea) theater of military
operations.
Rebasing (redeployment) to areas and points located on coastlines seized
from the enemy is carried out, taking into account the time needed to deploy and
equip them, the scale of operations required to restore facilities that have
been damaged and to carry out chemical and radiological decontamination of the
terrain, the clearing of mines from water and land areas suitable for mooring
ships and basing aircraft, and the organization of all types of support.
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592. In order to support the basing of forces in new areas, mobile means
afloat and ashore are used first of all for the basing and repair of ships and
for storing and delivering materiel supplies. Then the restored facilities of
naval bases, ports, ship anchorages, and ship-repair installations are used and
supplies of all necessary materiel are stockpiled and delivered to ships. As
mobile means afloat and ashore are freed up they are detailed to new basing
areas.
593. Rebasing (redeployment) to points located on our own territory is
carried out by using areas (points) which have alreadyundergone engine'
pE2pEgion_(as a rule, in peacetime and the capabilities of which have been
increased by mobile means afloat and ashore for basing, ship repair, and other
types of support. The requisite means of the national economy, power plants,
railroad and motor vehicle transportation, and the vessels of civilian
departments may be used to support these activities.
594. In order to rebase aircraft, deployment airfields [polevyye aerodromy]
are built using aviation-technical forces and means delivered by motor vehicle,
railroad, air, or water transportation.
The aircraft and personnel of shipborne aviation units are, as a rule,
rebased on a ship before it puts to sea. In certain cases they may be rebased
on [air] alert to a ship already at sea.
595. The redeployment of ship large units is supported by fleet auxiliaries
which are organizationally grouped into large units of support auxiliaries,
which include various types of materiel support auxiliaries, tenders, repair
ships, floating docks, and search-and-rescue support auxiliaries. In certain
cases individual auxiliaries may support redeployment.
596. Lange units (units) of naval infantry, upon reaching a new assigned area in
accordance with an Assigned combat task, set up waiting areas (departure areas,
embarkation points) when participating in an amphibious landing or they set up
lines (zones, coastal sectors, including basing points) when defending a
seacoast.
597. Large units (units) of coastal missile-artillery troops, upon reaching a new
assigned area, set up firing positions and other installations in accordance
with the assigned combat task.
598. In all cases of rebasing (redeployment) to new areas (basing points,
airfields) the commander of a large unit (unit) is obliged to take all necessary
measures to organize all types of support for ships, aircraft, combat equipment,
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and other equipment in these areas, including periodically changing anchorages
(disposition), setting up camouflage mock-ups, and equipping dummy [firing)
positions.
The positions (set-up locations) of radioelectronic means in new areas
(basing points, airfields) must be designated, taking into account their
electromagnetic compatibility.
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