PHOTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION REPORT MISSION 4006 11 MARCH 1964

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78T05439A000500050004-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 99
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 5, 2012
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: August 1, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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August 1964 I - Copy ?X
5V/!!~///////
MISSION 4006
11 ;MARCH 1964
NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER
TECHNIgAL PUBLICATION
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NO FOREIGN DISSE``, LL// /. / /~1
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TECHNiCAL,PUBLICATION
PHOTOGRAPHIC EfVALUATION REPORT
MISSION 4006
11 MARCH 1964
August 1964
NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER
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Part I. Camera Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Blain Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Stellar Camera -. . . ~. . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Index Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4. Collateral Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Part 11. Film . . 3
1. Film Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Film Degradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--
3. 'Film Expenditure. . . . . . . . s ... .. 3
Part III. Image Quality . . .. . . . .. o
1. Photographic Interpretation Suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. PI Suitability for Mission 4006 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 5
Part.IV. Experimental Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.- Sunline Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2. Illumination Experiment . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. New Operational Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Malfunction Modes . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix A. System Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix B. Technical Compendium . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix C. Film Velocity Versus Time . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix D. Mensuration Study . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... ... . . 31
Appendix E. Edge Spread Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Appendix F. Density Versus Frequency Graphs. . . . . . .. . ... . 42
Appendix G. Processing Curves . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ? ? . 43
Appendix IT. Cloud Coverage Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Appendix` I . Plottable Photographic Coverage ... . . . . . . . . . 49
Appendix J. Mission Coverage Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Many examples referred to in the text by index number and grid co-
ordinates relate to the following photographs. All photographs are first
generation positive prints made from the. original negative.
Page
FIGURE 1. YAW SLIT ON TIMING TRACK EDGE . . . . . 2a
FIGURE 2. YAW SLIT OPPOSITE TIMING TRACK EDGE. . . . 2c
FIGURE 3. MINUS DENSITY COMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4a
FIGURE 4. MINUS DENSITY STREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 4c
FIGURE 5. CREASES AND DENDRITIC STATIC . . ... . . .. 4e
FIGURE 6. SKIVING . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4g
FIGURE 7. GOOD QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHY (AIRFIELD) . - ? 6a
FIGURE 8. GOOD QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHY (MISSILE SITE). 6c
FIGURE 9. START-UP ERROR ... . . . .. .... ... . . . . . . . . . 6e
FIGURE 10. START-UP ERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6g
FIGURE 11. SLOW-DOWN ERROR . . . . ... 6i
FIGURE 12. BANDING (FAST FILM SPEED)............... 6k
FIGURE 13. BANDING (SLOW FILM SPEED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6m
FIGURE 14. OBLIQUE STEREO ........... .......... 6o
FIGURE 15. OBLIQUE STEREO .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 6q
FIGURE 16, HAZE DEGRADED IMAGERY . . - . . . . . 6s
FIGURE 17. LOW SOLAR ELEVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6u
FIGURE 18. SOLAR BEARING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . 6w
FIGURE 19. RESOLUTION ACROSS FRAME . . . ... . . . . 6y
FIGURE 20. STEREO TRIPLET QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10a
FIGURE 21. DISPLACED LATERAL TRIPLET QUALITY . ? 10c
FIGURE 22. PROGRAMMED IMC IN ERROR,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12a
FIGURE 23. MIRROR BOUNCE 12c
FIGURE 24. YAW ERROR EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 12e
FIGURE 25. SAME TARGET ON DIFFERENT PASSES . . . . 12g
FIGURE 26: POWER PLANT (MENSURATION STUDY) . . . . . . 3-4-a
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LIST OF ? ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
FIGURE 27.
AIRFIELD (MENSURATION STUDY) . . . . . . . .
.36a
FIGURE 28.
FIELD HOUSE (MENSURATION STUDY) . . . . . .
. 38a
FIGURE 29.
MISSION COVERAGE TRACK, ASIA.. .. . . . . . .
. 51
FIGURE 30.
MISSION COVERAGE TRACK, PACIFIC . . . . . . .
. 53
FIGURE 31.
MISSION COVERAGE TRACK, AFRICA . .. . . . .
. 55
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Mission 4006 was launched into a retrograde
orbit on 11 March 1964. The mission completed
51 revolutions including 35 photographic, passes.
The payload consisted of 430 photographic
frames. One hundred forty-three targets were
reported in the preliminary target readout. The
quality of the photography and its suitability for
photographic interpretation is slightly i r
than that obtained from Mission 4003. The high
quality of the photography permitted confirma-
tion of suspected activities and additional infor-
mation on previously identified targets. Snow
cover caused several frames-to be overexposed;
however, exposure was generally satisfactory.
Clouds covered 355" of the mission. The main
camera operated satisfactorily throughout the
mission. The fiducial line, timing track and
binary record were operational throughout the .
mission; however, one of the yaW slits on the
non-timing track edge was blocked. Although
present, the stellar and index cameras Avere not
utilized. Sixteen programmed experiments were
accomplished during this mission. No color film
was included on Mission 4006.
GENERAL FLIGHT DATA-
Date of Launch: 11 March 1964
Time of Launch: 2014:23Z
1. Main Camera No FM-6: The main camera
was operational and functioned properly through-
out the mission. A continuous minus density line
parallel" to and.3.7" from the timing track edge
of the film is present on all frames. This line
was probably caused by foreign matter on the
aperture plate. Numerous, randomly located
comet-shaped plus . density areas are present
intermittently throughout the mission. These
"comets" are formed around a nucleus of foreign
matter in or on the emulsion and are most nu-
merous in passes D09, D.11, D17, D19, D20, and
D21. The incorrect-film velocity (inherent at the
start of a camera operation and as-the unit comes
-to rest in the off position) severely degrades
both ends of each frame. Although this condition
is expected and no targets are programmed for
this area of the format, approxitnatel%, 2.0" to
4.0" of film are lost on each frame, resulting in
a total loss of about 143' of film in this mission. .
The wrap-up employed between passes as a
safety factor to prevent possible fogging of ex-
posed film and as a means of eliminating setting
impressions on good film consumed approxi-
mately 234'. The most serious degrading factor
of the camera operation is the transverse banding
caused by an incorrect film speed due to looper
loading'action on the longer monoscopic frames.
This. variation in film velocity causes an error in
IMC resulting in image distortion and smearing.
Accurate interpretation and mensuration.' of
imagery in this banding area is difficult. The
film was badly creased during-the finalwrap-up
after frame 02 in pass D49.
2. Stellar Camera No D37*: The unit was
present but nonoperational for this mission.
3. Index Camera No D37*,: The unit was present
but nonoperational for this mission.
*Durir._ ire-launch to -t it ?a~ learned that the r I film;
cutter aaouldnot function ashen there %Na- no ten=ion on the
film. ToaNoid jeopardizin_ the -ucce-- of the m --ion
the.r I film Ica- %%rapped up prior to launch, renderin-' "Ile
unit- inoperable.
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NO FOREI5N G'SSEM
-l. Collateral Equipment:
a. Both time tracks were operational and
functioned properly throughout the mission. The
-bits are of excellent density and well defined.
b. The smaller aperture of the yaw slit on
the non-timing track edge was blocked resulting
in the recording of as ingle image. The yaw slits
on the timing track edge functioned properly but
the image was slightly vignetted at the outboard
edge. Since both yaw slits are necessary for ac-
curate determination of yaw, these measure-
ments are unobtainable.
units inoperable. The. film was processed upon recovery.
The stellar negatives contained recorded images of corre-
lation fiducials for 14 frames, four readable camera num-
bers and an outline of the format. Double images of the
reseau occur where exposure was adequate to record an
image. The index contained no images other than seven
of correlation fiducials.
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? The yaw slit on the timing track edge func-
tioned properly throughout the mission but the
image is slightly vignetted at the outboard edge.
Note the excellent quality of the time track bits.
Pass: D15
Frame: 13
Index: 18 (56.1-1.2)
Enlargement: 10X
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FIGURE 2. YAW SLIT OPPOSITE TIMING TRACK EDGE.
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The smaller aperture of the yaw slit opposite
the timing track edge was blocked. This resulted
in only partial exposure and the recording of a
-single image.
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1- Film Processing: This: section provides a
descriptive evaluation of the exposure.and pro-
cessing and comments on the exposure, density,
processing and physical condition of the original
negatives. Pertinent data were collected during
various phases of the processing and again during
the evaluation of the negatives. (This is a
standard procedure. The community is im-
mediately informed by cable of any extensive
defects in the photography which affect the PI
suitability of the mission.) While the film was
being prepared for processing it was inspected
for physical damage which could causeprocess-
ing difficulties. During processing, data were
recorded giving the processing conditions and
film footage locations where processing changes
occur. Deviations from the normal course of
processing which may affect the film quality were
recorded. -After processing, the original nega-
tives were examined frame by frame for defects
and damage. -
Most of the film on this mission received
adequate exposure. The solar elevation varied
from -0.4 ? in pass D11 to 88.8 ? in pass DOS.
Acceptable photography was accomplished with a
minimum solar elevation of 3.8 ? in pass D11.
Photographs Taken at a lower latitude where the
solar elevation was relatively high (20? and
higher) are of better density.
Thirty-six percent of the mission was pro-
cessed at the primary level, 51 percent at the
intermediate level, and 13 percent received the
full level of processing. (These percentages
include transitional periods.) The gross fog
density readings range from a minimum of 0.05
to a maximum of 0.20. -
2. Film Degradations: This section lists the.
major film degradations and the frames on which
examples of each may be found:
Minus Densit\-
Comets
Minus Density
Streak (line)
Present randomly throughout the mis-
sion. Pass D09, frames 06. 11, and
13. Pass D11, frames 07, O5, and
- 10.' Pass D20, frames 00, 05, 07,
and 0t.
Continuous minus and plus density
lines exist throughout the mission.
The most degrading of these is loca-
ted.3.b5" from and parallel to the
timing track edge of the film.
The final wrap-up frame (06, of pass
D49) was severely creased.
Dendritic Static Discharges are associated with the
creases on wrap-up on pass D49.
Skiving Intermittent throughout the mission.
Pass D39, frame OS.
3. Film Expenditure: The operational film
length for the mission was approximately 879
feet. The orbital research and development
(R & D) portion amounted to about 231 feet and
the final wrap-up consumed 81 feet. Due to the
large amount of film utilized in strip mode op-
erations on the first two days, wrap-up lengths
were shortened from I5.35' to 1.29' during
passes, and from 12.93' to 3.47' at the end of
passes after pass D14. The following table gives
the approximate breakdown of film utilization:
App, osim3tc Distribution of Film Load -
Total initial film load - 2,000 feet
Film-expended in pre-launch testing 451 feet
Footage remaining - - 1,549 feet
Film expended on pass 02 (unexposed) 44 feet
Footage remaining 1,505 feet
Film utilized for end-of pass wrap-up - _?35 feet
Footage remaining -1.20 feet
Film utilized for in -pass ?Tap-up 55 feet
Footage remaining = 1.215 feet
Film expended in final wrap-up f feet
Footage remaining 1.134 feet
Film loss due to start-up & stopping 143 feet
Footage remaining - 991 feet
Film utilized for R&D photography -112 feet
Remaining footage is approximate take of
operational photography b79 feet
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Minus density comets, which appear as
plus density comets on the positive print, occur
randomly throughout the mission. Note the area
obscured by the comet in relationship to the
buildings and roadways present on the pho-
tograph-
Pass: D15
Frame: 13
Index: 17 (47-8)
Enlargement: 10X
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This minus density streak is present
throughout the mission and is located 3.85" from
and parallel to the timing-track edge of the firm.
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NO FC2EIG!: CiSSEM
Pass: D19
Frame: 01
Index: 04 (69-9)
Enlargement: 20X
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The final wrap-up frame (06 of pass D49)
was severely creased. Dendritic static dis-
charges associated with this creasing are also
present on this frame.
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1:O FG REIGN DISSEI.
Pass: D49
Frame: 06
Index: 32 (67-12)
Enlargement: 20X
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ND EC.?Ei S.. ..SSEM
N'PIC /TP -16 /64
Skiving occurs intermittently throughout
the mission.
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NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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1. Photographic Interpretation (PI)Suitability:
This is an ass.,ssment of the information con-
tent of photographic reconnaissance material and
its interpretability. A number of interrelated
facEors are involved, such as the quality of the
photography, the extent of target coverage, scale,
weather limitations, and similar considerations.
However, the criteria for assigning a PI suit-
abillity rating may be reduced to (a) the scope of
the] photographic coverage and (b) the degree to
which a photo interpreter may extract useful and
reliable information from the material.
PI suitability ratings are categorized as
Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, and Unusable.
These ratings refer to the overall interpretive
value of the photography obtained from a parti-
cular reconnaissance mission. Individualtar-
gets may also be assigned PI suitability ratings
if that is necessary or desirable. The standards
that determine assignment of the various ratings
are as follows:
Excellent: The photography is free of de-
gradation by camera malfunctions or processing
fau is and weather conditions - are favorable
thrl ughout. The imagery contains sharp, well-
def'ned edges and corners, with no unusual dis-
tor~ions. Contrast is optimal and shadow de-
tails, as well as details in the highlight areas,
are readily detectable. Observation of small
objects and a high order of mensuration are
made possible by the consistently good quality
of the photography.
Good: The photography is relatively free of
degradation or limiting atmospheric conditions.
Edges and corners of objects are well defined.
No unusual -distortions are- present. Detection
anc accurate mensuration of small objects is
feasible, but to a lesser degree than in material
rated as "Excellent".
Fair: Degradation is minimal but the acuity
of the photography is less than optimum. Edges
and corners of objects are not crisply defined
and there is loss of detail in shadow and 'or
highlight areas. Detection and identification of
small objects is possible but accuracy of men-
suration is reduced by the fall-off in image
quality and the less=than-optimum contrast that
prevails.
Poor: Camera-induced degradations and /or
eather limitations severely reduce the quality
of the photography. Definition of edges and cor-
ners is- not sharp. Only gross terrain features
and culture may be detected or identified and
distortion of form may exist..-'~,ccurate mensura-
tion of even large objects is doubtful.
Unusable: Degradation of the photography
completely precludes detection, identification,
and mensuration of cultural details.
2. PI 'Suitability for Mission 4006: The PI
suitability of this mission is considered good in
that fine detail is readily discernible throughout
most of the mission. Photo interpreters reported
.on 143 targets in the preliminary target readout.'
Four of these are considered to be of poor quality
because the photography was serioKsly degraded
by haze or snow conditions. Low solar elevation,
snow and hate conditions degraded the photog-
raphy of several other targets but not to the
extent that they could be rated as poor. Extreme
obliquifv degrades-the photography on 9targets.
Target highlights include:
2 Newly identified missile launch sites
2 Newly identified missile support areas
4 Newly identified' radar installations.
84 Submarunes
Plus Order of Battle Information on aircraft
and naval activity.
Mission 4006 produced the best photography
to date from this system. No serious problems
were encountered in the operation of the main
camera.
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d. Obliquity Error - On oblique photog-
raphy, the IMC is not correct transversely
across the entire format because of constant
changes in the relative ground motion. The IMC
is programmed to be correct in the target area
of the format, introducing an error in IMC across
the balance of the format on either side of the
target. -
Obliquity: Photo interpretation of nine tar-
gets in this mission was degraded by extreme
obliquity. Stereo pairs and triplets, although
always preferred over monoscopic coverage.,
are difficult to work with when the target is at a
high oblique angle, since only point by point
stereo registration is possible. Mensuration
difficulty also increases as the scale of the
photography increases. The most precise photo
interpretation is obtainable from stereo pairs or
triplets with a roll angle of near 00, and becomes
more difficult as the obliquity increases due to
image distortion and a reduction in image size.
Atmospherics: Thirty-five percent of the
photography of Mission 4006 is degraded by cloud
and haze conditions. An example of the latter
condition, resulting in a quality rating of poor,
is present on pass D25, index 21. Snow cover
degrades several other targets but -not to the ex-
tent that they could be considered poor.
Solar Elevation: Low solar elevation affects
the PI suitability in varying degrees depending
upon terrain reflectivity and the bearing of the
solar azimuth from the principal ray. In most
cases, the higher the solar elevation, the better
the quality of the photography. An example of a
target photographed at. a solar elevation of 5.6 `is
present on pass D41,- frame 02, index 03 (44-20).
- Solar Bearing: 'The solar bearing from the
-principal ray affects the P1 suitability in varying
degrees; however, there is no bearing which is,
optimum. The change in-the bearing is neces-
sarily present in all convergent -photographic
pairs. Example: pass D33, frame 01, index 01
(60-20); and pass D33, frame-02, index 03 (64-18).
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%0 C.SSPA-
Those factors which degrade the imagery
and directly affect PI suitability are:
Imager. Degraded by Roll: In two instances
of operational photography the camera was
actuated while the vehicle was in a roll maneuver;
pass D23, frame 05 and pass D36, frame 03.
_-after completion of the roll, the photography ap-
pears normal.. This roll affected the stereo
coverage on pass D36, frames 03 and 04, as the
overlap is only about 55 0. On pass D23, frames
15 and 16 no stereo overlap is present. This roll
motion is possibly due to expansion of burst time
by.the command generation program and crowd--
ing by manual target selections.
Stereo Mirror Movement: The stereo
mirror was in motion for the first half of frame
08 on pass D06. Mirror bounce and settling time
is present about mid-frame. After that the
imagery is normal. This mirror motion is
possibly due to variable settling times and
crowding of the command system by manual
target selection. -
Photography Degraded by Improper IMC:
a. Start-Up - The loss of film due to im-
proper IMC at the start of each camera opera-
tion ranges from 0.5" to 2.0". This difficulty,
caused by an incorrect film, speed as the film
drive . mechanism reaches operational speed,
consumes an average of 1-.0" of film in each
frame of this mission.
b. Slow-Down - The film transport mecha-
nism being incapable of stopping immediately at
the end of camera operation transported from
2.5" to 4.5" of film during its pre-stopping slow-
down. On Mission 4006 the average film loss is
approximately 3.0" per frame.
c. Banding - An interruption of proper
film speed, due to looper loading action, causes
an error in IMC approximately every 12 inches
on long monoscopic frames. These errors ap-
pear as plus or minus transverse bards on the
film and are most serious at the start-up and
stopping of the looper actions. -
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FIGURE 7. GOOD QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHY (AIRFIELD).
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FIGURE.8. GOOD QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHY (MISSILE SITE).
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This photograph of a missile site shows fine.
detail. The missiles are easily discernible.
Contrast is optimal with shadow as well as
highlight details readily detectable. The imagery
contains sharp, well defined edges and corners
with no unusual distortions.
Pass: P40
Frame: 06
Index: 23.(67-13)
Enlargement: 40X
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1:0 FC EiC4 DISSEM
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z, 7,
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 The incorrect INIC at the start of a camera
operation results in distorted imagery. This
distorticn is quite evident in this photograph.
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NPIC/TP-16/64
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NPIC/ TP-16/6.1
As the film speed approaches its correct
velocity the image distortions present at the start
of each camera operation become less severe.
The transverse dark band across the photo-
graph is the result of underexposure due to the
fast film speed.
Pass: D1S
Frame: 12
Index: 16 (71-11)
Enlargement: 10X
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ND F:;.-.P IGN DISSEM
L5X1'
LJ)A
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. The film tra-nsport mechanism, being" inca-
pable of stopping immediately. at the end of a
camera operation, transports film as it slows to a
stop. The photography accomplished duringthis
period is severely degraded because of improper
IMC. This slow-down begins approximately at
the right hand edge of the accompanying photo-
graph.
Pass: D15
Frame: 11
Index: 16 (82-16)
Enlargement: l0X
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Fast film speed, possibly due to looper
loading action, is the cause of the degraded
.imagery on this photograph.
Pass: D48
Frame: 12
Index: 15 (52-11)
Enlargement: 40X
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Slow film speed, due to looper loading action,
is the cause of the degraded imagery and light
areas on this photograph.
Pass: D48
Frame: 12
Index: 15 (57-21)
Enlargement: 40X
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FIGURE 141. OBLIQUE STEREO.
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NPIC/TP-16!64
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NO FO EI GISSEM.
These 'photographs show the effect of obli-
quitg on image quality and perspective. in stereo
pairs..
Left'Photograph
Pass: D15
Frame: 04
Index: 08 (59-9)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 13.5
Pass: D15
Frame: 06
Index: 10(39-8)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 14.9?
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Right Photograph
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NO FOREIGN CiSSEM
. These photographs show the effect of ex=
treme obliquity on image quality and perspective
in stereo pairs.
Left Photograph Right Photograph
Pass: D06
-Pass: D06
Frame:
10
Frame: 11
Index:
36 (66-17)
Index: 37 (48-1-f)
Enlargement: 40X
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 37.6 ?
Roll Angle: 37.6 ?
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NPIC%TP- 16/64
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NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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NO EC2EIGN DISSEJS
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Haze conditions degraded several targets
to varying degrees. F-our targets were rated as
poor due to haze. This is an example of poor
quality photography.
Pass: D10
Frame: 18
Index: 28 (74-16)
Enlargement: 40\
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FIGURE 17. LOW SOLAR ELEVATION.
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=TOP SECRET RUFF
Solar elevation affects the PI suitability in
varying degrees. In this photograph the solar
elevation was 5.6?-, however, the terrain re-
flectivity is high because of the snow cover.
Therefore, dark objects and shadows are dis-
cernible. Even so, the photography is rated as
poor although the light Conditions available
justify the low quality.
Pass: D41'
.Frame: 02
Index: 03 (44-20)
Enlargement: 20X
Solar Elevation: 5.6?
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FIGURE 18. SOLAR BEARING.
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The effect of the difference in solar bearing
from the principal ray is illustrated in these
photographs of an atoll. The different reflec-
tance angle darkens the water and beach in one
instance and lightens it in another.
Left Photograph Right Photograph
Pass: D33 Pass: D33
Frame: 01 Frame: 02
Index: 01 (60-20) Index: 03 (64-18)
Enlargement: 20X Enlargement: 20X
Solar Bearing: 202 ? Solar Bearing: 324 ?
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NPIC / TP- 16,64
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ND :-SSPA
These photographs illustrate the resolution
across one frame. -
Pass: D48.
Frame: 13
Index: 17 (80-21)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 2.8?
Center Photograph
(center of frame)
Pass: D48
Frame: 13
Index: 17 (81-12)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 2.8?
TOP SECRET RUFF
Right Photograph
(bottom of frame)
Pass: D48
Frame: 13
Index: 17(83-5)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 2.8?
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1. Sunline Experiment: The first eight frames
of pass Dll consist of eight second strips
covering a range in solar elevation from -3` to
1S ? in 3 ? increments. The determination of the
capability of the film to provide proper ex-
posure at low sun angles is inconclusive because
of heavy cloud cover in 755' of the frames.
2. Illumination Experiment: Pass D12, frames
1 thru 17, consist of five second strips starting
at a sunline and covering approximately SO? of
latitude at specific intervals.. This experiment
was conducted to compile statistics on illumina-
tion aF various solar elevations. Because of
heavy cloud cover, on 90;, of the frames, these
statistics could not be obtained.
3. New Operational Modes:
a. Stereo Triplet: This mode consists of:
(1) A strip taken with the stereo
mirror in the forward position.
(2) A strip taken with the stereo
mirror in the vertical position.
(3) A strip taken with . the stereo
mirror in the aft position.
Identical coverage is obtained on all strips,
providing
vergence
a - normal stereo pair with a con-
angle of 30?, two pairs with a con-
vergence angle of 15 `(half stereo), and a vertical
strip of the same area. This mode satisfies
as that of the stereo triplet. The results, how-
ever, are quite different. In this case the initial
strip (`shot with the stereo mirror in the forward
p sition) and the beginning of the vertical strip
provide coverage of the same area in the form
of a 15 ? (half. stereo) pair. Likewise, the end of
the vertical strip and the following shot of the
identical area made with the stereo mirror in
the aft 'position provide a 15 ? (half-stereo) pair.
jn this. mode;- 15?7half-stereo) 'photography of
two-targets is obtained in addition to unbroken
coverage of the area between them. For photo
interpretation purposes, the 15 ? (half-stereo)
pair appears. to be an acceptable substitute for
normal stereo-when it is necessary for additional
coverage between targets. A reduction in the air
base, however, obviously decreases the strength
of the geometry of the stereo model for mensura-
tion purposes.. The effect of a reduced air base
upon measurements is-unknown and therefore the
back-to-back stereo cannot be recommended as
a standard mode until further analysis and study
is performed.
Back-to-Back Stereo Examples:
Pass D15, frames O1_, 02, and 03
Pass D31, frames 03, 04, and 05
Lateral Triplet: A lateral triplet
sists of three nearly parallel strips whose cen-
ters lie on a line perpendicular to the ground
track. A different position of the stereo mirror
is utilized for each photograph and the strips
are separated laterally by rolling the vehicle.
These strips may overlap depending upon the
degree of roll between exposures. Although full
stereo is unobtainable.. in this mode, the lateral
triplet is capable of providing monoscopically
three times the lateral coverage of a single
strip. This mode *is not as acceptable as the
stereo triplet for photo interpretation and should
only be selected when there is a necessity for
extended lateral coverage.
the desire of the photo interpreters for normal
stereo on all targets. At near 0 ?roll it furnishes_
vertical coverage enabling an additional check in
mensuration, a better view into open-topped ob-
jects such as smoke stacks and silos, and extra
coverage enabling calculation of such items as
ground speeds of trucks, tanks, etc.
Stereo Triplet Examples:
Pass D1. frames 04, 05, and 06
Pass D31, frames 13, 1-f, and 15
Pass D4S. frames 08, 09,-and 10
b. Back-to-Back Stereo: The sequence of
the back-re-back stereo is essentially the same
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Pass D15, frames 03, 09, and 10
Pass D31, frames 07, OS, and 09
Displaced Lateral Triplet: Adisplaced
lateral triplet consists of three strips with an
area common to the first and second frames and
a second area common to the second and third
-frames. Extended cross track -angular coverage
is obtainable by means of this mode. The dis-
placed lateral triplet is a variation of the lateral
triplet and should be used only when the target
covers an area which corresponds to its specific
cove-rage pattern.
Displaced Lateral Triplet Examples:
Pass D15, frames 11, 12, and 13
Pass D31, frames 10,11, and 12
FIRST EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in forward position)
SECOND EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in vertical position) ---saw
THIRD EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in aft positiof)---
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FIRST EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in forward position)
SECOND EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in
vertical position) -?.
THIRD EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in
aft position)
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FIRST EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in forward position)
SECOND EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirror in vertical position)-
THIRD EXPOSURE
(Stereo mirrorrin aft position)
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NO C'SSEM
Pass: D15
Frame: 11
Index: 15 (55-13)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 8.5 ?
Mirror Position: 15'F
Pass: D15
Frame: 12
Index: 16 (61-12)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 12.8 ?
Mirror. Position: 0?V
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Pass: D15
Frame: 13
Index: 17 (62-12)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 17.0?
Mirror Position: 15 ?A
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To show quality, the same general-area of the
format appears in each frame of this displaced
lateral triplet.
Right Photograph
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NPIC/TP-16/64
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}. Malfunction Modes:
a. Programmed IMC in Error: Todemon-
strate the effect of incorrect- IMC during oblique
photography three successive exposures were
made with a vehicle attitude of 30? rQll. The
first exposure was made with" the IMMC speed 4. o
below the correct velocity, the second exposure
at the correct IMC, and the third exposure at an
INIC speed 4-e above the correct velocity. Photo-
graphs on both of the frames programmed with
the I\1C in error were degraded. Degradation
is greater in the frame which was exposed at
the +4% speed. This however, may be a condi-
tion induced by target location in the format
area combined with the degree of roll.
Programmed IMC in Error Example:
Pass D48, frames 14, 15, and 16
b. Planned Mirror Movement: An ex-
periment was conducted on pass D48, frames Ol
and 02, to measure the effect and settling time
of the stereo mirror. Two photographs were
taken as follows:- _
(1) A 2.0 second strip with the stereo
mirror in the aft position.
(2) A 0.3 second rest interval. _
(3) A 6.0 second strip with stereo
mirror in the aft position at TI and in the-
forward. position at T2. The results indicate
that about 4.4 seconds were required for the
stereo mirror to change from the aft to the
e. Attitude Control:
(1) Pass D31, frames 01 and 02 were
taken using the coarse and fine vehicle
attitude control respectively. This experi-
ment, intended as a means of determining
the degradation, if any, between the use of
the coarse versus fine attitude control, is
inconclusive because of 95% cloud cover.
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!:0 FC^EI4
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forward position. This includes nearly a
second of mirror settling time.
c. High Roll Rate Settling Time: Pass
D48, frame 03, was exposed with the stereo
mirror in the vertical position while the vehicle
was rolled at a high rate of roll. The imagery is
degraded from the start of the roll to its corn-
pletion including settling time. This maneuver
was accomplished in approximately 5 seconds.
A similar experiment was conducted in the fol-
lowing frame (pass D48, frame 04) utilizing a
medium roll rate. A combination of roll and
settling time of about 2.5 seconds was required
foNthis maneuver.
d. Yaw Error: This experiment was con-
ducted to determine the actual degrading effects
caused by an error in yaw angle during high
oblique photography. A one degree-change in
yaw angle between frames 11 and 12 in pass D48
showed little difference in image quality. A slight
difference in image quality is apparent, with
frame 11 (smaller yaw angle) being the better.
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NO FDi:EIG-N CISSE/,1
The results of this IMC experiment show
that the degradation apparent in the -4570 (slow
film speed, left photograph) error is nit as
severe as that induced by the +470 (fast film
speed, right photograph) error.
Pass: D48
Frame: 14
Index: 19 (58-8)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 28.4?
IMC, Error: -4770
Pass: D48
Frame: 15-
Index:. 20 (50-10)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 29.8?
IMC Error: 070
Pass: D48
Frame: 16
Index: 21 (60-2)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 30.5 ?
IMC. Error: +4%
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FIGURE 23. MIRROR BOUNCE.
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~- ,,
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Degradation caused by the bouncing of the
stereo mirror as it settles after a change in
position is illustrated here. This bounce exists
for nearly a second after the mirror stops.
Pass: D48
Frame: 02
Index: 2 (60-17)
Enlargement: lOX
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FIGURE 24. YAW ERROR EXPERIMENT.
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-Pass: D48
Frame: 11
Index: 14(,59-13)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 35.4 ?
Yaw Error: Nominal
Pass: D48
Frame: 12
Index: 15 (50-13)
Enlargement: 40X
Roll Angle: 35.4 ?
Yaw Error: 1 ?
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NPIC/TP-1 /64
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These photographs show
change in yaw angle.
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