BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS IN EAST GERMANY

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 194
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 14, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 12, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS
IN EAST GERMANY
CIA/RR 56
12 February 1955
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGE,NCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
12
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans?
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS IN EAST GERMANY
?CIA/RR 56
(ORR Project 22.160)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
The purpose of this report is to describe the East German supply,
distribution, and consumption of basic aromatic chemicals obtained
from coal and the intermediates and products derived from them.
The scope of this report is limited to consideration of the
aromatic series of organic chemical compounds. Detailed discussion
is restricted to those aromatic compounds, generally known as
aromatic chemicals1which, because of supply factors or industrial
applications, are of primary importance to the chemical industry of
East Germany. These chemicals are benzene, toluene, xylene, naphtha-
lene, phenol, cresol, and aniline. Other aromatic chemicals, such
as xylenol? .anthracene, and pyridine and other tar bases, are dis-
cussed only brieflY; at the present time they, are of secondary
importance in East Germany.
Although most basic aromatic chemicals produced in East Germany
are byproducts of the recovery and processing of coal tar from the
coking and illuminating gas industries, analyses of the technology
of those industries are not presented in this report. Such analyses
are readily available in other publications.
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
A. History of the Industry
B. Technology ....... . . . . .
......
.
Page
1
4
4
9'
1. ? Crude Benzol and Hard-Coal Tar
......
.
9
2. Crude Tar Acids (Crude Phenols)
10
C. Organization
12
1. January 1953
12
2.. January 1954
13
II.
Production and Supply . ........
- .
?
17,
A. Domestic Production
19
1. Refined Benzol. ........ .
19
2 . Toluol ...... ? ? : : ? ? ..?
' ?
? ..-?
'
?
2. ?
? .-
.
?
22
3. Xylol ,
'
..
?
t II.
?
.
23
IL ? Naphthalene . .
_
?
?-
28
5. Refined Phenol
32
6. cresols
37
7. Aniline
38
B. Foreign Trade ? ? ? ? ? . .
...
..
.
..
,40
L. Imports
ho
a. General 4o
b. Benzol 41
c. Toluol 41
d. Naphthalene 43
e. Aniline 47
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2. Exports
a. General
b. Basic Aromatic Coal Chemicals
Page
48
48
49
C. Stockpiles
53
D. Material Balances
55
III.
Consumption
55
A. Refined Benzol
60
B. Toluol ?
61
C. Xylol
63
D. Naphthalene
64
E. Refined Phenol
67
F. Cresol
69
G. Aniline
71
IV.
Input Requirements ? . ..
.? .
72
A. Raw Materials
72
1. General
72
2. Raw Hard-Coal Tar
74
3. crude Benzol
75
4. Crude Tar Acids (Crude Phenols)
76
B. Manpower
85
C. Process Materials. and Energy
86
V.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
91
A. Capabilities
91
B. Vulnerabilities
92
C. Intentions
94
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_ _ _ _ _ _
Appendixes
Appendix A. Detailed Use Patterns for Basic Aromatic:
Chemicals in East Germany
Page
97
1.
Refined Benzol
97
2.
Toluol
107
3.
Xylol
4.,
Naphthalene
114
5.
Refined Phenol
126
6.
Cresols
137
7.
Aniline
144
Appendix B. East German Foreign Trade An Derived Aromatic
Chemicals and Products
Appendix C. Statistical Tables
151
169
Appendix D. Indications of Trends in Research and
Development 179
Tables
1. Estimatea.Ftoduction of Refined Benzol in East Germany,
by Producing Plants,. 1949-55 . . . .
2. Estimated Production of Toluol in East Germany, by ?
Producing Plants, 1949-55, . . . . . . . . .
3. Estimated Production of XylblAn-East Germany, by
Producing Plants, 1949-55
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Page
4. Estimated Production of Naphthalene in East Germany, by
Producing plants, 1949-55 30
5. Estimated Production of Refined Phenol in East Germany,
by Producing Plants, 1949-55 36
6, Estimated Production of Cresols in East Germany, by Producing
Plants, 1949-55 39
7. East German Imports of Benzol, by Countries of Origin,
1950-55 421
8, East German Imports of Toluol from the USSR, 1950-54 . . ? 44
9. East German Imports of Naphthalene, by Countries of Origin,
1950-54
10. East German Imports of Aniline, by Countries of Origin,
1949-54 47
11. East German Exports of.Basic:Aromatic'Cbal Chemicals,
by Importing Countries, 1951-54 50
12. Estimated Material Balances for Principal Coal Chemicals
and Aniline in East Germany, 1951-54 56
13. Estimated East German Benzol Consumption Pattern, 1952 61
14. Estimated East German Toluol Consumption Pattern, 1952 .63
15. Estimated East German Xylol CoSsumption Pattern, 1952
16. Estimated EaStGerman Naphthalene Consumption Pattern,
1952
17. Estimated. East German Refined Phenol ConsuMptiOn Pattern,
1952
? o ? ?- '? ? ?
18. EatimatedEadt German,Cresol-Consumption Pattern-, 1952
614
70
19. Estimated East German Aniline Consumption Pattern: 1952. . 73
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20. Estimated Production of Crude Benzol in East Germany,
by Producing Plants, 1949-55 77
21. Actual and Planned Production of Crude Phenols in East
Germany, by Producing Plants, 1949-55 79
22. Actual and Planned Production of Crude Phenols in East
414
Germany, ?.949-55
23. Eatimated East German Manpower Requirements for the
Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals, 1952 ..... . . 86
24. Estimated East German Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals, 1952 . . . 87
25. Reported Imports or Requirements of Aromatic Chemicals by
East Germany, Countries of Origin, and Possible Uses,
1950-54 . . . 152
26. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
fran Benzol, by Importing Countries, 1951-52 ? 156
27. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
from Toluol, by Importing Countries, 1951-54 159
28. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
from Naphthalene, by Importing Countries, 1951454. . . 160
29. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
from Phenol, by Importing Countries, 1951-54 163
30. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
fran Cresols, by Importing Countries, 1951-54 165
31. East German Exports of Chemicals and Products Derived
fran Aniline, by Importing Countries, 1951-54 166
32. Production of Coke, Raw Tar, and Crude Benzol by Cokeries
and Gas Plants in East Germany, 1936 and 1938-55 . ? . . 169
33. Production Quotas for Hard-Coal Tar and Crude Benzol
for Gas Plants in East Germany, 1952 171
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34. Raw Hard-Coal Tar Processed by Tar Distilleries in East
Germany, 1941753 175
3,5. Plants Producing Crude Phenols in East Germany, 1954 . . 176
36. East German Production Costs and Sales Prices for
Aromatic Coal Chemicals, 1951-52 178
Illustrations if
Figure 1. East Germany: Process Flow Chart for Raw
Hard-Coal Tar, Crude Benzol, and Crude
Phenols, VEB Teerdestillation- und
Chemische Fabrik Erkner (Chart) . - . . . ? ?
Figure 2. East Germany: - Estimated Consumption of
Basic Aromatic Chemidals, 1952 (Chart) . ? ?
East Germany: Basic Aromatic Chemical
Plant: Major Producers and Consumers
(MAP)
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Following Page
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58
Inside
Back Cover
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CIA/RR 56 S-ErC-R-E-T
(ORB Project 22.160)
BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS IN EAST GERMANY*
EYELrz
The aromatic chemicals industry of East Germany is an essential
component of the country's industrial economy and is a significant
contributor to the economic development of the Soviet Bloc. The
East German industry is more highly developed than that of any of
the other Satellites) and in the production of some industrial
chemicals it probably exceeds that of the USSR.
In East Germany, the belie aromatic compounds)** or chemicals,
are derived from coal and its tar. The aromatic-chemicals of major
Importance to East Germany are benzol,*** toluol, xylol, naphthalene,
phenol) Cresol) and aniline. These chemicals constitute the raw
materials, or "building blocks," for many important industrial prod-
ucts -- rubber, explosives, plastics, synthetic fibers, dyestuffs,
insecticides, pharmaceuticals, photographic film, solvents, tanned
leather, and synthetic essential oils.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 1 August 1954.
** The term aromatic compounds was originally applied to various
naturally-occurring substances with an agreeable aroma (such as oil
of wintergreen, vanillin, etc.) obtained from resins, balsams, and
volatile oils, but was later restricted to benzene and compounds
related to benzene (C6H6) whose molecular structures consist of one
or more cloSed-chain or rings, chiefly of carbon atoms.
*** Benzol (benzene ) is a definite chemical substance, c06, and
should not be confused with "benzine," which is a petroleum ether, a -
complex mixture of hydrocarbons. To avoid confusion, the term benzol
will be used in this report when reference is made to those chemicals
based on the hydrocarbon benzene'. In like manner) toluol will be
used instead of toluene, and xy30i instead of xylene. Exceptions will
.be made only when it is necessary to distinguish the pure chemical :
substances from the -crude or refined product.
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Numerous sectors of the economies of the other Soviet Bloc coun-
tries are reliant upon the intermediates and end products produced by
East Germany from aromatic chemicals. Perhaps the most significant
uses of aromatic chemicals, both in the Satellites and in the USSR,
are in the production of explosives and in the manufacture of other
military end products Such as aircraft tires, parachute materials, and
color-film dyes. '
At the present time, East Germany is incapable of producing several
of the aromatic chemicals (benzol, toluol, naphthalene, and aniline) in
quantities sufficient to cover domestic requirements. Import of these
chemicals is necessary to close the gap between domestic output and
demand. Benzol and naphthalene are imported in great quantities from
the USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia- All imports of toluol originate
from the USSR. As no aniline is known -babe produced in East Germany,
the total supply must be imported, mainly from the USSR and Poland.
Although phenol is in short supply, no imports have been reported,
probably because phenol is scarce in the Soviet Bloc.
A materials balance for the important aromatic chemicals in East
Germany can be estimated for 1954 on the basis of production estimates
and preliminary plans for foreign trade. East Germany is expected to
produce about 10,800 metric tone' of refined benzol, to import 22,000
toss, and to export 14,000 tons. Thus, domestic consumption** of re-
fined benzol will be about 29,200 tons during 1954. Toluol production
is estimated as 4,000 tons and 3,200 tons more are to be. imported. As
there are no planned exports of toluol, East German consumption of
toluol is estimated as 7,260 tons, The estimated production of xylol
in 1954 is about 1,000 tons, and because no import b or exports are
planned, domestic consumption will equal production. Production of
naphthalene is estimated as 5,800 tons, and planned imports total
17,000 tons. No exports of naphthalene are Anticipated, so consump-
tion will equal the sum of production and imports, 22,800.tons. The
production of refined phenol in East Germany during 1954 is estimated
to be about 11,800 tons, of which only 50 tons are scheduled for ex-
port. Since no refined phenol imports are planned, domestic consump-
tion should be about 11,750 tons. Production of cresols is estimated
* Tonnages throughout this report are given in metric tons.
** As there is no evidence that more than negligible quantities of
aromatic chemicals will be stockpiled in East Germany in 1954, it can
be assumed that total supply equals consumption.
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at about 17,900 tons, and planned exports total 1,600 tons. East
German consumption of cresol is estimated as 16,300 tons. All aniline
consumed by East Germany is available only from import. The aniline
import plan figure for 1954 is 2,100 tons.
Subsequent to 1952, available data are incOmplete on the consump-
tion of basic aromatic chemicals in East Germany. The preparation of
reasonably complete consumption patterns was possible for 1952. The
consumption patterns show that the major consumer of aromatic chemicals
in East Germany was the rubber industry. The manufacture and fabrica-
tion of synthetic rubber consumed about three-fifths of the total
supply of benzol, one-third of the supply of naphthalene, and twit).-
thirds of the supply of aniline. East German industries manufacturing
synthetic materials such as plastics, .resins, lacquers, and fibers re-
quired the second largest proportion Of the total supply of aromatic
chemicals. These industries consumed about four-fifths. of the phenol,
three-fifths of the cresol, and one-third of the naphthalene total
supplies. Aromatic chemicals employed as solvents and diluents in
various industries accounted for the third largest use. Approkimately
four-fifths of the total supply of xylol, one-half of the supply of
toluol, one-seventh of the supply of naphthalene, and one-tenth of the
supplies of benzol and cresol were used for solvents and. diluents.
In terms of quantitative consumption of aromatic chemicals, the East
German explosives industry was relatively unimportant in 1952. It is
significant, however, that about one-fifth of the total supply Of
toluol was used in the production of explosives,, and about 8 percent
of the aniline was probably used in .the manufacture of smokeless
powder stabilizers.
' The aromatic chemicals industry of East Germany had adequate
supplies of process materials and energy. Coal, especially bituminous
coal, and electric power shortages are frequent threats to the in-
dustry, but thus far they have not affected production to a serious
degree. The major input of the industry is bituminoUt coal, and it is
estimated that the consumption of coal in 1952 was 2.8 million.tons.
Manpower requirements for the actual production of the basic aromatic
chemicals in East Germany are small; an estimated 2,260.employees were
engaged during 1952.
Among the basic aromatic chemicals required by East Germany, only:
one, cresol, is produced in quantities which permit sizable exports...
A planned export of 4,000 tons of benzol in 1954 was made possible,
however, because the USSR cancelled its annual import of ethylbeniene
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from East Germany. ? The East German Five Year Plan (1951,55) calls for
increased production of most of the aromatic chemicals, but it appears
likely, that actual production by 1955 will fall short of plan figures.
PoSsibilities of expanding production appreciably after 1955 depend
upon new plant construction and the relief of present equipment and
power shortages, and they do not appear favorable.
Potential areas of vulnerability in the East German aromatic
chemicals industry are the. concentration of production in a relatively
few plants, the necessity of importing major quantities of some of the
aromatic chemicals of primary importance, the dependence on an over-
burdened railroad system, and the continuous threat of coal and
electric power shortages.
The aromatic chemicals industry is a possible indicator of Soviet
intentions to the extent that .its use pattern may dhow a shift of
emphasis from peacetime industrial uses to production of-absolute -
military, uses. At the present time, there is no clear indication of
such a shift.
I. Introduction.
A. History of ihe Industry.
The history of the production of aromatic chemicals from coal
in Germany is closely related to the history of the production of
coke: Before 1900 the center of German coke manufacture was in the
eastern area (Silesia and Saxony), but the Ruhr coking industry grew.
rapidly, and by the time of, the outbreak of World War II the Ruhr was
the-most important coking district in Germany. In 1939, Western
Germany-was producing nearly five times as much coke as the eastern
portion. In 1943 about 70 million tons of coal were carbonized at
coking plants and 10 million tons at gas plants in the western ,
area. 2.1* During 1938, about 372,000 tons of coal were carbonized
by cokeries and 1.75 million tons by gas plants in the present area
of East Germany. 2/
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After 1930, practically all bituminous-coal (or hard coal)*
tar produced in Germany was distilled. The tar-distilling plants
obtained the greater proportion .of their coal tar from coke ovens.
Prior to World War II, only about 20 percent of the total was pro-
duced in gas plants. In 1943, approximately ?.3 million tons of
tar were processed by German tar-distilling companies. Eastern
distilleries, including those in Silesia, processed about 450,000
tons of tar, less than one-fifth of the total production in Germany.
The distilleries in the area which is now East Germany:processed
only about 137,000 tons, ,less than 6 percent of the total tar pro-
cessed in all Germany. V
The German coal-tar industry developed to great lengths the
commercial separation of coal-tar components: The production of
certain coal chemicals was commercially .possible only because .some
plants processed large quantities of tar. For this reason, produc-
tion of coal chemicals was confined almost entirely to syndicates
specializing in tar processing. One of the largest of these
syndicates, Ruetgereverke AG, owned two distilleries in the present
area of East Germany. These plants were located at Erkner (near
Berlin) and Niederau (in Saxony near Meissen). - In 1943, both plants
together processed about one-fifth of all tar processed (518,000 tons)
by Ruetgerswerke AO*
In addition to bituminous-coal tar, which is obtained by high-
temperature (usually about 9000C) carbonization of the coal, a com-
parable amount of a second kind of tar was produced during World
War II. This was obtained by low-temperature (500 to 6000C) carboniza-
tion (ITC) of brown coal.*** Based on the quantities of tar processed,
the high-temperature and low-temperature tar industries were about
equal in size in 1943, but they differed so much in all other respects
_that they were virtually two separate industries.
Lbw-temperature carbonization was introduced in Germany on
a large commercial scale just prior to World War II. Because of
the imminence of the war and because Germany had only a limited
supply of natural petroleum, the rearmament program included the
erection of synthetic-oil plants capable of utilizing brown coal and
* The term hard coal is used In European terminology to include both
.anthracite and bituminous coal. The German term used is Steinkohle.
** For a map showing the major producing and consuming plants in the
'East German-aromatic chemicals industry, see inside back cover.
*** The term brown coal is? used in European terminology to describe
ill grades of brown coal and lignite.
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bituminous coal. The costs of the 'processes were very high, compared
with the cost of natural petrolehm, but development was necessary for
self-sufficiency, an important consideration for Germany in time of
war. low-temperature tar from brown coal and, to a much less extent,
from bituminous coal ultimately was the basis for a substantial part
of Germany's liquid-fuel output. airing the war, large low-temperature
carbonization plants provided substantial supplies of coke particularly
suitable for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid And solid products,
of fuel oil for the navy, of motor spirits, and of oil for hydrogena-
tion in the manufacture of gasoline and diesel oil.
The low-temperature tar oils had high contents of phenolic
substanees. Phenols extracted from tar oils were useful in the pro-
duction of high-quality diesel oils. &traction processes were
developed, and plants were erected in the present confines of East
Germany to treat the middle-oil fractions of low-temperature brown-
coal tars. Only a few plants, however, were equipped for refining the
crude phenols obtained and for, the production of refined phenol and
cresols.
. The effluents from tar-producing and tar-processing plants,
because of their phenolic content, pollute municipal muter supplies. -
when dumped into rivers. By the end of the war effluent treatment to
remove phenols was highly developed in Germany The effluents, from
coal-carbonization plants were also a substantial source of crude
phenols for industry. Special processes suitable for use with the
liquors from low-temperature carbonization plants had to be developed.
Two plants (at Leuna and Boehlen) in which is now East Germany were
equipped to recover 'phenols from effluents.
Crude benzol production' and refining plants throughout Germany
were concentrated mainly in the various coal-producing areas. Of the
total etude benzol produced, less than 2 percent was obtained from the
distillation of, bard-coal tar, the remainder originating from the
Washing of coke-oven and gas-plant gas. In 1943, the Ruhr area con-
tributed about 54 percent of the total production of refined benzol
and its homologs, while the eastern area (Silesia and Saxony) provided
only about 18 percent. The total output amounted to about 690,000
.tons (equivalent to about .206 million US gallonsl, including 140,000
tons from small gas plants.12/ During 1938, in the area which is now
East Germany, the production of crude benzol was 17,100 tons. 2/
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The postwar division of Germany into occupation zones isolated
East Germany from adequate supplies of coking coal. The hard-coal
deposits in the Zwickau-Oelsnitz district are hardly worth mentioning,
but they do furnish much of the raw material for two cokeries in that
region, August Bebel (formerly Estav) and Karl Marx (formerly
Gewerkschaft Morgenstern), both outmoded installations. War damages
and dismantling in the August Bebel plant reduced its prewar capacity
by about 30 percent. In 1950, funds finally were approved to obtain
materials to repair badly damaged coke batteries so that former
capacity could be attained and further deterioration of equipment
could be arrested. No large expansion is expected at either
cokery.
Poland is the main source of supply for hard coal to sustain
the East German gas economy. The gas-consumption structure in? East
Germany explains why many large production areas contain a great
number of small plants located close to the individual areas of con-
sumption. Before the war, most gas plants were operated as communal
enterprises by public authorities, but a number were privately
owned -- particularly the plants servicing Leipzig and Dessau. The
most essential obstacles to be overcome following the war were war
damage and the difficulties in obtaining the necessary hard coal.
Before the war, there were 225 gas plants using hard coal in the area
of East Germany, but at the beginning of 1946, only 133 plants were
in operation. In 1946, all gas plants, excluding those in Berlin,
consumed 920,000 tons of hard coal to produce 676,000 tons of gas
coke, 25,200 tons of gas tar, and about 2,500 tons of crude
benzol. V The coke output represented a reduction of about
60 percent from the 1943 output. pi Production of gas coke in 1947
increased over that of 1946 because there were 182 plants in opera-
tion. 2/ In 1952, although there were about 210 gas plants operating
on hard coal, only 194 plants were expected to be able to produce gas
tar. One source reports that the number of plants Using hard coal is
expected to decline by the end of 1955 because smaller enterprises
will be consolidated into large production plants and gas combines
will be established. 22/
Of the two large hard-coal tar distilleries (at Erkner and
Niederau) existing in East Germany befOre the end of the war, only the
Erkner plant remains. Niederau was dismantled in 1945. Erkner suf-
fered little war damage and, except for naphthalene production, was
capable of full-capacity operation, provided sufficient tar was made
available. 12/ This plant has a capacity greater than can be
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utilized by the raw materials available within East Germany. The
plant is considered one of the key installations in the present economy
of the country. Since 1951, capacities for distillation of benzol and
production of naphthalene have been enlarged. Further enlargement,
except for production of phenol, is territorially impossible, but
present capacity- suffices for taking all hard-coal tar from the gas
plants in the area. The small tar distilleries at Velten and Doebeln
can process some tar, but the intermediates must be shipped to Erkner
for final processing, 1g/
The construction of a coking plant was planned for the VEB
j(Volkseigene Setrieb -- People's-Owned Enterprise) Eisenhuetten
Kombinat Ost (Ironworks Combine East) in Stalinstadt (formerly
Fuerstenberg/Oder). The required hard coal was to be obtained from
Upper Silesia, but Poland -decided to deliver only coke. Abyproducts
installation at this coking plant was to produce 47,000 tons of tax
per year by 1955, which was then to be processed in a new tar dis- .
tillery.built within the combine.. It was intended- that this
distillery would make unnecessary the previously planned construction
of a similar distillery at Luetzkendorf. The proposed, but later
canceled, tar distillery at Eisenhuetten Kombinat Ost was to have an
annual capacity of 100,000 tons, but because 30,000 tons of tar would
have to come mainly from gas plants in the Saxony area, the location
was.unfavorable. 12/ It is now known that East Germany has abandoned
all plans-: for constructing any large plants for processing hard-coal
tar. 1V
During 1951 a Fischer-Tropsch gas-gynthesis plant at
Luetzkendorf was dismantled, probably because operations proved too
costly. Up to this time,-Iuetzkendorf had been a small contributor
of benzol, a byproduct of the manufacture of synthetic fuels. Some
of the plant's equipment may have been sent to a second Fischer-
Tropsch installation at Schwarzheide, but there is no information to
indicate that this plant produces benzol (or toluol) in quantity. 12/
The processing of effluents from low-temperature carbonitation
plants and hydrogenation plants utilizing bran coal, its, tar, or its
oils has been developed to a higher degree in the postwar period.
Additional plants now have units to recover crude phenols, and future
plans include more plants to adopt recovery methods. Only three plants
are capable, however, ot producing refined phenol and its homologs,
for apparently no new plants have been constructed since the dis-
mantling of Niederau.
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B. Technology.
1. Crude Benzol and Hard-Coal Tar.
The carbonization of coal is the destructive heating of
the coal in the absence of air, resulting in the formation of a
olid (coke) in the' retort and the evolution of a number of volatile
products. High-temperature carbonization (HTC) (usually above 9000C)
is' used for the production of metallurgical or foundry cokes and for
the manufacture of gas in byproduct coke ovens and in gas retorts.
The volatile products consist essentially of gas, ammonia, tar, and
light oil. From the tar and light oil are produced various aromatic
coal chemicals. Up to a few years ago,- the volatile products were .
commonly called byproducts. but their importance justifies the term
coal chemicals, by which they are now commonly known. The yields
and character of the carbonization products depend primarily on the
severitylduration,and nature of the heat treatment.
The light oil represents only about 1 percent of the
volume of the coke-oven gas. Recovery of light oil is generally
practiced in coke ovens, but it was not until the demand for toluol
became insistent during World Wax I that plants for the recovery of
light oil were introduced into municipal gas plants. .The principal
constituents of light oil (hereafter called crude benzoll from hard
coal are benzol, toluol, and xylol (a mixture of xylene isomers).
The boiling points of the crude benzol components rise progressively
by temperature intervals and consequently can be separated from each
other satisfactorily by fractional distillation. A number of the
xylene isomers, for example, boil at temperatures which are so close
together that their separation by distillation is impractical.
The tar produced in the carbonization of hard coal is
composed of compounds which range from the relatively simple ones
which make up crude benzol to the highly complex substances' which
form the pitches. The composition of tar depends on the tempera-
ture of carbonization and, to.a lesser extent,-on the nature of the
coal used. High-temperature, hard-coal tars contain significant
proportions of aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, phenol-,
cresols, and xylenols. Of more than 200 compounds which exist in
tar, a relatively few are recovered on a commercial scale.
The only large tar distillery remaining in East Germany
VEB Teerdestillatim- und ChemisChe Fahrik Erkner (near Berlin) --
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? ? ? ? ? ?
has seven tar-distilling stills, mounted vertically directly below
cast-iron fractionating columns, each of which has from 20 to 40
trays. The equipment operates on a batch basis. Thus direct
fractionation of tar in one cycle produces fractions of tar which are
sufficiently close for all subsequent processing. ? It is claimed
that this procedure facilitates direct manufacture, with a fairly
high degree of purity, of compounds such as naphthalene and ace-
naphthene. Figure 1* ii a graphic presentation, based on the 1952
.production plan, of the flow of materials and the resulting end
products at the Erkner distillery. 16/
. plring the tar fractionation, a middle oil containing tar
acids, naphthalene; and tar bases (pyridine -- for synthesis of
vitamins and pharmaceuticals) is recovered. The tar acids are
phenolic compounds and include phenol, cresols, and xylenols. After
the removal of the tar acids and tar bases (pyridine), crude
naphthalene is recovered from the middle oil, usually by a crystal-
lization process in boxes, or pans. The Erkner plant had 45 boxes
In 1952. 21/ After crystallization is complete, the naphthalene
crystals are centrifuged and washed with hot water to remove en-
trained oil.- Pressing the crystals in a steel cylinder with a
heated (400C) hydraulic press removes the last traces of oil, and
most other impurities are carried away as lower melting portions
dissolve. Erkner's refined naphthalene produet, "warm-pressed"
naphthalene, melts at 78.8 C, contains few impurities, and is satis-
factory for most industrial-uses. It is believed that no pure
naphthalene is now produced at Erkner.
2. Crude Tar Acids (Crude Phenols).
Crude tar acids are the acidic (phenolic) constituents of
tar and consist of phenol and its homologs, the cresols And xylenols
and higher phenols boiling at 250 to 360?C. The bulk of the tar acids
obtained in East Germany originates from brown coal and its tar and
oils rather than from hard-coal tar. The great abundance of brown-
coal deposits in the area appears to assure ample future supplies of
tar acids, provided satisfactory and economical means to recover the
acids are.employed. '
The process of carbonizing brown coal at temperatures
approximating 500 to 6000C is known as low-temperature carbonization.
The most important effect of low-temperature carbonization is a higher
yield of tar than is produced in gas plants and coke-oven installa-
tions employing a high-temperature carbonization process on hard
* Following p. 10.
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CRUDE ACIDS
EAST GERMANY
PROCESS FLOW CHART FOR RAW HARD-COAL TAR, CRUDE BENZOL, AND CRUDE PHENOLS
VEB TEERDESTILLATION-UND CHEMISCHE FABRIK ERKNER
INIENOIATE LIQUOR
FROM HIRSCHFELIDE FROM ESPEMIAIN
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(MAX. B.P. ?APO
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HSI BSI OA W.) 10 ism ((II)
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04 42n
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121(14(0 I9 11))
Prepared barn Planes f052 Oproaana/ Pion
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coal. The low-temperature tar, compared with hard-coal tar, contains
a higher percentage of tar acids but almost no other aromatic chemical
compounds.
The development ,Of the low-temperature carbonization in-
dustry in Germany was the result of the' critical demand for liquid
fuels before World War II. Brown coal, and the tar and oils derived
therefrom, was the basis for the synthetic fuel industry. Plants
erected in the present area of East Germany to produce low-temperature
tars and oils were equipped to use the Lurgi-Spuelgas process (employs
internally heated ovens) rather that the Krupp-Lurgi process, because
locally available feed stock, lignitic brown coal, has a high moisture
content (25 to 55 percent).
Installations to recover the phenolic byproducts (the tar
acids, or crude phenols) were constructed at synthetic fuel plants.
The Lurgi firm developed the Metasolvan process, using dilute methyl
alcohol as the solvent for extracting the crude phenols from tar oils,
to produce good diesel oils. Similar plants were erected toward the,
end of the war at Altenburg (Aositz plant) and Zittau (Hirsctfelde
plant) to' treat middle oil from brown coal tars, but the war ended '
just as they were to go into production. The maiasolvaa process was
limited to ,certain types of oils and specific oil fractions. A much
more widely used process for the extraction of crude phenols by the -
use of caustic soda has since been developed.
Fairly elaborate plants are required to remove phenols
from effluent liquors or Waste Waters (Sehwelvasser). of hydrogenation
and low-temperature carbonization plants which contaminate local water
supplies. The Lurgi firm, with I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, developed the
phenosolvan Process that uses technical butyl acetate as the solvent;
the solvent is subsequently distilled off, leaving the phenols. Plants
at Leuna (near Merseburg) and Boehlen reportedly employ this. same
process. Other processes were developed to dephenolize waste liquors,
and many were based on the principle of using selective solvents.
One of these, the tricresylphosphate process, is now used by a plant
at Zeitz which hydrogenates brown-coal tar and its light oil. Most
of the processes, however, proved too coetly, particularly when
quantities of high-boiling phenols are encountered. A biological
dephenolation process whereby residual phenols are destroyed in
phenol-thin liquors can be used to minimize stream pollution.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
research work to support the
endeavor to raise the phenol production of East Germany has been
continuing. More efficient and economical ways are being sought to
recover phenolic compounds employing the basic principles of dis-
tillation and extractive separation.* Progress to date appears to
have been slow in determining and developing the most economic
methods for recovering phenols from middle oils and other fractions
of low-temperature tars. A continuing phenol shortage in the post-
war period has thwarted expansion in some industries which require
phenol as a raw material. Further research effort and capital in-
vestments are justified, if only to satisfy the needs of the
synthetic plastics industry.
C. Organization.
1. January 1953.
Most chemical plants in East Germany, as of 1 January
1953, were administered by HV Chemie (Hauptverwaltungen Chemie --
Main Administration for Chemistry).. HV Chemie was one of three ad-
ministrations controlled by the Staatsekretariat fuer Chemie, Stein,
und Erden (State Secretariat for Chemistry, Stones, and Earths).
The two other administrations were HV Steine und Erden (Main Ad-
ministration for Stones and Earths) and HV Kali und Nichterzbergbau
(Main Administration for Potash and Non-Ore Mining). HV Chemie, in
turn, had under its jurisdiction various groups or enterPrises, each
enterprise consisting of a number of plants. The enterprises were
known as VVB's (Verwaltung Volkseigener Betriebe -- Administration
of People's-Owned Enterprises). Individual VVB's were composed of
plants which, in general, produced similar products. In 1952 there
were six centrally administered VVB's: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, Paint and lacquers, Elastics, Pharmaceutical Products,
and Potadh? and Non-Ores. The names of plant members in each VVB were
preceded by the lettere VEB (Volkseigene Betriebe People'so-Owne&
Enterprises). .
' On I May 1952 the Soviet government returned 66 Plants
to German ownership. UP to this date these plants were Soviet-
owned and had been designated as SAG plants (Sowjetische
Aktiengesellschaft** -- Soviet Corporation). Included in the list
* See Appendix D.
** SAG may also mean Staatliche Aktiengesellschaft -- State
Corporation.
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of plants returned were twovery important chemical plants,
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld and Farbenfabrik Wolf en. Both
plants were formerly awned by I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, but under .
Soviet control they were members of SAG Kaustik. .The USSR also re-
turned to German ownership some synthetic fuel, liquid fuel and oil;
and tar (from brown coal) processing plants located at Goelzau,
Rositz, Webau, Koepsen, and MUeckenberg. All these plants were
members of SAG Syntheses The USSR, on the other hand, retained own-
ership of synthetic fuel plants at Zeitz .and Schwarzheide. Some -
chemical plants which the USSR also retained were Chemische Werke
Duna, Schkopau near'Merseburg (SAG Kautschuk), Leunawerke "Walter
Ulbricht" at Leuna and Stickstoffwerke Piesteritz (both of SAG -
Mineralduenger), and FiImfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen and Zelluloidwerk.
Eilenburg (both of SAG Photoplenka). The centraloffice in East
Germany for SAG administration was located at:Berlin-Weisbensee.
- Also existing. in 1952 wasthe State. Secretariat for Coal-
and Energy. One administration under its jurisdiction was HST Kohle
(Main Administration' for Coal). The ..latter administered the enter-
prise VVB Kohle; Zwickau; to which belonged the two Zwickau coking
plants, August Bebel and Karl Marx. .Most of the East German gaS '
plants were allocated hard coal-by the HV Energie (Main Administra-
tion for Power). As- far as can be determined; the small hard-coal tar.
distilleries at DoebeInsand Velten were private concerns. .
All basic planning for East.Germany,was supervised by
Moscow; and, in many instances, even minor decisions -had to be sub-
mitted to Moscow for approval. The SAG's were expected to work
economically under all circumstances, and that was frequently
accomplished at the expense of.the VEB plants. .in general; integrated
planning for VEB and SAG' plants was not practiced'. /he East German
and Soviet planning offices conferred on planning, bnithe SAG office
was the stronger and was inconsiderate and ruthless:. This partly ex-
plains difficulties experienced by VEB'S-in their planning and produc-
tion; even raw materiald to fulfill their quotas were not always made
available to them; for the SAG plants always had priority.
2. January 1954.
A nuMber of important'organizational.changes took place
in 1953, especially after OctOber-of that-year. ':The secretariats and
VVB's were abolidhed; and in their place were established deputy
ministers who assumed control of variousscondMic sectors.' A news
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consolidated Ministry for Heavy Industry was created, with deputy
ministers directed by the Minister for Heavy Industry, Fritz Selbmann.
Among the deputy ministers are ones for Chemistry, for Coal, and for
Power: The Deputy Minister for Chemistry had the following five
separate main adminietrations:. Main Administration for Liquid Fuels
. (HV Fluessige Brennetoff), Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry
(HV Schwerchemie), Main Administration for Organic Chemistry (HV
Organisthe Chemie)1 Main Administration Tor Synthetic Products (HV
KUnststoff),.and Mein Administration for Potassium and Non-Ore
Mining (HV Kali mid Nichterzbergbau). In the-process of the re-
organization, plants were also Shifted from one main administration
to another, perhaps partly to dissolve groups that would become too
powerful because of' the importance of some of the member plants.
The Zwickau coking plants are subordinate to the Deputy
Minister for Coal. The gas plants are placed under EV Gas, one of
the main administrations under the Deputy Minister for Power.
? On 1 January 19514; all of the remaining SAG plans
that had not been returned in May 1952 were transferred to the East
German:government, and it became necessary to place these returned
plants into the structure. Meted below are the five main ad-
ministrations Of the Deputy Minister for Chemistry, and udder each
administration is given-the-names of some of the member plants. 1?/
.a. Mein Administration for Liquid Fuels (EV Fluessige
? Brennstoffe).
YES Kotbinat "Otto Grotewdhl," Beehlen
YES Mineraloelwerfluetzkendorf
? YES Teerverarbeitunggwerk Rositz
VEBTeerverarbeitungswerk Goelzau
YES Teerverarbeitungswerk-Koepsen
? YES Teerverarbeitungswerk Webau .
VEB-Teerdestillation- und?Chemische Fabrik Erkner
VEMLMIneraloelwerk Herrenleite, near Etta
\FEB Mineraloelwerk Klaffenbach
YES Mineraloelwerk Mittelbach,
YES Bydrierverk Zeitz/Troeglitz*
YES Werk Schwarzheide* .
YES Kcanbinat Egpenhain* .
Prior to 1 January 19514, thisplant was a SAO, or Soviet-owned,
corporation. 12/
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b. Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry (HV
Schwerchemie).
YES Elektrochemisches Kambinat Bitterfeld
YES Farbenfabrik Wolfen
YES Fahlberg-List, Magdeburg
YES Chemiewerk Doelau, Greiz/Daelau (formerly
Zschimmer and Schwarz plant)
YES Elektrochemie Hirschfelde
VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck
YES Sprengstoffwerk II at Gnaschwitz
YES Pharmaceutische Werk Oranienburg (formerly
Byk plant)
YES Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricht"*
VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritt*
VEB Chemische Werke Enna Schkopau*
c. Main Administration for Organic Chemistry (HV Organische
Chemie).
YES Chemische Fabrik Gruenau, Berlin Gruenau
VIE Chemische Fabrik von Heyden Radebeul/Dresden
YES Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben, Rodleben/Rosslau
YES Fettchemie- und Fewawerk Chemnitz (now Karl
Marx Stadt)
VEB Schering, Berlin/Adlershof
YES Russwerk Oranienburg
VEM Schimmel, Miltitz/Leipzig
YES Farben- und Lackfabrik Leipzig
YES Lack- und Lackkunstharzfabrik Magdeburg
YES Lack- und Lackkunstharzfahrik Zwickau
YES lack- und Druckfarbenfabrik Coswig
YES Lackfabrik Spindlersfeld, Berlin/Spindlersfeld
YES Druckfarben- und Lackfabrik Halle
* Prior to 1 January 19541 this plant was a SAG, or Soviet-owned,
corporation. 272/
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d. Main Administration for Synthetic Products (HV
Kunststoffe).
VEB Kunstseidenwerk "Friedrich Engels,"
Premnitz*
VEB Kunstfaserwerk "Wilhelm neck," Schwarza*
VEB Kunstharz- und Pressmassefabrik (Plasta)
Erlmerifw
VEB Kunstharz- und Pressmassefabrik (Plasta)
Espenhain**
VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen***
VEB Zelluloidwerk Eilenburg***
e. Main Administration for Potassium and Non-Ore Mining
(HV Kali und Nichterzbergbau).
No plants under this administration are mentioned in
this report.
Domestic trade in East Germany is the responsibility of
various official organizations called trade centers/or DHZ's
(Deutsche Handelszentralen)? which are organized along industrial
lines. One of these centers is DHZ Kraftstoffe und Mineraloele
(sometimes abbreviated as DMZ), which is responsible for internal de-
liveries of fuels and mineral oils, including coal tars) benzol (all
grades), toluol (all grades), and xylol.**** A second trade center is
DHZ Chemie, which is made up of various sections.. One section is con-
cerned with coal chemicals such as phenol, cresols, and naphthalene;
and another section is concerned with basic chemicals that include pro-
ducts and intermediates derived from aromatic chemicals;.
In the-field of foreign trade, there is one internationally
recognized East German trade company concerned with nearly all imports
and exports of chemicals. This Company is known as DIA Chemie
plants producing cellulose and
artificial silk would be transferred to the Ministry for Light In-
dustry. !2/
** Plants producing Presstoff reportedly would be transferred
to the Ministry for Machine Construction. gli
*** This plant was also a SAG until 1 January 1954. gg/
? **** The Soviet-owned Derunapht (Deutsche-Russiscne Naphtha AG)
distributes a similar product line.
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(Deutscher Innen- und Aussenhandel Chemie). DIA Chemie participates
in trade agreements and contracts and administers the foreign-trade
plan in chemicals. There are, in addition, semiofficial trading
companies, such as Chemiepha, which may or may not conduct their
operations with the knowledge of DIA Chemie. The Soviet-owned
Derutra (Deutsche-Russische Transport AG) operates as a transport
company handling international shipments of many product lines, in-
'eluding aromatic chemicals. Many East German tank cars apparently
are owned by Derunapht, which thus becomes involved frequently in
shipments of aromatic chemicals.
II. Production and Supply.
? Most aromatic coal chemicals currently produCed in East Germany
are obtained primarily through. high-temperature carbonization of
bituminous coal. The principal source of tar acids (phenol, cresols.,
and xylenols), however, is through low-temperature carbonization of
brown coals or through hydrogenation of these coals or their tar and
oils.
East Germany, in contrast to Nest Germany and most other coun-
trieS.which also possess well-developed chemical industries, is reliant
mainly upon the gas-retort phase, exemplified by city gas plants,
rather than upon coke-oven operations of high-temperature carbonization.
There are nearly 200 gas plants operating on hard coal in East Germany
and there are only 2 small cokeries. The hard-coal-gas plants play a
decisive role in the gas supply for the country, but they are supple-
mented by other gas plants using brown coal. In addition to supplying.
gas, the hard-coal gas plants have great responsibility for the pro- .
duction of coke suitable for foundries, of raw coal tar, and of crude
benzol for the chemical industry. Not all .of the hard-coal gas plants
in East Germany have facilities to recover both crude benzol and tar.
Only about one-quarter of the plants appear capable of recovering
crude benzol, but they account for almost 79 percent of the output in
the country'. Al]. of the benzol and about 80 percent of the. tar .
obtained is shipped to one processing plant; VEB Teerdestillation-, und
Chemische Fabrik Erkner at Eiskner near Berlin. The 2 coking plants
at Zwickau, Karl Marx and August Bebel, produce about 10 percent of
the hard-coal tar and about 20 percent of the crude benzol produced in
East Germany; and they process most of their own production.
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There are approximately nine plants processing brown coal and
brown-coal tar and light oils. Together they produce a large quantity
of crude phenols, including phenolate liquors. Only three plants,
however, are known to be capable of processing crude phenols and to
obtain refined phenol and cresols. The largest producer of refined
phenol and cresols is 'FEB Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricat" at toterseburg,
which produces more than one-half of East Germany's total production.
East Germany's production of several aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol,
toluol, and naphthalene) is wholly insufficient to meet the country's
needs. Import is necessary to make up the differences between produc-
tion and demand. It is estimated that in 1952, East Germany contributed
its domestic production toward gross supply in the following percentages:
less than 30 percent of the refined benzol; less than ho percent of the
toluol; about 20 percent of the naphthalene; and 100 percent of the
xylol, refined phenol, and cresols. There were apparently no imports
of xylol, refined phenol, and cresols, but phenol supplies were partic-
ularly short of the desired requirements. Imports of benzol and
naphthalene in 1952 came from the USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia,
but some naphthalene was received from Western countries. The USSR was
reportedly the only supplier of toluol and of the bulk of the aniline.
imports. In addition to the imports of certain basic aromatic chemicals,
a variety of chemicals derived from these aromatics were also imported.
The USSR supplied the largest share of these other imports. .
East 'German exports of some basic aromatic coal chemicals and of
various derived intermediates and products amounted to about ho,000
tons in 1952. Pure toluol, xylol, phenol (pure and crude grades),
and certain cresol fractions were exported. Xylenol shipments in
large quantities were also made, but this commodity has not been
seriously considered in this report. Exports of toluol, xylol, and
phenol were shipped chiefly to Soviet Bloc countries, and cresols went
largely to the Free World. A large toluol export to Hungary was signif-
icant because it was undoubtedly intended for use in explosives manu-
facture. The derived chemicals and products exported were many. They
Included such general-use categories as insecticides and pesticides,
synthetic rubber manufacture and rubber chemicals, plasticizers and
softeners for plastics and resins manufacture, photographic chemicals,
dyestuffs and intermediates, solvents, pharmaceuticals and medicinals,
and chemicals for the manufacture Of explosives. Exports of products
and derived chemicals favored the Soviet Bloc countries. Commodities
sent to the West were generally distinctive in that they were good
earners of hard currencies and served as barter goods for obtaining
essential raw materials and equipment.
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No sure evidence was found that prior to 1953 any aromatic coal
chemical had been stockpiled in an East German strategic reserve.
There were indications that establishment of State Reserves was to
be greatly emphasized in 19530 and these chemicals may now be in-
cluded. Plant operational stocks were reportedly not to exceed a
75-day supply.
A. Domestic Production.
1. Refined Benzol.
Virtually all of the crude benzol produced by the gas
plants in East Germany (including East Berlin) is shipped by rail to
VEB Teerdestillation-- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner, where it is re-
fined. Before the end of World War II, the crude benzol from these
plants was distributed between the two plants at Erkner and Niederau
(near Meissen). In 1945 the Niederau installation was lost to the
area through Soviet dismantling. The Erkner plant, however, still
had capacity to process more crude benzol than the combined out-
put from all existing gas plants.)
/ During 1951 and 1952) Erkner's crude
benzol input was expected to come from gas plants within the various
East German political divisions in the following percentages:
1951 2L1/
1952 ?22/
Mecklenburg
1.1
3.7
Brandenburg
6.9 '
4.6
Saxony-Anhalt
17.9
25.2
Saxony
.38.8
30.5
Thuringia
4.4
5.4
East Berlin
30.9
30.6
Total
100.0
100.0
Provisions were made at Erkner to assure that processing
capacity would remain in line with increasing output from the gas
plants, as the latter became more efficient and as additional plants
utilizing hard coal were restored. in 1951
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Erkner had an annual capacity for processing 11,000 tons of crude
bentol, and during that year an investment of 300,000 DME (East
German marks) was appropriated to construct a 100,000-liter benzol-
distillation still in order to raise capacity to about 20,000 tons
per year. 26/ A later report (mid-1952) revealed that such a still
was installed. 2//
During 1952, Erkner encountered operational difficulties,
principally because the flow of crude benzol stocks from the gas
-plants was too often irregular. The blame for the disruptions in
flow was placed on the railroads for failing to provide sufficient
numbers of tank cars at the proper times. The benzol rectification
plant also suffered a large reduction in output because of the loss,
for nearly a month, of one large still which had to be dismantled
and cleaned. 2?/ Erkner was reported to have received 14,545 tons
of crude benzol for processing in 1952. The scheduled 1953 input of
crude benzol was 15,500 tons. The reported 1953 plan yield of refined
benzol from crude benzol was 48.07 percent, and an additional yield
of 0.24 percent was expected from the raw bard-coal tar to be
processed. 22/ Actual yields obtained in 1952 were the same as those
of the 1953 Plan. 3.2/-
The processing of crude benzol at Erkner produces both
pure benzol and a refined industrial benzol called "90er Handels-
benzol."* Other products recovered include toluol, xylol, solvent
and heavy benzols.
The two cokeries at Zwickau, .Karl Marx and August 'Babel,
are believed to process most of their own crude benzol production.
There is the possibility that other plants may produce a little
refined benzol -- for example, the two small tar distilleries, VEB
? Chemische Fabrik Doebeln (formerly Oswald Greiner plant) and VEB
Chemische Fabrik Velten (formerly Schieweck and Company plant), and
Perhaps the large gas plant at Magdeburg. There is no available
information, howeverito substantiate this conjecture; and output, if
* 90er benzol is the distillate recovered at 100?C and consists of
90 percent pure benzol. Pure benzol for industrial use, such as for
nitration purposes, is the distillate recovered within a maximum
tolerance of 0.80C above or below 80.1?C.
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any, is not believed to be substantial. Total estimated East German
production of refined benzoll as well as estimates of plant outputs,
for the year's 1949 through 1955 is-presented in Table 1..
Table.1
Estimated Production of Refined Benzol in East
.by Producing Plants
1949-55
Germany
Metric Tons
Production
Year Total
1949 6,690
1950 8,520
8,300 ?2/
1951 10,150 2/
91400 c/ 1.S/
1952 101300 //
11,200 2/ 1E/
1953 10,810
12,1400 2/
1954 11,200
13,500.c/ 22/
1955 11,700
15,100
VEB
tuad
Teerdestillation-
Chemische Fabrik
.Erkner
41100 2/ 21/
c 8
5,704 ]2/ 3
/
5,900
7,172
6,890 c
7,247
7,335 c
7,712
7,591 2/ 22/
7,654 c
8,000
7,682 c/ 2/
81400
7,682 2/ 22/
Karl Marx and
August Betel
Cokeries !/
2,569 32/
2,073 i]
2,800 44/
2,400 2/ 12/
2,950
2,430 2/ Lig
3,000
3,050
3,100
3,200
Other b/
31
16
28
53
50
100
100
a. Estimates for the years 1950-55 are based upon probable percent-
age yields of refined benzol applied to the estimated coke produc-
tion by the cokeries. Yield factori range from 1.10 to 1.19 percent
of the coke. See Appendix C, Table 32, p. 169, below.
b. Figures Shown represent the difference between the sum of the
Erkner plant and cokeries estimate and the East German estimate.
c. Plan-figure.
d. Estimate based on reported actual output for 11 months of 1950
(2,551 MT). 36/
e. Estimate-Eased on first half year output (51540 MT) and first
9 months' output (71798 MT).120/
f. Estimate based on output for first quarter of 1952 (2,586 MT).112/
g. Revised 1953 production plan effective 1 August 1953.
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The Erkner plant supplies some of its benzol product,
perhaps over 15 percent, to 2 large East German chemical plants,
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen and VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat (ECK)
Bitterfeld. In addition, Erkner probably furnishes a third,
still.larger, plant, VEB Chemische Werke Buna at Schkopau, an even
greater consumer of benzol, but no details are available.. The
benzol demands of the Schkopau, Wolfen? and Bitterfeld plants are
largely filled through import from Soviet Bloc cOuntries -- the
USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Erkner's contribution probably
-amounts to only about 10 percent of the combined requirement of
Wolfen and Bitterfeld. 56/ The cokeries at Zwickau have also
supplied Wolfen and Bitterfeld. Perhaps over 25 percent of the
cokeries' output goes to the 2 plants, but the amount represents
less than 10 percent of their demand. It is presumed that in 1953
the' Wolfen and Bitterfeld plants received from East Germany no
more than one-fifth of their combined benzol need.
2. Toluol.
The large tar distillery, VEB Teerdestillation- und
Chemische Fabrik at Erkner and the two Zwickau. cokeries, August
Bebel and Karl Marx, recover toluol in the processing of crude
benzol produced in East Germany. A Fischer-Ttopsch unit at VEB
Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf appears to have been a source for
toluol synthesized from he 2// but the unit was dismantled
it the spring of 1951. 8 One report has stated that a second
Fischer-Ttopsch unit, located at VEB Werk Schwarzheide? also pro- -
duces synthetic toluol, but there is no confirmation of this state-
ment. 22/ Some toluol is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture
of monostyrene. The sole East German producer of styrene, which
is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, is SAG Chelische
Werke Buna, Schkopau. The toluol yield is reported to have been
as high as 6 petcent of the plant's total styrene output.* ?0/
The production of toluol as a byproduct at Schkopau is
an important source for toluol-short East Germany. The sane may
be said of the toluol obtained in refining and purifying imported ?
crude benzol. It is reported that at least three large chemical
plants, VEB ChemiSche Werke Buna at Schkopau, VEB Elektrochemisches
KoMbinat Bitterfeld, and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, have facilities
* US yields are reported to be about 3 pounds of toluol per loa
pounds of styrene.. .
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to purify imported crude benzol. The three plants must have pure, or
nearly pure, hydrocarbons as raw materials to manufacture other chemi-
cals and end products of good quality. AVailable information on these
plants is insufficiently detailed, and it is not possible to deter-
mine what quantities of toluol are produced by them. Variously re-
ported shipments to these three plants have included both "pure" and
crude benzol grades, but what toluol amount was subsequently obtained
from these shipments is unknown. It is possible that the total
amount of toluol realized from imported crude benzol represents an
appreciable addition to the over-all toluol availability; the addi-
tion could have been as much as 1,000 to 2,000 tons during 1953.
Erkner was able to produce only 96.9 percent of its 1952
toluol production plan. Plan underfulfilIthent was explained by one
source as follows: difficulties were experienced because of the
same transportation problems that affected refined benzol produc-
tion and partly because- of an increase in output of half-finished
washed toluol and a shift to salient benzoll'which resulted in
? considerable overfuifillment of the latter product. Li The 1953
planned yield factor for toluol from crude benzol was reported. as
13.95 percent (1952 actual yield was 14.21 percent), gj and from
crude hard-coal tar an additional tolubl yield of 0.13 percent was
expected. 6_1/
Table 2* gives estimates of toluol production in East
Germany for the years 1949 through 1955. Also given are output
estimates for individual producing plants.
The.Schkopau synthetic rubber plant can suPply its awn
requirements for toluol, and its need is probably not significant'. ,
The Bitterfeld plant is reported to have received shipments during
late 1951 and early .1952 from the Zwickau cokeries, from the Schkapau
plant', and from the USSR. gi/ The latest information (1950) on the
. dye factory at Wolfen indicated that the plant received toluol from
the Zwickau coketies, from the Erkner and Schkapau plants, and from
the USSR (via Schoenebeck, East Germany). ?2/
3. xylol.
,xylol is known tole produced only by the large tar
distillation plant, VEB Teerdestillation- mid Chemische Fabrik
Table 2 follows on p. 24.
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Table 2
Estimated Production of Toluol in East Germany
by Producing Plants
1949-55
Metric Tons
Year .
Production
Total ai
VEB Teerdestillation-
und Chemische Fabrik
Erkner
Karl Marx and
August Bebe],
Cokeries 12/
VEB Chemischc
Werke Buna S/
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1,800
2,500
3,1091
2,025
3,460
2,936
3,9oo
4,000
41300
-
1/ iy./
1/ /8/
.
1,200
900J$/
1,622 _2
1,310 A7 70
240
267 2/.88/
320
250 iii III
350
291 di 1Y
370 -
38o
.
380
390
. 360
535
800
900
10000
1,100
1,200
21 '
1,935 2
11700 d 12/
2,188 Li IL/
2,259 1/
2,495 5/ I
2,272 di h fil/
2,.286
.20550 ,
2,287 1/ 81/
20700
2,287 di ?12/
a. Annual planned production for years, 1951 and 1952 Aces not include
Schkopau's output. Estimated totals are the sums of individual plant
, outputs. The figures are rounded. .
b. Estimates for 1950-55 :Jere derived from probable percentage yields
of toluol to the estimated coke production by the cokeries. Yield factors
range from 0.125 to 0.143 percent'of the coke. See Appendix CI
Table 32, p. 165, below, for estimated coke production by the cokeries in
corresponding years. .
c. Estimates made for byproduct toluol output at Schkopau were based on
a probable yield of 4 to 6 percent of the styrene output, with figures
rounded off.
d. Plan figure.
e. Estimate based on actual reported output during 9 months of 1951
(603 MT). /2/
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Table 2
Estimated Production of Toluol in East Germany,
. by Producing Plants
1949-55'
(Continued)
? f: Includes 1,353 tons of purified toluol and 835 tons of pure teluol.
g. Includes 1,506 tons of purified toluol and 989 tons of pure toluol.
h. Includes 1,522 tons of purified toluol and 750 tons of pure toluol.
i. Revised 1953 production plan effective 1 August 1953 (1,321 tons of
purified toluol and 965 tons of pure toluol).
Erkner, and the two small cokeries? August.pebel and Karl Marx at
Zwickau. A "xylol substitute .(for solvent and diluent purposes)
has been reported to be made at the Fischer-Tropsch gas-synthetis
unit installed at VEB Werk Schwarzheide. ?2/ ?
The chemical plants, VEB Elektrochemisches Kothinat,
Bitterfeld, SAG Chemische Werke Mina Schkopau, and Farbehfabrik
Wolfen? are probably able to separate the xylol-solvent naphtha,
mixture from crude benzol in the process of rectifying the latter to
produce refined or pure benzol and refined toluol. This id actually
done at Schkopaul where it appears that no further refining is done
-beyond the fraction called xylol-solvent naphtha. Schkopau was re-
ported to have produced 28 tons of the fraction during 1950, and the
1951 plan called for 30 tons. ?.6./ This plant supplied over one-half
of its .1950 output to the Wolfen dye plant. -?1/ Wolfen, in addition,
regularly receives small quantities of xyleal from the Erkner plant. t12/
The Erkner plant is the main xylol producer in East
Germany This plant failed to fulfill its 1952 production plan by
13.1 percent. The basic reason given for underfulfillment was a steady
increase in solvent benzol output in lieu of xylol, apparently caused
by a change in the composition of the raw materials (crude benzol and
tar). This fact was explained, in turn, by an apparent change in the
quality of imported Polish hard coal received by East Germany, a
change which was expected to continue indefinitely. Erkner attempted
to have its plan target reduced, but the controlling Berlin office
refused, complaining that the requirements of lacquer factories would
have to be converted from xylol to Solvent benzol. ?.2/ The 1953
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-scheduled yield factor for xylol from crude benzol was set at 5.20
percent (1952 actual yield was 5.05 percent), 22/ and the yield
from crude hard-coal tar was set at 0.05 percent. 21/
Refined xylol (or industrial xylol) of coal origin is
a mixture of hydrocarbons, including three xylene isomers. The
normal-proportions of the xylene-isomers present in refined xylol
derived from coal, as opposed to petroleum hydroforming sources,
are about 15 percent ortho, 15 percent pare, and 70 percent meta.
Grades of xylol depend upon the sharpness of fractionation and
are described partly by a specific boiling point range of the
product. The separation of individual isomers from one another
must be accomplished by methods other than usual straight frac-
tionation because their boiling points are nearly identiCal
(meta-xylene, 139.3?C; pari-xylene, 139.4?C; ortho-xylene, 144?C).
A similarity in chemical structure and in physical properties
creates formidable purification problems.
East Germany. is not currently able to separate the
isomers on a commercial scale. The Erkner plant has achieved
a fraction cut boiling between 137.5?C and 140?C with its distil-
lation column, which has 80 trays and an efficiency of about 50
theoretical trays'. This fraction, amounting to only It tons, was
made in 1952 on special order by NEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen for the
purpose of obtaining a cut high in meta-xylene content (4o percent)
in order to prepare a color film component. The usual xylol
fraction supplied to consumers by Erkner boils between 135?C and
1450C. 2g/
Prior to 1952 there appears to have been little demand
in Eaat Germany for individual xylene isomers. Supplies were
obtainable from West Germany whenever a requirement arose -- for
example, Wolfen could make dyes with meta-xylene obtained from
Leverkusen. Wolfen reportedly imported 28 tons Of this isomer
during 1950. 22/ A later report (early 1952) indicated Wolfen
was still importing- from Leverkusen. 211/
Table 3* gives estimates of xylol production for East
Germany during the years 1949 through 1955. Outputs of individual
loaogn producing plants are also given.
* Table 3 follows on p. 27.
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Table 3
Estimated Production of Xylol in East Germany
by Producing Plants
1949-55
Matrid-.Tons
:Production
Year Total a/
VEB Teerdestillation- Karl Marx and
und Chemische Fabrik August Bebe1
Erkner Cokeries IV
1949 460 400
38o s/
1950 660 604 8
1951 840 E 3.o 0.1
696 2/ 12E/
1952 850 781 105
1,048 s/ 12W 899
1953 900 827
, - 848 c
781j/-? d no/
1954 1,000 915
854 Si la/
1955 1,150 1,050
854 s/ 1.11/
'
58 5/
48 c
59
5o si ici2/
66
51.5 E/ 1211/
71
'80
85
86
a. Estimated annual totals are the suns of individual plant outputs.
The figures are rounded.
b. Estimates for 1950-55 were derived from probable percentage yields
of xylol to the estimated coke production by the cokeries. Yield
factors range from 0.023 to 0.032 percent of the coke output.: See
Appendix C, Table 32, p. 169, below, for coke output. estimates for cor-
responding years. ?
c. Plan figure.
d. Revised 1953 production plan effective 1 August 1953.
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? ?
4. Naphthalene.
The 1945 dismantling of the Niederau tar distillery of the
former Ruetgerswerke AG of Berlin reduced the East GermaL capacity for
naphthalene production by about one-third. Moreover, another Reutgers
installation, VTB Teerdestillation-_ und Chemlsche Fabrik Erkner,
sustained war damage in the plant's naphthalene cooling and warm-
press departments. For several years after the war, these conditions
affecting naphthalene supply were not drastically serious, for the
raw material (hard-c6a1 tar) output in East Germany was limited, and
industrial recovery in general was retarded through dismantlings
and widespread disorganization and confusion. By 1949, however, the
economy, was recovering enough-to impose increasingly greater demands
upon the East German chemical industry for basic chemical raw materials.
Where plant capacities were inadequate to produce whatever chemicals
Were heeded and in amounts'sufficient to fill requirements, numerous
critical situations developed. Importations of chemicals in short
supply were necessary to offset East German deficiencies. One good
example was the naphthalene supply; capacity to produce the product
fell behind growing demands, necessitating a steady.increase in
naphthalene imports.
The demands made'up6n the Erkner plant tO produce naph-
thalene became greater with each year, for this ,plant was the prin-
cipal supplier of naphthalene and it processed the bulk of the hard-
coal tar produced in East Germany. Annual quotas of naphthalene
production for Erkner increased rapidly, but they were unrealistic.
In Erkner's 1950 investment plan, provision was made to construct
a badly needed naphthalene warm-press unit. A warm-press unit employs
the cheapest and most effective method for the purification.of naph-
thalene and will yield a product suitable for further processing to
the pure grade, if that is required. It was also considered essential
to construct a new naphthalene washing unit and a distillation Unit:
In addition, it was anticipated that when a warm-press Unit was
installed the plant could release and utilize a. centrifuge to increase
production of acenaphthenel fluorenel anthracene, and possibly other
technically pure hydrocarbons. Up to this point, the operation of
the 'centrifuge had allowed only limited outputs of these hydrocarbons.
the Erkner plant had 50X1
placed an order for a naphthalene press with a West German firm by
the name of Harburger Eisen- und Bronzewerk AG, Hamburrzharlun.
50X1
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It has been mentioned before that Erkner processes high-
temperature hard-coal tar produced by numerous gas plants in East
Germany and tar received by import from West European and Soviet Bloc
countries. ? Erkner, in addition, receives from various tar paper,
roofing board, and roofing felt manufacturing plants -- for example,
the Riedel Roofing Felt Factory (Hans Burchard) in Rostock -- a
supply of middle-oil fraction (distilling off up to 240?C) which is
obtained from primary distillation of hard-coal tar.
There have been no recent reports indicating? that Erkner
is now producing a pure naphthalene product having a softening point
(SP) of 79.5?O to 80.ot. During 1950, two naphthalene grades were
produced: a very crude product of SP 70qC, but satisfactory for
manufacturing carbon black (for buna synthetic rubber) and the
hydrogenated naphthalenes, tetralin and decalin (both solvents);
and a centrifuge grade of SP 78?C to 78.5?O, which was suitable for
phthalic anhydride manufacture. By 1952 the warm-pressed material,
SP 78.8?C, was the principal naphthalene product. This grade was
satisfactory for most industrial purposes. At Erkner the 1952 yields
of warm-pressed naphthalene from the crude tar and middle oil fraction
were 4.43 percent and 8.1 percent, respectively. The percentage yield
of naphthalene planned for 1953 was 4.37 percent of the coal-tar twit"
and only 3.50 percent of the middle oil fraction. 115/
The Zwickau cokeries, Karl Marx and August Bebel, are -
also produCers of naphthalene, but their combined output is probably
less than one-fourth as great as Erkner's production. No specific
information defining the quality of their product is available, but
probably all of it is a crude grade of about SP 70?C: In 1949 the
cokeries-obteined a combined naphthalene yield of 0.429 percent of
the coke output (0.60 percent at the Karl Marx plant), or 9.74 percent
of the tar production (16.39 percent at Karl Marx). lla/ Under better
operating conditions, the efficiency may improve, particularly at. the
August Hebei plant.
Two small high-tetperature hard-coal tar distillation
plants of privateownership are known to be crude naphthalene pro-?
ducers; but their combined output is considered to be very small.
These tar distilleries are'Chemische Fabrik Doebeln (formerly Oswald .
Greiner) and Chemische Fabrik Velten (formerly.Schieweck and Company)
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in Velten. A possible third small producer is the Riedel tar roofing-
:board plant at Rostock. Current naphthalene production rates or
capacities at these three plants are unknown.
There is no available information relating to the pattern
of disposition of naphthalene from individual producers to specific con-
suming plants. It is presumed that naphthalene is distributed among
several large consuming plants, such. as VEB Chemische Werke.Buna
Schkopau, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, VEB Deutsches Hydriewerk Rodleben,
VEB Russwerk Oranienburg, and TSB (Treubandbetrieb) Werk Westeregeln,
formerly Deutsche Solvay Werke Westeregeln. Further details regarding
the consumption and uses of naphthalene are to be found in III, below,
and in Appendix A.
Naphthelene (all grades combined) production estimates
for East Germany for the years 1949-55. are given in Table 4. Output
estimates for individual plants are also given.
Table 4
Estimated Prodtction of Naphthalene
,in East Germany, by Producing Plants
- 1949-55
Metric Tons
Production
Year
? VEB Teerdestillation-
:und Chemische
Total 2/* Fabrik Erkner
Karl Marx and
August Bebel
Cokeries
Other
1949
1950
1951
2,406 1,300 -
2,082 si lly
3,600 2,747 4/ 122/
1,033 :
.17
100
85
70
2/
122/
51/
760 c 112/
1,000
1,000 2/ lag
815 e
940 a/ 1g2/
4,222 4/ 2/ lgy
91/2,2oo
3,358 2/ 124 moo 2/ 122/
4,000 3,122 J126/
4,o4o 2/ 2.2i/ 3l0o0 2/ /
* Footnotes for Table 4 follow on p. 31.
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Table 4
Estimated Production of Naphthalene
in East Germany, by Producing Plants
1949-55
. (Continued)
Metric Tons
Production
Year
Total 12/
VEB Teel-destination-
und Chemische
Pabrik Erkner
Karl Marx and
August Bebel
Cokeries
Other bi
1952
1953
1954
1955
4170o
:5,500
5,800
6,200
3,757)1/
900
1,000
:1,100
1,200
50
100
100
loo
3,100 c 22/
4,375 liai
3,800 2/ 134/
4,162 0/ 13-122/
4,600
4,293 2/ I.16/
4,9oo
4,293 2/ 12//
a. Estimated annual totals are the sums of individual plant outputs.
The figures are rounded.
b. Other plants are presumed to include two small tar distilleries
at Dcebeln and Veiten and a tar roofing-board plant at Riedel. These
plants have been reported as privately 3wned works.
c. Plan figure.
? d. Including 971 tons of crude naphthalene produced and sold.
e. Reported amount but apparently includes crude naphthalene. The
factor used to convert crude naphthalene to the refined grade is
1.26 to 1.0. .
f. Including 908 tons of crude naphthalene produced and sold.
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Table 4
Estimated Produttion of Naphthalene
in East Geimany, by Producing Plants
1949-55
(C ontinued) .
g. Estimates for the cokeries for years 1951 through 1955 were de-
rived from probable percentage yields of naphthalene to the estimated
coke production by the cokeries. Yields range from 0.311 to 0.450
percent of the cake output. See Appendix CI Table 322 p. 189, be-
low for coke output estimates for dorresponding years.
h. Revised .1953 production plan effeative 1 August 1953.
5. Refined Phenol.
By the end of World War II, there were in all Germany
only a few tar-processing plants equipped to process crude phenols
and obtain refined (including pure 'grade) phenol, the cresols, and
the xylenols. These plants received their feed stocks of crude tar ,
acids from various kinds of produting plants in the form of tar oils,
crude Phenol oils, and phenolate liquors. Today, East Germany is
believed to have only three plants capable Of producing refined
phenol, the cresols, and the xylenols on a commercial scale. The
three plants are SAG Leunawerke.'"Walier Ulbricht" at Leuna near
Mersebdrg; VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner at :
Erkner near Berlin; and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen at Waren. Before
being dismantled by the USSR in 1945, a tar distillery at Niederau
(near Meissen) also produced pure' pnenol? about 2,500 tons a year.
In addition, the Niederau plant was known as a producer of Synthetic
phenol made from benzol by a chlorination process. Synthetic phenol?
capacity was reported to have been 6,000 tons a year. 1
No synthetic phenol is now produced it Eagt Germany. The .
synthesis of phenol from benzol is not considered practical, for 'benzol 1
is even less available then phenol. West Germany, on' the other hand,
produced 10,100 tons of phenol in 1951, 38 percent of it synthetic.*
* Natural phenol output in the US is between 11,000 and 14,000 tons
per year, but this represents only about 6 percent of the total phenol
produced; the remainder is made synthetically:.
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At the present time the Leuna plant is considered the .
largest producer of .refined phenol in East Germany. Leuna's phenol
distillation unit is an up-to-date, automatically controlled unit
capable of processing 24,000 tons of crude phenol stock per year. 1122/
Information has been scanty on Leuna's phenol production since the
end of ,the war. Actual output. in 1946 was reported as 728 tons, and
the 1948 goal was stated as 2,400 tons. 41.1/ The estimates of phenol
production for 1950 and subsequent years see Table 5*) had to be
based partially an data relating to actual and planned outputs of
'cresols and xylenols 'at Leuna. the 50X1
1953 production quota for refined phenol was 6,300 tons** and that
Leuna will use 5,250 tons for itself and sell the remainder. 143/
The plant is'believed to process same of its own crude phenols stock,
but mostly that which is supplied by VEB Kombinat Eppehhain.
The second most important plant, for Producing refined
phenol, is the Erkner .tar distillery, a former member of Ruetgersmerke
AG, Berlin. This plantwas reported to have had, in 1951, a capacity
for distilling 10,000 tons of crude phenols ami-for processing an
additional 10,000 tons of phenolate liquor annually. 144/ Crude
phenol oils produced by plants at Espenhain and Zeitz and phenolate
liquors from Hirschfelde and Klaffenbach plants are forwarded to '
Erkner for refining. In 1947, stock for processing was received from
Leuna) but currently Erkner is adequately supplied by other plants.
Various plants, including the Karl Marx and August Hebei cokeries.at
-Zwickau and tar roofing=paper and board-manufacturing plants, which
prodese raw bard-coal tar, ship to Erkner their recovered medium
fractions 'or middle oils (boiling up to 240cC) containing tar acids.
Many'gas plants also send to Erkner raw bard-coal tar, which is an
additional source of tar acids.
In 1952, Erkner's total crude tar acids input was 9,052
tons, and 9,645 tons were anticipated for 1953. Raw hard-coal tar
output in 1952 was reported' to have been 86,591 tons, and the 1953
schedule called for 87,500 tons.. The 1952 output norms and expected
1953 norms (in percent) from crude-tar acids, middle oil, and raw
hard-coal tar were las follows
* P. 36 below.
** In 1944, Leuna produced only 14,192. tons of refined phenol.
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Percent
Crude-Tar Acids
Middle Oil
Raw Hard-
Coal Tar
Espenhain
Hirschfelde
1952
1953
1952
1953
1952
1953
1952
1953
Phenol
30.75
24.55
19.44
4.00
6.0
6.0
0.85
0.87
Cresols
34.65
25.50
24.97
4.06
8.9
8.9
1.84
1.77
Xylenols
14.19
14.99
8.79
13.50
1.6
1.6
0.17
0.33
Phenol-cresols
mixture
24.65
56.49
Phenol pitch
12.79
16.24
14.68
14.18
2.2
2.2
0.23
0.25
Water
and loss
7.62
18.72
7.47
7.77
1.3
1.3
Others
59.3
59.3
-96.91
96.78
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.0
100.0
100.00
100.00
The equipment installed at Erkner in 1952 for distilling crude tar, acids
included 5 batch stills with a combined capacity of 176 cubic meters.
Four of the stills had 80-tray columns and 1 still had a 40-tray column.
Further distillation results in pure phenol with a yield of' about 87 per-
cent. For this operation there was 1 still of 23-cubic-meter capacity
(40-tray column) which operated under vacuum on a batch basis. Some of
the reported salable products obtained from crude tar acids processed at
Erkner are 146/:
Product Specifications and Description of Product
Pure phenol, DAB 6*
Cresol DAB 4*
Cresol, DAB 4, B 1
Orthocresol, pure
Xylenol fraction
* DAB
Solidifying point, 39 to 41?C; boiling range, 178 to
. .
18290; white; 0.5 percent water.
Boiling range, 193 to 2129C; red-brown to brown; 0.5
percent water.
Boiling range, 196 to 207 C; red to brown; 34 to 36
percent meta-isdmer content; 0.5 percent water.
Solidifying point, 29 to 319C; pink to brownish, 0.5
percent water.
Boiling range, 205 to 225?C; red-brown to dark;
up to 1 percent water.
(Deutsche Arzneibuch) is the German pharmacopoeia.
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Phenol production data and estimates for Erkner are shown
in Table 5.* There is no exact disttibution pattern available for
Erkner's phenol production) but a considerable portion is supplied to
Various synthetic plastics and resins manufacturing plants, including
'VEB Kunstharz- und Pressmassefabrik Erkner, VEB Kunstharz- und
'Pressmassefabrik Espenhain, VEB Lack- und Lackkunstharzfabrik
iSchoenebeck-Elbe, and VEB Lack- und LackkunstharzfabrikiZwickau.
.Phenol is shipped also to VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben, VEB
Fettchemie- und Fewawerk.Chemnitz (now Karl Marx Stadt), VEB
Pharmaceutischewerk Oranienburg) and VEB Elektrochemie Ammendorf.
The third, and only other) known producer of refined
phenol is VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. Very little is known of this
plant's capacity. The plant was reported to have processed 2,078 tons
of crude phenol in 1943.112.7" At that time crude phenol oil from
.Leuna was the starting material)and installed at Wolfen were three
batch-distilling units. Later information (1950) indicated that Wolfen
? received some pure phenol directly from Leuna and that crude tar acids
stock was furnished by the Espenhain and Rositz plants. During 1950)
Wolfen received nearly 3,800 tons of crude acids, of which Espenhain
supplied about 90 percent. Receipts during the first quarter of 1951
indicate that Wolfen may have received between 14,500 and.5)000 tons
of crude tar acids in 1951.112Y Refined phenol output in 1950 was
1,281 tons.1122/ Of this amount, about one-half was shipped out of
the plant; VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld received 250 tons,
and 310 tons were exported (200 tons to West Germany and 110 tons to
Czechoslovakia and Hungary). 152/ The Wolfen plant annually consumes
increasing quantities of phenol to manufacture various end products)
including synthetic organic tanning agents and ion-exchange resins.
East German phenol, consumption and uses are discussed in detail In
III) below) and in Appendix A.
Table 5 gives output data and estimates for individual
phenol-producing plants and over-all East German estimates for refined
phenol produCtion from 1949 through 1955.
* Table 5 folloies on p. 36.
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Table 5
Estimated Production of Refined Phenol
in East Germany, by Producing Plants
_1,949755
Metric 53/113
2/
Year Total .
1949 4,300
1950 5,200
1951 ? 7,900
8,000 12/ 12g
1952 -9,250
9,600 c/ ly
9,000 72/ 1./
1953 10,300 y 1o3/
13,000 sI Ig/
1954 11,800
14,300 2/ 1612/
1955 13,600
15,3oo.y
21,000 Lgi
Production
Leunawerke
"Walter
Ulbricht"
VEB
Teerdestillation
und Chemische
Fabrik Erkner
2,400 ' Boo
756 y 151/
2,580 1,342 1527--
1,30017-154
4,5oo 2,133 155.
20000 Firla/
5,000 2,834 1.521---
2,380
6,900 1,738 0/ 1,700
6,300 hi 166/ 2,344 'Li
1,687 .s/ 1.22/
7,500 2,500. 1,800
7,125 12/ la2./ 2,760 If 170/
8,500 . 3,200 1,900
2,760 12/ 122/
. .
' VEB
Farbenfabrik
Wolfen
1,100
1,281 153/
1,300
1,300 12/ I.2W
1,620
41. Estimated annual totals are the sums of individual plant outputs.
? The figures are rounded.
b. Plan figures.
c. Preliminary plan given in the first draft of the East German Five
Year Plan (1951-55).
d. Reported total East German production for first 6 months was
5,066 tons.
e. Revised 1953 production plan effective 1 August 1953.
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6. Cresols.
The producing plants for cresolt in East Germany are the
same installations that produce refilled and pure phenolt VEB Leunawerke
"Walter Ulbricht", at Leuna; VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik
Erkner; and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. A fourth plant formerly existed
at Niederau, which reportedly produced about 4,000 tons per year of
cresols, but the installation was dismantled by the USSR in 1945. Eli
All three currently operating plants are known to separate the ortho-
?cresol isomer from the cresols mixture. Wolfen, apparently,is capable
of separating the three isomers (ortho, meta, and pare) from one
another, and Erkner also may be equipped for this purpose but does
not male separations on a commercial scale. Little is known of
Leuna's capabilities, but if it, too, can Separate the isomers, it
is probably done to a very limited extent.
Anticipated 1953 output norms for Cresols from crude tar
acids and hard-coal tar are known only for the Erkner plant. They are
38.2 percent and 1.77 percent, respectively. 175/ Various cresol
:gradel and salable products have been reporterto be produced, and sold
by one or more of the three producing pleats and are given below:
Cresol Product
Pure cresol DAB 6
Cresol DAB 4
Ortho-cresol
Meta-cresol
Para-cresol
Prucing Plant
Leuna and Wolfen
Erkner, And Wolfen
Erkner and Wolfen
? Wolfen
Wolfen
-No specific distribution,patternd Are available for each
cresol-producing plant. There Is, however, sometragmentary infor.
mation. The Leuna plant was scheduled to produce 1,300 tons of cresol
-DAB 4 during 1953, 176/ and all was to be consigned to VEB Elektro-
chemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld. 177/ In 1952 the Erkner tar distillery
was reported to have supplied, cresol to VEB Kunstharz- und Pressmasse-
fabrik Erkner-Berlin and VEB it'ettchemie- und Fewawerk Chemnitz (now Karl
Marx Stadt) to have supplied ortho-cresol to VEB Deutsche& Hydrierwerk
Rodleben, Rodleben/Rosslau, and VEB Schimmel, Miltitz near Leipzig. 176
During 1950 the Wolfen plant sold its cresol products As follows 17
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Product
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_ _ _ _ _ _
Amount
Destination (Metric Tons)
Nit cresol DAB 6 Hamburg, West Germany 30
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld 18
Cresol DAB 4 VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld 1160
Ltdwigshafen, West Germany 66
Ortho-cresol VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk
Rodleben 59
USSR 20_
:Meta- and 'para.- SAG Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen Negligible
cresols
Reported and estimated cresol consumption and uses in
East Germany for 1952 are discussed in detail in III, below, and in
Appendix A.
Estimates for cresols production in East Germany, and
individual estimates for the producing plants, are given in Table 6.*
It should be stated that information available on adtual or planned
cresols production has been too meager to assist more than super-
ficially in the preparation of estimates given in Table 6.
7. Aniline.
A search of all available information revealed no evidence
that aniline is currently produced in East Germany. The aniline re-
quirements of the country must be satisfied entirely through imports,.
largely originating from the USSR, with occasional shipments from '
Poland and West Germany.
* Table 6 follows on p. 35. .
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Table 6
Estimated Production of Cresols
in East Germany, by Producing Plants
1949-55
Metric Tons
Year
Total Pg.
Production
Leunaverke
"Walter
Ulbricht"
VEB
Teerdestillaticm-
und Chemische
Fabrik Erkner
VEB
Farbenfabrik
Wolfen
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
5,500
6,400
.10,100
12,700
15,800
17,900
20,000
3,400
3,516
5,600
5,800
7,000
9,200
4,300
10,600
12,000
180/
1,200
1,114 b/ 179a/
950
1,030
1,400
1,400
1,900
2,300
2,800
3,000
11/ 1.1.3?/
1,813 181/
1,600 ?7-182
1/ 1?1/
a/2..D_/
3,128 183
2,95Gb
31785 c/ 1 7/
3,350 IV 10.../
4,267 4/ 169/
4,146
4,011 ij 12/
4,500
5,346 II/ 122/
5l000
5,846 kl/ 1211/
a. Estimated annual totals are the sums of individual plant output.
The figures are rounded.
b. Plan figure.
c. Including 3,379 tons cresol DAB 4 and 4o6 tons ortho-cresol.
d. Including 2,424 ions cresol DAB 4, 582 tons ortho-cresol, and
1,261 tons phenol-cresol mixture.
e. Plan figure includes 1,300 tons cresol DAB 4 and 3,000 tons cresol,
DAB 6.
f. Plan figure includes 2,853 tons cresol DAB 4, 389 tons ortho-cresoll
and 904 tons phenol-cresol mixture.
g. Revised 1953 production plan effective 1 August 1953 (includes 2,344
tons cresol DAB 4, 449 tons ortho-cresol, and 1,218 tons phenol-cresol
mixture).
h. Plan figure includes 1,200 tons phenol-cresol mixture.
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An aniline-producing plant at VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen was
reported as a planned capital investment for 1954. Immediate con-
struction of the installation appears to have been cancelled, but the
aniline plant will be built later and will use the Standard process
of reducing nitrobenzene. 195/
Aniline is prepared commercially by two different methods,
both requiring benzol as the starting material. One method requires
nitration of benzol with nitric acid to produce nitrobenzene, which,
in turn, is reduced to aniline by treatment with hydrochloric acid in
the presence of cast-iron borings (turnings) or powder (free from oil
and nonferrous metals). A second method-is based on a reaction
between monochlorobenzene and an ammonia solution under pressure and
with heat in the presence of a catalyst (cuprous oxide).
B. Foreign Trade.*
1. Imports.
a. General.
East Germany's production of basic aromatic hydro-
carbons -- benzol, toluol, and naphthalene, for example -- is
insuffiCient to meet the area's requirements. Imports are continually
necessary to close the growing gap between production and demand. '
Various other aromatics (derived from the basic ones) are also
imported. The East German organic-chemical industry benefits con-
siderablY through importation of various special chemicals such as
aniline, dimethylaniline, toluidines, mononitrotoluenes and
dinitrotoluenes, and:alpha-naphthylamine. Imports of these derived
aromatics augment indigenous supplies of benzol, toluol, and
naphthalene that otherwise would be reduced in the manufacture of
the derived chemicals. Imports-of these chemicals make it unnecessary
to construct and maintain special installations and to consume valu-
able raw materials, such as nitric acid:, for producing the derived
arotatics.
This discussion of imports is restricted pribarily to
benzol, toluol, naphthalene, and aniline. Only a very brief mention
:is made of several other aromatic chemicals imported by East Germany.
Data and discussion which follailfor each commodity are concerned
* See Appendix B for foreign trade in derived aromatic chemicals.
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with the source and relative volume of imports and with the degree to
which East Germany is dependent upon Soviet Bloc countries or upon .
Western countries.
East German imports of benzol, toluol, naphthalene,
and aniline to cover annual domestic requirements amount to a rather
significant total. During 1952, approximately 51,000 tons of these
chemicals were shipped toEast Germany, and the 1953 total may have
approached 55,000 tons. The total value of the 1952 imports is not
known, but the 1953 total probably exceeded 27 million rubles.
Between 90 to 95 percent of the 1953 imports wereto originate in
Soviet Bloc Countries, and the USSR alone was to contribute between
50 and 55 percent of the total.
b. Benzol.
East Germany has consistently received benzol Ship-
ments from only? three Soviet Blocmembers, the USSR, Poland, and
Czechoslovakia. Since the end of World War II, no other countries
have been mentioned as exporters to East Germany.. The bulk of the
benzol imports have come from Poland and the USSR. It is possible
that imports from the USSR may be Polish benzol or Czechoslovak
benzol re-exported, although the USSR is undoubtedly capable of
supplying benzol from its Own stocks.
Factual information on East German benzol imports,
planned or actual, has been sporadic in respect to annual total
imports and amounts supplied by individual countries. The situation
is further complicated by the fact that
shipments were "crude" benzol, while other reports mention "pure"
benzol imports. It has been necessary to assume that all shipments
were of refined, or commercial, benzol.
Table 7* summarizes available data on East German
imports of benzol and lists exporting countries.
c. Toluol.
Current imports of toluol by East Germany appear to
originate entirely in the USSR. -During 1948 and 1949, however,
Poland and Czechoslovakia were also supplying East Germany with '
toluol. -Factual information on imports of toluol is more scattered
* Table 7 follows on p.
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Table 7
East German Imports of Benzol
by Countries of Origin
Total
Year Annual Import
1950
1951
1952
l6,520 197/
(14,000) 12y
20,600 b/
(20,500)7200/
26,000 b./
15,288 ai 2.9g
(25,000) 207
1953 (27,224) g/ 211
(27,000) 'ff12
1954 216/ (22,000) all/ .
1955 _ (35,000) 218/
1950-55
Metric Tons
Country of Origin
Amount
USSR
(9,900) iti* 122/
Poland
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
1,000 bi
USSR
(16,321) (sic) gal/
-Day
Poland
(8,500)
91000) 204
Czechoslovakia
1,500) av
US"
(14,500) 1/ 208/
Poland
(11,000) f/ ag
7,500 g
Czechoslovakia
(4,00o) 210/
USSR
(14,000) 213/
Poland
(10,00o)
Czechoslovakia
(3,224) 212/
USSR
Poland
(9,000) 21
(10,000)
Czechoslovakia
(3,000)
USSR
(11,000) fi 212/
Poland
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
N.A.
Footnotes for Table 7 follow on p. 43.
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Table 7
East German Imports of Benzol,
by Countries of Origin
1950-55
(Continued)
a. Figures in parentheses are either reported official import plans
or contract trade agreements.
b. Estimate.
d. Total quantity in the 1952 trade agreement, including supplement
export plan.
e. First 6 months.
f. Established basic export each year by the USSR within the long-
term trade agreement of 27 September 1951.
g. Total contracted amount as of 1 April 1953. Total value reported
was 10,230,000 rubles.
than is similar information on benzol imports. The scarcity of
"information is most unfortunate, for toluol availability can relate
directly to, and limit the capacity for, explosives (TNT) production.
In spite of East. German increases in toluol production, the 1952 Plan
figure for toluol imports was greater than the 1950 Plan figure by
about 46 percent.
Table 8* presents available data on East German
imports of toluol.
d. Naphthalene. ?
The principal difference between East German imports of
naphthalene and the imports of other aromatics is that substantial
quantities of naphthalene are imported from Western countries.
Leading Western suppliers are West Germany, the Netherlands, and --
Sweden. Imports have been reported as "crude" naphthalene, as .?
"pure" naphthalene, or as just "naphthalene"? Lacking more precise
information, it is impossible to estimate what quantities of each
* Table 8 follows on p. 44.
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Table 8
East German Imports of Toluol from the USSR
1950-54
. Metric Tons
Year Import Plan 2/
1950 .
1951
1952
1953-5,581.117-323./
1954
3700 222/
4,700 221/
5,400 =/
3,200 224
All amounts shown are reported annual
import Plan figures. '
h. Total amount under contract; original
plan was 4,700 tons. Actual delivery during
the first quarter 1953 was 1,531 tons. Total
value of contracted amount was 2)272,000 rubles.
grade were actually received by East Germany. Moreover, there is
available nO definite information about the degree to which specific
trade agreements (or planned imports) were fulfilled.
The need for naphthalene is very great in East
Germany frequent references to local shortages have been noted,
and, although in some instances' deficiencies may have been only
temporary ones caused by irregularity of incoming shipments,
production of some naphthalene-derived products was curtailed. If
Western sources for naphthalene should be withdrawn, the usual ?
Supplying countries in the Soviet Bloc -- the USSR, Poland, and
Czechoslovakia -- probably would be able to increaie their expOrts.
to East Germany Because of current failures an the part of
Western countriea to deliver naphthalene as prearranged, various
East German planning offices have been forced to make readjustments
in allocations' and plans.
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Table 9.
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East German naphthalene imports are summarized in
Table 9
East German Imports of Naphthalene
by Countries of Origin
1990-914
Metric Tons
Year Total Annual Import Country of Origin Amount
1950 16,900 aj*
Soviet Bloc
Crude: 9,167 229/ USSR ' (4,600) 12/ aay
(7,oco) agy Poland (7,000) 229/
Czechoslovakia N.A.
Pure: 7,772 agi/ ?
1991 (18,600)
Western Countries
West Germany 1,015 3.32/
(3,000) 230a/ '
Netherlands 1,600 it/ ?
- Sweden N.A. .
Soviet Bloc
USSR (5,100) 22/
Poland (4,000) ?31/
Czechoslovakia (3,500) LIE/
Western Countiier
3.,000) 239/
Netherlands
2,000)
Sweden E3LZ/
West Germany
1,000)
1952, 18,000 tl/ Soviet Bloc
(20,000) 238 USSR (7,000)21JJO
11,311 El232/ Poland N.A.
Czechoslovakia (2,000) 21.......a./
(900)
(pure) 211.1a/
* Footnotes for Table 9 follow on p. 46.
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Table 9
East German Imports of Naphthalene
by Countries of Origin
1950-54
.(Continued)
Metric-Tons
Year
Total Annual Import
1953 (20,500) d/ 243/
Crude: (10,500)
( 4,705)
Pure: (10,000)
( 8,250)
d/ 244/
d/ 246/
W/ NT/
1954 (17,000)-252/
Crude: (13,000) 253/
Pure: ( 4,000) 2.5-/
Country of Origin Amount
Western Countries
West Germany
Netherlands
'Others
Soviet Bloc
USSR .
Poland -
Czechoslovakia
Western Countries
England
Belgium
Soviet Bloc
USSR
Czechoslovakia
Western Countries V 222)
Belgium
Netherlands
Others
825 (incomplete) 242/
N.A.
N.A.
(7,000) (pure) e/ 248/
N.A.
(4,182) (crude) pi 249/
(1,250)
(pure)
(415) (crude) e/ ?.22/
(108) (crude 27 221/
(3,000)
(3,000)
(4,000)
(1,000)
(700)
(4,000)
(1,300)
(crude) 255/
(pure) 277
(crude) 257/
(pure) 2387
(crude)
(crude)
(crude)
a. Estimate.
b. Figures in parentheade
c. First 6 months.
d. Total value of planned
5,853,000 rubles). '
e. Amounts contracted for
lc Total from Western sour
are either Plan import, or trade agreement figures.
import was 12,649,000:ru1les (crude, 6,796,000 rubles; pure,
as of 1 April 1953,
ces 6,000 metrie tons. 260/
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e. Aniline.
Available information indicates that aniline is not
produced in East Germany, certainly not on a commercial scale, and
that nearly all aniline imports go to the large dyestuffs manufacturing
plant, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen..
Imports of aniline originate almost entirely in Soviet
Bloc countries. Since the beginning of 1950japparently, East Germany
has been mainly dependent upon the USSR and Poland for its aniline
requirements. .
Table 10 tabulates what are probably the most
plausible data relating to East German aniline imports.
Tbble 10
East German Imports of Aniline
by Countries of Origin
1949-54
Metric Tons
Total
Year Annual Import Country of Origin
1949.Eal 669
1950 1,300 Iti*
1951 (1,100) Ea/
1952 266a/ (1,300)
USSR
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Bulgaria
USSR '
Poland
USSR
Poland
USSR
Poland
* Footnotes for Table 10 follow on p. 48.
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Amount
264
. 242.
65
98.
(1,o8o) yyy
( 200) 263
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Table 10
East German Imports of Aniline,
by Countries of Origin
1949-54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Total
Year Annual Import Country of "Origin Amount
1953 . 1,686 267/ USER - (1,468) c/ 269/
0
(1,688) TM/ . West Germany ( 30) ZJ7?j '
1954 (2,100) 271/ N.A.
a. Estimate.
b. Figures in parentheses are either Plan import or trade
agreement figures.
c. Amounts contracted for as of 1 April 1953. Total contract
valUe was 1,995,000 rubles.
2. Expoits.
a. 'General.
The export by East Germany of some basic aromatic
coal chemicals, as well as various intermediates and products derived
from coal chemicals, is greater than-might be expected,-in.view of
the general inadequacy of East German production of basic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Dcmestic production, however, is reasonably supplemented
through imports, mainly from Soviet Bloc countries. Thus, with some
exceptions, the entire export activity depends upon successful ful-
fillment of the import program.
During 1952, East Germany exported about 6,000 tons
of the principal aromatic coal chemicals (including xylenols)? valued '
at about 5.5 million rubles. Nearly 80 percent of this amount) however,
consisted of the tar-acid aromatics (phenol and its homologs). .
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On the other hand, 1952 exports, through DIA Chemie* of intermediates
and products derived from coal chemicals (excluding finished or semi-
finished end products such as synthetic rubber; fibers and plastics,
and photographic films)r-approximhied33,000 tons and were valued at
nearly 38 million rubles. 272/
Trade data and information on export of coal chemicals
are fragmehtaril eviii for the years 1951 and 1952; In aadition, avail-
able details on 1953 export plans and actual deliveries are scanty.
iMost -export quantities given in Table 11** reflect legal trade agreements
and their fulfilments. Few factual details are known of reparations
and "Kanto T" deliveries*** to the pssii. Seine special or illegal .
trade with Western countries is suspetted to have occurred during
1952. Certain commodities -- pure phenol, pure toluoll and saccharin,
for example --are especially good earners of hard currencies or
serve as barter goods for obtaining special and desired equipment from
the West. In view of these probably illegal shipments and the paucity
of information, it is apparent that a complete export pattern cannot
be determined.
b. Basic Aromatic Coal Chemicals.
Basic aromatic coal chemicals exported by East Germany,
those specifically considered in this ?tidy, include the following:
pure toluol, xylol, phenol (both refined and crude grades), and various
cresol fractions. Other commodities known to be exported but hot
considered, include xylenols, pure pyridine, and pyridine fractions.
There is no evidence that naphthalene is exported. Benzol apparently
was not exported prior to 1953, but because no ethylcenzehe was
included in the 1954 export _plan, a quantity of 4,000 tons of benzol
:Wei-to-be mide-avaiiable tor export in 19514. 27471*** '
* DIA Chemie --Deutscher Innen-: .und Aussenhandel Chemie (East
German official trade organization for chemicals).
** Table 11 follows on p. 50.
*** "Konto T" (T-account deliveries). Those goods Which are produced
in SAG plants under the so-called Konto T are intended for specific
Soviet ministries, as opposed to regular deliveries, which go to the
usual Soviet importing agencies to be resold to custoMers'in the USSR.
Such deliveries are said to be based an the writing-off of mutual
debts. and would include rental and profit payments. 273/
win.0-ontinued on p. 5.31
. .
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Table 11
East German Exports of Basic Aromatic Coal Chemicals
by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tons
Amount
Commodity
Importing Country
1951 275/
276/
1952
2
1953 77/
1954 :512/-
Benzol
'0'
0
N.A. -
4,000 (Plan)
Toluol (Pure)
Hungary
108
11040
N.A.
N.A.
Austria
101
N.A. ?
N.A.
Switzerland
15
313
N.A.
N.A.
Total
224
1,353
N.A.
N.A.
Xylol
Hungary
-20IS*
20
Total
20
20
QJ Plan)
N.A.
Phenol (Pure)
Bulgaria
48
N.A.
N.A.
China
67
96
N.A.
. N.A.
Czechoslovakia
120
N.A.
N.A.
Poland
117
N.A.
Rumania
19 1.9
N.A.-,
N.A.
USSR
650
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Africa
30
N.A.
N.A.
Austria
125
N.A.
N.A.
Liechtenstein
15
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
49
N.A.
N.A.
Total
1,161
--
gm
660 2/
50 (Plan)
* Footnotes for Table 11 follow on p. 52,
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Table 11
East German Exports of Basic Aromatic Coal Chemicals
by ImPorting Countries
1951-54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Commodity Importing Country
Amount
1951 275/
1952 276/
277/
1953
1954 21?1
Phenol (Crude) Poland
N.A. -
1,030
N.A.
N.A.
Netherlands
15
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
1,000 (Plan)
66
N.A.
N.A.
Total
1,000
1,111
9,798.E/
N.A.
Cresol,
DAB 4 IV Bulgaria
North Korea
7
31
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
50 (Plan)
N.A.
N.A.
Denmark
65 E/
N.A.
N.A.
England
205
500
N.A.
N.A.
Netherlands
50I
N.A.
N.A.
Sweden
30
N.A.
B.A.
Switzerland
45
N.A.
N.A.
US
50
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
30
N.A.
N.A.
Total
728
1,000 (Plan)
8._22 (Plan):
Cresol,
Ortho (Pure) China
10
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Hungary
180
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
150 (Plan)
N.A.
N.A.
Belgium
318
15
N.A.
Denmark
4o
180
N.A.
N.A.
England
99
N.A.
N.A.
.Netherlands
96
N.A.
N.A.
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Table 11
East German Exports of Basic Aromatic Coal Chemicals
by Importing Countries
1951-54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
C ommodity
Cresol,
Ortho (Pure)
(Continued)
Total
Cresol, Ortho
(fraction)
Total
Importing Country
Sweden
Switzerland.
.US
West Germany
Hungary
Belgium
?Switzerland
US
West Germany
Amount
1951 275/ 1952 276/
1953 El/ 1954 278/
30 N.A. N.A.
100 N.A. N.A.
200 LA. N.A.
117 N.A. Na.
411 300 (Plan) 300 (Plan)
1 124
155 Eli
100 dj
200 d/
455
33 N.A. N.A.
589
622
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. 500 (Plan)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nine months-.
DAB (Deutsche 'Arzneibuch) is the German pharmacopoeia.
Six months.
Ten months.
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_ _ _ _ _ _
As shown in Table 11, 1952 exports of toluol, xylol,
and phenol went primarily to Soviet Bloc countries', and exports of
cresols and its fractions went largely to countries in the Free World.
One commodity of special significance is toluol, which was exported
mainly to Hungary, probably to supply the Hungarian explosives manu-
facturing industry with the raw material for making TNT. A second
item of significance is pure phenol. There was a marked decrease of
pure phenol in exports in 1952 compared to 1951, which supports
existing evidence of a phenol shortage in East Germany. It is quite
possible, however, that pure phenol was shipped to the USSR during
1952, not as an export but under a reparations account, and that the
total quantity shipped by East Germany during the year was actually
greater than that reported.
Table 11 shows East German exports of basic aromatic
coal chemicals, and importing countries', ;tor 1951-54.
C. Stockpiles.
There is no positive evidence that any aromatic coal chemical
was placed in an East German strategic reserve (State Reserve) prior
to or during 1952. Definite, but fragmentary, stockpile data have been
received for years subsequent to 1952. The State Reserve for medical
and pharmaceutical supplies was reported to have received a small
quantity (5 tons) of crude cresol during 1953, 21:1/ and the 1954 Plan
for the same reserve included phenol (40 tons) an aniline (15 tons). 280/
Other aromatic chemicals mentioned in the 1954 Plan were salicylic acid
(pure), 5 ions; methyl salicylate, 2 tons; acetanilide, 2 tots; pare-
nitrotoluene, 2 tons; and phenophthalein, 1 ton. 281/
In 1952, several basic coal chemicals were slated for allocation
to a "Plan Reserve", but the allocations were small: 156 tons of benzol,
25 tons of toluol, and 20 tons of xylol. 282/ The specific purpose of
the Plan Reserve is still unknown, but it is known that the commodities .
and amounts designated for this reserve had to be regarded .as "Priority
allocations." 283/ One possibility is that those quantities of benzol,
toluol, and xy101 which were allocated to the Plan Reserve may have been
transferred to a State Reserve, at the end of 1952,and became an addition
to a. strategic stockpile. No similar 1952 allocations for naphthalene,
refined phenol, cresols, or aniline were disclosed. Provision was made
in official East German statistical reports of 1951 for Plan Reserve
allocations, but only for toluol, 180 tons; xylol, 76 tons; and
naphthalene, 517 tons. 284/ There is no evidence" to indicate that these
allocations were completed.
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In 1952 there were indications that it was official
intent to stockpile various commodities, including chemicals. Stock-
pile programs in 1950 and 1951 seemed largely directed at correcting
shortages and bringing supplies of materials under governmental control.
In August of 1951 the work of the Chief Operational Section Of the
State Reserves, a section within the State Secretariat for Material
Procurement, came under Soviet criticism for falling behind stheaUle
in its storage program. 285/ There were no indications that this,
program was very ambitious with regard to chemitals.
Organizational changes followed, and in September 1952
a State Secretariat for Administration of State Reserves, with cabinet
rank, was established. 286/ during the spring 50X1
of 1953 the Entwurfsbuero fuer Industriebau (designing office for
industrial construction) of the Ministry for Construction was ordered
to prepare preliminary plans for the erection of storehouses for the
State Secretariat for State Reserves. A total of nearly 30 million 50X1
DME had allegedly been allocated for this project. The plans included
one type of reserve depot designed to etore chemical products and
50X1
pharmaceuticals. 287/ warehouses
belonging to the State Reserve doNexist? and have 50X1
chemicals in storage. the largest
warehouse owned by the State Reserve will be at Niederau, bear Meissen,
the site of a distillery of the former Ruetgerswerke AO, which was
'dismantled in 1945. This warehouse reportedly will store chemicals.
If Niederau is to be a reserve depot, it is likely the tank farms at
Niederau will store quantities of aromatic coal chemicals supplied
largely through import. The dye factory at Wolfen (Farbenfabrik) is
known to have utilized Niederau as storage for its aniline stock during
1950 and 1951. 289/ Significant stockpiling of chemicals, accompanied
with expanded production and large imports of strategic chemicals,
might indicate the initiation of a substantial armaments program in
East Germany.
For normal operations, adequate stocks of various
chemicals, including benzol, naphthalene, and aniline, are reported to
be maintained in the warehouses belonging to the large chemical com-
bines like Chemische Werke Buna Schkopau, VEB Elektrochemisches
Kombinat Bitterfeld, and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. All three of these
plants were Soviet corporations (SAG's) in 1951, and material balance
records Were kept for them by the Central Supply Accounting Office
(ZVK) of the Main Administration for Soviet Property in Germany (USIG)
at Berlin-Weissensee. From some of these records it is learned that
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toward the end of 1951 these plants) collectively) had in their ware-
houses about one and one-half months' requirements for benzol and
naphthalene) and the Wolfen plant had an aniline stock equivalent of
about four months' consumption. 296/
regulations limit chemical plants to a 75-day supply of stocks
on hand. 291/
D. Material Balances.
The estimated 1951-54 material balances for the principal
aromatic coal chemicals and aniline are shown in Table 12.*
Consumption.**
The main objective of this report is to determine East German
consumption patterns for the principal, basic aromatic chemicals --
benzol, toluol; xyloll naphthalene, phenol, cresols) and aniline --
and to describe these patterns as fully as available information will
permit. These chemicals are essential to a modern economy, regardless
of whether the economy is strictly controlled or is based on free
enterprise or whether there exists peace or war. There are no sub-
stitutes for the basic aromatic chemicals.
The consumption patterns for each chemical, and the accompanying
discussions, which appear in this section disclose where Soviet and
East German interests lie) which industries are the dependent and
which the 'preferentialones) and what the degrees of development in
various fields are, thus permitting comparisons with other countries.
Although as much factual information as was available for 1953 .
and 1954 has been included in the commodity discussions, the detailed
consumption patterns were based on 1952 data. This was done because
the most complete details were available for that year and because
the mass demonstrations in June of 1953 created unusual conditions.
Also, comparative data for US outputs and consumption have been more
readily available for 1952. (See Fig. 2*** for a graphic summari-
iation of the estimated consumption in East Germany of the various
basic aromatic chemicals.)****
* Table 12 follows on p. 56.
** -See Appendix A for detailed use 'patterns of basic aromatic
chemicals.
*** Following p. 58.
**** Continued on p. 58.
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50X1
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Table 12
- Estimated Material Balances for Principal Coal Chemicals
? and Aniline in East Germany 2/*.
?1951-54
-Metric Tons
Commodity
Year
Domestic
Production
Import
Stockpile
Gross ,
Supply 12./
Export
Net ,
Supply Et
Benzol
(Refined)
1951
10,150
20,800
o
30,950
0
31,000
1952
10,300
26,000
o
36,300
o
36,300
1953
10,800
27,000
0
37,800
o/
37,800
1954
11,200
22,000
0
33,200
4,000
29,200
? Toluol
1951
3,100
4,700
7,800
224
7,600
? 1952
31460
5,4o0
0
8,86o
1,353 ,
7,500
1953
3,900
5,581
0
9,481
o It
9,500
1954
4,000
3,200
0
7,200
. 0
7,200
Xylol
1951
840
0
8140
20
? 800
1952
850
0
8o-
20
Boo
1953
-900
0
0
900
20
900
1954
1,000
0
0
.1,000.
o
1,000
Naphthalene
1951
4,000
18,600
22,600
o
22,600
1952
4,70o
18,000
22,700
o
22,700
1953
5,500
20,500
26,000
o
26,000
1954-
5,800
17,000
22,800
o
28,800
Footnotes for Table 12 follow on p. 57.
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Table 12
Estimated Material Balances for Principal Coal Chemicals
and Aniline in East Germany 2/
1951-54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Domestic
Grose.1
Net 1
Commodity
Year
Production
Import
Stockpile.
Supply 3?]
Export
Supply 21
Phenol
(Refined)
1951
7,900
0
0
7,900
1,161
6,700
1952
9,250
.0
0
9,250
175
9,100
1953
10,300
0
0 ?
10,300
660&9,600
'
1954
11,800
o
o
11,800
50
11,800
Cresols
1951
10,100
' 0
0
10,100
1,914
8,200
1952
12,700
0
0 -
12,700
.1,761
10,900
1953
15,800
o
o
15,800
1,300
14,500
1954
17,900
o
o
17,900
1,600
16,300
Aniline
1951
0
1,100
0 '
1,100
0
1,100
1952
- 0
1,300
0
1,300
0
1,300
1953
-0
?1,686
0
1,686
0
1,700
1954
o
2,100
0
2,.100
0
2,100
a. Explanatory bases for figures given in this table are to be found under the appropriate sections
of this report: Production, Imports, Exports, and. Stockpiles. Material balances for 1953 and 1954 are
less accurate than for 1951 and 1952 because there. is a lack of trade information, especially in exports.
b. Gross supply is the sum of domestic production, import, and stockpile.
c. Net supply is the difference between groes supply and export. Figures are rounded.,
d. Exports are believed possible, but there is no definite information.
e. Total amount shipped by East Germany in first 6 months. '
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East German consumption patterns for the basic aromatic chemicals
show that the manufacture and fabrication of synthetic rubber is the
most significant consuming industry. Some three-fifths of the gross
supply of benzol is utilized to produce ethylbenzene, the starting
material for styrene, which, in turn, is a constituent of synthetic
rubber of the buna type. in addition, about one-third of the avail-
able naphthalene and approximately two-thirds of the total aniline
supply is consumed in producing rubber-processing chemicals.
The manufacture of synthetic plastics, bonding agents, resins,
lacquers, fibers, and the necessary plasticizers and softeners for
the finished products require the neXt largest proportion of the
total supply of aromatic chemicals. Only a small percentage of the
betzol.supply enters into polystyrene plastics materials, but about
four-fifths of the phenol supply is used in producing a synthetic
called Perlon (similar to nylon), various plastics, protective
coatings, resins, plasticizers, and synthetic tanning substances.
The cresols are used to make products similar to those made from
phenol, with the exception of Perlon, and approximately three-fifths
of the cresols supply is so consumed. About one-third of the gross
supply of naphthalene is employed in the manufacture of phthalic
anhydride, from which plasticizers and softeners, used chiefly in
compounding polyvinyl chloride plastics, are derived.
Some of the aromatic chemicals -- benzol, toluol, and xylol,
for eXample -- are used directly as solvents in formulating lacquers,
varnishes, and paints. Other aromatics, including naphthalene,
phenol, and the cresols, are the starting points for making chemicals
which themselves serve as solvents. An estimated one-tenth of the
benzol, About one-half of the toluol, and four-fifths of the xylol
supplies are used as solvents. The soltents derived from naphthalene
are decalin and tetralin, and jointly they consume about one-seventh
of the available naphthalene.. Products obtained through hydrogenation
of phenol and cresols are also valuable solvents. The quantity of
phenol used for solvents manufacture is believed rather small) but
almost one-tenth of the supply of cresols is used.
East Germany is an important producer of insecticides and pesti-
cides derived from organic chemicals. Approximately one-sixth of
the benzol supply is consumed to prepare dichloro-diphenyl-
trichloroethane (DDT), benzenehexachloride (BRC), and the dichloro-
benzenes. .Some naphthalene is used for termite control and moth
repellents, but the volute is unknown and probably represents less
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EAST GERMANY
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS
1952
MISCEIIMEDOS
11.2:
SOMENT MD
muter USES
9.41
EIMIRENZENt FOR
RUNS RUBBER, PaSTICS
1710 EXPORT
59.81
CIII.OROSENZEOES
FOR INSECTICIDES,
DYESTUFFS.
AND EXPORT
N. 9.31
REFINED BENZOL
NAPHTHALENE
13276 1.55
EXPORT
1.9%
PliMIAACEIMCALS
4.31
ll18001. REARING
4.9%
REFINED PHENOL
TOLUOL
Figure 2
XYLOL
SKIFIUSS
POWER
SIMMERS
7.7:
CRESOLS
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than 5 percent of the gross supply. An even smaller percentage of the
cresols supply is utilized in preparing fruit tree sprays and powders.
A considerable number of medicinals, pharmaceuticals, drugs,
antiseptics, and disinfectants are prepared from the basic aromatics.
The sulfa drugs stem mainly from aniline, and about 5 percent of the
supply is used for their manufacture. Toluol is the starting material
for saccharin, a sugar substitute, and benzoic acid, a food pre-
servative and germicide as well as a stabilizer in the rubber industry.
Nearly one-seventh. of the gross supply of toluol is used for these
two items. Phenol and the cresols possess natural germicidal and
antiseptic properties. Cresol is widely used in disinfectant soaps
and solutions, and phenol is the source for salicylic acid, a pre-
servative and starting material for making aspirin. Less than one-
tenth of the phenol supply, however, is believed to be used for
pharmaceuticals.
All of the basic chemicals considered in this report are used in
East Germany for the synthesis of complex organic dyes which are used
in the manufacture of finished textiles and printing inks and in
photography. No quantitative estimates of consumption could be
determinedlbut it appears that somewhat less than one-tenth of the
aniline and about one-tenth of the xylol were consumed for dyes.
The explosives industry requires toluol for the production of
TNT. Almost one-fifth of the toluol supply is believed to have been
consumed in East Germany for the production of TNT during 1952, but
sizable toluol exports were sent to Hungary) presumably for the
manufacture of explosives. Aniline is the starter from which another
explosive, tetryl, is made There is no evidence to indicate, however,
that tetryl is made in East Germany. Smokeless powder stabilizers
may also be produced from aniline, and apparently almost 8 percent
of the aniline was used for this purpose in 1952. '
One additional East German industry, the photographic film ?
industry, plays an important role in supplying photographic chemicals
and film to the other Soviet Bloc countries, including the USSR--
Both aniline and phenol are starting chemicals for making photo-
graphic film developers. Approximately 15 percent of the available
aniline is consumed, in making hydroquinone. The quantity of phenol
used is negligible, but only small amounts of the product called
Metol are necessary.
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A. Refined Benzol.
The East German benzol consumption pattern is peculiarly
different from the use patterns of other countries, especially
those of the US. One reason for this difference is that East
Germany produces only about 30 percent of its benzol requirements
and depends upon Import for the remainder. In addition) Soviet
control of the area limits the use of benzol to an absolute
minimum above ,,requirements for the manufacture of intermediates
and end products which are of value to the USSR. -
An attempt has been made to determine beniol distribution,
requirements, and allocations to various industrial sectors and
individual consuming plants within East Germany Apparently no
benzol is consumed to produce aniline,, phenol, diphenyl, adipic
acid (for nylon manufacture), and cumene (for aviation gasoline).
No benzol appears to have been exported prior to 1953 and possibly
only a negligible quantity is used as a motor-fuel additive.
Furthermore, there is little, if any, benzol consumed to produce
maleic-anhydride, resorcinol, and synthetic detergents. There is
no firm evidence to indicate that benzol had been included in the
East German State Material Reserve, nor was benzol mentioned for
future ccneignment to that reserve.
The principal use for benzol in East Germany is in .the
production of ethylbenzene, the starting material for making
styrene, which, in turn, is the basis for the manufacture of
synthetic rubber of "Buna-S" types and of polystyrene plastics. An
estimated 6o percent of the 1952 gross supply of benzol (36,300 tons)
was consumed to produce ethylbenzene, the entire production con-
centrated in one chemical installation, VEB Chemische Werke Buna'at
Schkopau. The second largest use of benzol is for monochlorobenzene
(MCB) and dichlorobenzenes (DCB)which required nearly 20 percent
of the estimated.total gross supply of benzol in 1952. The
chlorobetzenes uere.used mainly to produce insecticides, pesticides,
and dyestuffs. Table 13* shows the estimated East German benzol
consumption pattern for 1952. .
* Table 13 follows on p. 61.
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Table l3
Estimated East German Benzol Consumption Pattern
1952
-ProdUct or Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Ethylbenzene (for export, other
than for styrene and polystyrene)
7,150
19.7
Styrene (for Buna-S rubber types)
13,600
37.4
Polystyrene Plastics
970
2.7
Monochlorobenzene (other than for
DDT) and Dichlorobenzenes
2,700
7.4
DDT (insecticide)
4,300
11.9
Benzene Hexachloride (BHC)
(insecticide)
550
1.5
Miscellaneous Chemicals,
Pharmaceuticals, and Other Uses .
3,374 a/
9.3-
Solvent and Diluent Uses
3,500
9.7
East German Plan Reserve
, 156 292/
0.4
Total
36,300
100.0
a. Residual value obtained by difference.
B. Toluol.
Toluol has many uses, especially as a chemical raw material for
syntheses of other organic compounds, and there are no substitutes for
toluol. Chemical uses include the manufacture of important inter-
mediates -- benzoic acid; benzaldehyde; nitro-, chloro-, and amino-
derivatives -- which are essential for the manufacture of dyes, -
medicines, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and the like. Because toluol
has high solvent power, relatively low toxicity, and high volatility,
it is one of the most valuable aromatic solvents available to industry.
Because of its high solvent powers, toluoi.has found wide use, partic- ?
ularly in the cellulosebase lacquer industry. Its solvent appli-
cations include the extraction of fats and alkaloids, utilization in
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degreasing operations, and the formulation of lacquer thinners, dopes,
resinous coatings, rubber cements, rotogravure inks, and paint re-
movers. Toluol is the basic material in manufacturing important
commercial and military explosives based on dinitrotoluene (DNT) or
trinitrotoluene (TNT). Toluol may also be blended with aviation
gasoline, but there is no evidence to indicate this use in East
Germany.
East Germany is heavily dependent upon imports to fulfill
national demand for toluol.. All imports appear to originate in the
USSR, which supplied more than 6o percent of the estimated total
1952 gross supply. Because of this fact) it is probable that dis-
tribution and allocation of toluol are closely controlled. Principal
known consumer plants within thechemical industry include VEB
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld; VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen; VEB
Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck; VEB Zelluloidwerk Eilenburg, VEB
Fahlberg-List, Magdeburg; and a considerable but unknown number of
lacquer, varnish, and paint factories.
There is little definitive information on toluol consumption
by plants, products, and uses -- especially information on chemicals_
and explosives manufactured from toluol. It is estimated that about
one-fifth of the 1952 toluol gross supply was employed in menu;
facturing TNT and DNT exclusively for explosives.* Almost an equal
amount went into organic chemicals manufacture, and nearly one-half
of the supply was utilized as solvents and diluents. There is no
evidence to show that toluol has been allocated to any East German
State Material Reserve as a part of the strategic stockpile. In
1952, a significant amount of toluol, 15 percent, was exported to
Switzerland and Hungary. The toluol supplied to Hungary was probably
used for making explosives based on TNT.
Table 14** shows the estimated East German toluol consumption
pattern far 1952.
* No recent US patterns for the ukte of toluol are available. During
the war year 1944, however, the US is estimated to have used 77 percent
of its toluol supply for explosivea,and 17 percent as an additive in .
aviation gasoline.
** Table 14 follows on p. 63.
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_ _ _ ? ? _
Table 14
Estimated East German Toluol Consumption Pattern
1952
Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Chemical Uses
Solvent and Diluent Uses
1,700
4,182 A/
19.2
47.2
Explosives
1,E00 '
18.1
Export
1,353 293/
15.2
East German Plan Reserve
25 2T/
0.3
Total
8,860
100.0
a. A residual value obtained by difference.
C. Xylol.
Xylol has few industrial applications in East Germany at the
present time. This aromatic is used largely as a solvent in the
lacquer industry and to a lesser degree in the manufacture of dye
intermediates and color-film dye components and for other chemical
uses. Because.of limited stocks, an insignificant quantity of xylol,
if any, is used as an additive for motor fuels.* East Germany
exports an almost negligible quantity of xylol. There is no definite
evidence that the commodity is stockpiled for strategic purposes --
that is, included among items placed in the East German State Material
Reserve.
* The xylol consumption pattern of the US is radically different. In
the US, xylol is used extensively as an additive in aviation fuels for
rich mixture performance. During and since World War II, most US
xylol has come from petroleum refineries (85 percent in 1951), and the
huge xylol output has accompanied the demand for high-octane fuel and
'for toluol for explosives. Some US hydroformers? operating on petro-
leum stocks containing mixed sylenes, are capable of separating the
isomers. Both meta- and para-isomers are excellent blending agents
in aviation-grade gasoline, but the ortho form is not desirable in high-
test fuels.
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? _ _
It has been stated previously that industrial-grade xylol
is a mixture of three isemers: ortho-xylene, meta-xylenel and pare-
xylene. Because of technical limitations, East Germany has not yet
been capable of separating the three isomers on a commercial scale.
There was, however, very little demand for individual isomers before
1952. Small requirements of meta-xylene by VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
for the manufacture of dyestuff intermediates has been successfully
covered by imports from West Germany.
The para-isomer of xylene is the starting material for pro-
ducing terephthalic acid which) in turn, is one of the raw materials
for manufacturing a polyester (terephihalate) fiber called Dacron
(by DuPont) in the US and Terylene in the UK, where it was developed.
By the end of 19510 East Germany was Only in the experimental stage
of producing terylene fiber, and -- unless large quantities of
para-xylene become available through import -- or a new process is
found that does not require para-xylene -- the manufacture of
terylene-based products in East Germany is not likely to go beyond
the laboratory stage.
Table 15 shows the estimated East German xylol consumption
pattern for 1952.
Table 15
Estimated East Germany Xylol Consumption Pattern
1952
Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Chemical Uses
100
11.7
Solvent and Diluent Uses
710
83.5
Export
20 295
2.4
East German Plan Reserve
20 2.95/
2.4
Total
850
100.0
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D. Naphthalene.
Naphthalene is one of the most important of all industrial
organic chemicals, an essential raw material for the preparation of
hundreds of products. From such naphthalene-derived intermediates
as the naphthols, naphthylamines, and phthalic anhydride, are formed
a great many dyestuffs and colors for the textile, paper, lacquer,
and paint industries. Its partial oxidation product) phthalic
anhydride, is usdd extensively in East Germany for manufacturing
plasticizera and softeners, which are important in synthetic resins,
lacquers) and varnishes, and polyvinyl chloride plastic materials.
Hydrogenation of naphthalene yields the important industrial
solvents, decalin and tetralin. Products of the sulfonation of
naphthalene are used in dyestuffs and, special-purpose chemicalsofor
which in the synthetic rubber industry, there-are no substitutes.
Naphthalene is the source for another rubber nhemicalla reinforcing
carbon black, used mainly for the manufacture of rubber tires. A
continuing shortage of the rubber chemicals derived from naphthalene
would affect a national economy by limiting the life of its rubber
tires. When chlorinated., naphthalene may be used to produce a lubfi-
cating oil additive, a pour-point depressor, which makes the oil more
effective in cold weather. Another chlorinated naphthalene serves as
a wood-preservative. Naphthalene and its derivatives have a.great.
many special applications -- the manufacture of insect repellents,
wetting agents, pharmaceutical products, and synthetic tanning agents,
to mention a few uses involving synthesis of organic chemical products.
The production of phthalic anhydride in East Germany represents
the largest single use for naphthalene and in 1952 required about
30 percent of an estimated gross supply of 22,700 tons. The manu-
facture of carbon black, hydrogenated naphthalenes, and beta-naphthol
together accounted for more than 40 percent of the remainder of the
naphthalene consumed. It is believed that almost one-hplf of the
naphthalene was consumed by two chemical plants, the yEB Chemische
Werke Buna Schkopau and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. The Schkopau
plant probably used more than three times the amount that Wolfen
did. There is no evidence to indicate that naphthalene has been
placed in a strategic stockpile. Table 16 shows the estimated East
German naphthalene consumption pattern for 1952.*
Is Table 16 follows on p. 66.
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Table 16
Estimated East German Naphthalene Consumption Pattern 2/
1952
Product or Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Hydrogenated Naphthalenes
(Decalin and Tetralin)
3,350
14.8
Phthalic Anhydride '
6,760
29.8
Beta-Naphthol
2,500
11.0
"Emulgator 1,000"
(an emulsifier for Buna rubber)
1,800
7.9
Carbon Black .
3,840
16.9
Miscellaneous Uses
4,450
19.6
Total
22,700
100.0
a. In the US the principal end uses of naphthalene in 1953 (estimated)
were; phthalic anhydride, about 70 percent; beta-naphthol, nearly 8 per-
cent; other aye intermediates, 4.6 percent; household and insecticidal
uses, 5.4 percent; chlorinated and hydrogenated naphthalenes, 2.7 percent;
and surfactants, tanning agents, and textile uses, 2.7 percent.
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E. Refined Phenol.
Refined phenol is currently in great demand in East Germany. A
shortage exists even though the area has the potential to produce
adequate supplies. The exploitation of this potential requires the
development of successful and economical methods for separating phenol
from the crude tar acids recovered by the low-temperature carbonization
plants. Phenol stocks are being extended as far al possible, but the
industry manufacturing phenol-based plastics and resins must shift to
other tar acids, (cresols and xylenols) as raw material substitutes.
East Germany used little more than an estimated one-third of
its production of phenol for the manufacture of plastics (excluding
polyamide fibers) and resins. Because the metallurgical resources of
East Germany are too small to satisfy demand) it is essential to employ
plastics at an increasing rate as substitutes for iron and nonferrous
metals.
The largest single use of phenol in East Germany is in the
manufactue of caprolactam, the intermediate from which a polyamide,
Perlon L (Luran)is produced.* An estimated 45 percent of the total
1952 phenol supply went into caprolactam for Perlon L) a plastic
similar to nylon. Caprolactam is one of the production target items
listed Within the framework of the East German Five Year Plan (1951-
55). One plant, VEB Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricht" at Merseburg)
produces all of the caprolactam made in East Germany, but other plants
process the material into Perlon products.
The consumption of phenol for the manufacture of plastics,
resins, and caprolactam overshadows all other uses of the chemical in
East Germany. Only about 20 percent of the estimated 1952 gross supply
remained to cover other requirements and manufactured products --
exports) refining of lubricating oils, pharmaceuticals and medicinals,
salicylic acid, ion-exchange resins (Wofatit), triphenyl phosphate
(a plasticizer), photographic chemicals and materials, weedkillers
(2,4-D), dye intermediates, synthetic organic tanning agents) and
* In the US the most important use of phenol is in the manufacture of
resinous condensation products by reaction with formaldehyde. These
products are used in the manufacture of molded and laminated materials,
heat-hardening varnishes, impregnating compounds, and printing inks.
Plastics and resins derived from phenol consume from 60 to 75 percent
of the total US production of phenol.
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other miscellaneous products.* Soviet Bloc countries appear to be
favored in exports of phenol. Communist China possibly received the
bulk of the phenol exported in 1952) and in the previous year the ?
USSR was the principal recipient. There is no evidence to indicate
that phenol was stockpiled in ?any East German State Material Reserve
during 1952, but the 1954 plan does include a small quantity.
allocated to the State Material Reserve for medical and pharmaceuti-
cal supplies.
Table 17 shows the estimated East GerMan refined phenol con-
sumption pattern for 1952.
Table 17
Estimated East German Refined Phenol Consumption Pattern
1952
Product or Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Caprolactam
(for Perlon -- similar to nylon)
4,200
45.4
Plastics and Resins
(except Wofatit and synthetic
tannins)
3,000
32.5
Refining Lubricating Oils
450
4.9
Pharmaceuticals
400 (Plan)
221/
4.3
Ion-exchange Resins (Wofatit)
300
3.2
Salicylic. Acid
235
2.5
?Triphenyl Phosphate
125
1.3
Miscellaneous.
365
4.o
'Export
175293/
1.9
Total
9,250
100.0
* Several interesting comparisons can be made showing close similarities
between the phenol end-use patterns of the US (for 1951) and of East
Germany (for 1952). East Germany used nearly 5 percent of its phenol
supply for refining lubricating oils (the US, 3 percent), about 2.5
percent to produce salicylic acid (the US, 1.6 percent), almost 1 per-
cent for manufacturing "2, 4-D"-type weedkillers (the US, 5.9 percent),
and about 2 percent was exported (the US, 5..4 percent).
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F.. Cresol.
Cresol has many uses and applications parallel to those of
phenol. Cresol is a substitute for phenol in numerous applications,
as also is xylenol. For-exapple, phenolic resine made from cresols
exhibit better color stability than do similar resins made from
pure phenol.
The largest single use of cresol in East Germany is for the pro-
duction of tricresyl:phosphate (TCP), an essential illasticizer in
polyvinyl chloride plastics and other important plastics, including
polystyrene. It is estimated that East Germany used about one-third
of the total cresol supply in the manufacture of TCP during 1952.
East Germany is estimated to have used about one-fourth of its gross
supply of cresol during 1952 for manufacturing phenolic resins and
plastics. The field of plastics alone in East Germany consumes
approximately 60 percent of the cresol supply.* The demand for
cresol in East Germany for making phenolic resins and plastics is
understood to be rapidly increasing as a result of the continuing
phenol shortage.
Cresol may also be used as a solvent for refining lubri-
cation oils,** a disinfectant*** in Lysol and health soaps, the
starting material for making organic Solvents, synthetic tanning
:agents, pesticides (orchard sprays), dyestuff intermediates, flotation
reagents, metal cleaning compounds (for aircraft engines), oil
additives, and explosives (trinitrceresol). There is no firm evidence,
however, to establish what quantities of cresol are consumed for these
purposes in East Germany. The production of organic solvents, hydro-
genated cresols like Metbylhexalin, probably consumes considerable
cresol. The manufacture of tanning agents, which are in great demand
in East Germany, probably also consumes an appreciable amount of the
total cresol supply. Cresol-based disinfectants and soaps are made,
but nothing is known about the volume of production. There is no
evidence to indicate that cresol is nitrated to produce explosives
nor is there evidence to suggest that cresol is used to refine
lubricating oils, although East German specialists were reportedly
considering this use at one time.
* Comparable US figures: for TCP, about 25 percent; for phenolic
resins and plastics, from 4o to 50 percent.
** Comparable US figure: about 5 percent.
*** Comparable US figure: about 10 percent.
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There is no evidence indicating that, prior to 1953, cresol
was placed in a strategic reserve such as the East German State
Material Reserve. A negligible amount was reported to be included)
under a category called "disinfecting drugs," in the 1953 State
Material Reserve plan for pharmaceutical supplies.
A coppilation of the fulfilled East German exports of cresol
(all fractions combined) during 1952 shove that over 95 percent of
the exports went to non-Soviet Bloc countries, and the total amounted
to more than 10 percent Of the East German output. No exports to the
USSR were noted in 1952.
Table 18 shows the estimated East German cresol consumption
pattern for. 1952.
Table 18
Estimated East German Cresol Consumption Pattern
1952
Pioduct or Use ,
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Tticresyl Phosphate
4,150
32.7
Synthetic Resins and Plastics
(except Synthetic Tannins)
3,000
23.6
Hydrogenated Cresols
(Methylhexalin, etc.)
1,200
' 9.5
Synthetic Organic Tanning Agents
750
5.9
Miscellaneous Uses
1,900
14.9
Export
1,700
13.4
Total
12,700 100.0
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G. Aniline.
Aniline is the source of hundreds of more complex inter-
mediates and finished products. The chief importance of aniline lies
in its value as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes and pig-
ments (for textiles) leather) and printing inks)) pharmaceuticals
and drugs, rubber chemicals) photographic chemicals (developers and
dyes), smokeless powder stabilizers, and the explosive tetryl.
Another application) recently developed, is its use as a rocket fuel,
used in combination with fuming nitric acid. Production. of this;
special fuel is of considerable military interest, at leaSt in the
US. Because aniline has such a great number of uses and it-has-no
substitutes, the entire-war or peacetime economy of a country would
be crippled if the aniline supply were curtailed.
There is no evidence to indicate that aniline is produced in
.East Germany, and supply is, apparently, completely dependent upon
import.* The total East German import of aniline during 1952 has
been estimated at 1,300 tons (see II, B0 10 above).
No East German exports of aniline have been reported. Prior
to 19540 aniline was not mentioned as an item to be included in the
East German State Material Reserve. The. 1954 plan for medical and
pharmaceutical supplies of the State Material Reserve, however,
showed an allocation of 15 tons of aniline. 299/
Because of tharelatively large size of the synthetic rubber
industry in East Germany, considerable quantities of rubber chemicals
are needed. The manufacture of rubber antioxidants, including
phenyl-beta-naphtbylamine and diphenylamine) and a series of vulcani-
zation accelerators under the trade name (Vulkazit) are believed to
consume approximately 65 percent of East Germany's total aniline
supply; the preparation of dyestuffs, pigments, and intermediates
consumes less than 10 percent; the manufacture of photographic
chemicals, especially the developer hydroquinone, consumes about 15
percent; and the preparation of drugs and pharmaceuticals) primarily
sulfa drugs, uses approximately 5 percent.** East Germany is believed
The US produced about 43,500 metric tons in 1952.
** Comparable US figures: rubber chemicals, 6o percent; dyestuff,.
pigments, and istermediates, 15 to 20 percent; photographic chemicals,
2 percent; drugs and pharmaceuticals, 10 percent.
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to have used about 7 percent of the 1952 total aniline supply to
make centralite (carbanilide),* and probablimost of the output was
shipped to Hungary for the manufacture of gunpowder.
East Germany has imported, particularly from the USSR, a
number of aniline-derived chemicals. One outstanding item is
dimethylaniline (DMA), which is an intermediate for the synthesis
of tetryl (tetranitromethylaniline), an initiating explogive and a
secondary charge for detonators. DMA is also used to a great extent
as an intermediate for the preparation of dyestuffs. An import of
16 tons from the USSR was planned in 1951, and the-1950 import
amounted to about 34 tons. 300/ -The production of organic dyes by
East Germany is apparently inadequate to meet demands, even though
organic dyes are exported. This situation may be attributable to
failure to produce all the types of dyes required. The 1953 import
plan included 1,200 tons of organic dyes Valued at 24.1 million
rubles, and the dyes were to come mainly from Western countries,
probably Switzerland, West Germany, and the UK. '
301/
The largest single aniline-consuming plant in East Germany
is VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen.. It appears that this plant used about?
820 tons in 1950, apProximately 1,000 tons in 1951, 302/ and had an.
anticipated requirement of 1,176 tons in 1952., 303/
Table 19** shows the estimated East German aniline consumption
pattern for 1952.
IV. Input Requirements.
A. Raw Materials.
1. General.
Hard coal (bituminous) used in coke-oven plants (cokeries)
and gas plants yields two principal crude products which are sources
for obtaining refined basic aromatic chemicals: raw hard-coal tar,
and crude benzol (light oil). The tar recovered from carbonizing
hard coal is the source of naphthalene and a.limited amount of crude
tar acids. The crude benzol product provides most of the refined
benzol, toluol, and xylol obtainable from coal. A small amount of
crude benzol is recovered in the distilling of coal tar, but this
* During World War II (1944) the US used about 3 percent of the total
aniline supply for smokeless powder stabilizers.
** Table 19 follows on p. 73.
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Table 19
Estimated East German Aniline Consumption Pattern
1952
Product and Use
Amount Consumed
(Metric Tons)
Percent of
Total Consumed
Phenyl-Beta-Naphthylamine (PEN)
(Rubber Antioxidant)
750
57.7
Vulkazit
(Rubber Accelerators)
60
4.6
Hydroquinone
(Photographic Developer)
200
15.4
Centralite
(Smokeless Powder Stabilizer)
100
7.7
Sulfonamides -
(Sulfa Drugs)
60
4.6
Miscellaneous
130
10.0
Total
1,300
100.0
fraction of the tar is combined with the main crude benzol product
before rectification. Formerly) some crude benzol was produced in
East Germany by one plant having a Fischer-Tropsch low-pressure
synthesis unit, but this installation was dismantled in 1951.
Brown coal and/or lignite furnish the greatest quantity
of crude tar acids (crude phenols) produced in East Germany. Only a
very small proportion of the tar acids produced come from hard-coal
tar. The tar acids are processed for Separation to give refined
phanol, cresols, and xylenols.
The three sources -- hard-coal tar, crude benzol, and
crude tar acids -- from which East Germany acquires all of its
indigenous production of the refined basic aromatic chemiCals are
discussed in detail in the following paragraphs.
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2. Raw Hard-Coal Tar.
The production of raw tar from hard coal in East Germany
is confined mainly to installations equipped with gas retorts, as
exemplified by the many municipal and city gas plants throughout the
area; In 1952 there were 194 of these plants producing hard-coal tar,
and their combined output accounted for about 90 percent of the total
East German tax output. 32y (See Appendix C, Table 33.*) The
remaining 10 percent of.the tar Output was produced by two small
cokeries located at Zwickau) -August Bebel (formerly Estav cokery)
and Karl Marx (formerly Morgenstern cokery). ?
Indigenous tar production; however, is insufficient for
domestic requirements, so additional quantities of tar must be
Obtained by import, mainly from several Western countries, including
Denmark, Sweden) Norway, Austria, and West Germany. Tar imports in
1950 amounted to 8,019 tons, 305/ and the annual import plans for
1951 and 1952 were 18,000 tons and 20,000 tons, respectively. ..3.2/
There is no information to indicate the success of these import plans,
but they were probably not fulfilled.
Raw tar is required by several East German tar distilleries
for processing to produce.coal-tar products. Quantities of tar are
needed also by a number of roofing-felt (paper or boardl manufacturing
plants and for road construction and repair. One source reported that,
because of the tar shortage in 1951, the East German State Planning
Commission had to allocate 5.5 million marks for the purchase of
cobbled pavement to me-et the road construction schedule. 121/
In 1952, three tar distilleries were scheduled to receive
approximately 92 percent of the planned total tar output, 90,067 tons,
from gas plants operating on hard coal. The largest of the distiller-
ies is.VEB Teerdestillation- und.Chemische Fabrik Erkner (near Berlin),
which expeated to receive 80 percent of the total tar output from the
gas plants. The remaining tar deliveries were to be divided between two
small tar distilleries, Chemische Fabrik Velten (formerly Schieweck and
Company plant) (to receive 5.9 percent of the tar) and Chemische'Fabrik
Dcebeln (formerly Oswald Greiner plant) (to receive 6.4 percent of the
tar), and the various East German Land governments (to receive 7.7 per-
cent of the tax-). 308/ Tar deliveries to the Land governments probably
were to go to a number of tar roofing-felt manufacturing plants and to
road construction units. The largest plant known to produce roofing
felt in the area is the Riedel plant (formerly Hand Burchard plant) at
Rostock.
* P. 171, below.
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during 1952 the Erkner
distillery actually processed about 83,800 tons of raw hard-coal tar
containing a maximum water content of 5 percent, but this quantity
included about 8,700 tons imported from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and
Austria. 222/ (See Appendix C0 Table 34.*) The Zwickau coking plants
partially process most of their own tar production but apparently do
ship a small amount of the raw tar to Erkner for processing. .
The Erkner-plant also receives medium-boiling tar fractions,
called the "middle oil" (maximum boiling point of 14.000), from the -
Zwickau cokeries, from the Velten tar distillery, and from various tar
processing plants -- the Biemann plant at Grabow; the Siemens-Plania
plant Lichtenberg; Teerverwertung Gotha; the Eggert plant at Wismar; .
and tar-paper plants at Bruel, Manisa, Woltersdorf, and Rostock
(Riedel plant). 310/ The middle oil fraction is processed by Erkner,.
primarily to recover naphthalene and crude tar acids.
Before 1945 the area which is now East Germany had two
large tar distilleries. One was the Erkner plant) and the other was
located at Niederau (near Meissen -- in the vicinity of Dresden).
Both plants were former members of the second largest tar-distilling
organization in Germany,. the Ruetgerswerke AG. The USSR dismantled
the Niederau plant in 1945.
The norm for tar production by gas plants, based on East
German statistical investigations, has been established at 4:3
kilograms of tar, with a maximum of 5 percent water content, per
100 kilograms of coal throughput, where the crude goal has a pure
coal content of 82.6 percent. 311/ ?
3. Crude Benzol.
The primary source of crude benzol_in East Germany is the
city gas plant. Of the 194 city gas plants, including two plantain. ?
-the Soviet sector of Berlin, that werecapable of recovering hard '.?
coal tar in 1952; apparently about one-fourth were equipped with
benzol scrubbers and could recover crude benzol from the volatile
materials produced. There were 48 gas plants scheduled to produce
crude benzol during 1952, and together they were, to contribute about ?
78 percent of the entire East German crude benzol production.quota.?312/
(See Appendix C.)
* P. 175, below.
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The second important source of crude benzol is the cokery.
Only two East German cokeries? Karl Marx and August Bebel, use hard .
coal. Both plants are located at Zwickau in the district (Bezirk) of
Chemnitz, formerly Land Saxony. Prior to April 1951; a Fischer-
Tropdch low-pressure synthesis unit at VEB Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf)
Krumpa/Geisteltal) was a producer of synthetic crude benzol. The unit
was dismantled in 1951, and some of-the equipment was moved to expand
the capacity of a similar type of installation at VEB Werk Schwarz-
heidel near Ruhland/Senftenberg. .313./ There is no evidence to indicate
that Schwarzheide will produce -synthetic crude benzol.
Annual East German produCtion plans for crude benzol from
1949 to 1952 are available, but no reports have appeared giving actual
final outputs for\anv one of these vears.
Table 20* gives estimates of the production .of crude benzol in East
Germany from 1949 through 1955.
4. Crude Tar Acids (Crude Phenols).
Conditions in East Germany are most favOrable for producing
large quantities of crude tar acids. The raw materials, brown coal
and lignite, are available in considerable amounts. It was reported
? in early 1952 that if the quantities of the low-temperature carboni-
zation (LIC) liquors recovered at that. time were fully utilized) ?
9,000 tons of crude phenol containing 3,000 tons of pure phenol could
be obtained annually, and if the middle oil phenols from LIC plants
were processed completely, it would be possible to recover each year
52)000 tons of crude phenols containing about 12,000 tons of pure
phenol. 314/
Curkent rates of production of crude phenols, however,
are not known for all producing Lit plants and hydrogenation plants.
Furthermore0.the processing conditions-) the raw materials) the
phenolic content of each tar) oil-fraction, and effluent; and the
actual yields of tar acids obtained from each crude phenols source
are so varied and complex from plant to plant that it has been
impractical to make total estimates of crude phenols production in
East Germany by a plant-analysis method. Fragmentary production
data and annual quota figures were available for many of the
* Table 20 follows on p. 77.
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-Table 20
Estimated Production of Crude Benzol
? in East Germany, by Producing Plants
? 1949-55
Metric Tons
Production
Karl Marx and
City / August Bebel VEB Mineraloelwerk
Year Total Gas Plants IV cokeries 12/ Luetzkendorf C..!
19149 12,800 : 8,734 316/ 3,449 317/ 617
10,000 d/315/ 2,8504/ 318/. 800 d/ 319/
1950 14,900 . 10,100 3,800 i/
12,000 d/320/. 3,200 ili 322/ 1,000 d/323/
1951 16,900 Y/--:? 12,618 3,950 i 332 3287--
16,384 1./ 326/ 3,340 RV
1952 18,600 E/ --- 14,600 4,000. '
18,482 4/ 329/ 14,413 4/ 330/
1953 19,600 B./ , 15,600 4,000.
1954 20,700 B/ 16,650 4,o5o -
1955 21,700 B/ : 17,600 4,100 -
a. Outputs were calculated from probable percentage yields of crude benzol
to coke production estimates. Yield factors employed range from 0.74 to 0.88
percent of the gas coke (Gaskoks) produced. See Appendix C for estimated
gas-coke production during corresponding Years.
b. Procedure used was similar to (a) above in estimating crude benzol out,-
puts by cokeries, except yield factors employed range from 1.49 to 1.52
percent of the estimated coke outputs. gee .Appendix C for estimated coke
(Zechenkoks) production by the cokeries for corresponding years.
c. Production of synthetic crude benzol ceased when the Fischer-Ttopsch
unit was dismantled in 1951.
d. Plan figure.
e. Estimate based on reported actual output for 11 months 1950 (3,507 MT). 321/
f. Estimate based on first half-year output (8,455 MT) 324/ and first 9
months output (12,676 MT). 325/
g. Estimate representing the sum of the separate output estimates for city
gas plants and Zwickau cokeries (Karl Marx and August Bebel).
ter
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_ _ _ _ _ _
significant producing plants and are presented in Table 21.* Another
table, in Appendix C; lists the same plants and provides information
about the raw materials used) the specific sources of the crude phenols,
and the method or process employed to recover them at each installation.
.East German plants reported to be currently producing crude phenol oils
are located at Espehhain, Boehlen, Zeitz; Rositz, Leuna, and Goelzau;
and plants presently producing phenolate liquors are at Hirschfelde,
Goelzau, Boehlen, and Klaffenbach.
The largest producer of crude phenol oil is VEB Kombinat
Espenhain at Espenhain. Most of its phenolic product is obtained
from LTC spent liquors and the remainder from heavY benzine or naphtha
' (gasoline). Two crude phenol extracting towers are in operation; each
capable of handling 850 cubic meters of LTC waste waters daily and
lowering the phenol content from 8 to 0.75 grams per liter. The
Koppers steam-circulation process is employed with caustic soda lye.
The phenol extraction plant for heavy benzine is understood to
extract 01 tons of crude acid daily. Espenhain processes the phenolate
liquors from plants at Boehlen and Hirschfelde. 331/ Espenhain's crude
phenol product is shipped mainly to VEB Leunawerke "Wallet Ulbricht,"
at Leuna near Merseburg, but some (about 10 percent) is sent to VEB
Teerdestillation- und Chemische Sabrik Erkner for refining. 'During 1952;
Erkner received 3,291 tons 'f'rom Espehhain; and the 1-9-53 plan called
for 5;550 tone (containing 16.5 percent water). 332/ A reported
analysis of Espehhain's crude phenol oil showed it to contain the
following 333/:
24.6 percent phenol
25.5 percent cresols
21.1 percent xylenols
10.1 percent phenol pitch
16.5 percent water
(2.2 percent loss)
Table-21 shows actual and planned East German production
of crude phenols; by producing plants; from 1949 through 1955.
* Table 21 follows on p.79.
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Table 21
Actual and Planned Production of'Crude Phenols
. in East Germany, by Producing Plants
1949-55 ai*
Metric Tons
Plant and Location Production 12/
Crude Phenol Oil
VEB Kombinat Espenhain, Espenhain (neat Borna) 1951 (30,000) 334/
1952 38,098 3557
1953 40,391 3.5.4/,
1954 (41,500) 337/
VEB Kombinat "Otto Grotewohl," Boehlen
(near Leipzig)
VEB Hydrierwerk Zeitz/Weissenfels
VEB Teerverarbeitungsverk Rositz
.(near .Altenburg)
VEB Leunawerke "Walter 'Ulbricht," Leuna
(near Merseburg)
VEB Grosskokerei "Matyas Rakosi,"
Lauchhammer (near Ruhland) Ultimate. annual capacity
1,700 357/
1950 310 338/
1951 469 339/
1952 493 ,
1953 (897)77 342/
1950 1,392
1951 (1,450) ./
1952 (9,720) 345/
1954 (2,092) Wi
1950 3,459.347/
1951 4,201 lja/
1952 5,058"2/
1953 5,964 222/
1954 (6,300)352/ --
1955 (6,300)Z]V
1950 (1,575) (2nd Quarter) .32,/
1950 ? 5,000 (Approximate) 355
Annual capacity 24,000 356/
Footnotes for Table 21 follow on p. 80.
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Table 21
Actual and Planned Production of Crude Phenols
in East Germany, by Producing Plants
1949-55 a/
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Plant and Location
1952
1953
1954
1955
1949
1950
1952
1953
1953
1954
1955
Production IV
Crude Phenol Oil
(1,120 358/
4,219 ;7-360/
(Continued)
VEB Teerverarbeitungswerk Goelzau/Weissarldt
Phenolate Liquor (Sodium Phenolates)
(4,500) 361/
(4,500) 362/
8,o96 363/
(8,200764/
(390) 365/
34 IT.E6/
.1,547 367/
VEB Elektrochemie Iiirschfelde (near Zittau)
VEB Mineraloelwerk Klaffenba,ch? Klaffenbach
Erzgebirge
? VEB Teerverarbeitungswerk Goelzau, Goelzau/
Weissandt
?(3,200.78/
(3,200) T63/
VEB Kombinat "Otto Grotewohl," Boehlen .
(near Leipzig)
1950 43,375 370/
1951 46,662 371/
1952 53,589 F-372
19531 C (52,577) Th'
4'
37
a. Production information is not complete for all plants through 1955.
b. Data shown in parentheses are annual production quotas.
c. Original plan for 1953 was 840 tons. Actual output fox first 9 months
was 648 tons. 341/
d. Original 1953 quota was 5,500 tons, 351/ but the revised quota was
4,865 tons.
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Table 21
Actual and Planned Production. of Crude Phenols
in East Germany, by Producing Plants
1949-55 a/
(Continued)
e. Original 1953 quota was 3,860 tons'. Revised 1953 quota was 4,003
.tons. 359/
f. Original 1953 quota was 300 tons and the revised quota was 34 tons.
g. Quantity includes 49,373 tons from brown-coal tar and 4,216 tons from
hydrogenation.
h. Original 1953 quota was 50,000 tons. Actual output for first 9 months
was 39,696 tons. 373/
A tar-processing plant near Altenburg, VEB Teerverarbeitungs-
werk Rositz, recovers crude phenols from heavy benzine or naphtha
fractions by .absorption with caustic soda. In 1951, Rositz was not
equipped to recover phenols from LIC waste waters, output of which was
then at the rate of-180 cubic meters A day. 375/ No subsequent infor-
mation indicates that Rositz now is capable of dephenolating its process
effluents. The plant produces a product called "R-III" oramiddle-
oil phenol," but apparently its phenolic constituents have not been
.succeSsfully exploited to date. The product may have possibilities in
direct utilization as a phenolic raw material for manufacturing
synthetic plastics. "R-III" reportedly boils between 170 and 3009C, and
a sample analysis showed the following composition 876/:
64 percent crude phenols mixture
8 percent bases
4 percent acids
24 percent neutral oils
The crude phenols mixture consisted of:
11 percent phenol
29 percent cresols (including 11 percent ortho cresol)
28 percent xylenols
32 percent higher phenols
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There is little available information about the production
of crude phenol oil at VEB Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricht." The plant is
known to recover phenols frcm hydrogenation (Bergius process) waste
waters and heavy benzine fractions by absorption with caustic soda. 377/
Another plant, VEB Kombinat "Otto Grotewohl" at Boehlen near Leipzig,
uses a Phenosolvan process unit to recover crude phenol oil from
hydrogenation (Bergius process) waste waters) output of which was 10
1 cubic meters per hour by 1951. On the other hand) the Bergius hydro-
genation plant near Weissenfels, VEB Hydrierwerk Zeitz) recovers
phenols by using the Tricresyl phosphate process. By 1951 this plant
was processing hourly 30 cubic meters of waste waters having a pnenos
content of 5 to 6 grams per liter. 378/' An analysis of Zeitz's crude
phenol oil indicates that it contained the following 379/:
16 to 20 percent phenol
40 to 50 percent cresols
20 to 25 percent xylenols
10 to 15 percent water
4 to 5 percent other elements with higher
boiling points ?
0.05 percent neutral oil
A newly constructed plant at Lauchhammer (near Ruhland)
named VEB Grosskokerei "Matyas Rakosi," Lauchhammer, is expected to
produce crude phenols) but the status of current operations is unknown.
The VEB Teerverarbeitungswerk Goelzau was reported to have planned
experiments for 1953 to determine a more economical way of freeing
phenols from LLC liquors by developing a wash oil) with a high binding ?
property for phenols to treat the LTC water. 380/
The Erkner distillery was directed to erect, by the end
of 1953, a 735,000-eastmark dephenolating installation 381/ in which
the "Phenosolvan" process would be employed. The phenol-containing
waste waters from VEB Teerverarbeitungswerk Kcepsen at Koethemand VEB
Teerverarbeitungswerk Webau near Radegast were to be dephenolized in
a different manner. These plants were to use as the solvent a diesel
oil fraction from brawn-coal distillation. The process is expected
to give a crude phenols recovery of 80 to 85 percent from a daily
throughput of 100 to 110 cubic meters of water containing about 350
kilograms of crude phenols. 382/
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_ _ _ _ _ _
Some plants remove crude tar acids from tar oils by
extraction witia'a caustic soda solution. The result is a mixed
sodium phenolate liquor, generally known as phenolate liquor, or lye.
Phenols are recovered from the liquor at refining plants- by "springing"
with carbon dioxide (or sulfuric acid).
The largest East German producer of phenolate liquor is
VEB Kombinat "Otto Grotewohl," at Boehlen. The product is shipped to
the Espenhain plant. Another producer is VEB Teerverarbeitungswerk
Goelzau, near Weissandt, which makes a 50 percent-phenolate liquor. 383/
A petroleum refining plant, VEB Mineraloelwerk Klaffenbach, is under-
stood to be a minor producer of phenolate liquor. A 25 percent liquor
produced by VEB Elektrocheirde Hirschfelde, second largest producer)
is sent to the Erkner plant for refining. 384/ In 1952, Erkner received
2,459 tons from Hirschfelde and was to receite 1,600 tons in 1953. 385/
When processed at Erkner, Hirschfelde's product was reported to yield
the following 386/:
11.8 percent phenol
10.6 percent cresols
4.6 percent xylenols
3.0 percent phenol pitch
12.8 percent solid caustic soda
54.7 percent water
(2.5 percent loss)
.-The Goelzau plant also produces a "phenol resin," but com-
position and applications are not known. Goelzau's revised 1953
production goal for the resin was 779 tons, but the actual output was
915 tons. 3?1/ A "phenol extract" is reported to be made by VEP
Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf at Krumpa. The nature of the "extract" is
unknown, but output was 1,196 tons in 1950, and the 1952 production
plan was 2,400 tons. 32/
It is obvious that production possibilities for tar acids ?
derived from brown coal in East Germany far overshadow those for what-
ever quantity of tar acids can be realized from indigenous production
of hard-coal tar. None of the hard-coal tar producers, the gas plants
and cokeries, are presently capable of separating tar acids from the
tar. In all of East Germany the Erkner plant is the sole installation
which processes hard-coal tar and its fractions for tar acids.
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Table 22 presents actual and planned production of crude
phenols in Eatt Germany from 1949 through 1955.
,
Table 22
Actual and Planned Production of Crude Phenols
in East Germany ?
1949-55
Metric Tons_
Year
Production
1949
23,500 389/
1950
26,749 1/-391/
1951
33,766 iii
1952
45,70o ay 393
41,650 Ey T/-395/
1953
45,800 Ey Ty 1T390/
1954
61,000 17/ T./i/ 399/
1955
70,000 EY E/h/ goT/
a. The 1950 production plan was 25,010 tons. 390/
b. Plan figure.
C. Original production quota stated in the East
German Five Year Plan (1951-55).
d. Estimate based on reported actual production
'for 8 months of 1952 '(30,456 tons).
e. Annual production quota. Original 1952 plan
stated in the East German Five Year Plan was
44,500 tons. 3914/
f. Revised 1953 produOtion quota. Actual output
for first 6 months was 23,700 tons. 396/
g. Original 1953 production quota was 53,000 tons,
as given in the Five Year Plan. 397/
h. Actual output is not likely to exceed annual '
quota tet in the Five Year Plan.
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B. Manpower.
The manpower requirement for the production of aromatic coal
chemicals in East Germany is not large, and there appears to be an
adequate supply of all required skills. The processing of raw hard-
coal tar and crude benzol is practically monopolized by one plant).
VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner. This plant has a
larger number of employees directly engaged in the production of
coal chemicals than has any other plant in East Germany. Available
employment data on the Erkner plant have been generally complete.
It has been reported that the Manpower requirements (excluding
apprentices) at Erkner increased in 1951 to 116 percent and in 1952
to 121 percent of those of 1950 and that, from a plan point of view,
requirements in all professional groups were satisfied. At the same
time, worker productivity was 135 percent in 1951 and 141 percent
in 1952 of the 1950 figure. 401/
The two cokeries at Zwickau are equipped with byproduct
recovery units and are capable of processing most of their own
production of tar and benzol. Thus the number of workers actually
connected with the bytiroduct plantsjnot total employmentjis the
desited figure; the, latter would include workers for coke-oven
operations. There. is no available information, however, on the
manpower requirements for the pperatioh of the byproduct plants at
the Zwickau cokeries, and it has been necessary to base an estimate
on US practices.
No reported manpower data are Available on the number of
personnel actually concerned with the recovery and readying for
shipment of tar and crude benzol at the nearly 200 East German hard-
coal gas plants. Only an arbitrary estimate can be given. The same
is true for the number of workers required by almost 10 crude
phenols producing plants and 2 plants, besides Erkner? which pro-
cess these crude phenols. There is available no ourrent labor
employment information on the small tar distilleries at Doebeln and
Velten. Table 23* gives the estimated East German manpower require-
ments for the production of aromatic coal chemicals 'in 1952.
* Table 23 follows on P. 86.
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Table 23
Estimated East German Manpower Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
1952
Estimated Total
Producing Plants Number of Employees
Gas Plants (for tar and crude benzol
recovery only) 1,200 2/
Cokeries (for coke byproduct plant only) 70 b/
Erkner Tar Distillery 640
Doebeln and Velten Tar Distilleries ? 100 a/
Plants Producing and Processing Crude
Phenols 250 e/
Total
2,260
a. Estimate for 194 gas plants. Total workers reported employed by
180 gas plants in December of 1948 were 10,605. 402/
b. Total workers reported employed by 2 cokeries in December of 1948
were 511. 403/ US manpower requirement for a byproduct plant of a
cokery is 1.7 man-hours per metric tan of coal consumed,
c. Erkner employed 634 (total) on 1 January 1952. 404/
d. These plants and the Riedel roofing-felt plant at Rostock employed
80 workers in December of 1948. 405/
e. Estimate.
C. Process Materials and Energy.
. The coal chemical industry in East Germany has adequate supplies
of process materials and, except hard coal, of energy. Aside from hard
coal, over-all requirements are relatively small in comparison with
the rest of the East German chemical industry and other heavy industries.
Because indigenous hard-coal resources are lacking and import deliveries
and allocations are sporadic, coal supplies at city gas plants are
often meager, and production losses sometimes occur. Fortunately for
the industry, requirements are small for sulfuric acid, Which is
critically short throughout East Germany.
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In many instances, however, it has been necessary
to estimate input requirements, particularly for coke byproduct
plants and crude phenols processing installations, on the basis of
US practices and input factors or on German operations prior to the
end of World War II. Those estimated requirements for 1952 given -in
Table 24 are incomplete, and a number of the estimates are crude.
Production and processing procedures vary so greatlyidepending on
local factors, that it is Impossible to make accurate estimates. The
bulk of the estimates of principal inpUts, however, are reasonably
!accurate.*
Table 24
Estimated East Geiman Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
1952
Input
Bituminous Coal (for coke, raw tar,
and crude benzol)
Gas Plants
Cokeries
Total
Electricity
VEB Teerdestillation- 'land Chemische
Fabrik Exikner
Cokerles
VEB Chemische Fabrik Doebeln
and VEB Chemische Fabrik Velten
Boehlen (Phenolate-Liquor Plants)
Quantity
2,440,000 tons ti**
350,000 tons
2,790,000 tons
4,300,000 kilowatt-hours
3,700,000 kilowatt-hours
153,000 kilowatt-hours
2,870,000 kilowatt-hours
* Continued on p. 91.
** Footnotes for Table 24 follow on p. 91.
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Table 24.
Estimated East German Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
1952
(Continued)
Input Quantity
Electricity (Continued)
Other Phenolate-Liquor-Producing
Plants 590,000 kilowatt-hours f/
Crude Phenol-Oil Producing Plants 2,970,000 kilowatt-hours
Total -
14 583,000 kilowatt-hours
Steam
VEB Teerdestillation-, und Chemische
Fabrik Erlmer (at 19 atmospheres
pressure) 187,000 tons h/ _
Gas Plants (for recovering crude benzol) 73,000 tons 1/
Cokeries 108,000 tons k/
VEB Chemische Fabrik Doebeln .
and VEB Chemische Fabrik Velten 7,800 tons 11
VEB Kombinat "Otto Grotewohl,"
Boehlen (Phenolate-Liquor Plants) 74,5oo tons mi
Other Phenolate-Liquor Producing
Plants 18,200 tons E/
Crude Phenol-Oil Producing Plants 81,000 tons 2/
? Total 549,500, tons
r
Lime
VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische
Fabrik Erkner 8,400 tons IV
Cokeries 300 tons 11
Crude Phenols-Processing Plants
(except Erimer Plant) 11,500 tons LI
Total
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20,200 tons
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Table 24
Estimated East German Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production .of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
1952
(continued)
? Input Quantity
Coke
VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner
Other Plants, including Cokeries and Crude '
.Phenols-Processing Plants (except Erkner 'Plant)
Total
1,000 tons 418/
14,200 tons 2/ -
15,200 tons
Caustic Soda (100 Percent NaOH)
VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik trkner 668 tons 420/
VEB KoMbinat "Otto Grotewohl," Boehlen
(Phenolate-Liquor Plants) 2,068 tons 421
Other phenolate-Liquor-Producing Plants 415 tons t
Crude Phenols-Processing Plants
(except Erkner plant) 1,000 tons
Total 14,151 tons
Sulfilric Acid (100 percent acid basis)
VEB Tterdestillation- und Chereische Fabrik Erkner 1,050 tens 423/
Cokeries 3,600 tons it
Total 4,650 tons
e. Based on. an estimated total coke production of 1.7 million tons and
a coke yield of 69.5 percent of the coal charged to the gas retorts.
b. Based on an estimated total coke production of 264,000 tons and a
coke yield of 76.0 percent of the coal charged to the coke ovens.
c. Based on 14 kilowatt-hours, per ton of coke produced and an estimated
coke output of 264,000 tons.
d. Based on 13.8 kilowatt-hours per ton of Tair tar processed and an :
estimated tar processing total of 11,100 tons.
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Table 24
Estimated East German Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
1952
(Continued)
e. Based on a reported consumption of 53.5 kilowatt-hours per tan of
phenolate liquor produced and an output of 53,600 tons of phenolate
liquor in 1952. 407/
f. Based on a consumption of 55 kilowatt-hours per ton of phenolate
liquor and an estimated output of 10,700 tons of phenolate liquor. ;4,0i1/
g. Based on an estimated consumption of 66 kilowatt-hours per ton
of crude phenol oil and an estimated output of 45,000 tons of crude
phenol oil. 142/
Ii. Reported steam consumption for the first half of 1952 was 93,900
tons, and total quantity of products produced was 50,014 tons (1.88 tons
of steam per 1 ton of product). L.1.12/ Total 1952 output of products was
99,853 tons. Lily
j. Based on reported norm of 5 tons of steam required per i ton or
crude benzol prcduced.111.2/ Estimated crude benzol output from gas
plants in 1952 was 14, 600 tons.
k. Based on 900 pounds of steam per ton of coke and an estimated .coke
output of 264,000 tons;
1. Based on an arbitrary estimate of 0.7 kilowatt-hours required for
1 ton of tar processed and a total tar processing of 11,100 tons.
in. Based on a reported consumption of 1.39 tons of steam per ton of
'phenolate liquor produced an output of 53,600 tons of phenolate
liqUor in 1952. ill/
n. 'Base& on a consumption of 1.7 tons of steam per ton of phenolate
liquor and an estimated output of. 10,700 tons of phenolate liquor..ily/
o. 'Based on an estimated consumption of 1.8 tons of steam per ton sr
crude phenol oil produced and an estimated output of 45,000 tons of
crude phenol oil. Li.21/
p. Based on a reported relationship of 1 ton of lime per 0.12 ton of
Coke (for burning) 11.1?J and a reported coke consumption in 1952 of
1,000 tons: jilt/
q. Based on a requirement of 3.0 pounds of.lime per 1.0 ton of coke
produced and an estimated coke output of 264;900 tons.
r. Based on 46 kg. of lime per 100 kg. of crude phenols processed and
an estimated 25,000 tons of crude phenols processed in 1952.
s. Based on 8.35 tons of lime per 1.0 ton of coke (for buruing).1.212/ ?
and an estimated requirement of 11.800 tons of lime (see Lime, above).
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Table 24 ?
?
Estimated East German Material and Energy Requirements
for the Production of Aromatic Coal Chemicals
? 1952
(Continued)
t. Based on 3.ob kg. of caustic soda per 100 kg. of phenolate liquor
produced (as reported for the Boehlen Plant) 422/ and an estimated
10,700 tons of phenolate liquor produced.
u. Based on 4 kg. of caustic soda per 100 kg. of crude phenols pro-
cessed and an estimated 25,000 tons of crude phenols processed in
1952.
t. Based on 39 pounds of sulfuric acid (600 Baum( or 77.7 percent.
acid content) per ton of coke produced and an estimated coke output
of 264,000 tons.
Bituminous coal estimates shown in Table 214 represent only the
coal required for the production of coke (including coke.breeze),
raw coal tar, and crude benzol by coking plants and gas plants. No
attempt has been made to estimate coal requirements for electricity,
process steam, heating; and other uses, for plant operating conditions
vary widely: Similar problems exist for calculating plant require-
ments for water, and n?stimates have been made..
V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intritions,
A. Capabilities.
It has been previously -stated that East Germany is incapable ? "
of producing several of the basic aromatic chemicals in the quantities
that the country requires. It is estimated, that in: 1952 less than
30 percent of the gross supply of benzol came. frcm East German
producers; about 4o percent of the toluol supply; -about 20 percent Of
the naphthalene supply; and none. of the aniline. The production of '
xylol, phenol, and cresols in 1952 seems to have. satisfied Mini/hum- -
requirements; there were no reported imports of these, chemicals, but?
actual demands, especially for xylol and phenol; ,were discernibly
greater than production.
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SI
. The Five Year Plan (1951-55) calls for the production of
15,100 tons of refined benzol and an import of 35,000 tons. 424/
Based on available information, the fulfillment of the 1955 benzol
plan does not appear likely; actual output may fall short by about
20 percent. The production of raw hard=coal tar, according to the
Five,Year Plan, is to be 140:500 tdns in 1955, and an additional
20,000 tons will be imported. 425/ Current information, however,
indicates that tar production in 1955 will be only a little more than
80 percent of plan. (See Appendix do Table 32.*) Unde'r the Five Year
Plan) output of pure phenol in 1955, is to be 15)300 tons, and no
imports .are contemplated. 426/ Actual phenol production in 1955
probably will be about 90 percent of the Five Year Plan figure.
The possibilities of expanding production appreciably after
1955 do not appear favorable. Much depends, of course) on the degree
of success that will be attained in realizing the potential supply
of aromatic chemicals available from brown coal. Additional production
gained from brown coal sources can hardly be anticipated in quantity
before 1960) at the earliest).because new plants must be built. In
the meantime, equiptent and power shortages other than those which now
exist, may arise, and they will impede progress in the new approach to
solving the'problem'of deficiencies in aromatic Chemicals.
B. Vulnerabilities.
From a military point of view, East Germany is, apparently,
exceptionally vulnerable in respect to the production and refining of
coal chemicals for direct Utilization by the chemical industry and
other economic sectors. The situation exists mainly because there is
only one significant plant, VEB Tterdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik
Erkner (near Berlin), which is capable of processing large quantities
of raw materials -- raw hard-coal tar and crude betizol. It is
estimated that in 1952 Erkner produded from indigenous supplies of the
raw materials just mentioned the following products, in percentages
of the total East German output: 70 percent of. the refined benzol,
63 percent of the toluol, 92 percent of the xvlol, 80 percent of the
naphthalene, and almost 30 percent of the refined phenol and the
cresols. Only VEB Leunamerke "Walter Ulbricht" outproduces Erkner
on refined phenol and the cresols, producing about 55 percent of the
country's total output.
* P. 169, below.
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The bulk of the raw tar and crude benzol for Erkner originates
from the many gas plants. Numerous small installations among these .
plants, however, are antiquated and are unsuitable for the normal
production and recovery of byproducts such as coke, tar, crude benzol,
and ammonium sulfate.
The East German economy, apparently, is also quite vulnerable
because nearly all of the well-developed and complex organic-chemical
Andustry is centralized in a few large chemical combines. These
plants or combines manufacture the intermediates and derived. aromatics
from coal chemicals, and upon these products the economy is defihitely
dependent. These plants also contribute significantly to other Soviei
Bloc countries, particularly to the USSR. A list of the outstanding
plants would include the following: VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen; VIM
Chemische Werke Buna Schkopan; VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld; VEB Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricht"; and VEB Deutsches
Hydrierwerk Rodleben.
The Walfen plant manufactures a surprisingly wide range, of
products. Some of the products are rubber chemicals, dyestuffs and
dye intermediates, pharmaceuticals and drugs, photographic chemicals
and color film dyes, synthetic materials (for example, ion-exchange
resins for the sugar industry and for water purification and leather-
tanning agents)) and stabilizers for smokeless powder. Without
Wolfen'S production of rubber chemicals, the entire rubber manu-
facturing and fabricating industry in East Germany would collapse, ?
provided that imports from the USSR or the West were unavailable.
The plant is the largest dyestuffs and photographic chemicals pro-
ducer in the country and probably in the Soviet Satellites.
The synthetic rubber (buna) plant at Schkopau would eease.
operations if the ethylbenzene and styrene production units were
destroyed. Schkopau also makes necessary rubber chemicals not pro-
duced at Wolfen. Other products made by Schkopau include valuable
plasticizers for the plastics and explosives industries. The
Bitterfeld plant provides the country with insecticides, plasticizers
for the plastic industry, salicylic acid, weed killers, and starting
materials for dyes manufacture at Wolfen. If Bitterfeld's monochloro-
benzene plant were eliminated, East Germany's production of organic
insecticides (DDT and others) would be at least halved. The Leunawerke
is the sole producer of caprOlactam, the base for the "Perlah" fiber,'
a synthetic similar to nylon. The Perlon fiber and cord industries
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rest on Leuna's output. The hydrogenation plant at Rodleben is very
Important forits production of organic solvents and also for its
sulfa drugs.
Lack of vital materials brings on production bottlenecks.
Reported shortages of various materials indicate weaknesses in the
East German economy and point to potential vulnerabilities in time
of war. Particularly scarce items appear to include stainless and
other high-quality steels, sheet metal; seamless boiler tubes, tube -
bends, retorts, pressure vessels) electric motors and mountings,
parts for electric generators, damp-resistant cables, vacuum pumps,
welding electrodes) welding flanges) wire ropes, nuts and bolts, and
sulfuric acid. 427/
The inadequacies of the East German rail transportation
sYstempinterrupted.centinuous operations during 1952 and jeopardized
production quotas at. Erkner.
because of the tank-car shortage) sporadic deliveries of crude
benzol.from the gas plants to Erkner were contributory to the non-
fulfillment of. .refined benzol and toluol production plans. On a
number of occasions) Erkner had to use tank cars from itd own limited
tank-car park to dupply the plant with raw materials prodUced by the?
gas plants. On the other hand, there were timed when the gas plants
were not 'supplied With the necessary hard coal and their production
was sporadic. In February1952, coal stocks at Erkher.were so low
that the.plant-was faced with the problem of either-keeping up
production or keeping the plant wand in order to avoid damage from
frost. ay
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If the scarcity of materials continues as before and the
other limiting'faptors still exist in the next few years, the
ambitions Mt self-sufficiency, such as developing to a Commercial
scale the .production of aromatic chemicals from brown coal, ,Cannot
be realized. ;
C. Intentions.
. ' In general, the objectives of. the East German chemical.
industry aPpear to be based mainly on a desire to attain a greater'
degree of-self-sufficiency) especially in relation to the West.
Self-sufficiency is to be accomplished through technological advance-
ments and more exhaustive utilization of domestic resources.
Attention and effort are directed currently toward developing
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potential sources for essential chemical raw materials now in *short
supply, some of which must be imported at great cost. At the same
time, technical experts are endeavoring to produce synthetically new
producte or substitutes that do not require the scant raw materials.
These substitutes, or "ersatz" productsroften may be as satisfactory
as, or even better than, products formerly made from scarce raw
materials.
The segment of the East German organic-chemical industry con-
cerned with aromatic ehemicals is very much integrated in the over-
all national economy and to a considerable degree) moreover, in the
economies of other Soviet Bloc countries, including the USSR. Various
sectors of the East German economy -? domestic, industrial, and military
are vitally dependent on the availabilities and the allocations of
aromatic chemicals. Definite shifts in allocations between these
sectors will denote change in emphasis and most certainly serve as
indicators of Soviet economic, military, and political intentions.
Under the "New Course," which allegedly stresses increases
and improvements in the production of consumer goods for raising the
'living standard of the people, aromatic chemicals can be expected to
play a significant role. The.domestic sector being favored under the
"New Course" should receive higher priorities in raw materials)
resulting in a larger volume of goods for the population: products
manufactured from synthetics (fibers, plastics, and resins); agri-
cultural and household chemicals, including insecticides, pesticides,
and herbicides; pharmaceuticals and medicinels; leather-tanning
agents; dyestuffs; and perfumes.
Tmplementation of the "New Course" policy in East Germany
apparently was not undertaken seriously until the fall of 1953, and
available information is too meager to show conclusively that
significant shifts in allocations actually have occurred.
During the first half. of 1953, reductions in planned capital
investments for various segments of the industrial economy were
effected. The investments_of.the State Secretariat for Chemistry were
cut by about 25 percent. The investments of the Main Administration
for Organic Chemistry (Hauptverwaltung Organische Chemie) were not
reduced; on the contrary, its investment plant was raised by about 5
percent.
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It is ooth interesting and significant that under the "New
Course" policy there was no reduction in the 1953 capital invest-
ment plan for the principal East German explosives manufacturing
plant, VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck. A planned investment
amounting to 3,890,000 DME Was mainly for the construction of a
new trinitrotoluene (TNT) installation. 429/ The building of a
new TNT installation at Schoenebeck represents only a partial
project for renovating this plant but is classified as a first
priority project. When completed in 1955, the plant will have an
annual production of 6,000 tons of TNT, a monthly output of three
times the 1953 monthly quota. 430/
et
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- APPENDIX 'A
DETAILED USE PATTERNS FCR BASIC AROMATIC CHEMICALS IN EAST GERMANY
The following sections contain expanded discussions of the various
uses of basic aromatic chemicals in East Germany. Where information
is available, specific plants and economic sectors are identified with
uses and derived products associated with each aromatic chemical, The
production) aromatic chemical inputs, and industrial applications of
the major intermediates and end products produced in East Germany are
also discussed.
1. Refined Benzol.
a. Ethylbenzene.
This alkylated benzene is produced in East Germany for three
basic purposes: (1) The manufacture of Buna-S-type synthetic rubber,
a dopolymer of butadiene with a-synthetic resin monomer (styrene);
(2) the manufacture of an elastoplastic? polystyrene; and (3) as an
export (reparations or profit deliveries) commodity to the USSR.
The formerly Soviet-owned plant, VEB Chemische Werke Buna Schkopau,
is the only East German producer of ethylbenzene and synthetic
rubber (bhna). Maximum output of ethylbenzene at Schkopau before
the end of World'Wer II was attained in l93, when 23,900 tons were
produced. U31/ This may be .compared with an estimated 25;800 tons
produced in 1952, an amount requiring about 21,706 tons of dommercial
benzol. Schkopau's 1953 production goal called for the production of
31,850 tons of ethylbenzene (equivalent to 26,800 tons of benzol). .432/
The 1954 production plan was reported as 26,430 tons (equivalent to
20,325 tons of-pure benzol or 21,593 tons of 90 percent grade benzol.) 1232/
6,000 tons of ethylbenzene were to be shipped to the
USSR in 1952, but final delivery was more probably near 8,500 tons,
representing a benzol consumption of 7450 tons. 434/ Prior to 1954,
Schkopau is known to have shipped ethylbenzene to the USSR under so- '
called "T-deliveries," that is, deliveries of plant profits in the form
of commodities. These shipments represented additional quantities of
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products beyond those quantities established in concluded trade agree-
ments. The original 1953 export quota for ethylbenzene was 12,000
tons, 435/ but the quota was revised to 6)617 tons before the end of
the year. 436/ An export plan for 5)000 tons in 1954 was later
cancelled FEE no exports were contemplated. 437/
b. Synthetic Rubber (Buna-S).
The production of Buna-S synthetic rubber) similar to US-
made GB-S rubber, at Schkopau shall include for this report only
Buna-S3, Buna-SS 3, Igetex-S (about 35 perceut Buna-S3) and
Igetex-SS Special (about 50 percent Buna-SS 3) types. Total
Buna-S production in 1952 is estimated at nearly 55)000 tons, which
required about 13)600 tons of benzol. The Buna-S estimate is the
sum of the reported actual output of 27)236 tons in the first half
of 1952 and 27,756 tons planned for the second half. 438/ The
average styrene content of the combined Buna-S rubbers in 1952 is
calculated to be 26.2 percent. The Schkopau 1953 production plan
included the output of 60,240 tons of Buna-S rubber types.
Ib 4/
is is to be compared to the 67,700 tons output of 1943. 0
The East German 1952 export plan listed 26)000 tons of buna, but
actual deliveries from Schkopau totaled 26)893 tons, of which the
USSR received 23,950 tons. IS/ It is of special interest to note
that the exports of Buna (not including possible deliveries under
reparations and T accounts) to the USSR, assuming all to be Buna-S,
represent a benzol consumption of about 9,600 tons and 1952 planned
total imports of benzol from the USSR were .only 11)000 tons.
c. Styrene Monomer.
The estimated 1952 production of styrene monomer in East
Germany is 15,420 tons (about 12.5 percent of the US output in 1952))
of which almost 94 percent was utilized in the manufacture of Buna-S
rubber types, and the remainder was polymerized to polystyrene. In
1952, VEB Chemische Werke Buna Schkopau consumed about 17,300 tons of
ethylbenzene for styrene, which is equivalent to about 14,550 tons of
benzol, which is 40 percent of the total benzol supply.*
* By comparison) the US consumed almost 32 percent of its total
benzol supply for styrene in 1952.
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Reported styrene outputs for 1950 and 1951 were 10,034
'tons 442/ and 13,095.tons,11a/ respectively. The 1953 quota for
styrene was reported as 17,675 tons, and this would require 19,850
tons of ethylbenzene'.LOILI./ The 1954 styrene quota was given as
18,905 tons which would require 21,230 tons ofietbylbenzene. 444a/ The
highest prewar styrene output at Schkopau appears to have been
attained in1943, when 18,800 tons were made. 11./
' d. Polystyrene Plastics.
. The estimated production of polystyrene at Schkopau for 1952
is 1,040 tons, which would require 1,020 tons of styrene. The
polystyrene output in 1950 was 782 tons. 446/ The 1953 production
plan called for a combined output of 1,500 tans of "Polystyrol EF,
EFS and BW" types, and 1,538 tons of styrehe were required. The
preliminary 1954 plan lists 840 tons of "BW" type and 720 tons of the '
"EF" type. 447/
Schkopau is understood to sell polystyrene in pouter form.
The Polystyrol BW is transparent and is the result of mass (block)
polymerization; it is equivalent to the West German product
"Ttolitul." Polystyrol EF is opaque and is the result of emulsion
polymerization. Most of the polystyrene output is directed to uses
other than consumer goods. Polystyrene is used for lacquers) die
castings, press moldings, and as "Styroflex" for plastic foil or
thread it cable insulations and electrical condenser foils. The
product has high dielectric properties and a low power factor and
is used as an electric insulator in radio and radio-locating devices.
elluloidfabrik Eilenhurg is a producer of polystyrene die castings.
e. Monochlorobenzene (MCB).
Chlorine compounds of. the aromatic type are widely used as
?
intermediates in the dye and pharmaceutical industries. The most
important chlorine derivatives are those of benzol and toluol.
Chlorination of ring hydrocarbons results in isomers and byproducts,
and avoidance of these in the production of any specific compound
is often a great problem. XII the US, most of the monochlorobenzene
(CB)- producedis consumed in the preparation of synthetic phenol
and aniline. MCB is also used ,as a solvent for paints, varnitheal
and lacquers and in the manufactpre of insecticides, dyestuffs,
drugs, and other organic chemicals. Demand for MCB comes practically
entirely from the synthetic organic-chemical industry and is often
manufactured in the same plant in which it is consumed.
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In East Germany the manufacture of the insecticide DDT
possibly consumed as much as 62 percent of the 1952 MCB output. Pre-
sumably, about 24 percent of the ICE output was used mainly for
produoing nitrochlorobenzene (both ortho and pam forms), dinitro-
chlorobenzene iDNCB), And miscellaneous organic chemicals (for
example, diphe yl oxide). Exports, all to the USSR) amounted to
about 14 percent of the !CB output. Some MCB finds its way to
Rubezhnoye, USSR, where a dye-manufacturing plant is known to be
located. 448/ The 1954 export plan included 1,000 tons of MCB. 449/
Significantly, East Germany does not produce synthetic phenol from
MCB, nor is aniline made.
Two chemical plants, VEB Eliktrochemisches Kombinat Bitter-
feld and VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, are known producers of MOB:
Total MCB production in 1952 is estimated to have been 7,100 tons,
equivalent to about 7,000 tons of benzol. Bitterfeld is apparently
the largest producer and had an output of 4,105 tons in 1952 (benzol
demand, 4,050 tons), 450/ although the 1952 plan was 3,600 tons. 451/
Bitterfeld's original 1953
revised plan was issued
1953 production was 4)743
for other years is as follows:
Year
quota was reported as 4,200 tons, but a
later calling for 4)463 tons.1251/ Actual
tons. 453/ Output of !CB at.Bitterfeld
Tons .
1937
1938
1939
1940
3,894 24./
3,016
4.ji(
3,944
_5_/
3,830 V5I/
1941
4,091 ply
1942
194 3
4,120 g/
4 ,037
? 1947
_/
N.A.
1948
833 !(.4.?.1./
1949
1,000 Plan) 142/
1950
1,424 1463/
1951
3,021 Eely (Plan, 2,000 tons Lt.?2/)
The estimated MCB production at the Wolfen plant in 1952 is
3,000 tons, an amount which should have consumed about 2,950 tons of
benzol. Wolfen's 1953 goal is unknown. The production of this plant
for.previous years follows:
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Year Tans.
1937 3,552 466/
1938 3,190 467/
, 1939 3,322 468/
1940 3,76251,
1941 4,319 470/
1942 3,919 471/
1943 5,096 47ff/
1947 1,408 473/
1948 2,400 (Plan) 474/
194 N.A.
1950 2,580 (estimate based on 2,540 tons benzol
used) 475/
1951 N.A.
?
East Germany is believed to have consumed about 2,700 tons of
benzol during 1952 for MOB (other than for DDT demands), and this
represents an estimated 7.4 percent of the gross benzol supply. In
the same year, the US used 6.1 percent of its benzol supply .for !CB
(other than as an intermediate for phenol, aniline, and DDT).
f. Dichlorobenzenes (DCB).
The dichlorobenzenes (DCB), artho and pare, are produced either
as byproducts recovered in the rectification of crude MOB or by the
further chlorination of }CB. The para form is a solid which volatizes
at room temperature. It is normally consumed in large quantities as
a household moth repellant (replacing naphthalene moth balls), it .
is used in agriculture to fumigate soil to control the peach-tree
borer, it is employed as a deodorant and germicide, and it is used in
the manufacture of dyes and intermediates. The ortho form is a liquid
and is used as a high-boiling solvent for tars, fats, oils, gums,
waxes, and resins and for treating wood to control termites. Both
forms are used in organic syntheses. Trichlorobetzene and DCB .are
two chemicals produced at VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen from ,dichlorobenzete
East Germany exports both isomeric DCB's, but Western countries
appeared to have been the only recipients duritg 1952, receiving
about 20 percent of the total -output. Known producers Of the DCB's
are the same as those of MOB. Estimated total 1952 prOduction of DCB
is 1,340 tons, which is the sum of the' Bitterfeld output and the
estimated output at WOlfen. Bitterfeld had a 1952 quota of 785 tons
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(pare, 500 tons; ortho, 285 tons), 476/ but actual production was
617 tons (pare, 386 tons; ortho, 231 tons). 477/ Bitterfeld'S 1953
quota was originally 750 tons (para, 500 tons; ortho, 250 tons), but
the quota was revised downward later during the year to 613 tons
(pare, 409 tons; ortho? 204 tons). 478/ Actual 1953 production was
only 542 tons (pare, 332 tons; ortho, 210 tons). 11/2/ The 1954
quota was reported as 48o tons (pare, 300 tons; ortho, 180 tons).
The 1951 goal was 450 tons, but the plant made 612 tons. 481/ The
'higheat prewar production attained at Bitterfeld was in 1940, when
1,184 tons (pare, 788 tons; ortho, 396 tons) were produced. 482/
There is little available information on VEB Farbenfabrik
Wolfen's postwar production of DCB. Based on a production estimate
for MCB at Wolfen, the 1952 output of DCB at Wolfen is estimated at
720 tons. The previous high was in 1943, when 1,288 tons (pare,
788 tons; ortho, 500 tons) were Traduced. L421/
g.
DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane).
DDT is obtained when chloral hydrate is condensed with
chlorcbenZene in the presence of sulfuric acid. Production is aimed
toward the para-para isomer, which carries the insecticiSal properties,
but the technical grade always contains some of the other isomers.
The insecticidal action of DDT is considered one of, the important
chemical discoveries of World War II.
East Germany has considerable capacity to produce DDT. Pro-
duction of the insecticide has increased rapidly in recent years.
The product is distributed to agriculture and forestry and to export,
and negligible quantities are allocated to hospitals; pharmacy, and
home use. The first producer, and still the largest, is VEB Elektro-
chemisches Rombinat Bitterfeld. This plant produced 526 tons in
1950, Ltyi/ 1,634 tons in 1951, !it/ and 2,886 tons in 1952. 28.?/ The
1952 and 1953 goals were 2,960 tons 487/ and 3,600 tons (Original,
plan -- revised 1953 plan was 3,750 tons12??/), respectively.12?2/
The 1953 output was 4,049 tons. 4 The Bitterfeld 1954 goal was
reported as 4,140 tons. 1121/
,Two other plants are in operationi VEB Schering at the Berlin
Adlershof and ITEB Fettchemie- und.Fewawerk Chemnitz,(nowXarl Marx
Stadt). Schering produced 828 tons in 1952, and the Chemnitz plant
produced 1,040 tons. 4 The Schering and Chemnitz plants had? 1953
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production quotas of 1,000 tons -and 2,000 tons, respectively. 493/?
Thus, by addition, the total 1953 DDT quota is 6,600 tons (100 per.-
cent DDT effective content). .494/ The sum of the 1952 outputs of
the 3 producing plants adds up to 4,753 tons (100 percent DDT basis).
This -amount of DDT would require approximately 4,400 tons of MCB or,
in terms of benzol input, 4,300 tons. The benzol required represents
11.9 percent of the gross benzol supply. The US used only about 5.4
percent of its 1952 benzol supply for DDT.
It is understood that East- Germany exported about 60 percent
(2,970 tons, calculated on a basis of 100-pereent DDT) of its 14,753_
ton output in 1952. In terms of monetary value, this amounts to
over 24 million rubles. 4.95/ Reportedly, no exports were made to
countries outside the So-717t Bloc. The USSR, Czechoslovakia, and
Poland, in that order, were the largest importers of DDT. The other
Bloc countries., perhaps, obtained most of their 1952 DDT require-
ments from East Germany. (See Appendix B, Table 26,* for details on
DDT exports.) The insecticide is usually compounded into various
powdered and emulsion forms and frequently is mixed with another
insecticide, benzene hexactaloride (BHC). The DDT content in these
preparations varies from 5, 25, 40jand 100 percent DDT, and the
preparations are sold under numerous trade names, "Gesarol" (tem
Schering and Bitterfeld), "Duolit" (from Fettchemie), and "Duplexan"
(from Bitterfeld), for example.
h.. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB).
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is obtained by nitrating MCB first
to ortho and pare. nitrochlorobenzenes. Upon further nitration, both
isomers yield the dinitro compound. DNCB is an important inter-
mediate for the preparation of various sulfur dyes and of picric acid.
There is insufficient information with whiah to make a reasonable
estimate on how much DNCB is made in East Germany. Farbenfabrik
Wolfen may be the only producing installation in the area, as there
has been no mention of the product connected with Bitterfeld's pro-
duction or shipments. Wolfen is known to have produced crude
nitrochlorobenzene (NCB) before the end of the war. Output of NCB
was 1,662 tons in 1937; 1,151 tons in 19142; and only 866 tons in
1943. 2.12/
In chemical trade circles, considerable interest -recently
arose concerning exports of DNCB to Communist China, as this-chemical
probably was employed by China, at least in part, in manufacturing
* P. 156, below.
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picric acid, an explosive. DNCB is readily converted to dinitro-
phenol by meansof sodium hydroxide and then nitrated to trinitro-
phenol (picric acid). Picric acid is reported to be used by the
Communist Chinese as a high explosive filler and booster in munitions.
Nearly all of East Germany's 1952 export of DNCB went to China, some
812 tons (about 1 million rubles in value), 497/ To date, however,
there are no positive indications that picric acid is made from DNCB
on a commercial scale in East Germany. NEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen has
been mentioned as a producer of picric acid and picramic acid (by
partial reduction of picric acid). 498/
i.. Benzene Hexachloride (BHC).
.'Benzeno hexachloride (BHC) is an insecticide developed by the
British toward the end of the war. The product is manufactured by
the complete chlorination of benzol in ultra-violet light. BHC is
partieularly effective as a component of insecticides toxic to flies,
roaches', grasshoppers, aphids, boll weevils, and the like. The
technical grade contains at least five isomers, but the gamma geo-
metric isomer is the most active biologically. The gamma isomer
content in the technical or commercial grade is about 10 to 15 per-
cent. When the gamma isomer is concentrated to not lest: than 99
percent purity, the product is called lindane. East Germany refers
to BHC as hexachlorocyclohexane, or "Hexa products]' when compounded. ,
The production of BHC began during 1950 at VEB Elektrp-
chemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld, and since 1950, production has been
expanding rapidly in East Germany There are, however, no actual
production data on total BHC output in East Germany during 1952:
Four plants are -producers of BHC: VEB Elektroehemisches KoMbinat
Bitterfeld; VEB Schering, Berlin Adlershof; VEB Fahlberg-List,
Magdeburg; and VEB Fettchemie- und Fewawerk Chemnitz (now Karl Marx
Stadt). These four plants compound the insecticide into dusts and
sprays and -one additional plant, VEB Fatbenfabrik Wolfen, also does
this.
Gross production of BHC preparations at the Bitterfeld plant
during 1951 was reported as 389 tons, L4.22/ but the 1952 quota was
stated to be 1,000 tons. 500/ Bitterfgra's chief BHC preparation is
called "Duplexan" which contains only 1.2 percent of 85 percent
"Hexa-effective" ingredient (the gamma isomer). Actual output of
Duplexan was 723 tons in 1952, equivalent to about 8.7 tons of 85
percent BEC . 501/ ?
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Production plans or actual outputs of the other BHC producers
previous to 1953 are unavailable., The 1953 production goals for BHC
(of 85 percent gamma content) of the individual plants have been
reported as follows: Bitterfeld, 25 tons (original goal; the revised
goal was 14 tons 502/); Schering, 25 tons; Fahlberg7List, 32 tons; and
Fettchemie, 93 tons. The total output quota for East Germany during
1953 wasitherefore, 175 tons (of 85 percent gamma content). 503/ To
prepare an estimate for 1952) it is necessary to assume a total out--
put of 90 tons (85 percent gamma) from all plants during the year.
To make this amount of BHC, it is estimated that about 500 tons of
pure benzol (or about 550 tons of commercial benzol)were consumed.
The basis for this calculation was a source reporting pure benzol
input at the Fettchemie plant to manufacture 85 percent gamma BHC.
Factors determined were 10.0 tons of pure. benzbl yields 1.76 tons
of the product. 12y
East Germany is estimated to have used about 1.5 percent of
its gross supply of benzol in 1952 for BHC manufacture; the US used
about 2.3 percent of its benzol supply.
Research work at Bitterfeld to prepare pure gamma con-
centrate, or lindane, was unsuccessful in 1952 and again was included
in the 1953 research program. 505/ Bitterfeld's 1953 investment
plans include an installation for the manufacture of 60 tons per
Annum of pure gamma concentrate. 506/
Preparations from BHC are sold by the producing plants under
specific trade names. Some leading names other than Bitterfeld's
product, "Duplexan," are known as "Cartolit powders" (Fettchemie),
"Arbitex" (Fahlberg-List), "Gesaktiv" (Schering), and "Mux" (Wolfen).
Some Hexa :products were exported by East Germany in 1952. The total
exports amounted to a value of nearly three-quarters of a million?
rubles. 507/ Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia were the only countries
listed as importers.
? j. Miscellaneous Chemicals and OtheflUses.
Other chemicals derived from benzol are known to be made in
East Germany, but no quantitative production data are available for
any of these chemicals. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen undoubtedly produces
a number of other benzol-derived products. Wolfen is understood to
produce nitrobenzene from which it manufactures azobenzene (for
benzidine and dyes manufacture), meta-dinitrobenzener meta-
phenylenediamine (which may be made from aniline), and azo dyes. 508/
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Other plants) including those which manufacture drugs, vitamins
(Vitamin 1)2), and pharmaceuticals) use quantities of benzol for pro-
cessing-purposes. The second Wolfen plant) VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa),
Wolfen, uses benzol as a solvent for photographic film and for the
manufacture of color film components. This plant's 1952 benzol
requirement for film production was reported as 4o tons. 502/
Arbitrarily, an amount of 3,374 tons has been assigned as the 1952
benzol consumption for the production of miscellaneous chemicals
and other uses. This amount represents a residual value obtained '.
by difference from the total benzol supply (gross) of 36)300 tons
and the sum of other benzol uses listed in Table 13.*
k. Solvent and Diluent Uses.
Benzol has wide application as a solvent or diluent in many
industries. There are available no data br information to indicate
the extent to which benzol is employed in East Germany as a solvent
or diluent. It seems plausible that 3,500 tons of benzol, nearly
10 percent of the estimated total supply, was used for these pur-
poses. Paints, varnishes) lacquers, and liquid cements and glues
should be expected to consume appreciable -quantities of benzol.
The Bitterfeld plant-is known to produce a glue or cement..solUtion,
probably for polyvinyl chloride plastics application. It is
estimated thatabout 250 tons of benzol were used by this plaht
in 1952 to manufacture an adhesive solution. 510/
Benzol would be used as a solvent by plants other than
chemical plants. Allocations in 1952 were planned for various
ministries and state secretariats, for example) 1)116 tons to the
Secretariat for Coal and Power; 74 tons to the Ministry for Con-
struction and the Secretariat for Building; 4o tons to the Ministry
of Light InduStry; and 35 tonsto others, including the Ministry
for Transportation. In addition, 1,480 tons were allocated (planned)
to the various East German Land governments, including Greater
Berlin. 511/ It is presumed that most, if not all, of these:
benzol allocations were for-general solvent or diluent purposes. -
Various Soviet-awned corporations (SAG's), such as AMO, Ttansmasch,
Brikett, and Synthese) were allocated altogether about 200 tons of
benzol during 1951, perhaps mostly for solvent use, but there is
no comparable figure for 1952. 512/
* P. 61, above.
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1. Zest German Plan Reserve.
156 tons of benzol were to be
allocated in 1952 to the East German Plan Reserve. 513/ The pur-
pose of this reserve is not clear, but it is known to be a priority
allocation. The possibility exists that any amount placed in the
Plan Reserve may be transferred later at the end of the year to a
State Material Reserve -- that is, to a strategic stockpile.
2. Toluol.
a. Chemical Uses.
Information available on East German organic chemical plants
has failed to provide much data relating to toluol consumption and
the chemical intermediates and products derived therefrom. The
available factual information and data were focused largely on VEB
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld. This important chemical
installation is understood to produce the following deriVed products:
bental chloride, ?benzaldehyde, benzoyl chloride, benzotrichloride,
benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, add benzyl chloride. It.is estimated
that Bitterfeld consumed more than 800 tons of toluol during 1952,
and much of this undoubtedly went into the manufacture of chemicals. 514/
The large dye-producing plant, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, probably
now produces from toluol such intermediates as benzal chloride,
benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, nitrotoluene, and ortho-toluidine and
para-toluidine. Toluol consumption at this plant probably dbes not
exceed'Bittetfeld's requirements. A third significant cOnsumer is -
VEB Fahlberg-List, Magdeburg, which appears -to be the. only East German'
producer of saccharin, a sweetening agent. .As saccharin it made from -
. ortho-toluene sulfonic acid, which is produced along With the pata:.
isomer when toluol is sulfonated, the Fahlberg-List plant is Capable
of producing chloramine-T,? a surgical antiteptic, from the'para.form.-
A high-purity grade of toluol is needed to produce these'dertved
chemicals.
Output data for some intermediates produced only by Bitter-
feld during 1950 through 1953 are available and are given beIew.
(in metric tons):
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Intermediate
? 1950 5151
56/
19511
1952 517/
1953 518/*
Benzotrichloride (crude)
437
627
537
614
Benzotrichloride (pure)
367
555
470 (esti-
mated)
540 (esti-
mated)
Benzoic acid
183
267
218
259
Benzyl chloride/Benzal
chloride
LA.
171
159**-
209
Bitterfeld's4roduction of benzotrichloride is utilized for the
preparation of benzoic acid. In the US, benzoic acid is now made
chiefly by decarboxylation of phthalic acid, but it was previously
made through chlorination of toluol to benzotrichloridel with sub-
sequent alkali hydrolysis. One of the 1951 research projects
assigned to the VEB Teerdestillation, und Chemische Fabrik Erkner was
the production of benzoic acid by catalytic oxidation (employing
air) of toluol with vanadium pentoxide as catalyst. 521/ This
alternate process is well-known, and the purpose of Erkner's research
was probably to develop the method economically for East Germany. '
The Ruetgerswerke at Niederau, now dismantled, formerly produced
benzoic acid froth sodium benzoic liquors supplied by other Ruetgers
works. In 1950, VEB Schering plant at Berlin Adlershof conducted
experiments on production of benzoic acid from sodium benzoate liquor
produced by Erkner. 522/
?
Benzoic acid and its sodium benzoate are widely used as a
preservative for foods-, fats, soft drinks, margarine, fruit juices,
and jellies. The acid is employed by the pharmaceutical industry
as a mild antiseptic, a wound dressing and diuretic, and a urinary
antiseptic. The East German pharmaceutical industry, reportedly
required 10 tons of pure benzoic acid in 1952: 523/ The textile
industry uses benzoic acid as a dyeing assistant, a dye stripping
agent, a preservative for sizing, and a mordant in calico printing.
Other uses of the acid are for the curing of tobacco; the manu-
facture of chemicals (sodium and benzyl benzoates), a stabilizer
in the rubber industry, and for dyes and color stabilizers in
baking varnishes.. Various esters -- methyl and benzyl benzoates,
for example -- are perfume materials.
* Revised 1953 goal was 454 tons; revised 1953 goal was 204 tons,
and 1953 goal was 171 tons. 212/
** Benzyl chloride0.95 tons; benzal chloride, 64 tons. 122/
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Benzyl chloride is an intermediate with varied uses, including
the production of dyestuffs, perfume bases such as benzyl alcohol and
acetate, photographic developer, rubber accelerators, and various
pharmaceuticals. VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen required 6 tons of
benzyl chloride in 1952 and 16 tons in 1953. 524j Benzal chloride is
the starting point in making benzyl compounds that are used in making
dyes.
Saccharin production by VEB Fahlberg7List, Magdeburg, was .
reported as 334 tons in 1951, 525/ and the 1952 output may have
attained 400 tons. Total saccharin exports in 1951 represented nearly
three-fourths of the East German prioduction.. Exports in 1952, however,
were only 42 percent of the 1951 figure, but nearly two-thirds of the
amount went to Western countries. In 1953 the Fahlberg-List plant
was ordered to ship 15 tons of saccharin to Bulgaria and 55 tons to
China. 526/ Saccharin exporto in 1954 were to total 200 tons. 527/
Even in competitive Western markets East German saccharin sells=
for about $2,000 per metric ton. Saccharin is about 550 times as
sweet as cane sugar and is employed as a sweetening agent in beverages,
foods, toothpastes, syrups, and pharmaceutical preparations. It is
particularly valuable to diabetics. The East German pharmacies were
repotted to have had a requirement for 200 tons of saccharin in
1952. 21/
Knowledge on production of other toluol intermediates in East
Germany is very limited. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen produces many types
of dyes; some of which are derived from toluol. Wolfen's situation
is complicated by the fact, that some intermediates, used by the plant
are imported -- para-nitrotoluene, for example, which is required for
preparing p-toluidine, a valuable first component in azo dyes. Total
toluol consumption as a raw material for organic chemicals menu-
facture, excluding dinitrotoluene and trinitrotoluene for explosives,
is estimated at 1,700.tons for 1952.
b. Solvent and Diluent Uses.
There are no available data on total East German allocations
of toluol for solvent and diluent applications. Because.toluol is
considered a preferred diluent for lacquers and enamels using nitro-
cellulose, it is reasonable to expect that East Germany also uses
toluol for this purpose. VEB Zelluloidfabrik Eilenburg is one plant
employing the aromatic for colloxylin (nitrocellulose) production;
the plant required 78 tons in 1952 and 100 tons in 1953, 529/ In
?
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East Germany there are a considerable number of lacquer and enamel
manufacturing firms which use toluol: VEB Teerdestillation- und
Chemische Fabrik Erkner supplies toluol to VEB Farben-7 und Lackfabrik
Leipzig/Leutzsch, VEB Lackfabrik Teltow/Berlin, VEB Lackfabrik
Spindlersfeld/Berlin., VEB Lack- und Lackkunstharzfabrik Magdeburg, and
VEB Lack- und Lackkunstharzfabrik Schoenebeck. 530/
ElektroChemische Kombinat Bitterfeld produces an "Igelit"
(polyvinyl chloride) stock solution which is a basic solvent for
lacquer uses. Output of the solvent in 1952 was 921 tons, of which
820 tons were sold to other consuming plants. 531/ The 1953 goal
was only 800 tons. 532/ For the solvent; the pure toluene input is
estimated to have been 460 tons in 1952 and 404 tons in 1953. 533/
Bitterfeld also produces an Igelit adhesive solution with a toluol
base of about 22 percent. 534/ Output of the solution in 1952 was
383 tons (367 tons sold), and the 1953 plan was 420 tons. 535/
Toluol required to make the glue isestimated at 84 tons for 1952 and
more than 90 tons for 1953.
In addition to the plants mentioned above and other chemical
plants in East Germany, there are small firms which consume toluol,
presumably as a solvent or diluent. Allocations to the Laender in
1952 amounted to. about 600, tons. 536/ In 1952 the Ministry for Light
Industry was allocated more-than 200 tons of toluol, and-the Secretariat
for Coal and Energy was scheduled to receive nearly the same amount. 537/
Specific uses to which these allocations of toluol were put are unknown,
but very likely-they were used for solvent And diluent purposes. An
arbitrary total of nearly 4,200 tons has been estimated as the toluol
consumption in East Germany during 1952 for solvent and diluent uses.
This amount represents about-47.percent of the estimated gross supply
of toluol (8,860 tots).
c. Explosives.
The only definite .producer of trinitrotoluene :(TNT). it East
Germany is VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck, formerly Lignose
SprengstOffwerke, GmbH. This plant also produees dinitrotoluene
(DNT), an ingredient ih "Gelatin-Donarit," which is a mining and
commercial dynamite. In 1952) Schoenebeck was rePorted to be
producing; in addition to blasting gelatine, "all kinds of shell
explosive .charges," but this information has not been confirmed. 538/
A second explosives manufacturing plant, VEB Sprengstoffwerk II,
Gnaschwitz (near 'Bautzen), also produces Gelatin-Donarit but receives
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TNT and DNT from Schoenebeck. 232/ Both plants ship out industrial
explosives, principally to uranium mining projects under Wismut AG
in Saxony and in the general area of Aue. 540/
There is little definitive information on Schoenebeck's
current rate of production of either TNT or DNT.
the first-quartet Production plan. for 1953 as 504 tons
TNT and 263 tons of DNT. 541/
4uring August 1949, this plant.actually made
152 tons of TNT and 68 tons of DNT. 542/
1952 production is estimated to have been 1,950 tons of TNT and
1,000 tons of DNT, together requiring a total of about 1,600 tons
toluol (commercial-grade basis).
the 1954 production plans for Schoenebeck include 2,040 tons of TNT
and 1,420 tons of DNT.* 542a/
of
of
d. Exports.
Reported toluol exports in 1952 were 1,353 tons, an amount
6 times the 1951 total (224 tons). 543/ (See Table 11** for details
on exports.) During both 1951 and 1952 Hungary appears to have been
the largest recipient. Most, if not all, of the toluol going to
Hungary probably was destined for the explosives manufacturing
plants located north of Lake Balaton, especially the Fuzfogyartelep
plant.
e. East GerMan Plan Reserve.
An official East German statistical report advised that 25
tons of toluol were to be allocated to the Plan Reserve in 1952. 544/
This reserve is known to be regarded in East dermany as albriority
allocation." The exact purpose of the reserve is unknown, but, as
a conjecture, the amount may be later transferred to a State
Material Reserve as a strategic stockpile addition.
3. Xylol.
a. Chemical Uses.
Xylol may be the starting material in making dye intermediates
(xylidines)? sulfonamides, gulfonic acids, and other products. The
dye-manufacturing plant, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, is a known producer
* Seep. 96, above.
** P. 50, above.
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of xylidines and sulfonamides, but the plant's xylol requirements are
not well known. -In 1952 a considerable quantity of xylol (300 tons),
having at least 40 percent meta-xylene content,-was required by Wolfen
for the extraction Of pure meta-xylene from which a dye intermediate
could be made. VEB .Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen needed this intermediate
to manufacture color photographic film. 545/ There is no indication
that the 300 tons were made available to the dye plant from import,
but certainly the tar distillery at Erkner cpuld not supply the
amount.
Xylol is also .a process Material in making many organic
chemicals. The-pharmaceutical industry may employ xylol in manu-
facturing vitamins and in making ccmpounds having therapeutic
properties. The East German pharmaceutical industry was reported
to have had a xylol requirement of about 21 tons in 1952. 546/
Lacking other information, an arbitrary 1952 consumption estimate
of 100 tons of xylol for chemical uses is made.
Only within-the past few years have the xylene isomers been
recognized in the'US.as profitable chemical building blocks. Ortho-
xylene was the first-isomer to be so used. In 1945 it was oxidized-
on a commercial scale to form phthalic anhydride. The production
of phthalic anhydride from ortho-xylene is now rapidly increasing in
the US, and eventually it should relieve the demand on naphthalene,
of which 80 percent now goes into the production of phthalic anhydride.
In the 115, para-xylene is also separated for use in the production
of terephthalic acid. The latter is one of the raw materials for
manufacturing a synthetic fiber (a polyester -- terephthalate) called
"Dacron" -(DuPont) in the US and "Terylene" in England, where it was
developed. Later, a.photographic film base and polyester: film
called "Mylar" were developed in the US; both are condensation
products of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.
By the end of 1951, East Germany was- in the experimental
stage of producing terylene fiber. The experiments were conducted
at the Institute for Synthetic Fiber Research, Berlin-Teltow-Seehof,
and the VEB Thueringische Kunstfaserwerk "WilhelmIie&" at
Schwarza. The large chemical plant at Bitterfeld was reported to
have been the source. of supply for theterephthalie acid. 1.11/
terephthalic acid could be obtained from
VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodlebeno Rodleben/Rosslau, but only in
gram-size lots. 548/ Experiments also were being conducted in early
1953 within the ELM research department at VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa)
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Wolfen to produce a nonflammable film material from terylene. A film
was made, but it proved to be too dull.. Photographic film specialists
attached great importance to the work. 549/
Less speCtacular in US markets than para-xylene is the meta-
isomer. Meta-xylene is already in use in the US for the manufacture
of isqphthalic acid) which appears to have a large potential market.
The acid is More reactive than terephthalic acid and shows good
promise of becoming a replacement for phthalic anhydride in its
surface-coating and plasticizer applications. To date) there has
been no mention of the Manufacture of isophthalic acid from meta-
xylene in East Germany.
b. Solvent and Diluent Uses.
Undoubtedly, xylol is principallY used by East Germany as a
solvent and diluent, but data.on the quantity consumed for these
purposes are available: The chemical industry is expected to be the
largest consumer. The aromatic is widely used as a solvent and
diluent in the manufacture of protective coatings -- lacquers)
enamels) and varnishes. Xylol-is also a solvent, for dyes, waxes,
fats, oila,and resins, and for paint and varnish removers. Also as
a solvent) it is used in making rubber cements and photographic .
film. VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa). Waren reportedly had a 1952 solvent
requirement of 20 tons for color film, 550/ and the 1953 need was
40 tons. 551/ Perhaps more than 80 percent of the gross supply of
xylol was utilized hy East Germany in 1952 for solvent and diluent
uses.
c. Export:
A small quantity (20 tons) of xylol was reported as an
export item in 1952. Bungary received the entire amount,which ?
was valued at 13,000 rubles. 552/
d. East German Plan Reserve.
A priority allocation of 20. tons of xylol was made to the
East German Plan Reserve in 1952. 553/ The purpose of the reserve.
is unknown, but the allocation may have become an addition to a
State Material Reserve -- that is:, a strategic stockpile.
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4. Naphthalene.
The problem of establishing a naphthalene consumption picture is
a peculiar one because of the degree to which the physical volume of
the salable product shrinks as it is reduced to greater purity and
because certait important uses of the product. require the refined
grade. This situation is evidenced particularly in East Gertany,
as the country is largely dependent on imports of naphthalene. Thus,
If a large proportion of the East German .imports.during 1952 had
consisted of a crude grade of naphthalene (melting point below 7990)
rather than of a refined quality, the estimated total supply fignre
would be considerably higher than the net amount of naphthalene
actually available. Unfortunately, definitive information is
lacking on the relationship between crude and refined naphthalene
imports into East Germany in 1952. It has been necessary in this
report, therefore, to simplify the problem by assuming all naphthalene
imported was of the crude grade and to make adjustments whenever uses
for the refined product were noted.
a. Hydi.ogenated Naphthalenes (Decalin and Tetralin).
Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) and tetralin (tetrahydro-
naphthalene) are both made by hydrogenation of refined naphthalene
(warm-pressed grade). Decalin and teiralin are excellent solvents
for fats, oils, waxes, resins, and rubber. They may be used for the
extraction of naphthalene from coal gas; in the manufacture of
lacquers, paints, and varnishes (as substitutes for turpentine);
and in solvent mixtures and lubricants. Despite their toxic nature,
they are used as fumigants for moths because they are cheap, effective,
and noninjurious to fabrics. Both may serve as cleaning agents and
rust-dissolving solvents.
The sole producer of hydrogenated naphthalenes in East Germany
is the VEB Deutehes Hydrierwerk Rodleben, Rodleben/Hosslau. Formerly
this plant supplied all Germany and in 1939 was reported to have -
produced 8,930 tons of decalin and 3,300 tons of tetralin. 554/ In
comparison, the 1952 production plan called for a combined output of
only 3,000 tons for the two compounds. 555/ 50X1
the plant would have an allocation 61: 3,350.tons of naphthalene 50X1
for.1952..556/ This amount of naphthalene represents approximately '
15 percent or the estimated gross supply in East Germany in 1952.
the 1953 production quotas for 50X1
decalin and tetralin were,1,447 tons and 2,460 tons, respectively. 557/
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Consumption of crude naphthalene in 1953 should total 4,150 tons
(1,500 tons of naphthalene for decalin and 2,650 tons for tetralin). 558/
Production of hydrogenated naphthalenes would be greater if more
naphthalene and metallic sodium, for refining tetralin, were made
available to Rodleben. Currently (19514), theplant is understood to
have maximum output capacity of 4,316 tons of decalin and 13,280 tons
of tetralin. 559/
It is estimated that about 15 percent of the combined output
of decalin and tetralin was exported in 1952. Decalin exports,
however, were less than one-half of the 1951 figure, but tetralin
exports were nearly three times greater than they haa been in 1951.
In 1952, Soviet Bloc countries imported about 29 percent of East
Germany's exports of hydrogenated naphthalenes, but West Germany
alone imported 47 percent of the total. (See Appendix B) Table 28.*)
b. Phthalic Anhydride.
Phthalic anhydride is a very important derivative of naphthalene.
It currently is produced at only one East German chemidal plant, VEB
Chemische Werke Buna Schkppau. For its manufacture, Schkopau employs
the process of catalytic oxidation of naphthalene vapors with air)
using a vanadium pentoxide pelleted catalyst. The remarkable yield
obtained by Schkopau.is 102 kilograms of phthalic anhydride from
100 kilograms of naphthalene, 88 percent of the theoretical yield.
In the US, the most widely quoted yield figure is 80 percent,
although many producers are believed to be getting 75 percent or
lower. The US, however,.is now producing nearly 10 percent of its
phthalic anhydride from ortho-xylene obtained from petroleum refineries.
Phthalic anhydride is principally used by East Germany for
the manufacture of plasticizers (phthalates or "Palatinols" -- mostly
for vinyl resins and plastics) and softeners ("ED 242"). A con-
siderable amount of phthalic anhydride) one-half, or more) of the
output, is probably shipped to the USSR. Some of the product is
required for synthesizing dyestuffs. It is surprising that there are
no indications that more than a negligible amount of phthalic
anhydride is employed to produce alkyd-type resins: In the US, alkyd
and vinyl resins require 85 percent of the total consumption, and.
dyes and-miscellaneous uses require the remainder. In the phar7
macettical industry) phthalic anhydride is the starting product for
the preparation of phenolphthalein and a number of phthalate esters.
* P. 160, below.
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The East German pharmaceutical industry reportedly required 10 tons
of phenolphthalein during 1952 to be supplied from indigenous pro-
duction: 560/ It is believed likely that VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
produces synthetic indigo blue, a dye that stems from intermediates
derived from phthalic anhydride. ?
Production statistics from former I.G. Farbenindustrie AO
files indicate that Schkopau's peak output was 6,350 tons of phthalic
anhydride in 1943. 561/ Sit:LS 1949 there has been a rapid increase
in output. Production in 1950 Was reported as 5,988 tons, and the
1951 quota was 6,040 tons. 562/ Output in 1952 was 6,637 tons. 563/
The production plan for 1953 was 8370 tons 564/ of which, 6,650 tons
were to be delivered to outside consumers, including shipments to
other countries. 262/ The 1954 production plan called for 8,480 tons
which would require 8,650 tons of naphthalene (warm-pressed grade).
The 1955 production goal under the Five Year Plan (1951-55) was
reported to be 10,000 tons. 566/ During 1952 the production of
phthalic anhydride in East Germany consumed an estimated 30 percent
of the total naphthalene supply. By comparison, the US used per-
haps 70 percent of its naphthalene in the same year for phthalic
anhydride.
As mentioned above, considerable phthalic anhydride is.
shipped to the USSR, the only country that has been reported
actually receiving the product since 1950. .Total exports during
1950, including 40 tons to Czechoslovakia, represented about 36 per-
cent of the East German production for that year. The export of
4,150 tons in 1951 567/ was in slight excess of plan and amounted
to about two-thirds or the output. In respect to 1952 shipments,
some confusion exists, for the reported plan was either 3,000 tons
or 3,300 tons, 568/. but alleged actual shipments totalled only 119
tons. .5.?2/ It is strongly suspected that much more than 119 tons
of phthalic anhydride were sent to the USSR in 1952; perhaps
nearly 4,000 tons in addition were shipped under a reparations
account and/or plant profit deliveries (T-accounts). The 1954
export plan called for a delivery of 5,000 tons of phthalic
anhidride. 570/ Under the East German Five Year Plan (1951-55)
5,300 tons of phthalic anhydride, about 53 percent of the planned
output, are to be exported in 1955. El/ (See Appendix B, Table.280*
for more details on phthalic anhydride exports.)
* P. 160, below.
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(1) Palatinols.
VEB Chemische Werke Buna Schkopau employs phthalic anhydride
principally for the manufacture of "Palatinols," which are phthalic
anhydride esters (or phthalates). The following kihds of phthalates
were produced during 1952 and are distinguished from one another by
letter designations: Palatinol.AR (dioctyl phthalate), Palatinol BR,
Palatinol C (dibutyl phthalate), and Phthalic opal BU. Previously,
other kinds were made, including Palatinol HS (diheptyl phthalate).
Phthalic anhydride esters are plasticizers and are used in
vinyl resins, in plasticizing smokeless powder, and in manufacturing
insect repellents. Dibutyl phthalate (Palatinol C) is an excellent
plasticizer for surface coatings of nitrocellulose lacquers; it
replaces odorous and volatile camphor and overcomes the characteristic
brittleness and lack of adhesion of these lacquers.
An estimated 1,546 tons of phthalic anhydride were consumed
for the manufacture of Palatinols in 1952. TO produce the 1953 quotas,
1,720 tons of phthalic anhydride should have been consumed. East
Germany used nearly 33 percent of its phthalic anhydride in 1952 for
plasticizers (including Weichmacher ED 242 -- see below); the US
used. almost 30 percent.
Palatinols have been exported almost exclusively to Soviet
Bloc countries, principally to Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the USSR.
The original 1952 export plan called for 750 tons, 273/ but this
apparently was reduced to 150 tons. 2.7S Only 125 tons; however;
were reported actually shipped by the end of the year. pi/ The
Schkopau plant was scheduled to ship 220 tons of C and 50 tons of
AR types to the USSR during 1953 under reparations and T-account
deliveries. 222/ Schkopau's 1954 export plan includes 765 tons of
Palatinols. 575a/
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Given below are production data for each Palatinol type
currently made at Schkopau and the most common uses of each:
Production (Metric Tons)
1953 e, 1954
1952 (Estimated) (Plan) L.TV (Plan) arri Uses
Palatinol AH 1,929 2,300 3,100
Softener for Poly-
vinyl chloride
(Igelit) and
lacquers.
Palatinol BH 400 430 N.A. Softener for poly-
vinyl chloride
(Igelit foil and
flooring material).
Palatinol C 6lo 600 720 Customary softener
for nitrocellulose
lacquers. Also --
suitable for Buns
and Igetex mixtures-.
Phthalic
Opal BU
190 200 200 Binding agent for
artificial resin
lacquers and oil-free
synthetic resin for
nitro-lacquers.
Total 3,120 2722/ 3,530 4,020*
(2) Weichmacher ED 242.
Another plasticizer (or softener) which consumes a con-
siderable amount of phthalic anhydride is Weichmacher ED 242. It
has been reported that during World War II various German cable Works
* Phthalic anhydride requirement is 1,906 tons (1,352 tons for AH,
424 tons for C, and 130 tons for BU).
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were supplied with -"ED 242" (and "ED 356" - not believed made now)
for the manufacture of insulating varnish for cables in aircrafi. E2/
There is no evidence that the product is used today for this purpose.
It is known that "ED 242" is a good softening agent for leather and.
polyvinyl chloride (Igelit) and may be used in Igetex, a Buna 33 .
latex. Great interest in the product has been shown by the USSR.
The softener was quality inspected by Soviet officials at the plant
and was shipped in metal drums (200-liter) inscribed With Soviet
markings.
VEB Deutsches HydrierWerk Rodleten, Rodleben/Rosslau,
produced ED 242 at the rate of about 400 tons per year after the
plant was restored in 1947. 580/ Reported actual production for
1950 was 624 tons, and the 1951 plan was 722 tons, which probably ?
was. exceeded, as 750 thus were exported. 581/ The production plan.
for 1952 was 905 tons, but actual output was alleged to have been
960 tons. 582/ The production goal for 1953 was 1,025 tons.'582a/
Maximum production possible is 1,244 tons. One ton of ED 242 re-
quires 390 kilograms of phthalic anhydride. 5?2/ An estimated
10 percent of.Schkopauss 1952-output of phthalic anhydride was
consumed during 1952 in the manufacture of ED 242.
ED 242 is exported regularly to
the USSR. In fact, the USSR is the only known importer. East
Germany VW reported to have shipped 150 tons in 1950, 583a/ 750 tons
in 1951, 84 7001 tons in 1952, 22/ and 1,100 tons were planned for
1954. 8 Of the 1952 production (960 tons), 73 percent was ex-
ported to the USSR, and about 21 percent went to "government
orders." 587/
(3) Alkydal P and Alkyd Resins.
"Alkydal P" is understood to be .a type of alkyd coating resin
and is produced by Schkopau. It is reported to be a condensation
product of butylaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and phthalic anhydride.
VEB und Lackkunstharzfabrik Zwickau (formerly Louis
Blumer plant) is a known producer of alkyd resins ("Duxalkyd")
from phthalic anhydride supplied by Schkobau. The Zwickau resin
plant is believed currently to consume about 300 tons of phthalic
anhydride a year. The resins are distributed to various industries
requiring them for coating purposes, especially the automotive
industry for body finishes and the tin preserving can manufacturers. ga/
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' Prewar Germany made large quantities of alkyd resins
(various Alkydals), of which the ingredients were mainly phthalic
anhydride, glycerin, and the fatty acids from linseed oil or castor
oil. In the US today, almost 60 percent of the phthalic anhydride
goes into alkyd resins. End uses for alkyds in the US are
primarily for automotive and other metal finishes) particularly
for consumer goods) but large amounts are used in surface coatings
for military vehicles) equipment, and ammunition. Other uses
include artificial leather coatings and house and marine paints.
"Alkydal P" outpUt at.Schkopaudn 1952 is estimated at
about to tons. The 1953 plan yes 70 tons 588a/ About 100 kilo-
grams. of phthalic anhydride are required to produce 350 kilograms of
the product. There are no exports reported for Alkydal PI nor
have any imports of alkyd?resins been reported.
c. Beta-Naphthol,.
Beta-naphthol is a primary derivative of naphthalene.
It is the starting material for the manufacture of a large group
of naphthol dye intermediates and is used in the production of
azo dyes. A particular strategic use is in the rubber industry)
where beta-naphthol-becomes a raw material to produce an essential
rubber antioxidant) phenyl-beta-naphthylamine. .(See the following
subsection, Phenyl-Beta-Naphthylamine.)
In the US the second largest use of haphthalene is in the
manufacture of beta-naphthol. Perhaps over 60 percent of the US
output of beta-naphthol goes into dyestuff intermediates, and the
remainder is used to make a rubber antioxidant. Because of the
need for naphthols (alpha and beta isomers) by the dye industry)
the cbunercial production of refined naphthalene, heretofore required
.only for the preparation of moth balls)..was begun in 1873. Con-
sumption was small at first, and it inCreased slowly. At that. time
its uSe was.confired to Germany and England. Beta-naphthol is
produced by alkali (caustic soda) fusion of sodium naphthalene-
beta-sulfonate, which) in turn) is obtained by neutralizing the
sulfonation product of refined naphthalene.
' The only known producer of beta-naphthol in East Germany is
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. There have been no source references to
indicate that alpha-naphthol is produced at Wolfen or at any other
East German chemical plant. Alpha-naphthylamine, the principal dye
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intermediate from alpha-naphthol, is normally imported from the USSR
and West Germany The 1952 Import plan was 190 tons.522/
There are no production data available for any one year on
Wolfen's output of beta-naphthol. It is known, however, that SAG
plants (Soviet-owned corporations) had a combined planned require-
Ment for 1952 of 1,665 tons of beta-naphthol. 522/ Inasmuch as
,FarbenfabrikWolfen was an SAG firm during the early part of 1952,
and because there are no other plants in the SAG category which are
believed to have required the chemical, it is assumed that the
1,665 tons represents Wolfen's own'needs.
Wolfen was experiencing "an acute shortage of beta,
naphthol" but that this situation had been "partially overcome by
imports from the West." 221/ It is quite possible Wolfen failed to
produce its 1952 requirement. Thus, an arbitrary output estimate,
but one believed to represent a maximum) for beta-naphthol during
1952 is 1,650 tons (about 15 percent of the 1952 US output). This
amount of beta-naphthol would require about 2,000 tons of refined
naphthalene, an equivalent 2,500 tons of the crude grade.
No beta-naphthol was reported actually exported in 1952,
although 100 tons (destined for Hungary) were mentioned in the
export plan. 522/ This may confirm the belief. that Wolfen failed
to produce sufficiently to cover all requirements for the chemical.
The 1951 export plan was reported as 165 tons) but only 115 tons
apparently were shipped (50 tons to China, 65 tons to Hungary). 22y
Phenyl-Beta-Naphthylamine (PEN).
.Undoubtedly, the most Important use. Put to beta-naphthol in
East Germany is for the manufacture of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine
(PBN) by way of beta-naphthylamine. PM. is a necessary general-
purpose antioxidant in all rubbers. This rubber chemical retards
aging of rubber resulting from oxidation, flex-cracking, atmospheric
cracking, and heat deterioration. PBN maybe referred to also as an
age .resister, for when such a material is incorporated in a rubber
mixiit helps to protect the vulcanizate against certain kinds of
aging. Natural rubber oxidizes when exposed to sunlight and air,
whereas Buna-type rubbers, under similar conditions, tend to poly-
merize further and also to cyclicize. This action is prevented by
adding a stabilizer, usually PBN. TSN is used in natural rubber on a.
'basis of 1 to 1.5 percent of the rubber in tire treads, inner tubes,
wire insulation, mechanicals, and footwear. Synthetic rubber requires
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about twice as much antioxidant as natural rubber. Chemische Werke
Buna Schkopau is reported to use PBN at the rate of 2.9 percent per
ton of Buna rubber produced. 594/
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen is the only known producer of PBN in
East Germany. Production at Wolfen in 1950 was reported as 1,120
tons and, based on output in the first quarter of 1951, the estimated
1951 production was 1,500 tons. 595/ Assuming about 55,000 tons or
buna rubber were made in 1952, an estimated 1,600 tons of PBN would
be required. It is possible that PBN output in 1952 may have been
close to 1,700 tons, for which about 1,250 tons of beta-naphthol
would have been used. East Germany used possibly three-fourths of
its beta-naphthol production to make PBN. There Are indications
that PBN output in 1952 ran close to synthetic rubber production.
Schkopau was reported to have been, on one occasion at least, within
48 hours of. a complete stoppage,.but a, shipment of PBN from the
USSR arrived in time. _UW Schkopau's 1954 PBN requirement has been
reported as 1,874 tons. 596a/
Prior to 19510 East Germany was apparently unable to produce
sufficient PBN to cover requirements for its Buna manufacture.
Wolfen's PBN plant was reported destroyed in World War II and not
rebuilt until 1949. 597/ Imports planned for 1950 were reportedly
from the USSR and Poland, the latter to supply 90 tons and the USSR
200 tons. '..2y Still earlier, the large chemical plant at
Ludwigshafen in West Germany occasionally shipped PBN by truck to
Schkopau. Output was,sufficient by the end of 1951 to permit exports
totalling 132 tons, J22/ but in 1952 only 50 tons could be exported, and
that amount went only to China. 212/ East Germany's selling price to
China was about $12050 per ton, practically equivalent to the US market
price. (PBN is also mentioned under aniline consumption, p. 71, above.)
d. Emulgator 1,000.
"Emulgator 1,000" is an emulsifier for buna-type rubbers,
including Perbunan and Igetex types. It is used for Making
"kalunit" (the sodium salt of dibutyl naphthalene sulfonic acid). The
latter is a degreasing agent and is employed by the soap industry for
the preparation of washing and cleansing agents of all types. Emul-
gator 1,000 has 'frequently been used for the preparation of "Nekal BX,"
a wetting agent for the textile industry or a dispersing medium tor
dyestuffs.
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The most strategic use for Emulgator 1,000 is as a rubber
chemical, an emulsifier. It is considered to be the best emulsifier -
used in Germany for the manufacture of Buna rubber. Reportedly, its
use gives a higher tensile strength to rubber than do fatty acid ?
soaps used in the US. For every ton of Buns rubber made by Schkopau,
about 6o kilograms of the emulsifier are required.
The chemical was first made at Ludwigshafen in 1917, And ?
new plants for its manufacture were installed during the war at
Schkopau, at Ruels (West Germany), and at Auschwitz (now Poland).
From the files of the former I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. it is learned
that Schkopau produced 2,966 tons of Emulgator 1,000 in 1943..601/
Today, Schkopau remains the only'East German plant to produce the
emulsifier. SchkoPau's production in 1952 is estimated at 3,490
tons. 602/ The production goal for 1953 was 3,855 tons, and the
1954 plan is 4,145 tons (requiring 1,687 tons of warm-pressed grade
naphthalene). 603/ In order to have produced 3)490 tens in 1952,
it is estimated that Schkopau consumed 1,430 tons of refined
naphthalene, an equivalent 1,800 tons of crude naphthalene.
The product was exported in 1951; the USSR was reported as
receiving 88 tons of the total 91 tons expOrted, and China received
the rest. 604/ There is no definite indication that any of the
chemical was exported during 1952.
e. Carbon Black.
The term carbon black identifies an important group of
industrial carbons used chiefly as reinforcing agents in the rubber
industry for such commodities as tires and. for coloring pigments
in the ink (printers' ink), paint, and plastics industries. Carbon
blacks differ from other carbonaceous materials such as charcoals
-
and bone chars in their unique chemical and physical characteristics.'
Chemically, they are nearly pure elemental carbon; physically; they
are composed of essentially spherical .particles of graphitie-
crystalline structure. The variation in properties displayed by
different types bf carbon blacka is due, in large part, to differences,'
in average particle size.
The process of making carbon blacks Pram aromatic hydrocarbons ?
(anthracene and naphthalene) was developed before World War II by
Degussa (Deutsche Gold und Silbersheide Anstalt) at Frankfurt/Main
in West Germany. East Germany now has one carbon black manufacturing
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plant utilizing crude ,naphthalene. This plant is the VEB Russwerk
Oranienburg, which reportedly employs the Dusek Process to produce
a carbon black comparable in quality to the. "channel-black" type.
the plant also uses anthracene, but this
has not been confirmed and it will be assumed that only naphthalene
is. used. About mid-1952) Oranienburg had additional facilities
installed to increase its capacity and to assure the tire industry
of an adequate supply of carbon blacks. 605/ A second type of
carbon black is made in East Germany from acetylene gas and is
produced by VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz.
Production of carbon blacks at the Oranienburg plant has
usually been short of annual quotas. Apparently only 894 tons were
produced in 1950) whereas the plan was 2,000 tons. '006/ Output in
1951 was 1,130 tons,. against a plan for 1)800 tons.737/ Reported
1952 production was 1,842 tons, 608/ but the year's quota was 2,000
tons. 609/ The 1953 goal has been given as 2,399 tons.-610/
To manufacture carbon blacks from crude naphthalene, a
considerable quantity of naphthalene is consumed. It is estimated
that about 3,840 tons of crude naphthalene were required in 1952
to produce 1,842 tons of carbon blacks. Inasmuch as the need for
reinforcing black for rubber tires is critical in-East Germany,
the expenditure of precious naphthalene must be considered a
worthy purpose. No exports of carbon blacks have been noted.
f. Miscellaneous Uses.
Naphthalene uses included as "miscellaneous" are: (1) those
products known to be produced in East Germany but for which there
is little production information available and (2) products that
may possibly be made in East Germany but of which there is no Positive
evidence. Admittedly, any amount of naphthalene declared consumed for
miscellaneous uses actually represents unaccountable naphthalene con-
sumption. Unfortunately, nearly 20 percent of East Germany's 1952
estimated naphthalene gross supply must be entered udder a miscellaneous
category at this time.
One class of naphthalene derivatives, the chlorinated napthalenes,
possibly consumes appreciable quantities of naphthalene. Two German
trade names are associated with chlorinated naphthalenes) "Xylamon"
and "Paraflow." Xylamon, possibly pentachloronaphthalene, is prin-
cipally a wood preservative for protecting telephone poles, wooden
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houses, and the like. The production of Xylamon was intended to be
resumed at Treuhandbetrieb (THB) Werk Westeregeln sometime in 1951
after equipment was repaired. 611/
1,000 tons of crude naphthalene were shipped to Westeregeln during
July 1951, and most likely this was for Xylamon production. 612/
No further naphthalene imports destined for Westeregeln have been
noted, but during 1952 the plant received raw material from the
Erkner tar distillery. 613/
Paraflow is a viscous, oily material usually Made by con-
densation of a chlorinated paraffin wax with an aromatic hydrocarbon
(naphthalene). The product is useful to improve low-temperature-
flow characteristics of lubricating oils -- that is, a pOur-point.
depressor. The luboil additive prevents large crystals of paraffin
(left in oil after solvent extraction) from forming at low tempera-
-tures. Paraflow was used by the Germans in their automobile oils
during World War II. During that time the commodity was obtainable
only from the Ludwigshafen plant .(west Germany) The cold-Weather .
luboil additive was imported by East Germany from Ludwigshafen at
least until 1950. On Orders from Moscow, a product was developed
during 1949 at sAn HydrierWerk Zeitz, Zeitz/Troeglitz which was.
composed of 90 percent chlorinated paraffin and 10 percent chlorin.,-
ated naphthalene and which allegedly compared favorably with the
LudwigOafen product and that made by Standard Oil (US). 614/ The
East German requirement for Paraflow in 1949 was 60 tons, and in
1952 it had risen to 150 tons. 615/ East Geimany'was even capable
of exporting the commodity in 1951 and sent 4 tons to Poland, ?1W
but a planned export of 10 tons to Poland 1E11952 failed to be .
realized. 617/
Available information has' not been sufficiently detailed
to report quantitatively how much naphthalene is required -or used :
by East Germany for dyestuffs and intermediates manufacture. ?
Various azo dyes are made.byVEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen Which stem
from naphthalene, but also certain intermediates for their
preparation are imported (alpha-naphthylamine, for example), making
it impossible to resolve the situation. Wolfen very likely products
some sulfonated naphthalenes and similar compounds for its awn use; .
Wolfen is capable of producing H-
acid but "is at present unable to offer any to the West" because
sulfuric acid is short. H-acid was formerly imported from the
USSR and West Germany. Wolfen also produces alpha-nitronaphthalene?
commodity presumably used in East Germany for manufacturing
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dyestuffs rather than for "deblooming" (decolorizing) petroleum
oils. 619/ In 1950, Wolfen shipped out 57 tons of the product of
which 23 tons went to West Germany. _22/ During 1952, East Germany
exported 130 tons of alpha-nitronaphthalene, all to West Germany 621/
Refined naphthalene is used in making moth repellents. There
is no information, to indicate the extent, if any, to which naptha-
lene is used for this purpose in East Germany Naphthalene may be
used to manufacture synthetic organic tanning agents ("Syntans").
These are made in East Germany, but which agents require naphthalene
and how.much.is consumed are unknown at this time.
5. Refined Phenol.
a. Caprolactam.
Caprolactam (E-amino-capronic acid lectern) is the inter-
mediate substance from which is manufactured a synthetic plastic of
the polyamide type, in East Germany an "Igamide" (Perlon Luran).
During World War II, Germany used polyamides of the Perlon type for.
the manufacture of parachute fabrics, cord filaments for airplane
tires, bristles for industrial brushes, and foils (0.1-mm thickness)
for airplane gasoline tanks. Other uses under development included
protective coverings for aircraft cables, connecting belts for motor-
driven equipment, glider tow-ropes, harness, and belts for military
and civilian use. Currently, East Germany is producing the following
from caprolactam: hosiery and tie silk, parachute material, dress'
and raincoat materials', fibers, bristles for brushes, "wire" for
industrial filters and coiled brush coverings for polishing nonferrous
and light metal surfaces, electrical wire insulation, cord for auto-
mobile and airplane (MIG-15) tires., technical foil ("Perla"), and
transparent film for food bags. 622/
The generic term for polyamides is "Nylon," but Perlon L
differs from nylon in manufacture and, somewhat,..in characteristics
and uses. Nylon results froth the reaction of a dibasic acid, such
as adipic acid (from cyclohexanol via phenol), with .a diamine,. such
as hexamethylene diamine. Perlon L, .on the other hand, is made from
the condensattan of amino-carboxylic acids, their lecterns or deriv-
atives. -Briefly, the production steps for making Perim L are:
Phenol to cyclohexanei to cyclohexanone to cyclohexanone oxime to
caprolactam to Perlon L. Caprolactam is shipped from producer to,
consumer as a solid (yellowish-white scales) and is usually called
"lectern salt."
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East Germany has only one caprolactam producer, VEB Leuna-
werke "Walter Ulbricht." This plant makes caprolactam from its own
production of pure phenol. The product is shipped to VEB Filmfabrik
(Agfa) Wolfen (about one-half); VEB Thueringische Kunstfaserwerk
"Wilhelm Pieck," Schwarza; VEB Kunstseidenwerk "Ftiederich Engels!'
Premnitz; and VEB Kunststoffwerk Aceta, Berlin/Rummelsburg. In
those plants it is consumed in the manufacture of Perlon materials.
Leuna's caprolactam production record, including annual plans, is
as follows:
Year Metric Tons
1942 914 623
1943 1,140
1944 731
1946 159
1947 569 7/
1948 600 rfitimated), 500 (Plan) pi
1949 750 (Estimated), 650 (Plan) .6_9/
1950 1,160 (Estimated), 930 (Plan) _22/
1951 1,671 V.I./ 1,400 (Plan)
1952 2,092 2,000 (Plan) _Li
1953 2,600 (Man) p._/56(
1954 2,750 (Plan) _1
1955 10,000 (Original Plan)
Considerable phenol is required to manufacture caprolactam,
about 2 tons of phenol for 1 ton of caprolactam. It is estimated
that during 1952 Leuna consumed about 4,200 tons of phenol for
caprolactam. This amount of phenol constituted about 84 percent
of Leuna's output and about 46 percent of the total East German
phenol production. The following caprolactam consumption factors
for Perim L materials are available 638/: for 1 ton of cord-
silk, 1.23 tons of caprolactam; 1 ton of fine-silk, 1.26 tons of
caprolactam; 1 ton of bristles, 1.33 tons of caprolactam; 1,000
square meters of foil (Perfol), 0.062 ton of caprolactam. For
general purposes, it id customary to use a factor of 1.3 tons of
caprolactam for every ton of Perlon L produced. The 1953 pro- .
duction plan for Leuna called for an output of 2,600 tons of -
caprolactam requiring 5,230 tons of phenol, 83 percent of the
plant's phenol quota. 639/
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b. Plastics and Resins Based on Phenol.
In the US the largest single peacetime outlet for phenol is
in phenol-formaldehyde plastics. The second largest is in phenol-
formaldehyde resins for surface coatings and as a bonding agent in
laminated products. Together, these consume 60 to 75 percent of the
:Cot-al US phenol production. In comparison, East Germany is estimated
to have consumed in 1952 only'about one-third of its phenol output. If
more phenol had been available; the proportion allocated for plastics
and resins manufacture might have been greater. The production of
plastics in East Germany is totally inadequate; production had only
attained about 20 percent of prewar output in 1951. Raw materials', as
Well as fabricating machineryjhave beet lacking. Supplies of phenol
have been too short to permit the manufacture of phenol plastics
("Phenoplasts"). :640/
A production of 10,000 tons of molded plastics with a phenol
resin base was desired for 1951. The lack of phenol and woodpowder
(for filler purposes), however, limited production to only 5,900
tons. 641/ Moreover, available molding equipment capacity was
incapable of handling more production. It was then foreseen that in
1952 9,000 tons, corresponding to the available equipment capacity
on hand in East Germany would be possible. 642/ The final 1952 pro-
duction plan was 9,132 tons, 643/ but actual production was 6,272
tons. 644/ The 1953 East German production capacity for phenol-
based plastics was reported as 8;500 tons. gi2/ Since molded
articles are expected to play an important role as a substitute for
nonferrous-metals in the East German Five Year Plan, it is antici-
pated that phenol ,plastics will find an even larger use. The original
1955 Plan goal of moldable plastics for-the plastics industry Was
12,000 tons, containing approximately 6,000 tons of resin.
The molded plastics industry is understood to be shifting
away from preferred phenol and has started utilizing cresol and
xylenol as raw materials. Also, the acute shortage of phenol has
made it necessary to develop good Molding powders for.plastics-
from low-grade but abundantly available phenolic compounds.-
Investigations were conducted in 1951 on the "middle-oil phenol"
(R-III), produced at VEB TeerverarbeitungsWerk 'Weitz, as a
potential phenolic raw material for plastics, even though the .
material contains only about 15 percent phenol. .The problem entails :
the preparation from R-III of a suitable product which is free of
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bases, acids, and neutral oils. Similar experiments, utilizing crude
phenol mixtures for manufacturing synthetic resins, were. also con-
ducted with products obtained from plants at Hirschfelde and Espenhain.
There is no available information relating to the .0:Mount of
phenol consumed in 1952 to produce phenol plastics and resits. It is
necessary to assume that production of nearly 8,300 tons of molded
plastics was based entirely on phenol and did not include cresol and
xylenol. A further assumption must be made that total output
represented molding Compound (including filler, and the like) with
an actual resin content of about 55 percent of this total. Since
a typical phenol-formaldehyde resin may contain about 6o percent
phenol, it is estimated that 2,700 tons of phenol were consumed for
phenol molded plastics during 1952. The production of bonding
agents, surface coatings, Haveg acid cements (for acid-proof bricks
and coating iron), grinding wheel resins, and the like, very prob-
ably consumed an additional 300 tons Of phenol.- Also included is
the manufacture of "Kramitoel," believed to be a phenol-formaldehyde
adhesive, by VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfeh, which, in 1952 was expected
to require 90 tons of phenol for 120 tons of the product. 647/
In summary, it is estimated that 3,000 tons of phenol were used
during 1952 by East Germany to produce various phenol-based plastics
and resins. Not included are the ion-exchange resins, Nofatits"
and synthetic organic tanning agents (based on phenol-formaldehyde"
resins), which have been considered separately and are discussed
later.
Several known phenol plastics and resins manufacturing
plants in East Germany are:
VEB Kunstharz- und'Pressmassefabrik Erkner, Erkner/Berlin
VEB Lackkunstharzfabrik Zwickau, Zwickau
VEB Lackfabrik Moelkau, Moelkau/Leipzig
VEB Kunstharz- und Pressmassefabrik Espenhain, Espenhain/
Leipzig
VEB Lackkunstharzfabrik Schoenebeck, Schoenebeck/Elbe,
c. Refining Lubricating Oils.
The principal East German producer of natural lubricating
oils is VEB Minetaloelwerk Luetikendorf at Krumpa. This plant
employs phenol as a selective solvent for refining lubricating oils
by removing aromatics and naphthenic hydrocarbons. If a sufficient
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_ _ _ _ _ _
amount of anhydrous. phenol is used, the aromatic and naphthenic
hydrocarbons.can-be completely extracted, leaving a purely paraffinic
oil behind. The quality of the raffinate is best when anhydrous
phenol is used, but the yield is small. The effect from sOlvent.
extraction on a luboil is to produce a product with a high viscosity
index -- that is, to maintain good lubrication characteristics even
at elevated temperatures.
The Luetzkendorf plant is the only natural luboil producer
in East Germany known to use phenol to refine its products. This
plant requires phenol from year to year to replenish losses in
process and to cover expanding production. Luetzkendorf was
scheduled to receive 270 tons of phenol from Leunawerke for its 1948
requirement. 648/ The 1949 requirement was reported to have been
330 tons. 6497--tuboil production quotas for Luetzkendorf for 1948
and 1949 were 33,000 tons and 4ol000 tons, respectively. 650/ A .
recent estimate on Luetzkendbrf's 1952 luboil production was 55,000
tons. For this quantity of production, it is estimated that about
450 tons of phenol were -required.
d. Pharmaceuticals.
The announced 1952 requirements of the East German phar-
maceutical industry included 400 tons of pure phenol. All of the
phenol was to be consigned to the industrial portion of the industry
for manufacturing medicinals. 651/ It is not known, however, whether
or not the industry actually received its full allocation during the
year. At present, there is some question about the inclusion of
phenol requirements for manufacturing salicylic acid (see f, below)
in the allocation to the pharmaceutical industry. This report has
assumed that phenol for the production of salicylic is not included
in the pharmaceutical allocation, for-salicylic acid has uses other
than medical and also may be a starting material to produce other
. medicinals.
e. Ion Exchange Resins (Wofatits).
On a comparative basis, the US and German ion exchange .
industries had reached approximately the same level of development
by the end of World War II. Work on synthetic resins preceding the
development of Wofatit began in 1936. Among other uses, the Germans
were utilizing the-process to recover copper fram cuprammonium
(rayon) process waste waters and silver from photographic waste
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waters. At the present tine the process may be used to recover valu-
able metals from wastes, for purification of streptomycin, for
recovery and separation of radioactive isotopes from atomic fission,
and for the catalysis of organic reactions. Another important use
is in the beet-sugar industry, where the final impurities are
removed from the sugar.luices, increasing sugar and decreasing
molasses yields and making it possible to produce an edible liquid
sugar directly. Probably the main use today for ion exbhange resins
in East Germany is for softening water. Many industrial waters in
the area are very hard and, therefore, numerous softening instal-
lations are required. The resins are used by thermal power plants
as a boiler water additive.
'FEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen Was the principal German producer
of ion exchange resins of the Wofatit type before the end of the war
and is now the only known producer in East Germany. The Wolfen
plant makes several types of Wofatits, only one of which, the "P"
type, is known to be prepared from phenol. The P type is prepared
by reacting phenol, formaldehyde, and sodium bisulfite to produce
the methylene sulfonic salt of phenol. This compound is then con-
densed with additional phenol and formaldehyde, and a solid resin
results. After further treatment, the final product is a moist
resin containing about 4o percent water. Various Wofaiits under-
stood to be produced by 'FEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen are as follows:
Type Characteristics
Wofatit P A cation exchanger for water softening. Re-
sistant to temperatures up to 95?C.
Wofatit F Same as P but resistant to temperatures up to
500C.
Wofatit C For partial salt removal of water rich in
carbonates.
Wofatit MD An anion exchanger for removal of salts from
water, used together with P and F types.
Wofatit L An anion exchanger for salts and silicates.
.Wofatit E and ED Both types are used for decolorizing of
solutions, such as clarified juices, sugar
clearing liquors, molasses, starch solutions,
glucose, dextrose, sorbite-plant and other
extracts.
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No current production data on production of Wofatit at Wolfen
are available, in early 1952 50 tons of
.phenol per month (600 tons per year) were being consumed by the Wolfen
pleat to produce Wofatits. 652/ This amount, however, appears to be
too high in relation to other phenol requirements of East Germany.
Production of Wofatit of all types was about 410 tons in 1950. 653/
Perhaps lop to 150 tons of phenol were used in 1950 to produce
Wofatits based on phenol. Allowing for a possible doubling in output
by the end of 1952; the phenol consumption would amount to 300 tons
as a maximum for production of Wofatit. East Germany is an exporter
of Wofatit resins, largely to other Soviet Bloc countries. Poland
has been the principal importer, with Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and
the USSR following in decreasing order.
Wolfen's productive capacity for Wofatit Vas fully utilized in 1953
and exports Were scheduled to take 54 percent of the total output.211./
(See Appendix B for further details.)
f. Salicylic Acid.
SalicyliC acid is considered a fine chemioal and is used as a
medicinal and an intermediate in the manufacture of other medicine's
and.pharmaceuticals. In the US, approximately 65 percent of the
salicylic acid.roduced is employed to prepare aspirin, 25 percent for
making other medicinals, and 10 percent for miscellaneous uses, .
including the manufacture of dyes. Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid)
is prepared by acylating salicylic acid with acetic anhydride.
Salicylic acid is a starting material in making various salicylates,
methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen), phenyl salicylate (Salo1).,
and the like. The chemical is used in making dyes, including azo
colors, and may be employed as a preservative and for manufacturing
organic intermediates and perfumes.
Salicylic acid produced in East Germany probably is not used
principally to make aspirin, for production of the latter wae expected
to begin only by mid-1952, upon import of acetic anhydride. Com-
mercial quantities of acetic anhydride have not been made in East
Germany. Aspirin his been available, however, through imports from
"capitalistic countries," from Hungary, and from the USSR. Aspirin
requirements by the pharmaceutical industry amounted to 75 tons in
19520 and salicylic acid requirements by this industry totaled 205
tons. 612/ The large dyestuffs manufacturing plant, VEB Farbenfabrik
Holten, requires salicylic acid, presumably only for making azo dyes.
In 1950 the Wolfen plant received about 75 tons, some of which was
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imported from. Denmark and West Germany (Leverkusen). 656/ It is
believed that Wolfen's needs in 1952 would not have been much higher
than in 1950. East Germany also exported some 20 tone of salicylic
acid in 1952, althbugh the plan called for 30 tons. 657/ The 1954
export plan provided for shipment of 60 tons of salicylic acid
(technical grade). 657a/
Only two known producers of salicylic acid exist in East
Germany. These plants are VEB Pharmaceutisches Werk.Oranienburg
and Leunawerke "Walter Ulbricht." A third plant, utilizing a new
process which is about 50 percent cheaper, was reported to have been
established at VEB Chemische Fabrik von Heyden, Dresden/Radebeul. 658/
Available data on salicylic acid production in East Germany for 1949-
55 are given below: '
Year Metric Tons
1949 6o (Plan) 659/
1950 112 660/ --
1951 240 -Tian) 661/
1952 294 662/, 286?(Plan) 663/:
1953 320 TPTan) 664
1954 350 (Plan)
1955. 350 (Plan) /.
It is estimated that to have produced 294 tons of salicylic acid in '
1952, about 235 tons of phenol were required. It is interesting to
note that salicylic acid is one of the production target items listed
within the framework of the East German Five Year Plan (1951-55).
The production of salicylic acid by oxidation of ortho-cresol has
been considered hy East Germany and was included among the 1951
research projects aseigned to the tar distillery at Erkner. ??1/
g. Ttiphenyl Phosphate.
Ttiphenyl phosphate is. mainly a plasticizer and a softener.
As a plasticizer, it increases theflexibility and extensibility of
synthetic resins and similar compounds. It Is an excellent softener
in making photographic films from cellulose acetate, a gelatinizing
and softening agent in making compbaltions containing.nitrocellulosel
and a substitute for camphor in.making celluloid. The chemical is
a solid nonvolatile) incombustible softener widely used for manu-
facturing lacquers, varnishes, and plastics in combination with
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nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose. It may also serve as a softener
for film toils and in natural and synthetic rubber (Buna) mixtures.
It is understood that East Germany employs triphenyl phosphate mainly
in the lacquer and cable industries.
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld is the only
producer of triPhenyl phosphate in East Germany. According to I.G.
Farbenindustrie statistics, the Bitterfeld plant produced 298 tons
of the chemical in-1937 and 284 tons in 1943. Output in 1951 was
291 tons. 668/ Only 135 tons were produced in 1952, of which 49
tons were used by Bitterfeld itself. The original 1953 quota was
240 tons, 669/ but this was later revised to only 50 tons, although
114 tons were produced. 670/ An estimated 125 tons of phenol were
consumed in 1952 to produce the 135 tons of triphenyl phosphate. The
plasticizer has been an export item but has been exported only to
Western countries. Nearly one-half of the 1952 output was exported.
(For details, see Appendix B0 Table 29.*)
h. Miscellaneous.
East Germany requires phenol to produce various other chemical
intermediates and end products. important to the area's economy.
Individual outputs of these phenol-based produets demand little of
the available phenol supply, but collectively the athount of phenol
consumed for their preparation has sone significance.
The large photographic materials manufacturing plant, VEB.
FilmfSbrik (Agfa) Wolfen, expected to require a total of 30 tons of
.pure phenol during 1952. Anticipated requirements to manufacture
photographic film, paper, plates, and color film components amounted
to shout 20 tons. An additional 10 tons of pure phenol were to be
used for a softener for Perfol, a technical foil from caprolactam. 671/
The extensive hydrogenation plant, VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk
Rodleben, Rodleben/Rosslau, is a producer of cyclohexanol (1:Hexa1ie)
through phenol reduction. Hexalin and the ketone cyclohexanone are
important solvents, similar in purpose to Methylheicalin and methYl-
cyclobemanone derived from cresol. (See Hydrogenated Cresols, p. 1400
below.) These hydrogenated materials, either alone or mixed with each
other, are valuable solvents for camphor, fats, oils, waxes, natural and
synthetic resins, and rubber. They also find application in a variety
of special soaps and detergents, for they are emulsifying and solubil--
izing agents for soaps and oils. The production of solvents by
_ .
* P. 1630 below.
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pressure hydrogenation cduld not be fully realized at VEB Deutschea
Hydrierwerk Rodleben in 1951, and, although the 1952 program was
robably more optimistic, it is probable that little phenol was used,
for cresol was more readily available. The only production infor-
mation available is Rodleben's 1953 quota of 50 tons of Hexalin.
One ton (1,000 kilograms) of Hexalin requires 1,175 kilograms of
phenol. 672/
Phenol is the starting material for the manufacture of the
hormonetype weedkiller 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid).
This chemical has particular value to farming because of its
selective power to.kill broad-leaved plants without harming grasslike
crops -- wheat) barley, oats)and rye, for example -- thus making
possible higher average crop yields. The VEB Elektrochetisches:
Kombinat Bitterfeld is the most important producer and may be the
only producer of 2,4-D in East Germany. The Bitterfeld plant
formulates a spray with a 2,4-D base called "Hormit (H 11)" and a
powdered preparation (dust) called "Hormin (H 22)." Two other
plants produce preparations with a 2,4-D base, the VEB Asid-Werk'
Bernburg (product: D 24) and VEB Ieunawerk Marseburg (products: L 1
and L 2). Nothing is known of production rates at these two plants.
Bitterfeld's production record and plans are as follows:
Year
Metric Tons
Hormit (Epray)
1951 17.
1952 38 (Plan).
84 (Actual)
1953 '158*
1954. 200 (Plan)
Hormin (Dust)
58 673/
360 Nan) 6714
265 (Actual 75/
962** 678/
500 (Plan) ?12/
Bitterfeld sells all of the Hormin it produces and more than half of
the Hormit product, but the purchasers are unknown. The remainder
of the Hormit product is used by the plant itself as an ingredient
in making up the powdered form, Hormin. Pure phenol Input in 1952
was 84 tons, and 153 tons are anticipated for 1953, 679a/
* Actual output. Original 1953, suota itas 180 tons but the quota
was later revised to 141 tons. 676/
** Actual output. Original 191,uota was 1,100 tons but ihe quota
later was lar revised to 868 tons..677
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The dyestuffs plant, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, is understood
to produce a limited amount of picric acid (trinitropheno4. This
product results from nitration of phenolsulfonic acid, which is
obtained by heating phenol with concentrated sulfuric acid. Picric
acid is the starting point in making indulin and nigrosin dyes.
Wolfen's output of-picric acid is not known. Dinitrophenol is
also made.atWolfen, but?Output is unknown.
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen is also the only East German pro-
ducer of "Metol," a very important photographic developer. This
chemical (methyl-para-aminophenol sulfate) is believed to be made
by Wolfen by the method involving the reduction of para-nitrophenol
and then reducing the resulting para-aminophenol compound. Wolfen
produces various nitrophenol isomers. Output of Metol in 1950 was
reported as 52 tons 680/ but no later annual outputs are known.
4
Metol was exported to both Soviet Bloc countries and the Free World
in 1951, but apparently the only exports were made to Soviet countries
in 1952. .(See Appendix B, Table,29.*)
All synthetic organic tanning agents(Syntans) made in East
Germany are based on phenol and formaldehyde or urea), or on cresol
(see Synthetic Organic .Tanning Agents,. p. 141? below) and naphthol. In
view of the small availability in plant-derived tanning agents, the pro-
duction of Syntans in East Germany is under heavy demand, with no pro-
spects for exports. ?..L./ The 1952 production plan (3,240 tons 2y) was
only 78 percent fulfilled, .principally because of the "lack of phenol."
The quality of these synthetic substances did not measure up to the
requirements of the leather industry) and the addition of fine
vegetable tanning agents was necessary. VEB FarbenfabrikWolfen
currently produces one synthetic tanning 'agent) "Wofagan M" (for
sole leather)) but there is no evidence that phenol is Actually used
in the manufacture. Wolfen was scheduled to produce 1,560 tons of
? organic tanning agents in 1954. 22/ Other Syntans known to be
produced in East Germany are: "Novaltan" (by VEB_Chemiewerk Doelau,
GreiilDoelau) and "Boemotan" (by VEB Fettchemie- und.Fewaverk Chemnitz)
Again, no details And information are available relating to the
proportionate use of phenol Against cresol in manufacture of these
Syntans. It is impractical to estimate how much phenol was consumed
Fa.195276o manufacture_EYhtaus. CUirently)_considerAbly, More cresol ?
than phenol is probably being used.
* P. 163, below.
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Other products and intermediates based on phenol Are unquestion-
ably produced in East Germany) but information concerning them is
lacking. The quantity of phenol consumed in 1952 for miscellaneous
uses and products) of course) is unknown. An arbitrary consumPtion
figure of. 365 tons erely represents the difference between the sum of
better known phenol uses already discussed (and export) and the
estimated gross supply of phenol in 1952.
i. Exports. .
Both pure and crude phenol are exported by East Germany.
Soviet Bloc countries appear to have been favored in actual exports. .
Reported 1952 exports of pure phenol total 175 tons (252 tons were
planned)) of which Communist China received 55 percent.
Apparently no pure phenol was exported to the USSR in 1952, a striking
contrast to 1951, when the USSR received 650 tons, 62.5, percent of
the total East German export./ Crude phenol exports were nearly
all destined for Poland in 1952 1,030 tons). gg (See Table 11)
p. 50, above, for additional details.)
j. Stockpile (Strategic Reserve).
There is no. available information indicating that a phenol
stockpile, that is, an allocation of phenol to the East German State
Reserve; was established in 1952. It is assumed that no phenol was
placed in strategic reserve during that year. A recent report has
indicated, however, that 4o tons of "liquefied phenol" were included
in the 1954 plan for medical and pharmaceutical supplies of the State
Reserve. ,?2.1)
6. Cresols.
a. Tricresyl Phosphate
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is Trincipaily used as, a plasticizer.
It is compatible with vinyl, polystyrene, and cellulose-derived
*plastics, but its greatest demand is in plasticizing polyvinyl chloride
and nitrocellulose. TCP contributes nonflammability, which is
- especially valuable for nitrate lacquers and films. It is employed
as a softener for collodion body colors, for adhesives and binders)
and as a substitute for camphor. in the manufacture of celluloid. TCP
is used for the extraction of phenol from waste waters (effluents)
of coal hydrogenation plants. The phosphate may go into oil additives.
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Because it increases the strength of dil film, it is valuable for
heavy duty oils, and its flame-resisting characteristics make it
desirable in hydraulic fluids used in hot-running equipment. A
new use for TCP as an additive for premium motor fuels, little known
as yet outside the US, may eventually develop into the largest US
use. During World War II the Shell Oil Company discovered that when
TCP is added to leaded motor fuels, any lead oxide deposits in the
engine are converted to lead. phosphates or other nonconductive '
products whereby spark-plug fouling is prevented, thus prolonging
spark plug life and improving performance of the leaded fuels.
In the US the use oftricresyl,phosphate as a plasticizer
probably accounts for about 90 percent of sales. No comparable '
end-use pattern is available for East Germany; but unquestionably
most of the product serves as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride
materials, and the greatest demand is in the lacquer and cable.
industries. Total annual; output of TCP in the US from the 4 pro-
ducing plants was about 7,900 metric tons and 8,200 metric tons .
for 1951 and 1952,.respectively. On the other hand, East Germany
had but one producer, VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld.
Repcirted annual outputs of TCP at this plant are as folrows:
Year Metric Tons
1937 : 254 688/
1943 ;3,342 b8W
1944 '4,053 ;76/
1946' 845 67/ ?
1947 1,700 (As reported) 692/
1948 .1,703 693/ (Plan 1,500 ?21/)
1949 .1,800 "(Ran) .?222
1950 3,569 696/ (Plan, 3,240 697/)
1951 3,766 ET/ (Plan,'4,2oo7)
1952 3,951 700ll(plan, 4,200 751/)
1953 .3,830 702/ (Original plan, 6,000 703/;
revised plan, 3,880 777)
1954 4,000 (Plan) 705/
The Bitterfeld plant employs cresol DAB IV, a cresols mixture
but low (less than 2 percent). in ortho-cresol isomer content. An
_estimated 14,150 tons of the raw material were used by Bitterfeld in
1952 to produce P. 2101Y--it-was expected that about 6,300 tons-of
cresol DAB IV would be required in 1953, and VEB Leunawerke "Walter
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Ulbricht" was to supply 1,300 tons of this amount.?721/ This ortho-
cresol isomer imparts toxic characteristics to TCP when the latter
is used as a plasticizer. East Germany has found it necessary to ban
the uee of plastic articles of polyvinyl chloride, and the like, which
have been plasticized with TCP containing more than 6 percent,ortho-
tricresyl phosphate, when these items are used in connection with food,
drugs, cosmetics, toys, and wearing apparel.
The Bitterfeld plant itself is a reasonably large consumer of
the product for plasticizing purposes; the plant' used 37 percent
(1,462 tons) of Its 1952 TCP output. The remainder of the 1952 pro-
duction was exported (19 percent) (see Appendix B) or was sold to
other East German consumers, including VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen.
Bitterfeld anticipated in 1953 a consumption of 1,686 tons of TCP,?
about 28 percent of its output. 708/ Wolfen expected to use 60 tons
in 1953. 709/ The VEB'Hydrierwerk Zeitz, Zeiti/Ttoeglitz, is known
to employ TCP by the Otto procets to recover crude phenol from the
-plant's waste process waters to prevent stream pollution. 710/
b. Synthetic Resins and Plastics.*
Like phenol, cresol also is used in the formation of Synthetic
resins upon treatment with formaldehyde. Soft, fusible, and soluble
thermal-setting resins, which are used in varnishes as well as in
molding?and laminating compounds, can be formed. In manufacturing'
resinous materials, the meta-cresol isomer exhibits closer analogy to
phenol than do the other cresol isomers, ortho and para.' A meta-
cresol-para-cresol mixture is most. generally used in the preparati6n
of resins. The ortho form can be removed from industrial cresol,
which contains all three cresol forms, by simple distillation, but
meta and Para isomers can be separated from one another only by
chemical means. Ortho-cresol and ortho-cresol fraction may be used
in making resins, particularly with phenol, to control the reaction
and the final hardening of the resin.
? - -
In East Germany, cresol is used in the manufacture of synthetio
resins for lacquers, pressed resins, molding preparations, cast and
hardened resins for turning and carving purposes, acid and liquid-
proof substances for putties and cements, hard-paper manufacture, and
the like. Synthetic organic tanning agents based on condensation-
products formed from cresol with formaldehyde or urea are also
Produced. These are discussed later. Much research effort in East
Germany has gone into developing many resins and plastics from more
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plentiful cresol that will exhibit comparable qualities add appli-
cations to phenol-based products. In the meantime, cresol has been
employed but often at a sacrifice resulting in inferior products.
Some success is apparent from a 1951 report advising that the molded
plastics industry was moving away from the preferred phenol base
compounds and was already utilizing cresol (and xylenol) as raw
material. 711/
There is little information about the ambunt or extent to
which cresol is employed-in the manufacture of resins and plastics
in East Germany It has been necessary to assume arbitrarily for
1952 that the amount of cresol used was equivalent to the estimated
amount of phenol consumed, 3,000 tons. There have been no reports
of exports of resins and plastics derived from cresol. Presumably,
the largest manufacturer of cresol-based resinous products in East
Germany is VEB-Kunstharz-und Pre ssmassefabrik Erkner.
c. Hydrogenated Cresols:.
Cresol yields valuable solvents when hydrogenated. Methyl-
cyclohexane and methylcyclohexanol are the best known. The latter,
also known as "Methylhexalin," is perhaps the most important and may
be employed as a solvent for cellulose esters for lacquers, as an
antioxidant for lubricants, and as a blending agent for special
textile soaps and detergents.
The VEB Deutsches Hydrierverk Rddleben, Rodleben/Rosslau is?.a
known producer of organic solvents by hydrogenation, and both methyl-
OdIbhaxane,and-Methyihexatin are made there.. It is understood that
VEB Leunawerke "Walter Uloricht" also hydrogenates, cresol. The
Rodleben plant produced 487-tons ef Methylhexalin in 1939. 712/
- . Very little postwar production data are available for either
solvent.(
1.1/?manufacture of one
ton (1,000 kilograms) of Methylhexalin requires 1,175 kilograms of
cresol. flJ Since there is no production information available for
any hydrogenated cresols in 1952, it is assumed that total East
German output of these solvents may have been-about 1,000 tons'. The
cresol consumption then conceivably could have been about 1,200 tons.
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_ _ _ _ _ _
The tar-distillation plant at Erkner is known to have supplied
the Rodleben installation with ortho-cresol during 1952. al/ An
export plan of 100 tons of Methylhexalin was reported for 1952, 716/ .
but only 60 tons were shipped, apparently) and that was all sent to
France. 717/
d. Synthetic Organic Tanning Agents.
Synthetic organic tannins (Syntans). are based principally
upon phenol, cresol, and naphthol.. Because natural or vegetable
tannins were not in sufficient supply, synthetic organic substitute's
for tanning principles were developed in Germany before World War II.
East Germany now has shortages both in plant-derived tanning agents
and in synthetic organic substitutes. The quality of Syntans during
1952 did not meet the requirements of the leather industry, and it
was necessary to add vegetable tanning agents. 718/
No information is available relating to the quantities or the
exteht to which either, cresol or phenol are used currently in the
manufacture of substitute tanning materials. Moreover, data are
lacking on recent outputs of. various individual Syntans. Three.
chemical plants are known to be producers: VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
VEB Chemiewerk Doelau, GreiVbcelau; and VEB Fettchemie- und Fewawerk
Chemnitz (now Karl 'Marx Stadt).
Wolfen currently produces a Syntan under the trade name
"Wofagan M." This tannin may be used .for bottom leather and sleek
and russet upper leather, both in the pit-tanning and drum-tanning
process, and for the tanning of sole leather. If Wofagan M is mixed
with Vegetable canning extracts, it produces a mild leather from
calf, sheep, and goat skin.. The product was first mentioned in
production at Wolfen in 1950, and the output that :year was reported
as 700 tons. 112/ During the first 6 months of 1951; Wolfen' pro-'
duced.582 tons, 222/ and output in the first 7 months of 1952 amounted
to 619 tons toward the annual plan of 1,440 tons. lay
The Doeleu plant manufactures condensation products on a
phenol (and cresol) formaldehyde basis for the leather industry.
Products made here are called "Novaltans" (Novaltan F,.Novaltan extra
W, etc.). Starting materials employed to synthesize tanning agent
fixation materials include phenol, and/or cresol formaldehyde con,
densation products, urea, sulfite spent liquor, and sulfones from
cresol. During 1950, research was being undertaken at'Doelau to
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develop more economically feasible tanning agents from cresol, of
.which some could also be used in the PerlOn fiber industry. 722/
The plant at Chemnitz produces a tanning agent called
"Boemotan." This substitute is reported to give best tanning
results with bottom leather, belting) and sleek and russet upper
leather. The tar distillationworks at Erkner supplied Chemnitz
with cresol during 1952) presumably for manufacturing Syntans.
Synthetic organic tanning agents produced in East Germany
during 1950 amounted to 1,410 tons. 723/ Output in 1952 was
reported as 2,548 tons 724/) the 1952. annual plan was 3,240 tonS. 725/
Information and data available do not permit a firm estimate on the .
amount of cresol consumed in 1952 to manufacture Syntans, so an '
arbitrary quantity of 750 tons has been selected.
6. Miscellaneous Uses.
There are a number of other possible uses for cresol, including
the manufacture of disinfectants, medicinals, insecticides, health
soaps, perfumes, -textile compounds, dye intermediates, and inka.
'Still other probable applications include selective -solvents for
refining lubricating oils; agents for the flotation of ores, grease
detergents for industry, and use in the preparation of sheep-dips.
'Ortho-cresol is the starting material for VEB Farbenfabrik
Wolfen to prepare dinitro-ortho-cresoll from which Wolfen produces
two salable products, "Sedolit Powder" and "Selinon." The Hedolit
Powder becomes a spraying agent for pest control in grain seeds,
particularly against charlock and other wild varieties of field '
mustard. Belindn is a winter spraying agent for combating the
principal fruit tree parasites) which are dormant during the winter
. in the egg br larvae stages. Selinon also kills shield lice types
and destroys mosses and lichens: .The Spring worm larvae and various
lice and mites found in vineyards are controlled with Selinon.
According to the records of I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, the Wolfen
plant produced 457 tons of dinitro-ortho-cresol in 1943, but later
output data are not available. 726/
There is no positive indication that East Germany is
currently using cresol as a selective solvent for refining lubricating '
oils. The matter was given consideration in 1951, when ortho-cresol
.
was found to be difficult to market. Ortho-cresol was suggested for
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lowering the solidification point of diesel fuel and to replace phenol
as the selective solvent at VEB Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf. 727/
VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner is known to have
made delivery of ortho-cresol to Luetzkendorf during 1952. 728/ When
mixed with phenol, cresol can be used as a selective solvent which
extracts cyclic hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and asphaltic bodies,
leaving behind a more paraffinic raffinate in petroleum refining.
Cresol is also an effective antioxidant in the prevention of
formation in gasoline and acts similarly in inhibiting harmful
oxidizing reactions in petroleum lubricants.
Pure ortho-cresol is used in the manufacture of perfume
materials and coumarin (for flavoring substances), of a perfumery
fixative, and of pharmaceutical preparations. The Erkner plant
shipped ortho-cresol to VEB Schimmel, Miltitz/Leipzig in 1952. 729/
The Miltitz plant is a flavor extract and perfume manufacturer.
Ortho-cresol, when treated with caustic soda and carbon
dioxide under ,pressure, produces ortho-cresotic acid) a dye inter-
mediate. There is no indication, however, that the Wolfen dye
factory-or any other East German plant produces ortho-cresotic
acid.
Cresol is used extensively in general disinfectants such
as cresol soaps and lysol. Cresol has greater germicidal properties
than has phenol and is safer to the skin. The meta isomer exhibits
more powerful antiseptic action than phenol or the other cresols.
Undoubtedly, East Germany consumes an appreciable quantity of
,cresol for.disinfectant purposes) but there are no data on the magni-
tude of this quantity.
Cresol Consumed by East Germany during'1952 for miscellaneous
uses may have totaled about 1,900 tons. Sufficient information is
unavailable to permit a smaller figure for "miscellaneous uses," and
it is impossible to make further breakdowns into specific demands
for included end-uses.
f. Export.
East Germany exports between 10 and 20 percent of its cresol
output. Total cresol exports apparently declined in 1952, when
approximately 1,700 tons were shipped, in contrast to about 1,900 tons
in 1951. (See Table 11, p. 50) above.). It is of interest to note that
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nearly 90 percent of the cresol exports in 1951 (over 95 percent in
1952) were made to non-Soviet Bloc countries. Also, no actual
deliveries of cresol (in any grade) to the USSR were reported for
1952.
g. Stockpile (Strategic Reserve).
5 tons of crude
cresol were allocated in 1953 to the State Reserve.for pharmaceuti-
cal supplies (disinfecting drugs). 729a/
7. Aniline.
a. Phenyl-Beta-Naphthylamine (PBN).
Discussion concerning the production and use of phenyl-beta-
naphthylamine (PBN) in East Germany has already been given.*
It was also stated previously that the only East German pro-
ducer of PBN is VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. The estimated output of .
this rubber antioxidant in 1952 was 1)700 tons. In order to produce
this amount of PBN, 750 tons of aniline were probably consumed. There
is little doubt that the bulk of the aniline used in East Germany
during 1952 went into the manufacture of PBN. Perhaps nearly 60
percent of the total aniline supply was used for this purpose.
Another derivative of aniline, diphenylamine, is used as a rubber
antioxidant by VEB Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau (see Miscellaneous)
p. 148) below).
b. Vulkazit.
Vulkazit is a German trade name-for a series of special-
purpose rubber accelerators. They are indispensable to the processing
of both natural and synthetic rubber to the finished fabricated pro-
ducts. The only plant in East Germany producing this line of rubber
chemicals is VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. This plant is understood to
have started Vulkazit production in early 1949. Wolfen is reported
to produce the following types of Vulkazit at the present time:
* P. 1212 above.
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(1) Vulkazit AZ (liquid) (Benzothiazoly1-2-sulfendiethylamide).
This type is preferred as a vulcanizer accelerator. in a mixture for
rubber goods of heavily detailed profiles (forms) because a retarded
start of vulcanization insures a.good filling out of the molds.
? (2) Vulkazit DM (Bis-mercaptobenzothiazole). This type is
preferred as a vulcanization accelerator for light-colored rubber
goods because no discoloration results.
? (3) Vulkazit M (Mercaptobenzothiazole). The M type has wide
application as a vulcanization accelerator, except for articles which
come in contact with foodstuffs.
(4) Vulkazit P extra N (Zinc salt of methylphenylthiocarbamate).
This vulcanization accelerator is used for transparent, thin-walled
rubber articles.
(5) Vulkazit 1,000 (2-tolyl-biguanide). This type is suit-
able as an activator for strong accelerators (mercapto, thiuram,
and the like).
(6) Vulkazit Thiuram (Tetramethylthiuram disulfide). A vul-
canization accelerator particularly for rubber mixtures of low
sulfur content and high heat resistance.
Waren was reported to have produced about 46o tons of
Vulkazit (all types) in 1950. Of this quantity the plant specifically
reported the production of about 19 tons of type M, 14 tons of DM,
and 21 tons of AZ. 130/ The DM and AZ types require amounts of type
M for-their manufacture, and the latter is based on aniline. For
the quantities of types M, DM, and AZ reported produced in 1950, it
is estimated that about 40 tons of aniline were consumed. There is
much uncertainty whether additional amounts of Vulkazit were pro-
duced which required aniline.; some may have been listed under an'
unspecified categbry. There are no available data for any Succeeding
years on production of Vulkazit at Wolfen. An estimate of 6o tons
bs-aniline consumed uy Wolfen in 195.e to prepare these rubber chemicals
is entirely arbitrary and may be low. East Germany supplies Vulkazits
to the Satellites., especially to Hungary (see Appendix B, Table 31*).
In 1953, East German exports of Vulcanization accelerators were
reported. to amount to 11 percent of the production capacity. 731/
* P. 166, below.
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c. Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone is produced from aniline) through quinone, and
is a strong reducing agent. This is the property that; makes it
valuable as a photographic developer; it is used in larger amounts
than any other chemical for this purpose, including Metol. '
The plant producing hydroquinone is VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen.
What is known of Wolfen's production record for hydroquinone is as
follows:
Year Metric Tons
1937 211 732/
1938 199 733/.
1939 178 7T/:
1940 179 735
1941 217 i36/
1942 304 737/,
1943 284 77/
1950 140 739/
1951 170 (estimated; output in first quarter
of 1951 was 47 tons) 740/
1952 200 (estimated)
An estimated output of 200 tons of hydroquinone in 1952 would require
approximately 200 tons of aniline.
An appreciable portion of the hydroquinone output is sent to
VEB Filmfabrik (Agfa) Wolfen. Approximately 45 tons were supplied
to the film plant in 1950, 741/ and the plant's requirement for 1953
was reported as 92 tons. 112/ Hydroquinone exports in 1951 amounted
to nearly 30 percent of the estimated output) but to only 20 percent
in 1952.. Exports were about equally divided between Soviet Bloc
countries and Western countries in 1951 but most of the product went
to Soviet countries in 1952. (See Appendix B, Table 31.4)
d. Centralite (Carhanilides).
In the preparation of nitrocellulose, the principal ingredient
in most smokeless powder, great care is exerted to produce a highly
purified product that has a high degree of chemical stability. In
spite of these precautions, it is found necessary to add stabilizing
\* P. 166, below.
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_ _ _ _ _ _
chemicals to all modern explosive powder compositions to insure an
acceptable stability life of the finished powder. The two principal
stabilizers employed are centralite and diphenylamine (see f, below).
Centralite is actually two chemicals -- Centralite I (dimethyl-
diphenyl-urea) and Centralite II (diethyl-diphenyl-urea). Centralite
may also be used as a solvent for cellulose esters and ethers and
shellac or as the starting material for intermediates and pharmaceuti-
cals. The dye factory, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, is the only definitely
known producer of centralite. 743/ Unfortunately there are no output
data available.
An export of 76 tons of centralite to Hungary in 1952 was
reported. 744/ If an arbitrary estimate of 90 tons of centralite
is established as the 1952 output in East Germany, this quantity ?
of product would consume about 100 tons of aniline.
e. Sulfonamides.
Aniline is the starting material for the manufacture of a
whole series of sulfa drugs, including sulfanilamide, sulfaquanidine,
and sulfathiazol. The sulfonamides are a group of medicinal chemicals
Used internally in combating infections and externally as bacterio-
static agents.
Two significant sulfonamide producers in East Germany are
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen and VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben.
Another plant reported producing sulfa drugs is VEB Chemische Fabrik
Gruenau, Berlin/GruSnau. A new installation was installed in 1953
at VEB Schering, Berlin/Adlershof. 745/
There are little factual data on individual plant outputs.
The Wolfen plant was reported to have produced only 2.5 tons in
the first half of 1950 and 2.8 tons in the Corresponding period of
1951. 746/ The plant at Rodleben had a 1953 plan of 8 tons but -
had produced 6.7 tons by the end of June. 747/ Rodleben prepares
sulfanilamide and has a maximum capacity output of 23 tons. 748/
the entire East German production?
plan for sulfa drugs in 1953 was 60 tons. 1!?9,/ An output of about
45 tons in 1952 is perhaps a. reasonable estimate, and this amount
would have consumed about 60 tons of aniline.
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f. Miscellaneous,
A great number of other aniline-derived products are probably
prepared in East Germany. One chemical apparently produced in
significant quantity is diethylaniline, which is used for making dyes.
Where the product is produced is not known) but it is probably mane
at VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. East Germany was to export 230 tons of
diethylaniline to the USSR in 1952;but only 110 tons had been
shipped by the end of 10 months. 750/ SAG plant requirements in the
same year were 11 tons. 751/
The Wolfen plant does prepare sulfanilic acid, which is
largely used as an intermediate in manufacturing azo dyes, including
methyl orange. Requirements for sulfanilic acid in 1952 amounted
to 15 tons, 752/ and 3 additional tons were shipped to Bulgaria. 753/
Wolfen also produces para-nitroaniline, but it is not known
whether the chemical is made from nitrochlorobenzene or acetanilide
(from aniline). Current output of para-nitroaniline is unknown) but
Wolfen produced 945 tons in 1938 and 338 tons in 1943. 754/ East
German exports of the chemical in 1952 totaled 40 tons, and all
vent to Soviet countries. (See Appendix B, Table 31.*) Para-
nitroaniline is used to some extent as an intermediate in the prepa-
ration of azO and azoic dyes and also for the production of
paraphenylenediamine, a rather important intermediate and dye.
The Wolfen plant probably produces para-chloroaniline, but
there is no positive evidence. This chemical is chiefly used as an
intermediate in the prel5aration of azo and azoic dyes. An export
of 10 tons to the USSR was reported in 1952. fl/
East Germany's production level of azo dyes in 1953 was
200 tons per month. :76/ In 1954) the Wolfen plant was scheduled
to produce the following organic dyestuffs: 6)051 tons for textiles
and leather industries, 211.11. tons for lacquers and pigments) and
414 tons of miscellaneous types. An additional 4,877 tons of
organic dyestuffs and pigments are to be made in 1954 by other
chemical plants. 757/
Prior to 1952, East Germany imported diphenylamine from
the USSR. In 1952, however, the SAG plants were reported to have an
annual requirement of 56 tons) and 30 tons were expected to be avail-
able from East German manufacture, the remainder from stocks. /22/
* P. 166, below.
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To produce 30 tons of diphenylamine, about 39 tons of aniline would
be needed. Diphenylamine, like centralite, is an important stabilizer
for nitrocellulose propellants and celluloid but may be used as a
.synthetic rubber antioxidant, as an intermediate for dyes, or for
the preparation of the insecticide phenothiazine.
A plant named Anilinfarbenfabriken, Wilhelm Brauns, KG,*
located at Quedlinburg, requires aniline for the manufacture of
dyes for clothing, food, leather, and printing inks. This plant is
believed to be the second largest consumer of aniline in East Ger-
many and its 1953 plan requirement was 120 tons. 758a/
A third aniline consumer is Laborchemie Apolda but the nature
of this plant's products is unknown. Apolda probably consumes only
a few tons of aniline each year.
. An antihistamine called "Thiantana is made by VEB Deutsches
Hydrierverk Rodleben. The 1953 produdtion plan called for 572
kilograms, and 334 kilograms were produced in the first half of the
year. 12,21 Thiantan ib prepared from aniline hydrochloride, and 1
kilogram of product requires 2.5 kilograms of aniline hydro-
chloride. 1?2/
* KG is the abbreviation for Kammanditgesellschaft, a joint stock
ccupany.
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APPENDIX B
EAST GERMAN FOREIGN TRADE
IN DERIVED AROMATIC CHEMICALS AND PRODUCTS
1. Imports,.
. East Germany imports aromatic chemicals which are not produced
domestically or are not produced in sufficient quantity. A con-
siderable_variety of these chemicals are imported. A single
shipment may amount to only a few kilograms or to several tons but
the import may cover a year's requirement for East Germany. A
high proportion of these chemicals have a limited use and are
destined for VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen.
A study of the import pattern for other aromatics and chemicals
derived from banzol, toluol, naphthalene,.and the like, reveals an
apparent decline in imports which may indicate that East Germany is
becoming more independent. At the present time, East Germany is.
certainly less dependent upon Western countries, especially West
Germany, than it was prior to 1951. Several chemicals now seemingly
in sufficient production so that imports are no longer necessary are
nitrobenzene and benzidine (from benzol), salicylic acid (from phenol),
and diphenylamine (from aniline). In addition, beta-naphthol and
phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (PBN) -- both from naphthalene -- were
continually imported prior to 1951, but after that, except for sporadic
shortages in 1953, domestic production surpassed demand and even per-
mitted export of both items.
Table 25* lists some chemicals that have been reported in recent
import statistics and are not produced in East Germany or are produced
in inadequate quantities, and gives countries of origin and possible
.uses.**
* Table 25 follows on p. 152.
** Continued on p. 154.
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Table 25
Reported Imports or Requirements of Arcratic Chemicals
by East.Germany, Countries of Origin, and. Possible Uses
1950-54
Item
Import Plan
or
Requirement W
(Metric Tonsj
Year
of Import
Country Possible Uses
of Origin for Item
Fran Benzol
Maleic Anhydride
Maleic Anhydride
Diphenyl, pure
Diphenyl, pure
Fran Toluol
Pararnitrotoluene
Nitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluene
Ortho-toluidine
Meta-toluidine
Para-toluidine
From Naphthalene
Phenyl-beta-
naphthylamine
Beta-naphthol
Alphi-naphthol
Alpha-naphthol
Alpha-naphthol
Alpha-naphthylamine
Alpha-naphthylamine
3 to 5 (R) 71212)
2 (R)
3 (R) 7 4/
0.4 (R) i/
450 li) 41/
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952 '
1953
1950
1951
1952
1951
1951
1952
1950 .
1950
1951
1952
1954
:
1951
N.A.
West Germany
West Germany
West Germany
USSR'
USSR
USER.
USSR
USSR
USSR(?)
USSR (?)
West Germany
USSR
USSR
tom(?) H
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
USSR
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis
Dyestuffs and
1 Explosives
Dyestuffs
and
Organic synthesis
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Rubber antioxidant
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
500 P) 7 /
150 (P) ire
88 (P) 7
57 (R) 7
6 (R) 770/
9 (R) Tff
0.5 (R) 172/
200 (R) lie
50 (P) 77 /
8 (R) 77
12R) IL/ ei
15 6) 2173./
170 (P)7L7j1950
97 MEW
* Footnotes for Table 25 foliar on p. 153.
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Table 25
Reported Imports or Requirements of Aromatic Chemicals
by East Germany, Countries of Origin, And Possible Coes
1950-54
(Continued)
Item
Import Plan
or
Requirement ,/ Year
(Metric Tons of Import
From Naphthalene
(Continued)
Alpha-naphthylamine 150 P) 1?2/
H-Acid 14 k2 igt/
I-Acid 22
From Aniline
Dimethylaniline 33.5 M If
Dimethylaniline 16 P 7
Diphenylamine 71 (P) 1_2/
Miscellaneous
Pyrocatechol 4o
Pyrocatechol 20
Pyrocatechol 60
Pyrocatechol 60
Pyridine, Pure 500
1952
.1051
1:951
1950
1951
1951
1951
1952
15/3
1954
1952 Poland
Country
of Origin
USSR
USSR
N.A.
USSR
USSR ?
USSR (7)
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
Resorcinol 6 (R) 791,/f,I
1952 N.A.
). figures are identified by the symbol R
a. Import plan figures are identified by the symbol pl.
b. Requirement
c. VEB Chemische Werke Buns, Schkopau, was capable of producing only about 1 ton s year (1952).-
d. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen was able to produce only enough for research Purposes (1952). .
e. YES Farbenfabrik Wolfen does not produce alpha-naphthol (1952).
f. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen was capable of producing about 3 tons per year (1952).
Possible Uses
for Item '
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
DyistuffS
Dyestuffs
Synthetic tannins
Synthetic tannins ?
Synthetic tannins
Synthetic tannins
Pharmaceuticals,
color film dyes,
and export
Various
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2. Exports.
East Germany exports .a considerable number and variety of chemi-
cals and products derived from coal chemicals. Broadly speaking, the
exported products can be grouped according to their probable uses.
Such general use categories would include the following: insecticides
and pesticides, synthetic rubber manufacture and rubber chemicals)
plasticizers and softeners for plastics and resins manufacture, photo-
graphic chemicals, dyestuffs and dye intermediates) solvents,
explosives manufacture) and pharmaceuticals and medicinals.
. The exported products mentioned in Tables 26 through 31* are
presented under the particular aromatic (benzol, toluol, naphthalene,
phenol, cresols, or aniline) from which they were probably derived.
All available export data for the years 1951 and 1952 forrn each product
are given along with the respective countries receiving the exports.
Exports of final or semifinished end products like synthetie rubber,
plastics and fibers, and photographic films are not given, although
many chemicals considered in this report entered into their manufacture.
No mention has been made in any of the tables regarding export
of finished organic dyes. These dyes are often referred to as
"aniline dyes," a term which popularly includes not only dyes derived
from aniline and its derivatives but the entire field of synthetic
organic dyes. During 1952 the export of organic dyes by East Germany
was valued at 6,179,000 rubles, and of that amount, dyes valued at
5,782,000 rubles were shipped to the Soviet Bloc countries, including
Communist China. 792/ Unfortunately, no comparable figures are avail-
able for 1951. or 1953. Also, no quantities for derived chemicals and
products are knowingly included in the tables which represent "bonus"
deliveries that is, reparations or "T-account" deliveries -- to the
USSR. Several cdmmodities reported to be involved in these shipments
during 1952 were ethylbenzene) phthalic anhydride, and the Palatinols
(C and AR types), which are phthalate plasticizers. Other items
suspected of being sent to the USSR under supplemental accounts are
saccharin and a softener called "ED 242." Actual annual shipments
of the above commodities under special accounts are not available
for any year. However) planned deliveries reported for 5 months
(February through June) of 1953 were 2,500 tons of ethylbenzene,
3,300 tons of phthalic anhydride, and 530 tons of Palatinols (290
tons of C type). 222/ The East German prese announced on 22 August 1953
,Tables 26 through 31 follow on pp. 156-166.
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that the USSR had made an agreement with East Germany which called
for the cessation of reparations beginning 1 January 1954, as well
as the transfer to German ownership of the Soviet corporations
(SAG) formerly controlled by the Administration of Soviet Property
(USIG).
East German exports of certain chemicals and products obtained
from the basic aromatic chemicals are shown in Tables 26, 27, -28,
29, 30, and 31.
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Table 26
Bast German Exports of Chemicals and products
Derived from Benzol, by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tons
Commodity
Importing
Country
Amount
1951 12i/
1952 1.22/ 1953 12Y
1954 122/
Benzene Hexachloride (MC)
("Hexa" products)
, DDT (100 Pereent Basis)
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Total
Albania
Bulgaria
China
4o
540
222
0
33
0
po
560
.860
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A..
78
173
50
N.A.
LA.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
95e
Boo
N.A.
N.A.
Hungary
0
213
N.A.
N.A.
Poland
240 (Plan)
765
LA.
W.A.
North Korea
0
32
N.A.
USSR
N.A.
860
N.A.
N.A.
?
Total
1221.9 (Plan)
2,971
3.149 (Plan)
4,725 (Plan)
Dichlorobenzene, Ortho
Switzerland
0
50
N.A.
Total
0
22
'Dichlorobenzene, Para
Hungary
0
16
N.A.
N.A.
USER
100
50
N.A.
N.A.
Total
100
66
N.A.
N.A.
Dinitrobenzene, Meta
Czechoslovakia
. 0
Co
N.A.
N.A.
Total '
Bo
N.A.
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Table' 26 . ?
Bast German Exports of Chemicals and Prcducts
Derived fran Benzol, by Imparting-Countries -
1951,54 '
(Continued)
metric itipa
Amount ?
Importing
Ccanolity. Country 1951 le/ 1952 -122/ 1953 TS_ 1954 Hi/ .
Dinitrochlorotenzene (MOB) China 187 812 :N.A. . N.A.'
Hungary 11 0 N.A. NA.
Netherlands 33 20 .. 'N.A.
N.A.
Total gal !lig NO.(Plan)
0.A.
Diphenyl Oxide Poland o 23 . N.A. 'N.A.'
0 N.A. N.A.
Total
Ethylbenzene Hungary ' 0 70
Poland. o 5 ::2: 0
UWE. 9,000 6,000 (Plan) N.A. 0
Total ;coo 6 012 2,000 (Plain) 0
Monochlorobenzene ?CB) Bulgaria 4 5 N.A. N.A.
USSR A.A. 1,000 N.A.
222 (Plan) 1,0:0.4(lan)
4 1,005
Total ,
Nitrcehlorcbenze, Ortho Hungary 22 0 1.A; N.A.
200 200 N.A. N.A.
Total 222 200 2 (Plan) : il.A..
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Table 26,
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Decived from Benzol, by Importing Countries
1951;54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Amount
Ccamodity
Importing Country
1951 1?-/
1952 122/
195312W
1954 121/
Nitrochlorobenzene, Para
Hungary
0
16
N.A.
USSR
100
50
V.A.
N.A.
Total
am
66
im (Plan)
N.A.
Polystyrol
Bulgaria
1
0
N.A.
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
1
-0 .
Hungary
6
0
V.A.
N.A.
Poland
-15
, 0
N.A.
N.A.
Total
ga
0 (Plan)
50 (Plan) 120 (Plan)
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Table 27.
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from Toluol, by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tone
Amount
Commodity
Importing Country
1951 122/
1952 122/
1953 .?22/
1954 fq/
1
Benzoic Acid
Poland
55
25
N.A.
P.A.
France
0
30
N.A.
V.A.
Total
22
22
(Plan)
_22 (Plan)
,
Saccharin
Albania
2
0
.1(4)
N.A.
N.A.
'Bulgaria
16
12
N.A.
N.A.
China
2
0
N.A.
Poland
o
9
N.A.
N.A.
upea
60
o
N.A.
N.A.
BelgiUm
10
9
N.A.
N.A.
England
.147
24
N.A.
N.A.
Netherlands
5
4
N.A.
W.A.
SVitzerland
2
0
: W.A.
V.A.
Sweden and Turkey
o
Negligible
N.A.
V.A.
Total 244 2? loo (Plan) u)o (plan)
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Table 28
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products '
Derived from Naphthalene,- by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tons
COmmodity
Importing
Country
Amount
1951 ?2a/ 1952 !La/
. 1953 .?21?/
1954 2MI
Alpha-nitronaphthslene
'West Germany
H.A. 130
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A. 130
N.A.
N.A.
---
___
Beta-naphthol
China
50 0
N.A.
H.A.
Hungary
65 0
N.A.
N.A.
Total
112 0
N.A.
B.A.
Decalin
Czechoslovakia
15 (Plan) 0
N.A.
N.A.
Poland
10 3.13 months) 0
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
50 (Plan) 5
N.A.
N.A.
Australia
10 (10 months) 0
N.A.
N.A.
,Denmark
15 (10 months) 0
N.A.
England
0 5
France
0 6o
W.A.
N.A.
Italy
20
N.A.
N.A.
Sweden
13 i10 months) 0
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
30 Plan) 35 ?
?
N.A.
N.A.
Total
122 (es reported) 4g5??rted) (as
222 (Plan)
N.A.
'1?
Palatinole
Czechoslovakia
90 90
N.A.
Poland
140 10
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
200 N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
.Austria
15 (10 months) ' 0
N.A.
N.A.
Totalla
E.2
670 (Plan)
613 (Plan)
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Table 28
East Gelman Exports of Chemicals and Prcducts
Derived from Naphthalene, by Imparting Countries
1951-54-
,(Continued)
Metric Tone
Amount
Importing
Commoditycountry 1951 ?21/ 1952 222) 1953 *221/ 1954122W
.
Paraflow (Chloro-
naphthalene) . Poland it (lo months) 10 (Plan) 'N.A..
Total 14 0 N.A. N.A.
Phenyl-beta-
naphthylamine.
(PEN)
China
England
-Switzerland
2
50
0
0
Total
lE .
22
o(Plan)
0 (P)-an)
Phthalic Anhydride
Czechoslovakia
N.A.
N.A.
4o (Plan)
N.A.
USSR
4,150 (Actual)
100 (sic)
V.A.
N.A.
(Actual)
4,000 (plan)
3,300 (Plan)
4,000 (Plan)
N.A.
Total
4,150
112 (sic)
4,040 (plan)
5,000 (Plan)
Tetralin
China
10
0
N.A.
N.A.
Hungary
21
0
N.A.
Poland
10
125
N.A.
N.A.
Australia
20
0
N.A.
N.A.
Denmark
15.
10
N.A.
N.A.
France
0
45
N.A.
N.A.
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Table 28
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from Naphthalene, by Importing Countries
1951-54
(Continued) ?
Metric Tons
Amount
Importing
Commddity Country 195122g/ .19521:11/8 1953 ?119Y 1954 1.4251
TetralityContinued) Italy o a N.A. N.A.
Sweden 13 0 N.A.
Switzerland 0 12 N.A. N.A.
West Germany 42 (Plan) 176 N.A. N.A.
1
Total121 121 3cs (Plan) 200 (Plan)
Weichmacher (Softener)
ED 242 ? USSR 750 700 975 1,100 .
Total 122 1_52 9n (Plan) ip.00 (nth)
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Table 29
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from Phenol, by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Team'
Commodity
Importing
Country
Amount
- 1951 22Y
1952 221/
1953 2'2Y
195022/
Cyclohexanol
(Hexalin)
Belgium
0
9
. N.A.
N.A.
France
0
9
N.A.
N.A.
Sweden
34
0
B.A.
B.A.
Switzerland
5
11
N.A.
N.A.
Total
32
R2
52 (Plan)
N.A.
Cyclohexanone
Austria
15
0
N.A.
W.A.
Switzerland
20
30
N.A.
N.A.
Total
32
22 .
100 (plan)
Iota (plan)
Metol(methyl pars-
aminophinol sulfate)
China
1
1
LA.
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
3
0
N.A.
N.A.
Hungary
3
0
N.A.
H.A.
Poland
2
1
N.A.
N.A.
USSR
10
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Austria
3
0 .
N.A.
N.A.
Belgium
10
0
N.A.
N.A.
Denmark
1
0
N.A.
N.A.
England
2
0
N.A.
N.A.
Sweden
1 (10 months)
0
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
10
0
N.A.
N.A.
Total
46
2"
16 (Plan)
35 (Plan)
? 163 ?
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Table 29
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from Phenol, by Importing Countries
1951-54
(Continued)
Metric Tons
COmmodity
Importing
Country
Mount
1951 806/
1952 ?2I/
1953 2a(i/
1954 13.10_2/
Salicylic Acid
Bulgaria
4
o
N.A.
N.A.
China
20
0
N.A.
N.A.
?
Poland
0
12 (8 months)
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
20 (10 months)
0
N.A.
B.A.
Total
44
20(as reported)
32 (Plan)
70 (Plan)
Selinon
Total
0
?0
20 (Plan)
190 (Plan)
?
Triphenyl Phosphate
Netherlands
0
50
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
50
o
N.A.
N.A.
Tangier
0
8
N.A.
N.A.
?
US
0
1
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
0
1
N.A.
W.A.
Total
50
60
loo (Plan)
N.A.
Wofatit
Czechoslovakia
97
89
N.A.
N.A.
'
Hungary
33
59.
N.A.
N.A.
Poland
200
200
V.A.
Rumania
0
1
NS.
N.A.
USSR
o
4o
N.A.
N.A.
Austria
0
11
N.A.
N.A.
Netherlands
0
25
N.A.
N.A.
.Switzerland
1
0
N.A.
Total 331 425 600,000 850,000
liters liters
(Plan) a/ (Plan) Li/
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50X1
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Table 30
East German Ekports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from CresolsIby Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tons
Importing
Amount
Commodity
Country
1951E212/La/
1952 allY
1953 Pai
1954
Methylcycichexanol
(Methyl Remain)
Poland
0
8
N.A.
N.A.
France
0
60
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
15 (10 months)
116
N.A.
N.A.
Total
12
IA
N.A.
N.A.
Tricresyl Phosphate
Bulgaria
0
1
N.A.
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
20
100
N.A.
Hungary
0
150
N.A.
N.A.
Poland ?
139
108
N.A.
N.A.
Audtria
42
78
N.A.
N.A.
Denmark
30
15
N.A.
N.A.
England
0
30
N.A.
N.A.
Netherlands
88
79
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
209
135
N.A.
N.A.
US
5
o
B.A.
N.A.
? West Germany
0
250 (Plan)
N.A.
N.A.
-Liechtenstein
50 (10 months)
0
N.A.
N.A.
Total
121?(Az
reported)
1,500 (Plan)
1,500 (Plahi)
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Table 31
East German Exports of Chemicals and Proolucts
Derived from Aniline, by Importing Countries
1951-54
Metric Tons
Importing
Amount
'21?,/
Commodity
Country
1951
1952 ?12/
1953
1954 211/
Chlorosniline, Para
(or from Benzol)
USER
N.A.
10
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
10
N.A.
R.A.
Centralite
Hungary
N.A.
76
N.A.
N.A.
Total
B.A.
76 .
N.A.
N.A.
Diethylaniline
USSR
N.A.
110 (10 months)
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
aN. (Plan)
N.A.
Hydroghinone
China
6
. 0
N.A.
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
3
8
N.A.
B.A.
?
Hungary
3
13
N.A.
N.A.
Poland
2
13
N.A.
N.A.
?
USSR ?
10
N.A.
11.A.
N.A.
Austria
3
0
N.A.
N.A.
Belgium
10
0
N.A.
N.A.
Denmark
1
0
N.A.
N.A.
England
2
9
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
10
0
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
o
7
N.A.
N.A.
Total
22
a
20 (Plan)
100 (Plan)
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table 31
East German Exports of Chemicals and Products
Derived from Aniline, by Importing Countries
1951-54
. (Continued)
Metric Tons
Ccurablity
Importing
' Country
Amount
1951
1952 1952 ?12/
1953 filg
1914 Lai/
Nitroshiline, Para
(er from Benzol)
China
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Total
12
0
0
12
.13
IT
10
4o
V.A.
V.A.
N.A.
6o (Plan).
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Phenylenediantine, Meta
China
5 (Plan)
0
N.A.
V.A.
Hungary
N.A.
3
N.A.
M.A.
Total
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
.
Sulfanilic Acid
Bulgaria
N.A.
3
W.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
2
N.A.

---
Vulkazits
Bulgaria
5
6
N.A.
W.A.
China
0
4
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
0
8
N.A.
V.A.
Hungary
.o
33
N.A.
V.A.
Poland
1
0
N.A.
N.A.
Rumania
0
1
N.A.
N.A.
Italy
9
1
W.A.
N.A.
Vitherlands
3
o
S.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
o
11
N.A.
N.A.
Total
2
?2(aa
reported)
N.A..
42 (Plan)
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S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX C
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 32
?
Production of Coke, Raw Tar, and Crude Benzol by Cokeries
and Gas Plants in East Germtuly
1936 and 1938-55
Metric Tons
Year
Coke
Raw Tar
Crude Benzol
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Total
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Total
1936 818
1938
285,000
279,000
249,834
239,320
228,835
224,614
226,881
227,037
142,738
175,404
224,492
(213,00o)
226.798
(220,00o)
.
2/*
1,056,000
1,440,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,684,000
N. A.
H. A.
N.A.
600,000
970,000 y
12,000
13,000
11,181
10,883
10,436
10,034
9,433
9,030
5,363
5,802
7,486
(9,440)
7,928
(6,938)
62,000
Th000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
83,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
26,700
50,400 y
74,000
83,000
? BA;
N.A.
N.A.
U.k.
93,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
42,957
(55,5oo),
58,300 y
4,000
6,000
N.A.
N.A.
4,415
4,118
4,050
3,877
2,145
1,532
2,850
(2,70o)
3,083
(2,480)
7,300
10,800
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
9,21)0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
2,789
9,450 y
11,300
16,800
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
13,213,2001944
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5,639
12,631
1939 ly
g
1940 /
1941 8--
1942
1943 Fp
a(
1945 _._/
g
1946 27j
1947 RN
1948 ?D../
kit ftotnates for Table 32 follow on p. 170.
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Production
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Table 32
of Coke, Raw Tar, and Crude Benzol by Cokeries
and Gas. Plants in East Germany
1936 and 1938-55
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Coke
Raw Tar
Crude Benzol
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Total
Cokeries
Gas Plants
Total
1949 IV
1950 231/
1951 ?.3E/
1952 n2/
1953 fly
1954 ply
1955 Ilul/
240,691
(230,000) Li/
254,4co
(24o,000)
262,000 y
(250,000)
264,000 y
(245,500
265,coo y
(268,opo) 2/
266,000 y
(292,000)
268,000 y
(299,000)
1,111,800
1,365,000
1,440,000 b/
(1,481,000)
1,700,000 12/
(1,708,000)
1,800,0CA b/
(1,896,000)
1,890,000 12/
(1,850,000) e
2,000,000 b
(2,000,000)2/
8,731
(7,800)
9,200 12/
(8,500)
9,500 12/
(8,770)
9,650 12/
(9,686)
9,700 Lc/
(10,425)
9,850.b/
(10,450)
9,920 12/
(10,650)
55,786
57,826
75,400 12/
84,000 12/
(90,067)
95,500 b/
(99,753)
100,000 12/
104,000 b/
64,5oo y
67,000W
(64,000)
84,900
(85,150
93,650 y
' (99,854)
105,200 y
(110,179)
(114-,000) cy
109,850 b/
(124,500) d
114,000 b
(140,500) 4/
3,449
(2,850).
3,800 y
(3,200)
3,950 13./
(3,340
4,000 y .
(3,325)
4,000 y
(3,670)
4,o5o y
.(3,990)'
4,100 12/
(4,070)
8,734
9,700 y
12,618 y
14,600 y
(14,413)
15,600 y
16,650 y
17,600.12/
12,200 b/
(10,000)
13,500 y
(12,000)
16,600 y
(16,384)
18,600 y
(18,482)
19,600 y
(12,400) II/
20,700 y
(13,5oo)y
21,700 b
(15,100) 4/
a. All figures in parentheses are reported production plans.
b. Estimated production. ? $
d. Plan as given in Final Draft to the East German Five Year Plan (1951-55).
e. Plan as given in the Preliminary Draft to the East German Five YearPlan (1951-55).
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_ _ _ _ _ _
Table 33
.ProduCtion Quotas for Herd-Coal Tar and Crude Benzol
for Gas Plants in East Germany 838/ Ei!
1952
Metric Tone
Saxony-Anhalt
Hard-Coal
Crude Benzol Salton;
Hari.-Coal
Crude Benzol ,Saxony (Continued)
Hari-Coal Crude Benzol
Allstedt
Annaburg
.Bernburg
Bismark
Calbe/Milde
Dueben
Eilenburg
? Elsterwerda
Gardelegen
Halberstadt
Halle
Helldrungen
Klcetze
Koelleda
Magdeburg
Osterburg
Quedlinburg
Salzwedel
Sangershausen
Steads].
?Tangerhuette
Torgau
Wittenberg
Total
27 (L)
? 23(0)
24o (E)
35 (L)
35 r)
39
110 D
- 70(D
8o (v
570(B)
2,350 (E)
29
36 L
58L
114,200(B
? 50 (L
360 (E
190 (V
240 V)
360 E
58v
140 E
480 E
19,770
75
330
3,060
27
44
19
75
3,630
Annaberg .
Me
Bautzen
Bernsdorf
Chemnitz
CriMmitschau
Dahlen
Doebeln
Dresden
Ebersbach
Elbenstock
Eppendorf
Geithaim
Grosseahain
Grossechoenau
Hainichen
Heidenau
Herrnhut
Hohenstein-
Ernsthhl
Hoyersverla
KemenX
Lammatsch
Langebrueck
Lauenstein
560 (E)
285 (D)
520 (E
16-(L
4,200 (E
248 (0
25 (L
302 I)
8,48o
65 D
8o D
20 D
40i.
130 I))
65 11 41
1,860 E)
28 L)
38L
87 D
164 lol
45? D
4o L
? 15 L
42
44
770
55
1,060
7 .
344
12
Lausik
Leiplig
'Leisnig
Loebau
Marienburg
'Markneukirchen
:Meissen
Mittveida
Heugersdorf
'Neustadt .
.Hiesky .
Oberwiesenthal
Cede:ran
Oelsnitz
Olbernhau
Ottendorf Ocrilla
Plauen
Radeberg
Radeburg
Riese. .
Rietschen
Rochlitz
Rosswein
Rothenkirch
? Sebnitz
Seitenhennersdorf
? Weisswasser
Zoreblitz
Total
40
. 6,740
456
132
45,
184
600
230
210
64
46
11
70
75
43
27
900 E
69
28
250
12
174
120
20
110
64 D
150 (D)
30 (L)
28,254
1,65o
22.8
17.6
103
. 10
29
L
143
D
ol 4o
D
L
D 21.6
D
L
D 20
4,391
Table 33 follows on p. 174.
14. Footnote for
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Table 33
Production Quotas for Hard-Coal Ter and Crude Benzol
for Gas Plants in East Germany 2321 2/ ?
1952
(Continued)
Metric Tons
ThUeringen
Hard-Coal
Thueringen
Crude Benzol (Continued)
Hard-Coal
Mecklenburg
Crude Benzol (Continued)
Hard-Coal
Crude Benzol
Arnstadt
Dingelstedt
Eisenach:
Eisenberg
Erfurt
Ethal
rns
Frankenhausen
Preiz
Gera
Haselbech
.Hildburgshausen
Jena
Kahle
Meiningen
Mnelhausen
? Neustadt/Orla
Nordhausen
Poessneck
Ronneburg
Rudolstadt
Schalkau
Schleiz
Schlotheim
Schmalkelden
Schmoelln
570E)
32- L)
1,350 91 1E)'
D)
2,222
17 L)
6o (L)
276 (D)
8381E)
93 D)
7o D)
515 (E)
27 (L)
- 170
535 E
6o (E)
48o (E)
240
92 E)
528 rE)
)
lo (L)
32 (L)
55
140
128 rD)D)
120
390
87
50
50
Schott Jena
Tennstedt
Triptis ?
Weimar
Zeulenroda
Total
Berlin-East
WX; (D)
26 (L)
25 r)
426 E)
84 L)
9,589
82
ri
4,420
21.6
24.4
Guest-row
Regency
Kroepelin
Ludirigslust
Luebtheen
Malchin
Reubrandenburg
Reukalen
Neukloster
Neustrelitz
Parchim
Pasevalk
Riebnitz
Roebel
Rostock
&hymn
Schwerin
Sternberg
Strahluund
Tessin
Teterov
Torgelov
Uckermuende
Waaren
Wismar
Wittenburg
Woldegk
Wolgast
317 T..)
1.18 Ly
29 (L)
151 1..)
40 L)
65 (L)
161 (L)
29 (L)
48 (L)
184 (L)
143 (L)
53(L)
43 L))
34 L)
1,327
34 r)
755 L))
38 L
517 (L)
26 (L)
69 {14
6o L)
67 L)
118 r)
495 L)
24 L)
24 (L)
6o (L) .
36
to
15
222
131
36
17,600 (E)
183 (L)
95 (L)
70 (L)
36 (L)
29 (L)
198 (L)
93 (L)
48 (L)
50L)
64 L)
278 L)
58 (L)
Lichtenberg and
Dimitroffstrasse
Mecklenburg
Anklam
Barth
Buetzow
Crivitz
Dargen
Dentin
Doer= .
Friedland
Gnoien
Grabow
Greifswald
Grevesmuehlen
Total
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Table 33
Production Quotas for Hard-Coal Tar and Crude Benzol
for Gas Plants in East Germany fay
1952
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Brandenburg
Hard-Coal
Brandenburg.
Crude Benzol (Continued)
Hard-Coal
Crude Benzol
Angermuende
96 (v)
Luebben
48 (L)
Beeskow
46
MUellrose
16 (L)
Bernau
164 v)
Neupetershagen
40 (L)
Brandenburg
IL)
690 v)
Neuruppin
344 (v)
Cottbus
720 E)
120
Neustadt/Dosse
15(L)
Eberevalde
500 (V)
66
Niemegk
16
Finsterwalde
225 (E)
Peitz
20 L)
r)
Forst. -
24o (L)
36
Perleberg
12k V)
Frankfurt
528 (v)
56
Potsdam
1,790 r)
34.4
Freienwalde
90 (v)
Prenzlau
90 v)
Frieback
30 (L)
Pritzvalk
g
Fuerstenberg
32 (L)
Rathenov.
230 V
1Y
Fuerstenvalde
14o (v)
Rheinsberg
v)
Grossraeschen
50 (L)
Schwedt
40L)
Cubes
204 (E)
37.
Senftenberg
Havelberg -
42
SpreMberg
16;
Henningsdorf
iL)
leo v)
Vetschau
25 (L)
Jueterbog
02 v)
Werder
6o (v)
Ketzin
Kirchhain
18 r)
35 L)
Wilsnack
77
60
Koenigs WAisterhausen
150 v)
.Wittenberge
.Wittstock
63(v)
Lenten
264)
Wriezen
45 (L)
.55
Luckau
42 (L)
Zehdenick
(L)
Luckenwalde
276 (v)
Total
8,626
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? Table 33
Production Quotas for Bard Coal Tar and Crude Benzol
for Gam Plants in East Germany 838/ a/
1952
(Continued)
a. Coal tar allocations to consuming plants are designated by letters: (E) VEB Taerdestillation-und Chemtsche
Fabrik Erkner; (D)' 'FEB Oswald Greiner; Doebaln (now VEB Chemischer Fabrii Doebeln); (V) VEB Schvieck and Company,
Velten (now VEB Chemische Fabrik Velten); and (1) Land Governments.
Summary:
Buaber-of Produding Plants: Coal Tar, 194; Crude Benzol, 48.
Total Quantities of Coal Tar to Consuming Plants:
'FEB Teerdestillation- tiM Chemische Fabrik Erkner
VEB 'Oswald Greiner, Doebeln
VEB Schwieck and Company, Velten
Land Governments
Total
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72,072 metric toni
5,737 metric tons
5,339 metric tons
6,919 metric tons
20,067 metric tons
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Table 34
Rau Hard-Coal Tar Pressed by Tar Distilleries
in East Germany 2/-
1941-53
Metric Tons
Year
Tar Distilleries
VEB Teerdestillation-
mid Chemische Fabrik
Erkner
Former
Ruetgereverke
AG Niederau
VEB Cbemiache
Fabrik Velten
VEE Chemische Fabrik
Doebeln
1941 fa/
1942 /
1943 El/
1944
1945
1946 fite
1547 /
58,545
59,8o4
66,892
N.A.
A.A.
21,657
32,416 s/
N.A.
N.A.
62,471
76316 14L4/
83,799 ak5,339
87,500 Eel/ Ei
52,117
47,601
42,943,
72,000 842/ y/
Dismantled
9,820
10,550
9,670
N.A.
N.A.
2,846
4,264 s/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4,000 VE/1/
222/ 2/
N.A.
8,3g
8,2
8,424
V.A.
N.A.
2,650
6,000 s/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5,000 49/ 4/
5,737 PE/ E/
1948 -
1949
1950.8122/
1951 -
1952
1953
a. Tar distilleries do not include cokeries or roofing-board manufacturing plants.
b. Reported annual processing capacity.
c. Annual plan.
d. Reported operating capacity.,
e. Reported annual processing capacity is 1101000 tons. al/
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Table 35
Slants Producing Crude Phenols
1954
in East Germany 2211/
Plant and Location
Raw Materials Used
Source of Phenols'
Phenols Recovery
Process Used
Crude Pheno1.01.1
VEB Kombinat Espenhain,
Espenhain (neer Borna)
Brown-coal briquettes
LIE t2/* waste waters
and heavy benzine
Absorption with
caustic soda
(naphtha)
VEB Hydrierwerk Zeitz,
Brown-coal tar and
Waste waters from
Tricresyl phosphate
Zeitz/Weissenfels
light oil
hydrogenation
(Otto) proceed
(Bergius process)
VEB Leunawerk*Walter
Brown-coal tar, light
Hydrogenation waste
Absorption with
Ulbricht," Leuna
oil and hydrogenation
'waters and heavy
caustic soda
(near Merseburg)
of brown coal
benzine (naphtha)
(Bergius process)
VEB Teerverarbeitungs-
Brown coal in genera-
Heavy oils from .
Absorption with
werk Rositz (near
tors and brown-coal
distillation of
caustic soda
Altenburg) ?
tar processing
brown-coal tar
VEB Kcmbinat "Otto
Brown-coal tar and
Waste waters frcm
Phenosolvan
Grotewohl," Bcehlen
light oil
hydrogenation
(Lurgi) process
(near Leipzig)
?
(Bergius process)
VEB Teerverarteitungs-
werk Goelzau, Coelzauji
Crude brown coal
B.A.
N.A.
Weissandt
VEB Grosskokerei
"Matyas Rakosi,"
Brown-coal briquettes
HIE 12/ waste waters
Phenosolvan.
process
Lauchhammer (near
Ruhland)
* Footnotes for Table 35 follow on p.177.
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Sable 35
Plants Producing Crude Phenols in East Germany
1954
(Continued)
Plant and Location
Raw Materials Used
Soiree of Phenols'
Phenols Recovery
Process Used
Phenolate Liquor
WEB Elektrcchemie
Brawn-Coal briquettes
LTC waste waters
Absorption with
Hirschfelde'(nesr
and heavy benzine
caustic soda
Zittau)
(naphtha)
VHB Ecnbinat "Otto
Brawn-coal briquettes
LTC waste waters
Absorption with
Grotewohl," Boehlen
and heavy benzine
caustic scda
(near Leipzig)
(naphtha)
.VES Teerverarbeitungs-
Brown-coal., snide and
Heavy benzine from
Absorption with
writ Gcelzau, Gcelzau/
predried
LTC. unit
caustic scda.
Weissandt
WEB Mineraloelwerk Crude Austrian
Klaffenbach, flatten- petroleum
bach/Erzgebirge
Heavy benzine (4)
Absorption with;
caustic soda
a. LTC -- low-temperature carbonization (500 to 600cC).
b. HIV -- high-temperature carbonization (900 to 1,200O3).
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?
-E -C -R -E -T
Table 36
East German Production Costs and Sales Prices
for Aromatic Coal Chemicals 855/ a/
1951-52
East German Marks (DME)
Cost per Ton
Sales Price per Ton
Product
1951
- 1952
1952
Benzol (commercial grade,
"9Der") - --:
Toluol (refined)
Toluol (pure)
Xylol
Naphthalene' (warm-pressed
grade)
Phenol (pure)
Cresol (DAB 4) b/
Cresol ortho)
Xylenol fraction
390.90
457.60
506.60
476.80
134.70
1,083.30
418.80
655.40
385.90
?414.90
487.8o
;540.0
508.80
135.10
1,047.90
415.50
709.10
382.70
456.5o
538.0
596.50
561.50
235.0
980.0
340.0
592.0
313.0
a. Actual reported costs for 1951 and 1952 (without turnover tax) and
sales price for 1952 per ton of product produced by VEB Teerdestillation-
und Chemische Fabrik Erkner. .
b. DAB (Deutsche Arzneibuch) is the German pharmacopoeia.
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APPENDIX D
INDICATIONS OF TRENDS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
. The shortage of indigenous hard coal makes the problems in the
field of basic organic chemistry in East Germany both important
and critical, as it limits the supply of many of the required
aromatic chemicals. It is logical, therefore, that the greatest
attention should be shown to the chemistry of brown coal, a
potentially valuable source of similar raw materials. It was
reported that the primary use of brown coal in the future will be
as a basic raw material for the organic chemical industry rather
than in direct burning as a household and industrial fuel.
Research currently is under way to create methods of utilizing
brown coal not only for the production of synthetic fuels and crude
phenols but also for other aromatics -- benzol, toluol, and the
like.
Aromatics are present in small quantitieS in low-temperature
carbonization tar. At present, the complex extraction of such
products is justified only in the case of phenols. Refining
operations presently do not permit the Attainment of the most
valuable components or the light oils from brown-coal tar --
henzol,_toluoi, and xylol. Researchers at the synthetic fuel
plants VEB Leunawerk "Walter. Ulbricht" and VEB Kodbinat "Otto
Grotewoid" at Boehlen have proposed dehydrogenation methods as
the means for obtaining considerable amoutts of aromatics
(ranging up to ethyl benzene) from the light oil distillate Of
tar, which contains hydrogenated aromatics, naphthends, obtained
by hydrogenation refining and from the gasoline fraction (con-
tains from 55 to 6o percent aromatic compounds -- mostly homologs.
of cyc1ohexane) which is obtained by hydrogenation. 856/ The
submission of the coal to hydrogenation is similar to the US
hydroforming process. The end result is the same, and experi-
mentally this work has already been done at Boehlen in the so-
called DHD units (dehydrogenation high-pressure units).
As a result of the research awl development work carried on
thus far in East. Germany, it was proposed that in the future
further attention should be given to the following methods of
brown-coal tar treatment: (1) 'a combined treatment by distillation
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and hydrogenation at combine-size plants equipped with sufficient
hydrogenation capacity and -(2) a separate coking of pitch under con-
ditions similar to the high-temperature coking of hard coal, for in
the hydrogenation step the bulk of the hydrogen is consumed by the
pitch fraction. The adoption of these methods appears to present
the greatest possibility for complete utilization of brown-coal tar
to obtain the following products: carburetor fuel, benzol, toluol,
xylol, diesel fuel, hard paraffin, phenol and its homologs, pyridine
and higher bases, other fine chemicals (particularly for the dye
industry -- naphthalene, anthracene, and carbazole), electrode coke,
sulfur and sulfuric acid, synthesis gas for the basic chemistry of
plastics (ethane, ethylene), fuel as, methane, and others. 857/
Alternate plans for commercial production have been drawn up. One
plan shows a throughput of 690,000 tons per year of tar and light
oil to produce 132,000 tons of DUD gasoline (aviation) or produce
5,000 tons of benzoll 22,000 tons of toluol, 22,000 tons of xylol,
and 56,000 tons of motor gasoline. The second plan requires an
input of 900,000 tons of tar and light oil per year to produce
128,000 tons of DHD. gasoline or to produce 4,0o0 tons of benzol,
21,000 tons of toluol, 21,000 tons of xylol, and 55,000 tons of
motor gasoline. .me two plans were proposed for realization in
1960. 858/
the 1953 research program at
Boehlen included research on obtaining naphthalene from hydro-
genation products. The naphthalene_ was to be gained by distillation
and dehydrogenation of various raw and intermediate materials and
byproducts. Boehlen also was to attempt the oxidation of DUD
residue, primarily to produce phthalic acid. The residue obtained
during the dehydrogenation of gasoline to yield DHD gasoline was to
be oxidized with potassium permanganate and air, thus giving
oxygenated products, such as phthalic acid. 822/
The solution for the aromatic chemicals problem of East Germany
is not to be expected at once. Considerable research is still
necessary, and much outlay in capital investments will be required
to build the installations. Also, it should be stated that the
,extraction of aromatics considerably increases the "knocking"
properties of gasoline, and in addition, higher homologs 'rather
than benzol are likewise usually formed.
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-E -C -R -E -T
Further research is being conducted in East Germany for more
complete recovery of crude phenols from the low-temperature water
fractions (Schwelwasser), not only to increase the supply of phenol
and its homologs, but to attain complete recovery of all the prodUcts
contained in these effluents, because this is an urgent necessity -
from the point of view of the East German water economy. It is con-
sidered that further development of the chemical industry in "Central
Germany" is directly dependent upon total recovery of chemicals in
the waters. 860/
In the meantime, because of the limited supply of refined
(including the pure grade) phenol, particularly essential to the
plastics industry, research efforts are to continue and are to be
aimed at the establishment of new types of resins with partial to
ekclusive use of xylenols and medium-oil phenols from brown-coal
'tar. The technology of the production of protective coatings and
moldable plastic materials is Sped to be converted to the phenol-
cresol (mixture) basis and standard specifications established
therefor. Uses of these materials in the form of moldable plastics
and fluid resins are being developed, as substitutes for metals,. as
basic materials in the construction of bearings, fittings, and
apparatuses. 861/
Inasmuch aa a large proportion of the total phenol supply enters
into the manufacture of the synthetic fiber (and plastic), Perlon,
research is being carried on endeavoring to produce new synthetic
fibers not based on phenol. Recently, it was reported that there
has been developed a fiber called "Ttelon," which originates from
lignite and agricultural waste products such as husks of oats.
Titan is claimed to be superior to Perlon in many of its
characteristics. 862/
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