(UNTITLED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86T01017R000100470001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: January 12, 2017
• Document Release Date: April 1, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 28, 1986
• Content Type: MEMO

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Central Intelligence Agency
DATE 3 /3 /g Co
DOC NO &-- M k(o -aG ~z
3
P&PD 1
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
28 February 1986
MEMORANDUM FOR: George J. Demko
Director
Office of the Geographer
Department of State
Chief, Geography Division, OGI
SUBJECT: Saudi Arabia/Iraq: Neutral Zone Partitioned
1. Attached is a memorandum concerning the partitioning of the Neutral
Zone between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The memorandum includes a map and
2. The research and analysis for the study were done by
the Near East Branch, Geography Division, Office of Globa issues.
If o ny questions concerning this memorandum please call me
Attachment:
Saudi Arabia/Ira : Neutral Zone Partitioned
GIM- -200 2
orlyl
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SUBJECT: Saudi Arabia/Iraq: Neutral Zone Partitioned
(Feb 1986)
Distribution:
Original - Addressee
1 - Alan J. Kreczko, State, I/NEA
1 - Gordon S. Brown, State, NEA/ARP
1 - A. Peter Burleigh, State, NEA/NGA
1 - George S. Harris, State, INR/NESA
1 - Col. Al Prados, DIA, NIO/NESA
1 - John Culver, Defense Mapping Agency
1 - Col. W. Hogan, USCENTCOM/CCCA
1 - SA/DDCI
1 - Executive Director
1 - DDI
1 - DDI/PES
1 - NIO/NESA
1 - CPAS/ISS
1 - Ch/CPAS/CDP/CC
1 - D/NESA
1 - Ch/NESA/PG
1 - Ch/NESA/PG/I
1 - Ch/NESA/PG/P
1 - Ch/NESA/PG/R
1 - D/OGI, DD/OGI
1 - Ch/OGI/SRD
1 - Ch/OGI/SRD/EM
1 - Ch/OGI/SRD PR
1 - Ch/OGI/SRD SF
1 - Ch/GD
1 - Ch/GD/NE
8 - OGI/PG
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Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C. 20505
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
28 February 1986
Saudi Arabia/Iraq: Neutral Zone Partitioned
Summary
the Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia
and Iraq (map) has been partitioned since at least July 30, 1982.
This division of the Zone was apparently negotiated by Saudi
Arabia and Iraq in December 1981, but has not been recognized in
U.S. Government mapping policy because the two parties have not
released detailed maps or coordinates of the new demarcation and
the Iraqi Government has not officially confirmed the partition
agreement. Small-scale Saudi maps have shown the divided Neutral
Zone since 1981.
This memorandum was prepared by Geography Division, Office
of Global Issues. Information available as o 28 February 1986 was used in
its preparation. Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to
the Chief, Near East Branch, Geography Division, OGI
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Saudi Arabia/Iraq: Neutral Zone Partitioned
Background
The first attempt to fix the boundary between Saudi Arabia -- then the
Kingdom of Najd -- and Iraq was the Treaty of Muhammarah (now
Khorramshahr). This was signed on May 5, 1922, between King Abd al-Aziz
and the British High Commissioner for Iraq, Sir Percy Cox, at a time when
Abd al-Aziz was expanding his new kingdom to the north and east. The
treaty of Muhammarah was negotiated in an attempt to prevent fighting
between Saudi and Iraqi tribes and to arrive at a territorial agreement.
Because Abd al-Aziz did not like any attempt "to curb, by an imaginery
[sic] line in the open desert, the movement of tribes who are accustomed to
roam widely in search of pasturage and water," the treaty only assigned
tribes and their respective lands and wellsito each country, and failed to
define a specific linear boundary.
An appendage to the treaty, the Protocol of Uqayr (December 2, 1922),
delimited the boundary and included a common or neutral zone that persisted
until recently. Abd al-Aziz agreed to sign the protocol only on the
condition that neither side place troops or fortifications at sources of
water, and that Najdi (Saudi) tribes would be free to cross the boundary to
watering places on the Iraqi side. The agreement stated that the area
between the two countries' frontiers was to "remain neutral and common to
the two Governments of Iraq and Najd who will enjoy equal rights in it for
all purposes." The protocol defined the Neutral Zone in terms of place
names, and its borders were drawn on an accompanying map (1:1,000,000).
According to the Consulate General in Dhahran, the map was lost, and the
border was never surveyed.
In 1938, hasty preparations were made by both governments to have the
boundary surveyed in the wake of oil discoveries in the region. Saudi
Arabia had already granted a concession to an American oil company, and
Baghdad wanted to grant a concession in southern Iraq that included the
boundary area. What became of these preparations is not clear from
subsequent reporting.
Between 1938 and the mid to late 1950's, Aramco personnel made at
least four surveys along portions of the border. None were intended to
demarcate the boundary. The first of these surveys was conducted by
Richard A. Hattrup from 1938 to 1940. At the request of the Saudi
Government, and accompanied by Saudi as well as Iraqi representatives, he
established a series of triangulation points within five kilometers to
either side of the approximate line of the boundary. One of the surveys
has been described by a past Consul General in Dhahran as having been a
gravity reconnaissance survey. The other two were probably mineralogical
The Neutral Zone was diamond-shaped, with an east-west axis about 110
miles long and a north-south axis about 48 miles long. Determining the
exact location of the four points delimiting the Neutral Zone's borders is
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complicated by the existence of different places with the same name. The
Saudi Government's most recent delineation of the Zone in 1981 still
defined only the north and east vertices by geographical coordinates. The
other two points can be approximated from imagery showing wells which we
believe are the ones mentioned in the agreement of December 26, 1981
(appendices, figures 1 and 2). The southern point is defined as lying "44
meters south of the last southern well." Based on the most southern well
visible on imagery, this point is approximately 28 degrees 45' 53" N, 45
degrees 30' 36" E.
The western point of the Neutral Zone (and, hence, of the new boundary
line) is associated with the village of Nisab, and was defined by the
border agreement of December 26, 1981, as:
A point at a distance of 400 meters is to be fixed in the west of
Bir Nkhilan. This point ensures that the two wells of Bir Abu
Zwair and Bir Al-Ud be maintained on the Iraqi territories and
the two wells of Bir Al-Arsh (Maragha) and Bir Al-Urs (Msherfa)
be maintained on the Saudi territories. The two wells of Bir
Nkhilan and Bir Al-Wahid are to remain on the Neutral Zone. If
this proves impossible after the technical survey, the Neutral
Zone should come closer to Bir Nkhilan to guarantee the
achievement of this position.
Although more than six wells arel lin the vicinity of
Nisab, there is what appears to be a border marker situated 400 meters due
west of one of the wells. The location of this object is approximately 29
degrees 11' 48" N, 44 degrees 43' 18" E.
The Neutral Zone is situated in a nearly featureless and sparsely
populated desert. The terrain slopes from a general elevation of 1066 feet
(325 meters) in the west nder 820 feet (250 meters) in the east.
the area may contain petroleum deposits,
but~ eir recovery may not yet be economical.
Negotiations on Dividing the Neutral Zone
Efforts to divide the Neutral Zone equitably between the two countries
were initiated by Saudi Arabia on June 7, 1958. A draft of the Saudi
proposal suggested that the Neutral Zone be divided by a straight line
connecting the Zone's east and west vertices. Nothing became of the talks,
apparently, for in 1975 the two countries were again engaged in
negotiations to define their common boundary. A boundary agreement "in
principle" was reported by Western press sources to have been signed on
April 18, and yet another one was reported by the Saudi press to have been
signed on July 2. Riyadh Radio said the Neutral Zone was to be divided in
the same manner as proposed in 1958. A Saudi delegation went to Baghdad on
November 19, 1975, as part of the final stages of the boundar
negotiations.
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In February of 1976, the Western press again reported that Saudi
Arabia and Iraq had "concluded a final agreement for the demarcation of
their border in the Neutral Zone area." Later that month, the two
countries contracted with the Pacific Kogyo Company, Ltd., of Japan to
survey the boundary, post stone border markers at intervals of five
kilometers, and make a map of the border area. The artitionin of the
Neutral Zone was to have been included in the project.
Despite these reports, final agreement was presumably not achieved
until after 1981. According to a diplomatic note to the U.S. Embassy from
the Saudi Foreign Ministry (dated July 19, 1983), Saudi Arabia "concluded
an international border agreement with the government of the Republic of
Iraq on December 26, 1981." According to a press report, the agreement was
signed in Baghdad by the Interior Ministers of the two countries, Prince
Nayef Ibn Abdul-Aziz and Mr. Saadoun Shaker. In its diplomatic note to the
United States, the ministry stated the accord specified the agreed points
of the entire Saudi-Iraq border, including those points which defined the
Neutral Zone. The final part of the diplomatic note stated:
After the approval by the Saudi and Iraqi governments of
what has been reached by the two sides a joint technical team is
to be formed to place the border markers in the points indicated
above.
It had (sic) been decided to hold a meeting in the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia between the Saudi and Iraqi sides to consider the
division of the Neutral Zone between the two countries and the
possibility of making the border line as straight as possible.
following the text of the official agreement, the Foreign Ministry
commented:
The division of the Neutral Zone between the two states was
actually made and the agreement was approved by the interior
ministers and the governments of the two countries.
Based on this appended comment, we conclude that yet another agreement
concerning partition of the Neutral Zone was made sometime between December
26, 1981, and July 19, 1983.
Current Boundary Description
The precise alignment of the new boundary partitioning the Neiitrnl
Zone is unknown,
All negotiations'proposed dividing the zone equally by as straight a line
as possible. Several maps published in Saudi Arabia as well as in the
United Kingdom (the earliest in 1981) depict the Neutral Zone as having
been divided. Some draw the partition as a straight line connecting what
were formerly the east and west points of the Neutral Zone. Others show
the boundary running due west from the territorial juncture of Kuwait,
Iraq, and Saudi Arabia until it reaches the half-way point, from which it
then runs west by north to the village of Nisab. One map, published in
1984 under the auspices of the Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources in
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Jiddah, depicts the boundary as running west-southwest for about eight
miles before heading directly for Nisab. This latter alignment reflects
what is shown on imagery.
What is known is the location of the eastern point, the approximate
location of the western point, and the location of the intervening border
posts. These points describe an approximately straight line with a slight
turn near the eastern end (map). According to the Saudi Government, the
junction of the territories of Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia is at 29
degrees 06' 4.5" North, 46 degrees 33' 18.9" East. As mentioned earlier,
the western point is at approximately 29 degrees 11' 48" N, 44 degrees 43'
provides an approximate dating of Sandi and Trani
construction along the partition line.
twelve border posts along a line connecting the eastern and western ends of
the former Neutral Zone. Their positions and structural differences
indicate that six of the posts belong to each country (figure 3 and 4)
already in place in January 1982.
at least some of the border posts were
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in January 1982 the Saudis were digging 25X1
a teencn along the border, about 100 meters within Saudi territory. The
a trench and parallel berm extending from the third 25X1
Saudi border post countin from the westernmost post on the map) to the
fifth Saudi post. the trench and berm extended to 25X1
the easternmost Iraqi post (map). The berm had not been extended on the
western end, leaving greater uncertainty about the precise alignment of the
border in that area. The distance from the center of the trench to the
center of the berm is about 12 meters. At intervals, particularly near
border posts, there are gaps in the trench and berm, presumably to allow
the passage of foot traffic (figure 4). 25X1
The finished construction of border posts along the partition line by
January 1982 suggests that the approximate line was decided even before the
agreement of December 26, 1981. The final agreement concerning the
division of the Neutral Zone referred to by Saudi Arabia's July 1983
diplomatic note may only have been concerned with final arrangements for
surveying the precise boundary.
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Chronology
May 5, 1922
December 2, 1922
April 6, 1936
1938 - 1939
1944
1951 - 1952
195?
June 10,
1958
April 13,
1975
April 18,
1975
July 2, 1975
November 19, 1975
Treaty of Muhammarah (Khorramshahr) signed in
Khorramshahr, Iraq, between Abd al-Aziz, King of Najd
(Saudi Arabia), and Sir Percy Cox, British High
Commissioner for Iraq.
Protocol of Uqayr (appended to Treaty of Muhammarah)
signed in Al 'Uqayr, Saudi Arabia, by King Abd al-Aziz
and Sir Percy Cox.
Treaty of Arab Brotherhood signed by Saudi Arabia and
Iraq. Confirms arrangements set forth in Protocol of
Uqayr.
Joint triangulation survey of frontier made by Richard
A. Hattrup for Saudi Arabia and Abas Mahadi for Iraq.
Steineke and Berg of Aramco survey portion of presumed
border.
Helley of Aramco conducts a gravity reconnaissance
survey along part of presumed border.
Bert Beverley and E.L. Elberg of Aramco survey portion
of presumed border.
Talks on final border agreement initiated in Riyadh.
Saudi Arabia represented by Yusif Yasin, Iraq
represented by Minister of State Burhanadin Bash-a'Yan.
Saudi delegation headed by General Abdallah ibn
al-Rahman Al al-Shaykh, Commander of the Frontier
Forces and Coast Guard, arrives in Baghdad to discuss
border settlement.
Agreement in principle to settle the border question
signed in Baghdad.
Border agreement signed in Riyadh by General al-Shaykh
and the Director General of the Iraqi Ministry of
Interior Ali Ahmed Al Naqib. Provides for equal
division of Neutral Zone.
Saudi delegation headed by General al-Shaykh arrives in
Baghdad. Purpose is to obtain Iraqi agreement on set
of international specifications similar to those used
by Saudi Arabia with Jordan, Kuwait, and the United
Arab Emirates.
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February 20, 1976 Press announces "Saudi Arabia and Iraq this week
concluded a final agreement on the demarcation of their
border in the Neutral Zone area." Saudi Arabia
represented by Sulayman al-Rubaysh, Director of
Surveying at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral
Resources, and Iraq represented by 'Ala'din al-Saqqual,
Director of General Surveying at the Ministry of
Agrarian Reform.
Late February 1976 Japanese company contracts with both governments to
survey, demarcate, and map the boundary, including the
partitioning of the Neutral Zone.
December 26, 1981 Border agreement reportedly signed in Baghdad by Saudi
Minister of the Interior Prince Nayif bin Abd al-Aziz.
and Iraqi Minister of the Interior Saadoun Shaker.
Prince Nayif announces that agreement would partition
the Neutral Zone.
January 11, 1982 Agreement of December 26, 1981 reported not signed by
either side.
January 28, 1982 Iraqi National Assembly approves border treaty signed
December 26, 1981 in Baghdad.
July 19, 1983 Text of December 26, 1981 border agreement provided to
U.S. Government in diplomatic note from Saudi Foreign
Ministry. Note also mentions that division of the
Neutral Zone was made after the December 1981
agreement.
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International Agreements Concerning the Neutral Zone
Treaty of Muhammarah
The text of the treaty pertaining to the boundary is as follows:
(a) The tribes known as the Muntafiq, Dhafir and Amarat will
belong to Iraq. Both Governments, that is to say the Government
of Iraq and the Government of Najd, guarantee mutually that they
will prevent aggression by their tribes on the tribes of the
other, and will punish their tribes for any such aggression, and
should the circumstances not permit of such punishment, the two
Governments will discuss the question of taking combined action
according to the good relations prevailing between them.
(b) The Najd delegate having refused to accept the
boundaries asked for by the Iraq Government, the following
principle was laid down: --
According to Article 1 (a) the Muntafiq, Dhafir and Amarat
tribes belong to Iraq; similarly the Shammar Najd belong to Najd.
The wells and lands used from old times by the Iraq tribes shall
belong to Iraq and the wells and lands used from old times by the
Shammar Najd shall belong to Najd. In order to determine the
location of these lands and wells and to fix a boundary line in
accordance with this principle a committee shall be formed
consisting of two persons with local knowledge from each
Government, and presided over by a British official selected by
the High Commissioner; the committee will meet in Baghdad to fix
the final boundaries, and both parties will accept these
boundaries without any objection.
The Protocol of Ugayr (appended to the Treaty of Muhammarah)
The text of the protocol pertaining to the boundary is as follows:
(a) The frontier from the East begins at the junction of the
Wadi al Aujah (W. el Audja) with Al Batin and from this point the
Najd frontier passes in a straight line to the well called Al
Wuqubah (El Ukabba) leaving Al Dulaimiyah (Dulaimiya) and Al
Wuqubah (El Ukabba) north of the line and from Al Wuqubah (El
Ukabba) it continues N.W. to Bir Ansab (Bir Unsab).
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(b) Starting from the point mentioned above, i.e., from the
point of the junction of the Wadi al Aujah (W. el Audja) with Al
Batin (El Batin) the Iraq boundary continues in a straight line
N.W. to Al Amghar (El Amghar) leaving this place to the south of
the line and from thence proceeds S.W. in a straight line until
it joins the Najd frontier at Bir Ansab (Bir Unsab).
(c) The area delimited by the points enumerated above which
includes all these points will remain neutral and common to the
two Governments of Iraq and Najd who will enjoy equal rights in
it for all purposes.
(d) From Bir Ansab (Bir Unsab) the boundary between the two
states proceeds N.W. to Birkat al Jumaimah (Birkat el Djumeima)
and from thence northwards to Bir al Uqbah (Bir el Akaba) and
Qasr Uthaimin (Kasr Athmin) from there westwards in a straight
line passing through the centre of Jal al Batn (Djal el Batn) to
Bir Lifiyah (Bir Lifa) and then to Bir al Manaiyah (Bir el
Maniya) and from there to Jadidat Arar (Djadaidat el Arar) from
there to Mukur and from Mukur to the Jabal Anazan (Anaza)
situated in the neighbourhood of the intersection of latitude 32
degrees north with longitude 39 degrees east where the Iraq-Najd
boundary terminates.
Whereas many of the wells fall within the Iraq boundaries
and the Najd side is deprived of them, the Iraq Government
pledges itself not to interfere with those Najd tribes living in
the vicinity of the border should it be necessary for them to
resort to the neighbouring Iraq wells for water, provided that
these wells are nearer to them than those within the Najd
boundaries.
Article 3.
The two Governments mutually agree not to use the watering
places and wells situated in the vicinity of the border for any
military purpose, such as building forts on them, and not to
concentrate troops in their vicinity.
Agreement of December 26, 1981
Portions of the diplomatic note from Saudi Arabia to the United States
pertaining to the boundary are as follows (unofficial embassy translation):
The [Foreign] Ministry has the honor to inform the Embassy
that the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia concluded an
international border agreement with the Government of the
Republic of Iraq on December 26, 1981. The agreement included
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the following points reached by the Saudi and Iraqi sides
concerning the borders of the two countries:
(1) Contact point of Wadi al-Uja with al-Baten
The borders from the east between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and
the Republic of Iraq begins from the contact point of Wadi al-Uja
with al-Baten of the geographical position North 29 degrees 06'
4.5" East 46 degrees 33' 18.9" approximately, which represents
the intersection of the two lines which represent the deepest
point in the meeting point of the aforementioned two valleys
(Wadi al-Uja and al-Baten).
(2) Bir al-Wakaba
- (Arabic word "bir" means well, plural "abar" wells) The
border point at "Abar al-Wakaba" will be fixed at a distance of
44 meters (fourty four meters) south of the last southern well
(al-Ghadeer) as indicated on the joint survey map provided that
all "Abar al-Wakaba" be included within the Neutral Zone.
(3) Bir Ansab
A point at a distance of 400 meters is to be fixed in the west of
Bir Nkhilan. This point ensures that the two wells of Bir Abu
Zwair and Bir al-Ud be maintained on the Iraqi territories and
the two wells of Bir al-Arsh (Maragha) and Bir al-Urs (Msherfa)
be maintained on the Saudi territories. The two wells of Bir
Nkhilan and Bir al-Wahid are to remain on the Neutral Zone. If
this proves impossible after the technical survey, the Neutral
Zone should come closer to Bir Nkhilan to guarantee the
achievement of this position.
(4) al-Amghar
The border point (on the north of the trigonometrical point
located on Jabal al-Amghar al-Janoubi (Mt. al-Amghar) at a
distance of 1100 meters, i.e. the additional point drawn on the
joint map and approved by the heads of the two delegations, shall
be fixed roughly according to the following geographical
coordinates: North 29 degrees 27' 23.35" East 45 degrees 29'
58.14"
[Note: Points (5) through (12) define the rest of Saudi
Arabia's boundary with Iraq and Jordan.]
(13) After the approval by the Saudi and Iraqi Governments of
what has been reached by the two sides a joint technical team is
to be formed to place the border markers in the points indicated
above.
(14) It had (sic) been decided to hold a meeting in the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia between the Saudi and Iraqi sides to consider the
division of the Neutral Zone between the two countries and the
possibility of making the border line as straight as possible.
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(The division of the Neutral Zone between the two states was
actually made and the agreement was approved by the interior
ministers and the governments of the two countries.)
Please take note of the above position.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs avails itself of this opportunity
to renew to the Embassy the assurances of its highest
consideration.
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Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone
A Iraqi border post
A Saudi border post
Trench and berm
International boundary currently
recognized by the US Government
--- International boundary as depicted
in 1984 by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saudi
29?11'20N 44?42'49E
29?09'09N 45?08'44E
29?0744N 45?3133E
29?05'59"N 45?50'49"E
29?03'30"N 46?1423"E
29?04'34"N 46?3822"E
Iraqi
29?11'44N 44?43'22E
29?09'31 "N 45?12'31 "E
29?0822N 45?2557E
29?0659N 45?4832E
29?05'14"N 46?04'40"E
29?03'24"N 46?25'28"E
BAGHDAD
Persian
u'1
G
SAUDI Dhahran
ARABIA
U.A.E.
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative.
OMAN
NigAb 29?11'48"N 44?43'18"E 1
Jabal al Amghar 29?27'23.35"N 45?29'58.14"E 2
Wadi al Batin 29?06'04.5"N 46?33'18.9"E 2
Al Waqbah 28?45'53"N 45?30'36"E 1
1 According to imagery, based on Saudi Foreign Ministry
information.
2 According to Saudi Foreign Ministry.
Al Waqbah
(well)
SAU D1 AR /
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