COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: THE CONTROL OF FORCES
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
0001430690
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RIPPUB
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U
Document Page Count:
26
Document Creation Date:
June 19, 2017
Document Release Date:
June 19, 2017
Sequence Number:
Case Number:
SC-2007-00006
Publication Date:
September 19, 1986
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE
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ITYP?46CRAL
Central Intelligence Agency
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT
COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY:
The Control of Forces
19 September 1986
1
1. The enclosed intelligence Information Speck:al Report is a translation of
part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy 'combat regulations, classified SECRET
and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This second chapter
covers the command, control, and communications of Soviet naval forces. It
delineates the responsibilities of commanders and staffs in a wide range of
situations and discusses the use of control posts, automated control systems,
and communications for the effective performance of combat tasks. The command
and control decisionmaking process is described, including the precise form and
content of combat orders.
;
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document
should be handled on a strict need-to-know, basis within recipient agencies.
a r . -orge
Deputy Director for Operations
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Director of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to .the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
'Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Director of Soviet Analysis
Director of Scientific and Weapons Research
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DATE OF
INFO. 1983
z
SOURCE
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Intelligence Information Special Report
SUBJECT
Page 3 of 26 Pages
DATE
19 September 1986
Combat Regulations of the Navy: Chapter 2: The Control of Forces
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of the second chapter of
the SECRET 1983.edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for
the Soviet Navy. This chapter covers the command, control, and communications
of the Soviet Navy's forces. The responsibilities of commanders, staffs, flag
staff-officer specialists, and subordinate units are, delineated' In a number of
specific situations. The use of stationary and mobile control posts and systems
for the automated control of forces are presented along with a description of
the responsibilities of the control posts of naval aviation, the organization of
communications, the command and control decisionmaking process, and the form and
content of combat orders. Finally, the last part of the chapter covers the
allocation of tasks and responsibilities in different combat situations when the
Soviet Navy is involved in organizing joint cooperation between its own forces
and those of the other branches of the Soviet armed forces.
End of Summary
HR70-14
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USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
Copy No.
COMBAT REGULATIONS
OF THE NAVY
FOR
DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP
. Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983
as Per Order No. 039
of the USSR Minister of Defense
MOSCOW
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
1983
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TABLE OF CONTENTS*
CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN
OPERATIONS
The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission
The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the
Fundamentals of Naval Combat
Combat Duty
CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES 7
General Provisions 7
Control Posts 11
The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation 12
The Organization of Communications 14
The Employment of Automated Control Systems 16
The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of
Forces 17
CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK
CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT
Submarine Division (Brigade)
Surface Ship Division (Brigade)
Naval Aviation Division (Regiment)
Naval Infantry Division (Brigade, Regiment)
Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment)
CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE SHIP
The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions
The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness
The Ship in Sea Transit
The Organization of the Ship's Defense and Protection
The Ship in Combat
CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS
CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES
Comment: Although Chapters 1 and 3 to 12 are not included in
tills uocumen , their titles and subsection titles have been provided for
information purposes.
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CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS
CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE
UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES
Combat Actions in Debarking Amphibious Landing Forces
The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes
The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes
CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES
OF COMMUNICATION
The Defense of Basing Areas
The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication
The Fundamentals of Convoy Duty
CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS
AND UNITS
Basing
Rebasing (Redeployment)
CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS
Combat Support
Special Technical Support
Rear Services Support
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CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES
General Provisions
80. The control of forces consists of the purposeful activities of
commanders, staffs, political organs, and other control organs to maintain
combat readiness, prepare large units (soyedineniya), units, and ships for
combat actions, and direct them as they perform their assigned combat tasks. It
includes: constantly acquiring, collecting, studying, displaying, and analyzing
data on the situation and correctly understanding the situation and predicting
possible changes in it; making decisions and communicating tasks to subordinates
in a timely manner; planning combat actions; organizing and maintaining constant
cooperation; organizing and taking measures to raise (maintain) the combat
readiness of forces, ensure their combat effectiveness, and organize political
work and combat, special-technical, and rear services support; organizing and
making integrated use of all control elements and means, including those for
monitoring the situation and those for communications and automated control
systems; directly supervising the preparation of large units, units, and ships
for combat actions; reporting to the senior officer in charge on the performance
of combat tasks and on changes in the situation and alerting subordinates,
cooperating forces, and neighboring forces about these changes; constantly
monitoring the performance of assigned tasks and providing necessary assistance
to units and ships; and also taking other measures that may be needed in a
specific situation that has developed.,
Control must ensure that the combat capabilities-of forces are effectively
used and that theyiperform combat tasks successfully within the prescribed
times, under any conditions, and with as few losses as possible.
81. The main principles of control are: unity of command; centralized
control that leaves room for subordinates to show initiative in the
of their assigned tasks; firmness and perseverance when putting adopted
abisions and plans into practice; efficient and flexible reaction to changes in
the situation; and personal accountability of commanders and chiefs for
decisions made, the employment of subordinate forces, and the results of
performing their assigned tasks.
82. In order to ensure reliable and effective control of forces, the
following are required of commanders, staffs, political organs, chiefs of
special troops, services, and rear services, admirals, generals, and officers:
a high level of professional training and organizational work; an in-depth
understanding of the nature and methods of conducting modern war, operations,
and combat actions; a sound knowledge of the combat capabilities and the basics
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of the employment of the weapons and combat equipment of our own forces and
those of the enemy's forces; the ability to correctly assess the situatipn and
foresee the development of events; a high level of operational efficiency in
making decisions, assigning (updating) subordinates' tasks, and planning combat
actions; discipline, diligence, and judicious display of initiative; and
skillful use of situation monitoring means, communications means, and automated
or mechanized means for the control of forces.
83. Control must be stable, continuous, efficient, and covert [skrytoye).
Stability of control is achieved by: the high combat readiness of control
organs, and also of the large units, units, and ships supporting their work for
the performance of assigned tasks; creation and timely deployment of control
posts, automated control means, and systems for monitoring the situation and for
communications; and support for their reliable operation.
, Continuity of control is achieved by: maintaining reliable communications
with subordinate and cooperating large units, units, and ships (subunits) and
with the senior officer in charge; being ready to rapidly transfer the control
of a large unit (unit) from one control post to another and restoring disrupted
control and communications; taking measures to protect against the effects of
the enemy's radioelectronic warfare means; and establishing the procedures and
times for messages, reporting in a timely manner to superiors, and keeping
subordinates and neighboring forces constantly informed about the situation.
Efficiency of control is achieved by: making timely decisions and
transmitting them to those performing Combat tasks; developing-pians for large
units, units, and ships in advance which specify the operating procedures for
performing their assigned combat tasks under various-conditions; maintaining.
precise and coordfhated functioning of control organs and skillfully employing
automated control and communications means; rapidly reacting to changes in the
situation; performing timely revision'of decisions and tasks assigned earlier to
large units, units, and ships; being able to retarget (reposition) forces and
means in the shortest possible time in accordance with orders received; and
employing methods of control and means of communication that correspond to the
developing situation.
Covertness of control (skrytnost' upravleniya) is achieved by: selecting
appropriate types and means of communications; strictly observing the rules for
the covert control of forces; employing communications encryption equipment
(zasekrechivayushchaya apparatura svyazi]; encrypting and encoding information
transmitted over technical communications means; limiting the number of people
involved in the planning and organization of combat actions; and also taking
disinformation and deception (maskirovka] measures.
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84. The control of naval forces in all types of combat activity is ensured
by main and backup control systems.
The min system is intended for the control of forces in both peacetime and
wartime. It includes: control organs; command posts, alternate command posts,
and rear control posts; a system for monitoring the situation; the main
(stationary) communications system; and automated systems and other automated
means for the control of forces.
The ackup ystem is intended for the control of forces when the main
system (or ndividual elements of it) is disabled or when the main system's
effectiveness is significantly reduced, and it is constantly kept at the
prescribed level of readiness. It includes: airborne and shipboard control
posts and a backup (mobile) communications system.
? The control system must be in a state of high combat readiness and ensure
the capability for both centralized and decentralized control of forces.
Automated control systems, partially mechanized and automated means,
standardized combat documents, and short signals must be used extensively when
controlling forces.
85. The commander of a"large unit, unit, or ship bears complete and sole
responsibility for the constant combat, readiness and mobilization readiness, the
political consciousness and morale, and the military discipline and preparation
of forces subordinate to him; the employment of them; and the successful
performance of their assigned combat tasks within the prescribed time.
The commander must make his decision on combat actions in a timely manner,
organize the planning and preparation of these actions, assign tasks to his
subordinates, organize cooperation and all types of support, and also exercise
firm control over them.
The commander of a large unit or unit exercises control over his subordinate
forces personally and through his staff. The commander must always inform the
chief of staff of orders given by him personally.
86. The staff of a large unit or unit is its main control organ. It is the
responsibility of the staff to constantly and strictly carry out the commander's
decisions, to plan and organize combat actions in a timely manner, and to ensure
continuous control over subordinate units and ships. The staff does all its
work on the basis of the commander's decisions and orders and the instructions
of the higher staff.
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The staff must ensure the combat readiness of its forces; continually
acquire, compile, study, and evaluate data on the situation; prepare materials,
estimates, and proposals for making decisions; constantly know the position and
combat capabilities of the units and ships in its large unit; plan combat
actions in accordance with the decisions made by the commander and the
Instructions of the higher staff; transmit tasks to units and ships in a timely
manner and organize their preparation, cooperation, and support; report on the
situation and the decisions that have been made to the higher staff, inform
cooperating staffs, and report changes in the situation to subordinates;
organize control, including the work of control posts, organize the effective
use of automated control systems, communications systems, and systems for
monitoring the situation, and organize their uninterrupted operation; monitor
the performance of combat tasks assigned to units and ships and provide
necessary assistance to them; study combat experience and convey it to
subordinate staffs, units, and ships (aircraft); and also carry out monitoring
to ensure the covert control of forces and maintain the secrecy of planned
measures.
87. The chief of staff of a large unit or unit is the first deputy commander. He
alone has the right to give instructions and orders in the commander's name.
The chief of staff is responsible for thg organization and maintenance of
continuous control over forces. He must always know the situation, foresee
possible changes in it, prepare data that the commander needs to make a
decision, and always be reedy to report to the commander on the situation and
present conclusions and proposals based on it for subsequent potions of the
units and ships.
88. The polibicalsdepartment of a large unit directs party political work,
organizes it in the large unit or in units and on ships, and is responsible for
its status.
89. The deputy commander of a large unit directs forces performing
individual tactical tasks (on separate axes), directs the combat training of
forces, prepares reserves, and performs other tasks according to the commander's
Instructions. He may head an alternate command post.
90. The deputy commander of a rear services large unit (aviation engineer
service), the chiefs of special troops and services, and flag staff-officer
specialists [flagmanskiye spetsialisty) organize the actions of services
subordinate to them in accordance with the commander's decision and the chief of
staff's instructions and are responsible for the readiness for combat and
mobilization of those services, the successful performance of the tasks assigned
to them, appropriate types of support, and also for the organization of control.
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Control Posts
91. Control posts -- command posts, alternate command posts, rear control
posts, and auxiliary control posts -- are set up to control forces. They may be
stationary or mobile.
Formations [ob"yedineniya] of the Navy (fleet, flotilla, squadron, or naval
air forces) are provided with the following: stationary command posts (at the
fleet level there is an airborne control post element), stationary alternate
command posts, rear control posts, and shipboard conffol posts.
As a rule, stationary or mobile command posts and alternate command posts
are set up in large units and separate units. Control over the forces of ship
large units is exercised from command posts which are usually located on control
ships or on ships equipped with control and communications means.
' 92. Command posts (KP) are the main control posts from which commanders in
chief (commanders) direct forces when preparing and conducting combat actions.
The command, the main personnel of staffs and political organs, the chiefs of
special troops and services and their operations groups, and operations groups
(officers) from the rear services staff and the staffs of cooperating large
units (units) are located and work at commanct posts.
. -
[Four pages of original doqument not received.]
[...] airborne control and guidance posts for fighter aviation.
The control and guidance of fighters based on ships is ed from
shipboard control and guidance posts for fighter aviation KPUNIA on air-
capable ships, and also from KPUNIA on radar picket ships.
The control of shipborne aircraft and helicopters operating off air-capable
ships is exercised by the commander of a large unit of ships through the senior
aviation chief or, when a ship is operating alone, by its commander through the
ship's deputy commander for aviation.
The control of the aircraft of antisubmarine aviation when they are
performing tasks independently is exercised by the regimental commander from a
ground command post or from an airborne aircraft.
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The control of antisubmarine aircraft (helicopters) in a search area., in
joint actions with antisubmarine ships and other ships is exercised from the
command post of a large unit (or group) of ships.
As a rule, a regimental commander controls reconnaissance aircraft from a
ground command post. In' certain cases the control of reconnaissance aircraft
may be exercised from the command post of the large unit in support of which
they are performing a combat task.
99. Command posts and alternate command posts are deployed in an aviation
division. One of the regimental commanders' command posts may be equipped as
the alternate command post of the division.
The commander in chief of a fleet controls the actions of fleet air forces
and attached large units (or units) of long-range aviation through the commander
in chief of fleet air forces after they are assigned tasks and instructions on
the coordination and sequence for delivering strikes.
100. A division or brigade (regiment) of naval infantry is controlled by
its commander from his command post.
In an amphibious landing operation a forward control post, command post,
alternate command post, and rear control post are set up.
101. A division or brigade (regiment) of coastal missile-artillery troops
is controlled by its commander from a stationary or mobile command post.
The command post- of a subordinate unit is used as the alternate command post
for a division orlbrigade (regiment)..
The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation
102. A system, for monitoring the situation is one of the elements of the
system for controlling the forces, weapons, and technical means of large units,
units, and ships. It ensures the surveillance of the surface, underwater, and
air situation; the classification and identification of detected targets; the
collection, processing, routing, exchange, and display of information; the
analysis of data on the situation and the development of proposals on
controlling forces, weapons, and technical means; the performance of combat and
tactical maneuver tasks for the employment of weapons; and the routing of data
on the situation and of processed combat control information between command
posts and combat posts.
103. In order to perform tasks of monitoring the situation, reconnaissance
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forces and means and the surveillance systems of large units, units, and ships
are used, as are those of attached and supporting forces.
Surveillance systems are made up of: radioelectronic means of detection,
classification, and identification; means for collecting, processing,
exchanging, routing, and displaying information; combat information and control
systems; target designation and weapons control complexes and systems; and means
of radioelectronic warfare and surveillance.
The organization and composition of surveillance systems are determined by
the assigned combat task and the contingent of surveillance forces and means
allocated.
104. A system for monitoring the situation must have high combat readiness,
effectiveness, and stability and must ensure continuity, efficiency, and
concealment under the conditions of a rapidly changing situation-and enemy
countermeasures.
The demands placed on a system for monitoring the situation are met by:
allotting the necessary complement of reconnaissance and surveillance forces and
means and preparing them in advance to perform their assigned tasks; deploying
additional forces and means in a timely and covert manner; making integrated use
of various reconnaissance and surveillance means; making maximum use of
automated control systems; creating favorable conditions for effective
utilization of surveillance means, taking into account the particular hydrologic
and other characteristics Of the area and electromagnetic compatibility;
protecting surveillance from enemy radioelectronic suppression; and establishing
and using reserves of forces and means for reconnaissance, surveillance, target
designation, and control.
,
105. The monitoring of the situation is organized in accordance with the
commander's decision, the instructions of the chief of staff, and the orders on
reconnaissance and combat use of radioelectronic means given by the higher
staff.
The chief of staff (the executive officer of a ship) is ultimately
responsible for organizing the monitoring of the situation. The flag staff-
officer specialist (chief) of the radiotechnical service (the control department
commander) is directly responsible for organizing the monitoring of the
situation.
The delivery of data on the enemy and on detected targets, the exchange of
information on the situation, and the transmission of combat control commands
are handled over the data exchange channels of the automated control systems,
and also over bhe radio lets of shipboard BIP [combat information posts] (BITs
[combat information centers]) or over tactical cooperation radio nets.
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The Organization of Communications
106. Communications are the main means of controlling forces. The Navy
employs radio, radio-relay, tropospheric, space, landline, hydroacoustic,
signal, and mobile communications means. Telephone, telegraph, facsimile, and
videophone communications (videotelefonnaya svyaz') and data transmission are
organized on the basis of these means. Visual communications and signalling are
organized using signal means, while courier and postal communications are
organized using mobile means. All technical means of communications are used,
as a rule, in combination with the employment of equipment that automatically
enciphers, encrypts, and encodes communications.
107. Organizationally, the communications system includes: control post
communications centers, i supporting communications network, and-supporting
communications centers interconnected by the lines and channels of various.
communications means; direct communications lines (links) between control posts
and lines connecting communications centers to the supporting network; a courier
and postal communications network (centers, stations, exchange points, and
mobile means with prescribed routes); and reserves of communications forces and
means. It also includes the communications control system and the technical
support system for communications and automated control systems.
The communications system is divided into the main (stationary) system and
the backup (mobile) system," The main communications system operates constantly
and is used to control naval forces in. peacetime and wartime.. The backup
communications system, the basis of which is made up of mobile means, is
deployed when the Navy goes from a peacetime to a wartime status and-is used to
reinforce the mainisystem, to maneuver communications forces and means during
combat actions, and to replace stationary communications centers if they are
disabled.
The basis of the communications system in submarine and surface ship large
units consists of onboard communications systems and direct radio, space, and
hydroacoustic communications lines (links).
The communications system must have high combat readiness, stability,
mobility, and the necessary transmission capacity and must ensure the
timeliness, reliability, covertness, and security of transmission of all types
of information.
108. The demands placed on communications are met by: preparing
communications forces and means in advance to perform assigned tasks; deploying
communications deans in ajimely and concealed manner and making integrated use
of them; organizing bypass (obkhodnoye] and backup communications links
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(channels); using shore-based, shipboard, and airborne retransmitters; employing
automatic encryption, high-speed communications, and burst communications
equipment; monitoring the volume and flow of information in the communications
system; strictly observing the rules of covert control of forces and
communications security; setting up and using reserve communications forces and
means; and organizing protection and defense for the elements of the
communications system.
109. Communications are organized in accordance with the commander's
decisions, the chief of staff's instructions, and the higher staff's orders
concerning communications.
The chief of staff is ultimately responsible for the organization and status
of communications. The chief of communications (flag staff-officer specialist
for communications or the commander of the control or communications department)
is the direct organizep of communications. He is responsible for the timely
organization and stable operation of communications.
110. Communications are established with directly subordinate commanders
(staffs) and e level lower (down to the submarine, surface ship, or aircraft).
The higher staff is responsible for communications with subordinate staffs
However, if communications are lost, both the.senior staff, and its subordinate
staffs (ship commanders) are:obligated to take all measures possible to
immediately reestablish communications.
Communications between cooperating large units, units, and-ships are
established in accordance with the instructions of the staff organizing the
cooperation. The staffs of cooperating large units and units (ship commanders)
are responsible foil establishing and maintaining communications.
111. When organizing communications, the requirements for communications
security must be strictly observed and measures must be taken to protect them
from radioelectronic suppression by the enemy and from the effects of
electromagnetic radiation from nuclear bursts and to ensure electromagnetic
compatibility. The following steps are taken to ensure communications security:
measures are organized and carried out to protect communications from the
enemy's technical reconnaissance means; limits are set on the quantity and
volume of information transmitted when operating radioelectronic means in the
active mode; equipment that automatically encrypts communications to a
guaranteed extent [garantirovannaya stoykost'] is used, as is equipment for
high-speed and burst communications; and monitoring is established over the
observance of the prescribed procedures and rules for using communications means
and over the timely detection and elimination of telltale indicators
[demaskiruyushchiye priznakil in the organization and use of communications.
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The protection of communications from enemy radioelectronic suppression
means is achieved by: duplicating the most important links with various types
of communications means and switching (manevr] communications means, channels,
and frequencies; putting concealed (backup) radionets and radio links into
operation; using retransmitters and taking other organizational and technical
measures as dictated by the developing situation; and also by training personnel
to operate under jamming conditions.
Electromagnetic compatibility is ensured by the following: the centralized
assignment and allocation of operating frequencies are organized; the operating
procedures and standard distances between radio, radio-relay, tropospheric,
radar, and space communications means at control posts are established; and the
selection of appropriate antennas, their proper use, and radiation of the
minimum required power are stipulated.
112. The staff ofe fleet provides warning notification about the situation
tq ship large units and submarines, as well as to surface ships (vessels)
operating independently.
Units, ships, and aircraft within large units in the operational zones of
flotillas or in the zones of responsibility of naval bases are provided warning
notification by the appropriate staffs.
Civilian ships, as a rule, are provided warning notification through the
ship owners by the cooperating staffs of formations (ob"yedineniya) and large
units.
113. Commanders of large units, units, and ships operating independently
and also commanders-of aircraft in the air must report in a timely manner on the
actual situation th their area and on. all- changes in it.
Ittggs_a ship puts to sea or an aircraft takes off, the staff of the large
unit (unit)must give instructions'to_the ship's (aircraft's) commander on the
:17ftilialtIgLAACIJAHa_Plt_teoW_Ung_(whex to whom, to where, using what means,
and about what to report).
114. No ship may leave its base and put to sea without preliminary warning
notification and checking of its means and documents for covert control,
communications, and identification, or without receiving information on the
situation in the areas it will transit and where it is assigned to operate.
The Employment of Automated Control Systems
115. The purpose of automated control systems (ASU) is to raise the
effectiveness, reliability, and quality of control over forces and means in
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order to get full use of their combat capabilities.
Systems for automated control of forces consist of three functional '
subsystems: a command system -- to transmit commands and signals to the
appropriate control organs, receive confirmation of their fulfillment, and
collect other reports; a system for transmitting Pacr graphics -- to collect
process, and display data%on the situation and other information and transmit
tasks to those responsible; and an information-computation system -- to collect
Information and perform information, computation, and assessment-planning tasks.
In large units and on ships the systems for automated control of forces
consist of systems for automated control of the large unit's ships, user
terminal complexes [abonentskiye kompleksy] for combat control, and ships'
combat information and control systems. Stand-alone [avtonomnyye] minicomputers
may be used as backups.,
116. Effective use of automated control systems is achieved by constantly
having them in readiness to operate and by training commanders, staffs, and
combat crews of control posts in the use of automated control systems.
The employment of systems for automated control of forces is organized and
carried out based on the commander's instructions, the orders of the higher
staff, and the appropriate manuals, instructions, and directions.
117. The chief of staff of a large unit or unit (the control department
commander of a ship) is ultimately responsible for the status, organization of
use, combat readiness, and reliable operation of the automated, control system
and for protection of the information located and circulating within it.
The large unit4?Chief of the command post or flag staff-officer specialist
of the radiotechnical service is directly responsible for the readiness,
organization, and reliable operation of automated control systems (automated
control means), while the large unit's flag staff-officer specialist for
communications (the communications department commander) is directly responsible
for the automated communications means that make up the automated control
system.
The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work
in the Control of Forces
118. The basis of control is the commandoes decision. To ensure that
subordinate units and ships have enough time to prepare for carrying out their
assigned combat tasks, the minimum time must be spent by the commander on
reaching his decision and on the formulation of combat documents.' The staffs of
large units must therefore make their calculations ahead of time and work out
standard variants for the actions of the forces which are to carry out the
combat tasks pertaining to them.
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119. The organization, content, sequence, and methods of work of commanders
and staffs when preparing and conducting combat actions are determined by the
situation, the nature of the assigned tasks, and the prescribed time of
readiness of the forces that are to perform them.
When making a decision, assigning tasks, and planning combat actions the
following methods may be employed: the sequential method, the parallel method,
or a combination of both.
The sequential nnethod[pmfledovaternyy inetod] is employed when long periods
of time are available to prepare combat actions. With this method, each level
is involved in the work after the higher commander has made a decision and on
the basis of his written orders and instructions. The planning of combat
actions is carried out sequentially as planning is completed in the senior staff
with the participationof a strictly limited number of key personnel.
The parallel method is employed when limited time is available to prepare
combat actions. This is the main method for preparing combat actions. In this
method decisions are made and combat actions are planned in lower echelons
beginning immediately after the senior officer has made a decision and assigned
combat tasks to them. When there is not enough time this process is begun after
the senior officer has developed only the first element of. the decision -- the
concept of combat actions on the basis of the preliminary combat instructions
which have been given and the involvement of the necessary number of key
personnel.
120. Upon receipt of the task, the commander sites it up, calculates the
time needed, orienta_his forces for the impending actions, assesses the
situation, makes aidecision, assigns tasks to his subordinates, organizes
cooperation, support, and control, and also prepares forces to perform the
tasks.
When sizing up the task, the commander must understand the goal of the
impending actions and the senior officer's concept; the task, place, and role of
his own large unit, unit, or ship in the combat actions; and the tasks of
neighboring forces and the procedures for cooperating with them and with other
forces participating in the performance of the assigned task.
An assessment of the situation includes an assessment of the enemy, our own
forces, the area of combat actions, the time, and other factors affecting the
performance of the combat task. ,
In assessing the enemy, an analysis is made of his strength, status,
concept, and possible variants for action in relation to time and place, his
probable tactical techniques, combat (cruising) formations (orders [orderai),
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and control system, his capabilities for employing various weapons, organizing
defense, and conducting reconnaissance and radioelectronic warfare, and his
ability to have an effect on our forces as they are deploying; his strong and
weak points are identified and enemy targets and installations are designated
for destruction by nuclear and conventional weapons.
When assessing our own forces, we analyze their strength, readiness, status,
and capabilities to employ weapons and radioelectronic warfare, to conduct
reconnaissance, and to repel enemy strikes, and we analyze our own strong and
weak points and readiness for actions in light of the enemy's combat
capabilities.
Based on the assessment of the enemy and of our own forces, a quantitative
and qualitative analysis is made of their strength, political state, morale, and
combat capabilities.
. When assessing the area of combat actions, an analysis is made of its
physical and geographic features, international law aspects, economic, social,
and political conditions, how it has been prepared, its navigational and
hydrographic conditions for ships, and its meteorological, hydrological, and
light conditions with reference to their effect on the successful performance of
combat tasks by our forces and on the effectiveness of the enemy's actions.
In time estimates an analysis is done and determination is made of the time
needed to prepare forces for: departure (takeoff) to perform their combat task,
the time needed to perform the task itself, and the time needed by our own
forces and enemy forces to deploy or redeploy; and the appropriate operating
sequence for all control organs is worked out.
Based on the faults of the assessment of the situation, the conclusions
that are made include the following: the enemy's strike and defense
capabilities, his organization and methods of action, the time and area of his
detection, and his strong and weak point's; the combat effectiveness and combat
stability of our own forces and means at all stages of combat actions (battle),
taking into account possible counteraction by the enemy; and the special
features of the cruising and combat action (battle) area that affect the
performance of the assigned task.
Among the other factors employed and assessed are the radiation, chemical,
and bacteriological (biological) situation, as well as the radioelectronic
situation and other elements.
The commander sizes up the task and assesses the situation with the
participation of a strictly limited number of designated main staff personnel
(the executive Officer and the commanders of departments and services) and his
rear services deputy or the rear services chief, who present the required
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reports, estimates, and proposals at his request.
121. Based on his sizing up of the tasks, his assessment of the situation, and the
estimates that have been made, the commander makes a decision, in which the
following are specified: the concept of the combat actions, the tasks assigned
to forces, the basis (or main points) for cooperation and support, the basis for
organizing control, and the times required for forces to achieve readiness.
The basis of the decision is the concept of the combat actions. It specifies:
the axis of the main strike (areas for concentrating the main efforts), the main
targets and objectives of strikes, the axes (areas, objectives) of supporting
actions, the sequence and methods for defeating the enemy, the procedures for
nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy, the organization of the large unit's
(unit's) cruising and combat formations, and the reserves of forces and weapons.
The decision is usually drawn up on a map accompanied by an explanatory
text. At the same time, the main tasks in the organization of political work
are specified. The portion of the decision depicted graphically on the map must
show the content of the adopted decision, clearly portray the concept for
performing the task, and include: the stages and routes for deployment and the
large-unit cruising and combat formations; the lines where the enemy is to be
spotted and detected; the organization of guidance for strike forces, the
delivery of target designation data to them, the battle areas, the areas and
times for tactical deployment, the firing positions, and the axes and sequence
of strikes; the times, lines, and axes of strikes (attacks) by neighboring
forces and their boundary lines; supporting actions; lines of cover; the
procedures for cooperation; and also the combat organization diagram and the
times required for forces to achieve readiness and perform their tasks.
Elements of the decision not displayed graphically are written out in the
explanatory text.-There may be several supplements to the decision, including:
substantiation for the decision (required lists of calculations, particular
maps, plotting boards, tables, and charts), the schedule plan for cooperation,
and other documents. The decision is signed by the commander and the chief of
staff of the large unit or unit and is approved by the senior officer. Based on
the decision adopted, the large-unit commander assigns tasks to subordinate
forces, and the staff develops a plan of combat actions which details the
commander's decision.
122. Tasks are transmitted to forces as combat orders, combat instructions,
icommYellrelstIngt:rcal=i
unications
i icontibi:nstni:=3:!=lct): dvele?toverb technical
transmitted over automated control systems and secure communications systems, or
enciphered; and orall with $ s ?e .ocumentar confirmation. The staff and
the chiefs of special troops and services are responsible for conveying tasks to
subordinates.
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When changes in the situation occur, the commander must use any possible
means to personally assign (update) combat tasks to subordinates.
When assigning combat tasks, the staff has to specify the method of
conveying them and decide which communications means and channels and automated
systems and means to use so that those who are to perform the tasks receive them
in a reliable manner and in the shortest possible time. Tasks must be conveyed
first to the large units (units, groups, ships) which are performing the main
tasks or initiating actions earlier than others, or to those requiring more time
for preparation. The receipt of combat orders and instructions, including those
transmitted over technical communications means, must be acknowledged
immediately.
In order to orient subordinates in regard to impending actions and give them
more time to prepare forees for the performance of their impending tasks,
preliminary combat instructions are given.
From their assignment of tasks, commanders of subordinate forces should be
clear as to the goal of the actions, their combat tasks, and the sequence in
which they will be performed, and understand who is providing support to whom,
by what means, and at what times.
123. A combat order [boyevoy prikaz] gives the following information:
Point one -- brief conclusions based on the assessment of the enemy's forces
and actions;
Point two -- the?combat task of the large unit (unit);
Point three -- the procedures for employing nuclear weapons and the tasks
performed in support of the given large unit (unit) by the forces and means of
the senior commander (officer); the neighboring forces' tasks and their boundary
lines (zones);
Point four (after the word "Decided") -- the concept of the battle;
Point five (after the words "I order" and in separate paragraphs designated
by capital letters in alphabetical order) -- the combat tasks assigned to
subordinate, attached, and supporting forces, special troops, services, and
reserves;
Point six -- the expenditure of nuclear warheads, missiles, and the main
types of munitions in the battle;
Point seven -- the time required for forces, troops, and means to achieve
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readiness; instructions on the deployment of forces, on cooperation, on the
control of forces during combat actions, and on support; and the times and
procedures for presenting reports;
Point eight -- the places and time for deploying control posts, the
directions along which to relocate the command post and its backup, and which
control post exercises control if the command post (KP) and alternate command
post (ZKP) are disabled.
Combat instructions [boyevoye rasporyazherdye] provide the following
information: brief information on the enemy; the combat tasks of the large
unit, unit, or ship to which the instructions are addressed, with directions on
means of reinforcement; the tasks to be performed by the forces and means of the
senior commander (officer) in support of the large unit, unit, or ship; tasks to
be performed when participating in joint combat actions; the time of readiness;
and neighboring forces', tasks and their boundary lines (zones). And, when
necessary, the methods for performing separate tasks and other necessary data
may be indicated. Combat orders and combat instructions must be brief and
preclude any possibility of differing interpretations.
A combat order is signed by the commander and the chief of staff of the
large unit or unit. Combat instructions may be given in the commander's name
over the signature of the chief of staff.
124. Tactical cooperation consists of the actions of submarines, surface
ships, aircraft (helicopters), coastal units, and their strike and support
groups coordinated as to targets (objectives), tasks, place (lines), axis, time,
and methods of operation in order to successfully perform a combat task. It is
achieved by: precisely allocating tasks; carefully coordinating the areas
(lines) and axes orAoperations and the procedures and times for delivering
strikes and attacking; coordinating nuclear strikes with the actions of forces
which are employing conventional weapons; and ensuring constant, reliable
control.
125. Tactical cooperation is organized as follows: between ships and units
within a large unit (or strike groups), between strike groups, between the
strike and support groups of one or several types of naval forces jointly
performing their assigned tasks, and also with large units and units of other
branches of the Armed Forces. It is organized to support the forces performing
the main task.
The commander assigned to carry out the combat task organizes cooperation.
The procedures for cooperation between forces are given in the commander's
decision. If necessary, a schedule plan for cooperation is worked out.
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It is the responsibility of the commander of the large unit or unit (group)
to continuously maintain cooperation and also immediately reestablish ,
cooperation when it is disrupted.
126. The large unit or unit (group) commander organizing tactical
cooperation coordinates the goals of combat actions, the tasks performed by
subordinate, attached, and supporting large units, units (groups), and ships,
the methods and procedures of their actions with or without the use of nuclear
weapons, and the areas of combat actions; he indicates the boundary lines
(zones, sectors) between the areas (zones) where forces are operating; he
determines the procedures for employing the weapons and means by forces
operating in the same area and the procedures for requesting, guiding, and
giving target designation to forces; and he organizes communications,
identification, warning notification, and the exchange of information, the
withdrawal of ship forces out from under our own aviation's strikes, and
measures to preclude unintentional interference with radioelectronic means and
increase the stability of communications.
127. Tactical cooperation between submarines, surface ships, and aviation
must be coordinated as to targets and objectives and the times and areas (lines)
for strikes. It also must specify the procedures for guidance and target
designation; indicate the boundary lines (zones, sectors) and the ranges for
employing weapons and radioeleetronie warfare-means; and also make provision for
the organization of surveillance, communications, warning notification, and
identification and for the organization of the mutual use of reconnaissance data
on the enemy, the exchange of information on our own forces' actions, and
security measures.
The actions of forces employing nuclear weapons must be coordinated in
particular detail With' the actions of forces using only conventional weapons so
that hitting one another bizaimnoye porazhenlye] is precluded in all cases.
128. When organizing cooperation between torpedo submarines [torpednyye
podvodnyye lodki] and other forces employing nuclear weapons, the distance
between detonation points and the locations of submarines, taking into account
possible errors, must preclude damage to the submarines. A nuclear strike must,
as a rule, precede attacks by torpedo and missile-torpedo submarines (raketno-
torpednyye podvodnyye lodki).
Strikes by torpedo submarines using weapons with nuclear warheads must, as a
rule, precede the attacks of conventionally-armed submarines, and the intervals
between strikes must preclude the possibility of hitting one another.
129. Large units (units) of naval aviation cooperating with submarines and
surface ships must be assigned tasks in advance, taking into consideration the
time needed for aviation groups to prepare, take off, and reach the designated
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lines (areas of operation).
The aviation commander makes the decision to launch aviation groups based on
the time assigned for the strike. The targets and objectives of strikes and the
time, altitude, and the direction of approach to them can be updated when the
aircraft are airborne.
130. The organization of cooperation between coastal missile-artillery
units, surface ships, and naval aviation must provide for the following:
procedures for concentrating fire against the most important targets
(objectives), the creation of conditions to ensure the security of our own
surface ships and aircraft when the missile units are laying down fire, ensuring
the electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic means, maintenance of
direct communications between ships and aircraft and coastal missile and
artillery units, and also procedures for exchanging information on the actions
of our own forces and enemy forces.
131. When organizing the cooperation Of air defense forces and means within
a.large unit (group), or their cooperation with front air defense forces and
means and coastal large units of Air Defense Troops, the following must be
provided for: the organization of command over air defense forces and means;
the mutual exchange of information on the air situation and on ships' cruising
routes and changes in those routes, and the periods that ships are at sea or at
basing points; the presence and location of shipboard control and guidance posts
for fighter aviation (KPUNIA) and the call signs for command posts and fighter
aviation aircraft; the procedures for mutual identification [IFF]; the
allocation of targets among fire means and radioelectronic warfare means; the
assignment of operating zones (sectors) and ,altitudes for fighter aircraft,
missiles, and antiaircraft artillery; the operating sectors and limits for
radioelectronic w*kfare means; the acceptance and transfer of control of fighter
aircraft providing cover; the allocation among fighter aviation large units
(units) of transit sectors and times for covering ship large units; and the
vectoring of fighters to the patrol zone and to landing strips.
132. Cooperation between large units and units of naval air forces and
units (large units) of front and long-range aviation must provide for the
following: the mutual provision of air reconnaissance data, the operating
procedures when delivering joint strikes, the use of the airfield network to
carry out maneuvers, coordination on matters of support for the landing of
aircraft after they perform their combat tasks, and rear services support.
The staff of the formation (large unit) organizing reconnaissance in the
given area of combat operations provides reconnaissance data during joint combat
actions of front and long-range aviation with large units and units of the naval
air forces and other naval forces.
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When delivering joint strikes with front and long-range aviation, the
commanders of large units and units of naval air forces must know the enemy
targets and the time when our front and long-range aviation will be operating,
the weapons and radioelectronic warfare means they will be using, the direction
of approach to targets and objectives, the flight routes and altitudes, the
procedures for mutual information exchange and target designation, and the
signals for guidance and mutual identification.
When organizing cooperation with large units and units of front rocket
troops, the commander in chief of fleet air forces must specify the place, time,
and yield of nuclear bursts, determine the methods of exploiting their results
to overcome the enemy air defense with aviation units (groups), and determine
the methods for ensuring the security of aircraft flights in those areas.
133. The cooperatioh of large units, units, and ships with large units and
units from other branches of the Armed Forces is organized on the basis of the
instructions of the higher staff. In doing so, the following are coordinated:
--when cooperating with large units and units of a maritime (primorskoy] front
-- the tasks to be performed, the areas, targets, and times for employing
nuclear and conventional weapons, and the yields and types of nuclear bursts;
the delivery of strikes against enemy naval forces and against enemy
antisubmarine warfare and air defense force targets to support the deployment
and actions of large units (groups), units, and ships; the procedures for
providing cover for front large units and units against enemy strikes from
seaward and for suppressing the enemy's radioelectronic means and control
systems; the organization of mutual exchange of reconnaissance data and data on
the radioelectronic situation, the organization of measures for deception
(maskirovkal, radioelectronic suppression, and radioelectronic protection of the
control systems orforces and weapons, and the organization of measures to
ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic means; the
procedures for carrying out joint measures to provide all other types of support
to the troops and forces of the large unit (group) or unit; and the organization
of land-based defense [oborona s sushi] of basing areas and the procedures for
mutual identification affl7iiid warning notification;
- when cooperating with large units and units of long-range aviation of an air
army of the Supreme High Command -- the tasks to be performed and the targets,
time periods, and sequence for delivering strikes against the enemy with the use
of nuclear and conventional weapons; the yields of nuclear warheads and the
types of nuclear bursts; the mutual provision of reconnaissance data; the
vectoring of long-range aviation to enemy targets (objectives) by the forces and
means of a large unit (group) or unit and providing it with target designation;
and the organization of sea rescue for downed aircraft crews;
- when cooperating with large units and units of the Air Defense Troops and air
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defense and fighter aviation of front air forces -- the strength, location, and tasks
of cooperating air defense forces and means; the air defense groupings formed to
provide cover for the large unit (group) or unit; the procedures for exchanging
reconnaissance data on the air situation; the procedures and methods for
providing cover at sea; expansion of radar coverage using the means of radar
picket ships; the procedures for transferring control to the shipboard control
and guidance posts for fighter aviation (KPUNIA) of the large unit (group);
measures for radioelectronic suppression, radioelectronic defense, and
electromagnetic compatibility; and the procedures for mutual identification,
warning notification, and communications;
-- when cooperating with large units and units of airborne landing forces -- the
areas, targets, objectives, and time for employing nuclear and conventional
weapons; the strikes against enemy targets in the area where the airborne
landing is to take place; the procedures for providing cover for the landing
forces against enemy strikes from seaward, supporting their actions, and
organizing the delivery of materiel to them by sea; and the procedures for
target designation, mutual identification, warning notification, and
communications.
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