FR, UHF AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION BEYOND HORIZON 256 PG.

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 141
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Document Release Date: October 28, 2013
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: March 11, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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AFC RC TR-574:4
ASTIA Document No. AD 133653
FINAL REPORT
UHF AIR GROUND COMMUNICATION BEYOND HORIZON
Prepared For
MR FORCE CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH CENTER
Air Research and Development Command
Laurence G. Hanscom Field
:a , t.
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16,44?10.114,46.4001?%-r????????????? .41.4.10.04.??? ???,.
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ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted of radio' wave. propagation phenomena?WI,
ppli ation to USAF air ground communications, parsuant to a report
!
'The Possibility ofExtendin* a Ai r G rrivi ,r34r vemea. r
ilP .e.dm.awas ishitaia....4011141111,10?114, 1MUF
Distances Far Beyond Radio Horfr011i by L. A. Ames, E. 3. Mania'
n 4r. Roger, LMe.n...m v' ?-4?., 1tM ./4. ..,== al ? t
eD.
ort
?
JUlle 1956.
_
-
LA..".Wi 4.1A
The results of the a-v-4.4es cate *14.1 trrix'trovos tric
?
may be eraptoyed successfully ant.' /with' advaztage to extend the range
COZZIMIZIMiCati02111 with high alttQt.e aircraft to beyond 400 =r:les with very
hi reliabhty ???T.
ow.
vi,??? 1ft
_ rn "till'*?2011r9
Al. am
would be employed to ex:end commr.r.icat.ol. coverage stIll fUrthe-
?
EAC and UPAIS Missions are discussed?,te?prcipoted StrtiherpC....,
A new set of IMF tropospheric' scatter loss clirrts is derived from
mere -recent dim. Predicted performance is compared with very recess
-
???
? measurements of AFCRC in March 1957, using a 13?47 aircraft-1*2m at
50X1 -HUM
40,000 feet,with good agreesnent
Results of system studies suggest the ;aye of ?sus?. vertical polasiias
*don, and dual spaced diversity, even in theurcrs....it where
antennas would De .near each
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Recommendations for further work are giv n. Included is a recom-
me.Idation for i,mmediately implementing an experimental operational test
of one typical grid iA :tug centered near Boston using recommended system
parameters and components. Further measurements and studies -.re needed
of propagation phenomena, particularly on fading characteristics in the Arctic
and at high altitudes for very high reliability levels.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1,11. ? .+11.11,
LNTRonyr TiriN
PROPAGATION STUDIES
A. INTRODUCTION
B. TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER PROPAGATION STUDIES
C. EXTERN.M. FAC TORS AFFEC "r= PELFORMANCE
. LOW AND VERY-LOW FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION
E. HIGH'eREQUENCIES -
F. VHF IONOSPHERIC AND TROPOSPHERIC
SCATTER LOSSES
G. VHF METEORIC SCATTER
Page No.
iv
37
43
49
54
57'
III. SYSTEM DESIGN STUD= 74
A. PROPAGATION FACTORS AND ALLIM SUBIEC S
AFFECTING SYSTali
B. PREDICTED SYSTEM PL,RFORILANCE 80
C. EQUIPMENT DESIGN STUDIES 93
IV IMPROVEMENT IN MILITARY COMMUNICATIO,'SM
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
VI. , REFERENCE
rn. ACICNOWLZDGEM.ENTS -
Viii . APPENDICES
A. RADIO LINE OF SIGHT COMPUTATIONS
FROM REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILES
R. TRANSMISSION Len CALCULA.nms AND
DATA ANALYSIS -
C. DATA AND ANALYSIS OF AFCRC FLIGHT
MEASUREMENTS (March 8-Apr11 1? 1957)
?
IX. . BIBLIOGRAPHY-
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142
147
- 149
150
157
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C 0-14 -T-I A-
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page No.
Radio Line-of-Sight Distance: do v...Aireraft 10
Altitude for Smooth Earth
Estimated Scatter Loss Le (Hourly Median Value)
Exceeded Indicated Percentage of the Hours of a Year vs
? Comparison of Estimates of Yearly Median Values of
? Tropoopheric Scatter Loss 1.1 (Hourly Median) Typical
of Midlatitude Regions
Distribution of Hourly Median Values of Scatter Lose,
? .16. .1" impi gik,11 ?? C ?V1.4?1. 49 r1,4-?__
1U V 4 4%0 Mk.110".s. blip- &??? 0.1.11.1.11.6%. W da
t ,
Yearly Distribution of Hourly Median Values of Slow-Fading
Factor Fop for Various Scatter Distances.
Distance Dependency of Slow-Fading Factor '?5
Various Hourly Median Fading Perceutagaa -
Fast Fading Factor (Ff) and Diversity Gain (GD)
Various Orders (n) of Diversity'
Reliability vs :iota Rcot-Sum-Square Fading Rang
for Various Scatter Distances do
Aperture-Mediurn Coupling Loee Lc
Aperture-liedium Coupling Loss, Lc for r
I- .
lersaiumbh-Ortliy !rarshirneveri:e. 4/3.
Aparture-Medium Coupling Loss. Lc. for Identical
Parabolic Antennas Each Having Bearnwidth
?FT
Distance Dependency of Yearly Median Value of Hourly
Median Values of Scatter Loss, Ls
Estimated Distance Dependency of Hourly Median Basic
Transmission Loss Between Isotropic Antennas (La)
Exceeded 50% of the Hours in a Year for Three Different
?
Climatic Areas
,44444.44.444,
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-Figure
A.
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-0-N- f-I-D-E-N-T-1-A?
Estimated Distance Dependency oi Hourly Median
Basic Transmission Loss (Lb) for Various Percentage
Long Term Reliabilities Isotropic Antennas
14 Arctic Region
15 Midlatitude Region
16 Tropical Region
17a Typical and Effective Noise Figure Referred to KTB
17b Typical Receiver Noise Figure vs Frequency
18 Ground-Wave and Sky-Wave
.180 KC/Second
. -
tntAirkeittr
.44
'Page No..
32
33
34
38
39
Variation'of Winter Field Intensity. with ?Cosine of Sun's
Zenith Distance at Hastings College (1,107 N.' Miles)
Variation of Winter Field Intensity with Cosine of Sun's 1.. 41
Zenith Distance at University of Colorado (1424.N. Miles
21 ?Scatter Loss (Relative to Free Space Loss) vs
Great Circle Distance (Median Values. 5,0 Mc)
2 Aperture-Mediturn Couplinjz Loss, Le, for Ai -Ground
System
Distance Dependency of Total System Transmission
Loss (L) for Three Different Climatic Areas (Arctic.
Temperate Midlatitudes, and Tropics) for Two Aircraft
Altitudes (10,000 and 30, 000 Feet)
? Distance Dependency ,of Total System Transmission
Loss (L) for Various Aircraft Altitudes, hA with
24 Total Fading Range 50%
25 Total Fading Range 90%
26 Total Fading Range 99%
Variation of Height Gain GH with Aircraft Altitude h4
and Total Transmission Distance d. with
27 Total Fading Rang* 90%
28 Totol Fading Pkftee 991
29 Estimated Maximum Range of System in the Arctic for
Various Percentages of Reliability.
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T?I A-L
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Scatter Itarkeitivi /tin
tree
1 Sectional Parabola
32 ? Corner Reflector
Wave guide and Dipole Feed Details
Linear Array of Dipoles
Corner Reflector Design Plan
36 Linear Array in Corner Reflector
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37 Waveguide Linear Array
e?
38 Schematic of Ground Station Installation
:
49 Schematic of High Gain Array eiit'?
41
01.
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rittnrriA Antenna Radiation Characteristics
End Fire Quarter Wave Dipole Array
tt401: oh '
EgMui .11.44?0111,M?IP !EP AP ?
43 , Airborne Equipment System
441 Ground Station System
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ieb?...*,.. ?./ ' - Co. . .
,Ic?atirtaxakaw us. Present ....inininunice.*,-"in-Dibvtift1P.4.". ? -
in. ....mpirow..........
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il, ^ r? 0- and SAC r- rti .
O. V. C. bp. .44.--...... -,..oel:=1-1 ll*
.___
Concept of Improved USAF Comniunication System
(System 4..r.6.--/a)
47 Combined Line...of-Sight Scatter Coverage for a
Growid Station:
48 - Long Range Communications Corridors
C-0 N-F-I-D
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Figure
Calculated Line-of-Sight Distance for Various
Aircraft Altitudes with Antenna Height fHT) 4- SO *Feet
Using Average R.I. Measured at Portland and/or
Sable Island on
C-1 March 8, 1957
tor,'
C-7
C-8
t ta
zert4t. t. S
March 22? 1957
March 27, 957
March 29, 1957
April 1, 1957
11,4 tlred - **.m
oft. ? a
2? go% ?PIP.
1 re 3 e so 17 Lsiami.m ..n .1,44.1111112?WW
_ _
at 22,0 Mc over 60.1;',..14!..iles NE Path for Aircraft:Flying
3840 K ?Feet over Water frorr, Scituate, llassachusetts
1957
? March 18,. 1957:
? March 22, . 1957_
Ikela.reb. 25, .1957
? March 27,- 1957
- March 19, 1957
-1: 1957
Measuredar Calculated Height Gain at 220 'Mc over
600 Miles NE Path for Aircraft Flying 38-40 1C.Feet over
. water irc:tin Scate,. Massachusetts on
C.21
March 8, 1957
18 -1957
March 22, 1957:
? lidarc, 25, 1957
March 27; .197
1.fai-C41 294 1947
April 1; 1.957
? Comparison of Estimated and Measured Height-Gain
? from AT,'CRC Air-Ground Data Over It-. ber Path
'Northeast from Scituate, Massachusetts
?
1.0*.??????,41111???ff.A.A?lerft*Ali ..simarrIsAIP?Wrry ?
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172
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4110:?-- -
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e?O?N-11-1-D-E-N-114?A?l?
? INTRODUCTIC11
Certafto studies have been conducted wkach appear to maks prougelai
the apsticatioa of ua trope
ric scatter to USAF air-ground gormand
cations. These studies were cen&fztcted by ArCP: anti the resat* viers
reported, by L.A. Ames E. I kfars....a and T. F. Diners in PA ATCAC
Tee-mica E.erizrt of 19:114. entItled "The i'LtycS
Grzmal -E VC:ft* $Cz t2la Rada
o?Ezzaazie? i aox
4Z,restgAp
pul4systea
aspzects and ;less have been miermkeulaider this Rograra.
agloiata ofprorzcitz:cia stekles are ovez -Prze-smnt prfmarily
of trcravr=ric ez=er. A new set of matter Ions curve; is presentoill.
;.!
KT= & en f mare recent data and their evalnatiza which takes
. ?
into=cc= ;.-pertcre-rnediuna couNia: losses and ternednal obstructions all
oi
the curves
ow. itlka.
111:64. abikti4 TrerAce atv ee...01=1
Included aro resets of studies of VLF. LP, Er =Stu lavas. PirePaPtiose
leassittaric and tropzerberic scatter. sad VZ' maateorie meter.
Sntione Ill contains results of syttem
4'/?.7- '4*
des Wizatios. lodedisig pew
." ?
* r rgorassioto oar aft:
details of do ogitliprisoot (airborne and puma) portolidas to ontomos. tram.
Aill?MPA &ILO. /RUM
ingEN#45 ill, OEM irW ?
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-,fteiteAls*Atoe--..4.44?'?016
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F-I-D E NfT-4-.A-L
How the proposed system will improve USAF air - ground corrumutication.s
is given in Section IV. Outlined are the broad plan and typical SAC and RiAlS
missions.
Section V is a summary and contains recommendations based on resiLts?
?to date.
.24.2pendix A details methods- used in obtaining line-of-sight from mete-
. orological data.
Apoendix B .outlines scatter loss calculation methods-.
Axmendix C is contained a detailed analysis of AFCRC flight data at ?
220 zric, 38,000 - 40 000 ft. altitudes from flights made in March 1957. Our
.-?
curves are used to predict signal levels and height gain.. Agreement within
3 db of predicted and measured ?mlues is sho
Appendix Dis an extensive hiliflography used during the
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PROPAGA?ION -STUDIES?
UNCLASSIFIED
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INTRODUCTION
A great deal rrore data on UHF tropospheric scatter has become
available in the last year and a half It is ,believed desirable to review
these data and reassess previous transmission loss curves.
Since Irce believe the effective distance concept is applicable here,
methods for deriving line-of- sight values from meteorological data are
IP P?111; IP 16 A Gli.410 V11 e't n triN profii.s.t.era ettio i n A IA At .a
11
11. N.r? ame Wag V :11P/111111.44141: 0.&40,1^?& ;
permitted 'obtaining line-of-sight contours for three climatic regions,
?
Arctic, Midlatitudes and Tropics..
To properly assess tropospheric scatter for the application intended.
other propagation modes were studied, emphasizing. the Arctic auroral
zone areas.
These include studies of VLF, LF VHF ionospheric
and meteoric scatter propagation..:
These topicshave been st-ndiPA 2ww4 the result; of the study program
are given below.
,
?
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TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER PROPAGATION STUDIES
TRANSMISSION LOSS EQUATIONS .
For tropospheric scatter circuits with elevated terminals such that
?
transmission takes pla,ce well 'beyond radio horizon, it is assumed that the
principal transmission losses are (a) that associated with free-space attenu-
ation between antennas separated a total transmissiondistance d and.
? (b) those associated with a scattering loss referred to free space evaluated
?
for the scatter distance" (Is beyond the radio horizon. The total loss has
a steady term associated with ) and a fading term associated with (b).
The total p'ath.distance d where
-
do
is' the
? lineof-
bight distance to be subtracted from d. to give the scatter distance beyond
horizon dis and dR and dT are the horizon distance at the receiving a
? transmitting terniials. :In what f011ows, the Spherical geometry is such
that great circle/ distances and ray distances are approximately equal).
. .
At a ,given total tran5mission path length d and for a fixed antenna
height at one terminal (say transmitter) this ffective distance' concept _
leads to a second concept of "height. gain". This comes about in that as the
aircraft height (receiver terminal) increases the line-of-sight term dR
increases which increases do and reduces ds. We shall see that the
scatter loss decreases with. de and consequently the total loss, resulting
in an increatseti received power, or "height gain".
To assess the characteristics of tropospheric scatter transmissiou1
?
we shall use No/n*11.'02 transmission loss definition suitably modifiei. The
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total transmissiot. loss L is then the ratio-of transmitter power PT to the
received power available at the receiver.
or in decibel notation
?Prr (wa.tts)
Ldb I? 1?g
waRr,gt ( tts)
P .(dbw
P
The total transmission loss for a aritern may be considered due to several
terms (in decibel notation) as follows:
which
- fo
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(2)
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6
7.,....4.10,64^? 4.....0.041111011k 7.? ?????;..110,??
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4.
= fading factor, measured with respect to the median value (db);
consists of a slow fading factor F (due to distribution of hourly
median values) and a fast-fading factor Ff (due to short term
fading within an hour
These terms of equation (3) will be discussed further presently. The
quantity GT would correspond to Norton's "path gain G "
P
The quantity 4 + Ls would correspond to his basic transmission loss
?
between isotropic antennas Lb
We shall give our estimated curves of L
0 ?is
These were ?
obtained by analysis of data from several sources. The data forthe most
L - (3) part give distributions of hourly median "villi.es of R for known values of
d, LA and GT. and GR. In this case distribtuions of L hourly
?
median values may be obt.ained from (3)
free space loss between isotropic antennas (db);
calculations made for Li? and L. The appropriate values of d are
0 db an
scatter loss in db below free space between broad beam
determined from path profiles.
antennas.,
4." esertio. 44 non If
NI &IOWA %4 ? trilAP go
sesttor. ?44 *eta:net& sula frequency
aperture-medium coupling loss, important for very narrow
beam antennas and large scatter distances (dh);
LA s ohmic losses of feeders filters dipleaters, etc. ?(db);
GT,OR * plane wave antenna pins with respect to an isotropic
radiator (db);
4+044.' .1!;+4,0014?4=0-`44"
a diversity gain. this to use of several orders of diver
giving a shift in median signal (db);
tr ?
....???????-?"????????-????-??
????-?,???????....n
a
MIT*
Assuming the estimated curves of Le .vs ds thus derived, system
performance of other circuits may be predicted by the use of (3). Th
performance may be depicted Fy curves of PRvs d and. by -comparing
results with required received power, maximum range or margin for a
given range may be determined.
?
. We. shall be interested in estimated performance in three general
climatic areas. the Arctic. temperate Midlatitudes and the, TroFIca. To
11.4.1.41.4.116.1.00.0. I?104, ??????? I? s ? ?
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these areas we shall give estimates of line-af-sight distances and the scatter
losses, leading to overall system transmission losses.
2. REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILES AND LINE-OF-SIGHT DISTANCES do
Refractive-index profiles may be used to.estirtate the radio line-of-
sight distances dT, dR and do by methods given in Appendix A The
profiles may be those based upon weather balloon soundings or on other
assumed profiles. Using actual Weather Bureau data of Ratner the profiles used to obtain do by a piece-wise summation of incremental line-of-
sight terms.
.114SAG reference reaci"
r Fannin and Jehn
,ft
10
'value of do may be, calculated by an approxiinate. integral:
?
? The index profiles are shown in Appendix A The resulting lime-o
sight values of do are shown in Flg u r e 1 for a ground antenna height of
100 ft. Also shown in ,Figure 1, is the curve of AFCRC; it is understood that
this cerve is based* upon dT (or do) in miles Jkhft where hit is the
?
altitude in feet. The value of k was 2 at the .surfae (413earth.), .1.5 at.
60 000 feet and appeoziznately 1.75 at 30 000 feet and smoothly
n between.
In final curves of predicted performance the line -of sight ciarves of.
Ds. ure I labelled "Arctic", "Midlatitudes' and. "Tropics" are. used for
values of do appropriate to chose regions. To be noted is an important
difference in do, especially at high altitudes for the various regional, ,
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ESTIMATES OF Lo vs
Our estimated curves of scatter loss for broad beam antennas
? ':!.??!'
artt vs the
. .
scatter distance d. well beyond horizon for antennas on the surface are given
in ..Eigure Z. The cuzves give the hourly median values of Ls exceeded for
50, 90, 99, 99.9 and 99.99% of the hours of a year. They are based largely
upon Lincoln Laboratory 400 mc data3 and thus are assumed applicable for
Midlatitudes. The data were analyzed as suggested above and outlined in
Appendix B, with due account given, to terraib profile near the terminal and
aperture-medium coupling losses. Other data from RCA, CRPL, BTL and
Syracuse were employed in making our estimates.
In our analysis of the data, we conclude that there is a frequency
dependence of Ls in that L5 increases azcording to the first power of
frequency, so that L is 10 db higher at 4000 mc than our curves at 400 ans.
This assumption was recently substantiated by Chislrim et &VI of Lincoln
Laboratory in comparing signal levels at 400 and Z000 mc on 188
and -tc,n
mile paths. . A frequency dependence was put forth by BuLliz' tgton5
reference to his Figure Z).
(by
A comparison may be made between our estimated yearly median value
of L, vs ds curves with those of others which have been putdished. As
mentioned above, Bullingtou's curves5 show a fvtquency dependence acc.ording
to the first power of I, as do ours. However, his chstance dependency varios
eth do6 such that each doubling of distance increases L by 16 db His
valuta of Le at Longer distances are much less than ours. The cur-ra of
'
50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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? ..,?46iiiaThoimmwerniormemwma ittoie".^
?????
ESTIMATES OF Lo vs
Our estimated curves of scatter loss for broad beam antennas
? ':!.??!'
artt vs the
. .
scatter distance d. well beyond horizon for antennas on the surface are given
in ..Eigure Z. The cuzves give the hourly median values of Ls exceeded for
50, 90, 99, 99.9 and 99.99% of the hours of a year. They are based largely
upon Lincoln Laboratory 400 mc data3 and thus are assumed applicable for
Midlatitudes. The data were analyzed as suggested above and outlined in
Appendix B, with due account given, to terraib profile near the terminal and
aperture-medium coupling losses. Other data from RCA, CRPL, BTL and
Syracuse were employed in making our estimates.
In our analysis of the data, we conclude that there is a frequency
dependence of Ls in that L5 increases azcording to the first power of
frequency, so that L is 10 db higher at 4000 mc than our curves at 400 ans.
This assumption was recently substantiated by Chislrim et &VI of Lincoln
Laboratory in comparing signal levels at 400 and Z000 mc on 188
and -tc,n
mile paths. . A frequency dependence was put forth by BuLliz' tgton5
reference to his Figure Z).
(by
A comparison may be made between our estimated yearly median value
of L, vs ds curves with those of others which have been putdished. As
mentioned above, Bullingtou's curves5 show a fvtquency dependence acc.ording
to the first power of I, as do ours. However, his chstance dependency varios
eth do6 such that each doubling of distance increases L by 16 db His
valuta of Le at Longer distances are much less than ours. The cur-ra of
'
50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
I
? ..,?46iiiaThoimmwerniormemwma ittoie".^
?????
ESTIMATES OF Lo vs
Our estimated curves of scatter loss for broad beam antennas
? ':!.??!'
artt vs the
. .
scatter distance d. well beyond horizon for antennas on the surface are given
in ..Eigure Z. The cuzves give the hourly median values of Ls exceeded for
50, 90, 99, 99.9 and 99.99% of the hours of a year. They are based largely
upon Lincoln Laboratory 400 mc data3 and thus are assumed applicable for
Midlatitudes. The data were analyzed as suggested above and outlined in
Appendix B, with due account given, to terraib profile near the terminal and
aperture-medium coupling losses. Other data from RCA, CRPL, BTL and
Syracuse were employed in making our estimates.
In our analysis of the data, we conclude that there is a frequency
dependence of Ls in that L5 increases azcording to the first power of
frequency, so that L is 10 db higher at 4000 mc than our curves at 400 ans.
This assumption was recently substantiated by Chislrim et &VI of Lincoln
Laboratory in comparing signal levels at 400 and Z000 mc on 188
and -tc,n
mile paths. . A frequency dependence was put forth by BuLliz' tgton5
reference to his Figure Z).
(by
A comparison may be made between our estimated yearly median value
of L, vs ds curves with those of others which have been putdished. As
mentioned above, Bullingtou's curves5 show a fvtquency dependence acc.ording
to the first power of I, as do ours. However, his chstance dependency varios
eth do6 such that each doubling of distance increases L by 16 db His
valuta of Le at Longer distances are much less than ours. The cur-ra of
'
50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
-4.446.44.** .4, 441
??????? ? ?
???.' -11!????..4
#4,14.??-
......, . .., --? -.I-. ... -.I. 4pr r....... ... ,f ' ...... -.44. ..i.:-,T. - ?1/4,,0'.???-??? - . -. ..-". ? ot ... **
?-? ?- 44-4. .
..... ....., , - !".--,.... -,e+.4 .--4.4 ..??? ? .44 ?? ? ? 44??? ?, ...i..... ...
.. -?---?---?---t--t?... i ?4...... 1 - ..? ???? . , .,.. -. ., 4 Al 4?.. -....-.0 ? --....--.? -.
........5 ? ? 4
PREDICTED LOSSES IN OTHER CLIMATIC REGIO
It is assumed tlat the -tautly mtdiar. -ira.e of Ls exceeded 5056 of the
Itoure in a year (yearly rne,& as.) lox the arctic torrespands to the /vizier
mediata value of Ls iCi? Ld1ittes. The winter meetaii value ior itfd*. based ora Lincolm Laboratory data is oiue exceeded apprim".
irately 6,05i of the iso.urs of the rear.. Hence az estimate oithe'er.az valve
yramor is a. ? ik
?
-Or .4-.4010-
the hourly media= -value of L :4-;:rr the dt rorx-.4.4 s subtracti%
v. .4 ' 1 " - ? " -
I
, 4 -.4 . ? ? ? ? ? ? .4 ? 4 4 ?? .44 ? i ??????-?? ? ???? ?? .1 -..
4 4. 44-44 ?? -? - ? ? ? 4 ??? .44 ??????????? 4.4 -44 44. ? * ? ? .. 4
;.., ... ??...., .0 .... .... ..... ? . . ? - .... 0
? ? .
s' 1 ". "' ? ? .f ?
- 4 ? ? #?41 41- 41 4,4 4
? IP-4r. .41-0 .4
-1& 4 ?-* 4
? 4 -41-44 -.11.
?
We are aware of some of the weaknesses of ma assucaptinon.
ever, we are emphasizing the regions of Iii411 reliability signals rather than
levels of imponance in estimating interference potential. Tits means levels .
exceeded 90,99 nod ktf;zer perceemages of the time at winch s believed
the Whence* of .per refraction, ducting, etc. are less important relatively.
A more exacting analysis seiald he that of correlating refractivity grub.**
44.4.44,4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
-4.446.44.** .4, 441
??????? ? ?
???.' -11!????..4
#4,14.??-
......, . .., --? -.I-. ... -.I. 4pr r....... ... ,f ' ...... -.44. ..i.:-,T. - ?1/4,,0'.???-??? - . -. ..-". ? ot ... **
?-? ?- 44-4. .
..... ....., , - !".--,.... -,e+.4 .--4.4 ..??? ? .44 ?? ? ? 44??? ?, ...i..... ...
.. -?---?---?---t--t?... i ?4...... 1 - ..? ???? . , .,.. -. ., 4 Al 4?.. -....-.0 ? --....--.? -.
........5 ? ? 4
PREDICTED LOSSES IN OTHER CLIMATIC REGIO
It is assumed tlat the -tautly mtdiar. -ira.e of Ls exceeded 5056 of the
Itoure in a year (yearly rne,& as.) lox the arctic torrespands to the /vizier
mediata value of Ls iCi? Ld1ittes. The winter meetaii value ior itfd*. based ora Lincolm Laboratory data is oiue exceeded apprim".
irately 6,05i of the iso.urs of the rear.. Hence az estimate oithe'er.az valve
yramor is a. ? ik
?
-Or .4-.4010-
the hourly media= -value of L :4-;:rr the dt rorx-.4.4 s subtracti%
v. .4 ' 1 " - ? " -
I
, 4 -.4 . ? ? ? ? ? ? .4 ? 4 4 ?? .44 ? i ??????-?? ? ???? ?? .1 -..
4 4. 44-44 ?? -? - ? ? ? 4 ??? .44 ??????????? 4.4 -44 44. ? * ? ? .. 4
;.., ... ??...., .0 .... .... ..... ? . . ? - .... 0
? ? .
s' 1 ". "' ? ? .f ?
- 4 ? ? #?41 41- 41 4,4 4
? IP-4r. .41-0 .4
-1& 4 ?-* 4
? 4 -41-44 -.11.
?
We are aware of some of the weaknesses of ma assucaptinon.
ever, we are emphasizing the regions of Iii411 reliability signals rather than
levels of imponance in estimating interference potential. Tits means levels .
exceeded 90,99 nod ktf;zer perceemages of the time at winch s believed
the Whence* of .per refraction, ducting, etc. are less important relatively.
A more exacting analysis seiald he that of correlating refractivity grub.**
44.4.44,4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 56-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002460130008-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 56-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002460130008-9
?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release e 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
rt- L.or .T1.??
?
?
?_ ?
r
3
.41t1,411,?-;
.41
The hourly median received power was -136.5 dbm and -138.9 dtini excee.ded
12 OBSTRUCTIONS, SITING AND OBSTACLE
50% and 99% of the hours of the month, respectively. Thus the total trans-
mission losses IL) were 204..0 and 206.4 db respective
y. A rnimhztg loss
Le (for r = 1/3) is calculated to be 2.0 db (rA I -2)JD 0.1 rad
570/5280 = 0.108 rad, 8 sCi= 108). Free space loss between 15o
tropic antennas is 36 6 + 20 log 420 20 log 698 146.0 dl Hence
r
es,,a .1 .1
n ? 1.1 . 2 ??? _ Ch iNebc..r4Pr ?
*4 , _
?
The basic transmission loss Lb, betwee'n isotropic aritenna-s .5 then
lated to be 258.0 and 260.4 db exceeded 50% and 9970 of the hours reSpec-
tively. If one plots these values of Lb on the curves of Filzure 14, the ,
ea as 401.11.1" A01.11.4
04 A 4.. V...114.10
may he. considered good. We should remember that March is a
-w ak month with lower Monthly median than for the year and F1 4e
are ? less than t-.1. th
year (--- Bell Telephone Lab . data for
Newfoundland 505 mc circults. October 1955 Proceedings IRE).
1 HEIGHT GUN
predicted values of height gain GET
may be made
that di
trani
-mission loss at very high altitude will be less than those on the surface.
for a given total transmission distance d. The method would follow that ?
given in Appendix C, and would give hourly median values 10
. percentages of hours of the year.
various
Io the choice of ground sites, the problem is mute more difficultir4
some respects than point-to-point scattez ,:orrarraliication
WO INA
r11111.41 *am* f. 'Tr woo
?
the Arctic because corr,m-=ication is desired with one termizal which is
moving -rapidly in range and azimuth. I some areas it iiral be a fortitzhire
task indeed to find a site free of It:prep-0=i obstruction at all avan--"
r _
However, every. ez.raort mustrr;e....- tro . :s easy tz? sbow ti"*
there is an obstrucb.on halang an elevation e* ?aboVe kaorizoz, then
?
this is equivalent to increz,sing til?zt scatter' &Eta:ace by 92e* mile
small elevation angles. If ta-ze obstract= :s I* h4.gh this amounts to a
92 mile increase, or appro.t..thatelv an adx!itional loss of 10 db (depensUng
on scatter loss attenuadon rate).
In some cases, a true obstacle oin may be etcountered inavoi
? ? -?
. . ,
This study' has not incl4ded a detailed' inz.wxy into stibject for direct
application but tech*craes have been oTath-r4ed for cal
19 20
gain
sled *I"Viattikrio ?
, . . ..
However, we prefer to perform such calculations after a .discussiott -,
and decision on probable system parameters given in the next Sectionaii
......... 5.,
?
System Design Studies. The results *are given in Section 1:114.
. ... .
?1..?
'
_
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release a 50-Yr 2014/03/64 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
?N ..111100, NON
,Navv0010040.04????
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?
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....? Ile .9---'-- 44 .. 401. .??..111. ..???? ................ 01 re ? , to or, :kb obli-, 410 -4, .... ...N.+ 0 .????? NO. ???? --wilipoNo v? ???? -i-v- ..=. 4.--.
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. .
-4{ ,r,o1loro. ??*? 414 ??? N
??? ,NN 11.10. -0-01???????? 46.0???????????... ..??????? NI?v-vv -ask ????????? ? a?
??? ??? ??????????????? ANN-oft ???? ftr-o? ????????? :10,10 Olp?olooriorNow
? ? ???????
The r:unirnurn detectable signal of any s 'stern is otter. net:n par
by the ratio of the available signal power to notie power at the in.put ter:r..i
lti apifinnr, practical receivers deteriorate the availi-
al* received VD/ due to the contribution of noise power
,
??????
a+. ???? /MP.4,
4.4 ..1?1....0 ? -49? ? ????
???????? a? v? ??? -4.
49.-4 .41o. 41..1 41........10.4111-?????...-
????? Nmovvve?own
?????-vv. 40.????????????????.??? vikiv.vvv
input stages.. Since it is convenient to -refer aU rf noise power to a:common*:
'receiver noise .figure to prov''.de an 'Equiva:4ent noise Lip ell(Fti. such
41.001 /??????????????
110?0????.?????????????????? Ar?????
????vo.
?
vl?-???? vv.-??? .01?0???01.0.- ve? ??????????0001,10/ .110000104.0 t4/???????0010
--
...........????????
,.. - . - ..... ...... ..... ....... - ..
S.:M.0M
.
A.
- ...._......... ..........
- ...
"_4
A APA.
4 . ? 1....fttiA.N..A0I, .1-.,. ...- .:......4,?7
?.........-_.......................O......A.A.9....1.
. _. .. .,
.4.. 1,. ........... ....,.-.....
9- -.. - .4949- 449 ---4 .s. 4949-a"49 ..72-. .=:4:"-.t---
.....
......
-.ores, -0?-??? ,* v. ???? ? ?????.-?
0*** , r
?.49---- -'-49
, 4?--- .. --, -49$-
- ? ? r r 4 ? ...,
^ -49,49-49-4949--.:O..-.?? , r,r:r ...:
oro S-49 -. v v0 . . ? :, ON "f
KelvAt- (288* K room temperature
. BOltealatv constant.(1,. 38 * 10.72)'
Bandwidth of receiy'er.icps)
2.
..............1????????? 0.????????
????0.0-4. t, _
:roforrrlar,O,o,lori?Orr
1,1
46.1
?????
0
EXTERNAL NOISE
? --------- ? "." *?. li?t":" . ? "ii
v. I ? ? ? ???? -?????I. .?? Pew -M. ???-` ??? ? ??
?..?
Ar yr
10-
- " 49 "" 44.". " 17 417
49
ir)t.';?.-44"--ii".-'411"......"....... "
? ? on .?
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,Navv0010040.04????
: .1: -.. .... .... - .:.' 1: ...? -.1 '''.. .: : .... -7.. :.: .. r. ...........-=-.r.. ::: -.... :. ...L.,........ ..1,..,,....... ., - .......?.
?
. , ... A....
49 -
....? Ile .9---'-- 44 .. 401. .??..111. ..???? ................ 01 re ? , to or, :kb obli-, 410 -4, .... ...N.+ 0 .????? NO. ???? --wilipoNo v? ???? -i-v- ..=. 4.--.
N? ...........? voNvat vo- vv? 4- ..... .a. -t-sa rem, wale ..84-..? . - Ail .0., 40. agok......? .ille 46 -.4?....- ally WI A.,. 0. va a
. . --4. -.? ,........- 4949 .9 Mop ????????????? ?????? .4.0 ???????-???? ... a v.. -..s ,??? ???? 0 .???? ????????? ... ???? .1??? ????,.? .1 .1 A.... ? ? .? NO ? -,. .... mil . ?a??.10, 06
. .
-4{ ,r,o1loro. ??*? 414 ??? N
??? ,NN 11.10. -0-01???????? 46.0???????????... ..??????? NI?v-vv -ask ????????? ? a?
??? ??? ??????????????? ANN-oft ???? ftr-o? ????????? :10,10 Olp?olooriorNow
? ? ???????
The r:unirnurn detectable signal of any s 'stern is otter. net:n par
by the ratio of the available signal power to notie power at the in.put ter:r..i
lti apifinnr, practical receivers deteriorate the availi-
al* received VD/ due to the contribution of noise power
,
??????
a+. ???? /MP.4,
4.4 ..1?1....0 ? -49? ? ????
???????? a? v? ??? -4.
49.-4 .41o. 41..1 41........10.4111-?????...-
????? Nmovvve?own
?????-vv. 40.????????????????.??? vikiv.vvv
input stages.. Since it is convenient to -refer aU rf noise power to a:common*:
'receiver noise .figure to prov''.de an 'Equiva:4ent noise Lip ell(Fti. such
41.001 /??????????????
110?0????.?????????????????? Ar?????
????vo.
?
vl?-???? vv.-??? .01?0???01.0.- ve? ??????????0001,10/ .110000104.0 t4/???????0010
--
...........????????
,.. - . - ..... ...... ..... ....... - ..
S.:M.0M
.
A.
- ...._......... ..........
- ...
"_4
A APA.
4 . ? 1....fttiA.N..A0I, .1-.,. ...- .:......4,?7
?.........-_.......................O......A.A.9....1.
. _. .. .,
.4.. 1,. ........... ....,.-.....
9- -.. - .4949- 449 ---4 .s. 4949-a"49 ..72-. .=:4:"-.t---
.....
......
-.ores, -0?-??? ,* v. ???? ? ?????.-?
0*** , r
?.49---- -'-49
, 4?--- .. --, -49$-
- ? ? r r 4 ? ...,
^ -49,49-49-4949--.:O..-.?? , r,r:r ...:
oro S-49 -. v v0 . . ? :, ON "f
KelvAt- (288* K room temperature
. BOltealatv constant.(1,. 38 * 10.72)'
Bandwidth of receiy'er.icps)
2.
..............1????????? 0.????????
????0.0-4. t, _
:roforrrlar,O,o,lori?Orr
1,1
46.1
?????
0
EXTERNAL NOISE
? --------- ? "." *?. li?t":" . ? "ii
v. I ? ? ? ???? -?????I. .?? Pew -M. ???-` ??? ? ??
?..?
Ar yr
10-
- " 49 "" 44.". " 17 417
49
ir)t.';?.-44"--ii".-'411"......"....... "
? ? on .?
411 .a?-? +so
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?
?;:-? ?
called cosmic noise ? becomes ? factor in VHS co?S
, ??
COAIMICIOEI the term cosmic noise includes both solar and plactic
GALACTIC NOISIC
Incontylete surveys of the nesittaus bac'-zrou.asl radation from
Lt rainsr sgeze have Inert rnade aZd lame estallielvd that the noise is
not nte.forzn over ths celestia/ sphere.
At. ' as
It is utsakest at the ralactic "h ,1111 ri
fel!zr ,r.4=.cjirb....
and tilwirpt' don the galactic *pats= catity cpwri. ie thAti earallgi ratauD
tics causes t t&b?to sweep across the celestal. Omsk ft .:?-e?'???????.'
4.0 :o? f ?
(
4.2)L...;? ?
? ? ? .
? ?
.1 "Pk Op.!, ??? ?.????? ? r.? ??:???
& ? Ciov.???:L.? .v..? ? ;kJ' ? ap,t?
?
S
???????????. ? ???? ? ? ????.0.-00,1 V 000
?
A .z.v: 4.
? "t: VW. ON, .10
. 0 VAT& . ,??? ?? ?
" 4
? 4, 4 es-
:IZA-
K. A .
??????? ? ?? ?
ego ?? ? ? ? ????....?
? .6, ????1;?
???
Ayr..
000
??
AT? ? 4?
?
? ??????
?
Nor?4?4.,.???4. 4?.?11
t
.00
? "
=,'" i-;-.1.011t,
a W
VI the a: P.
a Czz...211.3:1
Viectzt: " Rmc ZaZa
?Vec'???? ? 000 4.- ? ,:;???' 1111
?
60'
141?1;:ii . 4. - t ??? & ? g.,Z,
4.? ? . ?
? ? 00 I *err ?,????AmP.?" & dr ?
44, .cr".11. ??????
? ? VW, s wala?&? g
*
41.4.? A ? f. f AY ? &No ?
""1,..g? ?,, ?
& ???????a.
? ? ???? .9 or
? '4* a4..... 9
?Lila r
?
AZ.1.00 ihy 0. 0. 00
"IVO
a.rY?tal,is ? ? ? ma...
? NO: qop ?
..4".1."Zet t.
.46ines, ?::**. B., Bz..rszs. A.?..
Pro=.5-1,t;z:c. a 47,,zet,:ile=a
isia.."4???? g
???
me
g 4. . 0?? j.
? 1 "..??? 11.? r ?
..0-V 4 ? "Lei 41 T.7,
Vcg:e-
? I 411" dft" & ? 44 ??? Off
Z.,-c4J1=ce 0.44
? 00 Z0V=WWIT. ::=Z; 71.201:a=1 1044114 aV0T0t Fri.O.1'
a 7 it= son?:tat. re Over
0
Irregz../ar Terris=,*1 Proc. 172. 'eck.a. 43. Oct:4*r 195S.
113A. Cmas:. J.. "ne pr%.1.77-44-111-cira 14eter Ceztt=feter Waves
l'Xave1e=cths 3tAtweez 6= 3t=ti tbe T`raits?
=as= EcuagLemt," Raczoeiect. Voi. 9, pp. U7-273.
4%4 1953.
? 114A. Periterrio, C. L.. "Note am Scatzer=kg ica Ithzannezeoas
liedlign." Phys. Rev.. Va1. 71. p. Lt0S. February
11SA. Pickard. G. W., and Stetson. H. T.. l'ecanparason Tropo?
? spheric Recepuon at 44.1 =lc Intl: 92.* mc Over tbe 167 1411.
? Path d A4kpi2e X " to Nieedbam. 311..ass.." Proc. ritz
. ? ? ?
Vol. 36. p. i4S0. ;950.
? IAA. Pickard le Burnt , "Tschascal Propoo&i, for AtriGround
COMM WU C/41021 Sta.4." PYA. No 369. 17 AArsaft 19,41.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Liz
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
? 4 ?
:'?
7 A . Pickard, G and etson, WT. "A Stuoy of Tro;lo-
spheric Reception at 42.8 Mcis and Meteorolovcal Conditions,
Proc. IRE, VoL. ?35. pp. .445-4450, Decerniaer :947.,
118A. Prokott, E., "Transmission 'Tests at 530 Mc!. Distance
Beyond Optical Range." Ferrurneldetech. 2, Vol. 8, pp. 430-
437. 1955.
119A. Radio Corporation of ktmerica, "Study and Investigation of ?
Tropospheric 'Scattering," Sixth Ciaarterly Report. 1956:
(Confidential) .
120A. Radio Corporation of America, "Study and Investigation of .
Tropospheric Sr...zttering," Seventh Quarterly Report, August ?5,
1956. (Confidential)
? 121A. Rice, S. O. , "IvlathervEr.atical Analysis of Random Noise."
Part I and Part II, Bell System Technical Sourna.. Vol-. Z3.
p. 282, July 1944.
41,
122A. Rice, S.O. , "Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise,"
Pan III and Part IV, Bell System Technical Journal., Vol: 24,'
p. 46,. June 1945.
.123A. Rice, S. 0., "Statistical Fluctuations of Radio Field Strength
Far Beyond the Horizon." Proc. ME. Voi. 41.? pp. 274281,
?February 1953. ?
124A.. Rice, P.L., and Dz..oz del, F. T., Ra.d.'io Transmission Loss Vs.
Distance and Antenna Height at 100 Mc," Trans. IRE, Prof.
Group on Antennas and Propagation. AP-3,, p. 59, April 1955.
1 iro Jel ^44.141 C 11 :A. ? Le ? g 4111,41.11Vg "Marl e d&A . ?Mk p 4r11, Jr
HA A Intr*Ifira.
1 1 ... VS V ,? 1 .... OW? rb
of Fading of 100 Megacycles FM Signals," Trans.. ME,
January 1954.
126A. Robbins, R. L.. "Measurements of Path Loss Between Miami
and Key West at :4 6 7 5 Mc," Trans. ME. AP-1, p. 5-9. 1953.
? 127A. Roessler, E.. "Metre, Decimetre and Centimeter Waves Far
Beyond the Horizon," Frequency. Vol. 7. pp. 313-319, 1953,
? 126A. Roger.. T.F.. "VHF Field Strength Far Beyond the Ra.dio
Horizon." Proc. IRE,. VoI. 43. p. 623, May 1955,
Ar..?
29A. Saxton, 3.A. , "The Propagation of Metre Ratio Waves 3e.14,-ont
tbie Normal Hor:zon:. Pan 1. rempte. relee+retical Ccostsicieratioons
vr.th Partic.ilar Reference to 'Propagation Over Lazad." Proc. ME.
Vol pp. .36.0-369, asc.. 37S-38Z, 1951.
130A. Sazton, 3.A. , L44,11coanbe, G. m., ant Bazzart, G.:qt., The
Propaga.tion of Metre Rag-4'i? Wares Be.rozt the Normal iforizoc.,
Part II - Ex-ifre7z2rnettai est. atires:::,,ericy of a. 45 =its,"
Proc. T..E, Vol. 48. pp 370-37,S, Disc. 378-ln, 51.
:
3.A. 5a0=. LA., r..f; Z:stanze Propagatio,n L.= Re:ati-= Tel.evi-
con in the ?!=ed. Kingetcn ?roc..1"?...L.T. ? VOL. F1, Part 3A.
PP. 294-299,
A. ' Radio-Mete:a
Vo'. pp. l'61-764, .954..
133A. Saxttri,:. ' 4-
, ant.-
-44..141e
OW
.31.:141%
Car.-fe rerxe s,
?
7,..a.r.e. .7.A , "aecep?-ti=1,7:ffe-cts of
. Trees
and Other C'zs.....scs;" Wireless World, Vo.. 6i, ZVi-1341.
dIr
.956.
Saiacir.
W'orld
, "77....oposIsa?er:c Pro;agat3=,
5i7-i;:, :h? ec=iser
ireiess
? Se-a.:Phe=eler, R., "Lr-Testtrat,..c=s of the ite cif the
spheric on the Prcpaga::.--....=ct r..tra-Tc.aort 'Waxes.' Arch:
ner=g-.-...r4, Vol. 5, 4 :451.
5che.1..-sted, C. ?., 'A;-e MetE4o.d. for
Trans. it.P-4 Fart 3 1-,p. Z404.42., .556
? SiLlyertr.a.z. ?R. A.
"Scattering. "
Silverman. R. A.
Proc. IRE. Vol.
?TOWS el4,1,11 ,1; 1110
, "Tliirbzimt Mixing Theory AR.-lied to Radio
, Vol. Z7,F-4. 699-7C5. r .?954.,
?
,'Sc=e Rertarks o ter-in Frc= L`,..-%Uss?
43. p. /153 Ov.oher 1955.
S. Appl.
I39A &Iverrnan R. A. . "TL-,e Fading of Radio 'Caves Scalterte
Presented at tIRSI-IRE Sprig Malt.=
ing. Washington. D.C. , May 1957.
?
thont^c-ri.tr. drrt rut. t?-? itets,e-e I? I,
?40A. Stara.s? fl., lsattering Of E.ectrornagnetic Energy in a
Randomy mogeneos Atmosphere." Jozr..?Appl.
Vol. a. pp. Ii5Z-1156, October 1952.. ?
? .1 ? *In a ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
141A. Stara', H., "A Mathematical Study of Beyond-the-Horizotr..
Scatter Transmissions," Thesis submitted to the Physics
Dept. of the U. of Maryland, September 1954..
7 tA A
-Aro ?
142A. Staras, H.. "The Statistics of Scattered Radiation," Pre-
sented at the National Bureau of Standards, Boulder Labora-
tories Dedicat.on Program, September 8-14, 1954.
143A. Stara., A.. "Forward Scattering of Radio Waves by
Aniatropic Turbulence," Proc. IRE, Vol. 43, p. 374.
October 1955.
144A. Staras, H., "The Statistics of Combiner Diversity." Proc.
IRE, Vol. 44, p. 1057, August 1956.
? 145A Staras, H., "Antenna-to-Medium rlupling Loss", Trans-
actions IRE PGAI--5, p. 728 Api I 1.957
?I46A. Starkey, B. J. , "Srtrr.e rcraft _Measurements of Beyond the
Horizon Propagation Phenomena at 91.3 Mcs." Proc. IEE,
Part B, Vol. 103, pp. 76t-763, November 1956.
147A.' Smith-Rose R. L., "Radio Communication by Wave Scat-
tering." Wireless Er.gr., Vol. 32, pp. 287-290, November 1955.
148A. Smyth, J.B. , and Trolese, L. G. , "Propagation of Radio
Waves in the Lower Troposphere," Proc. IRE, Vol. 359
pp. 1198 1202. 1947.
149A. Sodouli B., "Long-Distance Propagation of Metre Wavei."
? Ann. Telecommun., Vol. 8. pp. 299-300, August- $eptember
1953.,.?
1S0A. Straiton, A. W., Metcalf, 1). F. and Tolbert, C. W. "A Stedy.
of Tropospheric Scattering of Radio Waves." Proc. /R.E.
Vol. 39. pp. 613-648, June 1951.
151A. Symposium on Communications by Scatter Techniques Wash..
ington? D. C, . November 1955. Da, rlin8 - ? VOL C$-4.
pp. 1-12Z, March 1956.
152). osiu:.. (1.7Rri-rr..r) on .:catter ro;aaation,
353.
.. ? . ? ....??tiaa on Lanc.wt.% Capabilities of
- Rac.io Propavition." Proc. DIE.
*Vol. 0.
04 Iota
1604.1164.0ftirii? 4r 14.? -
215
Trolese, L. G. , rtica of Tropospheric Scattered
Fields," Proc. ME Vol. 43, p. 1104 October 1955.
55A. Trolese, L. G. , ar.4 Anderson, L. j.. ."Evaluatioa of Trcrio-
spheric Propagavern," 31:nonthly Letter Report No. 1, SRA Re-
port No. 10, Smyth Reseal clr Associates, Juzet
156A. Trolese, L.G.. ar.0?ti kerion, L. , tit of Tropo-
sp?heric Propagatiom." Bitmo=i-,:y Letter Re?ort No. Z, &"kelt .Re.
Port .`:Zo. a. 9 Smyth, Researci.. AlsGE:iates, Se?teter 1954.
:57A- Tro?ospher:c Pro?agallc....z7 A Se: ecte. G.T.ide to the L.eratzre,"
my.% 43, :Bic., ail :953.
?60.
?
la
,71),Z0
253-.1.54,
Scatter 'Irire:ess'Wor14.
1.-rcs:;?a.zat:07. Rrozress Re?ort for
Co=ermea.sz,res? ?70-grazz,"' S. Nava.i .V.Issile Test
Center 7e:inn:cal 1.te=ra--.. Rep( N. :C2,
Van der Psi,
3., a Brerrzner, H.,
I..."..ectrornagmetic ve Fro ar. E:ectricai Por.r..e Sopsz:rce
a 1%..nately to Radio Tele-
graphy anti the 7.-..eory
VoI. .24,
7 j_ "
plerner.... :937.
t
?O?No
.ni? ?
"tithe Ra=:zioir," Mag., Ser. 7.
.?r37 Nether
,
t.P IMO. ?
V . Z
:=2.-gnet:c Wiot-es 'oy e2 Atznosp.6eric
Friys. Rev. Vol. '44, 231-240
ocf .t..ectro-
'
I67k. %Pillars, F. araf. V. F. , the 5catter=4 Rod2D,
Waves by Tortnie=tructuatiocis of the Atzzospiere.''''
Vo'. 43, p. 1232 October 1955.
163A. Voge. J.. "Cc.r.-er...1 Proerns := the ..a-Qay of U.S. T. Trazs-
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: 64A Waterman, A. T., Jr.. "Roao Power Via rroposperzc Scat-
tering," Tethmacal Report 461-1, ALec =ectroracs Labora
tory, aanfore. gerzvers:ty, Conforms. :mly 16. 1955.
165A. Watersnan, A. T., "Same Cetzgralized Troportkberic Scorternig
Fteiat:onsbaps as Applzeci to Trainshorisost Microwave Proparatio"
Presented at IIRSI-IRE Spring Meetirr...., Wasktattoa. D. C. ?
May 22-27, 1957.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04: CIA-RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/04 : CIA7RDP81-01043R002400130008-9
?
. ?
166A, Watson, G. N, . "The Diffraction of Ele:tric Waves by the Earth."
Proc. Roy. Soc. A. London, Vol. 95, pp. 83-99, 1918, also
cstit.441, Ttilv /919_
????? ?
? 1)j% ?
167A. Waynick, A. H. , "Ultra-Short-Wave Propagation Studies Beyond
the Horizon," Proc. IRE, Vol. 35, p. 1334, 1947.
168A. Wheelon, A. D. "Note on Scatter Propagation with a Modified
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October 1955.
169A. Wheelon, A. D., "The Relation of Radio Measurements to the
Spectru.ra of Tropospheric Dielectric Fluctuations," Presented at
?uRsz-r,z, Spring Meeting, Washington, D.C. 14/ay 22-27, 1957.
REFRACTION
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Ithaca, New York, September 1955 ?
an , cale and..
?...ectrkizi, of Refractive Incex Bihorno9,eneities in the First *25
Meter J o: the Atmos,4here," Proc. IRE, Vol. 43. j.. 1412,
October :955.
Booker, 2-L G. , and Wallicirshaw, , "The ..tcde Theory of
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Diffraction', Proceecingz of the Joiret Conference on Meteoro-
logical Factors ;n Raco ."ave,Pro.A.0,aton, Physical Society.
London, P4). 30-127, ril :4 ?
Burry, HE., and Birr.ba.arr., G. , "Measurement of Variations
in A.t.z-ospheric Refractivc Inc.ex irbornt Microwave ?
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4.-
U
Chaprita.r.. H. , an Cra.i.ri, C. ,.Characteristics of Tropo-
...?-rher.c. Refractive InCex.i.z.Ct,-...atl.ons.Observea During -a 1955
Mea;
Colorato an Florida.Areas,?"-
EER'._ Re .ort Tea.s, 31 October 1955,
.60A. Comell .rchoo: f E:ectricai Ensineering, Ithaca,
?New York, "H11 Ai Rat-..-.o Fre uency Pro?agation
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of Refractive Lidex," NBS Report No. 1720, May 195Z; also Proc.
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Waves," National Bureau of Standards Report 3561. Boulder
Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, December 1955.
ZI7
04,
Res. Rti)ort o.E,E16,5, .Se:)terr.ber 10,
C,Orr.eii Z.1-Przversity chooL.oEIectricai F..r.eir.ee.ring, Ithaca, '
New. York, Fre,iuer.cy 7-ro?a.gation, Study.
A Cor.tinua.tion of the 1:-..s-c:;t:zation. of :1.ir-to-Air. an .ir-to:*
Grounc.. EiectromaEnetic Propagation," Res. Report .No. EEZ.25.
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.../.1?44. II. 4 IS C:..4
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r . C.
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:957.
k Prop. Vol. AP-5, p. 7:
5.=ary
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s ?
rea.,,??
a wawa
AraIrs: a of the e "4 .
grog
An.
200A. reir-stein,
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? (INN*
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???? *Ow
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a ?
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220
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Cervation raid r1y1 of ? " r"
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Rio4io Research" 1"
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Vol. 6Z, ?p.). June 1956.
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221A. Er, razton A. W., "A.1..m.:,rvE_Y- f
r, tt r .?-?1
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?385.
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on'60 ? TJ
Horizon," Jap-nese Jourr,- Vol. 1, pp. 27-79, 1954.
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.. .
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JourrA
191 4955. - Japan, Vol. 2, pp. 181- ?
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73.
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30C. Bray, W. J. , Saxton, 3. A., White, R. W. and Lusconle? G. Ar..
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at Very .1.,..,sce
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at. 07.0.00.00r10...
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272C. Sullivan, A. W. , "Investigation of Atmospheric. Radio Noise,"
Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Scientific Report No 12,
August 1 1956..
273C. Symposium on Meteoric Scatter at Radio Physics Lab. , Ottawa,
Canada, November, 1955.
274C. Syn-iposiurn on Communication by Meteoric Ionization, Stanford
University, October 15-16, 1957.
? 275C. Taff, J. M., and Darnelin, J. , "A Preliminary Survey of Meteoric
Reflection of VHF Signals Recorded at Allegan, Michigan, During
August and September 1951," Federal Communication Commission:
. Report T. R. D. Z. 1. 5.
O 276C.. T horrias R. N. and Whipple', F. L., "The Physical Theory of
Meteors, IL Astroballistic Heat Transfer," Astrophysical Journal
Vol. 114, p. 448, 1951,
277C. Ti'iran, E. P. , "Thousand-Mile Burst Reception on 144 mc by
Radio Amateurs. "
278C. Van .Valkenburg, M. E., "The Two Helix. Method for Polarisation
Measurement of Meteoric Radio Echoes," Journal Geophysical
? Research, Vol. 59, p. 359, 1954.
279C. Villard, 0. G.., Jr. "Listening in on the Stars," QST, Vol. 30,
p. 59, 1946.
280C. Villard, O. G. , Jr. "Meteor Detection by Amateur Radio," QST,
Vol. 31, p. 13, July 1947
281C. Villard, O. G. , Jr.', "Clocking Meteors by C.Vi Radar," Electro.
nice, Vol. 23, p. /20, 1950.
O 282C. Villard, 0. 0., Jr. , "Radio Observation of Meteors," Astronomical
Society of tho Pacific, Leaflet No. 256, San Francisco, California,
1950.
II ?
?-?
247:
?
283C. Villard, 0. G. , Jr. , and Peterson, A. , "Instantaneous Predic-
tion of Radio Transmission Paths," OST, Vol. 36 11, 1952:
284C. Villard, O.. C. , Jr.
Method for Studying
Vol. 40 August 1952
, Peterson, A. G. , and Manning, L. A. , A
Sporadic E Clouds at a Dist ince, " Proc. IRE,
. ?
L85C. Villard, 0. G. , Jr. , and Peterson, A. M. , "Scatter-Sounding: A
Technique for Stuiy of the Ionosphere at a. Distance," Trans. IRE,
PGAP-3, p. 186, 195Z.
286C. Villard,'0. G. Jr. , Communication by Meteor Reflection,"
Research Reviews, (U. S. Navy Publication), p. 19, 1953.
287C. C. .G. , Jr. , Peterson, A. M. Manning, L. A. , axle;
1-,lernar., V. R,, "Extended-Range High Frequency Radio
C.,------..unication at :',elatively Lower :eower, by Mears of Over-
Cbliue Reilecti,?ns .frru. Metcor I'mzation Trials ,".
5clence, Vi. 11- -1 3:,
Villard, C. G. , Pztc:rr,ca, A. M. , Manning, L. A. , and
Eshleman, V. , "a:tenc:ted-k:ange adio"fransmission.by .
Cblique Reflection fr. on. Meteoric Ionization," Journal Geo-
physical .Research, Vol. 58, p. 83, March 1954.:
289C. Villard, C. G. , Jr. , and Peterson. ... 14. . -Meteor Scatter,"
QST Vol. 37. p. 11, April 1?3.
290C. Villard, C. C. , Jr. , :Eshleman, V. R. ; Male.ning, L. A. , Peterson;
A. M. , "The .1-ole of Meteors in Extended Raz-4;e VHF Propagation,."
? Proc. IRE, Cctober?1955.
e% r+
4,7
17:111.5?...04
I 4 ? Ili. a ?.?
Eshleman, V. R. , "Some Properties ..)f Cbliu .1
from Meteor Ionization Trails," Journal Geophysical
Vol. 61, p. 233, June 1956.
el. G. , Jr, Peterson, A. U. Me.nain, L.
A.
292C. Villars, F. , and Weisshopf, V.. G. , "The Scattering of Eleetro-
masnetic Waves by 'Turbulent Atmospheric Fluctuations,."
Vol. 94, p. 232, 1954.
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i.ins.1,Zorsytb, P. A. ,.. ?-? 1. 1Or1?hZ3'iC
? n 1.;atice i)roi):1..ti..,n at i. es,"
J-Jcnse unice.tioas
ea4?.. .At. 12-1.'1 April 1, 14;53.
248
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294C. Vogan, E. L; "The Dependence on Meteor Showers of Enhance-
ments in the Signal Received in Long-Range VHF Propagation,"
Radio Physics Laboratory, Defense Research Telecommkinications -
Establishment, Ottawa, Canada,- Project Report No. 12-i3.
April 24, 1953.
295C. Vogan, E. L.. and Forsyth, P. A.. "Privacy in System Janet,"
Canadian Defense Research Telecommunications Establishment,
Radio Physics Laboratory Report No. 12-3-4, November. 1953.
296C. Vogan, E. L. , "Some Measurements Concerning Frequency
Spectrum of VHF Radio Signals Scattered from Meteor. Trails,
Radio Physics Laboratory, Defense Research Telecommunications
Establishment, Ottawa, Canada, Proect .Report No. 12-1-6,
June 1954.
297C. Volmer, P. "Radar Determination of the lie'.ght of Disappearance
of Meteor Trails of Known Radiant, " Compt. Rend. Acadern)7 of
Sciences, Paris, Vol. 237, pp. 1065-1067, November 2, 1953.
298C. Wagner, R. J., Jr., "A Summary of Information Regarding ublique
Intermittent Radio Propagaon by Means of Meteor Ionization, "
David Sarnoff Research Center, Radio Corporation of America:
? Princeton, New Jersey, Technical Note No. AFCRC-TN-55-984.
July 1 to October 20, 1955.
299C, Watson, P.C., "Between the Planets," The Blakiston Company,
Philadelphia, 1941.
300C. Weaver, D. K. , Jr., "Applied Research on Meteor-Burst Commu-
nications." Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park. California,
Report M. 2,, SRI-Project No. 1422, May 1956.
30IC. Weiss, A.A., "Radio Echo Observ-ations of Meteors in the Southern.
Hemisphere," Australian Journal Physics, Vol. 8, pp. 148-166.
March 1955.
302C. Weiss. A.A. , "Diffusion Coefficients from the Rate of Decay of
Meteor Trails," Australian Journal Physics, Vol. 8, pp. 279488
Jane 1955.
303C. Wells, H. W. "Radio Interferometer Technique Applied to Measure-
ment of Meteor Velocities," Journaloi Geophysical Research,
Vol. 58, p.284. June 1953. -
249 ?
SO4C. Whipple, R.. L. , -Meteors ;;Ltiti the Lartb's 1:pper Atmosphere,
Review Modern.Physics , Vol, 14 , p. 139 1942.
305
Whipple. L . 'Meteors and the L.rths Upper Atmosphere,"
Review Modern Physics, Vol 25. p 1943
306C. Whipple. F 1. . Phclograp:m:c 24ete.or Stud:ea IV. The Gertaind
Shower,"
Proc. :kr:ler:can ,SOC:ety
pi. 1 .:1? -200 Aidra 19,47.
307C Vt'hipple, r L
National A.cerr.y
Part II. , 731. 37,
.30LC:
rnc Techr..lcues
The Theory of l%/.:cro-11,eteorites,"
of Sc:ences. Part L Vol: 36. p. ob7, 1950;
p. 1.9. 1951.
.F.:.,:i.)1oranon of the r-ryer Atmo.Ephere b Meteo-
Jvance in
Geophysr.cs. Vol. 1. p. 119, 1952..
30C. Wh:.ppie, F. L., 'Rest.ilts of Rocket and 2.,`,eteetr Research,
Bullet:71 .L...7nerican Meeteorol:og:cal Sor:etr, Vol. - '13 1052..
Wh.ipole. F. L. "Photoz.,raph:c :Meteor Crb:ts and Their Distribc-
. tion in Space , ". jour74.-ca Vol. 59.
311C. Wylie. L. , and C.;z-..stilic
201, :ruly 1954..
T.. The CI:as/ern:1E, of 'Meteor
Bursts at Twenty V.er_-,--...-cvcles Cver a 60E- K:e.lornr...ter .
Presented at U.:-,Si?TT-7.7Srng MeetIng.. ?A'atetungton, D. C.
May 22-25. 1957.
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? .
. .
?
D. HF PROPAGATION
ID. Hedlund, D. A., Edd, "L. C. , and Whitecraft, W. A.,
Jr. , "Some Ionospheric Scatter Techniques," Presented at
Scatter Symposium, IRE, PGA? and PGCS, Washington,
D. C. .November 15, 1955.
. ??
.
?I ?:'
E.'. *LI PROPAGA TION
1E. "Beetle Low Frequency Loran," Final ErinecrinE, Repon,
Pickard and Burns, Inc., May 1950.
ZE. Costas, J P.. "Synchronous Communications.," Proc. IRE,
Vol. 44, p. 1713, December 1956.
3E.. "EvaJuation and Analysis of 100 KC Radiation Data," Pickard.
and Burns, Inc. , August 1951..
4E. Heritage, J. L. , Weiebroci, .S., and Bickel; J.. E. ???"A Study of.
vs. Dictallce Data at VLF," VLF Symposium., Boulder.
Colorado, .January 1957.-
5E. Pierce, "azy-Wave Field Intc-neity - Low and Very Low:
Radio Frequencirs," Technical Report.No. 158, Cruft Labora7
tory, Harvard UniVersity, September 1.952.
6E "Technical Report - on 'VLF. Site Feasibility Survey," Picka.6
'and Burns, Inc. October 1955..
7E: Vote-, J'. P. , "Useful Bandwidth in Scatter Transmission,
? Proc.. az. p.? 1621, November .1956.
8E.. Wait, J..R. , "The Mode. ThL'ory of 'VLF Ionosphere Propaga7
tion for .Finite -Ground Conductivity," VLF Symposium,. 'Boulder
. 'Colorado, January.1957.
9E. J. R. , and Murphy, A., "The Geometrical Optics of.
VLF Sky Wave Propagation," VLF Symposium, Boulder,
Colorado, January 23-25, 1957.
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-
F. COMPONENTS
G. EXTERNAL NOISE
1F. "Flush Mounted Antennas," The Ohio State University
Research Foundation, Golan-thus, Ohio, Final Engineering
Report No. 486-48, January 2, 1956.
2F. Giacoletto, L. J-. , and Johnson, H., "UHF Triode Design in
Terms of Operating Parameters. and Electrode Spacings.'"
Proc. IRE, Vol. 41, p.? 51; January 1953.
3F. General Electric Company, Data Sheets for Electronic Tube
G'L6299.
4F. Institute,of Radio Eingineers.- PGCS, .Aeronautical Communi-
cations, Sympoeium, Utica, New York. October 8-10, 1956.
5F. Mellen, G.L. , Morrow, W. E. , Pote, A.J. , Radford; W.H,
? and Wiesner, J. B., "UHF Long Range Communications
Systems," Proc. IRE, Val. 43,'p. 1269, October 1955, also
Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Techn4ea1 Report 91, August 5. 1955.
? 6F. Murakarni, T.., "A Study af Grounded Grid UHF Amplifiers."
Radio Corporation of America Review, p. 682, December 1951.
7F. Western Electric Company, Data Sheets for Electronic Tub-es
? WE41613 and WE416C.
253
? no
?
1G. Agy. Vaughn, "The Location of the Auroral Absorption Zone,"
Journal Geophysical Research, Vol. 59, June 1954.
2G. Bailey, D. K. , Bateman, B..,* and Kirby, R. C., National
Bureau of StiN-nclarde-5 Report 8A117, June 30, 1953,
Append* VIII.
3G.. Ccrnell University, "Studies on Propagation in the Ionosphere"
.Technical Report No. 11,, :till, 1950. ?
.4. Cottony, H. V. , and Johler, J. R. , 'Cosmic Radio 'Noise
Ir.tencities in the V.1-71' 11 Proc.
be: 195Z.
p. 1053, Szptern-
5G. Currie , B. W. , For svth , D. A. , L.nd Vawter ? F. "RzEio
Ref:ecticns from Auroras" '3ournal Geophysical Research,
Vol. 58, June 1953.
60. ? Iierbetreit, J. W.-, and jollier, J.R., "Frequency Varimon -
of th,e.Iletencity of Cocrnic Radio Noise," Neture, Vol. 161,. .
No. 40?2, April 3.-1948.?
-
7G. "Ionospheric REX Propagation," Nationrel Bu?;?eau of Strimearda
Circular 462, Juiit Z5, 1948.
8G. Proceedings of the Conference on Ionospheric Physics. Perzzlryli.
vanita. State College, July 1950.
9G. Raytheon Memeife.ezturiti Company, "Bibliography of Ionosphere
Propagation." 15 November 1949.
10G. Reber, C.. "Cosmic Static," Proc. IRE Vol. .36.p. 1215.
October 1948.
11G. Scott, J. M.C.. 'The Intensity of Cosmic Noise: A Survey of
? the Data Available.".' Radar Research Development Establish- -
merit Report 286, London. England, August 13. 1945-.; ?
120 Symposium on Communications Research. RDB October 1948.
Digest Series No. 14, LCMS 7/1.
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H. TEXTS
111 Attwood, S. S. , Ed. , and Burrows, C. R., "Radio Wave Propagation,"
Academic Press, Inc. , New York, 1949.
Rrernmer,, H.. "Terrestrial Radio Waves; Theory of Propagation.,"
Elsevier Publishing Company, NRW York, 1949.
3H. Herbstreit, J. W. , "Cosmic Radio Noise," Advances n Elect-rontcs,
Vol. 1, Academic Press, Inc. , NYC 1948. ? ?
4H. Huxley, L. G. -Waveguides," MacMillan,. 1947.
Kerr D. E. , 'Propagation .of Short iadio Waves, '' MIT Radiation
Laboratory Series, McGraw-Hill Book Comp-any, New. York, 1951.1
6H.. Kraus J. -D. 'Antennas" McGraw-Hall Book Co... 1950.
7H.. ,Lovell, A. C. B. , and Clegg,, J A. , Ratho Astronomy," Chapman,
. and Hall, 1952.
Pawsey, J. L, and Bracewell, R. N. , "Radio Astronomy, Chap.
XI," Clarendon Press, Cidord Englaz.td, 1955.
9H. Pedersen, P. 0, and Gad G. E. C. , "Propagation of Radio Waves,"
Copenhagen, 1927.
1014. "Reference pata for Radio Ezgiatters Fourth Edition," Int. Tel. It
Tel. Corp. , pp.. 757-761, Fourth Edition, 1956.
11H. Reed, H. L, and Russel, C. M. , "Ultra Kish Frequency Propagation,"
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1953. 5.
1211. Silver, S. "Microwave Antenna Theory and Design," McGraw-Hal
book Co, 1949.
1314. Smart, W. M., "Test-Book on Spherical Astronomy," Cambridge.
University Press, Fourth Edition, 1949.
1411. Terman, R. E. , "Radio Engineers' Handbook," McGrae-Hill Bock
Company. S.
1511 Van Voorhis, S. N. "Microwave Receivers," Radiation Laboratory
Series, No. 23, McGraw-Hill Book. Company, New York.
ri.,? "Ow
16/t "Very High Freopency 4echnigues,." liarvard Radio Research
Laboratory, Vol. I, NicGraw--14411 Book company, :947..
171i. . Watson, W. H. , '"ol'avegaide 7ransmission and Antenna 'Syste'lw,,I.4
Clarendon Press, 1947.
1
Woo, F. 5. .A.dranced Calculas, Ginn anli ConnPraml-sty
l
Massachusetts 934t,
'
+.1111111
? Attni4,1
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