INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY DIGEST: EURASIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 108
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 1, 1988
• Content Type: REPORT

25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Directorate Of errce.t?,
-"?? Intelligence
*
25X1
: ?!.1:
? . ? : . ? i
?
?
4
?
International Boundary Digest:
Eurasia
A Research Paper
0019996
G14.10012488
OGI*09984;87
0449-0450
FILE COPY/SOURCED COPY (k-2/A-110SWR
? CPAVIMCICONTROL BRANCH,
ROOM: 7G07
ADHOC REQUIREMENTS)
pitaiEcT ear - 69 97P-
W K
PAGE NUMBERS jc73
TOTAL NUMBER OF COPIES
DISSEM DATE de."
EXTRA COPTFS
RECORD CENTER
JOB NUMBER 4/
GI 88-10012
December 1988
Copy 0449
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Directorate ot Secret
Intelligence 25X1
International Boundary Digest:
Eurasia
A Research Paper
This paper was prepared by
Office of Global Issues, with
contributions from analysts in the Geographic
Issues Division, OGI, and from CPAS. Comments
and queries are welcome and may be directed to
the Chief, Geographic Issues Division, OGI,
Reverse Blank Secret
G188-10012
November 1988
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
International Boundary Digest:
Eurasia
Preface ?This digest on Eurasia is the fourth in a series of regional digests that the
Information available Office of Global Issues plans to produce on international boundaries that
as of 30 November 1988 either are in dispute or suggest by their characteristics potential for
was used in this report.
disagreement. The boundary information is categorized for ease of use,
particularly ly the current intelligence officer, when fast-breaking border
incidents occur and charges and countercharges relating to border issues
are made:
? Border Basics. Description of the border's length, status of demarcation,
and its physical and cultural characteristics.
? Significant Developments. Summary of related issues as they affect
political relationships.
? Frontier History. Review of the history of the frontier and the diplomatic
evolution of the boundary.
? Current Developments and Outlook. Assessment of current border issues
and prospects for their resolution.
Other border factors?economic value or potential, ethnic mix, population
pressures?are also noted as they pertain to border issues. A chronology of
important dates affecting boundary status is included, and key boundary
references are cited. A map, or maps, accompanies each boundary
discussed to highlight the disputed sectors and territory and to illustrate
other factors and relationships.
Maritime boundary disputes involving nearby islands or coastal features
related to boundary controversies also are included in the Digest. This
publication, however, omits the more than 300 continental shelf and other
maritime boundaries, many yet to be delimited, between the world's 139
coastal states and discussion of other types of maritime boundary and
jurisdictional conflicts
Background
Disputes over international boundaries are a common cause of internation-
al tension and conflict. Almost half of the world's nations share land
boundaries that are disputed. In addition, disputes are sometimes revived
Ill
Secret
GI 88-10012
November 1988
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Secret
over boundaries long settled, particularly where regional political align-
ments are fluid and internal political conditions change rapidly. Boundary
issues are a major foreign policy concern of the United States. Disputes be-
tween nations friendly to the United States present sticky diplomatic
dilemmas in that each party to the dispute will at some point exert pressure
on Washington to support its view of the issue.
Fixed, geographically precise international boundaries are a recent devel-
opment in international relations. Although ancient political entities?
nomadic groups, tribes, and kingdoms?recognized geographical limits to
their authority and control, these limits were usually vague and shifting,
and located in distant and lightly populated frontier zones. Ancient borders
often followed easily recognized phyiscal features, such as mountain
ranges, deserts, and swamps; sometimes rivers served to separate different
ethnic groups. Some states, however, built walls, or other physical barriers
to define limits of control, regulate trade, and control the movement of
people and the establishment of settlements.
Modern international boundaries marked with pillars, cleared strips, and
other physical means of identification accompanied the evolution of the
nation-state system in Europe that commenced in the late 17th century.
Advances in mathematics, geodesy, surveying techniques, and cartography
permitted states to compile reliable maps of their territory and to more
accurately draw their boundaries. New nations were born, colonies were
established, and older nations that relied on distant buffer zones for their
borders gradually were forced or chose to define their boundaries with
greater precision. Increasing population pressures and the need for more
land led to the settlement of frontier lands and the necessity to establish
definite state limits.
Boundary disputes originate from a variety of causes and for different
reasons. The degree of national passion and emotion aroused over a
boundary-territorial dispute is often wildly disproportionate to the size and
value of the area disputed. Occasionally, international boundaries, long
settled by treaty and demarcated, are used as a pretext?citing alleged
violations or "incidents"?to publicize deep-seated quarrels between states
and to inflame public opinion.
iv
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
?
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
? Types of Boundary Disputes
The list of causes of border disputes is lengthy, but, in general, there are
three major situations that lead to disagreement:
? Disputes arising from the boundary marking itself, usually in the
interpretation of details and the lack of precise geographic data.
? Disputes as the consequence of territorial and economic expansionism.
? Boundary problems created from state succession and the desire to
renegotiate old boundary treaties.
In all boundary disputes the political-military strength of the state and
domestic politics have as much or more to do with the raising (or perhaps
reviving) of boundary-territorial questions than the legality and justifica-
tion for boundary adjustment. Once a dispute is aired and a nation presents
its case publicly, all types of evidence?good, bad, and irrelevant?are used
to convince other states of the justice of the particular nation's claim.
Occasionally, disputes will be settled without rancor, but more often they
sputter along for years, even decades. Still others may go to a third country
or an international tribunal for arbitration and settlement, and at times
armed conflict helps settle the issue.
For example, the Argentina-Chile boundary originally was delimited on
the assumption that the line of high peaks coincided with the watershed.
Later exploration revealed that the watershed was well east of the line of
highest peaks. Controversy over this and a later dispute over which stream
was the headwater stream that affected the boundary had to be resolved
through British arbitration.
Colonial boundaries defined by the European powers in the Americas,
Africa, and much of Asia from the 16th through the 19th centuries were
often hastily drawn and without benefit of detailed knowledge of the
terrain. This lack of precision frequently led to later disputes over the
boundary when the compilation of more accurate maps revealed the errors.
In some cases, colonial boundaries were drawn so as to keep intact
homogeneous ethnic and economic areas, but this was more an exception
than a rule.
The creation of new states, particularly in excolonial territories, frequently
is a cause of border problems. New states often attempt to redress old
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
grievances and improve their internal political standing through threats or
acts of belligerence against neighboring states. This may lead to the revival
of ancient claims and the demand to renegotiate old boundary treaties.
Boundary Terms
Terms used in boundary disputes and boundary making possess special
meanings that are often ignored or misapplied in press reports and in the
speeches of national leaders when referring to border problems. Some of
the more common terms and definitions are:
? Boundary. A line that marks the limits within which the state exercises
its sovereign rights.
? Border. Border is often used as a synonym for boundary, but the term has
a more generalized meaning of area or territory close to or in proximity
to the actual line of separation on the ground between the states. The
term border zone and borderlands suggest the areal elasticity of the
word. See frontier.
? Delimitation. The determination of where a boundary should be drawn
through the use of verbal description, usually in a treaty or similar
diplomatic proceedings. The verbal description varies as to detail but
contains sufficient references to physical features?midline of a river, a
watershed, a mountain crest?and to specific points identified by geo-
graphical coordinates to permit a joint team of surveyors and technicians
to demarcate the boundary on the ground. A map showing the agreed de-
limitation line usually is appended to the agreement.
? Demarcation. The act of marking a boundary on the ground, as defined
in the treaty or other document, by means of pillars, monuments, or other
types of markers-. Demarcation teams provided for in the treaty usually
make or update ground surveys of the local topography. The end product
is a more detailed point-to-point description of the boundary (markers are
numbered or lettered consecutively) that is combined with one or more
large-scale maps showing the exact alignment and individual markers. To
be binding, the proceedings, resulting from the team's work and issued as
a protocol or annex to the original treaty, must be signed by each nation.
Secret vi
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
?
25X1
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
25X1
? Frontier. A zone or area, usually of considerable length and breadth, that
indicates the approximate limits of political authority. No exact limit is
set to a frontier until a boundary agreement is reached and the boundary
is demarcated on the ground. The term frontier to denote a nation's
outward territories is not a synonym for the term boundary.
? Thalweg. The middle of a river channel, or its principal channel where
more than one exists, of navigable streams that form an international
boundary. Recent international law holds that the thalweg is the
boundary in navigable rivers, failing any special agreement to the
contrary. A thalweg boundary may divide the river into two very unequal
parts. The thalweg also may change because of flooding and other
natural causes. Nations usually have an agreement to resolve boundary
questions when rivers shift their courses. In nonnavigable streams,
international boundaries are usually defined by median lines. Detailed
maps delineating the riverine boundaries are a standard part of the
boundary documentations.
? Territorial sea. A belt of sea and underlying seabed and subsoil adjacent
to the coast where the coastal state is sovereign. The sovereignty extends
to the airspace over the territorial sea. Under international law, the
maximum breadth of the territorial seas is 12 nautical miles (the US
claims a 3-nautical-mile breadth) from the baseline. In the territorial sea,
ships of all states enjoy the right of innocent passage, and in international
straits, ships and aircraft have the rights of nonsuspendable transit
passage.
? Continental shelf. As defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea, a nation's continental shelf comprises the seabed and
subsoil seaward of the territorial sea extending to the outer edge of the
continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the
baseline, whichever is greater.
Vii Secret
Reverse Blank
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Contents
Page
Preface
? iii
Background
jjj
Types of Boundary Disputes
Boundary Terms
vi
Introduction
1
Asia
3
Afghanistan-Pakistan
5
China-India
11
China-USSR
19
China-Vietnam
29
India-Pakistan (Kashmir Area)
35
Japan-USSR (Northern Territories)
41
South China Sea Islands
47
Other Asian Boundaries and Territorial Disputes
55
Afghanistan-China
59
Afghanistan-USSR
59
Bangladesh-Burma
59
Bangladesh-India
61
Bhutan-China
61
Bhutan-India
61
Brunei-Malaysia
63
Burma-China
63
Burma-India
63
Burma-Laos
65
Burma-Thailand
65
Cambodia-Laos
65
Cambodia-Thailand
67
Cambodia-Vietnam
67
China?Hong Kong (United Kingdom)
69
China-Laos
69
China-Macau (Portugal)
69
China-Mongolia
71
China-Nepal
71
China?North Korea
71
ix
Secret
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Page
China-Pakistan 73
India-Nepal 73
India-Pakistan (excluding Kashmir) 73
Indonesia-Malaysia 75
Indonesia?Papua New Guinea 75
Iran-USSR 75
Laos-Thailand 77
Laos-Vietnam 77
Malaysia-Philippines 79
Malaysia-Singapore 79
Malaysia-Thailand: 81
Mongolia-USSR 81
North Korea?South Korea 81
North Korea?USSR 83
Europe 85
European Boundaries and Territorial Disputes 87
Albania-Greece 89
Albania-Yugoslavia 89
Austria-Czechoslovakia 89
Austria?Germany, Federal Republic of 91
Austria-Hungary 91
Austria-Italy 91
Austria-Switzerland 93
Austria-Yugoslavia 93
Belgium-France 93
Belgium?Germany, Federal Republic of 95
Belgium-Luxembourg ' 95
Belgium-Netherlands 95
Bulgaria-Greece 97
Bulgaria-Romania 97
Bulgaria-Turkey 97
Bulgaria-Yugoslavia 99
Czechoslovakia?German Democratic Republic 99
Czechoslovakia?Germany, Federal Republic of 99
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
25X1
Page
Czechoslovakia-Hungary
101
Czechoslovakia-Poland
101
Czechoslovakia-USSR ?
101
Denmark?Germany, Federal Republic of
103
Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania
103
Finland-Norway
103
Finland-Sweden
105
Finland-USSR
105
France?Germany, Federal Republic of
105
France-Italy
107
France-Luxembourg
107
France-Spain
107
France-Switzerland
109
German Democratic Republic?Germany, Federal
Republic of
109
German Democratic Republic?Poland
111
Germany, Federal Republic of?Luxembourg
111
Germany, Federal Republic of?Netherlands
111
Germany, Federal Republic of?Switzerland
113
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)-Spain
113
Greece-Turkey
113
Greece-Yugoslavia
115
Hungary-Romania
115
Hungary-USSR
115
Hungary-Yugoslavia
117
Ireland?United Kingdom
117
Italy-Switzerland
117
Italy-Yugoslavia
119
Norway-Sweden
119
Norway-USSR
121
Poland-USSR
121
Portugal-Spain
121
Romania-USSR
123
Romania-Yugoslavia
123
Turkey-USSR
123
xi
Reverse Blank
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26 : CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
2
International Boundary Digest:
Eurasia
Introduction
Disputes over international boundaries have been a
major cause of conflict in Eurasia. Before 1945,
European territorial disputes produced numerous al-
terations in the political map; since 1945, boundary
issues have been a major source of conflict in Asia.
In Asia post-1945 political realignments and econom-
ic developments have helped fuel dispute and conflict
over boundary and territorial issues. These issues
reflect both ancient political rivalries and a more
recent legacy of colonial boundaries imposed by West-
ern nations.
The most serious disputes involve China and the
USSR, and their neighbors. The Soviet obsession with
border security?much of its land border is protected
by elaborate security measures?carries over in its
negotiations and disputes with bordering states.
China's historical preeminence in Asian affairs and its
concept of state relations?an elaborate system of
buffer states and tributary relationships?collapsed in
the mid-19th century from European political and
economic pressures. After colonies were established
around the rim of Asia, the traditional system of
vaguely defined borders was replaced by the Europe-
an system of formal boundary treaties, the mapping of
Reverse Blank 1
border areas, and the placing of boundary markers.
When the colonial powers relinquished their posses-
sions or were forced to withdraw in the years immedi-
ately following World War II, the emergence of an
independent India and a reunified China created new
power alignments and rivalries. One result was a
reassessment of many European-imposed boundaries.
No significant territorial disputes or boundary
changes have occurred in Western Europe since the
end of World War II, as ancient quarrels over
religious, ethnic, and nationalistic issues have been
either resolved or subordinated to other political or
economic goals. Border controls between West Euro-
pean nations have been largely abolished. In Eastern
Europe, however, several sizable territorial adjust-
ments were made after World War II. The long
period of Soviet-enforced political stability has sup-
pressed ethnic and nationalist tensions?particularly
in the Balkans?that might reemerge to spark future
territorial disagreements should present political rela-
tions change.
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Asia
The design of this report permits updating of border information. Changes and
additions will be disseminated to holders of this Digest as necessary.
3 Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Asia
?' '-Arctic
Barents Sea
.n.
90
.,
K S a e
ara .
?
"..
SOVIET
120
Laptev
.
UNION
150
Arctic Ocean
Sea a
? N 0
???')
-...P.
60
pin
Cas a
Sea
TUR
12- _
*Tehrin
IRAQ IRAN
-30
Lake
Aral Balkhash
Os. e=-'''
Kabul* -7,?s
FGHANIS 1 M
Lake
Baikal
Ulaanbaatar*
MONGOLIA
Beijing*
CHINA
Sea
Okhotsk
4.
/.....?ied
since
IZEHA Soefa
Japan ,
4? UTH JAPAN
KdRE :
Tokyo
East
of
?'
Kuril Islands
. ;(admin. by Soy. Un.))
by Son. Un.
945, claimed by
Japan
North
????
New*r
, Delhi
SAUDI ?,....../ BA
ARABIA
OMAN INDIA
Y A R
an Bay of
P.D.R.Y.
. .> Sea Bengal
Arabi 60
SRI
ETHIOPIty . COlom4 LANKA
MALDIVES
'7".'. SOMALIA
, Equator
China ;
Sea :".
L.1W Macau Taiwan
(Port o Philippine
BURMA Hong Kong (U.K.)
Han Sea
. , VIETNAM
HAILA :' South tanila
,? Ban*g t
? ga.DiA Cshi ana i '??-?'.????
V.`,...,PHILIPPINES
Range OF MICRONESI4
!
let!
: . ,..a.,.., . ? FED. STATES
..44
l'1% fmr
BRUNEI
MALYSII1.
sitip P
0
Pacific
CYC ean
.
0
SEYCHELLES:... :
.
,.c.omoRos
'
MADAGASCAR Indian Ocean
MAURITIUS
0 ?
-30
--,---1(,..
%
' S I A '
Jakart ? ? es
?
AUSTRALIA
_ .
NEPWArUAINE
Moresby-
0
".. SOLOMON
't, ISLANDS
' (.... ,clk
.,, ?
Coral Sea
?
Beeed.r, TePf VS.13:105 IS
60 nol necemril, aelheeitatire. 90
120 ? (......_.1150
30
Secret
4
800908 (A05997) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Afghanistan-Pakistan
The design of this report permits updating of border information. Changes and
additions will be disseminated to holders of this Digest as necessary.
5 Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
secret
Afghanistan-Pakistan Border
International boundary
Other international boundary
4 Railroad
Road
Track or trail
K lyak
?Kurga
Tyube
Scale 1:8,400,000
100 200 300 Kilometers
0 100 200 300 Miles
SOVIET U
1 ON
K hka
_0,k ti
tggr
Baghlan
Oewshi
ondnz[ Eshki hen;
. ? LI
r A/ ,
?" 1893 Tredly boundary
V(Durand One) where. ,
differidg from preseAt
-,bhunda,ry 1
krir71. 4;Yt
/
Jalal
asz, r. 0
staj? ? /1
A ..?-,?GuP'lls.
' ?'
?
'
.Kalam"
annum rth:.
11"'
ardey
ws
Shindend
-
Farah
ted Koh
Rar.rizej?
shawa
"
ski
alpindi
Mianwil
Sar dha
Bhekkar
I alabad
i-Ma
Med
1893 Treaty boun ary
(Durand Line) wher
differing from present
boundary
P u s
Imurn
Rigestan
oz,?../zz,?/", Gowd e Zereh t
Claim
Olia-?"al
ok Kundi
an Bahawalnaga
Nushki
Chagai
hawalpur
Suratgerh
Oilbandinl ?
. .S.1.? ?
04 -Hs ta-T:ei.
Oila Ladgasht
SarbaP
Sarah
Baluc ,iSta
? Ava.gr,?,
- ? r./
Panjgrg isr ?
n c
f' A
Ma,ar" Bela,
Hoshab?
A
...lacobeba
Khinpur
Bikaner
Nawatisheh
odhpur
-'Pasni uf1
.. .
Hyderabad
Arabian Sea
Karachi a
nn o
Kutch
Udaipur
65
Secret
6
800909 (A05998) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Afghanistan-Pakistan
Border Basics
The Afghanistan-Pakistan boundary extends
northeast-southwest from the high peaks of the
Hindu Kush, at the China trijunction, to the Iranian
trijunction located in the Baluchistan desert. The
2,430-kilometer-long border was defined in a treaty
(1893) between Great Britain and Afghanistan. The
border, often termed the Durand Line after the chief
British negotiator, was surveyed and much of it
demarcated between 1894 and 1896.
The boundary follows a variety of terrain features,
mostly barren hills and mountains. The northern-
most section of the boundary coincides with the high
ridges and peaks of the Hindu Kush that for several
hundred kilometers presents a formidable and highly
visible barrier. South of the Khyber Pass, the bound-
ary is aligned to follow watersheds, prominent land-
marks, ridgelines, and sometimes a river or ravine;
across the Baluchistan desert, the boundary primari-
ly consists of straight line segments connecting fixed
points. South of 34? N, or roughly the southern two-
thirds of the boundary, demarcation teams placed
332 markers when the boundary was initially demar-
cated. One section of the border, between 34' N and
36? N, remained in dispute until 1919, after which
some sections, though not all, were demarcated.
The boundary divided an extensive but ill-defined
region that was homeland to a mix of tribal groups
and clans, primarily because many groups moved
seasonally in search of grazing, or for purposes of
trade, employment, and visiting kin. Some groups. for
example, moved from high mountain pastures in
central Afghanistan to winter quarters in Pakistan's
low valleys and plains. Inevitably, the boundary split
the homelands of some groups between Afghanistan
and British-administered (later Pakistani) territory.
Since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979,
large numbers of refugees .also have fled Afghanistan,
and many remain in the borderlands inside Pakistan.
Significant Developments
The issues of the border and Pushtunistan have been
put aside in the aftermath of the 1979 Soviet military
occupation of Afghanistan and the continuing insur-
gency. A possible clue to future treatment of the
Pushtunistan issue was the issuance in 1982 of an
official map of Afghanistan in which the usual desig-
nation of a sizable area inside Pakistan as part of
"Pushtunistan" was omitted.
Frontier History
The Afghanistan-Pakistan boundary was a result of
Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia during the
19th century. British advances north of the Indus
River into the mountainous borderlands encircling
Afghanistan were designed to counter growing Rus-
sian advances and influence that, in London's view,
threatened British interests in the Indian subconti-
nent. Although Britain gradually established ties to?
and some tenuous control over?the turbulent tribal
territory, the threat of raiding and plundering tribes-
men remained. In 1893 a British delegation, headed
by Sir Mortimer Durand, was sent to Kabul to discuss
with the Amir of Afghanistan several territorial ques-
tions, one of which was defining a boundary to
separate Afghan and British territory. Because the
Amir wanted to limit any additional British advance
northward, negotiations began promptly that resulted
in the 1893 border treaty.
The treaty boundary was traced on a small and
unreliable map, and field parties authorized to fix the
boundary on the ground discovered numerous places
where map and treaty descriptions failed to jibe with
ground truth. Although British negotiators generally
made concessions to Afghanistan in interpreting the
intent of the treaty, any line chosen inevitably divided
some clan and tribal territories. The most important
result was the division of the more than 10 million
Pushtuns between two states, even though a fixed
boundary had little meaning to many Pushtun tribes,
who seasonally moved from place to place. The gener-
al northeast-southwest alignment of the border was
also athwart ancient routes?used by warriors as well
as traders and seasonal migrants?from the highlands
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
of Central Asia into the fertile Indus valley. Later
agreements confirmed the boundary alignment. A
dispute of the alignment of the border near the
Khyber Pass was resolved with partial demarcation in
1919 and confirmed by treaty in 1921. A number of
local border adjustments were made through 1932.
The border issue remained quiet until the establish-
ment of the state of Pakistan in 1947. Both Afghani-
stan and Pakistan wooed tribal leaders (rulers of
princely states and other areas not under direct
British administration had a choice at the time of
partition) of the Northwest Frontier Agency (now
North-West Frontier Province), who chose, however,
to accede to Pakistan. At the same time a movement
for an independent state?Pushtunistan?was given
support by Afghanistan, which was angered over
Britain's failure to consult Kabul over the future
status of the tribal territories. Afghanistan was the
only state to oppose Pakistan's entry into the United
Nations, and in 1949 the Afghan parliament voted to
repudiate the Durand Line.
Afghanistan advanced several reasons in support of its
Pushtunistan claim, including irredentist claims based
on former Afghan rule (1747-1823), that the bound-
ary treaty was signed under duress, that the tribal
territory remained "independent" after the border
was established, and that Pakistan could not inherit
the rights of a former state. Pakistan's responses then
and later have ranged from denial that a problem
existed to charges of Afghan interference in the
internal affairs of another state.
The Pushtunistan issue, never completely dormant,
flared with particular intensity in the periods 1950-51,
1955,1960-61, and 1978. The crises nearly always
started with Afghan charges of mistreatment by
Pakistan of the Pushtuns within its border. Sometimes
border clashes would occur: Pakistan frequently
closed the border, alleging transit violations, thus
blocking vital trade routes to landlocked Afghanistan,
in an attempt to exert pressure. Some crises led to
third-party intervention in attempts to mediate the
dispute. The crises were characterized by sensationa-
lized press accounts and the trading of exaggerated
Secret
charges. A major beneficiary of the disputes, particu-
larly those involving border closures, was the Soviet
Union, whose offers of alternative routes and aid
strengthened Moscow's position within the country.
Current Developments and Outlook
Since 1979 the Pushtunistan and the Durand Line
issues have been subsumed by the Soviet military
occupation and Afghan resistance. Talks begun (1982)
under UN auspices?involving Pakistan, Afghani-
stan, Iran, and, indirectly, the USSR?have focused
on troop withdrawal, noninterference, international
guarantees, and refugees.
Political stability in Afghanistan and a resolution of
the refugee problem are presumed prerequisites to any
future Afghan-Pakistani discussion of Pushtunistan
and the Durand Line. Although the concept of Push-
tunistan has been used for three decades by Afghan
leaders because of its wide political appeal, the practi-
calities involved if rhetoric became reality suggest a
different resolution. The amorphous limits of a Push-
tunistan state?at times expanded to include Baluchi-
stan?and the lack of Afghan fervor to include the
Afghan Pushtuns within it are suggestive of the lack
of economic, political, and practical viability of Push-
tunistan. During the 1970s some slight lessening of
Afghan intensity on the issue was observed.
Pakistan seems unlikely to change its views on main-
taining the status quo, in view of US recognition
through one public statement (1956) and private
assurances of Pakistani sovereignty up to the Durand
Line. There are, however, good reasons, based on the
mutual benefits of a better marked and more easily
controlled boundary, to work toward eventual border
talks whose primary purpose would be a resurvey and
redemarcation of the boundary. A "new" boundary
based on the present alignment but re-marked and
with minor adjustments, could also remove the term
Durand Line and its emotional connotations of past
injustices.
8
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
3ecret
Border Treaties and Key Dates
1747-1834
Durrani Empire (Afghanistan) controls area now part
of Pakistan's northwest frontier.
1893
Border treaty is signed between Afghanistan and
Great Britain, which termed Durand Line, following
gradual British advances into mountainous border-
lands north and west of the Indus.
1894-96
Joint border commissions survey and demarcate
southern two-thirds of the boundary. Line fixed on
ground differs in many places from treaty map and
description.
1921
Treaty between Afghanistan and Great Britain, fol-
lowing 1919 Anglo-Afghan war, confirms delimita-
tion and demarcation (1919) of parts of the boundary
near the Khyber Pass.
1947
British India is partitioned; state of Pakistan is estab-
lished. Leaders of tribal territories located between
Afghanistan and Pakistan opt to accede to Pakistan.
Some tribal leaders initiate issue of Pushtunistan.
1949
Afghanistan's parliament repudiates Durand Line;
Pakistan's Foreign Minister states that boundary is
not a question for discussion.
1950-51
Border tensions and incidents increase; traffic restric-
tions are placed on Afghanistan's transit trade.
1955
Diplomatic relations are broken (resumed in 1957)
over Pakistan's planned administrative changes in
borderlands; border incidents arise and third-country
mediation efforts are made.
Reverse Blank 9
1960-61
Afghan-Pakistani talks fail; major military action;
border is closed to transit traffic; mediation efforts are
made.
1963
Shah of Iran's mediation efforts result in restoration
of diplomatic relations and reopening of border.
1973
Pushtunistan issue is revived and brief series of
incidents and actions ensue, although less severe than
in past crises.
1979
Soviets intervene militarily in Afghanistan; earlier,
Afghanistan calls for self-determination of border
groups, including Baluchi. Border tensions are aggra-
vated by increased refugee flow from Afghanistan.
1982
Discussions under UN auspices (USSR, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, Iran) are initiated concerning Soviet pres-
ence, troop withdrawals, refugees, and related mat-
ters.
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
?
China-India
The design of this report permits updating of border information. Changes and
additions will be disseminated to holders of this Digest as necessary.
11
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-India Border
Wensu
jT
Yecheng
Ruogianit.
Hotan
estern
Z a n'TV G. ?,7a
a4t.reia44./1".. /AL
Ludhia a
mbala
akhal
Bare ly
orakh ? ur
Gwahor
011
-
-,4iA'1"41/A-dt 6r1
, iw,ttitrpr7 4
finchi
?*Jamshedpur
International boundary
?x? International boundary, in dispute
Chinese line of control/Indian claim
Disputed area
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
Track or trail
Scale 1:1 4,500,000
200 400 Kilometers
lcutta
Chita
Baleshwar
400 Miles
Secret
Boo,1634 morestalsti. is
84 sit crcesssrily aelhoritslire..
12
800910 (405999) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
?
ID
2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-India
Border Basics
The China-India border, about 3,380 kilometers
long, extends east from the Karakoram Pass to the
trijunction with Burma. The boundary is customarily
divided into western, central (or middle), and eastern
sections for discussion purposes in negotiations; be-
tween the middle and eastern sections are the Hima-
layan states of Nepal and Bhutan. The boundary has
not been demarcated, and only the eastern section has
a treaty basis (the validity of which is disputed by
China). The territorial differences between the Chi-
nese and Indian versions are substantial, amounting
to about 129,000 square kilometers.
The western section of the boundary (1,640 kilome-
ters) is the present line of control and approximates
China's current claim. This de facto boundary ex-
tends south from the Karakoram Pass and connects a
series of high peaks (upwards to 6,500 meters) that in
part mark a minor water divide. In places, the
Chinese claim line cuts across the headwaters of
streams flowing west and south into the Indus River
system. About 250 kilometers to the south, the line
converges with India's version of the boundary near
the river.
In contrast, India's version of the boundary in the
western section extends the boundary northeast from
the Karakoram Pass until the line intersects the crest
of the Kunlun Mountains. The high peaks of the
Kunluns are followed for about 100 kilometers. At
this point India's claim line turns to the southeast
and crosses extremely high plateau and basin terrain
before reaching a range of mountains immediately
east of the Indus valley, where the Indian and
Chinese claims coincide. The disputed territory, be-
tween 33,000 and 37,000 square kilometers in area
and roughly triangular in shape, is termed northeast-
ern Ladakh by India; in the northeastern quadrant is
the Aksai Chin (Aksaygin) basin (a name sometimes
applied to the entire disputed territory). Most of the
disputed territory is physically a westward extension
of the Plateau of Tibet and is characterized by barren
plains and basins, mostly at elevations of over 5,000
meters.
Until the Chinese road construction in the 1950s, and
the subsequent military buildup by India and China
in the border area, the region had no permanent
population and was seldom visited because of the
scant forage and limited supplies of potable water.
The meager cultural influences are mainly Tibetan.
The central sector of the China-India border (640
kilometers long) extends approximately northwest-
southeast from Ladakh to Nepal. The boundary
follows major water divides, and key border points
are the major cross-border passes at elevations of
5,000 to 5,500 meters. The highest peaks (up to 7,600
meters) of the Great Himalaya Range lie about 50
kilometers south and west of the water divide. Tradi-
tionally, the border area was only seasonally occu-
pied by Bhotias?a professional trading clan of
mixed Tibetan culture that wintered in India, then
spent the summer months engaged in trade in western
Xizang.
The eastern section of the boundary (1,140 kilome-
ters) extends from Bhutan to Burma and generally
coincides with the highest peaks and passes marking
the watershed between major river systems in India
and Xizang. In some places, however, rivers have
their headwaters north of the boundary in southern
Xizang. The alignment of the boundary (the McMa-
hon Line) was defined on a map accompanying the
1914 Simla Agreement, attended by representatives
of Great Britain, China, and Tibet. China's version of
the border, however, is a line drawn far to the south,
approximately following the break between the foot-
hills and the plains. An exception is the eastern end
of the line where China's alignment of the border
follows river valleys and ridges before its intersection
with the Burma boundary. In dispute are about
90,000 square kilometers consisting of the rugged,
mostly forested hills and mountains of the eastern
Himalayas. Most of the numerous hill tribes that
inhabit this area are ethnically and culturally dis-
tinct from the Tibetans and the Indians.
13
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-India Border: Western Sector
0,1,7.9;1
Kargil
Mulbekh
"Leh, Shyok
?Hying
?Ringdom Gompa
\-Pe,fjLeo)
ar
and K-a ich
ts, Chush on ?
r." Shirt' ( 'Tine)
- (.0 ; 01,12! gg
c,risaka La ,
?- Tantak,
s ?c h7K h
re-7 To ,--Thangra
.Cihar
?
?irA,
0 %boa
CHI NA 5t
? -\
--?_
. 4-
? ir
l`rt Lurnajangdong
Ta-y-a-erh ? : t(
Wujiang?
Oing? n g G a o atnl'?V,
-'"?'115 e a u I 'Tb et)-
z a ri'dr:(71 i b e t) e -
?
fiancaka --,
"Siliguanhe-c 7".
Hapug
Gyxincun 4. ?.Xenge/irtg
Charnba?
ilir
..--.0*
.... ..,,....,_,..e.4.,ss
Oharmsala;?? )Manali?--/ ?.
f
m 6fr.'fi
Bhawan
,logindarnagar
0 ;is
e
?Mane
oshihpur--'
Jaggang
?
SVI.,-p u-cki Shi)r-k o
? ?
'
s" --- 4 ? ,--- )\1. q
\
-.?,,Chitkal l? .k\ Toling
\-
......?.\.......?..:_yr;
\ hcanit
"?Blitiranghatf,,,,,)
Bfdtinfrith \
?x--'International boundary, in dispute
---- Chinese line of control/Indian claim
Disputed area
Other international boundary
Internal administrative boundary
Railroad
Road
Track or trail
oshimat
Moincer,
V Qs FT
T pidunga,T. Laito,2gla
Kejiasum
Kttilh
Scarbying
,Kangrinboq& 7
'ForiTg
11'
TSO-S;U '
.4*;71,1-ti90
apam
Yumco
Bran
Hipp
Ask.of./ CheUrI.
Scale 1:4,000,000
O 50 100 Kilometers
I
O 50 100 Miles
Secret
j.?...7--7:8
Rarnnag
14
Baited!,
?
7 it
4,7t17,:gri7;:gilL:Le ? 4 ???
?
800911 (A06000) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
?
?
?
Ana.
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Significant Developments
Sino-Indian relations slowly warmed during the
1970s, leading to a visit to Beijing by Indian Foreign
Minister Vajayee in 1979. In December 1981 the first
of several border negotiation sessions was held. Early
sessions made little progress, but later meetings led to
Chinese acceptance of having discussions (though not
settlement) proceed on a sector-by-sector basis. At the
sixth round, held in New Delhi (November 1985),
substantive talks began concerning the eastern sector.
A Chinese proposal that India make territorial con-
cessions in the eastern boundary sector raised a
formidable obstacle to progress, particularly since it
caught Indian negotiatiors by surprise. No progress
was reported during the seventh round of talks (July
1986), in part because of the earlier (June) establish-
ment of a Chinese military post in disputed territory
along the McMahon Line.
In February 1987, India changed the status of the
area on its side of the McMahon Line from an agency
(North East Frontier Agency) to a state (Arunachal
Pradesh). China rejected the move. The eighth round
of the border talks in November 1987 produced no
breakthroughs, but the atmosphere was termed "posi-
tive." In June 1988 the two sides agreed in principle
to resume trade across Tibet, which has been suspend-
ed since 1962, and in September agreed for Prime
Minister Gandhi to visit Beijing in December 1988,
the first such visit since 1960.
Frontier History
The origins of the differing versions of China-India
border alignment are rooted in ancient claims and
post-1950 politics. Common factors in the dispute
include:
? Poor, and sometimes inaccurate, maps were used in
early discussions (late 19th and early 20th century)
of the border, leading to misconceptions as to the lay
of the land.
? The western and central sections of the borderlands
were essentially uninhabited or populated only sea-
sonally, thus requiring no civil administration.
? British frontier policy was based in part on fear of
potential Russian influence and political dominance
in western China.
? The border area was extremely difficult to reach
(and to defend) until recently, and traditional com-
munication links were animal caravan routes and
footpaths.
15
? Not until after 1950 did either India or China begin
to extend administrative control and establish mili-
tary posts in the border areas.
During the late 19th century, British officials were
unsure as to where to draw the northern limits of
India. One view, based on the assumption of a collapse
of Chinese political control in western China, was a
border north of the Karakoram Range along the
crests of ranges overlooking China's Tarim Basin that
offered maximum defensive capabilities. A second
view was an alignment generally following the Indus-
Tarim watershed, combined with internal drainage
divides, and extending southeast from the Karakoram
Pass to the Tibet (Xizang) border. This line (the
MaCartney-MacDonald Line) was formally proposed
to China (1899), together with other border proposals.
China did not respond to the British proposal, and
British officials continued to debate the wisdom of
various lines. Later maps usually portrayed the north-
eastern Kashmir border by color tone, or by labeling
whatever line was shown as indefinite.
In the middle sector, an 1842 agreement between
Gulab Singh, ruler of Kashmir, and Tibetan officials
referred to the border as an "old established frontier,'
although only a single geographic point of reference
was contained in the agreement. Both sides, however,
assumed that for the most part the main watershed,
marked by several well-used passes, fixed the bound-
ary. Ancient controversies, which form the basis for
the current dispute, were over grazing rights to
several alpine pastures located in the border area.
The eastern sector (the McMahon Line) resulted from
the Simla Conference (1913-14), called to define Sino-
British spheres of influence in Tibet and attended by
representatives of Great Britain, Tibet, and China.
On a small-scale map accompanying the agreement,
Tibet was divided into an "inner" and an "outer"
region, denoting a different type of political status for
each. The map also included a border separating
British India from Tibet. Great Britain and Tibet, the
latter considered politically autonomous at the time,
signed the agreement; China, initialing but not sign-
ing the agreement, later repudiated it. Compounding
the inadequacies of the map, the Simla Agreement
contained no detailed description of the boundary
alignment.
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-India Border: Eastern Sector
.I.,, - - '-7- i'`, ?
'Il I .?:?...,.?----,',;-,:...' fltry.k.% (,..A ,..r. y ' ' '-'7' '
, Naggui"--- -,...._-....! ,...,, ..,.. A
???,, ?,--- )) '' rt Gyarnkrang
? c---?....? \ ?--/ e- j Becalm
' ,,, ? \\ .--.
- '.. , \,.., p. ,
'...:
Q n ,g; Zang _-8 yli(a-n
I ? r ?
t e?au of ,Tibet) -V)Nam
Co
.Dagma '
. ' Ar, ? -
f V
-
l. ?
.Damxifr ,
? il\r A
0, ? /
z n Y"" Chimri
/?' ?E '
T i b'' e t
--
1."
Icy
Kunggar
a
, ' Langgar-
,
Dagen
Numari f,
r Golingka_ .e? , Guncang ?/ ("
?,,--., 1"."? C --"` i' . AV -- Bayizhen
? ,I? r Pula
, , , .?`,, ..r
, ....,1 ? (' ' \ ."- Oatinag
...- - ?-, Kangka
s ---__.? i I 2. , '' i?-'- , , - '
Chumba" ( --t
, Tun do
--, Dusum .-?-, ""
fangmai
tra atm
Ramai
f,Chatang
d49-7--- ?
?-?.?
kan
??
ado
Vt
Lunang
Tamny n
\ .(1-nindo
Ztiamo
7 '
511M2019' 7-
/
1
4
Bafti
+Namahil idpiv;a7
?
HarmMedog
in
.4.? ?
P'e
Yet t
Nang Km
__, / Bharang _ __r?Tutsinegiing \ 4.?1.
Mipi
I- -S,....."-'
eDaletze\
? \
./ 1 humud -///' - - ... 1 ..... ?S'b ,,.. . A
chip , i Taniade% ,k \plipng --t '"---..
i dYityls''' ,.., yirodfri - i
1"....? . \ ?? --,- ts Gasheng14(
,-......._,I.Shk \
- -4 , \......\,,,....!ta_lin
"7 \
/ Sangngannailinr, ',..Longju N
Yapuik.z.- .., IY1411 1, ?". ,
_G-ffi'''''kyitang ;?"itintgl.- ?'%safila ' Lim-eking- -- ?' s' t . '
bimzoi ii ' 3,"
Kyen r
-tsung . s' 1 .'" -,,A
-1-7.- s'b ''' ' '...\- P yon4 ' ' ,;,/mong
r , ? Nizimghit
/ ',Ail ?
---- Coca 1
I -`(,formerly North East Fkpacatier AgeticV-or NE
e I '
00, .. i 1141 ,'"` McMahon - -1- \'' r?/".'-' aion,`,.., Ptrtakal? %,
, ulong
Lumpo Shankou Lin))
`----%4,11emir,0015 ....,??.90,a ....,
..: ? ").CIAlup i -,. to;?????,
\ .Towang- , Zia), I. \ ?---- .w ce Tinsukia
Rang Dzong I ?V'S. Se Le,
S'
. Tashi Pat ?? p
1-
B F-ItU JA h
Itanagar.
North Lakhipif Likh
Bomdila / Hills
ft a ?
2
Darranga
Ha
marba
Tezyur.
Rangia
8,-,nmapu
- 4'e Gas
-
26
tLsV
Distal
'
?
/".." ? Shillong
Meg
'
?..? ?
Sylh
BANGLADE
Nowgong
I 7
'
_.../
s?--....------ .?-?""
_.p..._.e.._
Balipara V ,....?,;!._,-._./
Jorh
a
Golaghat
N D A
Lumding
?
Silchar .1
Dim/par
Mariini?
Si
gar
Nagalan
'1
Kohima '
/- ?
/?,LI ? Karonn,
nipur-
Imphil
9f1
Dibrugarh
C
Aprinli
Donli
A) Rayuliang
Tezu
Ittt
Uamdo
CV-
Dianwan
\\?
Saila
?
?"
Bamda
30
Gongba,
-1 c
" 4 6
R.4i
ii
Goy \ ???,
Gel o
.Shankou '
Zayii
Sad ai--?., :----- '-, ( - --
--k. . '
Sal oa ?--,
Ghzt, \\., , y .?""'
..---)krP";" "?" .,
Digboi 5
. ''7 " . - .
ani
4/
'ma
Doug
Dip u71
Pass
Namyong
B -R $11'' A
Shingbwiyang -
Putao
International boundary
F-1 Disputed area
Other international boundary
-?? - Internal administrative boundary
4 Railroad
Road
Track or trail
Scale 1:4,000,000
50 100 Kilometers
1 I
50
100 Miles
Secret
16
800912 (A06001)9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
?
?
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China was ousted from Tibet in 1912, and its hold on
Xinjiang Autonomous Region during the 1930s and
1940s was challenged by growing Soviet influence.
When India gained independence (1947) and the
Chinese Communists triumphed (1949), the political
status of the long China-India border was murky and
the lengthy frontier region was essentially unadminis-
tered. China's forceful political integration of its
remote frontier provinces during the 1950s was
matched by similar Indian actions, though done more
slowly, to extend New Delhi's control into the Hima-
layan borderlands. In 1954 new Survey of India maps
were published, depicting "definite" India-China
boundaries. In northeastern Ladakh, the boundary
shown was similar to maximum British claims made
at the turn of the century.
During talks and correspondence through the 1950s
between India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
and China's Premier Zhou Enlai, border issues were
deflected by Zhou, and he attributed cartographic
differences in the representation of the Sino-India
boundary to "old maps" that had not been updated. A
1954 Sino-Indian trade agreement specifying trade
routes and passes in the middle sector of the boundary
suggested the border alignment only by implication.
After China built a road from Xinjiang through
northeastern Ladakh to supply its forces in western
Xizang, several Indian police were killed (1959) by
Chinese troops in Indian-claimed but Chinese-occu-
pied territory. To help defuse tensions, China and
India agreed to hold border talks (1960), the outcome
of which was a hefty volume consisting of statements
and evidence as to each nation's border claims, which
served mainly to reinforce the magnitude of the
differences between the two sides.
From 1960 onward, diplomatic exchanges became
sharper and more acrimonious, as both sides sought to
improve their control in the borderlands through road
construction and the establishment of border posts.
India attempted to counter Chinese -encroachments"
in northeastern Ladakh by establishing border posts
near or behind Chinese posts, thus increasing tensions.
In October 1962, China launched an offensive that
quickly threatened the Assam plains. After Beijing
called a cease-fire (21 November 1962), Chinese
troops were withdrawn to positions held in September.
A conference of nonaligned nations meeting in Sri
Lanka (December 1962) produced the Colombo Pro-
posals?a series of steps to promote military
17
disengagement and a political solution. Neither coun-
try accepted the proposals in their entirety. From then
until the late 1970s, the dispute continued, but at a
gradually lowered level of polemical intensity and
accompanied by a relaxation of military and political
tension. The establishment of a forward Chinese post
in disputed territory along the McMahon Line (June
1986) again raised tensions?at least temporarily.
Current Developments and Outlook
Substantive discussions on the alignment of the east-
ern sector of the border were held for the first time
during border talks in November 1985. Chinese nego-
tiators surprised their Indian counterparts by insisting
that India make unspecified territorial concessions in
the eastern sector of the border. Previous Chinese
statements on a border settlement package had sug-
gested a swap of territory that would confirm the
McMahon Line alignment in the east in exchange for
Indian recognition of Chinese claims (and control) in
the western sector of the border. Talks in July 1986,
according to Beijing, yielded "no substantial pro-
gress" on the border issue. The eighth round of talks
in November 1987, likewise, yielded no progress, but
relations between the two sides are warming as shown
by agreements in 1988 to resume some cross-border
trade and for Prime Minister Gandhi's visit to China.
Compromise will be essential by both sides to reach a
resolution of the border dispute. In the east, China
will apparently demand some territorial concessions
by India in exchange for Chinese territorial conces-
sions in the west. A redefinition of the eastern sector
of the boundary might, following China's viewpoint,
transfer to Xizang (Tibet) a small area near Tawang
(Dawang), where Tibetan influence traditionally has
been strong. At the very least, China will undoubtedly
insist on some deviation from the present alignment, if
only to remove the stigma of the McMahon Line and
its imposition at a time when China was relatively
powerless. In northeastern Ladakh, China's earlier
claim (the 1956 line) closely approximates a water-
shed boundary and is similar to the British proposal
made in 1899. This alignment would permit China's
road from Xinjiang to Xizang to remain under Chi-
nese control. If agreement can be reached on the
eastern and western sections of the border, presum-
ably the two sides could resolve the comparatively
minor differences in the middle sector of the border.
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
secret
Lengthy bargaining sessions, however, will be re-
quired to make even modest progress, and an early
resolution of the dispute is unlikely.
Border Treaties and Key Dates
1842
The Maharaja of Kashmir, Gulab Singh, and Tibetan
authorities sign a treaty at Leh, reaffirming "old
established frontiers" but without defining them.
1899
British Minister in Peking (Sir Claude MacDonald)
proposes to China a definition of China-India border
from Afghanistan to western Tibet. Proposed bound-
ary (MaCartney-MacDonald Line) aligns north and
east of Karakoram Range but leaves most of north-
eastern Kashmir to China. Chinese officials do not
officially respond.
1913
Simla Conference is attended by representatives of
Britain, Tibet, and China to define Sino-British
spheres of influence in Tibet. Simla Agreement,
signed by Great Britain and Tibet but only initialed
by China, has map attached that includes a boundary
(McMahon Line) between British India and Tibet.
China later repudiates the agreement.
1943-47
British begin to bring the Assam Himalaya (later the
North East Frontier Agency) under their direct
administration.
1950-51
Chinese troops enter western Tibet, crossing north-
eastern Kashmir area later claimed by India.
1951-52
Chinese military forces enter and gradually extend
control.
1954
New Survey of India maps show boundary with China
as delimited boundary (previously labeled undefined
or by faint color tones), with northern Kashmir bor-
ders similar to maximum British claims made in late
19th century.
Sino-India Treaty regulates trade and pilgrim traffic
over several passes in middle sector of border; bound-
ary alignment implied, although not specified.
Secret
1957
Chinese complete road from Xinjiang into western
Xizang.
1959
Several Indian police are killed (October) by Chinese
in disputed territory; Nehru publicizes border differ-
ences; Tibetan uprising brings Tibetan refugees to
India and increases border tensions.
1960
Nehru and Zhou Enlai meet and agree to have
technical experts meet to set forth claims and evi-
dence. Border officials meet, later issue voluminous
report (December).
1962
Sino-Indian border war (October-November) breaks
out; Chinese withdraw in December to September
positions; Colombo proposals, by nonaligned nations,
are presented as basis for settlement.
1979
Indian Foreign Minister visits Beijing and raises
border issue.
1981-86
Seven meetings held between Indian and Chinese
officials; progress is limited on main border issues.
1987
In February, China protests India's creation of the
state of Arunachal Pradesh (vice the North East
Frontier Agency) on its side of the McMahon Line.
Eighth round of Sino-Indian talks held in November
produced no real progress on border, but atmosphere
more positive than previous rounds.
1988
Gandhi visit to Beijing scheduled for December?first
prime ministerial visit since 1960.
18
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-USSR
The design of this report permits updating of border information. Changes and
additions will be disseminated to holders of this Digest as necessary.
19
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
China-USSR Border
Aral'sk
U,,s, Novosihirs
Kzyl-
Orda
Karaganda
Krasnoyars
.,Bratsk
nauI vokuineis
n -7-
SO- ,V 11
- Irkutsk
r
Usf-Kut.?
Tynda
Barkgi,Arnur
Matnlino IBAM1
A.. sotnlsk
I0
Chita
Urgal
ave
die
Bei'an
Manzhouli
thqlha
Choybals
Iskaya
';r6in
udanpang
Spassk-
Darnly
c
Vladivostok
k
"??;4:
?
.Kashi
CHINA
Ect-nry re?peserlsbon
rct nressully oulttonalm,
Scale 1:38,000,000
O 400 800 Kilometers
I Li
O 400 800 Miles
honya
OREA
ngyang
OREA
Dalian ?
Se
JAPAN1.)
?
800913 (A06003) 9-88
China-USSR Border: Western Sector
Ruhtsovsk
International boundary
?x ? International boundary, in dispute
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
Track or trail
,
/F. S
Chars
ndaga
1;.......'-'?
4, ' ,..".. .-i: 70
Abbot .bad , '. ?
2
\--
k - ,...
.-...
? 0. '44
,t4,-;-04
0---..\ ' ! i ' ? , %,I4 ? i t'-47.- 7-7 \..
.." -..,'t ?--. i
Gilgit- / (2,2.; , k:--.
/ ' ---'''t t
r! ' ' A ' -i/a s ? '1,
,--'5.-)?,.."...,N
.. , /
1 Skardu ,
-.. , ;
!a bus a r,Pa s...s?.......1,,....?1.01 \ ...-46.-4` , , ; ( t.,...
# 4 ' ? - .
. \\:/ip' !""? . je ..` 1 I BeieirFass\__ ,
,,s...,.27,...)...1c:
----.
ardi ....... ----, .. 7 - .4e.....?+.1. \ ! ,
w7,44i{:k(..---;.2.4- - - ?...o. , - ....t_,L.z.' , -,-...,!''
- el
i [Has z
-re,' Sopor ??Senam - -( Z.6ji Le -7.4-7-.),_
----/ ,!--
Gahdar i 'C.' AR, `.. ""d?J G,',''
Baram -i.,.i'il.-.:--,'.7 1W?a
Uri 7 -.......:....7". : 1;,......- , ,r ..,,,
Srinagar , Pahalgane" -1,7
..
:.',' f
9/4 -
6 ' ' , ,, .,...? . , . ,
2 Want 6othsariAbsten)
4. 4 ' - C'r:----1-4, 4,:i0:\
, \''..- --' doraway-Saddie -?',
/ 4
)
/
_.?,chin-

-.)70,,,,
N.17
0
? I
1
- ---
r? "---"s ,
77/4"igdo
,,i
SO
.......
K akor 4-4:01
} j'9) '? ? ? '--.t.t'c' - i'
oinsam ' 4,-;--'-/ '60 ? ......,,c
V. Z......N .t
.O , ..0
t."'kr L raTma' ' - /
C ?thal Charunk* ?..---,
arol -'''' La ?4a a- -4 - \ 4-1!5,3
-2acC

' - - ', ? -k f ..j. ? A cy , I -...,..--...; Salt(/'
.; %:, .1-1-,0,,,f , \ ?-.4r, . '
?Malbekli,..---
--,.. Ahiraika ?Khatatsertb 0,-/ , jo '
,La 7/7. 70 j 7 . ? . Khar'Nng
'''-e:"Sci .. ' ?-?."." : 1 L'7;iehY0-1(
hi rth r/ Leh 17.,,
?.,.?, . 417
f -7-' i' " 1.41?'P
?../ Hayelian Challtlii ,
\
-
" ,MurrvaX=7,0 4' ?642Z
ifliKwala:: ..,.
fr,.., ?1 ,ni'?
abadfr'
a, ,4,-- 4 r
4' 'warpindi . Mahanol
1111b4 Kahirta r): s.\\.-.\Y
'
1
Gi(jar ,
,- -
am
'Jh elum h ,,.? .,s
.'
- P u
urn
---..
:r. ",-;;.\-- Vale of A.A,,.: (.; 4 ,i.e.?;''''.-1
>::41 -.., ....4:,./.
'...-24;%).3.kashmir
1"tinch 0 N.
,8, . ;. ,. 1
ervon ,,,f0 A ,...- a
- .g ()\.o
0
aHavictorKi:;----.'? ..,..:,116" tr 1Y
rboure
Aber
cy dbegaltl ,m
?
o Wan
n .re-s'ervorr
g,
n South
?
China
u T ng :
Sea
'
-22?15
Tai
4
V
112ens
Itt! Terneuze
elzate
-......"..
5 ?
?
...Nis
itho
- -
.
UM?
Ali
ANI1101.4111.17
_A'11171
. ."------V)
Q
4111,
"It
I
Aldt
411kr4444:44141).Avat
tiribk.
,?:!'111111PIrti
5?' '
N.I? aMUrt'l
95 Secret
25X1
800971 (A06062) 9-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Bulgaria-Greece
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Neuilly (November 1919)
delimited border; demarcation in 1921
IBS: No. 56, October 1965
494
Scale 1:4,200,000
0 40 80 Kilometers
11 1 I
40 80 Miles
Bulgaria-Romania 608
Status: Demarcated. Western section (473
kilometers) formed by Danube using
thalweg principle
Treaty: Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Paris
(February 1947). Agreements defining
boundary: (Constantinople 1878;
exchange of notes to Treaty of Berlin
1880; Treaty of Peace, Bucharest,
1913; and Treaty of Craiova, 1940,
that restored southern Doliruja to
Bulgaria)
IBS: No. 53, June 1965
Scale 1:6,700,000
0 40 80 120 Kilometers
40 BO . 120 Miles
Bulgaria-Turkey 240
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Neuilly (November 1919);
demarcated 1921. Treaty of Lausanne
(July 1924) confirmed and
demarcation work
IBS: No. 49, May 1965
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:2,000,000
0 20 ?40 Kilometers
0 20 40 Miles
97
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
Track or trail
. M.
.
,Ell e
.4,1FIA
PI y
azarild
Stal'h're5 .
iv
Nov
ag
y
..c
VrArj1t
i
-
t
14 -S167.,6
Si hi kasi
JO'
,,
Ir0
?
DramOR
.t
4.
4.ant"'
M
ik,6
-'.."
t=k.' O
SO leng
a
!...,Y9
dkov
,o, S
Ko ?tint
4. 't12ter
,_, -
i
tit
k
fo. '
,hessa oni
t
,,,Th'6sos
atenion
.,. Alexandrodpolis
ptgoS
Samorhra
26 '
ai
A
800972 (A06063) 9-88 25)(1
tribe
at'
Sair
'I
P
:R
1111117
"!!,
N:
4
I u a
Cal- ?
l' ?
t?koi
raria 1.4`-7,
a
:9 ,
.
? ittil.
i .'lleif -L111417-MA ,a
Lam
4 0 6
yl vgr
Vrats
..
"Sbfia-
mitt?
Plev" n
.
Gitifgai-
t ea
.
t...,..?...,11
-,Zhii
- i ra,,,7'
s.
8?s '
_
Al
e ?
'
Ihu IP
iurga
arna

'Black:
2
To,d.ha
./.....,
3} _ .d Kh
;
o ifri. '
-
800973 (A06064) 9-88
Secret
800974 (606065) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Bulgaria-Yugoslavia 539
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Peace between Allied
powers and Bulgaria (November
1919) delimited boundary;
demarcation (1920-22). Treaty of
Paris (February 1947) reaffirmed
post-World War I boundary
IBS: No. 130, October 1972
Scale 15,800,000
0 50 100 Kilometers
F
50
100 Miles
Czechoslovakia-German Democratic Republic 459
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Versailles (June 1919);
integrated into Germany (1938-39);
restored as Czechoslovak Republic
in 1945 with pre-1938 boundaries
IBS: None
Scale 1:2,900,000
25 50 Kilometers
liii lhl
f
O 25 50 Miles
Czechoslovakia-Germany, Federal Republic of 356
Status: ? Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Versailles (June 1919);
integrated into Germany (1938-39);
restored as Czechoslovak Republic
in 1945 with pre-1938 boundaries.
Czechoslovakia-Federal Republic
of Germany Boundary Protocol
(July 1961) confirmed pre-1938
boundary, including border
resurvey and marker replacement
IBS: None
Reverse Blank
Scale 13,500,000
O 20 40 60 Kilometers
Ili ,1 1,
O 20 40 60 Miles
99
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
tall.i:: 'g.
Kra j v 111
N i , ? Cratov
?ors _40 di
Rom se

h- --
A,
Kraljev
?..4?' ?
I
,Paz Var
4, '''
,,, ''t
11.:4A
e6 r:c::'"ra:40. !
co ;*i
,- -.r
71U
I ,sDev,e
'relay? '11Sk s
ula
:
?M,.....,,,...., .
Vratse
:A, ": ._.,,.
4-
,Dimitrov. ad, :/-IS
NI AIM, f--.
''.. '4. -P\e*ri-nik7al:ti
enF;
... 1' f, 7
liAL
.4....
uRtrjen 131ago 91 d
.,..--
a
?
.,
Yantia
r
.Gabrovo r
? t
0
a
.,.., azardu
GA 1 'A-r.
rdzhik ploy iv
r4
Titov .Vel
ALi
Oh d Prilep2i
re'
.,,.....
(0-4' ,r, k
, ailog
tt 4-..4,

Neff
iSror
4 '
Khas ova
'
- ,
dzhabe
o ottd '
800975 (A06066) 9-88
12
' ...".IF '4- -I
cls--, ? i
i _ \i
"."0 NI6(
A 1
e ssen S..
4,,,:i9e,
u)
....
3
.
ROL. .
0113au ze
Garb
i ? .41,..?
!..
L g
Ilie4g:L
eitz
nbur
- 'AO
.Zwick:4 ) ?0?,
nnab
Buchho
Aye; ly
e
ch lberg
'
ent -4ete%ohre
PE1
Kr. lice
Sokoto
'',"'
re btr
Alte
.,,."? Ibe u 4
Te

, S
, ofv.)?, -f
loyir.VaTl
L.: OV'*0.
? ' :?-? -- .,
A u
Dem
4P-
. 1141 I' Liber
,.....,
Usti,nad
/Labeili '"`"7...,-
llig ,--.?_7. Ac4Me , ada
/Bolesla, v
?
'Vltava elk
? ,. ,- -'',--.1
c
unnrit/I&NRIIIIIIIIN.
e finalbor'ders-
RM
en este
*
-,. -?,,.
fished
\.,.
. 1,. ?Axe
Vier
t
4 (145.
800976 (A06067) 9-88
..., .
.,-
,-0-
- N,0*r...t4
utmbach
' -..,..f.1
?
r' REP.'/
--.....
Illik..
...".0
e 4
h utov
006,
flovy#:
ary 't 0
,,
*11
lb
...falai.
"1:
,e7
Ay r..,,4
Ki RE
abor
Pis k el
5
i. lte
Bayreuth.:* 44
) ' R
Wei
Yfohe
411?. nb
?
.
Maria
Laz
,,k?
Bor
.....
.-4-,...k a P'
.per
# .6.1''-'?
she IP e.tWar'
a
4/4
irx zen 4 .,41
4 S LI 0
r
Kla ov
...,.....
- 'eine
+ , tide?,
Ce
.eripto
-49
0
4 ,
n'It ItVetr,7" 12
trau i g
Deg - , -k
. 0-.
andshut ,'''' 13
*e
- 0 z
11,
0,5,.y
'..e. -.'et-1 A S
. 49
( \
.ge Ki.plic'e
RIAii,', :
Secret
25X1
25X1
800977 (A06068) 9-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Czechoslovakia-Hungary
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Trianon (June 1920)
delimited boundary; demarcation
1921-25. Treaty of Peace with
Hungary (February 1947) restored
boundary as of 1 January 1938,
negating Vienna Awards (1938)
IBS: No. 66, March 1966
676
Scale 1:5,300,000
O 50 100 Kilometers
1 1
50
100 Miles
Czechoslovakia-Poland
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Council of Allied Ambassadors
(July 1920) delimited boundary;
Germany incorporated
Czechoslovakia (1938-39).
Conference on border differences
(1956); redemarcation of boundary
completed (1958), including minor
border adjustments
IBS: None
1,309
Note: Czech-Polish dispute from World War I until after World
War II over Cieszyn (Tesin) area, mostly in Czechoslovakia,
inhabited by sizable Polish population.
Scale 1:8,000,000
O 50 100 150 Kilometers
I
0 50 130 150 Miles
Czechoslovakia-USSR 98
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Moscow Agreement (June 1945)
between Czechoslovakia and
USSR transferred Ruthenia to
Soviet sovereignty. Minor
deviations from the Ruthenian
provincial boundary were included
in the agreement
IBS: No. 77, June 1967
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:1,400,000
O 10 20 30 Kilometers
t,i
r
O 10 20 30 Miles
101
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
7 lorho c,
,It.,,
9P7,cri:i
...-, ,
Zit
1159*
...,,,
E ak'
-Yr" ;
1,..?'"r
. -i'
1)::
-e,
,
0 1 e
2_,,
Sanbk
?
Hmenn ,

....-.....:.-4,-
a .
's i
49 ., C
N f
:any
II
. 13r4a 4
IL
*
t ?tt .tt
Pr
. gpa
1,",
,immigi.
IP
ir

V
. Z
Nitra i evice
Novt
/emit
-4-9,,,f '
ell ? .
"4 a'7c
Sahy
--"'?? Wat
,..,
Ozd
laol SI
if "4?
,
atahaa_
,....
0.101
.
Va ',!fig'
at
da p es
Ear
an Ito
14tregyhaza
radea
--. . -
a tSe
17 18
" ?
01-
II;
r ? _
0212 IA
ine171:74 den pl Gelman,
have nil beep retablished.
800978 (A06069) 9-88
141.11;i
utfaefessarile.ipthlRiPti,e.
? 4
repreAstilipolf i
I,, / ,c
'220no
, .
?
0 , % PCILAND
2
!
..t
,
,....
eco
I.
,- ? Hum
' Stiaiske.-----'1
. 0,,
..:..-.,,,
?
joie
Snine
ant ..- - \ ,
, , s 'II
I , -4
I..,0 V A VI (_,A
Odoln n.9V1,-
- ZempllAkt
yic alovce so (ante
..._
--
i ..
7 VeliklY Be
,. ?
.,__T,b,,,,,,,,,..._.,
' S -
rechin
_ _A
te. x
_Stavnote ,
.._Kiiinarriikie,' .
-17

...-
zniq \ ' \....
..,. _ . ,
,
Ni .1 0 ,
'Frau
-
?
Vel'aty
4''
I '4
a V
Ka ?
lit
l'k ...
u? ny
'erne
Wis?
u
,
-
h . e n
?
Svaryavai
i
i ' --"
Mukechevo"../..?,
,
...
.
- --1,-----,
45 .._4!'
p te
j?
G,R11' ir I )
2240'
I 1
? ?-,
23?
I
Secret
25X1
25X1
800980 (A06071) 9-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Denmark-Germany, Federal Republic of
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty between Allied powers and
Denmark (July 1920) confirmed
division of Schleswig, following a
plebiscite to determine sovereignty.
Demarcation was completed in 1921
IBS: No. 81, June 1968
68
Scale 1:1,500,000
O 10 20 30 Kilometers
I
O 10 20 30 Miles
Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania
Status: The United States does not recognize
the incorporation of these three Baltic
states into the Soviet Union in 1940
Scale 1:11,500,000
O 100 200 Kilometers
O 100 200 Miles
Finland-Norway
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: -Initial delimitation and, in places,
marking the border (1751, 1826);
modern survey and demarcation,
Finland-Norway agreement (1925)
IBS: None
729
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:4,700,000
O 40 80 Kilometers
"
O 40 30 Miles
103
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
North Sea oma
-55?15'
Ia
b
e Sitarlb
!) k
kolk
Rome
List r
esterland
- Sylt
U.
frogirs
D E
egumkloster
F hr
Wyk
AMILIA1
I,F.59 o
O ? H00610
0
6?3?? ? rE'; 01:
z
d r
ley
and r4
Siideirlm pa
30' ....I
Assess
Hadertl
V t"
111)
Ahri
- AirP144411
ns v
Als
? beget
ensborg
Fjord
io
F)n
55,
doERAL
Iredstedt
OF
T
lensbur
EP
A N Yr,
Schleswi
10?
800981 (606072)9.88
2.0 FINLAND 02'4 Gulf of Finland 28 Viingrad 31
tockh
3-SWEDEN
3
1-58
ndmq
iM
Hiiumaa
Saaremaa
Ventspils
\'''?? Liepaja
-56 q'
Klaipeda
Ta
4
? of
Riga
It
lining
Gdah 45-14111111112,
5 4 _ Irtyr
"on 110
ugav
oundali
Baltic sta
time '
Grad
rota
The Veiled stile, Gsvernment let MN retspntred be
ortearpritlei at Worn, 131,13. and lithmia Into
Me Soviet UM", OtIm blonder, representation Is not
?eseally ,
800982 (A06106)9-88
25X1
25X1
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Finland-Sweden
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Finland-Sweden Treaty (June
1921)
IBS: None
536
Scale 1:7,200,000
O 40 80 120 Kilometers
O 40 80 120 Miles
Finland-USSR
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Peace between Finland
and USSR (October 1920);
demarcation and subsequent
protocols continued through 1938.
Treaty of Moscow (March 1940)
redefined the Karelia and Saila
sectors of the border and provided
for demarcation. Armistice with
Finland (1944) and Peace Treaty
with Finland (February 1947)
altered the boundary alignment in
the Petsamo area at Finland's
expense
IBS: No. 74, February 1967
1,313
Scale 1:18,600,000
O 100 200 300 Kilometers
I.1
O 100 200 300 Miles
France-Germany, Federal Republic of
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Versailles (June 1919)
restores 1870 Franco-German
boundary (excepting Saar area);
redemarcation and minor
rectifications after 1919 and in
post-1949 years
IBS: None
451
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:4,000,000
O 40 80 Kilometers
I
(1J1111 I
O 40 80 Miles
105
International boundary
Other international boundary
?,?,?,? Railroad
Road
Soda
111 L N
rvi
K mijiirvi
okkmo
sylk KAhdalis
"adieu,
800984 (A06074) 9-88
Sundousiv:l:apuloloii
ygivieothnia
alitesic,.1,,:JAY_
aW ?
ell B?EL.
116,,
L guyon
erdun-su
-.-- Me e?
$
o
.---.
Er ig
IS -a
S
.
erk' .4 "
Name ?lautec
".' ....---
enA,/.....- -
-"I'
' Pirmasens
? M .rjrn hie ilriti."'Is; '
,,,,
iht...?. l?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
France-Italy
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Italian Peace Treaty of 1947; several
small areas transferred to France
totaling 693 square kilometers.
Additional minor rectifications since
then
IBS: No. 4, May 1961
488
Scale 1:4,500.000
O 40 80 Kilometers
r?
O 40 80 Miles
France-Luxembourg 73
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Paris (1815), Treaty of
Courtrai (March 1820). At the time
Luxembourg was part of Belgium and
Holland
113S: None
Scale 1:600,000
O 5 10 Kilometers
I
O 5 10 Miles
France-Spain 623
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: France-Spain Boundary Treaty (July
1868) summarized earlier agreements
on delimitation and demarcation.
Minor rectifications (1906, 1928).
Redemarcation following Spanish Civil
War (1936-39)
IBS: None
Scale 1:5,800,000
? 50 100 Kilometers
'rj
O 50 100 Miles
Reverse Blank 107
International bounda y
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
i - --4
?' 1...zierti,
41 8WITZ

: 4---'
'
nibie
to f Cham Tilarpipar;",..-
'''
r mp", " ar
Albertvil it..
,,.
, tModill
'T,Lienel de
ICourmAa oy sei
ta ,t c.
PonliST,O;, iy
SP00a ....
Susa ,
r lip,
r-A4.51,H-0>gi
alence jf, _
__,;.F1 R
,
-.Or' ', \
i.,....., Sis2ron
,11-J #2,
'Bronco ? .
C 4?
0,17
arcetannitte
, '1% N._
1 41 ii-N.
111
t 0^ Kir'','
jevirr
e; le", u--
Frer
Limon
,he Piemon
i
dri&-sr
ft. t74,-,--.'
aCe ' - entimiglia
'
IIIM
"a..-,
ssandri I
Ligurian
Sea
, lassie
er
44_
Mediterranean
8 Sea 4
800987 (A06077)9-88
?. 5?
1111101InIMOPANDIIIMMW6?20'
Ca ellen gpirier-.
.
X E r 1
Z '
. ..
-
,,- ontpierre
'eUe'' ou 1
soliffatiMells
4
?Schuttrange ,,, -
e.
.
,.."
e
-,...
ErS e
Mondo
e50'
4
t)
.
ich.1
.:- C.
ER.
. BEL .
I
thu
-4466,4
0
..liznirt..
...' ?
nfort
eta
iii ,
oft,
ippa-hp
2-*
'
..or.tt'g?
Differda-nge.
_
-111106,73,54
8 i
- Afillers.
AT'
Audun- j
le Tiche
omen '
,
fidelang
I ).
r
ande
onville
.Ev.range
C ntz-
celes Bain
\:
,
ilPert
,/ ?
..sierck.
4',..et: ?:- "
0'-
? _Je. '
Hetth'nge-G
J-
..e. / e.
800988 (A06078)9-88
1Bay
of ALAgen
A./tont-re-
Marsa
41
ve6s....
.
ir .14
- ,
2
r--
4',0 .111-1k -Monte ?
,,
Auch Toulon
F R A N
T rbe m.
, , g
ii?, r. .
, --?' 1
r
--..
./
?- Millau
1-r,
lhi
.
. -----,
'-rc-iakssON:an:eb.:B!Cen ei
Gull
0,
v? Peyign , Lion
'
It. -.? pti-4...
_
Biscay
iarritz
J...
an ?,?
bast! 41.,
r? ,
..
,,
i 'iiaorta '',1
rld ?
...L
.1
a '?? .11 z? Purgterd
ariiiiro
, ,. ,
?3', '11
T dellit ?? "
n!
ah, H CA',
?:,,,`T---Zar... '
?. elate d ?
,,r....,..ea
..klmt.....0,1)3
..." 4 , (
'Manresi-
dor
1,1 Seron

Ba
-.?BriareelonaSieeaadc
Secret
25X1
25X1
800989 (A06079)9-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
France-Switzerland 573
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Declaration at Congress of Vienna
(1815) and subsequent demarcation
agreement (1824). Minor changes
(December 1862 and February
1957)
IBS: No. 11, October 1961
Scale 1:3,300,000
O 20 40 60 Kilometers
r
? 40 4'0 60 Miles
German Democratic Republic?
Germany, Federal Republic of
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Protocol, United States, United
Kingdom, and USSR (September
1944) concerning dividing
Germany into zones of occupation.
Zonal lines, with some exceptions,
followed German internal
administrative (land) boundaries.
Changes made (September 1945)
per agreement between Soviet and
American military commanders,
plus other minor rectifications. In
November 1978 a border protocol
was signed, following completion of
the inspection and marking of the
border, by a joint border
commission.
1,381
Note: Since the 1960s there has been a minor dispute over the
proper location of the boundary in a 95-kilometer section where the
Elbe River forms the border. The position of the US Government is
that the final borders of Germany have not been established.
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:3,400,000
O 20 40 60 Kilometers
I
O 20 40 .0 Miles
109
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
f'c?Besanc
ni
/4,66.4
mu!.z Belfo cp AP, s \ ER.GlirloPe*""
4-.
r i elle
s
,
ono? - ' . '-...,
?tr,
Ts,
L
Rht e
Zeno
cern
4
F R .---' -
IrrVallo
La ?
rne
Bour ., Volt ir
- s
- ,.
,13Beurgeuy lliolf:e
- 6 mie Ju
--) . ice. ?
Neuch , er
enter I
' Lac de
Neuc , Fribourg , Thun
r" tide
S ,Z- T' iti,.%
Glede aus 1 r?i er1,1 ' ,?,,, ./...., 1 ii j
.i O ' ..x , -.fr
f il e
't
.i;Glets.
4r-
tik
aint -- s , c?s 4 .13rig
GI olph ';
onthelt .
.111'. ionz5 1.,
nnertfass ''
. ii, I eit.tAl
li/01:rti.:yiVilleint.? .,
'oreilfre
,,,a
7 ;
11, f
JULY.
800990 (A06080)9-88 25X1
Neurniinster
54
Lubeck?,
Bucht g
astock
ltze
Ham
Ai;
..Z
F E
-53
'1,...Ral
RdelleL
Mittelland
kanal
Libec ,
-
tlbe \
ubec ?
Kanal
r)
arzenbe
ismer
. etiin.
.Wittenb rg
&de`
strew 41k
Ne st elit
s---....,
nberge II
3
neburg
E R
SchlackenliQ)
Llel zen
Be...../1
rgenj-,
1.
\ ?Mellin
,,,, U r,_ A/4?

.
M A Y
---
'll
wede
mitten
Kan
.
) ?ftiEws..4
Magdebur ,s.
i
.
"
52-
!
.
in?over N.
aunsch
?
" ' f liaV
liortheim Herzberg,
A , . am Harz Al
I
II 4rsta dlr.' Nord
Goinge ,../...P --
ss el 1 ei i enstadt
Eschwe Miihlhau
i
Unstru?
-,-? '
4 ...,
D
Halbertstadt
u..;
1..,,,
ause,n, a
H I
eipz
\Weil enfels
REP
BL
Altenburg
I
I -
Her
;
,..jr-,1
uld:,
' V::: itegiib="
, ?\
...)
? '' ? ., , .....t
//!?,? 'Meinin Ira
? t'..j...s..S 4
?
aalfel. a',/
/ c/ ?? ---
H f
Kronach
.. , . A
r a .4W
jaer ????-?
Mann
-? - - . i'll?S
14 ri -,
I
Secret
600991 (A06081)0-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
I.
?
?
A
?
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
German Democratic Republic?Poland
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Provisional boundary established along
Oder-Neisse (rivers) line by Potsdam
Conference (August 1945); East Prus-
sia divided between Poland and USSR.
Treaty of Zgorzelec (July 1950) provid-
ed for delimitation and demarcation
(1951)
456
Note: The United States' position is that the permanent boundary
awaits a final peace conference.
Scale 1:6,500,000
O 40 80 120 Kilometers
t ,
O 40 80 120 Miles
Germany, Federal Republic of?Luxembourg
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty between Federal Republic of
Germany and Luxembourg (July 1959)
returned small parcel of territory to
Germany and reinstated Luxem-
bourg's boundary to its pre-1938
position
IBS: None
138
Scale 1:1,400,000
O 10 20
I
O 10
30 Kilometers
20 30 Miles
Germany, Federal Republic of?Netherlands
Status:
Treaty:
IBS:
Demarcated
Paris Protocol (March 1949) and sub-
sequent demarcation made a number
of minor changes. Other minor
changes, including defining a line in
the Ems estuary, Germany-Nether-
lands Treaty (August 1960)
No. 31, April 1964
577
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:6,200,000
O 40 80 120 Kilometers
, t
O 40 80 120 Miles
111
International boundary
Other international boundary
Greifswald
ee
Railroad
Road
eke 11.el borrlels If GU...1y 00 .11 Ores
beee.ablislud. INtRO hes ItessedbeL
fasteig:.
:;seel...11-11ellie^HoFere,1-- -
tIfija0jLirigOdNeto otuif
p,r,otertjDzit'slat,h,
800992 (A06082) 9-88 25)(1
t Fos's?
Islands Wilhelmsha?Bart
Delfr Emden
Secret
RM
Siegen.
_erste
the tbo ers'o De
?el deen:.,eslat9 ed
800994 (A06084) 9-88
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
25X1
25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Germany, Federal Republic of?Switzerland
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Switzerland's integrity and its frontiers
were recognized at the Congress of
Vienna (March 1815). Demarcation
and subsequent minor modifications,
including February 1957 border recti-
fication and German-Swiss agreement
on territorial adjustment
IBS: None
334
Scale 1:2,200,000
O 20 40 Kilometers
1 1 11 11 1
O 20 410 Miles
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)?Spain 1.2
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Utrecht (1713); confirmed by
later treaties (1763, 1783)
IBS: None
Note: Talks between Spain and Britain began in 1966 over
Gibraltar's future status. A referendum (June 1967) was over-
whelmingly in favor of continued British rule. Spain closed the
boundary (1969); after talks, the border was reopened (December
1982) on a restricted basis. Talks reopened in 1985.
Scale 1:29,400
O 5 5 Kilometer
O Ii 'A Mile
Greece-Turkey
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Lausanne between Turkey
and Allied powers (June 1923)
No. 41, November 1964
IBS:
206
Scale 1:2,000,000
0 20 40 Kilometers
I till
I 0 20 40 Miles
Reverse Blank 113
International boundary
?,Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
,
-v,
..0"... A.....71
l Ore,-EITAjnag-eri
/
.4,
0. V30'
( , I
.-? Flottiniei
N V ?
FED E '
i
'
.."...-Cre ?11?
ill ?,'Y
'1_ ' P
'tEhingen n?
Ili?
anuba I
? -.1,-/
auigau
.
?
ar '
8 ?.
4.1i.
.l
?
Frei
e
7,13,1 a
umh ...,??er
G. .-- A,;F
, ro.;
r, .?, ?,? ,.....,
, tire - W
Rheinf e
tt. ? -
111
ir
;4,0
91
......."
ot rn
turgd_aLf... ,
.
c k ?? .
t Titisee
s 1
,,,, .: Scha
Idshut /
., 7
er'
1 ...,?,
_WITIE
S
I ,

"Lucern
,
-.40.......-
' 1 Tutt in
.;k1 A N
%.?
.4
Nkt4_, NI.
1 n' ' 4 - "
USI g4p4" e1
LYN.% ?1466.
intert .
dirich
.9 i
''' ND,.(
Zug
Niederufa
? t
en
Y
Ravens
Bodense
'. ita ....
Kreu lin
shafen
in illy
?
Sank
.),, i.GailF-
wi.ttwii ,??-?
.
..,-....... Av
"7.01
'VII. ?
Rlyn
(
,
IA

. uzil

800995 (A06085)9-88 25)(1
5?2130"
Muelle de
San Felipe
(pier)
5,?I. a Li n'e,a .0iletetletalion
Ospillir
Northern limit .
neutral zone e- blitbed by
subsequent ag eenrent 173
it
iollisiilative.
36?
breakwater,y
Ba of 'ce
.
,...
09'
30"
0:1
50
C
ra
a)
C'
andSPAIN
stoms 19 0
Pass
Wh
Gibraltar
ill
Air terminal
North Ironl
Airfield
Bayside Marina
nger
rf ...ft.. .
i b-ral
mitre?36
a're W i
r
"
Gibraltar
Har i
bour
0Tif-miliv
-im
-VgliN
V2
tft b alterYs.
tablisheiby Tfeat.
13
,o'l ypecht, Z)..
' ).,1 NW
`.2ppso
e?
?--..
-0
I7.1
'4.
i
'- }
09'
800996 (A06098)9-88 25)(1
-
Perpete 'ArOf'
(41 ? I
. . r26.30
Ortnem ii- -"...?....-_
-.2.,w???
Kastane
? 0.
Orestia;
- ?
27?
Edirne _0.,
- ,J
Havsa ."
rklareli
*
KrunA_1,igrad
Avfen '7'04,-
'Kekhrros,r ,.?''
1 i r?
'-..-.
' E?E^.
.... ,
-4 ? Sapaiff -'' -
.
,,,r Pitt'
..e? r itigibimotikhen
?41 'ufilm., M
4 _." , .. Et
c
T h ICUPI-
'r- ? .
C. : ? ''
Tikher'
e
Ihrik
aes
. alto T
Hamidiye --jr:
-?, :
e
Liileburga
-
-.1R K' ,E Y
Hayrabolu
41?
4.? ...,..?
Alexa drotipolis
'
lpsal
.l.'
Pasaymit -
,
,- , Net-61i
__
Gulf of Enez
26
,
4)---- ',
_.....- .
Ener, , ' 26
Keian ' Malkara
Sane
A,4 I ra
30 ,...., ...'''''.X-.37,s if .
.t.. /
Secret
25X1
800997 (A06086)9-88 25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary
Length
(kilometers)
Greece-Yugoslavia 246
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Alliance between Greece and
Serbia (June 1912); demarcation essen-
tially completed (1913)
IBS: No. 79, April 1968
Scale 1:2,400,000
O 20 40 Kilometers
11 't 1
I
O 20 40 Miles
Hungary-Romania 443
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Trianon (June 1920) estab-
lished boundary commission to demar-
cate border. Treaty of Peace with
Hungary (1947) restored boundary as
of 1 January 1938 based on 1920
treaty and subsequent demarcation
work
IBS: No. 47, April 1965
Note: The annexation of Transylvania by Romania, legitimized by
the Trianon Treaty, was opposed by irredentist groups in Hungary.
About half the territory was returned to Hungary by terms of the
Vienna Award (1940), then reverted to Romania in 1945. Hungary
has not officially raised the issue since then.
Scale 1:3,900,000
O 25 50 7,8 Kilometers
I
O 25 50 75 Miles
Hungary-USSR 135
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Peace between the Allied
powers and Hungary (June 1920) de-
tached Ruthenia from Hungary and
joined it to Czechoslovakia; Hungary-
Czechoslovakia boundary demarcated
1921-25. Treaty of Peace with Hunga-
ry (February 1947) restored the bound-
ary to its pre-1938 location
IBS: No. 76, April 1967
Note: Czechoslovakia ceded Ruthenia to the USSR in the Moscow
Agreement (June 1945) creating the Hungary-USSR boundary;
location confirmed by Treaty of Peace with Hungary (February
1947)
Reverse Blank
Scale 1:1,000,000
O 10 20 Kilometers
I
O 10 210 Miles
115
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
? 2 ? li --1--st-t....J.
-_-21
/ ,--)
--?
. . ?: Bogom-
, cevo op
-.
30 1 itovVeles ?04%.....? '130.'4:0,:llti----);-2's.ii
7 ? =,-,..-- Rad
, rf i ' k.---?
. ,i-?, \ `,' .
To- 4.--...., ?
"--.... -;er: BULG.
kiik f,?-? :.,!... "-
`4?7" ,
''..,,,
A
-"--1 j
....._
,-
,,,
-1 ligsen
-e I LakePolgtast
.i.? ( , Ne , 1
i S- ki_
Pr4p.:,:,T
j 0 _."?? Oneki_ite
I
,
,.......1 ,t---
' ---0 ?
4(
o P., -0._
-Sire
.-A,--', 1.-'..'
1, / ? I.,?__.
'7 0 Miravci
Tbe b -

lca -1.1?'?
, -.-4,Pdie.
Lake
%, ??, ile, flodrheilolis-
, vzonoi
-t?
?-7-Y
-.
41?
1 ,
'
IllknPual-
? Ier',?
.1
.9
,.."
Arldhala
) Kilkfs---
,
Thes alert
\kV
.. Ai(
VeLgurrItis
i ,
' olemats?_
,
udhla
a 6s
C
:Veroia g, C'
.
,
mg; A:ikr
jr-. 13 Fldrina
)
, L Ii nn,
Kasbort
K ...
''' --". ,r
i30: ',
ei 2
,
cir,,Ijire Os 2
. 40?30
. ' Thermark6s
30 t Kolpos,
800998 (A08087) 9-88 25)(1
Aii->A.
C-ZICF1r.r._, -Iirairlir?.
-.-, *L. '? ,.?77' ' zit
.4141i
OVI .- ' ' Ot1
."-' ?" se 't
i
Gyong
?
'eoln;
47
.17
os
?l?-' ?'''
,_ - /1-'1;8'--e
';???'" ri?
iZ.,
,?
5 Nal6ci
i -AN,'
ii ?
r -

. --"".---A.:
, ..A.,,Alba,
lulia
3 .--,
800999 (A06088) 9-88 25X1
?
to
../..
? Cie!-"a
nadJiso
441;;;4110461^
.20 ' Arnill
22?20'
iice-ON: .
ezded
Mukachevo CI ?' 0d (2131,
o '0,tlI,,
., "? . ?'
abich vo ?,> ? ,44
.....,
I E --, r
zlovoyel S 7 ? *20'
-'4111F
?ndo Canya
rise. ifr4
A nyosap
Kisverda
?"
kovoye
U100
? a
\
\
Beregsurany
N
eregovo /
0
plAjak
U N .G A
VisarosrAi
0
- Y
ergs
z
Vinog
k,4.. _....,
tmarcse 10
r al
48?
...ilia
7111/
22?
:aktaloranthazayar
I, .
22?a0,
ateszal
)
22?40
1 Hal
Rozsaly , ? R ?
, Za
u
Secret
801000 (A06089) 9-88 25)(1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/26: CIA-RDP90T00008R000200120001-1
Secret
Boundary Length
(kilometers)
Hungary-Yugoslavia 631
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty of Trianon (June 1920) delimit-
ed boundary and provided for demar-
cations; treaty between Allied powers
and Hungary (February 1947) restored
pre?World War II boundary. Bound-
ary redemarcated (1954-57)
IBS: None
Note: The Banat area located at the juncture of Hungary, Roma-
nia, and Yugoslavia, and with a sizable Hungarian population, was
divided by the Trianon Treaty (1920), a decision opposed by
Hungary at the time and a territorial claim raised periodically by
Hungary until the 1950s.
Scale 1:5,000,000
O 50 100 Kilometers
'1"b
o 180 Miles
Ireland-United Kingdom 360
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Treaty (December 1921) legalized divi-
sion of Ireland; boundary delimited
and marked (1925)
IBS: None
Scale 1:2,800,000
O 25 50 Kilometers
I
O 25 50 Miles
Italy-Switzerland 740
Status: Demarcated
Treaty: Numerous treaties, agreements, and
demarcation work affecting very small
-boundary sectors. Major treaties and
demarcation after Napoleonic Wars
(1815), transfer of South Tyrol to Italy
(from Austria), Treaty of St. Germain
(1919), and other minor rectifications
(1941-58)
IBS: No. 12, October 1961
Scale 1:3,800,000
O 25 50 75 Kilometers
O 25 50 75 Miles
Reverse Blank 117
International boundary
Other international boundary
Railroad
Road
)1
. All RIA
17
rt
ely
Varp;lota-?
Veszprem
1"
, Sze e
? apes
rya
20
-
dot
alaege
nom
0 dev
unau arosl
ks
z k
K cskem
ARY
anube
zard
NIPja-
410"
Szege
u
,
: e
....-
4
' Sisak
, ,...-...
...... "
40.6
4
.' Be
?,:at.Giosa}k...ao
fk
1 Ma astir
i7
Of
6.
Bete
It-anal
?
. ......,,
)18 ,,,B 1 ' 19
1I:
el
767, ?
801001 (A06090)9-88 25)(1
North Atlantic
0 c e'a n
?
irgiri.d-1
- " ? '"14-4Sil,fihil
Clungtd-
a.,
?Ardar -.1.?,04:
D-"g?'"
Donegal
Ballyshannon
l -`N- \?-
Blaik 1
`',.. .,
54 ' le
8
^....
MOvil
..,,,......;