UNSOUND CRITICISM OF T. D. LYSENKO'S WORK ON SPECIES (FORMATION) BY N. V. TURBIN AND N. D. IVANOV.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R010100030001-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 330
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Document Release Date: April 22, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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r
Lepeshinskaia9 00
L.
[Unsound criticism of T. D. Lysenko?s
work on species [formation] by
N. V. Turbin and N. D. Ivanov.)
Bot. Zhur. (38)s386-388
.y/June 1953. 451 R923
(In Russian)
Redobrokaohestvennaia kritika N. V. Turbine
i N. D. Ivanova raboty T. D. Lys(nko o vide
A scientific, substantiates criticism is a factor which encourages
progress in science. But a criiicism with a tendency and a goal of
discrediting, rightly or wrongly, a scientist, one who deservedly became
a leading scientist, spiteful criticism based at best on misunderstanding
of the teaching which is being criticised and at worst-- on inventing
thins which do not exist in the teaching being criticised, on distortion
of facts, on the aim to justify false, harmful teachings, advocated by
the critics - such criticism is not scientific, it is detrimental,, There
should not be a place for such criticism in our country of socialism,
in a country where progressive science has the support of our party and
always used to have the personal support of comrade Stalin.
Reading the criticism of IfI.V. Turbin and N.D,, Ivanov of T.D. Isgsenko?s
article "New in the Science of Biological Species", I remembered, because
of its similarity, the criticism by the 13 Leningradians in the " Meditsinskii
rabotnik"Cme-dical worker of my book "Origin of cells from a living. substance
and the role of the living substance in the organism". What a striking
similarity, what a likeness between Turbin&s and Ivanov's criticism and
that of the 13 Leningrad morphologistsa But one should be just; these
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 Trans. 451
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13 critics honestly realized their mistake and admitted it publicly and
in the press, We hope that the criticism of Lysenko?s critics will help
them to realize their mistakes as it was in the case of the 13 Leningradians,
And what are their mistakes?
Are Academician Lysenko and the partisans of the new teaching on
species really right when they maintain, that Darwin's Theory of Evolution
is basically metaphysical,, denying qualitative changes in the development
of the living Nature?. Are they really right, when they maintain that only
the new teaching of species gives the sole correct,, dialectically - mate-
rialistic solution of the problem of formation of species?
Lysenko approached the problem of formation of species as a materialist-
dialectician and in complete accord with 10V. Stalin, who writes: ",o. Darwin-
ism rejects not only Cuvier's cataclysms,, but also the dialectically under-
stood development which includes the revolution, while from the point of
view of the dialectical method,, evolution and revolution,, quantitative and
qualitative changes - are the two necessary forms of the same movement," 1)
The critics are doubtful: is Darwinism really negating qualitative
changes in the development of the living Nature? And they themselves
answer this question with the words: "Yes, it is quite impossible to
agree with T.D. Lysenkoes statements that Ch. Darwin's theory of evolution
is basically metaphysical,"
But Darwin's theory of evolution recognizes only quantitative
accumulation without qualitative changes. This is a sign of metaphysics.
1) LV. Stalin, Complete Works, vol, 1, p, 309.
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Where is, then,, the al difference between Darwin6s theory of evolution
and T.D. Iysenko's new outlook on the species?
Darwin tells in details that the appearance of new species takes place
by way of gradual and consecutive quantitative increments and thus it results
that there are no borderlines between species,, while T.D. Lysenko maintains
that the formation of new features under the influence of changes in the
surroundings,, of a new species substance from which successively a new
species originates - has a leaping character.
T.D. Lysenko says on the matter: "Species are links of the living
Nature, they are stages of a qualitative distinctiveness,, steps in the
gradual historical development of the organic world"; and further: "The
Cmary cause of the appearance of some species from others, as well as
the cause of the appearance of intra-species variety of forms,, is the
change. in conditions of life of plants and animals,, changes of the me-
tabolism type. Origin and development of new species is connected with
such changes of metabolism type in the process of development of organisms,.
which concern their species specification,"
Not at all considering I.J0 Stalin's opinion on Darwinism the critics
maintain,, that Darwinism with its theory. of evolution :of formation of .
species, with the theory of natural selt',tioa,, is not in contradiction.
with dialectic materialism,
According to the opinion of the critics "the problem of deciding which
1) T.D,-Lysenko, Mew, in the science of the biological species. In the
Ciection "Philosophycal problems of contemporary biology"., 1951, p, lOG
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 m.,,e... A C1
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0
0
of.the two theories on formation of species m Darwinism or the new outlook
on species - reflects more adequately the process of historical development
of organic forms, should be solved only by way of comparing one and the
other theory with known facts characteristic for the given process." But.
the facts shows that Lysenko,, who stands on correct methological positions,
and develops Nichurin's teaching in practice, demonstrated the formation
of new species under the influence of changes in the surroundings. In his
work is demonstrated the appearance of new species from an old one (rye from
wheat) and the role of the living substance in this problem.
Turbin asks the question: "How, if not by the effect of selection, can
be explained the development of complex forms of adjustment in the behavior
of animals, of their instincts?" and he answers: "Darwinn theory of evolution,,
theory of natural selection gives a more than satisfactory answer to this
question, and the "New teaching on species" leaves it without any explanation"
(P. 307). Let us note that Lysenko has no work "New teaching on species".
He develops Michurin?s biological teaching. That is why Lysenko says that
the appearance of new species is the result of influence of the surroundings
and not a conscious adjustments i.e. he reveals the process of appearance of
new species - a problem which was not touched by Darwin. Lysenko demonstrates
these concrete conditions in changes of species and explains how the surround-
ings influence the development stage., as well as the development of species,
and explains why particular conditions of the surroundings are needed for
each stage of development.
Turbin doubts whether Lysenko's point of view reflects Michurin's
outlook on formation of species and quotes Michurin9s well known excerpt;
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~s ns, 4~ t
" q e e Interference makes it possible to force each form of auiml or
plent. to change more rapidly and in the direction desirable for a,"
But than It is Lysenko and no one also, who develops a new outlook
on the proeess of formation of "ales and reveals concrate forms In
&%W9 of "ties in the direction desirable for man . (his theory of
phases,, V na1ieatiao winter-resistance and his last works)o i?e* he
develops Michurin?s ideas of these probl ?
bin writes that i?Academician T.D. aenko hirrvitAf aarativeiy
recently defended and developed Darwinismo the point of view of Darwin
and T1 assea And thong not only did he not see a contradiction
? with..14ichuin?e teaching., but on the contrary, admitted that the latter
is a d to nt of t s~ basic m rialistic alof Darwiu?s teaching."
leako actually accepted and accepts now in accordance with pronowtaiRit.
Monts of the classics of Mar Lsaiaai g the basis mwleus of Dares?.e
t Ohingq his theory of develop nt?' but never agreed to the theses of
his `",hinge Ate. it is seen frri the pronomomente of the critics., that
they take Darwin entirely, without pointing out the erroneous statements
of his teachings
o~o Tukbin es~ isles ubts about T.D. Imes ?s basic experiments on
appearance of new species wider the ' influence of changes in the surrounding~a
proclaiming that the manifestation of these new species is a result of "pew
o ylenisw repollinatio ut-pouiaaationi7 i.e. he doubts the basic methods of
I xko$s.works But Iysenkoe who anticipated the possibility of such argu
mentaa warned that into species ?id?s possess intermediate features and
are witless, and that specimens of one species appears in the offspring
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0
of another species, have no intermediate features and are completely
productive.
Turbines statement that Darwinism satisfies all the requirements of
the dialectical - materialistic theory of development, that characteristic
for it is not only a gradual development but leaps as well -. such a state-
ment is not correct and is in contradiction with comrade I.V. Stalin's
opinion on this problem.
All the other statements on the treatment of the theory of formation
of species which Turbin brings up in the suamnary,, are incompetent,,. which
was old in the text of the article. As to Turbinas statement that "there
are no bases for replacing Darwines theory of evolution by the theory of
natural selection, new theory of formation of species. introduced by T.D.
Traenko,," - against this statement speak all the results obtained by adapt-
ing of T.DQ Lysenko's theory in the practice of agriculture,, when, by
changing the surroundings, th6 basic features of the organism were changed
(theory of development in stages, theory of formation of species, breeding
of winter-resistant plant varieties).
I ,consider it my duty to give an advice to critics: to approach the
evaluation of each eaching from the point of view of practice and theory
of the dialectical materialism, which was not done by Turbin. It is
necessary to know well the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, In
criticising and rejecting what is not suitable, it is necessary to dis-
tinguish and use the positive, which the critics did not do in relation
to Darwin's theory,
In the 36th year of the Soviet government,, it is time to renounce the
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Trans,, 451
,defense of any metaphysical ideas and the attempt to justify under the
pretense of criticism,, one ? s own mistakes) pseuds -scientific tendencies.
As to Ivanov's criticism it is so without foundations either msthodo-
logica1i or scientifically, and it is so discrediting for itself, that
there Is no need to argue against it.
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Q 1) `.-'eanas. 4.52
(in full)
3y2
H~isse'nrau4c?? ~o i:~Adel n
Untersuchungen 9,fber dio Einwirkung
von Sulfonamiden and Sulfonen rauf
Gtraideroste
[Studies on the effect of sulfonamides
~~ilphones a cereal rust. 1: Influence
on oa city for Tructi-lication].
Phytopathologiechd Zeitsohrift a ((, )95 0 0
April 1951 464,5 P562
(In German)
I. Introduction
Gassner and Hassebrauk (3), in 1936, reported on attempts to increase
rust resistance by spraying various organic substances over the Boil of
nursery containers 'tat 7o Of the ccnpaunds discovered which rendered the
plants more or less rune without causing any externally visible injury,
picric acid was the most noteworthy. Sem pio (12) reported the same. year
partly successful experiments to increase rust resistance of beans and
wheat.grown in nutritive solutions by means of supplemental [fee n f of
metallic salts ox' alkaloids. Continuing our earlier experiments, I later
on was able to identify further rust decreasing nitro-groups or sulphur
containing organic substances of which the o.. and p tolvolaulphonamide
proved to be especially effective (5), even though only in greenhouse
experiments. These results fundamentally coin6ide with the older findings
of the XGJarbeni dustrie-&.G,, which indicate that amides of aromatic
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sulphonic acids or of their substitutes and derivatal- - a be used success-
fully in the control of mast diseases of cultivated .111 rats (DRP 61.7 899 of
1931). Hart sad Allison (4) as well as 8tra.ib 43) ~m re able to confizi the
rust inhibiting effect of picric acids and toluolsulpionamide by repeating
the tests.. cgs ? (8) observation that an attack of T"koe~rst is o ta. on.
rye can be reduced with picric acid also deserves to Is ma oned here. It
is true however, that the effective dosages used in lots a. riments proved
to be very wing to the test plants. In the years that follow
, a fe Y
more experiments became known which aid at inc ?easinj? f' i resistance
in higher plants by application of chemicals. As far as inorganic salts were
used in these cases, a discussion of them is being omit=ed. However, in
view of our own tests, special notice should be accordei a report submitted
by Polyakew (9) on the increase of rust resistance in cheat achieved by
means of different chemicals .1 According to Pblyakew, t-ie most effective
substances were the. ones containing thio? . or amino oup:., as well as can
derivative s . The results of Polyakew a s ` xperimentsj and in accord with
our oar observations inasmuch as we, too, were able to prove that of all.
the substances . tested, the tolu?l. sulphoa c amides contai Ling a N 02-group
produced by far the. strongest zest reducing effect. Tenon, in continuing
O also PoliakoJ
'Regardless of all efforts, I have been unable thus far to obtain
LPolyakova s work in the. original.. Nor can it be ascertained whether
the available provisional report has_...been followed up with a more de-
tailed one in the ..antaae o
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Ar ma o 102
the tests, it appeared advisable to test primarily the adequacy of sub-
stances of a similar constitution even if the to1uol su phonic amides
h ads, for unknown reasons, failed in the field (6,?)a and even though they
exhibit the disadvantage of a relatively unfavorable ch the utie
index.
In considerations of this sort it was important to pay attention,
principally, to substances. , known simply as sulphonie amides, which is
the last two decades had attained a revolutionizing importance as cheno'
therapeutanta in human medicine, after Domagk (1) succeeded, for the
first time in 1932, in exerting a chemotherapeutic influence upon expsria.
mental streptococcus infection in mice and rabbits with az unds
containing suiphonic amides. Besides the real sulphonic amides, a few
more sulphomcompounds were Included in the tests.
The substances were, obligingly, made available to me largely by the
different firms of the pharmaceutical industry, which is here once more
gratefully acknowledged. I further am especially indebted to Professor
Dr. Awe, Director of the Institute for Applied Pheanacy of the Technical
University., as well as to Docent Dr. Bersch and Pharmacist I be, whose
ready assistance and advice .I have enjoyed at all times.
II, L4thqd o he ftingiRA
nts
For tessts, in generals the same method was used which had justified
itself already in our earlier experiments. To begin with, all experiments
0
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with cereal shoots were conducted in a greenhouse under no b temperatures,
chief during the sumo months of 2,950. Test plants were grown in gard=
soil in flower pots (height: 7 on, top-diameter: 7?5 cn). and, about six
days after sprouting shoots, they were inoculated ' .th fresh uredCsporea in
the usual manner. Having . been covered with glass globes for 48 hours, they
,-'ore allowed to stand free irk damp peat bog in the greenhouse.
(given
The substances to be tested were (Zed to the test plants., at first,
a few days before the inoculation, and later on the very day of the inocu.-
lation? Since sulphonamides are preponderantly little water-soluble, they
ware mixed with quarts sand In order to ensnare an even distribution of the
very small amounts available over the ground. Soluble substances were
applied in water solutions. In several., especially emphasized cases, solu-
tions in NaBC03 were applied. For reasons (5) explained above, the dosages
furnished always had to cover a surface of 100 sq. cm. Appropriate control
Measures were instituted to enable detection of a possible effect of gaseous
separations.
Most of the experiments were conducted with BM2kLa M on
Michigan Amber. For reasons of comparison, with a few concentrations,
e was tested for barley of Fong `ion, j. caronata for Flaaming0s
Golden oats old hate, and. P.. 4URWa for Patkas winter rye. The oxperi?
mental varieties displayed high susceptibility (type IV) to the rust-biotypes
utilized. Iwasmuch as other varieties were being used, this is particularly
hasised.
0
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In compiling the -table of the exg :r ental results., I am using the
name symbols as those used in the earlier publications. -Heie they are
explained once more briefly e
0000 rust completely suppreaaed
0000 rust most completely suppressed, some traces of a pustule
000+ rust strongly suppressed,, isolated pustules
000k clearly visible reduction of rust, isolated pustules to
slight infection
00++ still a visible reduction of mot, slight infection
00++ ER moderate reduction of rust,, slight to regular infection
04?++ 2 insignificant reduction of rust; scattered infection
0+++ o very slight reduction of rusty east total infection
++*"+ m no effect ono strong unifon infection the same as on
control plants
III0 b er rental Results
A0 Results of spraying substances over soil of xerimental vessels
The results obtained with different 'sulph?nasmidea and suiphonea in
the experimental series in which the soil surface of the cultivation
vessels was sprayed with the preparations according to the method just
described, are compiled in table IV All e r ente with the highly
susceptible varieties mentioned above were repeated several ties,; A
few of the results not listed in the table are analyzed in the terto
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Concerning the results, primarily the secondary effect of the
preparations upon the growth and other aspects of appearance of the host-.
plant, the following moat be stated in details
1. G9n d , ? t = p ob nzols .phonamide) The rust
inhibiting effect is most noteworthy. A ratio of 25 mg. of substance per
100 sq. cm of. surface is enough to cause considerable loosening
Zreduction of brown rust infection in wheat, However, the p toxic
secondary effects are -likewise relatively strong- From about 5Omgo on,
there can be observed in the growthc.zone of the subsequent leaves a more
or less pronounced paling of the leaf green, increasing growth inhibition.,
and necrosis at the tips of the leavesa During the first. stages of develop-
ment., shortly after sprouting shoots, the plants are very sensitive. Of
the cereal varieties, oats suffers the most. 250 mg. produced in oat
shoots chiorotic and necrotic damages to such an extent that the experiment
could no longer be evaluated. Fre, on the contrary, proved to be very
resistant, and a quantity of 250 mg. brought about only a secondary effect
in the form of growth inhibitions b As colpared to toluolsaulphonsdes,
the rust inhibiting effect of chemodyn is slight, since the first have, in
part, suppressed rust attacks almost completely with as little as 5 mg. It
is true that disproportionately stronger concentrations of Ohemodyn or
prontalbin can be endured before substantial damages become appszent.
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 AdLgte b~r e7 g ueclassitiea ana Hpprovea ror Keiease 2U1 /U4/L:i : UTA-KUF'tiUKU"14LE~KU"IU"I0006UUU"I-y
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~eu Text
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,
a
r.
usna t Inn tiOn CA d
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5 (Rusin and )
(Eu 3n-Na )
(Continwd on 6bo )
Puccini 'Lx`i$ioin _ oo ; P. e?xann~
2500 11 125 0 125 250 125
If 0000 f 0000 0000 1 -- 00M
+,++ I . i .. I .1 +++4 11 4$++ I Ooo+
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Tab 1o Testing of. Sulphonaidea and Sulphoneo As 'l ei R"t Inhibiting Effect an Cereal Shoots
(Contdo) Attar Spr ag Over the Soil of the Expe?imentaa Vas-8e1 For exparit-nen datailaD See Text.
Puce a
Snfluenein
Preparationt ef I?c~ee a o Qmo ,
1 6 i I ! I If i. 3 i I I
f i 5Q (100 1125 150 2 ft250 ; 2500 II 125 250
-
~
~2 ~3eudr?ne~d.m ulphathi - azacle
D8benal
(Sulphadiaz
thylpy rima1)
(Nethyldebenai)
(Na~4ethy1de - )
(bona,
15 [e-mail] a.~ (++++ ;o ?~
lb Protoe:1d0 ?o ? e
Sulfaguan di
(Heeulfon
Buipha ni.?
diem' .
a a
.?ba cid0 0 o 0 o
LSSai.piia?
d/
q~ ~9 { y 19 t t~J?.3da +hoooee
-OUU-dan. o
1 ?"I~pA1 a -digtact
?siLd? veer
Ann
2 j Saccha ao ?'o
;0004,
-rte++ ++++
t ++++ ++++ ++++~
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Yvan"
2e Alb
- (a Acetylsulphcnn de) s The rust inhibiting
efffot is about equal .to that of p-A>ia? azo1oulpho ide0 The
damaging secondary' affects a generally slight; they appear
chio4y in the f of inn ing chlo osis, primarily in the
sons oo gee ley,, following an application of 250 mg., die-
plays inffectionoff the 0 type with ablor psis in the sons off 'infoc=
tiora, while Pvdth F ine entirely nc le~ Rye is again relam
tive1y- robust; oats, on the contra y, is very susceptible and
125 aaag suffice to Inhibit its growthfl while 'tae da le caused by
250 mg. Is : p sa blo o Solutions of elbucld in NaHCO3 are
west neutral. 7 heir rust diminishing effect is Inemased, In
wheat, 56 mg- cause infection of the 0 type with very
chlcxosie in the zone of infection. In point of growth,, the
plants are furthered as cowpered to control plantar As vouch 5o
125 age is required to cause a slight g th inibi tiono
3. Prontoon (a 4-sulphonnide629h44i.'&minoaasccnsol ), in
fisted concentrationab evinces no
Met what r on susceptibility
to rust, unless It be that now and t nfl it appears to have
incrsseede Neither were there established as other ee ,dary
effects.
4o M?ar~ (e hydrochloric acid ante of 4-A noPa ethyll nzo1=
sulphonamide). Despite repeated tests, it wee not possible to
clarify the effect of marffsail satisfactorily. ice the plants
were completely immunised with dosages of 125 mg., yet after
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2mn@. 451
pplicatioz of stronger dosages type IV was again observed. In a
series el repetitions ,iiederholwigareihe7 this result, however,
coil not be oonnfi d0 Slight chlorosee and necroses of Ise tips
wOrs not surprising in view of the acidity of the substance. After
(iiaeoll g warfa nil in Na2CC39 up to 12S mga no immunising effect
was noted0
5. Euba Sulph a (a a-p-Aminobenzoloulphonamidob
pyridine) proved to be generally ineffective in eves rect.
The earn is true of eodiun mat of Eubasin? In a aeries of testa
with barleys "eulphap id " produced a slight rust inhibiting
effect; "Hubaein," hoever, did nnot0 Oats read to eubeein with
a alight inhibition of growth and chloroeiaa but them is not
slishteet ehan in its degree of t6
6? ( 4p ~ 4 ~sna?aa~ph?n .a ~bena?aaan~phondi4
rJOVI?nyla ide) 0 No effect whate ?,
70 U.irwn 0 (Q_ 4- ? begsolaulph dS7 bonsoloul.
phon de) 0 No effect whatever, which Is surprising in vim of
the good effect pr uced p exinoben of pho
8e NeomtJliron (? 4 4 /4" Aminobenzolaulphonatid o bennzoA-
eulphon nc thylamjde)0 Without WW effect.
90 Badional (o k'Amino naolsulphothiocar aide) 0 From, 1()0 Mg,
or mom. the plants suffer from increasing growth inhibition., again
eats in particular0 If subjected to prolonged action, the suecepti-
bility to rust seems to be rather incr easing.
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`:aw,apla. 452?
No? !! )o An influence an t infection cannot be as blia+he
with earteinnty - a ourpri&ing eircue?noe in view of the a o=
ble effect of rbada1 and the strong i unising effect of
a thyideben a1 (No. ih) 0 Tae were likewise no secondary effects
to be notedo Only oats show once more increasingly an inhibition
f growth-0
120 Ste. to n (s P?AmimbeYnsoloua3lp4enanidothiaaazol) o Effect o
0
1O? Marbadal (? Maifanil salt of badional) a without a doubt,
has an immunizing effect on wheat if applied in larger doses.
Growth inhibition :?.A relatively strong. Plants which have received
500 mg. are half the height of eontrl plants at the time experi-
ments are temiPratedo A striking 4hen nonhe the frequently
reefing very dark-en coloring of the original leaves, probably
to be attributed to the components of oa o
11? mm! Combination of rbadal and debenel 4i ,F@ae
mast le not observed. Only stronger doves cause a slight growth
Inhibition ? in the case of cats from 250 M9* on?
l~ a D ne1 (9 2-p-Amimbeneolaulpho ido pyrimidine) o
Debe l bolonga to these sulphdnaaides which embody the c binetion
of a etro71g : auniainng effect and h elan easo Wheat and barley
up to thn largest dosages of 2500 and 12501 respectively, exhibited
the i O Type of infection dung amorous g tao The growth cone
of subaQ fluent leaves is slightly ehl?rOtie a Oats again exhibit a
more or less etrang a oroeie of all leaves and inhibition of grai o
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0
24. Methylpyr ila anet ldeben , and sodium-mothy3.debenal. The
data concerning debena. applies essentially also to the methylated
form of debenal and its mum salt. Oat d gee are even stronger.
The ? negative results cited here concerning rust suppression do not
indicate quite accurately the actual observations Insofar as in one
experiment total rust suppression was eetabliehed onceg after appli-
cation of 250 r go 9 accompanied, to be sure, by a very strong
inhibition of growth and rather steng chloro ie
15. Arie t i de (? f -Sulphanilaaidoc'2, ,-di ate y'lpyri dine )
As regards an effect on the susceptibility to rust as wall &a on
the habits of experia 7ita l plant ao them is no essaittia l difference
from debanalo Solutions in Na ICO3 do not differ from the origiml
subatancc where effart is concerned.
16. Protocid (e Plethylpyi? , + p-a ainobenzolaulpho -
ethyithiodiazol) o This combination of the highly effective mathy1?
pyrite. with ethy ester of the ineffeeti eleudro$n produces no
effect whatever on the atate of rust or- on the appearance of
to ntel plants o Not. even oats is influenced.
ri-
1 'o S aag~aid sa s (~ p-Aa nobenzolsulphonyl
guanidine) 0 !,fithout any effect.
18. -G1obticid ( Sulphaaethyl-thiodiazol). The moderately
immunizing effect observed in wheat is accompanied by increasing
chloroeis in the growth sons and by Increasing growth inhibition.
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0
In barley and oats only the ace rWing da gee are noted. Dosages
of 125 mgo dissolved in NaHCO3 do not alter the state of rust, but
do promote growth.
190 Lam (a .A obenzoleu1phorno net y1 .d.-N4Ld=glueoside
sualfonic acid sodium). Ladogal had a very positive i e uniaing effect
and it safeguards treated plants against attacks without causing
real chlorosis in the infection eons (t3 1-0 Z17). The required
effective . unte are, to be sure, relatively high; total sunpprsd
,ion of rust can be a 6ted only from approximately 500 Mg, in
rye total reunity was achieved only with dosages of 1250 0,
this concentration, hoe av r, caused no noticeable dm ages of aaa ?
kind0 This perfect i nocuousness LompatibilitJ a es up for
0
disadvantage of the relatively large amounts required, Wheat and
barley show the first weak symptom of retarded growth after the
use of 1250 mg0, but the crops are stiU strong and healthily green0-
Oats are more susceptible here, too, and react to 250 mg0 with
slight .ea tip necrosis and minor growth inhibition.
200 Baludon (s 42,4n0 diphonylaualphon-duce .le xi aiau l-
phifie Sodiu) had a good rust preventive effect on P? triticins
if stronger dosages were used, but its tested dosages were ineffcc-
tive on other types of rust. cruse it required 1000 mg0 or more
to achieves a very alight reduction in. t ae fructification of ftarf
rust. Innocuousness is relatively good. In most cases it takes
1000 mg. to cause slight growth inhibitions and chiorosis of the
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3ubeaquent, leaves. A mmn portion of rust reduction brought a
with bcludon may possibly be attributed to the effect of iaolated
gaseous riattero.
21, Tibatin (? Diga aetoside of Lgh,?dia odipherayleulphon),
in the concentrations appliede influenced neither rust nor the
appearance of the a rlmental pl anteb
22. Saccharin. It was to beexpected that sac g as a
higher degree of oxydation of o 'Toluoleal a .de would produce
nit reducing effect. The table eh that rwt suppression is
indeed quite strong,, at least as far as P. triticine is concerned.
However, a dosage of but 50 mg. of saccharin causes sima ltaneouely
tip chlorcoeie and growth inhibition; d? ages resulting front 125 mg.
are very severe and become irreparable if dosages are further
increased. Infection by P. aim e~ was not reduced, -despite the
damage caused to the host-plant.
Reeulte of a series of a rimante with several other eulphonee
re not entered on the table. They either did not affect amts or
this rust reducing effect vas accompanied by aztmnaly severe
d igees e?ge, in the case of the Fewa waehi tg powder. It seemed
in part, e. g. n with Bail pho l and r tbrleulphonal, that gaeeoue
isolations exerted a decisive influence on the rust reducing effect
as well as on the aecondary toxic phenomena,, depending on the
degree of temperature.
0
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C
13
Trans, 452
If.we..examine the results, it must be, emphasized once more
that the, findings. discussed apply only to the. experimental types
cited... It:will, be.:proved..later on that in,wo;king, with other:
types? we. must always-be prepared for more, or less deviating
results.'?Withi.thisreserfttion,.it can be established that,.
besides -a large-number of. quite ineffective substances, there are
a few which exhibit . a: strong rust reducing or rust inhibiting
effect ....?hey are primarily chemodyn and prontalbin, albucid,
marbadal, ?debenal`and its derivatives, ladogal as Well as
baludon and saccharin. While chemodyn and prontalbin, albucid,
marbadal and saccharin, especially when used in large amounts,
cause increasing damages to the experimental plants, debenal,
methplpyri al, aristanmid, ladogal and be ludoon are entirely',liaarma
If we exclude"'16a swh"i6 pioid just as siaacaptible 'as' 'in
earl'ier' ez a"imerita9 'the' ph otoxic 'secondary effects produced
by sulphonamides arid baludcn are generally slight, as compared
with de. gee 6iused"asrl3.er 'by other organic'etibat ices. 'i'ip
necrm'ase , eo g;` ihich appears readily folloling' an application
of toluolsiii hcanamla~e, 'is.`cbserysd seldom and mostly to a much
lesser'`degreeo V'arowth inhiitions, too, Occur normally i'ithin
the -limits a `esiirance, `though it is true that a rience as to
what .the aituationi 'tight 6a under prolonged experia n is still
C
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lacking. The frequently observed pale coloring of the growth zone
in secondary leaves is etritc o
The observation that the influnae of effective sulphonemidee
does not result merely In a minor or major deco of the spud
of pustules, but that ofeen, if not always and not wry mmiadLyp
them is to be noted a chlorotic pals coloring in the infection
zone, de tee somewhat from our earlier findings. Thus, the
infection type 0 is frequently found on treated leaaveea
Rye inoculated with P. dip s rear exhibited in several series
of a nta, under the influence of certain coneentrati ona of
sodium-methyldebenal and aristomi de, which did not suppress rust,
on more or less extended aroma in the infection zone of isolated
leaves, -very amen, scattered, pale golden yellow uradorsori.a In
addition to the normal dark brown pustules, which looked very
much like P. glumma. These uredoipori had lost all their
aggressiveness and have thus far refrained from further reproduc-
tion. Whether here a change is taking place in the race of rusts
0
induced, probably, by sulphonamides, is subject to further tests.
In vier. of the rust Inhibiting effect of .phonaa des with
respect to'the different types of rust, 'tk sere evidently emits ia
certain specificity, as indicated on table to tie had observed
such a diverse effect already in our earlier tostw and then
for d the opinion that these differences are conditioned by the
various reaction of the rust varletiest and not by those of the
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0
hoots. Such conclusion cannot be drawn from the tests finished
thus far, because they were not conducted with different types of
0
rusts on the sale variety of hoot. Since, in addition, the host
varieties used, especially oats, exhibited quite different degrees
of susceptibility to sulphonamides, the question in the given case
must be left openo
To gain the first insight as to whether differences in the,
effect of sulphonamides or suiphones are due to the blot s of
rate used up to noww or to the use of a host variety of the s
type, corresponding investigations were conducted, which, however,
require further study.
Testing of effective concentrations of preparations No, 1, 2,
13, 141, 15 and 19 for Michigan Amber 5-heat variety, inoculated
with another strain of P. tri, which also causes infection
of type IV in control plantsv led to a total suppression of
frorctifi cation in all cases concerned, which was in accord with
obaetiona made during the main crinte. There were, however,
deviations following the application of baludon. For the a Ling
deg of rust, 2550 mg. proved totally ineffective. Therefore, the
question of the effect of approved substances on different bloty s
of rusts requires further study.
ace
The results of a variota. erint with P. triticina
compiled on table 2. A different tem was used for the c pil,a?
Lion of these results, since the varieties tested included not
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only those of high sueas eptfbi1ityg but also varieties with resistant
types of Infection. Thin tis 9 besides the type of infection and
lsss for orroeis, necrosis and degree of fnWtificationnp the
table shows also the length of secondary leaves as an Impost
external s pto u of the effect of sulphonamides or =Lph se.
S1lphonu.case utilized were ladoge 1. (625 1O sq. am.) and sodium-
(l25 mg./100 see ci ) dieolved in water, and albucid
e
(50 m g./100 eqo : c ) divadlyad in N G030 The water soluble
was asUcted fro s phones at the rate of 250 mg./11,00 eq. ca. Of
each e r atal vaAaty at least 20 plants were tested in each
series.
The results of those varietal ex s entss are noteworthy in
MCUW respects. If we c ider, first. of all the affect of the
preparations on rust infection on the first five varieties which
exhibit high susceptibility to the bpiat us ada thee, on tho
whole1 the experiences gained earlier with Michigan Amber as the
main ax~nrlwntal variety are con i d0 Ueu, ally a total eu prea?
@ion of the spread of pustules is brought about. 0 ionally
chlorbaie occurs In the Infection zone (type 0 (7) to a limited
extent. The difference between a very scattered pustule spread
or develop nt of isolated- pustules (type IV m and IV ) and com-
plete immnity (i or O)9 observed after the application of 250 Egofl
are not sign- fica tg but In view of the consistent results,, they
inevitable
seer, to be certai n for all a ri ntal plants o According to this,
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ymna.
17
the extent of t s pprescton in these a useeptible vrietba
aught to depend, a 13 ite?' co tnta On the host vita used at
the t o
In the last thzw ietias listed an the tfablq,, have
faizr11. strong reoiit n an ut aed e t 1 tnt . ' Here,, th
tented o stings pa e d a auxpri ingly di me . affect. While
1.a ga1 hw o t o rlappsessem any f?oation of t .eap a odi a'
1 is In one wwa Pines 'p~ncan inoffeetivel, and a lbueid
quivwAly
inCM236 lit the Oaa3ceptiiility of t r mused by,ndan
in one a likelihood. frua 'ieation in reducadt but,, a-me to
?
t abseniig of noc do and atr gor iw tic ckmn oo,a the typo
of Infactim must to of t &a III. In y of the nn etion
? a u e pmr d to exist bat we too pto and t&o
of raaaistonoo the than a3 in clAo join ? ad crosio
the t a riaaistwt varieties am of pe> ti ar in auto
g ns they are m o loss oddoad or thoy dinp r Only
la do a l effoota ii fo Ala oolo1y tho p ontion of frog ti==
fioati n , wit out i nfro~ noinng the chloraa ig and eapoo ly, t no
neemaia in this Taariety.
A goo thOl oappoity of @ndrlt' .n.ee: in ralation to tooted
praparationa "ra no d Ubt ?: t important riot . diffe ne dm
m o p-Mct vm le ri u pro d to be es aia1y o ? ceptible
is
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TabIgM
gfcct of aovi1 Sulphonamides and o
sselphonc an Puccirli& tr3$icittc in different het vari?tics
(Fors c ntai det`? ?? 17ext
I~~q 33~~ a i Abncial 1udan
IV A I l ? i-o(;)J ?)8; ice(
1bV UhRoat I Tr. snag
?>t
s lffi a 3 am Ch1o o jae o Nagai
099 1 A(;)l 008 1 1 1 O.99
ODD ?(;)
No Ponta 11 spreads Isolated pn tu1ca, ? and m co apanding inta diitc staged
woction Type and G th Le aange *achat (Contioi -- 1)
F?oa~ ~tiosn 0
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yU-CUU6~ 452
?18
In isolated variat:Umsp t preparations best endured in the ai d
offecti, do ges an 1do and baluda which coincides with the
experiences gained earlier with Michigan fro
B. Resx1ts Obtained E&LA g Sus sign of Inoculated Plante In,
o uti SiUmew to be Toss -
0
Ewer a rlmnt striving to find a plausible encplnt n for
the sit reducing effect of rural vu phmwddes t be inituateds
first of a11g an to precondition that no ?seential clanp takes
place men the eausal agent enters the % of Infection. 7hora-la
nothing tic cteda if we furnish the plants organic substances
via the soil In which they pmbably are a bject to diverse w con
tralable de ppsition A TL7 or ? election pr?eeseeeo I, therefore,
in testing e'er =tar eo1 ble su ph des and baludon as to
their t raducin effect,
the process which he
already used succesaA .ly when we had to prom that Viral, salts
and other elm me were absorbed via the leaf surface (2s 3). In
aaco nae with the nthod described else ere, the inoculated
cereals, , how after . to sprouting of Wow ia, were s ded
for five asecutirie nights with the surface parts in solutions of
the enbetances to be testodo Henceforth they stood unprotected in
damp peat in the greenhouse without further treat nto Michigan
bera serving an experimntal variety, was inoculated with a
biota of P. trite which under 'norms condition causes the
highest degree (type IV) of Infection. The results of this
e ri nt are compiled an table 3
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yrsa@ fl 452
ci90
Table 2
noc tcd i?~~c a~?aa~ ~ ~~~ ~f c On-
ffi g? tioxA t s
19 ?o p an : UgM i~i~~ 195?0 ~ tion Of
sc ut: An wt i9? 195?? Comwntmtlm of ri
Mint a 5%M. (For fwlhar n
d e t i l s g See Taxto)
0
the ts@ d mdpbwwzM@@z, having
leaf surffficon also effected t o t a l sipprowLan of the spud of
pustules. Wev therefores may &= att they _ tWo d
aaii a n d h f e d to
the
ged also by. the roots via - the
i?avea? It :La wtaworuw t stiii capabis of atms
tbw am
,
t iehibitim own if they appiid awe 30 howe following
the ime on. Baffin failed, In test sing tMe method. This
rAy be so for vwlous m d At time. It is posolble that
the efo ntioood partIsIly prozent effect of paeow lo?iatima
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xrMUM. 452
' 20
is pa apu nderant, In whlg& can it no lamer in, capable of amrtlng
an i a e;? after the inoculation has been ac plished. At
another t1 w,, it hge to be emsidered whether the application of
baludon via the Boil dose not c awe a splitting off of ito effecm
tip ca ponenteD Bch dose not occur in aqueous e?lut ?
Laad?ge1 paced no second effects in thie e rlwnt: the
e rlwntal plants exhibited a rather better dava1opwnt than the
control o e The auspumian In sodium mthyldebaml produced as
even chi o ?tic p le (E ooi?r0 suspension In p binm a 1 am.
large necroeja on leaf tips. .udonj, aLvil@r to ladaga1e rather
furthered the deuel?p nt e1i&tly.
C. Ree ee oh Ccnearni the Importance of Bead Troatwnt With
Traub (ib), follow the treatment of the wed of F'hassola
with sulphonamide a?lationam observed in the plant
resulting fram them strong wrphological changes which am attribm
uted to pc1yploidy. Even t ouugha as it will have to be debuted
later on,, the rust inhibiting effect of euap a idee couuld9
P y, hardly be affected by the dividi an iee of the
cytoblasts, the aecertainont of such deep-eat demotions denndg
that the gvaetion bee d as to Whether P ing of the seed
in eUlphona dO eoluti a **ad not possibly effect a c e in
the rest eietance of the shoots.
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is
For the clarification of this gmstions Michigan Amber whaat
was r ?d"in solutions of ladogala vmqde q p .bin
and h and i 9 o ? cloak a ntil 18 ?a cock in tsmperat g) and
were i diately after placed for g d aUDn in Petri dishes on
filter pepar Moistened with tap water. The eogn trations of the
solutions consisted of: 5 s 2a5%o 1?25 and 0,,6%o.
I n 48 hours an grain. had g?r steed 100%, Wvolapwnt of
its and shots was edht kited by the stra r ladagal
onontration, but not by t e kr so f. a produced alto-
gather a little severer Inhibition of d l p ant- Presoaking in
sodiw t 1debenal and pr talbin deterred shoots and nests In
the fir t stages of develop at The greatest to ge WW Incurred
by tote- mots edam evente al]' died off when their base d to
a glassy ham, cued Pat her wer k :Concentration.
At the ixpiratim of at r 48 h a all plate ated with
laddgal, and pests prat itsd with the tm weakest c noe t
?f .haludon were stuck 5pikiertJ Ira the ground ardg after the expira-
tion of another 48 hours, they were Inoculated for P. trit m
The Infection An each ewe eie ar to that ? fow d in control
plat presoaked i water only. Thew preliminary treat net of
seed with a sulphonamide ors phon solution exerts no influence
sever on the degree of resat in the a beeq t shoots. However
0
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the de clop nt of the p is from the a i1 t el series with
1,,25%o and O 6%o of dal o hibited a def .t a Snea as cam-
pared with eomt plants.
The .e&noot o from other r x to sertea could zot be stuck
In the gramd b?asa a as stated mbomr their dvaioymnt asawd
e=pleto2 r the plaits pretreated with 205%o Wandom hap
fte' 14 der developed In Isolated are" brownish green perry
leaaaves$ a few t tens long but Very thicke while pvw% of the
roots wae mat a IbIted0 The Vpeamncav especially that of
t h e r o o t e r did not rovml polypboi
his ism
ouch as %lb had obe d In
IV. ftuftation Of the Ram
In the g Invaetigat nem In paaaartts a falAy sung zit
InhibitIng e f f o o t o f amral a9 ,ph. dd9ae Meat y
eat l d =WAP'tha ealeat od a tel eondit o But a
whole "rise o f gueati c o u l d not yet be clarified or not a i-
fled aae etj ly. I n e m r 1 S a , e r e r nts, sagD the t of
cola In which the w a nt , date were planted was of conoid?
e le n portmas for the degree of tort ibit o It in
entirely possible that this factor aa? exec a decisive inflwnee
on the proeeseee of the a t cee concernedo This at uept$on in
juotif ed by the ma It of a fairly , a ,noiwe experimental earias
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23
av unable at the tila a the a pt was being finished; in these
experiments the plants weie eri nea ly planted in a gam-plot
permeated with humus e=pwants Instead of in the gam toil oared
herstooforem Plante ta'aaated with as r etaanid and laa a l In dosages
designated by experience as opt$n1ly effective e)ibitad a ant
roduastion so sins ignifioe t or uneven -t act the experimuto which
w e e to so ec .proof of rubs taneea with an aantiaulphon de
effect, could not be a vated. Other open gueet a an the
ImparUnco of tt raat , of the age of e r nte3 plants,
and of the fInflumce of natural conditime of eravira nta The
inadequately oleri.filed dopedance of t i ibiitiiaa c on the bid.
types and host variett ran uead aat that time must also be tested
extenaivelyo And fi; y, iit is most important to n stIffats
how long and to t deg thO affect of Oulphonaaaaide an-rMt
and' on plant, davalo nt lntaa
Th references made 'to these li itetiona do not Omp the
Important finding t rat a nurser at as .pha .des randar, careaall
shots more or less i r as a to rust. Pa tna opti min n, misled,
by the great therapeutic euoaeea achieved with aaulpho raids
in hen aaadiciltnae mIght aiTact from them crew to future gal ne
for the . pa do of a aag alt ?a We had, harm aver,, pointed out
emphatically In our earlier reeearch that from obaeratiions ouch
as tbase, gained frame shoote under greenhcuae conditioner no
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Trans a 452
conclusions whatever mfr be drawn as to a possible practical
utilization of the i sizing substances. Just how justified i
reticent attitude was, van peed by the field experiments candubtod
by ie at the tip, a aic1 ended in a complete failure of the toiudl-
s tested at the greenhau@@
(6m r7)o
Yet, tr n another point of v1swq the results of the experim me
are of incased. interest? In ou ? fiet inTestigatione (Gaeener
and Raseeb uk 3) we were at a did van e, because could test
organic @aabetencee as to their rust inhibiting effect way ply
empiric .lyo The isolated successes which we had to record eluded
2
any causative consideration. In the An stigatiorne (5) which I
0
conducted later onp it at least was poeeibles on the basis of
ilable experiences, to select the euheteneee to be tested. But
even f the effective erabetences. fowid beret nothing could be
said concerning the me nniera of the ra?et inhibiting effect. only
me conclusion is mid for all the earlier as well as the present
investigations, to wits that the pr t i,
of the fructification
cannot be a aired px itivoly by t ge card to the host
plant. There is no relation between the extent of the ftwgaa
and the suppression of ram to
traib (13) tries to explain the rapt inhibiting effect of picric
acid simply by its acid nature. Such an explanation is so
obviously misleading that there is no we in taking a more closely
defined position in regard to it.
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If we, now again, were to bring up the question of how the
described rust suppression, achieved by mane of a number of
sulphc rt des, is to be explained, we new, in contrast to the
unsatisfactory situation in our earlier research,, could lean on
a wealth of material containing import knowledge as to the
far-reaching @oneietant interference of a lphonamidee in the sub-
atince utilisation ,lstoffhhauehalt7 of organs ? In canneoti n
with the d right revolutionary role which sulph dee
e
farsod in hams mdicine, the chemi
effect has been Investigated by numerous authors. The regulars-
ties revealed were surprising and they have had a fruitful
effect In the sphere of growth oubatanca research, Equipped
with the knowledge or experience gained heretofore in eulphonn
aside research,, it is not only poeeible to otudy ere closely
the question pertaining to the mechanism of the rot inhibiting
effect of several sulphonamides observed by ua buts beyond iee
there is hope that perha by this ani come insight will be
gated into the process of wtaboli in obligate parasites which
heratofcre has been l y hidden from uaQ
Todays there can no longer be any doubt thet, at llaat to a
c iderable entente the inhibiting effect which oulphonamidee
have on zarW mic rganiea is due to the displacement of the
0
atructur .y similar, vital p-a-- tobenaoic acids from which are
derived other important .-pieta Ze'emvunds
s ammg gees, the
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0
-26-
important folic acid 50'1@4urt 7 (ties Rudcl n 10).. According to
thies there exists a p nou aced an ganni n between sulphonamides
and p-amin?ben oic acid which was pproved in n oue investiga-
tions to be present also in higher objects. Since the finda-
nnen l features of vitamin and antivitmnin study exMit, an
extended consistency with ra of to plant organism (see Schopfer
and A r 11)v t esi a has to be amai,
red to whether
t the at inhibiting action of vasulphcne dee i-
feats itself through its obstruction of the p- ?benacic go $
in which case it would have tabs eupposed that p? obe
acid is a growth substance evacmU&I to the development of
urdini (redinee7a The first results of the experiwntaa
series Initiated for the Clarification of this question, at
least.. do not seen to contradict this asomption. Following the
ta tion of the inestigationem they will be digcussed in cony
notion with an exhaustive ev l atio n of the whole Intricate
.question In a future report. The question ariving fry considera-
tions of this sorry, as to whether p? obenaoic acid or Its.
de i tive@ of a hi ner plea cold, poeibly, be responsible
for the oblIgate p sit. m of the uredinnie which, p c ly Are
unqu ified for their "ntbesis, was also being
The objection rained to a genes evaluation of the eulphon-
idesa which -vs. tested in connection with the rwt problem,, on
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= 27
the grounds that by no mans all of them had produced it innhibitionD
although their chemotherapeutic capacity in hum n medicine had, like-
wise, excelled more or lave, is not valid, because, as regards its
(approval
(adrdesibility, it proceeds from dissimilar preconditions. Diff r nee.
in peability, dissolving ratio, root isolations, absorption
pr eeeees in the soil as well as in chalcedony, srrnd may other physical
as well as chemical =known factors here perform a role that, at
fist, is entirely Invisible.
V. risig the Results
1a A numher oo eulphona .des road sulphones used in human or
ter. ry edioirae were tested. as to their rant inhibiting effect
tions had no Influence over the fructification of a tsD several
others reduced ruat to a greater or Issuer extent.
20 In a highly susceptible whmt variety P. tritri infect
was totally euppreased by the fol substances abeo d through
the roots a (1) p -aminobennolsaalpho id ; (2) sea t'laulphsnila mid.;
(3) marbadal; (4) eaccharin;(5) 24pc bonsolsulpho doap aidine
on cerea under greenhouse conditions. While son
annd its mothylieed derivatives; (6) p-aminobcnsolaulpho lamide
N 'd-glucooide aulphcnic acid aodiumD as call as (7) k deiin?di?
ph?nnyloulphonebdiascetaldebydbioulphitepaodiumo The phytotoxic
aecondary effects produced by fairly large -dosages of the firat throe
0
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' 28
0
0
sulphonamides relatively big, those produced by saccharin
considerable. The on produced by the last the aubstamces are
slight. While the first six preparations unequivocally exert their
i 1uc ce fonowing their absorpt n through the roateg) In the
case of ' preparation No. 7 a e ?ndarg' affect of gaceous ieo1 Lions
is not excluded.
3 Total rat ?aapp .ion achieved also in a is
with Pa tritialm if the loaves were jaded for five nightm
following the imculat In ?f'55o uti one of p~-~oben ?lsu~.p
on dem 6-c phanil idoa2n4?df th :L d and p=er
bensolou3Lpb?no tlWl d-N4-d-gla side sulphanie acid ebdie
1? %is tested subst? ces exhibited preponderantly the saw
mast iting effect against another biota of P. triticins.
As regards effectiveness age t otter 'mss of rugt on other host
Varieties (P. s .Pe Corona
a P. d in it In for t ho
ronata
most part basically coneistentfl yet occasionally deviates more or
5 It Was proved. in a vriote1 a rient with P. triticin
that the extent of the it reducing effect of eeveral substances
cn be dified for s ties,
Japp"wd
6. Presoaking of seed in solutions of Let-ad suloides
did not produce arV change in the emount of ruet on sb&ots as Long
as no unbearable injury was caused.
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7 Under the i asp of a to or dovb1e iethybated
2~ ?1~aaX~3s~a f midi , a the leas of rye
erected with PO jMrsaa tyre appeared repeatedly sncnwin?ecti ue
bright yellow %doepo la e1 eide of the nor ml daft -bra
pastssm
Be The resultt& obtained
not yet permit to draw condluejone
to the feaeibilit of p cti Utilization of Maphonamidea(,
It is baftg indicated what imp ca they might mesas in a more
detailed study of the t problamo
Me Ref naeo
to t o ao, Cha rapt' of bacterial Infoations. An gew0
ChOMIS Lapplied chemiatrg7 18, 657, 19350
2? Ge@anarO G. and HHeaeb uk, X .,v an eaaceptib ,lit y
to met produced by s ne3nn of -inoculated leaves in. eolaati s
of mineral eelto and other a atnncee P t opatho Ztecchr.
Cpal h 52, 3239 1933?
30 Ges r, Gm D and Hw bra c, Kos Investigations of the
problw of cereal t control with chi eo P 'tpma
Ztechre 7 427 19360
o eta He, and AUigoa, J. L?, Toluene compounds to control
plant diseases P't opat . 299 fl8D 19390
5- H abrauk, K k t r investigations of cereal rust
control with chemicals. Phyttcpat . Zt9chrQ 11ffi l 1938
6, Hasaebraaak9 R,a Contributions to cheidoa c nttrol of mast
tivat d plants. Angewo Botano 20, 366, 193$0
7 I eeebr auk, K., Final in etigticns of feaathle field
utilization .of pctolaoleaalp n .de as effective Internal therapy
In cereal zit control, Phyt o tho Zt echr0 12, 5099 1900
~m Ling., Lo, Pact ora .affecting infection in a ffii t and
oazb eq ent development of the f ng a in the host. . Phytopat . 31,
61i, 1941.
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ram . 452
30 '
9. Poly ' aws, I. M0, A rated of control g .c to l
crop dom es. (Vorl. Mtag of mpg ) o BulL P1.
Prot. (USSR) It 929 1941. - Rat?t' Chi. Abstr#`o 3 r 2073- 19%2.
1O? R lph, Ws, Grswth a t aesffi and antigrowth Incas,
Baca, 1988.
. U. S ptare W0 H. and Ankart, W?t Effect of gulp s
Md Ont u ph@ dee an the gr=Q of Pig zvots in sta id
?riggnic ca .t o n atj (BaSSI) 5a 1.79 1919?
. 1L20 S pi?, Cm b I am of laus ae -tanaca o paa itic
d1mewsee t on kldwy-bow "9 t and white dlmma In wheats
R??. Pam. Vag. 96, 2M,, 19360
0
13? Stralbe W?, Effect of organic pgmd aprayia in the coaa?
tral. of T wt fwgi wadi?an. Z 1. Bakt. fjouma . of
teric:.? ,
ITV ILO30 739 19 ?
1o ` aabv R. P?, Ufact of ' l.phon 9.dd ad OU'A ? @Qlr c m
nda a nuclear midit In. pL nt Joi a Homd. 329 157, 1941.
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~ ~ ~ a lC'~-riFJ o ?vn3U
(In 4'u).l)
Bys
- R, Ado ga
Sysoev, Ao B
0 voamoshnoeti aochetaniia bioLogich-
eckcgo i 4ehimicheskogo motodov v boir?bca
c m editaliami ss L?Bkokhoaialatvonnykh
kaVtur"
(Feasibility of combining the biobcgfloal
and cahemical methods in cantroUBing pasts of
agtrieultuTaA crops ])
Vaas?ieusn, AI do 80Il0skckh?s,, leak Im'
Vo I, Lnino. Dek, Il8Q?)M41, Il955r
20 Ake
In Russian)
(SWmitted by the Section of Plant Protection
of the lf.l.inion Acadesr. of Agricultural Sciences,
Order of Lenin, for whom it is moed)
I4ealybugs a grope (Psicoccus citri Risso), citrus (Pseudococcus
gahani, Grecha) and seaside (Puoudococcue maritimus Ehr,) - are the most
dangerous pests of citrus and many other subtropical fruits technical and
ornamental crops, Cryptolanus (Cryp emus mono Mulso) ie 'used
enteneive]y for the biological control of these pestso This beetle-destroys
90-95% of mealy bugs anywhere on the surface of the infested plants and
during all phases of their development, Cryptolaemus, however, is fre-
quently destroyed by various poisons used in the control of pests and plant
diseases such as mites, scale insects, Oidium,' etco The chemical treatanez
of plants with sulfur, ISO (?), Bordeaux mixture, anabasine sulfate.,DDT,
etc,, coincides with the use of Cryptolaemus against.mealybugso Hence the
instances of its death by sulfur and MT dust*
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? xl(o ARdellas~l~
For the purpose of studying the feasibility of combining the use
of Cryptolaemus with chemical treatment of plants, the Sochi bane of the
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) con-
ducted during 1950-1952 field experiments at the village of Laaarevsk,
Region of the City of Sochi; Krasnodar Territoryr, and laboratory tests at
the insectary of VIZR in the village of Lasareveka
For laboratory tests watermelons and squash heavily infested with the
grape mealybu gv were employed. The method of reproducing mealybuga on
squash plants was developed by the Sochi Ruse of VIZR? All experiments
were repeated twice, Twenty beetles and twenty second stage (vto go
vozrasta 7 larvae were used for each experi ent . Cryptolaeraus was released
on the plants in gauze breeders (eadki=7at intervals of 1, 5, 3.5 and O
dcyo following their treatment with chemiealao Records were kept by tabu-
lating the living and dead individuals in each breeder at intervals of
10, 20, and 30 days. Control breeders were situated at a distance f
the experimental ones treated with chemicals. While the work was being
conducted the. temperature in the insectary fluctuated between 23 and 290 Ca
and outdoors bet a 22 and 350 C. The relative humidity varied between
60 ands. 75%0
As a result of dusting the plants with sulfur used in mitt a ontralg
under laboratory conditions considerable mortality of beetles, released in
the breeder one day following the treatment of the plants, was obseer ad
as early as on the 6th solar day (table 1)o On the larvae the effect of
sulfur became evident somewhat laterD
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4)
Trans o 453
Bys
R. AdeI
Number of
solar days
between
dusting and
release
1
Control
5
Control
15.
Control
.20
Control
Table l
Starvivai of Cryptolaemus On Plante dusted with sulfur
(Under laboratory conditions,, in percentages)
Number of solar days following release of
10
larvae] beetles
20 . [ 30
80 45
100 100
95 85
100 100
60 70
90 100
75 75
100 100
During the entire life span of Cryptolae us on the dusted plants, its
beetles and larvae scarcely ate any of the mealybugs, Cryptolasmus females
laid no eggs. Tin high. rate of mortality of the predator was observed
already after 10 days, On the 21st solar day, Cxyptolaemus was totally
destroyed without having produced any progeny o: Only in the experiment
conducted 37 days after dusting was there noted an insignificant number of
emerged larvae.. Sexual reproduction of Cryptoiaenaus did not exceed an
average of 1.4 individuals per females Besides, the young were inactive
and underdeveloped. In the control, however, a mass hatching of progeny
began 20 days after Cxyptolaesmus was released. Sulfur produced no effect
on the mealybugs.
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Trans,. 453
Bye
R, Adelman
It was established that in a closed room, dusting with sulfur has a
destructive effect on Cryptolaemus for an extended period. Thus, it is
expedient to release Cryptolaenus on plants dusted with sulfur in hothouses,
greenhouses, etc., only after the sulfur is completely decomposed and
removed from the plants and the soil by means of watering, soil aeration,
etc.
On open plantings 5antataiiak 7, sulfur affects Cryptolaenua considerably
lease This has been confined by special experiments.
In the summer of 1950 and 1951, Cryptolainus waa'released on citrus
plantings infested with the seaside mealybugs and likewise on grapes
infested with the grape mealybug, at intervals of 15 and 30 days following
the sulfur dusting of the plants. On citrus plants, 25 beetles were
released per tree, on grapes " 1 beetle and 2 larvae per shrub. Observa-
tions disclosed that beetles released on lawn trees 15 days. following the
dusting, leave these plants at once regardless of their high rate of
infestation with mealybugs.
If, however,. Cryptolaemus were released on the same lemon trees 30
days after their dusting with sulfur (June 29), the beetles remained on
the trees and began to lay eggs; larvae developed in lasge numbers. When
a count was taken on August 1, the lemon trees had been freed of mealybugs.
On the farm, "Malyi Akhun" (Sochi zone), larvae and beetles of Cryptolaemus
were released on July 16, 1951, onto the grape varieties Katalog, Chaus,?and
Shaslia dusted with sulfur one month prior to that date. By September 1st,
the grapes were freed of the infestation by mealybugs on the areas where
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Trane o 453
Bye
R. Adelmx
Cryptolemus had been released. Consequently, Cryptolaemus must not be
released on plants dusted with sulfur befote the expiration of 30 days
following the treatment 4
Influence of ISO spraj (0p5?B m n Cay s~olae=. Laboratory perimantaft
attempting to clarify how Cryptolaemua is inflaonced by ISO spray used in
mite control, disclosed that in releasing the predator onto plants one
solar day following their treatment with this preparation, the beetle
mortality hardy excel that on control plants (table 2), Only a short
delay (of 10' days) is observed in the appearance of the pr torsa larvaes
an compared with that on control 7. Similarly, the eurvival- of. , .
mealybuga is not influenced by ISO., The sexual reproduction of Cryptolne
released at different times onto treated plants shows hardly s noticeable
deviation tram that on control 0" iantv7 (table 3)
Table 2a
Survival of Captolaen released onto plants 21 hours
following their spraying with ISO (0&5?B)
Solar dom
following
release of
Cryptola?ntis
5
10
20
30
Survival of Gryptolaemuss (in %)
experiment
larva I beetles.
95
95
80
80
larva
95 100
95 100
95 . 90
85 1 90
Control
100,
100
100
90
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Trans. 453
By$
R Adelman
Table
Effectof ISO spray (0 0508) Mil the repMduotbn
of Cryptolaamus
Solar days Average nunber of 1aa a from l0 beetles
between spraying
and eaaas of.
Czyptolaaaas I PAPatitiou II Repetition
5
15
30
1495
w
529
392
510
470.
506
483
569,
491
146
Analogous results were obtained under natural conditions in July
of 1951 at the won village of MatsssU.
The experiments conducted show that during the summer Cryptolaemue
may be released onto plants sprayed with ISO (008) as early as l5. days
after the sprayingv In sheltered soil-(greenhouses, hothouses, etco)
dusting sulfur must of neewaity be replaced with ISO epreyinggo
The use of Cgyptolenus has shown that freeing a medium-size citrus
tree and a full-grown cultivated grape shrub of waybugs., by relying
beetles at the ratio of 25 per tree an 3 per grape shrub, requires a
period of 30-45 days. During the space of time indicat d the plants must
not be dusted with sulfur. or sprayed with ISO.
If the release of Cryptolaemus onto citrus were initiated during the
normal period, is eo9'during the period of the first generation of the
seaside and citrus meaalybugn (at and of May - beginning of June),, when
control measures against the silver mite are not yet being applied, then
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m7a
Bys
R. Adelzan
Cxyptolaemus is able to free the trees of mealybugs by the beginning of
July. To safeguard the crop against mite injuries, it is necessary, at
this time, to spray ISO or to dust with su1furo When Cxyptolaemus is
released against .the IX generation of the same mealybuge (at end of July) ,P
it is reconne d that ISD be sprayed during the first ten days of July
and that it be repeated at the beginning of September. On sectors of
grapes infested with mealybugs, sulfur dusting in permissible until aid.
June, in was Cryptolaenus is being applied. If necessary, the dusting
may be repeated at the end of August.
Influence of 1% Bordeaux mixture spray 2pon Cryptolagmuso Under
ir.rr, rrr..r rrrrr r ~rw.~rr
laboratory conditions, in releasing C:yptolaanua 2)4 hours after spraying
C with Bordeaux mixture, a slightly negative effect appeared on the fifth
day (table 4) At the end of the expei'imentp the difference in the
mortality rate between the experiment and control did not exceed 10-15%.
Table 4.
Survival of Cxpttolaamu$ released on plants 24 hours
follower the ajrag ing with 1% Bordeaux mixture
rr,s.a?~rrr~n ~r~ ~.^..~ ..~.~nrnw
Solar days
following
release of
Cryptolaaaun
5
10
20
30
100
100
80
60
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A gw as ~ 453
18
R. AMe s
?
The larvae and beetles of Cryptolaeanue did not abandon the areas
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, and they ate the i sa3ybugso Reproduction
and dove2opment of the beetles ran their normal course. Development of
the mealybugs also proceeded unchanged, since Bordeaux mixture does not
stay on the wax.?like surface of their bodiesa
The data on table 5 show that the offspi ing of Cryptolaemus released
the first day following the spraying with Bordeaux mixture was not quite
so numerous as that in control. The later the beetles were released following
the spraying, the more offspring did they yield. The same results ' were
obtained under field coaditiaonso Thus, for maple, we, on August 16, 1951s
in the City of Sochi, Wa`yed with Bordeaux mixture 6 mature Lenkaran
Acacia trees which housed a large amount of Cryptolaemua larvae and beetles
released earlier for the control of mealybugs. These trees were kept under
observation until September 26, 1951. During this period no dead Crypto-.
icemus larvae or beetles were found either on the trees or on the ground
beneath the Acaciase The. beetles developed normally and by mid-September
they cleared the Acacias of mealybuge. An analogous picture was observed
on the other trees subjected to Bordeaux mixture spray.
Thus, Bordeaux mixture spray has neither a fatal effect on Cryptolasnwe,
nor does It repel them. On the strength of this, it is peuiiiseible to
release Cryptolaemus onto plants sprayed with 2% Bordeaux mixture beginning
with the second day after the spraying,
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TmnQ. 455
Bys
R. Adebam
Table 5,
Influence of Boa~dsawc rCure the raoduot#on
of Grtalaezaus
Solar days alapsad
between ep tikliog
and. release of
Gr7ptolaemue
Average number of larvae frarm 10 beetles
I Repetition I II Repetition Cot trot
498
411
584
5
467
498
593
15
512
471
549
30
582
570
6018
0
tntlnone of mnabas~te upon Ci ptolaenuso in spraying
plants with an anabasine sulfate- solution (4e0 g. of 4% anabasine-sulfate
and 80 go of soap to 10 14 of Water) under laboratory cozxditioea, there
is observed a alight (not ovw 30%) Czyptolaenus larvae and beetle
mortality (table 6)
Table 6.
Surv~.ve1 of C to1aemus released onto ;ants one ? solar day foll
jLft in with anabasine-sulfates 40 . of gnabaeine-sulfate and
80 g. of soap to 10 1 of water)
Survival of Crypto1~ei nia an %)
Solar days
following
Cr rptolasaaazr Esporimopt Contv+ol
release
t
5 95
10 85
20. 80
30 80
Larvae Beetles Larvae Beetles
90
85
75
65
100
300
90
90
300
200
70
70
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Trans 453
Bys
R. Adolman
The development of Cryptolaemus continued
normally* If the release
of Cryptolasmus was begun on the fifth day following the spraying, their
reproduction Was not affected by anabasineisulfate (table 7)o Anabasineo
sulfate spraying was not reflected in the vigor of the mealybuga,
The same results were obtained in field experiments,. Thus, on July
26, 1951, in the City of Sochi 3 mature Leekoran Acacia trees infested
with seaside mealybugs were sprayed with anabaoine-sulfate, At the moment
the trees were being sprayed there was. on them a large amount of Cryptolaemns
larvae, On July 1)4, 1951, twenty-five Cryptolaamms beetles had been released
on each of these trees. In July and August 1951, Cryptolaanue was developing
normally on all Acacias, No dead Cryptolaemus larvae were found either on
the trees or under them. At the and of August the trees were cleared of
mealybugs, It was found simultaneously that spraying plants with anabasine
sulfate not only did not kill Cryptolaemua, but it did not even repel them.
The data obtained show that Cryptolaemus may be released onto plants
sprayed with the usual dosages of anabasine-sulfate, beginning with the
fifth day after the spraying.
Influence of 142% but us emulsion on copper vitriol 3ulPhate7~ upon
Cryptolaemusv Through observations of the after-affect produced on
Cryptolaemua by industrial treatment of plants with 2% butyrous emulsion,
it was established that the latter has no negative effect upon it,
After-effect of. plant fumigation with hydrog$n ids upon the
survival of Cryptolaem s, For the clarification of this question, in
September 11, 1951, squash, with a III and IV degree infestation of grape
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Trans. 453
By8
R. Adebn
0
mealybuga, were fumigated with hydrogen cyanided The fumigant, an ordinary
sodium cyanide, was used at the rate of 15 go per 1 cu. a, The fumigation
took place under a thick canvass at a temperature of 220 C, with a 45 minute
exposures After the fumigation the mealybuge were still ali o The next
day the fumigated squashes were placed in gauze breeders and left under
natural conditionso Cryptolaemus beetles were released into the breeders,
In 8 days larvae appeared and in a month . young beetles, The Cxyptolaemue
larvae in the breeders containing fumigated squashes de eloped in as large
numbers as those in control and within the acme space of tis-e. In the
first replicate, 412 Cryptolaemus larvae were obtained from 10 beetles, in
the second - 386, and in control ? 4014
Table 7.
Influence of anabasine?aulfate ggEM n the r roduction of
t~rptolaem~
Solar days
between spraying
and release I . I Repetition j 11 Repetition I Control
O
1
5
15
30
Average number of larvae from 10 beetles
461
481
506
538
427
46.5
511
560
520
537
541
544
If beetles were released onto plants in the open, on the second day
following the fumigation with hydrogen cyanides no deaths were observed
among theme
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Trans,, 453
SYS
R. Ads Oman
a. 12 n
C
If the fumigation is conducted indoors (greenhouses and hothouses),
it is permissible to release Cryptolaenus after the 2ydrogon cyanides
absorbed by the indoor surface of the room and the plants, is comg letel3r
ellmifated4 This requires spraying abu t3y, with water, the uallsp
ceiling, floor and the plants snbjeated to gas treatment, and a anbs~oquant
airing of the rooms for 5-6 hours. The following day Cryptolasmus m'V be
released in these zooeso
Influence of DDT and hsoamchlo c heocenc HT8G ? {)eksakhlortaik1o
dust upon Cr7ptolassus. For the experiment were used squashes infeited
with grape mealybugs dusted with. DDT and GKHTS4o In gauss breeders in the
insectaxya if released on the second day following the dusting with theme
chemicals ~ustatng, the Cryptolasmus beetles died within 5 hours and the
larvae within 22 Having been released 5, 15, and 30 days after the dusting,
Cryptolaamars was destroyed just as quickly as it was after sulfur dusting
(within 20 days). Cryptolaemus produced no progei . In the laboratorya
during too s riths of observations, Czyptolaemus beetles remained at a
distance from squashes dusted with 5%, QKRTSO. Dusting with GKHTSG destroys
20% of the grape mealybugs mainly in the lot and 2nd stages of .larvaeg during
the first 10 days following the dusting. Thus, of the 500 individuals
recorded, 191 grape nealybugs, including 168 larvae in lot and 2nd stages,
were destroyed, We lacked the opportunity to establish in the open the
after-effect of DDT and GKHTSG dusts upon Cryptolaenue. We suppose that
the after-effect of these dusts in the open will be less severe than in a
laboratoryo
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wranwa 453
!3r
R. Adelman
Influence of thin hoe 0. concentration VV= C tolasmuso
Thiophos produces good results in the control. of mea3ybugs, Cryptolammue,
in turn, destroys mealybugs in areas inaccessible to chemical treatment
(in fissures and vender the bark) and also on fruit-bearing crops. . Therefore,
.it is expedient to p lea thiophos, Cryptolaemus and agrotechnical
measures Mich will ensure a total elimination of the breeding places of
tt~esdybu $0
Our observations conducted in March of 1952 revealed that Cryptolasmus
may be released on plants 20 days following the spraying of these plants
with thiophos (0.1% solution). In our experiment the grape mealybugs
developed well on squashes if they were inoculated 15 days after the spraying.
Cryptolaeaus beetles released on these squashes 5 days after the inoculation
(March 16, 1952) produced as much progeny as those on control &1ant , and
in the crane space of time. On the average, by April 1, 1952, there were
319 thriving Cryptolaemxs larvae obtained from 10 beetles in the first
replication, in the second -,2809 in control - 296.
Everything outlined above justifies the assertion that, in mealybug
control, the use of Cryptolaemus can be combined with the basic measures
applied for the protection of subtropical crops against pests and diseases:
spraying with ISO (0.5?B), 2% butyrous emulsion, 3% Bordeaux mixture,
ordinary solution of anabanine'rulfate, and normal fumigation with cyanogas.
By observing the safe interval in.agrntechnics of subtropical crops, Crypto-
laenus may be applied even after the use of sulfur spray.
All-Union Scientific Research Institute Received at Editorial Office
of Plant Protection April 11., 1953
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(1)
Trans. 454
Byo
A, Ant4
'90vDtax'ao?k L 3r
Vliianle tompassatu i vla hnoeti
as pror&etunie Y,onicUl Phytophthora
inf eetane mt.
&Influence of ' eLVorature and > dty
on the Gezino.tion of the Conidia of
Phytophthorm infers tv n-w5Do
anhchita Phut $i 12E pp. 79-96, 1937
421 P 942
(1aa aaei9za)
INFLUENCE OF IPE1 TU! AND iiUMIDITf ON G t TION
--^--- OF FHY'WPHZi?~ t INF~S GO:fDr.A
C
. Since the tip of the lnitieA. study of Ph r h ertts
Bury (1861.), the influence of t er.mr tux a and air humidity on
germination of conidia was recorded (Jenks 8 Giddings and Lubmia,
1912; Meihus, 1915; why, 1.922 and of o e)4
'Mere are few data in regard to the influence of air hu aicafty;
they are based costly on observations. tixperi enta1 data on the
influence of temperature are known more or less in generml,l
In order to develop the pwognoeie indicators of develop nt of
Phyto Ithom infestans, the pur~pove of this work was to study the
peculiarities of spore germination and to establish cardinal points
of temperature and humidity.
Methods. We kept the cul.tuke of Ph to ahthora infesgta ao, isolated
from eawes, for, a year on freel po W ices the
t xperl me were conduc 6d with a 7-day culture. Conidia from -%a
potato slices were tranafo d with a platinum needle to a hanging
drop in a moist chamber (depression slide). Water from the tap was
taken, but it was heated up to required temperature before the experi"
want,
lAfter the completion of this work,, a vol noun work by Crossier
(1934) appeared in the press, in which,, with sufficient tullnees,
is presented the problem of the influence of teorologicaal factors
on germination of spores Phytophtho-ra infeo
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0
By8
A. Annt ,k
Trans. 454
prints on spore germination under different temperatures
were conducted in Kiuster? s rm1ti-Ancubstore,* for continuous obser4'
vatione Lit z a s apparatus ?aNuttle" pawed eent ly eonvenie t, it
is an electric =ter-bath incubator with a glace front wal ko Inside
the "Nuttl& is placed a microscope, the upper part of its tube
emerging. Such an apparatus enables coaitinuoue observation of. the
spores under as microscope at any set tempor?ature In experinnt an
the influence of air humidity the spores were kept in deesicaatora
with various concentrations of sulfuric acid. Calculations were made
according to the Regnault3 scale,, The following variants of relativo
air humidity were tested: 100, 83, 62, 48, 34 and 21%.
Sit i r to the procedure during the e n nts on the halt nce
of tempestara, conieida were transferred to cover glasses, not in a
water drop but on dry surface. Then these cover glasses ware p1nced,
on species suppo inside the dessicaator?s., drops of water were
deposited on the conidia and the glasses which were ermined under
the microscope were placed on depression slides,, after which the
moist chambers were placed in the > ti-incubator at an 180 tempera-
ture a
All the tests continued for 48 hours, because preliminary
experiments showed that ifs during 48 ho?, the spores did, not
germinate, further change do not take place, besides, bacteria
develop later an which upset obsea tionse The gornatian per-
centage was calculated on the basis of to microscopic examination
of not less than a hundred spores, but usually their nu r? was
considerably higher. Characteristic stages were drawn with the help
of Leitz ? s d awing ocular f ewr?aa Lucida?f o
1 m Influences of temperature on the usher of tie.
go studied., In our expert ntes temperatures from 0 to 350 C.
in 1-20 intervals. Drawings of peculiarities in spore gear Lion
observed under conditions of various temperatures are given in
fig. 1.
2We went to use this opportunity to express our, thanks to the director
of the National roan tgenologicelcraadiologica1 and cancer ienstitute,
Prof. Nenaanov, for the pax fission to use this aapparatuso
3L dolfc ornstei i t a t i o i of D lust is observed more frequently d1e its culture is
introduced in plants one=two dgyi after their inocalatioU-vdth_ rust.
Second jams: on the plant leaves, appear. yillov spots. Fr iting
.of,rust takes place in way of single pustules. Fruiting of the para-
site - in way of individual pycnidle and in yellowed sections- pycnidia
in dons* groups.. This type of manifestations is observed more frequently
when the culture of the parasite is introduced into plants ona.two days
before the appearance of rust.
Third type2 the plant loaves lose the normal color, they have the
appearance of a complete necrosis and become yellow, pustules of rust
are single and in groups. Pjrcnidia of the parasite cover densely either
the entire surface of the leaf blade or its greater part. 't'his type of
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 ~J.n KULL)
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T utik
manifestation is observed usually when the culture of the parasite is
introduced. into the plant after the appearance of. rust pustules..
In caseS.when the. culture of the parasite is introduced into?the ~'.
plants one-two and more days before their inoculation with rust, the
manifestation of the parasite corresponds to the first type.
And in oases when the culture of the parasite is introduced into
plants after the rust appears in various degrees and sporulates, we
have two additional types of parasite manifestation. First types, the
plant leaves lose the normal coloring and have the appearar of.a solid
necrosis s4 d single yel.l.owid sections dry out. Single pustules free' of
the parasite are fount. The basic mass of pustules is overcro'Wded with
pycnidia of?.tho parasite. Second types the plant leaves become yellow
and dry out. The leaf blade is covered solidly with rust pustules which
in turn are filled almost entirely with pycnidia of the parasite. ?as-
tute: free from the parasite are found either singly'or in tsmall?groups.
The state of plants at all the deaeribed manifestations of both
fungi was compared with the state of control plants which were moon-
.ated'only with rust. As a result of such a comparison it became '
.clear that the yellowing and drying out of the leaf blade of the plants
.on which both fungi, develop, as a rule, takes placesearl.ier than on,
control plants (in all the described types, except the first). In
? other words, the fight between two fungi, which takes place in the
plant itself, has a more serious negative effect on the latter in're-
gard-to the speed in drying out of the leaf blade thain when it takes
place in the presence oft he basic parasite - rust, It is true that
such occurrence is observed only in cases when the parasite of the
rust, due to various causes, was not able to suppress it in the early
stage of developmzent, i.e. at the beginning of the incubation period.
More serious suppression of the plant in the process of the fight
on it of two fungi than in the presence of only one basic parasite -
the rust, can be explained as follows. It is known that the rust as
well as its parasite D. a~M form a mycelium inside the tissue of the
plant leaf. Fruiting of one as well as the other fungus takes place
on the.surface of the leaf blade. It is quite understandable that if
the rust succeeds in forming a rigorous mycelium and even fruiting, then
by this same fact the parasite to provided with unlimited nutrition
and therefore with the possibility of forming, in Its turn, a vigorous
nycelium and abundant sporulation. In this case the destruction of the
plant's assimilating apparatus will take a more intensive course and will
lead to a more rapid drying out of leaf blade.
We observe an entirely different phenomenon in cases when the para-
site succeeds in destroying the rust urcelium at the beginning of its
development. Here the fight of the two fungi is on a very. limited scale,
a
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(10) Trans. 460
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Bys
A. antic
the state of the z -et?
By enrol g the rust zyftUum the parasite thus deprives itself of
nutrient m a and aced ngly it succeeds in forming onl$r a A urwignif i-
cant ai oimt of p 3a rtngly -scattered on the suirtac a of the leaf blade.
In .this a the leaf ?d a: not rienoe -oat&oeable deprsssian i
develops,quite norms ag!~,
From all this we lint ice the fo31owiM conclusion. Vise of pare.-
site for Contro3' of rust can- be rectified ur'Awr the cr fion of the
laatter'e ?iuppreasion a 1th! .be iu g of its 4evelopment, which c oincrldba
with the f3 at .staged . at' plenta'j
growing. on of rust during this
period of a U44 (?gelati~Yel3r pore rani d, the than in ,tie Case o off?otinn
by rust elo~ae) of zfi tit uppe ring young leaves and -thus prassirvd tw n''ot ? .
healthy leaves ?of subasqueht torrwitions 3a rubes eTat stage of plant
growing - ?mo*e than oc atb t*r the ` n shire '.ttict of ox-.
etbod$ of Ilmw a i 1
Since owr rUqPm is an eobll at,R parasite, it 3s t derotandable
that in artificial nntrie6ttt ,it sd3usts itself considerably his
ftwi or bacteria, Tbqwore
than ' ood&mtil same
prostration of to go-orgsgi we n in the, eli t
Q goto UPPW .
i epeoi!'icar doadtd .eat . on methods . of resoviag of the
culture ieo-der it po tt3 a to ' eirteblieh tb~rit U sbast initial media X&
the ~ bbsegiterxt ri ; grains of oats: Fiat' tranefa:'rring ,tile
a teiet:~t ~tq a"t st fttbe'or.'flask or Other pontsiner'it is teat
+iaeit . to. ui .i ghtly ' ip~in forceps. ? a: ?
V* o"Viad out the bawl risinly into tt*S ski ("lta 3 asks).
/ ,,~. -' an p9rF, 1.~ y~fi~n ibo ; IW6 Val rro a ,) eud' t 'very convenient
~ y
fa pass . 0 . ~y.ttof o j s maA Vr lent
ma"iti eppi*red,.. "1'. i . result of tests, `ho be too ~pasti _ saitabl a for
a atatarlntio~tt" of fungus Giltnrea boas Of ' potato,
gr of, e*ts? ead? darn.
aft ~~ . and xa~l~d eX'~I,, 11 1=3: sure Dove mara- ? tam vatls< and plaaad
eaarked
aft
in a uk !tO 'about a 1/3 of its. voime. Then iesk+r
and they u ergo ataftlisat ca in en autoclavr0 40 aft, *14w a ley
corn 4oPi- ai ntr . ;/4 of the
a#a+ouiph? rt mares of vats'-and
flask .n4 : to It about tvo us of eater a added. ?. stem
l i s a t i o a ' is 0 a r r i e d g o t in e n . u t o 6 u i e f o r UVW, . lath. PAW IM AM &
and then oai hour under a 1.5 at oa0ari,e preir ? ' -
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(Inru11),
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A. Antik
it As better to, carry out sowing into freshly prepared madia
cooled to row temperature. After sowing it is necessary to, shots the
flask well"Jn order to have fruit-bearing started s ltanso min, the
entire nutrient media. Afiter ? the sowing, depending on how .soon abundant-
fruiting ,bas to be obtained,, the flasks are kept at a corresponding tam-
peratura. At a18- o t nature aboutll - 2 months are reqred for
a mass foxarattion off t'being. In f1aek ;tines ' can ds ;op
succeestu lq .w without losing . its - virulence during 8 10 lmonthss This
makes it ppossi'b1 a to start' preparing . the culture a zesd of time.
In a case when it is fl ?ssory to transport the culture eorawahiere,
it cs be. don. the following anners the culture is ejde -aated fror,
the flanks together with: the nutrient media- and dri to: of s3 =dry .
condition at n o r roan' terrpera~ture or at a 24 .2 but not hfgher)
. Jul
taMnperaturs LC. f, 3.4 denies are siseded for it if the culture is spread
in a thin leyera After such drying the culture, can be easily trans-
ported in a non-breakable container.
Conetlusions.
a
1. A cumber' of inexpena e' nittriant asedii are selected (slices of
carrot end` potato,grains of oats and cord etc.) In which the ? rust
parasite Dariuc& i1.ua' develops suooesefully.
2. SlIple and widel~ aacesaible methods of aass accumulation of the
culture - of the D f ;M fungus in nutrient media are developed.
3. Under condistions of a cuss experimeo At has beep d.on-
atreted, that the D. : ti.1 ' fu ' grown In ratrIent aedie retains its
virulencer and is c ble hang up to 98,' - rust pustules (rem
lass-of the da$ openent degree) at a belated ztj%;&a on a plant
and suppresses the- rust almost'. {etely duri-rag the goalivm stags,
when the cultake of the rust parasite is introduced in.. Up* pp plants
inoculates with rust. ,,
Ail-Union. salentilia-research
institute fordplant s protection
Received ?3s VIII 1951
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ssderovo It.
S obnoe opy)ivanio
Thiopobatz i .
[Night Aasting of Co'n7 a
lays
An ante
ga ho : prot&vodetvo M(O)M, June 1980?
28t08'
( i, Rueai n)
. P'er' pants pf :ag ltural Plants reproduce, very asap .dl7'And pro-
&C6 several . erati,ons daring the vmer. , As~ e: -rule their control
has to be ? carried out'ia a short time in' all t ie?arQa affeot+ , -Axid
at the saa tuna It-'should be considered that'` the off cti sa of
read ant of Al=t&-with & 4e , gpreparati o f depends `they ' bours
of the day at: rww [eh It takes p o:? ? At noon,,. Wh64t tife.-air -.huanidit r is
lower and the-'w d- stronger, the, effeet. i3 f ,poison .dusts is considerably..'.
weak; than in the morning,, T'hereforo; it ,ia u r roc ended. that.=
dosti ng of plants be, conducted ally in the morning and the a 0 g4 . ,ire*.
such a limited, U16 'thib- kolkhosea were not. able to treat the fields"
sad to duet tt rough;. t . en 4ia
In, order o 'use %ba~o f ly the ' ahemi prepara'tri and the
egatpaent of the ko33zho%)'8, and tan'nomplete. the treatment of -th4 plant_
4hp in shortest tleaar tho station ,o ' plant protection : of.the.-All 4Jnion
selentifi ,pesear - in+ctitute of cotton ? industry,.. carried' out' 4 rt
tents Mast year, 'with' dusting 'dottbn at night'.:; 'These eipor n Were
wary s c seas a . At might the .pant ieMs 'covarred with' do ? the ; .
alto lhumidtt r mar 0cD the wind usually dies;do Alin this creates.
the Pies : oondi .r~zr i+s+...i'!F' ' wi K~ ~. 3}ti ~ ii 1 . 4
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(3) Trans. 463
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
out these measures and in some parts of the Azerbaidzhan, Crimea and
Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus, the root-knot nema3939/, des reproduced
intensely. According to Selivonchik's data. (1838) the vegetable
yield on the Apsheron peninsula is partly destroyed by root-knot
nematode. Radical measures; are required for their complete extermina-
tion or, at any rate for a decrease in contamination to a degree where
growing of vegetable - Cuuurbitae and other crops, susceptible to
nematode infection, should be possible. The opinion existing in the
literature, that root-knot nematode does no harm under conditions of
temperate climate, in particular in the central belt of the USSR -
is not correct. In 1944, the author observed in the Moscow oblast' a
complete destruction of carrot yield in a focus of root-knot nematode
in a garden near a farm house, during the third year of cultivation
of garden plants: with potatoes in 1942 and 1943, and with carrots in
1944. The carrots were affected so severely by the root-knot nematode that
the yield was not suitable for use (Sveshinikova, 1949).
Among chemical control measures tested in the USSR by A. A. Ustinov
(1934) effective were: carbon bisulfide at a dose of 500g. per lm2'
and chleropierin at a dose of 100-150g. per 1m2. The carbon bisulfide
in the indicated dose resulted, under conditions of Sukhumi, in 100%
destruction of the root-knot nematodes in plots: however, this prepara-
tion.is poisonous, explosive *,nd therefore not convenient for extensive
use. Chloropicrin in indicated doses is effective, however, a 100%
destruction of root-knot nematode, under conditions of severe soil con-
tamination in Sukhumi, was not obtained, therefore, its dose per lm2'
has to be increased. Besides that, application of highly poisonous
fluid chemicals requires use of injecters, work with them is dangerous
and has to be conducted by specifically trained people in gas maska and
protective suits and due to all that the process becomes too cumber-
some and expensive.
Therefore, the author conducted in 1945-1949 a test for the control
of root-knot, wheat and potato nematodes with powdered preparations
suggested by the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Insecto-
fungicides imeni la. V. Samoilov. Tested were the following deriv-
atives of dimethyl-dithiocarbamic acid in dust form and manufactured on
the basis of: methyl ester of dimethyl - dithiocarbamic acid (10% dust,
patented preparation "cystogon", similar dust of Soviet manufacture with
another filler (of "cysto o " type), 20% dust on the basis of the same "
toxic element ("forbiat" 2, 20% dusts of ethyl (no. 23), butyl'(no. 35),
isoamyl (no. 34) and propyl (no. 33) of dimethyl - dithiocarbamic acid:
esters of diethyl - dithiocarbamic aeid:ethyl (no. 31), butyl (no. 30)
and propyl (no. 32) also manufactured as 20% dusts. The rest of the
preparations which did not show a sufficiently nematoaocidal action are
not mentioned here since they are indicated in the collated table 4.
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(4) (Inf7ftll)
Hp:
A. Antik
Methods of application were as follows: in the spring the prepara-
tions were scattered by hand in a 1:3 ratio mixture with dry sand or
road dust, into adequately friable soil which was replowed or redug and
after that the preparation was thoroughly plowed under at a 20-25cm
depth. Part of the preparations, due to their small amounts, were tested
in flower pots. In the latter case the chemicals were introduced into
the soil before filling the containers, with*ut adding sand and they
were mixed evenly with the entire volume of soil? During the work in
the open air gas masks were not used. Rubber gloves or canvas mittems
were used in mixing the preparations. with sand and in scattering theme
No other special safety measures are required. Contact of the prepara-
tion with mucous membrane of eyes, mouth and nose should be avoided.
Therefore, smoking and eating during the work was prohibited. After the
work, face, hands and feet (if work was done barefootee) were washed
with water.
In 1946, the author conducted tests with "cystogon" against
root-knot nematode under conditions of natural foci of the parasite in
open ground in the Moscow oblast' in an individuallyoowned garden
(Sveshnikova, 1949). Well prepared sandy soil was dug up with a shovel
to a 25cm depth and then broken up with a rake. The introduction of the
preparation took place on May 8, at a 140 C., air temperature and a 80 C.
soil temperature at a 20cm depth. The soil humidity constituted 17.22%
when recalculated in absolutely dry soil. "Cystogon" was taken at a
ratio of 185g. per lm2; It was introduced in a mixture with dry sand
for a more uniform distribution in the soil, it was scattered by hand
through a soil sieve. After the introduction of the preparation the
soil was again dug with a shovel and stirred with a rake. The soil in
the control area was cultivated in the same manner. In large areas
it is recommended to introduce the preparation into the soil with a
drill for fertilizers and to finish up with a horse-drawn rake. Seven
days later, i.e. on Maj 15, carrots of the Danvers variety, with a few
white carrots added were sown in the experimental beds. On May 30,
normal carrot shoots (line) were observed in the treated as well as in
the control area which did not differ in density or size. Further
growing was normal. Caretaking - stirring up of the ground and weeding -
was done by the owner of the garden. On September 9, the experiment
was terminated. Examination of 124 carrot roots from the treated plot
disclosed on the thin roots of 26 of the single galls discernable only
with binocular glasses [magnifying glas (21.4%). The remaining roots
were absolutely free from infection (fig.3.1). The roots free from in-
fection as well as the affected ones from the treated plot were of quite
normal size and shape and suitable for food, while in 1945, the owner
of the garden discarded the yield of this bed because the disease in-
cidence was too great. From the control bed were taken 180 roots. AU
(100%) of the plants were entirely deformed by root-In:ot nematodes as was
the case in the preceding year (fig. 1)
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t ) -irans. 463
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
(P. 465)
Fig. 1 - Caption. Left - carrot from the plot
treated with "Cystogon" Z/ in the dose of 185g,
per lm2: right - carrot from the control plot
affected with gall nematode.
.The second part of the experiment was conducted in heavy clay soil
in another area of concentration of root-knot nematedes in the Moscow
oblast' The soil was not "mature" i.e. it did not crumble, but was
compacted (humidity 19.65%) and it was not possible to break it up
finely. "Cystogon" was introduced by similar methods in a dose of
200g. per 1m2, with consideration of the stickiness of the soil. The
Danvers variety carrots were sowndirectly after soil treatment in
order to'find out about the effect of the poison on sprouting. Germ-
ination was normal - on the 15th day young growth of uniform density
was observed in the treated as well as the control area. Here the
results were less successful: of the 94 plants taken from the treated
plot, 29, i.e. 30.7%, were affected. The-degree of,fection was from 1-5 gal
1-5 galls per plant. From the control area 60 plants were taken, of
which 42, i.e. 70%, were affected. Degree of Tection - from 1 to 100
galls per plant. The results of the test were undoubtedly influenced
by the soil structure.
On the basis of the preliminary experiment with the "Cystogon"
against root-knot nematode carried out in 1946 (Sveshnikova, 1949), the
author decided to try out in 1948 another preparation - "forbiat" ZT/-
for decontamination of soil from the root-knot nematode under conditions
of intensive contamination which exists on the Apsheron peninsula.
Prior to the author's tests, "forbiat" was applied as an insecticide, but
no one tried it as a nematocide. The experiment was conducted in Baku
with the cooperation of the director of the Azerbaidzhan Quarantine
Laboratory, S. L. Popov and the entomelegist L. I. Shapieva. Soil treat-
ment was carried out on two farms with different soils: in the village
Shuveliany in sandy soil and in the Armenikendskii nursery of the Baku-
soviet - in clayey loam soil. Methods of poison introduction were
similar to those for "Cystogon": digging as deep as possible,
loosening of the ground and thorough mixing of the chemical with the
soil. The "forbiat" was tested in doses of 70, 85, 100 and 110 g. per
lm2. The experiment was conducted during the second decade of May in
three plots 5m2 in size. A week after the treatment cucumber seeds of
the Chinese variety were introduced.
During the growing period the control plots showed very great
sparsity: in treated plots there were almost no bare spots, the plots
were covered with strong vines and produced a yield shown in table 1.
In the second part of August, the plants were dug out and records were
taken of n `Pection of their roots with roo~knot nematode. Almost all
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Trans. 463
(In full)
By.*
A. Antik
the plants were affected with it, but to various degrees (fig. 2).
While in control plants the roots were absolutely deformed as a result
of parasitizing by the roo'.knot nematode, in plants from treated
plots there were considerable less galls and the higher the dose of
poison the fewer galls (fig. 2). 1!hen the dosage was 100 and 110g.
per lm, the galls appeared singly and were most frequently distributed
at a depth,Sof less than 20cm. Numerical data of recorded state of
roots are presented in table 1.
Table 1 (p. 466)
Effect of soil treatment with "forbiat" against gall nematode.
Dose of "forbiat" per lm2
(in g.)
Control without treatment
I nn
(At the end of
the experi-
ment all the
plants were
destroyed)
/7n
100. . . . . . :~ 38.5
110. . . . . 36.1
IV. . . .I (U.7
85. . . . . 50.1
t
> ~
'
64.4(1)
13.3
5
88.1
23.1
8.7
67.1
29.8
9.1
54
30.3
The tested doses of "forbiat" did not entirely destroy the root-knot
nematodes in the soil, but they gave the plants the possibility of grow-
ing normally.
In order to develop a 100% effectiveness of "forbiat" an experiment
was conducted in flower pots with a clayey loam soil artifically inocu-
lated to a high degree with root-knot nematodes. The soil was
thoroughly mixed with "forbiat" in the ratio of 150, 250 and 350g. per
lm2 for each three pots.
1 Hing percentage of infection is caused by defects in the agro-
technique
Shuveliany
average % of
root infection
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lrallS. X63
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
Radishes were taken as test'-plants. Two weeks after the planting, de-
pression of plants in control (untreated) pots became noticeable -nd
toward the middle of the second month of growing, a picture of better
plant condition in treated pots as compared with the control ones was
apparent.
The result of egamination of plant roots are in table 2.
Table 2(n. 467)
Results of soil treatment with "forbiat" against gall nematode
(flower pots) -
Dose per LM2 (in g.)
Total number
of plants
Number of
affected
plants
~U
,t of
1
infection
Control (without treat-
ment)
25
25
100
150 . . . . . .
25
2(1)
8
250......
25
1(1)
4
350......
25
0
0
Thus it was established that the effectiveness of the preparation
depends on the degree of soil contamination and on the dose, and,
mainly, on the thoroughness in mixing the preparation with the soil.
(P. 467) .
Fig. 2 - Caption. Roots of cucumbers from plots
tre-ted with "forbiat". From left to right:
control, "forbiat" in doses: 70, 85, 100 and
110g. per 1m2.
C
On the basis of our works which demonstrated high nematocidal
properties of preparations of dithiocarbamic acid, in 1949, a test was
conducted with a wider assortment against potato nematode which possesses
a higher resistance against unfavorable condition's of the envirement.
According to data in the literature, its cysts can remain viable in
the soil up to 10 years. Up to recent years the potato nematode was
not known in the USSR, therefore, prior to our research, - none was
conducted. The experiments were conducted on the Base of the Lithuanian
Quarantine Inspection with the cooperation of the agronomist E. S.
Mikhnova.
1) Intensiveness of invasion - 1 gall per entire plant.
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C
The following preparations were tested under field conditions:
io% dust of the "Cystegon" type (methyl ester) in doses of 200 and
300g. per lm2, 20% dust of the "forbiat" type in doses of 168g. per
1m2 and ethyl ester (preparations no. 23) in doses of 100 and 185g.
per 1m2. Soil contamination reached up to 2500 cysts of nematodes
per kg. of soil. Preparation of the "Cystogon"type was tested in
plots of 100m2, preparation no. 23 and "forbiat" - in 15m2 plots, de-
pending on the amount of chemicals. It was possible to establish
during the process of potato development that the plants' germination
did not suffer from the effects of the preparations being tested, with
the exception of a 300g. dose per lm2 of prep-ration of the "Cystogon"
type which somewhat inhibited germination, though within the potate
norm. The effect of decontamination of soil with preparations was
clearly expressed in the exterior aspect of the leaves, which looked
quite normal in treated plots (fig. 3, 4, 5 and 6). The yield of
plants in treated plots was 4-10 times heavier than in the control
plots. It should be pointed out that these data pertain to the 15th of
August, when the yield did not yet correspond to the norm and besides
that we intentionally omitted manuring, in order to demonstrate more
clearly the influence of plant decontamination from potato nematodes.
The results of t e,treatment,are shown in table 3.
e background - soil treated
in the dosage of 100g. per 1m2.
Table 'i (P. 469)
naturally contaminated with
Results of soil treatment with esters of dithiocarbamic acid for
control of potato nematodes.
Name of
Dose
per lm2
Average
height of
Average
weight
Average %
of large
F f
cted
Number
f cysts
preparation
(in g.)
bushes
of tubers
tubers
ots
on a
(in cm.)
per bush
(in g.)
bush
Ethyl ester
(no. 23)
20% dust.
100
26
79
57
52
Single
Same. . . .
185
32
108
59
36
It
Methyl ester
20% dust -
"forbiat". .
168
51
4
Methyl ester
10'14- dust. .
200
27
110
70
40
Same. . . .
300
39
113
60
36
Control . .
rithout
l+
11.5
18
100
Up to 15
per lcm.
treat-
of root
ment
a
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(9) Trans. 4.63
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
(p. 469)
Fig. 4 - Caution. Plots treed with "Cystogon"
in dosage of 200-300g, per .
Damage to plants following treatment with "forbiat" decreased 96%,
following treatment with preparation no. 23 in a 100g. dose - 4.6% and
no. 23 in a 185g. dose - 64%. as compared with the control, where 100%%
of potato bushes were affected to a high degree. The exterior aspect
of the plants and the yield are presented in fig. 6.
The remaining 12 esters of dithiocarbamic acid (see table 4)
were obtained in amounts not exceeding 100g. therefore tests of them
were carried out in flower pots (three times) and the natural contamin-
ation of soil was 1200-1700 cysts per 1 kg. The soil was treated with
dust in the ratio of 150g. per lm2. Two days after treatment potato
tubers of the "Volttman" variety, about 100g, in weight which were
taken from a farm free from potato nematodes were planted in all the
containers and were placed on racks in a green-house with a roof of wire
screen, i.e. under climatic conditions of open ground in Vilnus, and
they were held there until the moment of record-taking of the experi-
ment. Potato shoots were noticed on the 14-24th day, i.e. within the
norm for this crop, though in the control containers shoots were
observed on the 11-13th day. Further on a certain difference in de-
velopment was observed; in pots with soil treated with chemicals,
the growth of bushes was more powerful and on July 18, budding started:
in the control containers the plants were weaker, shorter, they did
not blossom and towards the middle of July began wilting and dropping
"cClover leaves. It is seen from table 4, that preparations no. 25-29
had no decontaminating effect: there were cysts of potato nematode -
1 - 10 per lcm. of root, i.e. up to a degree of affection observed in
the control, in the soil there were,.-besides the brown, also white cysts
of the 1949 generation.
(P.470)
Fig. 5 - Caution. Plot treated with "forbiat" in
dosage of-160g. per Inrl.
Esters of carbamic acid no. 30, 32, 34, 35 and 23 have an undoubted-
ly nematodocidal effect: they freed the roots completely from cysts.
Therefore, the potato Heterodera did not develop in these containers
during the growing period. Absent from the soil also were light-colored
cysts of the 1949 generation. At the same time it should be pointed out,
that the soil in these five containers retained a strong oder'%f the
preparations until the very moment of record-taking of the experiment.
O
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Trans. 40
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
Table 4 (P. 1.j71)
Results of treatment of soil inoculated with potato nematode, with
preparations of dithiecarbamic acid (in flower pots).
5
6
7 1
13
(1) Single cysts per
entire bush.
043 0
CH 00
0
Number
of cysts in the soil
in 50g.
Remarks
in lkg.
a) 0) 1
C E 4)+i Cd $4 4>4
0 coo 14 (9 Cd
29i P" 20
eQ p 4 4 cd +)
00 o ti -ri 4)
A A, wti 0
25 Carbisoamyldimethyl of 1-3
dithiocarbamate . . .
26 Carbethoxydimethyl of 1-h
dithiocarbamate . . .
27 Carbpropyloxidemethyl of 1-3
dithiocarbamate . . .
28 Carbisobutoxydimethyl of 1-10
dithiocarbamate
29 Carbisobutyloxidimethl of 1-2
dithiocarbamate . . .
30 Butyl ester of diethyl- 0
dithiocarbamic acid .
31 Ethyl ester of diethyl- Sin le
dithio carbamic acid . (1)
32 Propyl ester of diethyl-
dithiocarbamic acid . . 0
33 Propyl ester of dimethyl Single
dithiocarbamic acid (1)
34 Lsoamyl ester of dimethyl-
dithiocarbamic acid . ., 0
35 Butyl ester of dimethyl,
dithiocarbamic acid . . 0
23 Ethyl ester oQ dimethyl-
dithiocarbamic acid . . 0
Methyl ester oa dimethyl-
dithi0-carbamic acid . I'
(ystogontt type). . . , 0
Same prepared with sand (1)
Control (without treatment) 10
32
38
70
1300
1400
42
23
65
1120
1300
16
33
49
1466
980
3
23
26
1686
520
13
46
59
1293
1180
Soil with
0
46
46
1640
920
strong
odor of
2
31
33
11406
660
prepara-
tion
0
55
55
1413
100
Same as
no. 6
0
35
35
1270
700
n tt
0
26
26
1686
520
0
50
50
1740
1000
0
27
27
1706
540
0
18
18
1560
360
3
15
18
1480
420
32
53
85
1556
1700
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Table 5 (474)
Results of tests of "forbiat" and "Cystogea" for destruction
of wheat nematode in the soil
No. of
Plots
Poison
introduc Total
(in g.
Arerag+e ' Inten-
Infectioni siweness
of infeo-
tion
15,4
1.9
0.5
op.
0.2 3
7
control
101
90
891
11
10.9
9
control
.100
80
80
20
20
13
75
208
201
96,,,'
7
3.9
16
75
240
240
100
0
10
100
782
180
98~
2
1.1
11
100
177
177
100
14
125
27?
276
99a.
1
0.4
15
125
339
339
100
0
17
canj rs1
59
57
.2 3.6
20
10
198
195
9c
3 1.6
1
1?5
398
398
100
0 0
18
200
310
310
100
0 0
Im
fw Iw2
1
s s ?
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(11) Trans. 463
( In full)
Bys
A. Antik
As to the remaining esters (no. 31,33) and the preparation of
the "Cystogon" type prepared with send, their nematodocidal action
epspPare to be 4 e-r-
b
causes there were single cyst; of the 1949
generation on roots end'~in th" soil. The reoul.ts of the experiment
a given in fig. 7 and table 4.
6 .- Canion, (p. 472) Potato bushes grown in plots
trMi '.? h' ?'rt_ous preparations: A - "forbiat"; B and
V- preparation rio. 23; G end D "Cystogon"; 'E-control.
Big. 7 Captfga (p.. 472) Potato bushes -,rorn in soil
treated with esters of dithiocarbamic acid (preparations)
-"3 34, 315, and 23). he extreme right is the
control.
Fig. 8 - Caption (p. 473) Wheat slants: left - normal,
center - infect'^d with wheat nematode, right - grown in
aoi1_ emn-tgm-inated with 111orbiat".
As to the preparation of the "Cysto~;on" type, when prepared
with kaolin, it was quite effective, the roots and soil were free of
cysts of the. 1949 generation, but prepared with send it was less
`.
C
effective since infection of roots and soil with cysts of the 1949
generation was observed. In the control containers the roots were
seriously infocted by cysts - up to 10 cysts per 1 cm. of root and there
was a. large amount of cysts, light-colored and brown, which contained
live larvae of nematode.
Control of wheat nematodes is carried out by cleaning the grain
of galls by machines;, by the wet method for elimination of galls 1-:hick
rise to thr surface of fluids with a heavy specific gravity, or simply
water; liVcration of soil from larvae, which ren=ained in the soil
when the grair. shattered, especially from the lower spikes which are not
picked by the harvesting; machines, is achieved by crop rotation.; when
wheat is not returned to the containirmated field before 2 3 years have
passed. But it is not always possible to carry out this measure and
menas "or decontmina.tion of soil have not yet been tested by anyone.
Therefore t_(, a.uthorr-ested the action of "forbiat" and Cystogon"
in decontaminating soil from larvae of wheat nematode. The soil was
treated with "Cystoon" in doses of 150, 175, and 200 g. per lm2
and with "forbiat" in doses of 75, 100, and 125 g. per 1m2. Viable
larvae of wheat nematodes, inclosed within galls with a. slightly
cracked well, previously moistened were simultaneously introduced
into the soil Seven days after the treatment the slots were sown
with s-oring wheat of the Surkhak variety. It is mentioned in the
literature (Goffart, 1941) that "Cystogont' has an effect on germination
of cereals. According to our observations it appeared that the germination
in treated plots is indeed retarded by 1- 2 days as compared with the
control. Subsequent growing demonstrated that the condition of wheat
plants in treated plots is considerabl4 better than in the control plots.
This was due to the decrease damage to plant by wheat nematodes, as well
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(12) Trans. 163
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
as to the lesser effect of the insect-fauna which was chased
away from the plots by the odor of "forbiat" and "Cystogon".
The condition of plants in the control plots was noticeably
worse. During threshing the number of infected spikelets was
counted. Tabl*55~ ' gives an idea of the effect of the prepara-
tions "forbiat" and "Cystogon" on the degree of damage to plants
by wheat nematodes. It is obvious from the data that both prep-
arations decrease the percentage damage of rplants by wheat nema-
todes: "forbiat" - to 0.2% with a 100-125 g. per lm?- dose
(from 15% in the control), "'Cystogon" - to zero with a 150-175
g. per ]m2 dose (from 3.6% in the control). The experiment was
conducted on a small scale in one-meter-plots.
As a result of works carried out on testing powdered chemical
preparations for control of root-knot potato and wheat nematodes,
the following was established:
1. Methyl ester of dimethyl-dithiocarbamic acid manufactured
as a 10% dust with kaolin ("Cystogon" type) and a 20%
dust ("forbiat" type), when introduced into the soil, has
undoubted nematocidal properties against gall, potato,
and wheat nematodes and particularly good results are
obtained from the 20% dust.
2. i
2. Though as a result of soil treatment with the prepara-
tions mentioned in doses of 175-200-300 g. per lm'
(10% dust) and 110-168 g. per lm2 (20% dust), under
field conditions, no 100% of destruction of root-knot
and potato nematodes in the soil was obtained with a
single introduction, nevertheless the development of
the growing mass of crops (cucumbers, potatoes) and
the yield capacity increased sharply and the infection
of plants by nematodes (cucumber, carrots, potatoes)
decreased drastically.
3. High nematocidal properties were manifest by the ethyl,
butyl, and propyl esters of the diethyl-dithiocarbamic
acid in 20% dusts applied at a 150 g. per um2 dose
(under,o*sr pot conditions).
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Trans. 463.
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
4. Taking into consideration the simplicity and conven-
ience in the use of the tested effective preparations
as compared with liquid fumigants, the dusts manufac-
tured on the basis of esters of dithiocarbamic acid should
be considered as having a future in agriculture for
control of the potato and rtlanlst.nematode.
0
0
0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kirianova, E. S. 1935. Nematode Diseases of Potatoes. Zasheh
rast., 6, p. 86-98.
Kirianova, E. S. 1941. Nematode of Grain Crops. Ils. Vysshikh
Kursov Prikladnoi Aoologii i Fitopatologii. Vol. XII, NKL SSSR. L.
Sveshnikova, N. N. 1948. Potato Nematode. Illustr, spray.
posredit. i bol. S.-Kh. Rastenii Vneshh, Karantina. Ild. Minist.
Selhsk. Khoz. SSSR, N.
Sveshnikova, N. M. 1949. On Use of the " stogon" Preparation
for Control of Gall Nematode. Dokl. Akad. S.-Kh. Nauk, im. Timir-
iazeva. M. VIII.
Sveshnikova, N. N. 1949. On Study of Basic "Heteroderosis" (? )
of Agricultural Plants in the USSR. Auto lecture of the dissertation.
Ild. Tsentr. laboratorii po karantinu rastenii i Akal. S.-Kh. Nauk in.
Timiriazeva, M.
Selivonchik, E. V. 1938. Results and Measures Against Root-knot
Nematode in Azerbaidzhan, Baku.
Ustinov, A. A. 1934. Root (gall) Nematode, Sukhumi, Abgiz.
Filipev, I. N. 1934. Nematodes Harmful and Useful in Agricul-
ture, Selkhozgiz, M.
Goffart, H. 1941. A New Measure for Control of Nematodes,
tlitteil, Biolog. Reichsanstalt Land and Forstwirtshaft. H. 64.
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Trans. 461
(In full)
Dvt
A. Antik
Onyt primeneniin nreparatov ditio_
Rarbaminovoi 'd sloty 4)As bor'bv
s nezmtodrd-parnzitairi rast.nii
Attempt of Using Dithlcoarbamio
Acid Derivativee_it Vighting Nematodes
which function as Plant Parasitesj.
Trudy 2oologiches19go instituta
Akademii Nouk SSSR, I::. no. 2, Pp 462..N750
1941. 410.9 L5u1 (In Russian)
IR 'NTAL AWLICATION 07 DITH10-ARRAUIC
AOID DF.RIOATIThS FOR COWI'BOi. OF P7.AN' PARASITIC N? fATODES
Among the nematodes causing economic losses to national economo of
C the II>SR particularly damaging aret the root-4otat, potato and wheat
nematodes.
Hoot-knot nematoda-Agterode_ra riont {Corns) which parasitizes
roots of over 1.500 species of most diversified plants--vegetables,
technical, medicinal and ornamental ,1c'ntaand some ,frutt trees,gnd.,
palms--denreeeee.them, deforms' the roots, Inhibits the development and
decrea4es the yield. Root-Iatot nematode! It disclosed on plants by the
presence of swetlinrts on roots--ails,-.which vary in jsisR from a, p! g, ? ,
head to-* walnut, demanding on the host plant. degree of soil contaa-
ination with root-'mot nematode and other..conditious.,,,, ,
The females of the root-knot nematode. which are found in Smile. lay
hundreds of eggs into the external surroundings. In the spring the
larvae which develoned?in the egire emerge into the soil. find young
plants and penetrate their roots for further development until the sexual
maturity stsp-e of male and female. The root-knot nematode is distributed
pred'weinantly in the South of the USSR where' in a number of localities
C
it makes cultivation of vegetables and other su?ceptible plants quite.
impossible. Besides that, the root-knot nematode. aim it w"s found by
the author (1Q0),.can Inhabit the omen ground and be harmful for non-
rotated cultivation of vegetable plante?in the central belt of the US3R.
The root-kept nematode is very harmful sluts iw'farm, with covered grmutd
L greenhouenj.
Potato nematode--HeterodOM-r" ens 4 tfo dieeovored in some
points of the Baltic coast of the USSR Sveshnikova. 1948) causes great
losses to potatoes deo sing the yield An eeriauely affeeted sections
up to 14.-27 ge L Prams ner plant. Potato nematode parasitizes the roots
of potato plants into which it penetrates in the enring during the larval
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O
(In full)
By:
A. Antic
stage after hatching from eggs which hibernated in tki toil in the
dead femRle..cyet. The larvae make a mae!c attack on ;'hung potato
rootlets, penttatin into them they feed on plant sap, undergo a number
of "Itnek" L molts, after which they reach the ste,;e of sex maturity of
female and male. The harmfulness of the potato nematode is manifest
in the destruction of the potato rootlets: arour4 the penetrated larvae
a npcroRis of root calls takes Macao Inasmuch a'a the number of larvae
in the root frequently exceeds 10 per lem., a dytig of roots takes
nlare. '4any larvae are destroyed together with rnots, but the etta.c+c
by larvae is reneated aeverA.l times and the plant becomes exhausted by
Wanting material for regeneration of roots, the leaven develop wea'cly,
they dry oat Soon and therefore the tubers forried are mall or they are
not formed at all.
Wheat nematode-.4 xna tritici (Steinbuch),iq a sariou. parasite
of cereals, mainly of wh' Larvae of t,V.ie wher.t nemetod.e affect the
plant at the beginning o' a germination; thf. Manta are dwarfed in
size, the steins are this'; 6 and hncrO ^v"impecv leaves (fig. 8), With
th,p.,-'ormation of the spike, the larvae infect the ovary and reach there
their sex maturity atAae, After fertilization the femsles lay masses
of eggs (up to 15 thousand) from which larvae hatch and undergo molts.
From the ovary in affected snikee there aret formed, instead of. grain, g=11e with
thick walls which, protect the larvae within the galls. Gallia con-
ta.minate the seed grain and enter the soil orhere the larvae crawl out.
and attack young plants. The.harmfulness of the wheat nematode is mani-
feet in the fact that part of the affected plants are destroyed while
young;. in mature plants the infected sviklets do not blossom, instead
grain-galls are formed in them, which are filled with larvae, and in
the grain gathered, from a greatly contaminated field the amount of galls
might reach un to 1,000 and more ner lkg., i, e. up to 3:9 of the net
grain weight. On certain farms the lose caused by the wheat nematode
is quite considerable, The wheat nematode to distributed in Central Asia
and in a number of southern localities of the USSR, as well as in Belo-
russia; it was recorded also in Siberia (Kirianove, 1941), The author
carried out experimental inoculation and obtained formation of galls
near Moscow.
In search for measures for decontamination of the soil of the
mentioned three species of nematodes, the researchers had in mind
effecting the larvae of the second stage which raim.te in the soil
looking for a vlant-host,
C
It was suggested, as control measures against the gl1 nematode,
to steam the soil un to a 60- 650 Ca temperature, at a 20.o25cm denth, as
well as to an'nly a series of agromtechnical measures as, for w,anmlp,
.reolowing in fields where the soils dry out, flooding of soil for long
periods, error rotation with plants resistant to root-knot nematodes
(Filip r. , 1914), However, in' mpny cases it is not nossibl'e to carry
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C
(3)
Trars.,. 463.
(In full)
A4 Antik
ant these measures and In some parts of the Azerbaidzhan, Crimea and
Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus, the root-knot nema de j s repradueed
Int nselya. According to Selivonehik9 s data (1p36) 9 O the vegetable
yield an the Apsheron pealasula is partly destroyed by rootknot
nenatodso Radical neasuan~a are required for their eomglste sxternina-
tion ore. at any rate for a dsersaee in oontasination to a degree where
grewing of vegetable -.Cwin?bitae and other crops] susceptible to
negntode infections, should be possible. The opinion a dating in the
literatures. that root-knot nematode does no hers under conditions of
t rot. chants in particular in the central belt of the USSR ?
is not eorrect, In 1944 the author observed in the Moscow obUstw a
cos lets destruction of asrrot yield in a fbeaus of root-knot nematode
in a garden near a fa house, ? during the third year of cultivation
of garden plants: with potatoes in 1942 and 1943k and with carrots in
194+ Q The carrots vwo affected so sorely by the root-lm not nematode that
the y eld was not Suitable for use (Sveshinikorrs, 1949)'*
Among chemdeal control measures tested in the QS3R by A* 1., Qatinow
(1934) ' effective 'weres carbon bilul ids at a dose of. 500g,,, per 1e2
and ehlrs?ropi .min at a doss of l.0G-150g.. per lay The carbon bisu fide
In the indicated dose resulted, tinder conditions of SuJdsd, in 200%
destruction of the root of nematodes in plots however, this prepare-
ti on is poisonous, explosive mad therefore not eonvrenisnt for extensive
use. Chioropieria In indicated doses is effoattiio home er, a 100%
destruction of root-loot nematode, under conditions of were soil eon
-
taawination - in Sukht, was not obtained, therefore;, Its dose per 1ne2
has. to be ineresaed& Besides that, application of highly poisonous
fluid chemicals requires use of injeaterso work with them is dangerous
and has to be conducted by specifically trained people In gas moka and
protective suits and due to all that the process becomes too amber-
some and expensive.
Therefore, the author conducted in 19454949 a test for the control
of root-knot, wheat and potato nesatodes with powdered preparations
su7gested by the Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Inseoto-
fun ioides ? imeni Ia.k V Samoiloy, Tested were the following deriv-
ativea of dimst2>yl-dithioee beanie acid in dust form and uanufacturad - ox
the.basis of: methyl ester of dimethyl - dithiocarbesie acid (10% dust,
patented preparation "eystogon", similar dust of Soviet manufacture with
another filler (o? "oycto " type), 20% dust on the basis of the same
toxic element ("forbiatn 20% dusts of ethyl (no, 23), butyl (no, 35),
isomwl (no. 34) and prop3-' (no, 33) of dietthyl - dithiooarbemie acids
esters of diethyl 4 dithiocarbamic scids.th}rl (no, 31), butyl (nom 30)
and propyl (nog 32) also aaenut'aactured as 20% dust 3
s
Th
t
f th
,
e res
o
e
preparations which did not show a sufficiently nemdto "9ida1 action are
not mentioned here since they are indicated in the collated table 4a
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A-.. Antik
Mthodea of application were as fbllowuc in the spring the prep-
bone were eeanetteraad by hid In a 183 ratio r.:i*turs with dry sand or
road duet r, into adequately friable soil which rye replow ed or redug and
after that the preparation was thoroughly plowed der at a 225de .
depth. Part of the prspaarations, due to their aaa aaaamunte, were tested
in flower pots, In the latter ease the chemicals were introduced into
the soil before fininp the eontainerea, without adding sand. and they
were mimd even with the entire oluija of soil. During the vork in
the open air gas Meer weri not used, Rubber gloves or canvas mitt.es
were used in miss the preparations with sand and in scattering them,
No otter epe? safety mks are requtued. Coateat of the prepare'
tion with muoou msbrane of eyOs, south and nose should be avoided0
Therefore, anoking and eating during the work was prohtbitsda - After the
Vorkp faeo, hands and f'e`et (if work was done barzefboted) were washed
with waters
In 1946, the author conducted teats with "o itogon* against
root-fit nsmtode under conditions of natural l04 of the parasite in
open ground in the Moscow oblast? In an individual) weed garden
(Sacshnikova, 9949) o Well parrspaured tandg- toil me-ft up with a 'shovel
to a 25esn depth a than broken up with a rake. The Introduction of the
preparation took pie.. on ft y Ba at a 14? Ca, air, temperat!jr and a d? C,
O soil tomparature at a 20oz depth. The soil humidity constituted 17,22%
when reeelcu ,atid ina absolutely dry, mill, "Cystogou" was taken at a
ratio of l85ge per , ' It -a intrdnoed_ in a mixture with dry sand
f+er a more uniform distribution. Its the as?Up it was scattered by hand
through a soil eioa After the introduction of the preparation the
soil, was again dug with a show,el and stirred with a raked The 'soil in -
the control area was a altiwatead in the manner. In Urge areas
it is reeo dad to introduce the preparation into the soil with a -
drill for fertilisers and to finish up with a horseddrann rates. Seven
days later, ioesa, on lkby l5,~ carrots of the Danvwe variety., with a few
white earrots added were sown in the a rimatal beads. On fty 36Q
dorsal carrot shoots (line) were observed In the treated an wasll e.s in
the control area which did not differ in density or siseo Further
growing was norms 1, Caretaking -, stirring up of the ground and wedding
was done by the owner of the gardens On Septeteber 9, the experiment
was terminated. Examination of 124 carrot roots from the treated plot
disclosed on the thin ro to of 26 of t,.single galls discernable only
with binocular. glasses .gnif 'ing glas (2]. 4%), , The remaining roots
were absolutely frets from infection (figs, I) o The roots free from in-
fection as well as the affected ones from the treated plot - were of quite
*armal use and shape and suitable for food, while in 1945, the owner
of the garden discarded the yield of this bed because the disease in-
cidence was too g to From the control bad vmft taken 180 roots, All
(100%) of the plants were entirely deformed by rootoknot n todes as Ms
the ease in the Vfteeding year (figs 1)
C
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Trans. 463
(In full)
By:
A. Antik
(P. 465)
Fig. 1 - Caption. heft - carrot from the plot
treated with "Cystogon" T/ in the dome of 18561,
per Im2: right - carrot from the control plot
affected with gall nematode.
The second part of the experiment was conducted in heavy clay soil
in another area of concentration of root-knot nemstedes in the )scow
oblast?. The soil was not "mature" i.e. it did not crumble, but was
compacted (humidity 19.65%) and it was not possible to break it up
finely. "Cystogon" was-introduced by similar methods in n dose of
200g.. per in2, with consideration of the stickiness of the soil. The
Danvers variety carrots were sowndirectly. after soil treatment in
order to find out about the effect of the poison on sprouting' Germ-
ination was normal - on the 15th day young growth of uniform Density
was observed in the treated as well as the control area, Here the
results were less successful:.of the 94 plants taken from the treated
plot, 29, i.e. 30.7%, were affected. The degree ofl?ection was from
1-5 galls per plant. From the control area 60 plants were taken, of
which 42; i.e. 70%, were affected. Degree.of section - from 1 to 100
galls per plant. The results of the test were undoubtedly influenced
O by the soil, structure.
Qn the basis of the preliminary experiment with the "Cystogon" .
against root-knot nematode carried out in 1946 (Sveshnikove, 1949)9 the
author decided to try out in 1948 another preparation . "forbiat" 47-
for decontamination of soil from the root-knot nematode under conditions
of intensive contamination which exists on the Apsheron peninsula.
Prior to the author9a tests, "forbiat" was applied as an insecticide, but
no one tried it as a nematocide. The experiment was conducted in Baku
with the cooperation of the director of the Azerbaidzhan Quarantine
laboratory, S. L. Popov and the entomologist L. I. Shapieva. Soil treat-
ment was-carried out on two farms with different soils: in the village
Shuveliany in sandy soil and in the Jrmenikendskii nursery of the Baku
soviet - in clayey loam soil., Methods of poison introduction were
similar to those for "Cystogon": digging as deep as possible.
loosening of the ground and thorough mixing of the chemical with the
soil. The "forbiat" was tested in doses of 70, 858 200 and 110 go per
1o The experiment was conducted during the second decade of May in
three plots 5m2 in size. A week after the treatment cucumber seeds of
the Chinese variety were introduced.
During the growing period the control plots showed very great
sparsity: in treated plots there were almost no bare spots, the plots
were covered vith strong vines and produced a yield shown in table 1.
O In the second part of August, the plants were dug out and records were
taken of tection of their roots with roc,knot nematode. Almost all
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Trans. 463
(In WI)
By:
A. Antik
the plants were effected with it9 but to various degrees (fig. 2)..
While in control plants the roata were absolutely, deferred as a result
of parasitizing by the root-knot nematode,, in plants from treated
plots there were considerable less galls and the higher the dose of
poison the fewer galls (fig. 2). When the dosage was 100 and h10g.
per l: r the ga11s apppeared singly and. were most frequently distributed
at a depth of less then 20eme Numerical data of recorded stste of
roots are presorted in table 1.
Tab e 1 (p, 4U)
Effect of soil treatment with 9?forbiate9 against-gall nematode.
DDSs of "forblat" per IM2
Shuvelisny #
(in .go) ve'rage ` of
of infection
Control eIJitut treatsaen'~ I 100
70. . . . .
.85. 0 ? . 0 . ,
1000 . 0 . . . 4
110.
4.4(l) 13.3
50;1 g 88.1 I 23.1
38.5 807 I (7.1 29.8
36.1 9o. 54 30.3
Aa e
nikend
(in kg.) root infection (in kg?)
U 11.2
~
1
!
!
7oe5
The tested doses of "forblat" did not entirely destroy the root-knot
aematodes in the eoi1g but they gave the plants the p4 ssibility of grw.
Ing normallyb
In order to develop a 100% effectiveness of "forblat" an experiment
was conducted In flower pots. with a clayey loam soil artificaLly inocu.
lated to a high degree with mot-knot nematodes. The soil was
thoroughly mixed with "forblat" in the ratio of.150D 250 and 3509- per
310 for each three pots.
I)HISher percentage
technique of infecM03 is caused by defletd in the agro.
(At the end of
the experi.
went a3l the
plants were
destroyed)
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C?)
Trani. 463
(In full)
A. Antik
Radishes Caere t?-ken rs tost pL'nts. Tt,o Meeks nfter the planting, den
pression of plants In control (untrerited) pots becr:.me notice bl ^nd
tote. rd the middle of the second month of growing , 4 picture of better
plant condition in tree ted pots as conpnred with the control ones i s
npprsrent.
The result of thinrtIorn of plant roots tyre in table 2.
Y ANA u67)
Results of soil trertmornt with "forbiat" o.gainst gall newtode
(flower pots)
Dose per 1212 (in go )
Total numberwnb' of
of plants effected
plants
% of
infection
Control (without trez t.
sent)
3,509 O , .
2500 . c 0 v .
3509 O . . 09
25
25
25
25
goo
.Thus it liras established the.t the effectiveness of the preparation
depends on the degree of soil oontaminrtien and on the dose, Inds
mainly, on the thoroughness in miadng the preparation with the soil,
(P, 467)
Z+ C ntt. Roots of cucumbers from plots
trerted- with "forbi~it". From left to right:
control, "forbi.'t" in doses: 0 85, 100 and
I10g. per ]m2.
On the basis of our works 'which deatonstrcted high nematocidt^l
properties of prepnratians of dithioc."rbGmic acid,. in 1909 p test.. wnS
co nctucted with a Crider nssortms nt apstnst potato nemrntode which possesses
. a higher resistance Pgsi?nst unf. vgrnbl a conditions of the envlremento
According to drta in the ltternturea its cysts can remain viable in.
the soil. up to- 10 years. Up to recent years the potF' o nensstode stn
not knotxr in the USSR,. therefore, prior to our reseerch, - none wns
conducted. The experiments taere conducted on the Bzse of the.I.thunnian
Qusrarntine Inspection with the cooperation of the agroncm st E. S.
Mfkhnovs.
1 Intensiveness of ivoMan 0 l gall per entire plant.-
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 (8) Trans., 46'1
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0
By:
A. /intik
The folladng preparations were tested under field conditions:
10` dust of the "Gystegon" type (methyl ester) in doses of 200 and
300g. per 1111? , 20; dust of the "forbiz t" type In doses of 163g0 per
)ia2 -nd ethyl ester (preparations' no. 23) in doses of 100 and 185g,
per 1m2. Soil contamin^tion reached up to 2500 cysts of nem'ntodes
per kg. of soil.. Prep ration of the "Cy9togon?type inns tested In
plots of 100~A preparation no. 23 ind "forbiat" in 15 plots, de.
pending on the amount of chemicals. It w s possible to establish
during the process of potato development that the pl`hnts? germination
did not suffer fran the effects of the preparations being tested, with
the exception of a 300g. dose per lm2 of prep ration of the."Cystogon."
type which somewhat inhibited germination, though within the potatt
norm. The effect of deoontemino tton of soil with preparations urns
elearly expressed in the exterior aspect of the leaves, which looked
quite norm.-1 in treated plots (fig. 3, 4, 5 nd 6). The yield of
plants in treated plots %", 4.10 times heavier than in the control
plots, It should be pointed out th t these d.=ta part.-in to the l$th of
August, when the yield did not yet correspond to the norni and besides
that tags intentie+ea.lly witted manuring, in order to denonstrnte none
clearly the influence of pL'nt decont.'in nati on from potato nematodes',
The results of the trentanent are shotim in trble 3.
(P. 468)
O ML 'I .. Cant& , Plot naturally cont,?minated with
potato nematodes= In the background soil treated
with prop,., ation no. 23 in the dosage of 100g, per ]m2,
Table (P. 469)
Results of soil treatment with esters of dithiocarbomic acid for
control of potato nem'todeso
Name of
Dose
per Iui2
Average
height of
prepara-.tion
tin g,)
bushes
(in cm.)
Ethyl ester
(no, 23)
20% dust.
100
26
sMso , . ,
185
32
Methyl ester
20% dust
"forbizit" .
168
51
Methyl ester
-
i0%A dust. .
200
27
Srne. . . .
300
39
Control. .
ih out
14
0
L
at~
t
79
57
52
108
59
36
141
68
110
70
40
113
60
36
11.5
18
100
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- , 241= ? Plate treated with 6'Cy togoe
dosage of 203 0 per 3a2m
D=Lge to p3ante folio treatment''with "forbia t used 9A as
following trpata nt 4idth T ation no0 23 in a 10 0 dose so ! and
no. 23 in a 185g, dose - 9 as compared with than control, whom :LOG
ar, to bushes were aff to a?.high, de 0 The prior aspect'
of the plants and the yield are prosented in fig, 6,
The rein 3.2 @ store of dithl am c acid ( table 4)
obtained in a oumto not exceeding 1o0ge therefore t6ste of theca
were carried out In flower pots (three tixesss) and the natural conntamin.
ation of wail was 1200-1700 cysts per I kg. The soil ws troaatc d with
dust In he ratio of 150g0 per 3m2e Two days weer trsoat ent potato
tuhara of the ?VVI et a, etyy about 100g0 in weight whioh i
taken from a farm f' t ri ;,otato ne xtodoa were meted in all the
e shiners and t: re placed on racks In a gree h:ruso with a roof of wire
O sans idea under e3,irntie conditions of open ground in Vida
they were held there until the ant of record..taaking at the and experl.
eny0 Potato shoots were noticed on the 34-24th &7z, i0e0 within the
nom for t1, is aropa though the control containors shoots i-rers
olnerved on the 11?13th slay. Further on a certain e iference In do..
velop ont was obsar 5 in pots vaith soil treated with chemicals* the gm of bushes was more Powerful and on Ju3,7- l3, budding. stuaartods
in the control containers the plants were weaker, shorter, they did
not blossom and towards the middle of Jts2;T began wilting and dropp
a$ lo-uer leaveot It is seen from table 4, that preparctiona no, 2529
had no decenta ting effects there ware cysts of potato a todo .
1 0. 10 per lcao,of root9 ice, up to a degree of affection observed in
the control. In the soil there weres besides the brouu, also uliite cysts
of the 1949 generation,
(P047o)
7 sa ~? ~'~ treated with "forbl t" In
dosage of f per a
Estew of carbanic acid no. 30, 328 34a 35 and 23 ba'e en undo ebted
ly nertar eida1 effect* they- freed the roots cone etelyy fron cysts.
Therefore, the potato Heterodera did not develop in these containers
dwing the f url ' nerir 4 . Absent from the soil also were liCht.colored
its of the 1919 ' generatf ono AI, the mm tires it should be pointed out,
that the soil in t' `:ese five containers retained a strong od?r caf' ` the
PrOp ratioaas unt~31 the very } ioorit of record taktdng of t . ho epori pntt,
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bwi8 a 483
(1ii )
ByA
AAnUk
Table 4 (P"7 Isn)
Results of t a ct of can i a t with pout* tad ? WCA
prepant of dit nv s a E Q i M lo$r POW.
13
of
25 CarbiseWldizesthyl of 1?