SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EXCHANGE PROPOSALS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Library of Congress
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
• Release Decision: RIFLIM
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 121
• Document Creation Date: January 11, 2017
• Document Release Date: July 23, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: MISC

No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
SQXETIFIC AND TECHNICAL EXCHANGE PROPOSALS
General t ackground and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
The Chinese have already demonstrated their willingness to admit
American scientists and medical doctors to the FRC. Several distinguished
men in these fields have already been warmly received by Chou En-lai
himself and have been permitted to travel to a variety of scientific and
manufacturing institutions. It is likely that more such American visitors
will be permitted, and the PRC may be willing to agree to initiate
exchanges at least in those fields where they have unique contributions
and experience, e. g.:
Medicine (acupuncture, skin grafts, reattaching severed limbs,
abortion, treatment of special diseases, medical administration
and "barefoot doctors")
Z. Agriculture (new seeds, new strains, better use of fertilizer,
denser planting).
3. Applied science (reflecting a two-way flow between university
ON-FILE NSC RELEASE
INSTRUCTIONS APPLY
and factory).
State Dept. review completed
Following(at Tab A) are specific proposals for possible scientific
and technical exchanges developed by the office of White House Science
Adviser.
. David. They include proposals in the areas
of agricultural;
tffitlittologie 0111.01i WOO arkap yIelda atit bitita" bieeb.ernieal research
(acupuncture), research on natural products (herbal medicine), population
dynamics an44amily planning schistosomiasis, (affecting millions of
Chinese), ptitol,ic healith and health care delivery, surgical techniques,
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
chemical synthesis, ecology and environment (recovery and recycling of
industrial and societal wastes), marine resource utilization, earth
resources sensing satellites, meteorology and computer-aided orthography
handling.
If Chou En-lai shows a willingness to open scientific and technical
exchanges, you may wish to propose a formal government-to-government
agreement using Sections II, III, V, VI and IX of the Model Agreement
(at Tab B). If he prefers an alternate vehicle, you could propose a
Joint Announcement on Exchanges drawing on the text of the Draft Joint
Announcement '(at Tab C).
(Special care should be taken to avoid offering the Chinese aid or
charity, given their deep sensitiitrities in dealing with a power which is
vastly superior in its over-all scientific and technical capacities.)
In either instance exchanges could be negotiated between governmental
or quasi-official institutions, e. g., the Chinese Academy of Sciences and
our National Academy of $citIndeteilor on our side by individual institutions
or a non-official clearing house such as the Committee on Scholarly
Communication with the PRC which is under the jointssponsor ship of the
National Academy of Sciences, the American Council of Learned Societies
and the Social Science Research Council. In any event, the PRC will
01111 probably not negotiate or participate with any institution which has direct
- links with Taiwan.
A reference to the utility of scientific and technical exchanges is
included in the text of our Draft Joint Cram-mininiip._
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON EARTH RESOURCES SENSING SATELLITES
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into a cooperative experimental program in the application
of satellite-derived earth-sensing data for geological and hydrological
prospecting and. for agricultural survey purposes.
We are Prepared To:
-- Make available to appropriate institutions of the People's
Republic of China plans and proposed experimental programs
for an American earth resources sensing satellite.
-- Make available plans for construction of didirect readout
earth station to receive telemetry signals from such a
satellite system.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
If Private -- Through a university to be designated
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
Earth resources sensing data could be very valuable to the Chinese
in the areas of natural resources, water supply, and agriculture. At
one time, they were cooperating closely with the Russians in land-based
geological prospecting technologies and would still have a great interest
in improved techniques for locating their natural resources.
The experimental earth resources sensing satellite ERTS-A will
be flown in March 1972 or shortly thereafter. It would be possible for
the Chinese to construct a data collection system for direct readout of
data from this satellite. Much experience will have to be gained in using
ERTS data for practical purposes and the Chinese could contribute so-called
"ground truth" information in a truly cooperative effort to refine the
techniques involved.
Note of Caution: The Chinese have been in the past very sensitive
to overflights of U.S. satellites over their territory, even when we have
informed them through Warsaw of a given payload's purely scientific
purpose. Referring to ERTS-A will also tell them that a U.S. earth
sensing satellite will be able to survey their territory whether they like
it or not. Hence, this proposal, while very attractive as an operational
program, could be politically hazardous to suggest.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into technical exchanges in areas of advanced surgical
techniques. The purpose would be to exchange information on
specialized techniques in order to improve surgical practices in both
countries.
We are Prepared To:
-- Arrange invitations for Chinese visitors to the leading
hospitals and specialty surgical clinics in the United States.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental
If Private
? National Institutes of Health
-- Institute of Medicine of the National Academy
of Sciences
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2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
Fragmentary reports have reached the West that the Chinese
have developed remarkable techniques for treatment of severe burn
victims as well as for reattaching severed limbs. Each of these
developments would reflect great credit upon the surgical teams that
developed the procedures. There are conversely very probably, areas
of surgical practice in the United States in which the Chinese would have
special interest.
The United States could assemble some specialist teams to visit
China and study the surgical procedures in question in detail.
In return the Chinese could suggest specialty surgical or clinical
areas to us in which they would like to send teams to the United States.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China exchange technical information on ecological and environmental
matters as a first step toward direct cooperation in achieving solutions
for specific environmental problems.
We are Prepared To:
-- Provide summary information on the nature and magnitude of
environmental problems in the United States.
-- Make available our latest information on air and water quality
standards.
? Provide a collection of several hundred technical reports of
the Office of Saline Water on studies related to development
of water desalination technology.
-- Dr. Abel Wolman, Professor of Sanitary Engineering at
Johns Hopkins University, would be prepared to visit and
lecture in China.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
-- National Academy of Sciences
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Backgroluld and Evidence of Chinese Interest
Chou En-lai has personally mentioned Chinese concern for
protection of the environment and the natural ecology of the planet.
The Chinese have set a remarkable example for other nations in the
recovery and recycling of a wide variety of materials from industrial
and societal wastes. Chinese efforts in this field could have important
implications for over-all resource conservation in all countries.
Interdisciplinary teams of environmental specialists from each
side would be exchanged for the purpose of identifying specific areas
of common interest. Specific research teams would then be developed
by each side. Air pollution, water pollution, waste recovery and recycling,
and sanitary engineering would be areas of high priority.
The Chinese could learn from cooperating with the United States
what kinds of environmental problems they may face in the future with
increased industrialization and urben congestion. They could also draw
on existing United States technology for solutions to specific problems.
The United States might learn of entirely new approaches to
problems of waste handling, recycling, resource conservation and
pollution control, which could be of great value and importance when
applied in the United States.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON COMPUTER-AIDED ORTHOGRAPHY-HANDLING
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China jointly undertake the development of an efficient computer-aided
system for handling Chinese orthography.
Because of differences in the structure of the languages of our
respective countries, American researchers have been interested in
developing computer-aided techniques for easing problems of translation
and dictionary work in order to facilitate communication. For example,
Dr. Susumu Kuno of Harvard University has developed a computerized
system for handling about 11,000 Chinese characters. The characters
are drawn by an automatic plotting machine from simple straight-line
segments. However, the readability of the text from his system has
not been adequately tested, nor have improved character sets been
investigated.
We are Paepared To:
? Exchange delegations of specialists in problems of linguistic
research and computer technology to share information and
develop cooperative research programs in this area.
-- Provide samples of the character printouts from some of the
present experimental American systems.
Possible Managing United States Institution:
-- Harvard University
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?
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON EXCHANGES OF SPECIFIC DELEGATIONS
IN SCIENTIFIC AND SCHOLARLY AREAS
Following is a list of possible exchanges of delegations designed to
develop contacts between our two countries in a variety of important areas.
In each case we are prepared to facilitate the exchange of delegations as
soon as it is convenient for organizations of the People's? Republic of China
concerned to do so.
1. The convening of a meeting of representatives of the National
Academy of Sciences with representatives of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
has been proposed in a letter from American Academy President Handler
to the Chinese Academy. Such a meeting might facilitate a number of pro-
posed scholarly and scientific exchanges. We endorse the holding of this
meeting should it be convenient for the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
2. The American Museum of Natural History wishes to collaborate with
Chinese anthropologists in attempting to relocate the bones of Peking Man.
3. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the Smith-
sonian Institution would like to join with Chinese scholars in archeological
and anthropological studies in China.
4. A number of United States universities would like to invite Dr. Kuo
Mo-Jo President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to lecture on his
work on the tortoise shell inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
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S. United States educational groups at the elementary, secondary,
and university levels would like to exchange visits with parallel groups
in the People's Republic of China. Coordination in the United States
would be handled by the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the
People's Republic of China, a non-governmental agency jointly sponsored
by the Social Science Research Council, the National Academy of Sciences,
and the American Council of Learned Societies, or by the National Com-
mittee on U.S. -China Relations.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China increase the direct exchange of weather data and information
between their two countries and enter into a cooperative program
for analysis of data obtained from weather satellites.
We are Prepared To:
-- Provide plans for constructing telemetry receiving equipment
as well as transmitting schedules for the TIROS and NIMBUS
weather research satellites.
-- Provide additional NIMBUS-source weather data as well as
detailed information on the NIMBUS satellite system.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental ? The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
If Private -- A United States university yet to be designated
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Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
The U.S. now has access to some Chinese weather data transmitted
by radio in the internationally recognized SMO code. China's heavy
dependence on agriculture indicates their need for the best possible
weather information and their provision of this data via the WMO system
even during difficult political times in China confirms this interest.
The Chinese might construct simply APT ground equipment for
obtaining direct readout of cloud cover data from U.S. weather satellites
of the TIROS operational system as well as some channels from the
NIMBUS series of experimental satellites. Collaboration with the US.
would aim at refined interpretation and use of this data. Strong Chinese
theoretical competence could yield valuable contributions in this area.
Note: It is possible that the Chinese have already built their own
APT receivers without telling us, from information available in the
literature.
The U.S. has developed tentative plans to move its Operation
Storm Furypprogram (a study of the effects of seeding hurricanes) to
the Pacific Ocean, where the greater incidence of seedable typhoons,
as compared to Atlantic hurricanes, offers a chance of increased
opportunities to conduct experiements. An early plan called for proposals
by the U. S. to the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan to cooperate with us in
this experimental effort.
There is a finite danger that seeding a storm may increase its
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
intensity rather than decrease it. Furthermore, a large number of
Pacific origin typhoons eventually strike the Chinese mainland,
suggesting that any such program could not be carried out without
prior consultation, or perhaps even some cooperation, with the Chinese.
Not only is this subject complicated by involvement with Taiwan,
but within the last days, Japan has allegedly protested against any
experimentation of this kind by the U.S. in the Pacific area. In
conclusion, the fate of the U.S. proposal to move Storm Fury to the
Pacific looks very uncertain; but in any case, if it should be moved,
some consultation and maylicie even an offer of cooperation with China
would have to be considered.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
A vital problem for the Chinese is the efficient handling of their
complicated system of orthography. They have reportedly made some
progress in developing a Chinese typewriter, as well as a telegraphic
means of transmitting their language characters, although details are
unknown in the West. It can be assured, however, that further improve-
ments in systems for handling Chinese orthography would be of great
value to them.
American scientists have been applying sophisticated computerized
techniques to the problems of handling symbol sysAms with large
numbers of individual characters, such as complicated mathematical
equations and Chinese orthography. Challenging research problems
are encountered at the man-machine interface and in producing a final
result that is graphically meaningful.
The Chinese should have ideas and practical knowledge which would
be most valuable to the American scientists and technologists in their
research and development of these computerized systems. If these
systems were useful to the Chinese, this would be an excellent introduction
for them to American computer equipment and techniques.
We would enable the Chinese to avoid the efforts and costs of
research work in developing prototype systems for the computerized
handling of Chinese orthography. This would be accomplished by inviting
Chinese scientists to work at American universities and institutions, which
have already developed prototype systems. The Chinese would benefit
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
3
from actual experience in using and evaluating these systems and would
then be better able to produce their own versions. The Americans
would benefit from the comments and criticisms of actual potential
users of the products of their research and development.
Note: Computers and automatic plotters of a certain capacity
are presently embargoed for sale to China. However, the objective
of this proposal is to help the Chinese in eliminating costly exploratory
research and evaluation; the Chinese could then produce their own
special purpose systems.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
?
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON RESEARCH IN THE MARINE SCIENCES
That the United States and China commence a program of technical
information exchanges in the multi-disciplinary area of marine sciences
for the purpose of developing cooperation in finding better methods of
utilizing marine resources.
We are Prepared To:
-- Encourage the three major American West Coast oceanographic
institutions- -Scripps, Oregon State, and the University of
Washington--to host a delegation of Chinese oceanographers and
marine scientists for discussion of areas of common interest.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Government -- The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
If Private -- (1) The National Academy of Sciences
(2) Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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S
?
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
It is apparent that with their long coastline the Chinese have a
deep interest in the development of their marine resources. Their
fish catch, for example, exceeds that of the U.S. , and they are actively
pursuing the search for oil on their continental shelf. They are
reportedly embarking on a significant shipbuilding program, and they
operate several research institutes working in the marine sciences.
Scripps Oceanographic Institution in the U. S. has been sending
its publications to the Amoy Oceanographic Institute for some time,
although there has been no reciprocal gesture by the Chinese. This
means, however, there is at least some knowledge base in China of
U.S. work in this area.
U.S. marine science work is high quality and broad in coverage.
An excellent itinerary could be prepared for a visiting Chinese delegation
to this country. On the basis of exchanges of delegations, it might be
possible to identify specific areas of common interest for closer cooperation.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
That the United States and China enter into exchanges of technical
informatiou and direct research collaboration in chemical synthesis in
order to develop new synthetic methods for natural products such as
steroids and hormones and other complex biologically active compounds.
We are Prepared To:
-- Provide appropriate institutions of the People's Republic of
China with a listing of biographic and bibliographic information
about United States researchers in the field of chemical
synthesis, on the basis of which individuals or groups could
be identified in order to arrange for contacts and mutual
exchanges of delegations.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
-- National Academy of Sciences
-- American Chemical Society
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
? Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
In the early 1960s the Chinese shared with the West Germans the
distinction of synthesizing insulin for the first time. Little is presently
known in the West of the activities of the group in Shanghai which
accomplished this feat. It is apparent, however, that the Chinese had
made a stron.g effort in biochemistry at that time and that their protein
synthesis work was at a high level of competence. This group had
close contacts with Westerners before the Cultural Revolution and it
is possible that they would welcome a re-establishment of contacts
with Americans at this time.
The first step in establishing contact could be an exchange of
delegations. The United States could assemble a highly distinguished
team consisting of such investigators as; Robert Merrifield of
Rockefeller University (polypeptide synthesis); and William S. Johnson
and Paul Berg, both of Stanford, to visit Chinese laboratories, to meet
their scientists and to assess the potential of collaborative programs.
As to these initial exploratory visits, invitations for exchange of
individual researchers could be issued promptly.
The Chinese would stand to benefit greatly from a United States
invitation to visit the best United States institutions and groups working
in chemical synthesis of natural compounds. The Chinese could
familiarize themselves with the latest and most advanced tools of the
synthetic chemist, which abound in this country, but are likely in very
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short supply in China, such as mass spectrometers, nuclear magnetic
resonance spectrometers, spectrophotometers, etc.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
That the United States and the People's Republic of China enter
into cooperation in agricultural technology directed toward the improve-
ment of existing practices in both countries and the achievement of
higher crop yields.
We are Prepared To:
-- Exchange delegations of researchers in the field of agronomy
to explore possibilities for cooperative research.
? Supply literature and technical information on United States
agricultural techniques in crop areas of interest to researchers
in agronomy from the People's Republic of China. Such crops
might include soybeans and other oil seeds, sorghums, wheat
rice, etc.
-- Provide from our collections, inocula (samples) of various
recently isolated strains of nitrogen fixing bacteria for applica-
tion to legume stocks in order to increase their nitrogen fixing
capacity.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If Governmental -- United States Department of Agriculture
If Private -- (1) National Plant Food Institute (for fertilizers)
(2) University of Illinois (for agricultural
teehnologies)
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest 2
Chinese progress in solving their food problem has been
considerable. Several-fold increases of yields for some crops have
been achieved in the last 20 years. Recent visitors to China have
reported the awareness and pride of the peasants in these accomplish-
ments. However, recorded average yields are still below those
obtained for the same crops in the U.S. Even Chou En-lai has spoken
to visitors of China's interest in U. S. agricultural technologies.
Agriculture will continue to be a top Chinese priority for many years.
The Chinese have accomplishments to show in the hygienic use
of organic fertilizers. This subject could have important implications
for the United States. Hence, it is a field in which the Chinese could
make a specific technical contribution to U.S. knowledge. The U. S.
would welcome an invitation to send a group of fertilizer specialists
to China. A cooperative program could develop in the preparation and
application of these fertilizers to specific crops. Trade relations
may subsequently develop in this area.
The U.S. is interested in arranging visits for Chinese specialists
to leading U.S. universities, laboratories, field stations, and farms,
where important advances in agricultural technologies are represented.
Specific itineraries could be arranged for observing U.S. production,
storage and marketing techniques for crops such as soybeans, wheat,
corn, rice or others, as the Chinese may select. The purpose of the
visits would be to exchange information and identify interests which could
be developed into cooperative programs.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON PLANT BREEDING
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China undertake mutual collection and exchange of plant germ plasm,
designed to lead to cooperative development of new strains of useful
plant organisms for both nations.
We are Prepared To:
- Exchange delegations of researchers in the area of plant
breeding.
-- Supply seed samples (germ plasm) of our most recently developed
strains of soybeans and other oilseed crops, sorghums, wheat
and rice. Some 10-15 different samples could be provided.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental -- U. S. Department of Agriculture
If Private - University of Illinois
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
The secret of the Green Revolution has been the application of plant
breeding techniques to the development of new strains of wheat and rice
with desirable yield, hardiness, and disease resistance characteristics,
making possible great increases in crop yields. It is reported that the
Chinese have been active and successful in these areas. However,
access to American germ plasm pools would increase greatly the source
materials from which they might draw for crossing experiments and
further study.
China is also believed to be the primary or secondary center of
origin of a number of important plant species, including soybeans,
sorghums, waxey corn, leafy vegetables, peaches, apples, pears, certain
citrus fruits, ornamentals known for their resistance to cold, and
Camptopeca--a plant which yields an extract now being investigated by
NIH as a possible anti-cancer drug.
Strong interest in specific Chinese plantiEnow exists among U.S.
plant breeders and geneticists. Small germ plasm exploration and
collection teams would welcome a chance to visit China in each of the
plant areas mentioned above. Cooperative programs and long-lasting
contacts would develop from the experiments with the germ plasm obtained
illin China. Dr. Fred Hough of Rutgers University would be ready to begin
experiments with unique apple strains indigenous to northeast China.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Initial contacts in this field would be made through a U. S. invitation
to a team of Chinese plant geneticists and plant breeders to visit U. S.
universities and research laboratories working in this field. We hope
that from these contacts and conversations will develop additional visits,
exchanges of seeds (germ plasm) and the kind of communication which
will lead to joint plant breeding programs.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into research cooperation to investigate the scientific
principles underlying the remarkable phenomenon of acupuncture as
a technique for anesthesia and medical treatment.
We are Prepared To:
- Exchange delegations of medical specialists to explore the
universally-noted Chinese developments in the use of
acupuncture as a technique for anesthesia and medical
treatment.
-- Encourage cooperative research by medical scientists from
our two countries into the varied effects of the acupuncture
technique, and its causes.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental
If Private
-- National Institutes of Health
-- (1) Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology
- (2) Institute of Medicine of the NatIOnal
Academy of Sciences
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest 2
The Chinese use extensively this traditional form of medicine in
connection with modern surgery. It is a technique based on the insertion
of thin needles into the body. Recent Western visitors have looked at
acupuncture closely enough to conclude it is neither a hoax nor hypnosis
and that it represents a physiological phenomenon, whose scientific
basis is not understood. The Chinese seem proud of their successes
in this field and have shown them to many Western visitors. Further-
more, it is reported that many research institutes throughout China
are currently investigating the scientific basis of acupuncture.
A cooperative program together with U.S. medical researchers
would give the Chinese access to a wide range of sophisticated
electronic and biomedical instrumentation, which their more limited
resources would likely not provide. The Chinese would bring invaluable
clinical experience with the procedure to the cooperative venture. This
combination of capabilities brought to bear on the problem would give
a high probability of early success. Furthermore, resulting joint
publications of U. S. and Chinese investigators could be an important
symbol of a new U.S. -China relationship.
A first step toward establishing the program would be to seek an
invitation for a multi-disciplinary team of U. S. specialists in pain
physiology, anesthesia, and experimental pathology, along with
biochemists, internists, and psychiatrists to spend at least one month
in China examining the acupuncture procedure in detail. Contact would
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
also be made with the research institutes in China working to understand
the scientific basis. A return visit to the U.S. by a Chinese group
could provide the occasion for consideration of a joint research plan,
perhaps at a U.S. -Chinese Bilateral Seminar on Acupuncture.
The Chinese will be exposed to the most modern, highly instrumented
approaches to research, which should be of great interest to them.
The U.S. may discover important new physiological principles
in this ancient form of Chinese medicine.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON RESEARCH ON NATURAL PRODUCTS
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China undertake a program of information exchanges and cooperative
research in the field of herbal medicine in order to isolate and identify
the active principles and their modes of action.
We are Prepared To:
-- Assemble an interdisciplinary team of medical and chemical
specialists, including biological chemists (e. g., E. P. Kennedy
of Harvard), pharmacologists (3. Burns of Hoffman-LaRoche),
and experimental pathologists (Louis Thomas of Yale), and
imMunologists (F. 3. Dixon of Scripps Clinic), to exchange
information in the area of research on natural medical products.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
-- The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences
-- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
In talking. with Western visitors, the Chinese have shown great
pride in the successes of their traditional Chinese medicine, which
utilizes many exotic preparations from indigenous herbs. However,
the scientific underpinnings of these traditional techniques are yet
to be elucidated. Active principles and their chemical structures
may be completely unknown. Chinese interest in both the scientific
and the practical aspects of medicine would suggest this to be an
attractive area for cooperative work.
The Ara stepwou1dhave to be a visit to China by a multi-
disciplinary U. S. team to examine in detail the kinds of materials
in use, their plant origins and their mode of application. Subsequently,
a Chinese delegation could visit a series of U. S. laboratories specializing
in analysis, testing, and synthesis of pharmaceutical materials. Such a
visit would provide an opportunity for the Chinese to update their
knowledge of modern laboratory equipment. If they chose to move ahead
with a cooperative program, access to such instruments for use in the
U. S. could be assured. If the program were successful, joint U. S. -
Chinese teams could work on extraction, preparation, separation,
analysis, structure determination and testing. There might even be
opportunities for joint commercial exploitation of active materials, if
any were identified as therapeutically useful.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON RESEARCH EXCHANGE IN THE AREA OF
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND FAMILY PLANNING
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into technical information exchanges and joint research
cooperation in the area of population dynamics and family planning in
order to find new techniques for fertility control and means of applying
them.
We are Prepared To:
? Exchange delegations of qualified medical specialists in the
areas of population dynamics and family planning.
- - Provide experimental samples of contraceptive agents in use
in the United States, such as pills, intrauterine devices (IUD's),
and full clinical data on their use.
-- Provide full information on United States research on
prostaglandins as possible contraceptive agents.
? Provide research information on newly discovered brain
hormones, which appear to function as agents interfering
with the menstrual cycle and, hence, have potential as a new
chemical means of fertility control.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
- - Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences
-- Center for Population Studies of Harvard (Dr. Roger Revelle)
-- Population Council, New York (Dr. Sheldon Segal)
dor
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Backgrounct and Evidence of Chinese Interest
Population control is a high priority program in China. The birth
rate has been lowered significantly in the past 20 years, and the Chinese
tell Western visitors that they expect it to drop further in the future.
Many methods of contraception are in use. Because research on fertility
control is also a high priority program in the U.S. , as well as a
pivotal program for development aid activities throughout the world, it
is likely that the Chinese would welcome contacts with the U. S. workers
in this field.
The Chinese May have unique clinical experience applicable in the
U.S. The Chinese will likely be very interested in contact with U. S.
institutions doing basic research work on fertility control.
Note of Caution: Any implication that the U.S. is seeking to
reduce the population of China through the subterfuge of research
programs should be avoided in presenting this proposal.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON SCHISTOSOMIASIS RESEARCH
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into a cooperative research program directed to under-
standing, treating, and eventual eradication of the widespread
parasitic disease, schistosomiasis.
We are Prepared To:
? Provide samples of experimental drugs with full test data
obtained to date in the area of research on Schistosomiasis.
- Exchange information and reprints of research results
concerning schistosomiasis immunology and test procedures
for identifying the presence of the disease.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
If Governmental -- National Institutes of Health
If Private ? Institute of Medicine of the National Academy
of Sciences
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
The parasitic disease, schistosomiasis, affects millions of
people throughout the world by producing chronic debility and eventual
death. At one time, one of the great centers of pandemic infection was
the Yangtse River Valley in China. It is reported that through a
conventional, labor-intensive snail eradication program, China has
greatly improved this situation. Reports have also been received of
the existence of a Chinese treatment for sufferers from the disease.
In the West, no safe and effective drug is known for treating infected
individuals. Estimates of victims of the disease in China extend up
to 100 million people. Mao himself has written a poem describing
the cirulence of the disease. Although schistosomiasis is not a
problem in the United States, research on the disease has been under-
way for some years, both because of the extent of the infection in
tropical areas abroad and because of its unique immunological and
biochemical characteristics.
Little currently is known in the West about the present extent
and nature of the infection in China. Any program would have to begin
with an exchange of specialist teams. The U.S. approach would be
novel in that we would include representatives of the fields of molecular
biology and gerietics, which have not traditionally been involved in
research on parasitic diseases. We would propose Nobel Prize winner,
Joshua Lederberg, as U.S. delegation leader. We believe that the area
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
3
of parasitic disease may be ripe for unique contributions from the newer
biomedical disciplines. This would provide for the Chinese, with their
strong biomedical tradition and an unknown level of competence in
molecular biology, a chance to make contact with one of the fastest-
moving and exciting scientific fields in America.
There have also been recent eeports from Johns Hopkins University
and the Squibb Pharmaceutical Company that a newly-developed anti-
schistosome drug shows some promise and could perhaps be made
available for clinical testing.
Note of Caution: Any implication should be avoided that the U. S.
is seeking to use Chinese subjects as "guinea pigs" for chemical testing.
A Chinese team visiting the U.S. could be the beginning of an
exchange of individual researchers between the U.S. and Chinese
laboratories. The Chinese could also provide information on the
effectiveness of their brute-force snail eradication program.
At a later time these contacts could be expanded into other areas
of parasitic disease.
Note of Caution: One complicating factor in the area of
schistosomiasis is that a very fruitful cooperative research program
has been underway with Japan for some 6 years, as part of a broader
medical cooperation activity directed toward diseases of third countries
in Asia. Attention might be given to the possibility of making the U.S. -
Japan program into a trilateral effort to include China or, alternatively,
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
starting a separate program with the Chinese independent of the on-
going U. S. -Japan activity. It would seem both scientifically and
politically undesirable to appear to be downgrading the U. S. -Japanese
cooperation in any way or to be dumping the Japanese in favor of the
Chinese.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
That the United States of America and the People's Republic of
China enter into technical information exchange in the areas of public
health and the delivery of health care.
We are Prepared To:
- Arrange for exchange visits of delegations of medical
specialists in the fields of public health and health care
delivery systems.
? Extend an invitation to a delegation from the People's Republic
of China to participate in the Michigan symposium on Public
Health in May 1972.
Possible Managing United States Organization:
-- Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
This country shares with China the problems of delivering medical
care to remote areas, of organizing emergency care facilities, of
encouraging patients to seek medical aid early in the course of an
illness, and of conserving scarce resources of medically-trained
manpower by effectively training and utilizing para-medical personnel.
Fragmentary reports suggest that the Chinese have made great achieve-
ments in this area, including unique and effective organization of their
hospital system, although detailed knowledge is lacking. It appears
from reports of Western visitors that the Chinese are pleased and
proud to show their achievements in these areas.
A multi-disciplinary team of U.S. specialists should spend a
month or more in China. The University of Michigan's Dr. Lin Tsung Yi
( a native-born Taiwanese ) could play an important role in such a mission
(assuming no political complications with his origin). He is already
organizing a symposium to be held in Michigan in May 1972, on the
subject of Public Health in China. Another who could play a leading
role is Dr. Kerr White of Johns Hopkins University, a world renowned
specialist in health care delivery.
The U.S. would host an appropriate Chinese delegation, providing
them an opportunity during their visit to concentrate on subjects in the
health or medical areas of highest priority and interest to China. It is
possible that additional projects of cooperation could grow from these
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
exchanges, in such areas as automated diagnostic techniques and
training and use of paramedical personnel.
The Chinese would very likely get favorable publicity in the
West about the effectiveness of their innovations in these areas.
The U.S. might acquire very useful information for potential
application to U.S. problems.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
ANNEX ON SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES
General Comments:
In preparing the previous action proposals, the Office of the
President's Science Adviser has assumed, in accord with your staff's
instructions, that programs would be carried out largely in a non-
governmental framework. In several areas such as agriculture,
medicine, and ecology, the proposals could be broadened to include
activities of appropriate United States Government agencies as well.
Impinging on all of these suggestions is the paucity of current
available information about science and technology in the People's
Republic of China. For the most part these proposals are based on
crude estimates of the nature and level of activity in China. The
kind of relationship most frequently suggested is an initial exchange
of delegations in order to acquire detailed information on both sides.
It is assumed that these exchanges would be the basis for more
specific proposals for direct cooperation and regularized exchanges
of information or materials and individual research workers in
connection with specific cooperative projects.
Each of these proposals represents an area where both the
United States and the People's Republic of China would stand to
benefit from an exchange. Most are in the fields where the Chinese
appear to have unique accomplishments, of which they appear proud
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
?
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
and which they appear willing and pleased to show to foreign visitors.
The specific suggestions are based in part on expressions of interest
coming to us spontaneously from individuals and United States institutions.
The proposals were developed by our staff without discussions with the
possible participating institutions, because of the White House desire
to minimize speculation relating to the President's visit. However, I
am confident that the institutions and the individuals indicated in the
proposals (or their equivalents) will be available to participate in
accepted exchanges.
General Mechanism for Management of These Programs:
The most straightforward mechanism for management of a broad
and continuing program of exchanges would require the designation of
central, coordinating institutions in the United States and in the
People's Republic of China. These bodies should have broad professional
competence, and they should possess staff with contacts throughout the
academic, professional, scientific, and technical communities.
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is well qualified to play
this role on the United States side. In addition to the Academy's 13 years
of experience in managing analogous exchanges with the USSR, the NAS
Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of
China has been for the past 5 years the focal point of interest in the
United States.scholarly community in matters related to possible
exchanges with the People's Republic of China.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
One possible problem arises from past and continuing association
of the NAS with Taiwan. The NAS position is that it has fostered
cooperation with the Academica Sinica on Taiwan and will continue to do
so, since its role is to further contacts among scholars throughout the
world, independent of political considerations.
It has been apparent in reviewing the invitations which the Chinese
have already extended to American scientists that they also lack
information on our institutions and our scientific personnel. The
existence of a central institution in the United States to arrange
delegation visits in various disciplines and to find the most appropriate
and talented people to participate would be a substantial service to the
Chinese. If for some reason, the Chinese feel the NAS is unacceptable
as a central manager on the United States side, it would be possible to
develop the proposed programs through individual private institutions.
However, we would still expect the NAS and its Committee on PRC
Communication to remain in close contact with all activities and to
provide advice and counsel to these independent institutions.
If it is desired to begin with a few ad-hoc exchanges in specific
areas, I will be willing to assume responsibility for operations using
the staff of the Office of Science and Technology.
An obvious candidate for central management on the Chinese
side is the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
i?
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Recommendation:
Wo.recornmend that in conversations with the People's Republic
of China about exchanges, either before or during the President's
visit, that the non-governmental nature of the NAS be stressed and
that its competence and positive attitude toward exchanges with the
People's Republic of China be emphasized.
Funding of Exchanges:
The source of most funding for formalized scientific exchanges
of Americans with other nations is the United States Government.
Regardless of what may be initially done with the People's Republic
of China through private channels, the United States Government will
eventually have to enter the picture if United States-Chinese exchanges
are to achieve any significant magnitude. I have made provisional
arrangements for an initial commitment of $200,000 from the National
Science Foundation (NSF), which could be made available for such
exchanges during the remainder of FY 1972. At a maximum of $2000
per person, this would send some 100 Americans to China (in perhaps
1.5-20 different delegations) before the end of FY 1972. If the demand
should be greater, we believe that additional monies could be diverted
from other programs at NSF.
For FY 1973, John Richardson in State's Bureau of Educational
and Cultural Affairs (CU) is planning provisionally to request $1 million
for exchanges with the People's Republic of China. NSF's allocation
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
'
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
could also be increased in FY 1973. In the health area it also seems
certain the HEW's Fogarty Center would be willing and able to support
?some level of exchange if they were asked. It is also likely that the
U. S. Department of Agriculture would be willing to cover some costs
of exchanges with the Chinese in their areas of interest.
One mechanism of funding could involve a grant by NSF or
State/CU to the NAS, which would then manage the exchanges in
consultation with the Government. We would plan to monitor these
exchanges closely.
A strong case should be made in favor of Federal funding on
the U. S. side of these exchanges. If, however, there is no acceptable
alternative to private sources, we believe that the Ford Foundation
might be willing to finance such opportunities to the extent of several
hundred thousand dollars a year. We have not explored this formally
with Mac Bundy or others at Ford, but would be willing to do so if
you judged it desirable.
A second possible source of private funding is the Rockefeller
Foundation with its long and remarkable history of deep involvement
with China, particularly in areas of medicine and health. With post-war
Rockefeller activities stressing development, parasitic diseases and
the Green Revolution, all of which are of interest to China, it would
be desirable at some stage to ascertain Rockefeller's attitude toward
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
future activi iea with China, as well as their acceptability to the Chinese
at this time. We have taken no initiative in this direction and would not
do so unless you request us to.
Conditions of Exchanges and of Financing:
We have suggested a balanced program in which there would be
exchanges of delegations in both directions. If the Chinese are less
able to come to the United States, we would not object to an imbalance
in the exchanges in favor of more Americans going to China, especially
in the early stages of the program. This could be explained by noting
that the Chinese have continued to receive and read our journals in
recent years, while the cessation of publication of their journals since
the Cultural Revolution has created a dearth of information in the
United States about their science and technology. Even when publications
were available, the language barrier has been a significant hindrance to
information flow.
With regard to payment of expenses, the sending country should
pay the international travel costs of its delegations going abroad. The
sending country might also cover the local per diem and local travel
costs of its delegations in the receiving country. However, we would
favor "no currency drain" exchanges, where the receiving nation pays
the costs of hosting the visitors. If NSF, State/CU, or private U. S.
funding is used, there will be no difficulty in financing exchanges on
this basis. For certain Government agencies, however, appropriated
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
7
funds cannot be used to pay costs of foreign visitors in any way.
Summary:
Important questions to be answered include:
I. Whether U. S. Government funding of exchanges is acceptable.
2. Whether the National Academy of Sciences would be an
acceptable institution for centralized management of exchanges on the
US, side.
3. Whether U.S. Government scientists employed by U. S. Govern-
ment technical agencies would be acceptable as members of visiting
delegations, provided they traveled as representatives of the NAS for
the purpose-of the specific exchange in question.
4. Whether the Chinese will designate a central institution to
manage the exchanges on their side and, if so, what it will be.
5. Whether the receiving country would have a veto over delegation
members proposed by the other side.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
CULTURAL EXCHANGES (INCLUDING YOUTH AND SPORTS GROUPS)
Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest
Over the past decade Peking has maintained that Sino - U.S.
cultural exchanges were a "peripheral" matter to be disposed of only
after the "major issues" -- resolution of the Taiwan problem, and the
establishment of U.S. PRC diplomatic relations -- were resolved. In
view of developments of the past six months, however, Peking may now
be willing to discuss cultural exchange, including youth and sports,
which the PRC would hope to exploit politically on a variety of
external fronts.
Moderate PRC leaders may have problems justifying a Sino - U. S.
cultural exchange agreement to the Cultural Revolution radicals, but this
possibility should not deter us from tabling proposals in this area.
A formal official exchange agreement incorporating cultural
affairs could be modeled on the January 27, 1957 agreement between the
U. S. and the USSR. A draft agreement is included as the first proposal.
We have tailored the wording of the agreement to take account of signifi-
cant differences between the USSR and the PRC. Sections II, IV, VII and
IX of the draft agreement deal with cultural matters, including youth
and sports.
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: L0C-HAK-465-2:1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Apart from political considerations,Peking may however prefer
to stall on formal official cultural exchanges because:
It can already select from a wide variety of talented private
American individuals and groups who are either applying for entry to
the PRC or seeking entry of PRC counterparts to the U. S.
2. It may suspect that a formal cultural exchange agreement
would be exploited by the USG to "penetrate" PRC institutions and
groups.
3. It *21ay fear that such an agreement would be exploited by its
"revisionist" adversaries -- especially the USSR -- to undermine the
PRC's militant? revolutionary image abroad.
If the PRC proves unwilling to negotiate a government-to-government
agreement on cultural or other exchanges, we could suggest as an alterna-
tive the release of a joint announcement at the conclusion of the President's
visit stating that the two sides had agreed to encourage exchanges, the
specific details of which would be negotiated by appropriate organizations
in the two countries: e.g. , for cultural, youth, and sports matters on
the U. S. side, the National Committee on U. S. - China Relations, and/or
youth and athletic federations; on the PRC side, the Chinese People's
Association Friendship with Foreign Countries, the Cultural Group under
the State Council, as well as youth and sports federations.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
3
A mild endorsement of cultural as well as scientific, technical
is
and educational exchanges/included in the text of our draft Joint
Communique.
Following is a group of suggested proposals in the fields of
sports, music , art, zoological exchanges, and radio-TV-motion
pictures. The first is a general agreement between the governments
of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America for
Cultural, Technical, and Educational Exchanges in the years 1972-
1973. If non-governmental arrangements are preferred, a series of
specific proposals to be administered by non-governmental agencies
follows the proposed government-to-government agreement.
In selecting and suggesting implementation in these various fields,
the following guidelines have been applied:
-- Include those U.S. forms with which the Chinese audience
have some familiarity or which are likely to elicit an empathetic response
from Chinese audiences.
- Exclude U. S. political commentaries to which the PRC is likely
to take strong exception, and try to persuade PRC authorities to exclude
contemporary Chinese cultural presentations which are blatantly propa-
gandistic and therefore likely to invite only derision from American
audiences.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
4
-- Exclude U. S. presentations which in their political or
social criticism of the U. S. scene easily lend themselves to PRC
propaganda exploitation against the U. S.
-- In the absence of a formal, official exchange agreement, the
relative roles assumed by the Department of State s Bureau of Cultural
Affairs on the one hand and the professional associations and the
National Committee on U.S. - China Relations on the other would have
to be decided in light of PRC sensitivity to U.S. Government participa-
tion in the exchanges. We would not, however, want to allow the PRC
to exclude U.S. Government from a role in implementing the exchanges,
the better to manipulate professional associations and the National
Committee.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
DRAFT GOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
FOR EXCHANGES IN CULTURAL, SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, AND
EDUCATIONAL AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1972-1973
In order to promote closer understanding between our two
peoples, we propose that our governments negotiate an agreement
for exchanges of a cultural, scientific, technical, and educational
nature for the years 1972-1973.
A draft governmental agreement, to be finally negotiated be-
tween the President of the United States and the Premier of the
People's Republic of China, or their appointed agents, is attached
to this proposal.
Such an agreement would be administered on the United States
side by the Department of State and the United States Information
Agency, unless other agencies are specified in the agreement.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Model for Cultural, Scientific, Technical, and
Educational Exchange Agreement
By agreement between the Governments of the United States of
America and the People's Republic of China, delegations headed on
the United States side by and on the
People's Republic side by conducted
negotiations in from to
, with regard to cultural, scientific, technical,
and educational exchanges between the United States of America and
the People's Republic of China. As a result of these negotiations,
which have been carried on in a spirit of mutual understanding, the
United States and the People's Republic have agreed to provide for the
specific exchanges which are set forth in the following Sections during
1972 and 1973 in the belief that these exchanges will contribute signifi-
cantly to the betterment of relations between the two countries, thereby
contributing to a lessening of international tensions.
SECTION I
General
(1) The visits and exchanges enumerated in the following Sections
are not intended to be exclusive of others which may be arranged by
agreement of the two countries.
(2) The exchanges provided for in the following Sections shall be
subject to the Constitution and applicable laws and regulations in force
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
in the respective countries. It is understood that both parties will
use their best efforts to have these exchanges effected in accordance
with the following Sections.
SECTION II
Exchanges of Radio and Television Broadcasts and
Motion Picture Films
(1) Both parties will provide for an exchange of radio and
television broadcasts on the subjects of science, technology, industry,
agriculture, education, public health, and sports.
(2) Both parties will provide for an exchange of 10 documentary
films in accordance with a list to be mutually agreed upon by the two
parties.
(3) Both parties will provide for an exchange of samples of equip-
ment for sound-recording and telecasting and their technical specifications.
SECTION III
Exchange of Groups of Specialists in Industry,
Agriculture and Medicine
(1) Both parties agree to provide for an exchange of delegates
in 1972 in the field of industry. (Specifics to be negotiated.)
(2) Both sides will provide for the exchange of delegations of
specialists in agriculture. (Specifics to be negotiated.)
(3) Both parties agree to provide for the exchange of
medical delegations. (Numbers and fields to be specified in negotiation.)
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
SECTION IV
Visits by Representatives of Cultural, Civic, Youth and
Student Groups
(1) For the purpose of establishing contacts, exchanging
experiences and becoming more familiar with the public cultural
life of both countiles, the Chinese side will arrange to invite to the
People Republic of China during 1972 groups of American writers,
composers, painters and sculptors and performing artists. The
United States side reciprocally will arrange to invite similar Chinese
groups to Visit the United States.
(2) Both parties will provide for the exchange in 1972-1973 of
delegations of representatives of youth and delegations of women in
various profes S1OflS.
SECTION IV
Visits by Scientists
(1) The Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China
and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States will on a
reciprocal basis, provide for the exchange of groups or individual
scientists and specialists for delivering lectures and holding seminars
on various problems of science and technology.
(2) The Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China
and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States will, on a
reciprocal bans, provide for the exchange of scientific personnel and
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
4
specialists for the purpose of conducting joint studies and for
specialization for a period of up to one year.
(3) The details of exchanges mentioned in paragraphs (1) and (Z)
will be agreed upon directly between the presidents of the Academy of
Sciences of the People's Republic of China and the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States.
SECTION VI
Exchange of University Delegations
(1) Both parties will provide for the exchange in 1972 of four
delegations of university professors and instructors for a period of Z
to 3 weeks in the fields of natural sciences, engineering, education,
and liberal arts.
(2) Further exchanges of delegations of professors and instructors
of universities of the United States of America and the People's Republic
of China shall be decided upon as appropriate by both parties.
SECTION VII
Exchange of Individual Athletes and Athletic Teams
?With parties will provide for an exchange of individual athletes
and athletic teams and in 1972-1973 will provide for the holding of the
following contests in the United States and in the People's Republic of
China.
(1)
Basketball games between representative men's and women's
teams to be held in the People's Republic of China in 1972.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
(2) Basketball games between representative men's and
women's teams to be held in the United States in 1973.
(Other events to be specified.)
The details of these exchanges of athletes and athletic teams
as well as financial arrangements for these exchanges shall be dis-
cussed between appropriate American and Chinese sports organizations.
SECTION VIII
Development of Tourism
Both parties will promote the development of tourism.
SECTION IX
Exchange of Exhibits and Publications
(1) Both sides agree in principle on the usefulness of exhibits
as an effective means of developing mutual understanding between the
peoples of the United States and the People's Republic. Toward this
end both sides will provide for an exchange of exhibits on the peaceful
uses of atomic energy in 1972.
(2) Both parties will promote the further development of
exchange of publications and various works in the field of science and
technology between scientific institutions and societies and between
individual scientists and specialists.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
6
(3) Provisions will be made for the Central Scientific Medical
Library of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
and corresponding medical libraries in the United States to exchange
medical journals.
(4) Both parties agree to the exchange of exhibits of animals
from their respective zoos.
SECTION X
Establishment of Direct Air Flights
Both parties agree in principle to establish on the basis of
reciprocity direct air flights between the United States and the
People's Republic. Negotiations on terms and conditions satisfactory
to both parties will be conducted by appropriate representatives of
each Government at a mutually convenient date to be determined later.
SECT/ON XI
Entry into Force
The present agreement shall enter into force on the date it
is signed. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, duly authorized,
have signed the present agreement and have affixed their seals
thereto
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
7
DONE, in duplicate, in the English and Chinese languages,
both equally authentic, at this
day of , one thousand nine hundred seventy-one.
FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
FOR THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA:
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON SPORTS EXCHANGES
That the United States of America and the People's Republic
of Ca-dna agree to exchanges in sports for competitive matches,
exhibition matches, or solo exhibitions in one or more of the
following sports on each side: on the United States side, tennis,
basketball, and ice skating; and on the Chinese side, ping pong,
gymnastics, and soccer.
We are prepared to:
-- Arrange invitations for competitive or exhibition matches
or solo exhibitions in the United States by the Chinese teams or
groups beginning as soon as is convenient on the Chinese side.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If governmental, the Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the Department
of State.
If private, the national sports associations in each of these fields,
assisted by the National Committee on United States-China Relations.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON MUSICAL AND BALLET/DANCE
EXCHANGES
That the United States and the People's Republic of China agree
to exchanges in music, ballet, and the dance, selecting from the
following: onihe United States side, vocalists or piano or violin soloists,
a string quartet, a chamber orchestra, a symphony orchestra (the
Philadelphia Orchestra has expressed interest), a classical ballet
troupe, or a modern dance troupe; and on the Chinese side, vocalists,
or piano or violin soloists, a classical Chinese musical ensemble, a
classical Chinese orchestra or symphony orchestra, a Peking opera
troupe, or a classical Chinese dance troupe.
We are prepared to:
Arrange invitations for appearances of any of the above
Chinese artistic soloists or groups as soon as is convenient.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If governmental, the Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the Department
of State.
Ifyrivate, the National Committee on United States-China Relations
or some other appropriate group.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL FOR EXCHANGES IN RADIO-TV-MOTION PICTURES
That the United States and the People's Republic of China agree
to exchanges of radio and television broadcasts on science, technology,
industry, agriculture, education, public health, and sports, and to
exchange 10 documentary films each (the broadcasts and films to be
agreed upon subsequently between the two sides).
We are prepared to:
-- Facilitate technical arrangements for broadcast exchanges
and for film viewing in the United States.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If jzovernFnen.tal, the United States Information Agency.
If private, the National Association of Broadcasters and the
Motion Picture Association of America, with the assistanct of the
National Committee on United States-China Relations.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PBOPOSAL FOR EXCHANGES IN THE VISUAL ARTS
That the United States and the People's Republic of China agree
to exchanges in the visual arts which would include one or more of the
A
following subject areas: on the United States side, exhibitions of
paintings, sculpture, or photography, or lecture exhibitions by
artists as individuals or in small groups (3-6 persons); and on the
Chinese side, exhibitions of paintings, ptecelains, ivory or lacquer
carvings or bronzes, or lecture exhibitions by artists as individuals
or in small groups (3-6 persons).
We are proaTed to:
Arrange exhibitions and lectures at appropriate places
throughout the United States as soon as is convenient for the Chinese
side.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If gpverntnental the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Department
of State.
If private., the National Committee on United States - China
Relations or some other appropriate group.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON ZOOLOGICAL EXCHANGES
That the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to
zoological exchanges either through temporary exchange or reciprocal
purchase of animals or through exhibitions of animals, or both.
We are prepared to:
-- Facilitate the exchange or reciprocal purchase of animals
on the part of the United States zoological institutions, or arrange
for exhibitions by Chinese zoological institutions at appropriate
places in the United States.
Possible Managing United States Organizations:
If governmental, the National Zoological Park or the
Smithsonian Institution.
If private, the National Committee on United States-China Relations
or some other appropriate group.
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1
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
ACADEMIC AND SCHOLARLY EXCHANGES
General Background and Evidence of Chinese Interest:
The academic area is one of considerable sensitivity to the Chinese
leadership. Where we have our problems with the "new left, " they are
bugged about the "bourgeois right." The Cultural Revolution began by
dismantling the university system which had been built up during the
firstiwo decades of Party rule; and the Chinese are just in the process
of rebuilding along "Maoist" lines their entire educational system.
Mao himself has long had. a personal alergy to the traditionally elitist
and anti-physical labor orientation of China's intellectuals; and in 1957
many Western-trained Chinese intellectuals criticized the CCP, thus
undercutting Mao's policy of letting a "hundred flowers floom and a
hundred schools of thought contend." Hence it is not certain how much
receptivity the Chinese leadership will display to exchanges of an
academic nature which will strengthen the foreign ties and "bourgeois"
orientation of their intellectuals.
To the degree that they are interested in strengtheningotheir base
of scientific and technical manpower for purposes of economic develop-
ment, however, or wish to broaden their understanding of, and access to,
our country, they may be receptive to exchanges in the academic area.
Moreover, as the Chinese see the "revolutionary intellectuals" of a
society adi the social cla.as most receptive to their ideological appeal,
they may attempt to cultivate supporters in our country through academic
exchanges.
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2
Following is a series of proposals for exchanges of an academic
or scholarly nature which are designed to draw out the Chinese in
areas where we anticipate they would be interested in acquiring
information or contacts in American society. These proposals are
intended to encourage them to develop ties with "responsible" organiza-
tions or institutions, and in relatively non-sensitive subject areas.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL FOR EXCHANGES OF SCHOLARLY AND
SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND PUBLICATIONS
In order to facilitate the exchange of scientific and scholarly informa-
tion between the People's Republic of China and the United States, we
propose that discussions be initiated between appropriate scholarly and
scientific bodies of our respective countries to agree upon lists of
journals or other publications in those areas where both sides desire
exchanges.
? On the American side, we suggest that the Committee on
Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China,
a non-governmental organization jointly sponsored by the
National Academy of Sciences, the Social Science Research
Council, and the American Council of Learned Societies, is
the most appropriate representative body to conduct such
discussions.
-- We propose that as early as is convenient, a responsible
organization or organizations of the People's Republic of China
constitute a delegation to visit the United States to begin dis-
cussions on exchanges of such journals and other publications
with the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the
People's Republic of China.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON EXCHANGES OF ACADEMIC DELEGATIONS
In order to develop contacts between the United States and the
People's Republic of China in areas of scholarly and scientific research,
and to facilitate the exchange of information between our two countries,
we propose that discussions be initiated between appropriate academic
bodies on both sides in order to arrange for the exchange of academic
delegations in a variety of fields. Ecology, agricultural research, the
5
marine sciences, linguistics, historiography, economic, and education
are among the academic areas in which we hope that contacts might
develop.
-- On the American side, we suggest that the Committee on
Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China,
a non-governmental organization jointly sponsored by the
National Academy of Sciences, the Social Science Research
Council, and the American Council of Learned Societies, is
the most appropriate representative body to conduct such
discussions.
We propose that as early as is convenient, a responsible
organization or organizations of the People's Republic of
China constitute a delegation to visit the United States to begin
discussions on exchanges of academic delegations with the
Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's
Republic of China.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL TO HAVE ACADEMIC RESEARCHERS FROM
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONDUCT RESEARCH
IN THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
In order to develop contacts between the United States and the
People's Republic of China in areas of scholarly and scientific research,
we propose that interested organizations of the People's Republic of China
identify individuals or groups of academic researchers in scholarly or
scientific subjects who would like to conduct research work in the
United States in their areas of specialization for periods of time up to
one year.
-- On the American side, in order to conduct discussions to
arrange for such researchers from the PRC to work for
certain periods at academic or scientific institutions in our
country, it is suggested that the most appropriate organization
to make such arrangements is the Committee on Scholarly
Communication with the People's Republic of China, a non-
governmental organization sponsored jointly by the National
Academy of Sciences, the Social Science Research Council,
and the American Academy of Learned Societies.
-- We propose that as early as is convenient, responsible
organizations of the People's Republic of China contact the
Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's
Republic of China to begin discussions which would enable
researchers from China to spend
periods of time doing work
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
in their subjects of specialization at appropriate academic
institutions in the United States.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL TO HAVE GROUPS OF STUDENTS CONDUCT
LANGUAGE STUDY ON A RECIPROCAL BASIS IN OUR
RESPECTIVE COUITRIES
In order to deepen mutual understanding between our two countries,
it is proposed that student groups of up to fifteen (15) students each from
the People's Republic of China and the United States of America be
exchanged in order to conduct study of our two countries' respective
languages for periods of up to three years in duration.
-- On the American side, in order to conduct discussions to
arrange for such language student eXchanges, it is suggested
that the most appropriate organization to make such arrange-
ments is the Committee on Scholarly Communication with
the People's Republic of China, a non-governmental organization
sponsored jointly by the National Academy of Sciences, the
Social Science Research Council, and the American Academy
of Learned Societies.
-- We propose that as early as is convenient, responsible
organizations of the People's Republic of China contact the
Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's
Republic of China to begin discussions which would facilitate
such student exchanges.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
JOURNALISM
Background and, Evidence of Chinese Interests
The problem of reciprocity is particularly relevant to proposals for
exchange of journalists. To date the Chinese have shown considerable
sophistication in selecting a small number of American journalists for
controlled, limited-time access to their country. By this approach they
have skillfully maximized impact on public opinion in the United States in
a manner favorable to their immediate interests of admission to the U. N.
and an easing of tensions with the Administration in preparation for the
President's
To date the Chinese have shown no interest in sending their journalists
to the U. S. Their eventual admission to the U.N. , and expanding role in
world affairs, however, may now incline them to want their news media
stationed in this country on a permanent basis.
Further, evidence indicates that their interest in journalistic access to
this country will be shaped to a substantial degree by their intelligence-
gathering and propaganda requirements. The Chinese domestic press has
shown very little interest in reporting on the American scene. Peking
seems to use press material on the U. S. largely in its propaganda to "third
world" audiences.
Given these general considerations, following are two proposals on
exchanges of representatives of our news media, one of a temporary and
one of a permanent nature. The proposals are structured on the basis
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
of full reciprocity. It is suggested that we initially propose the
permanent exchange of media representatives, with the temporary
exchange a fall back position.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSAL ON EXCHANGES OF PUBLIC MEDIA BUREAUS
That the United States of America and the Peoplets Republic of
China facilitate the establishment of permanent representatives of their
respective news media in the two countries by no later than the end of
June of 1972.
We propose that the New China News Agency and other news
media of the People's Republic of China send representatives to the
United States to establish permanent offices on a pattern reciprocal
with the establishment of facilities for American news media in the
People's Republic of China.
Because of differences in the organization of public news
media in our respective countries, and in order to facili-
tate the growth of relations between our two countries on
the basis of full equality, we propose that equal numbers
of newsmen be permitted to reside in our respective
countries. As an initial figure, we propose that ten (10)
journalists or other media representatives from each side
be permitted to reside in the other country.
Because of the varied types of news media in the United
States, we propose that the total of American newsmen per-
mitted to reside in the People's Republic of China include
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
2
representatives of the two major American "wire
services" (United Press International, and the Associated
Press) and some combination of representatives of the
major radio and television networks (American Broad-
casting Company, Columbia Broadcasting Station, Na-
tional Broadcasting Company), the major national daily
papers (New York Times, Washington Post, etc.) and
news magazines (Time, Newsweek, etc.). We are
prepared to welcome a similarly diverse group of media
representatives from the People's Republic of China.
We propose that media representatives of our two countries
be permitted roughly equivalent sites of residence; that is,
establishment of American media facilities in Peking
would be equivalent to Chinese facilities in Washington,
with a similar arrangement between Shanghai and New
York, Canton and San Francisco. Additional siting
arrangements would be considered through further dis-
cussions between representatives of the two governments.
-- We propose that equivalent travel opportunities be permitted
for media representatives of our two countries. For our
part, we are prepared to facilitate unrestricted travel by
media representatives of the People's Republic of China
throughout the United States.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
-- We propose that visa applications from newsmen of
our two countries be processed through our respective
embassies at Ottawa, Canada.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
General Comments
In designing this proposal for the permanent exchange of media
representatives, the problems encountered by American journalists
in the Soviet Union have heightened our concern about the Chinese
trying indirectly to control the quality of news reporting from their
country by playing competing papers on wire services off against each
other. Their most powerful lever is to grant visas only to those
journalists who write material "friendly" to their position, thus in-
hibiting newsmen in China from writing critical material, or encourag-
ing a journal seeking access to tailor its material to official PRC visa
requirements.
We assume that the Chinese authorities will never surrender their
authority to pick and choose among journalists in granting visas. Thus,
while the above mentioned problem is not dealt with directly in this pro-
posal, a diversity of American media representatives in the PRC, and
our own ability to control visas for Chinese newsmen in the United
States, gives us some degree of protection. Ultimately, however, open
journalism in both countries requires a degree of trust and mutual confi-
dence not now present in the relations between our two countries.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
PROPOSL ON TEMPORARY EXCHANGES OF NEWSMEN:
That the People's Republic of China and the United States of America
encourage the exchange of representatives of their respective news media
for visits of approximately one month.
We are prepared to:
grant visas to media representatives from the People's Republic
of China through the American Embassy in Ottawa, Canada on
a pattern roughly equivalent to that now established by your
government in its admission of American journalists for tours
of approximately one month to various parts of China. We are
prepared to see such visits by journalists from the People' s
Republic of Clam begin at any time.
We hope that such temporary exchanges of newsmen will soon lead
to the establishment of permanent facilities in our respective countries
for representation of our various news media on a fully equivalent basis.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
LIFE, JULY 10, 19 71
by EDGAR SNOW
any are the answers and speculations
offered to explain why President Nix-
on sought and accepted an invitation
Li to Peking, but why were the Chinese
responsive? Is it forgotten in Peking that Nixon
built his early career on witch-hunting and
climbed to.the Senate and vice-presidency on the
backs of "appeasers in the State Department"
who sold China to Russia? Why should Mao Tse-
tung, with a fierce domestic purge safely behind
? him, seeing America's Vietnam venture a sham-
bles and believing its political and economic po-
sition to be in serious trouble abroad and at home,
? accept a belated olive branch? And if Nixon is
not going to China just to eat shark fins, what
may his hosts serve as side dishes?and what may
they expect in return?
The question about Nixon has been partly an-
swered for us by Chairman Mao in my earlier re-
port He told me that Nixon, who represented
the monopoly capitalists, should be welcomed
situ. ply because at present the problems between
China and the U.S. would have to be solved with
? him. In the dialectical pattern of his thought Mao
has often said that good can come out of bad
and that bad people can be made good?by ex-
perience and right teaching. Yes, he said to me,
he preferred men like Nixon to social democrats
and revisionists, those who professed to be one
thing but in power behaved quite otherwise.
Nixon might be deceitful, he went on, but per-
haps a little bit less so than some others. Nixon re-
sorted to tough tactics but he also used some soft
tactics. Yes, Nixon could just get on a plane and
come. It would not matter whether the talks
would be sucCessful. If he were willing to come,
the chairman yould be willing to talk to him and
it would be al right. It would be all right, wheth-
er or not the uarreled, or whether Nixon came
? as a tourist 6r as President. He believed they
would not qiiarrel. But of course he would offer
criticism of Nixon. The hosts would also make
self-criticism and talk about their own mistakes
and shortcomings-for instance, their production
level was lower than that of the United States.
What has happened since January 1965 to
change Mao's mind? At that time I asked the
chairman if there was any message I might deliver
to President Johnson, and his answer was Pu-s/ii
(No!) and nothing more. Even so, Mao said then
that one possible solution to the Vietnam con-
flict still was a new Geneva conference to end the
fighting and guat-7.17&-qn ochipendenee.
That message reached the State Department, but
the "option" was almost immediately closed
out by Johnson's bombing or North Vietnam.
In an unprecedented gesture toward an Ameri-
can, Mao had author Snow at his side last
year as he reviewed the October Day parade.
In that 1965 interview Mao had made it clear
enough that he did not expect the Americans to
desist until they had learned, the hard way, that
they could not impose their political will on rev-
olutionary Vietnam by military violence.
The Chinese believe that the lesson of Vietnam,
and no mere change of Presidents, is what made
it possible for Mao in 1970 to speak differently
about Nixon. "Experience" had made Nixon rel-
atively "good." Other major changes had also al-
tered their view: antiwar resistance inside the
United States; the formation of an alliance link-
ing Hanoi, the VC and resistance forces in Cam-
bodia and Laos, unilaterally backed by Peking.
And there had been changes inside China itself,
including the sobering growth of nuclear missiles
and delivery capacity.
Theoretically, the Chinese believe, Nixon had
various options along the way and did make use
of them as tactical threats for a time?as in Cam-
bodia and Laos. But the end was near. Once the
decision was taken to get out or Vietnam, clearly
a U.S. understanding with China became imper-
ative. The President had not only to safeguard
his rear against possible destruction by a China-
backed North Vietnam offensive, buCalso to cope
with domestic and world political repercussions
of withdrawal.
That was the general view in 1970 from the
Heavenly Peace Gate, but preparations continued
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for ,__No Objection to Declassification in Full
In the summer of 1969, the Nixon administra-
tion had publicly urged an easing of tensions with
- China; later that year it had stopped the Taiwan
Straits patrols and the Chinese took note, of
course. The administration also proposed to re-
sume the suspended Warsaw talks at any mutu-
ally agreeable time or place. In January 1970 pre-
liminary Sino-American talks opened in Warsaw.
They were immediately suspended after the Cam-
bodian invasion. But Nixon went' ahead, carried
out a stage-by-stage elimination of trade embar-
goes against China, and lifted travel bans between
the two countries. Early this spring a presiden-
tial commission advocated a U.N. seat for main-
land China, for the first time officially calling it
? the People's Republic. Peking leaders remained
suspicious?especially of a double-cross play be-
tween Moscow and Washington. -
By late autumn of 1970 several urgent and au-
thentically documented inquiries reaching China
had indicated that the President wished to know
whether he or his representative would he received
in Peking. An indirect answer was contained in
an interview given to me by Chou En-lid in No-
vember when he said that Sino-Amercean con-
versations could be opened but only if the Amer-
icans demonstrated a "serious" desire to nego-
tiate. To the initiated, "serious" meant, first of
all, a realistic attempt to work out a program to
deal with?the Taiwan problem. As Mao and Chou-.
see it, that was and is the key to all other Asian set-
tlements. Evidently sufficient assurances were
forthcoming. When Chou En-lai led my wife and
me to stand beside Chairman Mao's side last Oc-
tober, and to be photographed at the anniver-
sary parade, no American had ever been so no-
ticed. Nothing China's leaders do publicly is
without purpose. Discerning people realized that
something new was happening. Then came the
Ping Pong gesture. Chairman Mao had talked to
? me,in December, and after the Ping Pong gesture
I was able to report that he would welcome Mr.
Nixon or his personal representative to Peking.
A new horizon was-already in sight.
? My LIFE article was translated and widely cir-
culated in China among political and army lead-
ers. They could not, therefore, have been much
astonished by the recent Peking-Washington joint
announcement. Though China's press may carry
only a few lines, the whole subject today is un-
-doubtedly being cautiously, discussed and ex-
plained down to the commune level. Only one
thing may have surprised the Chinese: Mr. Kis-
singer's success in keeping his visit secret. Expe-
rience with American diplomats during World
War II had convinced Chinese leader's that Amer-
icans could not keep secrets. ,
- '
2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2 aware not only
01 tne international unputa. uiAV1I.ritxon's plans,
but also of the domestic effects and side benefits
to his present and future political career. Discuss-
ing Nixon's possible visit to China, the chairman
casually remarked that the presidential election
would be in 1972, would it not? Therefore, he
added, Mr. Nixon might send an envoy first, but
was not himself likely to come to Peking before
early 1972.
By 1970 China had passed through the ordeal
of a great purge, much time had been lost in do-
mestic construction, and many fences had to be
mended or newly built to end China's interna-
tional. isolation. The period of internal tension
was largely over. Now, if there was a chance to re-
cover Taiwan?Mao's last national goal of uni-
fication?and for China to be accepted as an equal
in recognition oilier great size, achievements and
potential, why not look at it? Nothing in Mao's
thought or teaching ever called for a war against
the U.S. or for a war of foreign conquest, and
nothing in Mao's ideology places any faith in nu-
clear bombs. The burden of building bombs and
counterattack silos is very heavy indeed and like-
ly to become more so; China has more than once
called for their total abolition.
Very high among the reasons why Sino-Arner-
lean rapprochement interests China is to improve
her strategic position in dealing with Russia, With
America off the Asian continent, the danger of a
Soviet-American gang-tip dispelled and a seat of
her own in the U.N., Peking's maneuvering pow-
er would obviously be enhanced.
Did Mr. Kissinger understand, then, that Chi-
na was ready to talk from a position of strength,
not weakness? China's leaders respect Kissinger.
. They know him through their own intelligence
system and through his writing. Discussing him
with an old friend and close comrade-in-politics
of Premier Chou one evening in Peking, I was
struck by his frank delight at the prospect across-
big verbal swords with such a worthy adversary.
"Kissinger?" he said. "There is a man who knows
the language of both worlds?his own and ours.
He is the first American we have seen in his po-
sition. With him it should be possible to talk."
The immediate issues examined at the meeting
between Chou and Kissinger?and the agenda
ahead?are very concrete and could scarcely have
been anything very new to either side. As the Chi-
nese see it, solutions would involve these turning-
point decisions for Nixon: (1) seating the Peo-
ple's Republic in the United Nations and the re-
turn of Taiwan to mainland sovereignty, (2) total
U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam and arrangements
for an international conference to guarantee In-
dochina's independence, and for a negotiated
Hanoi-Saigon settlement which would preserve
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
No Objection to Declassification in Full 201
some shell of the American-made regime, at least
for a decent interval, and (3) the establishment
of formal Sino-American diplomatic relations.
On all these matters, some rough negotiable script
bad to be brought back to Nixon to enable him
to accept Premier Chou's invitation.
China's formula for Taiwan has always been
negotiable whenever American leaders so wished.
As repeatedly defined, it requires two steps: first,
that the U.S. and China joiLt4le_c_nlEsIllsir_j_D-
tention to settle all dis utes etw n, in-
cL?Taiwan dispute, by peaceful negoti-
ation.-S-di 7TIT:TirffirorS. recognize Taiwan as
an 14:21ienabrart?o-i t-71-re-'rgrapie's
Re-
public and agree-lo
? frQIwan and the Taiwanit-71-1t7. Sicecific
Steps on how and when to withdraw would be
matters for subsequent discussion.*
hina contends that the dispute with the U.S.
over Taiwan is an international question
whereas her interrupted civil war with
Chiang Kai-shek is a strictly internal question.
Once American agreement to withdraw from Tai-
? wan is concerke5Li_urinciple, ninny terms would
have to be defined. Peking is likely to be found
reasonable in both the procedurZgThrtre-dissolu-
? tion of the American position and in dealing with
Taiwan itself?perha yen grantin a de r of
autonomy to Chiang Kai-she he should wish
,to reAtairegover-ner-there-forlirstifetime.
China will never publicly renounce what it con-
' siders its ultimate sovereign right to recover Tai-
wan by force if necessary. However, there is now
a likelihood that a non-military solution will be
worked out by the Nationalists and the Commu-
nist Chinese themselves. The opening of serious
Sino-American talks may have already provoked
renewed covert conversations between Taiwan
and Peking in a search for the possible terms of as-
similation. That is no doubt one of Nixon's hopes.
Mao Tse-tun has pointed out to me that eace-
ful.iJUionof Taiwan is is
me of several cases in the Chinese civil war when
,other provinces acceded without fighting.
Nixon has now declared his readiness to see
China seated in the U.N. But he also wishes to re-
tain a seat there for the Taiwan regime. China
will not enter the U.N. on that condition. Wheth-
er the U.N. members themselves seat Peking and
simply drop Taiwan, or whether Taiwan with-
draws its delegation in protest, the Chinese be-
lieve that Taiwan cannot long function in the
U.N. once a-majority of its members cease to rec-
ognize it.
li A settlement in Taiwan ote,iousiy Lailliot be
0/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-
and withdrawal in Vietnam, nor can the latter
awa--irffiFilififiel7-No-thing-kCs than total evac-
uation of all foreign forces from Vietnam will sat-
isfy Peking's Hanoi- allies, as indicated by pro-
tests already coming from Hanoi and warnings
to Peking against Nixon's perfidy. Peking can-
not permit Russia to exploit differences of this na-
ture, and it has surely been made clear to Kis-
singer that no Geneva con fer_ei_la_s?:,olution can
be advanced by China that does not have the full
suppor.--CoffrelTLT.
Such are the regional issues that must be set-
tled before any across-the-board detente can be
reached in East Asia and the broader Pacific. To
define China's less immediate but parallel aspi-
rations on a global scale is beyond the scope of
this report, but that they include continued sup-
port
. hfionra d t
revolutionary wafo
iorystrourggTe--7-:"in the interest
of
China and the new
pktrty constitution?is obvious.
On his visit to Peking the President would be en-
tering a nation with which his country has no dip-
lomatic relations and one in which the real chief
of state holds no executive office. Meet the party
chairman Nixon certainly would, but in all prob-
ability Chou would do most of the negotiating.
What sort of man will the President see in Chou
En-lai? Chou is clearly one of the world's ablest
negotiators. Handsome and exuding charisma, he .
is, now in his 73rd year, tireless. in August 1967,
Chou negotiated his way out of his most perilous
moment in the Cultural Revolution. Though idol-
ized by youth, he was, for more than two days
and nights, surrounded in his offices in the Great
Hall by half a million ultra-leftist Red Guards.
Their leaders?some later arrested as counter-rev-
olutionaries?were seeking to seize the files of the
Central Committee?and Chou himself. Mao and
Lin Piao were both absent. By talking to small
groups, day and night, Chou gradually persuad-
ed the masses?so Chou called them in talking
to me?to disperse. It was only following that in-
cident that Lin Piao brought thousands of troops
into the capital, and the disarming and breakup
of the Red Guards began in earnest?with heavy
casualties.
No Objection to Declassification in
. ' ? .
Kissinger is said to havekeig?.20 of his 49 hours
in Peking talking to the premier. That is nothing
extraordinary. One of several interview-conver-
sations I had with him lasted from the dinner table
one evening until six the next morning. I was ex-
hausted, he seemingly as fresh as ever. "I must
let you get some sleep," I mumbled.
He threw back his head and laughed. -I've al-
ready had my sleep," he said. "Now I'm going
to work." His night's rest had been a catnap be-
fore dinner.
Chou told me that he had taken one vacation
Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2 ten years.
detests feasts and prefers small groups. Chou is an
No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23 : LOC-HAK-465-2-172 lao likes simple fond
cooked in the hotly seasoned Hunan style. Both
men drink very little, and each is highly disci-
plined in his own style. In negotiating with Pres-
ident Nixon, Chou will probably do the nitty-grit-
ty work, in close collaboration with Mao behind
the scenes. But the final decisions will be Mao's.
Whatever the Chinese may think of Nixon's
motives, he has earned their appreciation by the
courtesy of coming to see them, thereby accord-
ing prestige to Mao Tse-tung and amour-propre to
the whole people. Vassal kings of the past brought
tributes to Peking, but never before the head of
the world's most powerful nation. The gesture in
itself may go far to assuage the rancor and resent-
ment accumulated during the past two decades
There is some risk that the gestuie could be mis-
interpreted to the Americans' disadvantage, but
more likely it will be accepted with full grace and
improve chances of mutual accommodation.
The millennium seems distant and the mime
diate prospect is for the toughest kind of adjust-
ment and struggle. China must satisfy Korea and
Vietnam, and the U.S. cannot jettison Japan. The
danger is that Americans may imagine that the
Chinese are giving up Communism?and Maci's
world view?to become nice agrarian democrats*
A more realistic wor1,1 is indeed in sight. But pop-
ular illusions that it will consist ()fa sweet mix of
ideologies, or an end to China's faith in re' o-
lutionary means, could only ser--7Z-Mteepetl--the
ab-is; again when disillusionment occurs. A world
without change by revolutions?a world, jE which
China's closesjfrind.juld not be revolution-
_ ary states?is triconceiyable_to_Peking. But a
world of relative peace between states is as nec-
essary to Ciiiiia-as to America. To hope for more
is to court disenchantment.
...power, he has been a zestful worker in pur-
suit of national and revolutionary power
politics. Chou's affable manner masks viscera of?
tough and supple alloys; he is a master of policy
? implementation with an infinite capacity for de-
? tail. His personal contacts are innumerable. He
combines an administrative efficiency hard to rec-
oncile with his ubiquity. His self-effacing dedi-
cation makes him Mao's indispensable alter ego.
Symbiosis is perhaps the best word to describe
their relationship. Very different in working style
and personality, Mao and Chou complement each
other aci'tandem based on 37 years of trust and
interdependence. Chou was never a mandarin but
his grandfather was, and he confesses to a feudal
background, although he spent 20 years in peas-
ant surroundings as a guerrilla. Mao is a peasant-
born intellectual genius to whose.intuitive and?
experienced knowledge of the people Chou ha-
? bitually defers.
Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an origi-
nator and master of strategy achieved by alter-
'nating surprise, tension and easement. He dis-
trusts long periods of stability and is never sat-
isfied with the pace of change, but he is practical
and capable of great patience in achieving a goal
by stages. -
Chou welcomes the detailed execution of a plan
?which bores Mao?and the more complex the
problem the better. Chou quickly cuts to the heart
of matters, drops the impractical, dissimulates
when necessary, and never gambles?without
four aces. Chou works best when the revolution-
ary pendulum has swung to a point of stability.
He is a builder, not a poet.
In talks I have had with China's two great men
it usually is Chou who meticulously answers the
main questions and Mao who listens, adds a few
words of caution or elucidation, and enlarges the
broad and dialectical view. Chou attends count-
less large banquets, apparently with relish. Mao
A warning
Taiwan: 'Nixon vvill
be disappointed'
In Taiwan, news of President Nixon's trip
evoked anger and dismay. The reaction of
Liu Yuan (right), an electronics worker in
Taipei, was typical: ?'This is a bad busi-
ness. The Red Chinese foreign policy is
masked in smiles, but they plan to defeat
the U.S. The more eager Nixon is to make
friends With the Communists, the more he
will be disappointed. The free world will
lose confidence in him and our brethren on
the mainland w ill lose hope." Since their
expulsion from the mainland in 1949,
Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists, with U.S.
support, hm.e ruled Tai, an and claimed to
be the only legal Aernment of China,
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
During a five-hour discourse with me in Peking
on Dec. 18 last year, Chairman Mao Tse-tung ex-
pressed some of his views on sino-American,
Sino-Russlan and other problems of foreign re-
lations as well as on the Great Proletarian Cul-
tural Revolution and its aftermath.
The chairman criticized the ritualism of the
Mao "personality cult," explained why it had been
a necessary nuisance during the Cultural Rev-
olution and forecast its gradual modification. He ,
said that the government of the People's Re-
public would shortly admit to China some vis-
itors representative of a broad spectrum of Amer-
ican political and press opinion from the right,
the middle and the left. He spoke in favor of
opening conversations with American officials at
the highest level, including Mr. Nixon. He ex-
pressed admiration for American achievements
in production, science, technolugy and universal
education and said that he held great hopes for
the American people as a potential force for
good in the world.
hairman Mao emphasized that he did
114 not wish to be interviewed. What we
, had was a conversation. Only recently
I was able to confirm, howevr..? that he
would not object to publication of certain of his
comments without the use of direct ouotati)n.
During most of our talk, notes were taken by
Nancy Tang, American-born daughter of Tang
by EDGAR SNOW
0 EDGAR SNOW, 1071. ALL MGM'S RKSERvED
Mr. Snow, author of Red Star over China and a number
Of other books, has known Mao since 1936. He recently
returned from a six-month stay In Communist China.
Ming-chao, (Mr. Tang was editor of the Over-
seas Chinese Deily in New York City until
1949. Since then he has served in China as a
leader of cultural and political relations with for-
eign countries.) One other person was present
?a Chinese woman secretary. It was inter-
esting that neither of the young women wore a
Mao badge: this was the only occasion on
which I met an official when the badge was not
on display.
I recorded our dialogue from memory imme-
diately afterward and also was given a copy of
Miss T'ang's notes.
Chairman Mao's residence in Peking lies in
the southwestern corner of the former For-
bidden City, surrounded by vermilion walls and
not far from the Tien-an Men, or Heavenly
Peace Gate, where he reviews the October an-
niversary parade. Behind these high walls,
topped by glistening yellow tiles, the old im-
perial regime also housed its officials. Today
members of the Politburo live and work here in
close proximity to the chairman and Premier
Chou En-lai. One enters through the West
Gate, flanked by two armed guards. Circling
around an empty wooded drive, one quickly
comes to a one-story dwelling of modest size,
built in traditional style.
At the entrance one is greeted by two un-
armed officers, who wear no insignia of rank.
"They are generals," confides Nancy Tang, How
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
?
does she know? They disappear when the chair-
man meets me at the door of his study. I apol-
ogize for keeping him waiting. I had been asleep
when summoned without advance notice.
It was early morning. We had breakfast to-
gether and talked until about one o'clock. He
was slightly indisposed with a cold and he won-
? dered out loud what doctors were good for:
they could not even prevent a simple disease
like colds, which cost so much lost time. I men-
tioned Dr. Linus Pauling?he had heard of him
?and his advocacy of large doses of ascorbic
acid as a cold penacea. I offered to send him
some. He said he would try it. If it helped I
would get the credit. If it poisoned him I would
not be blamed.
Mao's large study was completely lined with
? shelves filled by hundreds of Chinese books,
with a sprinkling of foreign volumes. From many
of them dangled slips of paper used as anno-
tated bookmarks. The large desk was piled high
with journals and scripts. It was a working writ-
er's shop. Through the wide windows one could
catch a glimpse of garden where the chairman
Is said to, grow his own vegetables and exper-
iment with crops. It is not a "private plot"; it be-
longs to the state. Perhaps he needs the output,
since he is said to have taken a recent cut of
20% in his subsistence "wages."
We discussed my account of our last talk, in
January 1965, in which I had reported his ac-
knowledgement that there was indeed a "cult of
personality" in China?and moreover there was
reason for one, Some people had criticized me
for writing about that.
So, he said, what if I had written about a
? "cult of personality" in China? There was such
a thing. Why not write about it? It was a fact
. those officials who had opposed my return
to China in 1967 and 1-966 had belonged to an ul-
traleftist group which had seized the foreign min-
istry for a time, but they were all cleared out
long ago. At the time of our 1965 colloquy, Mao
continued, a great deal of power?over propa-
ganda work within the provincial and local party
committees, and especially within the Peking Mu-
nicipal Party Committee?had been out of his
control. That was why he had then stated that
there was need for more personality cult, in
order to stimulate the masses to dismantle the
anti-Mao party bureaucracy.
Of course the personality cult had been over-
done. Today, things were different. It was hard,
the chairman said, for people to overcome the
habits of 3,000 years of emperor-worshiping tra-
dition. The so-called "Four Greats"-:-those ep-
ithets applied to Mao himself: "Great Teacher,
Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander,
Great Helmsman"?what a nuisance. They would
all be eliminated sooner or later. Only the word
"teacher" would be retained?that is, simply
schoolteacher. Mao had always been a school-
'teacher and still was one. He was a primary
schoolteacher in Changsha even before he was
a Communist. All the rest of the titles would be
declined.
"I often wonder," I said, "whether those
who shout Mao the loudest and wave the most
banners are not?as some say?waving the Red
Flag in order to defeat the Red Flag."
Mao nodded. He said such people fell into
three categories. The first were sincere people.
The second were those who drifted with the tide
?they conformed because everyone else shout-
ed "Long live." The third category were hyp-
ocrites. I was right not to be taken in by such
stuff.
iremember," I said, "that just before you en-
tered Peking in 1949 the Central Corn-
mittee adopted a resolution?reportedly at
your suggestion?which forbade naming
streets, cities or places for anybody."
Yes, he said, they had avoided that; but other
forms of worship had emerged. There were so
many slogans. Pictures and plaster statues. The
Red Guard had insisted that if you didn't have
those things around, you were being anti-Mao.
. In the past few years there had been need for
some personality cult. Now there was no such
need and there should be a cooling down,
But after all, he went on, did not the Amer-
icans have their own personality cult? How could
the governor of each state, how could each Pres-
ident and each Cabinet member, get along with-
out some people to worship them? There was
always the desire to be worshiped and the de-
sire to worship. Could you, he asked me, be
happy if no one read your books and articles?
There was bound to be some worship of the in-
dividual and that applied to me too.
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No Objection to Declassification in Full 2010/07/23: LOC-HAK-465-2-1-2
Chairman Mao has obviously pondered very
much over this phenomenon?the human need
for and to worship, about gods and God. On ear-
lier visits he had discussed it at length. Now, at
76, he was in general good health but once again
he said that he would -soon be going to see
God." It was inevitable; everyone eventually had
to see God.
"Voltaire wrote that if there were no God it
would be necessary for man to invent one," I
said. "If he had expressed himself as an outright
atheist it might have cost him his head, in those
times."
Mao agreed that many people had lost their
heads for saying much less.
"We have made some progress since then,"
I said. "And man has been able to change God's
views on a number of things. One of them is
birth control; about that, there is a great change
here in China compared with five or 10 years
-ago."
No, he said. I had been taken in! In the coun-
tryside a woman still wanted to have boy chil-
dren. If the first and second were girls, she
would make another try. If the third one came
and was still a girl, the mother would try again.
Pretty soon there would be nine of them, the
mother was already 45 or so, and she would final-
ly decide to leave it at that. The attitude must be
changed butit was taking time. Perhaps the same
thing was true in the United States?
"China is ahead in that respect," I said. "A
women's liberation movement in the United
States is making some impact, however. Amer.
icart women were the first to achieve the vote
and they are now learning how to use it."
At this point we were interrupted by the ar-
rival 'of some glasses of mao Cal, a fiery rice li-
quor made in Kweichow Province. We drank a
toast. To my mortification the chairman noticed
that I had omitted to toast the ladies present.
How could I have done so? I had not yet ac- ?
cepted women as equals.
It was not possible, said the chairman, to
achieve complete equality between men and
women at present. But between Chinese and
Americans there need be no prejudices. There
could be mutual respect and equality. He said he
placed high hopes on the peoples of the two
countries.
If the Soviet Union wouldn't do [point the
way], then he would place his hopes on the Amer-
ican people. The United States alone had a pop-
ulation of more than 200 million. Industrial pro-
duction was already higher than in any other
country and education was universal. He would
be happy to see a party emerge there to lead a
revolution, although he was not expecting that in
the near future.
In the meantime, he said, the foreign ministry
was studying the matter of admitting Americans
from the left, middle and right to visit China.
Should rightists like Nixon, who represented the
monopoly capitalists, be permitted to come? He
should be welcomed because, Mao explained, at
present the problems between China and the
U.S.A. would have to be solved with Nixon. Mao
would be happy to talk with him, either as a tour-
ist or as President.
I, unfortunately, could not represent the Unit-
ed States, he said; I was not a monopoly cap-
italist. Could I settle the Taiwan question? Why
continue such a stalemate? Chiang Kai-shek had
not died yet. But what had Taiwan to do with
Nixon? That question was created by Truman
and Acheson.
t may be relevant to mention?and this is
not a part of my talk with Chairman Mao
?that foreign diplomats in Peking were
aware last year that messages were being
delivered from Washington to the Chinese gov-
ernment by certain go-betweens. The purport of
such communicatiens was to assure Chinese
leaders of Mr. Nixon's "new outlook" on Asia.
Nixon was firmly determined, it was said, to with-
draw from Vietnam as speedily as possible, to
seek a negotiated international guarantee of the
independence of Southeast Asia, to end the im-
passe in Sino-American relations by clearing up
the Taiwan question and to bring the People's Re-
public into the United Nations and into diplo-
matic relations with the United States.
Two important Frenchmen were in China In
1970. The first was Andr?ettencourt, the min-
ister of planning, the second was Maurice Couve
de Murville, premier under De Gaulle's regime.
M. Couve de Murville completed arrangements
for a visit to China by General de Gaulle which
was to have occurred this year. It was to Gen-
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?
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vim
eral de Gaulle, I was authoritatively informed,
that Mr. Nixon had first confided his intention to
seek a genuine d?nte with China. Some peo-
ple had anticipated that De Gaulle, during his
visit, would play a key role in promoting serious
Sino-American conversations. Death ruled oth-
erwise. Chairman Mao's tribute to the general,
sent to Mme. de Gaulle, was the only eulogy
which he is known to have offered for any non-
Communist statesman since Roosevelt died.
Meanwhile, other diplomats had been active.
The head of one European mission in Peking,
who had already made one trip to see President
? Nixon. returned to Washington last December,
,He bypassed the State Department to confer at
? the White House, and was back in China in Jan-
uary. From another and unimpeachable diplomat-
ic source I learned, not long before my depar-
? ture. from Peking in February, that the White
House had once more conveyed a message ask-
? ing how a personal representative of the Pres-
? ident would be received in the Chinese capital
for conversations with the highest Chinese lead-
ers. About the same time, I was enigmatically
told by a s'anior Chinese diplomat who had for-
merly maintained quite the opposite, "Nixon is
getting oat of Vietnam."
I. must once mare stress that none of the
? above background information was provided to
? me by Mao Tse-tung,
As we talked, the chairman recalled to me
once again that it was the Japanese militarists
who had taught revolution to the Chinese peo-
ple. Thanks to their invasion, they had provoked
the Chinese people to fight and had helped bring
? Chinese socialism to power.
I mentioned how Prince Sihanouk had told me
a few days before that "Nixon is the best agent
for., Mao Tse-tung. The more he bombs Cam- ?
bodia, the more Communists he makes. He is
their best ammunition carrier," said the prince.
Yes, Mao agreed. He liked that kind of help.
reminded him? that when I had spoken to
him two months before, during the October Day
parade at Tien-an Men Square, he had told me
that he was "not satisfied with the present sit-
uation." I asked him to explain what he meant.
He replied that there were two things of which
he highly disapproved during the Cultural Rev-
olution. One was lying. Someone, while saying
that the struggle should be carried out by rea-
soning, not by coercion or force, actually gave
the other fellow a kick under the table and then
drew back his leg. When the person kicked asked,
"Why did you kick me?" the first person said, "I
didn't kick you. Don't you see my foot is still
here?" That, Mao said, is lying. Later the con-
flict during the Cultural Revolution developed
. into war between factions?first with spears, then
rifles, then mortars. When foreigners reported
that China was in great chaos, they were not tell-
ing lies. It had been true. Fighting was going on.
(I was told by Premier Chou on another oc-
casion that the army suffered thousands of ca-
sualties before it took up arms to suppress fac-
tional struggles.)
The other thing the chairman was Most un-
happy about was the maltreatment of "captives"
?party members and others removed from power
and subjected to reeducation, The old practice
of the Liberation Army?freeing captives and giv-
ing them fares to go home, which resulted in
many enemy soldiers being moved to volunteer
and join their ranks?had often been ignored.
Maltreatment of captives now had slowed the re-
building and transformation of the party.
If one did not speak the truth, Mao con-
cluded, how could he gain the confidence of oth-
ers? Who would trust one? The same applied
between friends.
"Are the Russians afraid of China?" I asked.
Some people said so, he replied, but why
should they be? China's atom bomb was only
this size (Mao raised his little finger), while Rus-
sia's bomb was that size (he raised his thumb).
Together the Russian and American bombs were
(putting two thumbs together) that size. What
could a little finger do against two thumbs?
"But from the long-range view. Do the Rus-
sians fear China?"
It was said that they were a bit afraid, he an-
swered. Even when there are a few mice in a per-
son's room the person could become frightened,
fearful that the mice might eat up his sweets.
For instance, the Russians were upset because
China was building air raid shelters. But if the
Chinese got into their shelters, how could they
. attack others?
As for ideology, who had fired the first shot?
The Russians had called the Chinese dogmatists
and then the Chinese had called them revision-
ists. China had published their criticisms, but the
Russians had not dared publish China's. Then
they had sent some Cubans and later Roma-
nians to ask the Chinese to cease open po-
lemics. That would not do, Mao said. The po-
lemics would have to be carried on for 10,000
? years if necessary. Then Kosygin himself had
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come. After their talk Mao had told him that he
? would take off 1,000 years but no more.
The Russians looked down on the Chinese
and also looked clown on the people of many
countries, he said. They thought that they only
had to speak the word and all people would lis-
ten and obey. They did not believe that there
were people who would not do so and that one
of them was his humble self. Although Sino-Rus-
sian ideological differences were now irrecon-
cilable?as demonstrated by their contradictory
policies in Cambodia?they could eventually set-
tle their problems as between states.
Referring once again to the United States,
? Chairman Mao said that China should learn from
the way America developed, by decentralizing
and spreading responsibility and wealth among
the 50 states. A central government could not
do everything. China must depend upon region-
al and local initiatives. It would not do (spread-
ing his hands) to leave everything up to him.
As he courteously escorted me to the door,
he said he was not a Complicated Man, but really
Very simple. He was, he said, only a lone monk
? walking the world with a leaky umbrella.
As a result of this and other informal conver-
sations, I believe that in future Sine-American
talks. Chairman Mao will surely adhere to the
basic principles which have guided China in all
her foreign policies, her ideological and world
view as well as her regional policies. On the
other hand, I also believe that, following an eas-
ing of international tensions, China will seek to
cooperate with all friendly states, and all friend-
ly people within hostile states, who welcome her
full participation in world affairs.
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? TO.t:-' ;_-.;EGRETOEINITIVE.I.E.ceLUSIVELY U.INI4Y- ?
Errs m
US - PRC EXCHANGES
In your opening statement you address the desirability of
discussing some subsidiary questions such as US - PRC exchanges.
? You note we fully recognize that the PRC considers these as "side"
? issues, but point out that we do not intend to use them as diversions and
fully expect to deal with fundamental issues. You
explain, though,
that progress on lesser questions would help to make movement possible
on crucial questions -- it would show detractors on both sides that the
goal of normal relations is an attainable one, lead to a better climate
for -flaking progresrloi th.-; largc.-7 1:::zues, and indicate that no conditions
were being attached to progress in relations. This last would be very
desirable for us.
The Chinese for their part are likely to be quite reserved on the
subject of exchanges, unless they are sufficiently reassured about the
U.S. stand on major issues such as Taiwan. But even so, pending the
establishment of diplomatic relations they will probably hold off on any
government-tb:government agreement, preferring to adhere to a "people-
to-people" formula. They may not yet be ready to engage in exchanges
'with the U.S. in which large numbers of Chinese would travel to the U.S.
their ping pong team has yet to arrive. You should nevertheless offer them
a government agreement but be prepared to fall back on sorncthing less
If
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S.
formal such as a reference in the joint communique to each side's taking
steps to facilitate exchange
There is another possible problem in working out exchanges. The
Chinese have a few "non-governmental organizations set up to handle
exchanges, for example the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese
People's Institute for CulturalRelations with Foreign Countries, which have
over the years acted as clearing houses for exchange matters. We have
only one non- (or quasi-) governmental organization, the National Academy
of Sciences equipped to deal with this matter. There are other bodies,
such as the National Committee on United States Relations with China,
which would like to get into the clearing-house business on exchanges,
which might be a good idea except for the possibility that many other
groups might take umbrage if we seem to be working through a chosen
instrument.
These problems are manageable. The Chinese are likely to be at
least somewhat responsive ? your conversation with Marshall Yeh
Chien-ying suggests that the prospect of exchanges both titillates and worries
them -- and if-you can provide them with some specific suggestions they
may be prepared to follow through by the time of the President's visit.
At Tabs A through D are a series of specific proposals in the fields
of scientific and technical exchanges, cultural exchanges, academic
and
exchanges,/journalisti exchanges,
respectively. At Tab E is
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:.)
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a draft government-to-government agreement on exchanges, and at
Tab F is language covering governmental facilitation of non-governmental
exchanges. The proposals are designed in such a way that the specifics
may be separated from the background and passed to the Chinese for
their consideration. Each one is based on some evidence of Chinese
interest, and you are not simply firing shots in the dark.
Your talking points proceed as follows:
I have mentioned the desirability from the 13. S. standpoint of
having gomething tangible to point to as an outcome of the
President's visit. (You might wish here to review these
co.
r
would also apply to the PRC.
-- Of course, exchanges would be most easily handled in the
United States if they could be carried out through a government-
to-government agreement. If this would be of interest to the PRC,
I have some suggested wording for such an agreement.
However, if the PRC prefers to handle the matter on a non-
governmental basis through private or people's organizations,
that would be acceptable. In such a case we might carry a reference
to this effect in the joint communique. I also have some suggested
wording with me, which we could either look at now, oi defer until
a drafting session for the joint communique.
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--. As representative examples of what might be accomplished
in the area of exchanges, I have brought a number of specific
proposals in the fields of science and technology, cultural
?
and
exchanges, academic exchanges,/ exchanges of journalists.
I will read some of these to you. And later, if you prefer, I
will
make the papers available to you for your consideration.
How would you like to proceed? We might go over these
proposals now, or break and reassemble later.
? Let me say a word on organizations which might handle exchanges.
Our National Science Foundation is prep:-.1.red to kd directly
. with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, but there are many more
groups in the U.S. which would like to become involved. If you
prefer, we can pass the names of such organizations to you as
they make themselves known to us. These would be entirely
non-governmental. If you would prefer to make your own arrange-
ments, -we would have no objection.
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Model for Cultural, Technical, and
:Educational Exchange Agreement
agreement between the Governments of the United States
of America and the People's Republic of China, delegations
?
the United States side by
and
on the People s Republic side by conducted
negotiations in
from
with regard to cultural, technical,and
educational exchanges between the United States of America
and the People's Republic of China. As a result of these
negotiations, which have been carried on in a spirit of
mutual understanding, the United States and the People'
Republic have agreed to provide for the specific exchanges
which are set forth in the following Sections during 1972
and 1973 in the belief that these exchanges will contribute
significantly to the betterment of relations between the two
to
countries
F.
tensions.
thereby contributing to a lessening of international
(1) The visits and
SECTION
General
exchanges enumerated in the following
Sections are not intended to be exclusive of others which
may be arranged by ag
cement Of the two countries.
'SECRET./NODIS/HOMER
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W4.4 I ? .'????? 4fl
(2)
The exchanges
provided for in the following Sections
shall be subject to the Constitution and applicable laws and
regulations in force in the respective countries. It is
understood that both parties will use their best efforts to
have these exchanges effected in accordance with the
following Sections.
SECTION IT
Exchanges Of Radio and Television Broadcasts and
Motion Picture Films
(1) Both parties will provide'for an exchange of radio
and television broadcasts on the subjects of Science,
,technology, industry, agriculture., education, public health,
and sports.
(2) Both parties will provide for an exchange of 10
documentary films in accordance with a list to be mutually
agreed Upon by the two parties.
.(3) Both
parties will provide for an exchange of
samples of equipment for sound-recording and telecasting and
their technival specifications.
SECTION III
Exchange of Groups of Specialists in Industry,
Agriculture and Medicine
(1) Both parties agree to provide for an exchange of
in 1972 in the field of industry. (Specifics
be negotiated)
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(2) Both sides will provide for the exchange of
delegations of specialists in agriculture. (Specifics to
be negotiated)
(3) Both parties agree to provide for the exchange of
medical delegations. (Numbers and fields to b
specified in negotiation)
SECTION IV
Visits by Representatives of Cultural, Civic, Youth
and Student Groups
(1) For the purpose of establishing contacts,
exchanging experiences and becoming more familiar with the
public and cultural life of both countries, the Chinese side
will arrange to invite to the People's Republic of China
during 1972 groups of American writers (5-6 persons)
composers (5-6 persons), painters and sculptors (3-4 persons)
and performing artists (5-6 persons). The United States side
reciprocally will arrange to invite similar Chinese groups to
visit the United States.
(2) Both parties will provide for the exchange in 1972-
1973 of delegations of representatives of youth and delegations
of women in various professions.
SECTION V
Visits by Scientists
(1) The Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of
China and the National Academy of Sciences of the 'United States
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will on a reciprocal basis, provide ?for the exchange of groups
or individual scientists and specialists for delivering
?lectures
and holding seminars on various
and technology.
(2) The Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of
China and the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States will on a reciprocal basis, provide for the exchange
of scientific personnel and specialists for the purpose of
conducting joint studies and for specialization for a
period of up to one year.
problems of science
(3)
The details of exchanges mentioned in paragraphs (1)
and (2) will be agreed upon directly between the presidents
f the Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China
and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.
SECTION VI
Exchange of University Delegations
,(1)
Both parties will provide for the exchange in 1972
of four delegations of university professors and instructors
for a period of 2 to 3 weeks in the fields of natural sciences,
engineering education, and liberal arts.
(2)
Further
exchanges of delegations of professors and
instructors of universities of the United
States of America
and the People's Republic of China shall be decided upon as
appropriate by both parties.
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SECTION VII
Exchange of Individual Athletes and Athletic Teams
Both parties will provide for an exchange of
individual athletes and athletic teams and in 1972-1973 will
provide for the holding of the following contests in the
United States and in the People's Republic of China'.
(1) Basketball games between representative men's and
women's
teams to be held in the People's Republic of China in
(2) Basketball games between representative men's and
women's teams to be held in the United States in 1973.
(Other. events to be specified)
The details of these exchanges of athletes and athletic
teams as well as financial arrangements for these exchanges
shall be discussed between appropriate American and Chinese
sports organizations.
SECTION VIII
Development of Tourism
Both parties will promote the development of tourism.
SECTION IX
Exchange of Exhibits and Publications
Both sides agree in principle on the usefulness of
exhibits as an effective means of developing mutual under-
SECRET /NOD IS /HOMER
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standing between the peoples of the United States and the
Peoples Republic. Toward this end both sides will provide
for an exchange of exhibits on the peaceful uses of atomic
energy in 1972.
(2) Both parties will promote the further development of
exchange of publications and various works in the field of
science and technology between.scientific institutions and
societies and between individual scientists and specialists.
(3) Provisions will be made for the Central Scientific
Medical Library of the Ministry of -Health of the People's
Republic of China and corresponding medical libraries in the
United States to
exchange medical journals.
SECTION X
Establishment of Direct Air Flights
Both parties agree in principle to establish on the
basis of reciprocity direct air flights between the United
States and the People's Republic. Negotiations on terms and
conditions satisfactory to both parties will be conducted by
appropriate representatives of each Government at a mutually
convenient date to be determined later.
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SECTION XI:
Entry into Force
The present agreement shall enter into force on the date
it is signed:: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned., duly
authorized, have signed the present agreement and have affixed
their seals
thereto
DONE in duplicate, in the English and Chinese languages,
both equally authentic this
one thousand nine hundred Seventy-one.
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Draft Joint Announcement on Exchanges
During the discussions between President Nixon and Premier'
'Chou En-lai the two sides agreed that cultural, scientific,
technical and educational exchanges would contribute significantly
to the betterment of relations between the two countries, thereby
contributing to a lessening of international tension. The two
governments will therefore encourage, and provide assistance to,
appropriate organizations in their respective countries to
arrange such exahanges.
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SEcRET
U.S. POSITION ON OCEANS REGIME
Existing US Oceans Policy
In his statement of May 23, 1970 the President proposed the following Law
of the Sea arrangements:
Territorial Sea - a maximum of 12 miles;
-- Straits - a new right of free transit through international straits to
compensate for the fact that the 12 mile territorial sea would bring
many key straits (including Gibraltar) under national jurisdiction;
- Seabeds/Mineral Resources - dividing the ocean floor into three zones:
1. national jurisdiction out to the 200 meter depth line;
2. beyond this point to the edge of the continental margin (which is not
precisely defined) the coastal state would, under agreed rules, act
as Trustee for the international community;
3. beyond the continental margin, full control by an international
regime;
-- Fisheries - some accommodation of the coastal state interests by
giving them carefully defined preferential rights to fisheries resources
beyond the 12 mile limit.
- Pollution - international agreement on controls on pollution caused by
seabeds exploitation.
-- Scientific Research - maximum freedom for scientific research.
Negotiating Situation
The proposal on territorial seas and international straits is of prime
iMportance to US security. It was primarily to secure those interests that
we got into the whole Law of the Sea operation. We do, however, have room
for maneuver on seabeds, fisheries, pollution and research issues.
The underlying negotiating problem is that very few countries care much about
"freedom of navigation", but very many want to maximize their claim to
fisheries and seabeds resources. Thus, our security interests are threatened
SECRET
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by a trend toward extensive unilateral territorial sea claims. It is not
practical to resist these claims simply by military defense of our customary
rights. We hope, instead, to hold the territorial sea line through the
achievement of an international agreement on the oceans, hopefully to be
nailed down at a Law of the Sea Conference in 1973.
Our initial strategy was to create a majority interest in narrow territorial
seas by promising extensive revenues for LDC development from the inter-
national trusteeship zone beyond the 12 mile limit and the international
regime for the deep ocean floor. These revenues were intended as the
quid pro quo for agreement on narrow territorial seas and a new right of
free transit through international straits.
Earlier this year, it became clear that this strategy was not working. Neither
landlocked nor coastal states were rallying to the banner. In the meantime,
Latin American States (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Chile) were actively
espousing a 200 mile territorial sea and were seeking -- with considerable
success -- to cast the issue in terms of Developed versus Developing Countries.
From afar, Communist China lent moral support to our antagonists, announcing
sympathy for their efforts, i,vithout itself adopting an explicit territorial sea
position. (The PRC has made extensive claims to seabeds under the East and
South China Seas, which conflict with similar claims of Taiwan, Japan, the
Philippines and South Vietnam. The areas involved are on the Continental
Shelf as defined by international convention.)
Our thinking has now shifted. It is clear that the crucial group for a successful
conference are the coastal states as a class rather than a combination of land-
locked states and LDCs. The coastal states share a clear interest in as much
control as they can get over the mineral and fish resources off their coasts.
If this interest could be satisfied without a wide territorial sea, then most
coastal states might be willing to accommodate us on our security interests
(12 mile territorial sea and free straits passage). On the other hand, too
great a satisfaction of the coastal states interest -- for example, an exclusive
resources zone ? is self-defeating, for it could endanger our major objective
of military mobility and free navigation. So our current strategy is to indicate
willingness to accommodate coastal state desires for greater control over
resources, but limited through internationally agreed standards, including
machinery for compulsory settlement of disputes.
At last summer's preparatory committee meeting, we found sentiment
beginning to move our way on separating the issues of sovereignty from
control over resources. Brazil, whose position on a ZOO mile sea remained
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adamant, shows signs of beginning to feel lonely. As of now, things look
good for a 12 mile territorial sea, uncertain on an acceptable mix of coastal
state/international controls over the offshore resources, and depressing on
free transit through straits. (Spain is engaged in a diplomatic offensive
against it, and other straits countries (e.g. Italy) have difficulties with it.)
It is by no means yet clear that there will be a Law of the Sea Conference in
1973 -- much less a?successful one. We do, however, have the advantage of
good working relations with the Soviets, who share our basic objectives. As
a distant water fishing state, however, the Soviets are worried that our
attitude on fisheries may be too favorable to coastal states. (The UK and
Japan shstre that worry.)
There is considerable sentiment for making the LOS Conference universal,
thus including the PRC. Some of the hard-line Latin states have hopes of
using that issue to abort the whole Law of the Sea exercise, if necessary.
LOS matters will be discussed at the UN this fall and in another preparatory
conference next spring.
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PRC Views on Law of the Sea and Related Issues
We have very little up-to-date information on Communist China's
law of the sea position.
On several occasions in the past year, the PRC has voiced sympathy
for efforts of Latin American states to obtain a 200 mile territorial sea,
but these statements seem intended to contribute to the "anti-imperialist"
cause rather than to stake out a legal position. The PRC still claims a
12-mile territorial sea for itself.
The People's Republic also has extensive seabeds claims in the Yellow
and the East and South China seas. They have not articulated the legal
rationale, but are probably basing it on rights to the continental shelf.
The 1958 Continental Shelf Convention gives coastal states sovereign
rights over adjacent seabeds resources out to the 200 meter depth line
and to the technologically exploitable shelf area beyond. Although the
PRC is not a signatory to this (or any) Geneva Convention, they could base
their position on these principles which are generally accepted as customary
international law.
Their claims conflict with those of other states (the ROC, Japan,
Korea, South Vietnam, The Philippines) which also border on the continental
shelf under the adjacent seas -- which are very shallow. The problem of
where the national claims are delimited is complicated by the existence of
islands whose ownership is disputed.
The Senkakus involve us at this point, although we are about to relin-
quish our rights under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty. We take no position
on permanent ownership, which is disputed by the two Chinas and Japan.
There are also the Spratly islands in the South China Sea disputed by
the two Chinas, South Vietnam, and The Philippines.
Until now, the PRC has not been pushing its seabeds claims very
aggressively. But if they enter the UN, they will certainly wish to parti-
cipate in the LOS negotiations, an ideal forum for more forcefully pressing
their views.
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4.1:5 #1"-E-91'1'
What We Want and
What We Can Get
10/14/71
1. Pressure on the Soviet Union. We want our China policy to show
Moscow that it cannot speak for all communist countries, that it is to
their advantage to make agreements with us, that they must take account
of possible US-PRC cooperation -- all this without overdoing the Soviet
paranoia. The beneficial impact on the USSR is perhaps the single biggest
plus that we get from the China initiative.
We have already achieved this. There is nothing the Chinese need
do. Our interests here are congruent and we need only to continue on the
path we have set out upon. Pressure on the Russians is something we
1111
obviously never explicitly point to. The facts speak for themselves.
Moscow, since July 15, has already become more cooperative on many
issues. Their motive -- and the objective consequence -- could be easing
their Western flank to focus on their Eastern flank -- but that is China's
problem, not ours.
2. Taiwan. We will want to tie down Peking to a peaceful resolution of
this problem. We want also to maintain relations with an old and faithful
ally, both because of principle and for our reputation as a reliable and
honorable partner.
We thus have to work out some understanding with Peking which will
allow enough time for the future of Taiwan to be determined peacefully -- with
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this process hopefully far enough advanced so that the diplomatic relations
problem is manageable when we reach the crucial period on this issue.
This obviously is, as it always has been, the crunch issue. Peking has
indicated it can accept a reasonable time frame. If it cannot, no further
relationships will be possible.
3. Impact on Hanoi. We would like constructive Chinese influence on
Hanoi to make a reasonable negotiated settlement. Short of that we want
their continued benevolent abstention on our efforts in Paris and willingness
to see, and help guarantee, a negotiated solution to the war. We must
strongly emphasize that time for this is running out and that our unilateral
course Will then entail risks for everyone and distort our bilateral relations.
The clear direction of our withdrawal policy, the fact that we don't
threaten China with our Indochina actions, the link to our forces on Taiwan,
and Chinese opposition to North Vietnamese domination of the area -- these
all incline Peking to be halpful.
On the other hand, the Chinese believe they
let Hanoi down in 1954 and do not want to be in the position of pressuring
their proletarian friends.
Just by virtue of our initiatives with Peking (and Moscow) we have
achieved the objective of making Hanoi nervous about her rear area. The
initial shock effect of the July announcement may have temporarily slowed
the negotiating process but over the longer term our China policy should help
40 reach a settlement and induce Hanoi to abide by it. Peking publicly has
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concentrated on ou
withdrawals (without setting a time limit) and largely
ignored Communist political demands. The PRC may have worked a little
on the North Vietnamese given the latter's bitter reaction to the President's
visits.
A joint call for a negotiated settlement and for the future of Indochina
to be left to the people there without outside interference would be useful.
4. Asia in General. We will want to inhibit Peking's support of revolu-
tionary movements and any direct pressures on its neighbors. This in
turn will give our Asian friends some tangible benefits from our China
initiative and allow a safe reduction in U.S. forces.
In 'recent years, the Chinese support for revolutionaries has been
largely vocal. The tremendous domestic problems for the PRC plus the
reduction of our presence should encourage the PRC to mute its efforts.
We should subtly, but unmistakably,press Peking on this issue. Concretely,
we might be able to get into the Presidential communique some language
about noninterference, neither side seeking hegemony, and no one assuming
an exclusive sphere of influence.
Korea . We would like to ease the threat to South Korea. The Chinese
may have a congruent interest in seeing tensions reduced, so as to get our
forces out and keep the Japanese out. They have already pushed their
North Korean ally to support the President's trip and start talking to the South
111/ Koreans. Thus our objective is to get the Chinese to restrain their ally,
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pointing out our mutual interest in a peaceful peninsula.
6. South Asia.
We want to keep hostilities from breaking out, but
/ since India is the problem and Peking has no influence with her, there
is little we can get from the Chinese. Nevertheless, the PRC doesn't
want a wai either. A joint call against hostilities in the subcontinent
might be helpful. The PRC might also be helpful in nudging Pakistan
toward political realism in East Pakistan.
7. Arms Control. We want to start educating the Chinese on these
questions and begin drawing her into the arms control dialogue. They
show little interest, and in particular don't want to be lassoed. We should
not push Peking but make it clear that we will treat it on an equal basis
with Moscow. We might obtain hot line and/or accidental war agreements.
? Release of U.S. Prisoners. We want to get them out, preferably
before the President's visit; if not then as a result of it.
This should be achievable, especially for the two men related to
Vietnam. Of the other two, Downey may be the most difficult case since
he has a life sentence. In response to HAK's July pitch they said that se
tences could be shortened for good behavior and said they would study the
matter. Releasing our men would be an inexpensive, yet publicly very
profitable, gesture for Peking. We should keep our requests low key for
the time being this seems the best way to get results and means we
would pay nothing for the men.
? . ,
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1110 problem like Taiwan
? Trade. We will want to start increasing our exports to the mainland
so as to compete with Japan and Europe. Except for wheat, there is little
? prospect in the near future of substantial business. The Chinese don't
seem much interested, but we should be able to get as a result of the
? President's trip, some agreement to expand mutual commerce, including
perhaps the sending of trade delegations for that purpose.
? 10. Cultural, Scientific Exchanges, etc. We want movement in these
areas to demonstrate concrete progress and results from the President's
trip. It would in fact help to break clown the communication harriers and
Chinese ignorance. In certain fields we could learn from the Chinese. The
PRC believes thesre are side issues, suspect diversion away from knotty
and reason we want these steps for domestic political
gain. However,. we should make clear to them that the President cannot
travel all the way to Peking and say merely that he had a discussion of
long range issues. We should press hard for exchanges as a way to improve
the climate for the resolution of more fundamental issues.
11. Information on China. We want to know what's going on in the
mainland and what the future holds. We should learn a great deal from
these trips (e.g. during HAK's interim visit we might get insights into the
internal struggle) the journalists and others who are now being let in,
ongoing contacts with the PRC, and possible exchange programs. It is
always useful to know one's adversary. And increased communication with
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Peking should cut down the chance of misunderstandings or accidents
leading to confrontation. We should pick up Chou's suggestion for
periodic envoys to Peking, plus mutual exchanges and perhaps return
visits by Chinese officials.
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What the Chinese Want and
What We Can/Should Do About It
Presti. The Chinese want to take their rightful place in international
affairs and deal as equals with other major powers (even while professing
they are not
"great" power, have no desire to follow the mistakes of
the USSR and USA in stretching their hands out, and are concerned about
all countries, big and small, especially the third world).
This we have already given them in the July 15 announcement. It is
generally in our interest.
2. Counter-weight to the Soviet Union. The Chinese want to relieve
themselves of the threat of a two-front war, introduce new calculations
in Moscow about attacking or leaning on the PRC, and perhaps make the
USSR more pliable in its dealings with Peking. Specifically from us they
want assurances against US-USSR collusion.
This too we have given Peking in our initiatives and clear policy of
not letting Moscow be our only socialist interlocator. We cannot, of
course, lava,: Peking over Moscow - indeed in the near term we have
much more concrete business with the Russians - but the PRC does not
expect this. We can assure the Chinese that we won't deliberately collude
p them posted on our dealings with Moscin ? But they know that
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our agreements with the USSR, such as ratifying the status quo in
Europe and mutual force redactions there, can have the objective
consequences of collusion by freeing the Soviet hands for pressures
on their eastern flank. There is nothing we can or should do about
this but acknowledge to the PRC that we recognize this reality and will
be sensitive to it.
. Restraint on Japa.n. The Chinese are ambivalent on this issue.
Because of their bitter experiences in the war, they clearly do fear a
resurgence of Japanese militarism despite the small Tokyo defense
budgets and nuclear allergy. They see conflicting statements by U.S.
officials, some of which suggest our encouragement of Japanese rear a-
o as to take over some defense burdens we are shedding under
the Nixon Doctrine. On the other hand they must understand our point
that the U.S. treaty with, and umbrella for, Japan dampens down
Japanese military activity, and that a precipitous U.S. withdrawal from
Asia would only feed Japanese militarism. Additionally, the Chinese
want to erode US-Japanese ties and play us all against each other; they
have already begun by meddling in Japanese domestic politics.
Most importantly, we should not trade an old, and much more power-
ally for a somewhat less aggressive adversary. As for preventing
ful,
Japanese remilitarization, this can only be done by maintaining our influence
in Asia, and this we will have to continue to make clea
to Poking.
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e-4(
The Chinese want Taiwan return its rule. They know we
cannot "giver it to them, but they
calculate that our initiatives will erode
US-GRC ties, feed the process of undermining the GRC's international
position, and generally shake up the situation in Taiwan so that it will
fall into Peking's lap.
We cannot go further than to tell Peking that we will not promote a
two China or Taiwan independence policy, that we will leave this problem
peacefully -- by the parties concerned, that we will
? gradually reduce our military presence on Taiwan as Vietnam winds down
and tensions in Asia diminish. We cannot break relations with the CRC
or jettison our mutual defense treaty.
5. Indochina.. The Chinese want our forces withdrawn, and knew this
was occuring when they invited the President. They don't particularly
care about the politi
al solutions and have no desire to see Hanoi dominate
Our Vietna,mization program is good enough for Peking. If we can
make a negotiated settlement, so much the better. In that event they
would want to be in on the guarantees.
The Chinese may want to push us toward a peace treaty,
both to get the UN and US forces off the peninsula and to keep the Japanese
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We cannot get out in front of our Korean (or Japanese) friends on
the political side. We should restrain ourselves to blessing Pyongang-
Seoul talks and whatever moves our allies want to make. We should
withdraw our forces furthe
only insofar as South Korea's strength
? South Asia. The Chinese might want to line us up with them and
Pakistan against her two big enemies, the USSR and India. However,
they almost certainly don't want a subcontinent war, in which case they
would have to deliver on their promises of support to Islamabad.
We cannot join the lineup on either side. We have larger fundamental
interests in much bigger India than in Pakistan, and we thus must keep
influence in both places. Our overriding interest, aside from
humanitarian relief, is to prevent hostilities which would put us in an
agonizing position.
US-PRC relations. The Chinese want to "normalize" relations to the
point of recognition which might take care of the Taiwan problem for
ecognize our difficulties and are willing to wait some time.
We can Cndicate the general direction of our policy, but we must
make clear that formal diplomatic relations with the PRC will take time
and be a gradual process. We cannot speculate on how we will sort
relations with the PRC.
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o Entry into the U.N. This is far down Peking's list of priorities,
especially
ore about the
although they may be more interested than they let on
because of the impact on Taiwan.
The Chinese care
two China implications of our UN position than entry into the UN itself.
We cannot do more than we have. As a matter of principle we must
Light for Taiwan's seat, while pointing out that this should have no impli-
cations for the future juridical status of Taiwan.
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ARRIVAL STATEMENT
It is with profound pleasure that I return to the People's Republic
of China on behalf of President Nixon. I am here for discussions with
Prime Minister Chou En-lai and other Chinese officials to make
concrete arrangements for a truly historic occasion - the meeting
between Chairman Mao Tse-Tung and the President of the United States.
Our two countries are turning a new page in our histories. Now
after two decades of separate paths and separate achievements we come
together again on a fresh foundation of equality and mutual respect.
The task that faces the leaders of our nations is to begin to bridge the
gulf that has separated us for a generation and restore the historic bonds
of two great peoples.
President Nixon is dedicated to this objective, knowing full well that
our differences are deep and that neither of us will barter away our
principles.
Thus I arrive here with the determination of the American government
and the friendship of the American people. In this spirit, I warmly look
forward to my talks with Chinese officials.
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Toast (Beginning of Trip)
Mr. Prime Minister, and our other distinguished hosts:
I have returned to your capital with personal pleasure and
anticipation: the pleasure of again seeing our gracious hosts and
this capital city, the anticipation of stimulating discussion and
important work.
And I return with the sense of history, a feel for the tides
that have brought us together. Surely our encounter is one that
none of us would have imagined would ever take place.
[Tell the Marshall's story on the way to the airport July 11.1
During these past decades you enduredthe tribulations of the
Long March. You surmounted what seemed like hopeless obstacles to
establish your system. You have steered your country through
twenty-two turbulent years. And you have maintained your positions
in conflict against major powers.
During this same period my country has carried global responsibilities
flowing from the Second World War. We shed the historic isolationism fed
by our ocean-bound geography. Faced with the vacuums of the post-war
world, we ventured forth with characteristic exuberance into international
affairs, shouldering broad tasks of security and development. We have
placed men on the moon. And we have grappled with our own domestic
problems, both those spawned by industrial progress and those that are
the legacy of our mixed heritage.
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For almost a generation, China and America have pursued their
separate paths, so diverse and hardly touching. Yet here we are
today, brought together by global trends. Clearly we will find the guarantee
of each other's actions not in words, but in events; not in honeyed declara-
tions but in the objective situation we jointly confront.
Mr. Prime Minister, I said in July that reality brought us together
and reality will shape our future.
Let us drink to that future. And let us work these coming days
with a view to filling that future with peace and friendship between our
two peoples.
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Toast (End of Trip)
Mr. Prime Minister, and our other distinguished hosts:
Together we have done some extremely important work during
these past few days. We have laid a sound basis for the historic
meeting between the leaders of the People's Republic of China and
President Nixon. In the process we have built upon the promising
beginnings of July and further charted our countries courses.
For us it has been a rich personal experience as well as a
momentous assignment. We have once again been impressed by your
dedication, stimulated by your skill, warmed by your hospitality --
and overwhelmed by your cuisine!
My colleagues and I want to thank you for the grace and warmth
which we have been received. I ask you now to join us in the celebration
of the historic crossroads that lies months ahead and in the hope
that that event will contribute to peace in the Pacific and peace in the
world.
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Possible Meeting_with Kao Tse-tung
Mao Tse-tung has evidently been very much a factor in the PRC's
decision to itririte the President to visit Peking, as witness the Edgar
Snow interview with Mao in the April 30 issue of Life (Tab A). Mao told
Snow that because at present the problems between China and the USA
would have to be solved with Nixon, " Mao would be happy to talk with him
either as a tourist or as President.
Given the personal role of Mao it is conceivable that the Chinese may
have you meet him to underscore this personal element and to have him
reiterate to you, the President's representative, that he welcomes the
Preside t's visit. Your meeting Mao would also emphasize, to both the
Chinese ?people and world public opinion, that Mao is still very much
involved in MC affairs, a point which was made only inferentially by
Mao's session with Haile Selassie.
If a meeting should take place, we would assume that Mao would not
deal with matters of substance, at least in any detail. He might refer to
the existence of U.S. -PRC problems, as he did in the Snow interview, but
prefer to concentrate more on atmospherics. These would be important
from bo standpoint, and in fact the chances of your seeing Mao would
probably be increased if your discussions with Chou had gone well, 1. e.
the Chinese were convinced that we were not going to take a tough line on
matters of concern to them.
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In these terms, a meeting between you and Mao would be more
likely later rather than earlier. However, if the Chinse wanted to put
a real stamp of approval on the President's visit by the Ultimate Authority,
they could conceivably schedule the meeting early on. Domestic politics
would have a bearing on the timing, and we have little information on this
score which can serve as the basis for a judgment.
In any event, you would wish to avoid substantive issues but take a
positive attitude toward your own mission and toward the President's
visit. You would welcome this opportunity to meet with Mao (who after all
is a living legend) and express the President's and your own -- good will
toward Mao and his associates.
Your talking points might run as follows:
-- I am extremely grateful to have this opportunity to meet Chairman
Mao and convey to him personally the personal greetings of President
Nixon. The President looks forward with warm anticipation to meeting
with the Chairman and seeing this great country.
-- The President has asked me to raffirmhis profourd commitment
to the improvements of relations between our two countries for the sake of
our two peoples and for the peoples of the world. The course we have chosen
has been produced by conviction and reality, not by personalities or the
prospects of political gain.
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-- The President was quite touched by the welcome which the Chairman
extended to him through the Chairman's interview with Edgar Snow. In
this interview the Chairman spoke of problems between our two countries.
The Chairman may be assured that the President will be prepared to deal
with these problems frankly and in as forthcoming a manner as possible.
- I hope that this philosophy has (already) (will) become apparent
in my own discussions with PM Chou.
-- Looking at the future relationship which might develop between the
U. S. and the PRC, and setting aside questions of ideological conviction,
I am convinced as a historian that our two countries have a legacy of
fewer issues between us than is the case with almost any other relationship
China has maintained with foreign countries over the centuries.
-- I believe, in fact, that there is a tradition of friendship between
the Chinese avid American peoples, and I earnestly hope that this friendship
can be reestablished and developed further. I hope that the President's
visit, for which I have come to help make concrete arrangements, will
be a major contribution to this end.
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