RESEARCH IN PLANT BREEDING IN GORKI LENINSKIE, EXPERIMENTAL BASE OF THE LENIN AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 447
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 16, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
U-)7
,a7,4441-P-e-46( S-6
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Andreev, G. Gorki Lon skie. Selek. I teen.
14 (11): 41-62; (12): 27-62. 1947. 61.9 Se6
Nesearch in plant breed in in t.he Gorki Leninakie,
Experirental base of the Aenin Agricultural Aeademy
of Sciences.
Traneiated from the Ressian
To the eputh of goscow, on 30.th kll efer a o g.te 'shir
roadway, lieu the farm on 'eh ohAs located the Experinental station of
the Lenin Academy of Agricultural SCiences Leninekie. It i
situated
n Q pictureaque spot along the banke of the river Pakbri,
OD wide hill, amidst amdzed park-foreet. n the center of this
area ie small park surrounded by a fence. Vere atill feeds an old
homestead with pillars. Thia is the place where V. I. Lenin ipent his
last yoarn.
For ca
se aait
purposes :the t tien
COM.
Aside from .the plots a
comparat velv very 1are,
leaat F.:10 heaters
d to o per ntel plantings, large area
are devoted to production aowii. There le a urlety of product
cattle and horses.
The
teflon ponseaee n :adegute number,bu 'dings for produe7
tion,administration, and reidcnta1 purposes. It is supplied with
automobilea, tractors, airiouttura1 equipment, and machinery. The
production faeilitiee at the steton are also adequate to pernit the
copdecting of experiment on a larger scale ihould there be need for
It.
Uere,:under the cuideace of the academician D., Lysenko, president
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
11,
- 2 -
Andreov, G.
Gorki 4ninekie
of the Lenin Aoademy of Agricultural Sciences, a amall group of
scientific research paraonnel works under the leadership of fir.
Donat Alekaandrov ch Dolt,uchin and the szember-correspondent of the
Academy of Science, Dr. Artavaz Arshakovich Avakien. The necessary
staff of te Ital.:alms supplements the outfit. The subjects under re-
search deal with problems of developing plants, as used in practical
plant-growing. In this article Nye shall attempt to provide a brief
survey of the scope of research done on the premises, without aiming,
at covering the subjeot in full.
One of the principal erperizsents is devoted to work on kok-
saghyz, Tarazacum kok-seghys, rubber-beering plant. The work was
begun several years ago. Ito aim was to learn how to produce ko
saghyz, since the prevailing re thoda did not insure satisfactory
results in production. In practice one was confronted with the he di-
cey of obtaining crops that Vero sparse and vary poor. It was essen-
tial to study the peculiarities of the development of kok-saghyz,
with particular reference to the problem of working out a method
producing "oloso opo.
Kok-sahyz does not tolerate a deep filling-in of its seeds. In
order to obtain good crops the seeds have to remain at the topmost
layer or the soil, and at that in humid soil. The drying out of the
upper soil layer destroys the shoots or the young growth. t ffvorable
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
. --
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
1. ?
Andre
Gorki
G.
.nf4lekia.
-.s.t-p of conditions for .gro h i.e practically pm4ud.4 within .the
limits of former M hods.
The plants crow ?lowly in the frt stages, and Weeds rapidly
truct:and ollig the young growth. The otrigl. ith vivede ueed to
revive an enormous ameunt of ranual labor during the busiest period
? of spring psatin:L. Under ordinary conditions kok-ea4hys became In,
-variably:overgrown- ulth weeds, Observat' on showed that in order:to
guard its existence and ob'ain a "close" growth of the plant, its
nt waa of P
y importance , it had to be done in groups
clumps, neat*. The ozjierItent of sowiew plants in ."neets roduced
7415TY Ccod resu
Letalle of teet-s
withdamo turtle and the
urther exp rod. eedawere mixed
cowing wae done in pinches of this miyturs
which was spread: over required distance* end patted down by hand or
foot. The result wan that the sends were lyinc at come depth, in a
damp layer of soil assured of nutrition from the humus, and situated
in groups,neata. rC ethod rCsulted in close growth.
;he nent Wathod-ef plantin oleo produced excellent results in
actual production areas where it lots widely practiced. ezeured
considerable increase in yield end ened the labor of only 10,1S
workers per hactar.
It further necers..ry. to work out a methodmtioh wld nsure
ood
tweet of cots,- while at the same time not -exceed the claim
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
' ?Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
And reev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
on labor per hec ar in the growing of kok-saghyz above that spent on
any other field crops, potatoes, in particular. Thie problem wan again
solved in planting by the nest-method. It vas found that the planting
of kok-seghyz in nests insured such a development of plant and also
? such yield of roots per heetar that it was possible to place the nests-
in-betveen rows and the spaces between the nests, allowing the lenAh -
and crosswise use of cultivators between the rows.
40,000 nests per hectar insure %very high yield of roots. The
sowing In nests may be done in square-marked fields, but the nest-
method is preferable to the row-method of planting, when using the
manual method of hoeing within, the row between the nests.' In the
former row-planting method It had been necessary to cultivate exclu-
sively, by ha& not using a hoe. The problem of in-between rows of
cultivating kok-s ghyt was, now solved with a minimum expense in labor.
.The third most important problem in the growing of kok-saghyz is
the matter of gathering its seeds. The manual method places too high
a demand upon labor. D. I. Filippov constructed a simple machine for
gathering seed on the premises of the station. This equipment was of
two types - for manu1 use and of the horse-driven kind. The manual
equipnent takee the place of 15 laborers, the horse-driven one - that
of 25 field-hands. he peculiar construction of the equipment contri-
buted unexpectedly to the radical improvement of the quality of seeds.
411_ It was found that the machine gathered only the ripened seeds of kok-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
And ree
Gorki Len
k e
while in applying' the urnnlethod ell ripe and unripe heads .
sere brown into one pile, the suboequet t sorting proceve not elici-
og fully tho ttnkly and Unripe seeds.
Finally the:everiments showed that nest-sowing led not only
to e reduction In. labor, but also to a Min!mum lOes of the roots
taining in the soil since te latter were- picked in bunches arid
not seprte1.
At .presont-e special
people and 2 ,horse
gather5ng
toady brigade of workerb, otneisting of 12
5a assigned to,work-of:s ng cultivating', the
do end roota on a plantation of 24 hectare. Lech
woman-workeef takes
. of two hectare of kok-saghys: durl n -the season.
? The labor, aent on the .growing of s hettur of ko-8Sjbyt, under
Ia method, does not e Coed that spent on a beater of pottAto plant-
work of further isproving the methods with the view -of in-
creasing the yield or kok-saghyscontinue;. An ordin ry,horse-drivet
plow is adapted for rarking the seding area. The front control of
this, marker provides for a precise crossed marklog. hevride grip
and light weirht of the machine provide for a high productivity ia
marking, i.e. 6:hectare in 8 hours, using two laborers and one horse-.
' A cUltivator of simple but very original oonetruction has been
prodoed. One horse pulls three-of theee cultivator joined to each
other; the cultivator may bemanutaCtured in any blacksmith shop it
is that simple.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leiinakie
One of the chareateris us of kok-saghys is its high polymorphism.
quelly'apples to the content of rubber in the roots which varies
from hundreds of parts alone percent up to 10 percent to some instances.
The task- of increseing the content of rubber."'in the seed culture or kok-
seghys in difficult and may not be solved In quick order. The experi-
ment of egetative propagetion of kok-sagbyz, by means of-roOt out-
.
tings, chewed that the characteristic of * high 0Obtent of rubber in
the roots ia preserved very stably in prim ice. it follows there-
foe that it ie essential to use the methods of planting kok-saghys
with root Wm.
A clonal selection of kok-eaghys is conducted at the station
the increase of the size of the root and content of rubber it it. In
.the plots of olonal sileetion there is k "family" possessing a ps tieu-
larly heavy root with a substantial content of rubber. It is possi-
ble that within the next few ye r highly productive varieties of kok-
saghys may be. created.
T. D. Lysenko publiebed an article concerning the.sowin Of Yak-
saghrzby the clonal method. te shall :therefore limit ourselves to the
resulte of the latest experiments performed with this method. The
reasons for the numerous failures in the sowing up to now became appa-
rent only following the study of the peculiarities of the roots of kok-
enghys In resting pe iods.
research established the optimal periods for not cuttings and
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16.: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
beclassifiedandApprovedForRelease2013/09/16:CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
. W
e
?
Andrew!, G.
Gorki Leeinakie
is appropriate in this connection to refer to a most inter-
eating experiment conducted on a field of one-half hectar planted with
kok-eaghyz for the past 3 years. A cutting (slicing) of the crowns,
together with the rosette below the root "collar" (1,5-2 em), is made
. from the growing plants of the kok-saehys.
Sunh cutting is done regu-
larly every other day throughout thevegetative period'. Following
such cutting, the plants Maintain the ability to smut from the -
part of the root remaining in the soil, The experIments clearly indi-
-eate that following the, cutting, willch in done between the middle f
July up to the time f
st sets in, there Is good sprouting. cuttings,
however, de between }ay and the middle of July, lead to rotting and
the dentruction of the roots. In the beginning of July a single sprout-
ing takes place which gradually increases and reaches it maximum by
the end of the month. It seems that the nutritious eleme ts contained
in the root are in a state where they are immediately spent in the
period of the destruction of the roots. rhile in the period uhen
? sprouting pro ede well, the nutritious elements in the root insure
regeneration.
The experiment permitted.chooeine the best periods for digging
up the roots and for the preparatory work of cuttine slips off the
roots for sowing purposes, as uell as for selecting the actual periods
for the planting of the latter. The eStablishment of accurate :Thee-
dules for the digging of roots and the preparatory work for sowing the
the root cuttings, and fixing the dates of planting (sowinr) play an
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
e
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
11,
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie.
important-role in the success of normal growth.. The scheCules are
determined according to regions, dependinu. upon the respective cli-
matic conditiose.
The tests conducted on the cutting of roots lead to the possi-
bilities of mew Methods in fighting root-and root shoots of weeds.
Isn't it pocsible to assume that their bthlogical peculiarities will
to
further lead,the determination of the periods Of their cutting, which
will destroy the cut roots and rooting systems? It is most important
to establish the exact periods In the life of weeds when Cutting will
aid mass propagation end not prove beneficial but harmful., Such ex-
periments have already been begun at the station. As a result of
the first teste some tnportant featnres were disooveree it reeds.
bore ?
Some weeds showed unknoe,f wnAways of propagatingiand the 'ability to
survive under unfavorable cusditiont. Te entire new material,en the
biology Of weed plants leads us to follow with greater justification
the method of cativ tint_ fallow land, as recommended by V. P. Williams.
The experimental work conducted on kok-saghys points to the vest
significanco'of the study ofbiological peculiarities of plants for
purposes of practical agricultural methods: Lysenko particularly
streteee to, research workers the importance of the rest period of
plants and their organisms. An exact knowledge of the reasons
producing a dormant etste, the conditions preceding it, as Well as
those Which follow it, will provide the agriculturist and selector
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
V.
411
Andrecv G.
Gorki Leninskie
with ?overfill means of controlling the development of economic p
and aid the solution of many hitherto unsolved problems for growing
economie crops. An i tereeting exporim nt as performed at the stet on
in this connection v?th respect to the germination of freshly-due
-potato :tubers.; Tt.ie necessary to find .a method for their summer plant-
ng
for the benefit of the southern regions of the country, where the
germination of potatoes from sp int sowings leads todoeneration,
but where the duration of the veer-tattoo period permits a second her-
vest. It is pogsible, however, to trans plant the young tubers of
early spring sowing in the su
and thus obtain a healthy, non-de e-
nerated,seed material. The transplanting of freshly,-dug tubers is ,
already practiced in the southern republics, middle Asia, and Trans.-
Caueasla, althOugh the method of gcrminationof freshly-dug tubers
calls for imprevement.
The
rperiments produced some impor
results. t became.
apparent that a 'process of,physiological second ripening takes place
in the young tubers, during which time the absorbed nutritious ele-
ments are directed into the tubers: to form eutritioua replacement
material; And only when this process if completed., are the tubers
physioloeically ft to germinate. It was also found possible to
speed the process of second ripeWngL thi was achieved by cutting the
leeves of the roet,bearing plants several days before harvesting; The
dug tubers should be mixed with dry earth and placed in a warm1117otc;
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
rki
- 10-
ors, so'prepared, are suitable for germination.
Their dormant period is dependent upon the feet that the,putritinue
elemente withinthe tuber are in non-absorbent state. And An order
to transfer them into an absorbent state it is necessary to make air
the
.accessible to the oulp of,tuber; here however, the skin presents an
obstruction. It the akin is peeled off, air will penetrate to the
tuber; a fermentation proces of tranefering reserve elements into
absorbent ones takes place, and eyes begin to protrude. The peeling
of the kin of. the tuber ie hover a tedious process and injured
tubers will rot bides t therefore became necessary to find a
safe method or providing
of air to the pulp of the tubers with-
out rcoin the kin. This VAC found in fresh liquid maeure.,: Pre-
pared tubers are mit into parte, and dropped for 5-10 minutes into
-liquid Manure.
Early varieties as as 1, tbol, Vpron, 4rly }nee, respond
yell to uchprelitnary treatment end produce good germination.
Ieeerrly it-bec "fashionable" to e*ploy a method rewaendad
by phyalologists, aimed at inoreauingthe yield of.fruit and berries
by sprayingthe plants with so-called"growth substances".. '
.An increase In the yield aa result of this spraying isclear-
ly.
:apparent. The 'essence or the activities of these substances
has, homever, rernlned unexplained to the authors of works on 'rowth
substances". The ordinary explanatiop of their aotiv ty does not staM
up to criticism. It is assumed thtt 'alum the .fitrowth substance Pene,.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
IIP
- 11 -
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
? trates into the plant it plays the role of a physical stimulus to
growth ane to the increase in the quantity and size of the fruit/
This however, is entirely wrong.
The metaphysical mentality of certain physiologists is evidently
unable to comprehend the characteristics of the organism without envi-
saging the presence of the physical carrier of this property. Accord-
ing to this plant, all life processes in a plant are supposed to be
caused by special substances - the organizers of the process. lf one
accepts the fact of heredity, one presupposes the existence of genes
?in the or ga& sr, the physical carriers of heredity. 2o long as.there
exists a growth of plant and its or,ans, it is necessary to look for
come eleeents centributing to the growth of the plant and to the growth
of the plant's organs.
There is no doubt but that 15fe would be much easier and more
peaceful by eeeepting the impie reasoning of these concepts.
And it
is much more, eampflcated and disturbing to a genuine research worker
to comprehend the conditions responsible for the processes of deve-
lopm nt that cause and produce certain characteristics and symptoms.
It is much store difficult to raster and control these processes: never-
theless, the latter is the only right path and consequently the only
possible path for the worker to follow.
Lysenko.presonted the following supposition for the understand-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 12 -
Andreev, G.
Corki Leninskie
int of the me in of the factors that influence the activities of
growth substances. Growth substances act to the not properly pertain-
ing plant as outside chemical and physical agents, during the spray-
ing of plants and their organs., and interferewith the normal processes
of orgnn formation. their sinelest form, they may assist, fer
instance, in rrovidint incresed a'-cess of air to the organs points
of the latter's-growth, rhich results in the trawth not bein limited
but activated. hornally, plants "atterpt" to Isolate the dorrant bud
as quickly as possible, or to form fruits with seeds, since both
410 seeds and the dormant bud are adapted to the preservation of the ortnnism
under unfavorable conditions.
The sprayint with growth substances, done inopportunely to the
natural process of orrr.n formation Tr.:.y, at its rnrst, prove hor.oful to
plants, and at its best - of no benefit to an increase in yield.
or has been started at the station on experiments designed to
establish the real elnificonce of the ar.tion of "ernrth substances".
We delibe t ly ere us5n,2 quotation merks for the trrn in vie- of the
fallacious explanation J.ven its activity by their puthors and not
prompted by the results of thr activities of the substances themselves.
The first plantincs of T$Ti-anPv7 (Scortonera tau-says) were
made in 1947. Tau-saghys c:,ntains in Its roots considerably more
rubber than does kok-saLhyt. The rurpose in wortnr on tau-saghys is
0 to find methods to produce this wild plant. The direction ha- been
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Andre
Gorki oninskie
already indicate . Here too, the ethod of nest-sowing is used. The
grouping of the plants 5n nests contributes to the best conditions for
indivicual spes under into varietal-competition and to a
safer survival under unfavorable conditions of gramth and developrent.
Lysenko's general theoretical ccnception concerning the absence
n nature of inter-varietal cempetion well known. A study of this
rule may lead to very practical discoveries of extrele importance.
This is un voidable since an accurate-understandint of the rule of
this process provides the worker with means of controlling the process.
The presence of an inter-varietal competition has up to now been
accepted as .a self-evident truth.
Inasmuch as the latter assertion is wrong, practical ncrioultural
work was deprived of the opportunity to utilize inter-varietal co-pe
tition and the absence of competition within the species for racti-
cal purpose Nest-sowing confirms this. It was natural to acsurrc that
plants in nest-sod.areas will bear the impact of conpetition between
the speoies and therefore be subject t unfavorable conditions of growth.
In actual practice, agricultural eoierca did not nttributo sufficient
attention to nest-sowing. Guided by an inaccurate tl.eory, agricultural
science was clearly unable to propose nest-sowin;s as a powerful means
for Increasing. the harvest. ..Nis at a time when agricultural science
was already making practical use of ne t-sowing ic other instances,
such as vegetable raising.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 14 -
. Andreev, 0.
Gorki LO2kitSki0
? The theoretical study of the problems of competition is of
considerable significance to practical work. 3ome experiments )'ave, therefore,
already been started at the statio with reepeet to the reu1arty
of action in inter-varietal competitior and the absence o ,the latter
between the speciee.
? small plot has been devoted to a simple intereeting experi-
ment oncuinmer sliest. The plot is heavily obetructed with weeds.
The entire space is divided into srall allotments of equal else,
following one another. nothina vas planted on the first allotment
410 and it was choked with seeds. The next plot was planted with sheet,
the nest-sewing method being used. ?The number of nests on all
allotments remained esame throughout, but the number of wheat grains
planted in each hole was increased on each succeeding allotment.
The first ailotm nt had one seed planted in a hole, the second two
seeds, the next ones - 4 seeds, 6, 10 16, 20, and 30 seeds in each
hole. In the allotments where one seed was planted in a hole, seeds
were growing as wildly as in the first allotment where no sheet was
? planted aut in each following allotment and increased seed plant-
ing in neatzi the amount of seeds diminished, while the wheat plant
ince became stronger. On the allotment whore 'th?nuer.of planted
? sheet seeds corresponded to the usual standard quantity of sowings,
the condition of the plantings was
entirely satisfaetory. Still
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
-
Andreev, 0.
Gorki Leninskie
further, where the number of seedt was larger yet, up to a certain
point, in a neat the growthof weeds was altogether suppressed.
plants did not interfere with each other and germinated well.
? This would indicate the feet to be a coon occurrence. norms'
of sewing were established long eco to provide for a reserve (surplus)
n order to safeguard the plantings from being choked by weeds. were
it net for the latter, one could have managed with a smaller norm of
seed material." nevertheless, thin. clearly evident factor is not taken
into consideration by some scientists who expound the presence of a
so-called inter-varietal competition and its pre-eminence with regard
to the actually existing competition between the species. At that,
the principle of the existence of the species is. supposedly seen in
the so-called inherent drive towards a competitive struggle on the
? part of each specimen with others beloncing to the same species.
Another experiment conducted in connection with. the same plan
follow Summer wheat was planted in the spring on skali plots,
mixed with winter wheat. The sowing was done in nests. 'Aheir number
.was the same on all allotments. Only in the first allotment 5 seeds:
f summer wheat and 20 Seeds of winter wheat were planted into each
nest; the second allotment recieVed 10 seeds of summer wheat and 15
of Winter wheat for each nest; the third one - 5 and 15 respectively,
not - 54nd 10, 10 and 10, and finally? 's seeds of summer and 5 seeds
0 of minter wheat to each nest. (A similar experiment vire made with
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 16 -
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
? summer 'she t and rye with an e en more fractional proportion of the
number of seeds of summer wheat to rye in each nest.)
? In planting summer Wheat with rye it became clearly apparent that
the fewer seeds there were planted of nummer wheat, the smeller the
.number of remaining wheat plants in the allotments and the weaker and
? more depressed its specimens. On the other hand, where the number of
seeds of sumrer wheat had been larger, their growth was better and the
number of individual specimens remaining on the allotment greater.
Here then is a clear picture of competition between summer wheat and
410 rye. The presence of a larger nuMber of plants of summer wheat in
nest
each insured their better survival in their competition with rye. It
is to be further noted that the individual plants of summer wheat did
not interfere with each other.
? The sowing area where summer wheat was planted, along with winter
wheat, presented a different picture. Summer -wheat thrives almost
equally well in allotments where it is planted alone as it does when
planted mixed with winter wheat. Since, however, these two kinds of
wheat are closer related to each other than are sumrer ivheat and rye,
the competitive struggle is not as pronounced as it is in a planting
with rye.
A third experiment was held on allotments where wild oats were
? planted in nests mixed with winter rye, in a diverse proportion of
0 their number of eeeds in each nest. Here the picture of a competitive
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
beclassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
.Andreev, G.
Gorki l-eninskie
struggle, wa .ztill more pronounced.
n eases wherethe seeds of,
wild osts,were few - n the netts - they almost invariably perished.
th,oever they;,re hed the number of 20, however, they suppressed
the rye and formed a thick: stand of we11 developed etalks..;.?
Other varieties and species were also used in the experiments.
The tests earn d tail d-and accompanied by manifold control sowings.
?'A generaLconclusionderived from the experiment is: there exists
a competitive struggle between species but there is none within
a group of the .sae speeloo.
may be observed also in natur
ons,
well as in the sowing Of cultivated plants, and of those growing
wild. Only a reluctance to observe such cases accounts for their not
being noted. nature shows abundant proof of instances that indicate
the lack of competition within species.
It is absurd to:assume the presence of a competitive struggle
between specimens of 'one
e:tinction of ecimans. ature is Act arranged in 6,manner that
permits a species to destroy itself. The individual specimens of
4 species will perish in a competitive struggle with another speedos
or infighting arable conditions of life.* But, in growing within-
a,group, e nucleus n nest et e, specimens of one species are better
equipped to withstand the struggle for their Preservation by not
pecies? since such struggle. leads to the
411 allowing specimens of other speeies to grow, depriving them of nacos-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
- 18 -
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninokie
sary epee?, and suppressing them.- Hlreover, a favorable
or.o"
is created by a group of identical specimens which frequently also
establish "macron condStions for their own survival. Simultaneously,
these conditions prove harmful to specimens of other species. It is
possible, therefore, that conditions of root feedinE will favorspe-
cimens of one kind of spcoiec,?if grows in croups, and act unfevo?
.rably with regard to specimens of another species Some specimens
of a species (frequently a large proportion) perish utile growing
In a group and engaged in a struggle irith other species under unfa-
vorable conditione, but this circumstance contributes even more to
the security and safety of the rest of the apecisenv. Nature demon-
strates the tendency on the part of specimens of the same species to
propagate themselves in
:large measure as possible. Aren't plants
always producing more seeds than were originally planted?
Other experiments were conducted at the station to determine the
competition between the species. Tests made of'plentings of winter
rye and winter wheat, in proportions of 1 to 99 percent, indicated
that the smaller the amount of wheat in the mixture the greater was
Its suppression by rye. The-relative number of plante of wheat on
an allotment in smaller than the quantity of the seeds originally
mixed in the planting. Tihile the smaller the amount of rye among
wheat the taller and more powerful it grew.. The relatiye. number
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 19 -
Andreev, 0.
Gorki Leninskie
- of rye-pla
amon wheat is larger than the quantity of its seeds
? at the time of the mixture s planting: rye is consequently strongly
suppressing the growth of wheat.
ye among Wheat dees not disappear, on the contrary, it multi-
piio; ard-di lodges wheat. %benever wheat is mixed with rye, however,
it rapidly disappears. These facts are well known in agriculture.
Cases of the developteht of the so-called "iefroo/eide in the production
of wheat are known, as well as the so-called palingenesit (reeen
ration) of -wheat into rye. The proper understanding of the signifi-:.
Of niixtures in varietiee is of great importance in selective
seed-growing. The conduct and the presence of a mdAture ip subjected
to a definite rule.'. It te to be assumed that tho'greater the'distinc-
tions between a variety and a mixture approach a type of varieties
in species the stronger the expression of the antsgonsm between them,
and the sooner will the rixture disepear within the v
ety in the
course .of.th ?next -reproductions, or, it rill on the contrary, pro-
pagate itself:more pidly. however, the mixture: mUltiplles in
the original variety, this indicates that -its sorinc erodueti ity is
higher:than that of the original variety. If the mliture possesses
at the
e time fair, technological qualities in yield (seed, for in-
stance), this will not harm the variety but instead serve to improve
The distinction between the original variety and the mixture may
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 20 -
Andreev, G.
Gorki Lenirsskie
be insi
t if there is no competitive struale. fl such case,
the differences are reduced to ordinary morphological
0, in so
? far as the ture tsy be distinguished within the variety. each
occurrence remind, one strongly of the old local varieties of wheat .
which sere " ntaminated" by mi*tures. It as apparently no conta-
mination but a regularly formed mixture which e:thibited in such ferm.
the old variety wIth all its postvc qalitie. It is doubtful
wether a "Cleaning from "&-ntamitating mixturos III improvt an
already-establIshed variety.
The new accurate theoretical understanding of the problem of the
co'pettive stru.gle between species, of plants opens altogether new,
seed -
yet unexploited pozcibfll.tiee for the improvement or.varieties? In
the mixtures of the presence of competition with-
the:species and ite degreeevidently play a decisive rol
ith re-
gard to the stand of the vase, the durability of the field, the
yield in hay and seeds.
In expe iments conducted at the station, a mixture of clover of
three different kinds, with lucerne and Timofeevka, produced In the
first year a yield ni coeds.of clover of 116 percent above the aver-
age yield f the three varieties, shen separately grown (each var,
also mixed with Timofeevka), and over 36 percent higher than the
yield from the best type clover of the three varieties, if grown
separately (and mixed with Timofeevka).
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
beclassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 21
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
The winter wheat Eritrospermum 1160 is produced from the young
hybrid riety of the summer wheat 1160, by the transformation in
training - of its hereditary characteristics under minter Conditions.
At the Gorki Leninskie, Eritrospormum 1160 was planted for over six.
years. It s multiplied Imre. A carload of its seeds was sent ttp
Odessa, the place of its origin. Tho var. Eritroapermum 1160 was
planted in the collective farms of the latter region and proved to
be an improvement over the standard Variety.
? The principal characteristic of Eritrospermur 1160 consists in
the constant presence of the so-called mixture, non-typiogir for
the variety, in its plantings. in experiments performed ir 1947 on
winter wheat at the station, Britrostermum 1160 ifis planted using
seeds of three kinds of different origin. Comparisons of the seeds
from the ordinary sowings, those of inter-varietal crossings, and
seeds obtained from free pollination between the varieties were
made In all three instances, Eritrospermum 1160 remained unchanged
in type, although it produced a varied yield. The harvest derived
from the last type was considerably higher than the yield from he
wheat of inter-varietal crossing, and much hither than its harvest
from propagated sowing. In other words, it appeared that ordinary
inter-varietal cross-pollination had improved the productive quali-
ties of the variety. The oross-pollinstion of the inter-varietal ,
? type increased the harvest still more. Cross pollination appeared
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
S
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Andreev, ?G.
-Oorki Leninsicie
- 22 - ?
to have igreed'with Eritrospermum 1160.
be
The traLns of winter wheat grown in the nursery and Considered
in, productivity
those of several varieties obtained from
freely oro ? pollitated inter-varietal .kinds, .Nothing like ? it was
obtained from artificial crossings of these variet.ee,
Several
Observedwore.also other interestinz, fnaturee. ,stra ns of
Lutosoen 29, obtained as a result of free inter-varietal poll-
nation, proved to bp-of very earlyripening,
The best yielding qualities among all strains in the nursery
belonged. to those that represented a mixture in form and .varietY,
with rek7rd to OPrphological trai,,s, but, did not differ in their
pn 2ods of ripening. These strain
were obtained frorn free inter-
varietal pollination.. The qu stion : if thase.strini. dt not
lower Ausir high productivity in subsequ
productions:, while re-'
rairenge.s.morphologicaLmixtures -why is this wheat not classified
at siva Elty alone witharorved, morphol itally alfigned varieties?
eross,poll nated cultures every reduction'in the possibi-
Mies of cr usinz leads unavoidably to negative
the use of crossed cultu
positive reoults.
sults. While
otion of free erossing produces
There are known -casts When as tha result of 0 prolonged
ultivation of selected varieties o strRins the descendants of old
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
23
Andreev, C.
Oroki Leninskie
varieties of Self-pollinated kinds, the lines or strains, and their
descendants lost their frequently outstending ec:nomio qualities.
Lumerout cases of this kind end the results of the rescareh
performed at the station force the admiusion that inter-varietal
free pollinatlon in self-pollinating varieties plays an equally
positive role as does the highest cross eollination in crossed cul-
tures.
At present more and more selectors and seed growers refuse to
view 51 variety as a descendant of a homotylotio self-aollineted spe-
cimen. seed-growinL, lowever, this principle has remained un-
vlolated. It determines the content of seed grown. his principle
represents apparently a substantial hen.:icap to tle work of a pro-
nounced increase in the yield or qualities of varieties. It seers to
us that the tire has core when a revision of the principles of seed
growing is in order, and mien; elth it, a revision of the methods of
selective work. The aothod of inter-var:etal free pollination should
becore the strongest moSium in resin the yielding productivity of
the varieties.
The variety - populations of self-i.ollinatin:.; cultures should be
cranted recognition.
?*041
In theinskie Gorki, varieties of rye, cross-pollinated in
a:Tarimonta sevrral were _grown for the 10th consecutive year
!la 1947 (from one to eleven years of self-pollination). The article
written by oomrades Avakian and Feiginson, awe-meriting the results
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- ? 2 4 -
Andreev, G?
Gorki. Laninskie
of this experimentwas published in No. $ of the Journal ."Agrobiologian
for 1946.
The results of the one iments performed in 1947 permit the re-
commendation of the widest inter-varietal cross-pollination of varie-
ties of rye, for the purpose of improving its yield, increasing its
resistance to frost, and the size of its grain.
The first experiments conducted On the utilization of seeds of
cross-pollinated varieties of rye, for the purposes of producing new
varieties, permit the assumption that new varieties may be available
411 already in the third year following selection, the greatest possi-
bilities existing with regard to seed material of a high degree of
dross-pollination. The selection in this case must be based on mass
choice (selection) in order to preserve the wide range of variations
?
In plants of which the varieties are composed.
In this manner, the
population is supported laacondition of high biological adaptabili-
ty of separate plants, as well as of the entire population. On the
other hand there has been such an improvement in the yielding
qualities of some varieties of rye, as a result of their cross-polli-
nation-eV-or a period of many years, that their yield is vastly superior
be
to that of theatandard yield. Thee? seeds may,put on the martet ac
new varieties, oatryirg-the claim of a substantially higher yield, and
new names should be assigned to these varieties. The claims on the
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
part of the authors of the origi
-25-
rietiet upon their rights are,
liot valid in our opinion, since the difference between the yields
of these tewseeds and the old original ones (elite and s perelite) are
within the liniits of common varietal differences observed in a'variety
of test on rye
With regard to eperiLrento concernin the role of wide-cross
cross-pollination of differentvarieties in cross calure, it is
necessary to point to
instance that occured during the tests at the
station: the first expor ments wade in eomparinz the varieties of red
clover, -pollinated with a large quantity of different elovera
demonstrated the edvanItage of such re-pollination. The cros poll'
ed variet'es proved to be more resistant to frost and zore power-
in develiTnent. ASIdO fro this, they preserved not alone. the
single-end double-cut t also the variety's type a The
theoretical protlises of worke on the biolocy of fertilization, the
vegetative hybridization, and the training of plants were tatod by
Lysenko as follows:
"Heredity - is th
of a live organism to live, grow,
develop,- propaLate itself. In order to understand the proertioa of
heredity, it is necessary to study the conditions required by the
organism for thp-buildint;ef a live body, i.e., a body possessing
the charaoteriotios Q.
redity. AcrienItural retbode in ezeroisin
control over the environmental factors pertninalg to vegetative
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 26 -
. Andreevi G.
Gorki Uninskie
? organisms', discover ever new vyaa of increasinr, the productivity
of plants. ?This Is te only way in shinh the nature of organisms ( hereditary)
may be controlled and directed, with the view of treneforming it.
Proceed Inc from theee general premises, the Miehurin genetics have
'worked out concrete ways? and means towards e-mtrolling the nature of
vegetative organimms."
In proceeding from a central theoretical conception one may tell
that the chance In the environmental development of the parents reacts
upon the for-ation of the characterieties of descendants. Such experi-
ments are conducted on many objects. In the experiment with summer
rye, wten freely pollinated and in the grade-testing with winter varie-
ties, tYe entire progeny from this eross-pollinetion wee summer rye
(in cases where summer rye had been) planted in the epring. If,
however, the sowlng had been done towards winter this progeny prduced
many winter plants. For purposes of control, sur-er rye, sowed in
the sprint, was artificially cross-pollinated with varieties of winter
rye. The result of this cross-pollination was a summer progeny.
To indicate the significance of environmental_ changes in the
parent-development for the tralt forrat!on in their progeny, one may
cite the following test performed on. corn.
It is an establehed policy with regard to crowing corn in ordi-
nary conditions that the pollination of white-seeded corn varieties
with the pollen of varieties of colored seeds, for instance, violet-
colored corn, will produce colored hybrids as a rule.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
IIP
IIP
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
-27-
Under conditions non-characteristic to corn, however, that were
created at Leninskie Gorki; the picture chanced radically. As a
result of the pollination of white-seeded corn by violet-seeded hybrids,
the sordo proet:ced were both white ane violet in color, with on entire
scale of intermediate colorings.
The result of the experirents in canos where white-seeded corn
was pollinated with a riixture of yellow and violet varieties, permit
to offer the conclusion that it is possible to obtain hybrid seeds
but with a dual coloring - a violet color laid on a yellow backg mind.
The conditions under which fettilization taken place play a
considerable role in the formation of trnits and characteristics of
the proGony. For instance, if only a few poppies are pollinated by
SOO pollen ains of a poppy, the grains will gerrinate well and the -
plants crow normally. If, however, the 500 ponen grains will be
used for the pollination of ''00 flowers, the erains will do poorly
and the flowers be weak unattrantive, and chow poor growth.
rrom tle point of view of formal eneticc, there were equal
ovortunitios for fertilization. This example indicetes, however,
that a larGe amount of the pollen on the stiera produces conditions
of normal fertliization and the formation of a normal proeeny.
An identleal case
n established in the followinG testz the
crossing of winter wheat Gostianum 217 with sumMer wheat Britros-
permum 1160 produces a. non-viable. progeny. All plants perish soon
after germination; if, however, durimipollination * smell amount .of
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
-28-
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
the nether pollen 237 is aeded to the pollen 1160, or if even the
pollen of sore other winter variety is user', the hybrid plants
will 'o and develop normally. The plants will, of course, be all
hybrids,. since they are aummer varlet!er, the not.er r,lant beinz of
a.vinter tariety. In- order to establish that the pollen the second
parent is not only present in pollination hut alto participates in the
fertilization, it in necessary to locate the oharacteristio.traits
belo14,Ing to the second parent in hybrid plants of one generation.,
It is also essential to .determine at what moment and state of dove- ?
411 lop.ent the pollen of the second parent aids the viability of the
progeny.
followin experiment vas perforred for th!s purpose: durinc
polliLation, the wheat variety 7ostianUm 217 was cnrried onto both
parte of the stigma by the pollen from the two var!eties of wheat
1160 and 217. In another case - the pollen 1160 was carried onto
one part ? of the stigMa and the pollen 237 onto the ?other part of it.
-Lf in the sec-,nd ctse, the proceny n non-viab e, and in the first -
viable, this will prove that tle effect of the added poller of the
winter variety is manifested durir, the course of the sirultareous
6row t/4 of both vnretica, If, however, the progen- will prove viable
also in thesecond case it will cst6blish that the reaction of the
pollen of the second parent
(I-splayed Curing actual fertilization.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Andreev,
Gorki teninskie ? .
- 29 -
The extent of the eignificance mainteined by the Condition of
the.parent plants particularly that of the mother plant, the for
tion of traits and cherecto ietice of the progeny iS demonstrated
by the reaulta of experiments made by the pollinetion of stigmas
In the various stages of thei development.
Several var5etiee of winter ?heat were pollinated by rye at
diffe t periods corresponding to the different etag s of deve-
lopment in the st,gmas. In the first period the stigmas were as
yet unopened, in the second period - two or three _days remeined be-
fore flowering; the third period corresponded to the b ginning
of the flmering period, the fourth 2-1 days following florescence;
in the fifth period the old stigmas re pollinated at a tiem when
all florescence had ended. ?he blossoms of the wheat vere castrated
In all stages befor hand.
In the first two periods the hybrid seeds matured well, in the
third period only Ind vlduel seeds matured while in the fourth and
fifth poriods none of the seeds matured. This proves that the in-
fluence of the mother plant is of little sienificance when the
stigmas are young.
The pollinatl-en with rye was performed in the eameperiods only
without previous eastratioe. In this case only a few hybrid seeds
matured in the ee liest period, while in the rest, ',hen the maternal
pollen Was present, and there existed a "control" on the part of the
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 30 -
Andreevi Go
Gorki Leninekie
end-thereroxisted a-"contror on the part of the, mother plant, the
hybrid seedsdid not mature.
In the: experiment of pollination with mixed pollen indifferent
periods' there is en indication of selection with regard tothe pollen,
dependent Upon the condition of the stigmas in the periods of polli-
atiOn. Interesting results were obtained in tha experiment of
pollinating the variety or summer bearded wheat "Sena' by the pollen
of the variety Luteeoent 62, with the addition of the pollen of the
maternal variety*Smena". Pollination took place in identical periods
to conform with the condition.of the stigmas. 7S
hybrids of the first Generation pollinIzed in the
bearded, i.e. were
f the maternal type; the
percent of the
earliest period
second-period
produced only 48 percent of bearded plants, the third -'4V percent;
the fourth only 16 percent.. This latter period corresponded to
the end of the blooming period:
The influence of the maternal pollen was observed in the follow,.
ing experiments the -pollination of the hard wheat (Gordei form 10)
by the pollen of the soft wheat (Diamond) produced 26 hybrid grains.
Of these 23 were non-viable, failed to mature or died in germina-
tion. Mhen, however, the Gordeiform 10 was pollinated with a mix-
ture of the pollen of both Diamond and Gordeiform 10, 0 percent of
the seeds proved viable in ten Instances the plants reverting to
the maternal type, in 11 to the hybrid type. As the result of the
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
. ?
? .e Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
-.31-
.
Andreev, G.
Gorki Leninskie
vast material collected from experiments on the blolocy of f.rttllza-
ton, one may reach the conclusion that the change of condition
under whiob the development takes Place 4n this (tree - condition of
ferti1izatio54roduces hereditary chances in the progeny.
The taek of spedialists-selectors consists now in working out
concrete ethod?f controlling the process of fertilizatio
applied to the practical aims or selection. Lere the inability to'
crost may be cowered in a different manner. The pollen, serving
as a cuider nny aid in stren6thening or weakening the paternal or
maternal traits in the hybrid progeny, etc.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
??
Andreev, G.
Gorki Lsninakie ("Lenin Rills") (Cont.
Selek. i Semen. 14 (12): 27-32. 61,9 8e5 /f47
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Transl. 2:. Plant Breeding
Translated from the
.'? Russian by, ?
S. N. Monson
With each year the high standard of agro-technical methods and the
high fertility of soils in state and collective agriculture have become
a more 00=011 occurrence. Yields a cereal crops should also PiOrease
drastically. The yield of panicled crops - millet and rice - represents
no problem (within limits of 150 centners per hectare), but depends Solely
upon agro-technioal conditions. The radical increase of wheat, however,
above the customary "alian-guard" yields is curtailed by the inadequate
productivity of the wheat stalk iteelf, the more so, because on very
highly fertile soils our varieties show a tendency to lodge. In a
branched wheat the stem is branched, has a very high productivity and
is preserved as a durable straw. The capacity of the stem to branch is
increased on highly fertile soils. This quality along with good tillering
will, evidently, permit wheat to reach yields as high as are obtained from
panioled crops.
At present, we are faced with the problem of producing branched
wheat yielding. 100 centnere. The branched wheat is seldom found in a .
cultivated state, possibly because it demands highly fertile soils and
on ordinary soils ie no different from common wheats. Aside from that,
branched wheat must be subjected to selective treatment. It is isiperative
to change it into a winter crop, because it is a summer crop or at best
a weak winter crop. Winter crops, however, possess a greater capacity
for tillering. It is further essential to improve its bread-bating
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
2 -
Andreev? G.
qualities. Its other characteristios such as resistance to disease, etc.,
are as yet unknown. If there are any unfavorable characterietics, these
should be eliminated promptly.
The sowing and crossing of branched wheat with winter wheats was
done in hothouses in the winter. ?Following their ripening, the hybrid
seeds were Lomediately planted; this was done to speed up the process.
The plants of the branched wheat seedlings, that were thus purposely
espeeded up, were added to the sowing area of winter wheats. The stalks
were emasculated in order that unimpaired pollination by varieties of
winter wheats could take place.
This free inter-varietal pollination succeeded perfectly.
A ia.ssnethod or experiment compensates, as a rule, for lack of time;
it makes it possible to establish a point which under ordinary circumstances
it 'could take years to ascertain. For this reason large scale testing was
undertaken.
At present special sowings of branched wheat are made with a view
of transforming and training it into a winter crop.
Every method of selection known to agro-biological science will be
applied to this end.
The success of the enterprise is determined by the confidence based
on the knowledge of the means and the desire to reach this goal The
people at the Gorki Leninskie Station are convinced of the ultimate
success in solving the problem, once it is subjected to experimentation.
One of the most important and interesting experiments by A. A.
Avskien is called for convenience sake - "lukovichki" ("small onions").
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 8 -
? Andreev, G.
An onion, grown from the seeds of "sevok" ("arbe.jeika") does no
as a rule, bear any flowers. The planted bleak onion seed ("chernushki"),
produces no flowers in the first year. Prom the planted "sevok" (seedling)
grows the mother onion. The latter, if planted the following year - sends
up a stalk, "Strelkuet"; forms flowering parts and produces seeds.
Seerf18 therefore essential for plants to go through a definite
path of development, following which they acquire the capacity to flower
and are ready to bloom.
One can speed up this process. To accomplish this, the awakened
fteevok" (seedling) has to be exposed to cold for some time or the growing
seedling subjected to the reaction of low temperatures. In such ease
plants from the seedlings w111 send up stalks.
? The experiment consisted in its first part in the followings the
buds were cut off at the point of the "strelka"; in their place at the
top of the "strelka", at the point where the peduncles are attachedi
small "lukovichki" (small Onions) resembling the seedlings, appeared.
The mother-onion-tuber had produced onion-babies. The "lukovichki" from
the "strelka" and the babies were now divided into two groups. One group
was planted in the hothouse and grew in its atmosphere all along. The
other group was kept during germination in the cold at first and was
then returned into a Vitirin roma. The onion "babies" sent up stalks
? equally well in the warn air and after being exposed to cold.
The plants from the "lukoviohki" did not send up stalks in the
? wars air, but formed a mother-onion-tuber. Those taken in from the
cold, however, acted in the same manner as did seedlings after being
exposed to cold. This meant that plants produoed from the "babies",
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3 -
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 4 -
Andreev, G.
formed from points of tissue Growth, that had passed. through the necessary
stage .preparatory to blooming, re-acted indifferently towardt the cold.
and sent up stalks.. Plants derived trdm the "lukovichki",, on the other
hand, behaved at would plants from seeds. They had not gone through the
necessary stages preparatOry.for blooming and were unable to tlbviet
without special adaptation to cola.
A tinilar picture occurs in the case of garlic. The latter never
forms seeds on the fltsvetonosk" (flowering stein), but produces only
small serrated teeth. In the lower part of the plant on the teeth,
many more baby-teeth grow tip. In planting simultaneously teeth from
the "tsvetonds" and those from babies, the former were unable to produce
"tsvetonor in the first, year of .planting but formed solely teeth from
which in the following par. grew plants that sent up stalks, while the:
others at once produced v'tsvetenosirn that sent up ;talks.
This experiment established a most important theoretical fact ?.
the individual development of a plant ?from vegetative reproductive
organs, ( lukoviChkin- f tsv! tonosr ), (when produced from somatic
cells of a plant), is homologous to the individual.development of plants
from seeds (which were produced from the sexual cells of a plant). This
fact determined the conduct of the second' part of the experiment.
From an onion which ',splits" in its progeny, according to the
color of the tubers, from:uncolored to intensely colored ones, to transi-
tional forms between colored :and uncolored, both lukovichkin and seeds
were obtained. From "lukovichki were raised tubers, as varied in color ?
as were the tubers obtained from seeds.
It appeared that the seed progeny (i.e. sexual) and vegative progeny
(obtained from the somatic cells of the plant) possess a similar characteri.4,
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
The conclusion had to be drawn that many individual peculiarities
of sexual cells and vegetative organs of reproduction depend upon the
characteristics of the somatic cells, from whioh originated the sexual
cells, as well as the vegetative organs of reproduction, may be
observed in the character of the individual development of the progeny.
The heredity produced by sexual cells reflects on the heredity of the
entire organism of the plant. Hereditary traits of sexual cells are
neither isolated from the body of the growing organism nor form condi-
tions influencing the development of the organism. There does not exist
any special embryonic plasma that is isolated fran the hereditary in-
fluence of conditions affecting the development of an organism.
The experiment with lukoviohki" is related here only in general
outlines. Its author (A. A Avakia.n) is conducting it in close detail*
using special control tests on a variety of material, and other plants
suitable for the conduot of experiments (for instance - lilies, which
form seeds as -do "lukovichki" along the entire stalk).
Experiments on vegetative hybridization are being continued at
the Experimental Station Of the TIAMMIL in connection with solving the
problem, of obtaining "directed" hereditary changes in the grafting of
progeny, and problems of establishing definite regularities of the
inheritance of ch.araoteristios and traits in vegetative "crossings".
The frequency of the number or hybridizations in grafting is being
determined, so is the greater or smaller degree of the changeability
of hereditary traits, as a result of vegetative crossing, the grafting
methods and training of the graft. /esthods of the "absolute" receipt
of vegetati e hybrids are also determined.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 6
Andreev, G.
Tomatoes and other $o1anacoao are used au objects; tomatoes in
general have become classical objects for experiments in vogetatlie
cros ings
One may observe on experimental lots and in hothouses the seed
progeny of the vegetative hybrid tomato, "The Best of All crossed
with the black S lanacesc, obtained as a result of repeated eiperiments
in 1939. The same hereditary changes in the shape of fruits, color,
type of raceme, taste of the fruit, and early ripening - are observed
in the seed progeny Of this hybrid, as as the case in 1939.
The seed progeny of this hybrid of 1939 is being experimented on
in the form of Strains of progenies or individual plants which have the
characteristics of varieties. They are distinguished by their early
ripening, (there are ultra-early ripening varieties-among them), by
the shape of the fruits (from round ones to elongated-pointed ones),
by color (raspberry and red), by taste,(exhibiting a decidedly pleasant
taste and sweetness).
As a result of graftings or the unfertile tOmato Albino on the
red-fruited potato-like tomato, the grafting of the Albino produced
fruits that were white, yellow, orange, and red; yellow with rod and
red stripes, as well as fruits of varied shape: smooth, ribbed, elongated
and round. Thue4 on the graft, the form possessing the recessive charac-
teristics of fruits, fruits with dominant characteristics were obtained.
In the seed progeny of these fruits one observes a_ecmplicated plitting,
according .to the vahous traits. It vac noted that fruits with recessive
traits produce plant; with dominant and recessive traits, for instance
red tomatoes fran geoids of a white fruit, something that never occurred
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
7
Andreev, G.:
in sexual crossings. An identical picture in splitting is observed with
regard to traits of vegetative organs: leaf, stem, and color of a plant.
A similar kind of changeability is observed in the seed progeny
from the vegetative crossing of other varietieS of tomatoes: the potato-
like variety with the Golden Queen, the Early Luby with the apricbt-like
variety, etc. It has been established that the plant Itself does not
change externally as a result of graft, but that in its seed progeny
there will be splitting on many points. Figures have been established
concerning the frequency of securing vegetative hybrids for many graftings.
Tomatoes may at present be called a study object for obtaining
vegetative hybrids and the production of vegetative crossings.
The vegetative hybridisation represents a typical example of the
training of hereditary traits and their changeability, as a result of
changes of the external environment.
? Food represents an external factor for the organism. In the rrocess
f grafting, the graft obtains the food from the wilding, i.e., a food
foreign to it. From this it builds its body and sexual cells which
produce changes in hereditary properties.
In the experime t of changing heredity by training, a change in
the conditions of development equally occurs because of the placement of
the plant into external conditions, unnatural to its hereditary demands,
shile the nature of its nourishment is changed at the same time. Lysenko
states: "The change in heredity is usually the result of the development
of the organism under conditions of external environments, which in one
say or another, do not correspond to natural demands, i.e. heredity.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
8 1.
And re ev G.
.a1
The change inenvironmenvconditione.brings about the change in the
development of growing organisms. They represent the source or changes
in heredity."
Many experiments were and are being conduoted with regard to training
at the Experimental Station., Vuch data on changes in hereelity, under the
influence of training, has been as by other researchers as well.
We shall dwell upon the description of several similar tests conducted
t the Experiment Station covering the training of hereditary properties.
Sane strains of vegetative hybrids of the tomato "Beet of All", crossed
with the black Solsnaceac, were subjected ix) training for frost resistanee
by way of sowing the seed directly into the soil4 Such planting - ira
nests - was done one month earlier than is usually the case in planting
tomato seedlings.
The planting, repeated for several generations gave positive results.
? At the station, seeds of two strains were planted on lots; all were sub.
? jected to the change; by August they managed to produce a yield of red
tomatoes ample from a productive point of view.
The change in heredity, as a result or a change in feeding, is well
demonstrated in experiments performed in improving a degenerating potato.
The degeneration of the potato plant represents a hereditary change
or its racial properties. Degeneration takes place because of the for..
ration of the tubers in hot and dry weather.
In summer plantings of the potato in the south, the tuber/form tion
is transferred to the period when cool weather prevails and there is
sufficient moisture in the soil fur tuber forming. Summer plantings of
potatoes represent therefore a way of obtaining non-degenerated seed potatoes
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 9
Andreev, 0.
' The rature of the feeding of potato plants in hot end dry v'Etether
changes radically from the cUstomary one. This causes the disruption
of the normal metabolism peculiar to the rate. 6very disruption of the
metabolism produces the formation of elements mhich, if not harmful, are,
in any event, unusual. The nature of the individual development of the
potato plant is changed and this leads to the hereditary change of the
racial properties.
? Inasmuch
11-61,0-h as another:type of individual development of the potato,.
deviating from the racial norm, serves as the cause of .degeneration, in
this instance, one may suppose that the degenerated potato may also be
improved, provided its individual development returns to its customary
norm,- i.e., provided the conditions of feeding will facilitate this.
The Practice of planting petatoea in the summer shows that they do.
not degenerate but even improve in "race.
. Special -xpertments point to a real and speedy way of improving.
the degenerated potato. The potato tuber-of n degenerated plant was
grown nd then grafted from its eyes for test purposes. One group vats
grown under typical conditions that-stimulate degeneration; the other?
part vas grown under cool and moist conditions and was assured an adequate
supply-of nitrogen for food, -As a result, :these trio groups of planta
differed in the degree of degeneration. The tient group showed typically
degenerated plants. The second one produced plants that weredegenerated
to a much lesser extent. In addition, considerable variations in degree
of degeneration were observed in the latter group. In some plants, whioh
at first had shown symptoms of degeneration, the latter gradually dis-
appeared and the leaves began losing all traces of degeneration.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 10 -
And oev, G.
In the fallowing year, the tubers of each plant of both groups were
planted as progeny-kamilies. Each family originated from an eye of the
sane original tuber. All the families of the first group of plants proved
much more degenerated than those of the second group (which were grown
under favorable conditions, conducive to improvement). Among the families
of the second group n considerable part of plants appeared perfectly
healthy. Within every family differences in decree of degeneration in
the individual plants were frequently observed. Plants within a family
vre not the same.
The reason for this, seemingly not understandable fact, becomes
clear if the following important circumstance Is considered. All parts
of the potato plant are subject to degeneration: the tuber, the eye on
the tuber, the bud, different cells - all in different degrees, depending
upon their selective capaoity for food consumption. Selection is also
not the same with regard to various cell, eyes, etc. Selection is seen
in the tendency to use food that matches their racial characteristics.
So long as selectivity is visible in different degrees, the racial proper-
ties also chance in a variety of mays.
the degree of degeneration.
Experiments show that the degenerated potato improves rapidly under
proper conditions. Two years prove adequate for growing an almost healthy .
seed potato and the degenerated plants found among the improved material
may easily be destroyed.
This explains the difference in
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
- 11-
Arid reo v, G.
The experiments also demonstrate that young hybrid potato varieties
Improve more rapidly than the older varieties. The variety "Lorkh",
for instance, frequently improves within only one year.
Among old varieties changes of conditions of feeding of a less radical
nature produce equally deep racial changes, extending far beyond the limits
or racial properties.
Such degenerated material is more difficult to Improve, The Improve-
ment calls for a deep change of racial propertiee, that differ in many
respeots from the original race.
Tests conducted on the variety "Early Rose", showed that -while the
Improvement produced healthy material, it strongly varied in many racial
Charaoteristics and differed frcm the original variety.
Training was applied in experiments conducted on methods of selecting
cereal crops. They lead one to assume that in selecting summer wheat
material of a heredity altered by training, a much more gratifying source
for the selection or new, better varieties than hybrids among varieties
is found. It follows that in order to produce summer varieties, it is
expedient to utilize winter mheats. Their sowing under summer conditions,
in a pre-vernalleed state, leads rather quickly to their hereditary trans-
formation into summer crops. It may make it possible for summer wheats
to preserve some useful traits of winter wheats such as frost-resistance,
stability, etc.
Hybrids of summer and winter wheats are easily subjected to training
because their heredity is no longer stable as a result of hybridization.
The following work is being conducted at the station with regard to
training for higher minter-and frost-resiatance of winter wheats: hybrid
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Andreev, e
grain obtained from the essing of the vrinter wheat 2411 with the summer
wheat Iitesoens 62, the varieties Marquis, Kitchen r and Thatcher, per-
formed by the method of free pollination of the emasculated stems, are
sowed in winter plan 11s for training. A similar seed material is sowed
in eunmor plantings to acquire summer properties in summer varietie
We already stated above that varioue modern theories concerning the so-
called hormone development of plants -were recently expounded by physiologiets.
At the Experimental Station much attention in devoted to tests
designed to give an experimentally critical review of the numerous
"hormone theories of ,development", since the distribution ofthe latter,
as is the distribution of the theory of corpuscle heredity, interferes
with the spread of research on studies of the actual processes of develop-
ment of growing organisms. We shall.not dwell here upon the description
of these works because their author, A. A. Avakian, will shortly publish
his article on the subject in the magazine, "Agrobiologia" and so refer
to his first accomplishments himself.
A large amount of material on the theory of the stage-development
of plants has been accumulated In the process of experimental work, in
connection with the oriticiem of the hormone theories of growth, flower
formation, ascocarp .., etc. mbek is being continued in this direction
and will form an important and considerable, part of the research per-
formed at the station. Hothouees are filled with numerous experimental
plants. Here am grafts of various Cruciferae, grafts of beets, many
ACC pangat.,&mtrol material. The schematic description of the method
of
of arranging the experiment, could aloae form the subject for a special
article, not to mention the description of the experiments in their
entirety,
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Andreev, G.
The work is primarily dtreoted towards researoh on the second light
etage deve lopment
One may, for instance tentatively state that food, in order to pass _
through the light stage may be aocumulated within the plant organs as
a reserve nutritional element, even prior to their undergoing the stags
of vernalization and that it will be utilized by .he plants at a later
? date. Interesting, incidental peculiarities in two-year old plants have
been observed'in the course of their passing through the light stage.
It is, however, not possible to provide full information on the work
and we are therefore limiting ourselves to, this brief reference. The
object of this article is not to inform about the experimental work per..
formed at the station. We have refrained - for certain reasons - from
describing many experiments that are only in the primary stage or those
of smaller size, and have only endeavOred to present the general direction
taken by research at Gorki Leninskie.
/n conolusion it is necessary to mention the following important
? circumstance which applies to the method used in the experimental work
of the stations it is characteristic that the development of the ubject'
under investigation is always observed under the influence of changing
? conditions.
gnd of Article
* * * a * a a *
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Bunlum, J. Zur pc:graph/0 dela maiabouo
(On the geography or tzo4o cultivation).
gobonhavn, Hatew, 1942. 317 p.
59.22 HOS
Translation ?3 : Corn
Tranolato0 in part from thu Gorman by
hohcooajoinloib
SOVIET Tram (p.' 103-100
? The SoViet Union, too baa quit? a largo corn (naive) crop vhon com-
pared to tho intornational corn production; it varied during ths decado of
? 1930-1940 betmaon 2 1/2 and up to 4 million tom. Uomever, aeon from tho
Rusainn point of vlemand camparod to the ononmouo harvoot of other grain?
of the country, thotto results pro not Tory romartable. The corn oozing,
? namely, opoupioa normally only 3 to 0 per cont 'of tho total Buocian train
area. Tablo 20 givon a clear concoption of tho placo corn occuploo in tho
grain economy of U. S. 6.11. (Soo page la.
Corn 10 given thoro fur amallor planting arena comparod to tho four
unual Europonn coroala, and oven to thoao givon to tho millot planting.
Yottho millot yield to CQUOrn11Y. the C4M0 aa tho corn yields that to,
2 1/2 to 4 million 'Was. Lhlio tho annual yiold Of the docado loso-low
for barley reached fron 6 to 11 rillian tone, for onto. 13 to 22 million
tone and tho yiolda of ryo and vhont roachod,roapootively, 16 to 30 land
SO to 50 million tons.
? LhenOver comparing tho cern culture to other train culture? in Iluonia,
one has to hoop in.mind that the Soviet Union to the hoeviont Crain growing
country of tho morld. The hootaro yield of corn, hceeever,-ie much higher
than that of millet and cheat and oven acmo higher than the hootare yield
11, of rye, harloy and =to. In thu pariod of 1934-36 it amounted in avornco
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
? ? ?
9ur1um ... On the Geocraphy of - la -
Ttize Cultivation
M.N.:MIX
Table - 29
The Crain Crop in the Goviet Union
1909-13
1924-28
1929-33
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
n'heat area in thousand square km.
300
270
336
352
371
390
414
415
409
Eye " * ft ft
fi
251
2671
266
240
235
219
231
218
178
1
Oats " a II ft
SI
109
163
173
180
183
181
178
179
184
Parley " * ti a
*
105
70
80
85
87
91
92
92
95
Villet " ft A ft
It
?
?
68
82
55
.
.
.
-
Vat ze " * 0 n
a
13
341
38
37
32
31
Le
21
25
Vaize crop in million tons
1,335
3,618
3,731
3,843
2,795
4,140
3,890
2,690
.
hectare crops of maize (out.)
13.1
10.81
0.9
10.4
8.8
13.4
13.8
10.3
.
11925-28
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
O
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
rumlum raise Cultivation - 2 -
to 11.3 owt. The yearly harvest yield fluctuations are by far smaller than
those of neighboring Roumania, in cpite of the fact that the moat important
Russian corn belt to situated in southwestern Ukraine on the border of
Boosarabia, where the harvest fluctuations are eltreordinartly large, due
to the defloionoy of pro:palpitation in summer. So in the Ukraine there are
very important harvest yield fluctuations; they vary through the more steady
corn yields from the second large corn belt, which to situated in the rain-
rich regime of the Black Sea, East Coast, Verth Cameras and Georgia. Corn
cultivation is divided quite evenly betteen Ukraine and Camerae.
Far Lose important is the corn culture of Iuran, though it is a very
important local grain variety. However, before the tbrld.rar corn occupied
6 to 10 per cent of the grain arm and in Ferghana 10 to 20 per cent and
over of the same) Yet gradually corn is supplanted by cotton in those areas.
Some corn sowing can be found in the far eastern regions and there the pro-
duction has doubled2 since the World War (I).
In Ukraine the corn occupies 5 per cent of the arable land against 9
per cent in Vorth Caucasus and 19 per cent in Trans Caucasus (1926)2, The
most of the corn sowing in Ukraine is done in the southwestern and southern
regions and ocording to V. Timoshenko,4 since the World rar corn has been
1.17:71.T Engelbreoht? 1916, rap Vo. 26.
2Sawietwirtschaft und aesenhandel (Soviet Economy and Foreign Trade),
Eo. 10, 1937, p. 6.
T. Ellinger, 1926, p. 234.
111 41/1adimir Timoehetko, 1932, p. 201.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
. Mize Cultivation . 3 .
used much more frequently there for crap rotation than ever. before. Pow
ever, ?Van lately corn did not occupy in any region, more than 20 per *ant
of the cultivated 6011.6
IA the Berth
Caucasus there ie abounding born sowing, both in the Kuban
steppe and also in the East.stoppe8 and in mountain regione. In, many moun-
'tan regions eosin fields compose. over a half of the cultured boil.
In Trend Caucasus the -greater part of earn sowing is concentrated in
Ceorgia, where corn occupies about 50 per dent of the arable land. In the
Black 8en areasnornfielda amount up to 90 per acme. Corn proceeds in the
ntain regions Up to 1,000-1.300 motor altitude.8 Intermediate culture?
in applied:only to 6 per cent of theiluesian corn land; thus.the last is of
far lose importance there than in ,roumania.
Corn is an important foodl? for same region(' of Ukraine and especially,
of the Caucasus. In addition It is largely used as'eattle fodder and., e
applied also for fuel -alcohol manufacturing.
?81n rorth Ukraine the corn occupies from 1 to 6 per cent; in South Ukraine
from 10 to 20 per cent of the arable land. .0n4y between the lower
'Dnieper flow and the Dniester doe; the corn ;owing reach 20 to 30 per
cant of the arable land (0. U. Prianiehnikov, 1930, Rap XV).
.68pace oorn,,compared to wheat and Data, requires only 60 per cent of the
moisture necessary to build up the dry matter unit, it is of special
interest for the dry regions. In addition corn is able to use the
rainfalls of the later part of summer. (Prianishnikov, 1930, p. 311)
-7U. llobaijlov, 1937, p. 144,
?811.'Crohn, 1026, p. 33.
"Annuaire international de statietique agrioole ("Ieerly international
of nVioUltural statistiquel, 1930, data for 1936.
10V. Zimmermann, 1941, pi, 295.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA:RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Hulum Wiz? Cultivation - 4
Russia wao one of the most important exporters of corn before the
World War; but after the revolution, only in some individual good years
did its corn export exceed 100 thousand tons.
? The effective north limit for Russian corn cultivation does not run
farther than in other European countries. The reasons are: (1) insuf-
fiolent mount of rainfall and (2) the prevailing continental climate
rendering the summer too short for corn culture even in the southern
regions. , Nevertheless, Prianishnikov11 asserts that early ripening corn
could mature even in South Siberia, namely, in the southern parts of the
Barnaul region, Biink and Chimisinsk. The course of the northern and
eastern corn unite depends greatly on the amount of precipitation: If
rainfalls could be doubled, early ripening corn varieties would easily
grow near Moscow; for the yearly temperature fluctuations are there about
the some as in North Dakota.
Isolated cornfields exist even on the 580 northern latitude, how-
ever, corn growing north of 510 to 520 northern latitude is of no im-
portance whatever. In the atlases on ElMa= agriculture there is a
density map of corn culture13 where one can see that north of 520 northern
latitude the corn culture extends over a few hundred hectares only14 and
the corn belt takes real shape beginning south of 500 northern latitude.
D. N. Prianishnikov, 1930, p. 318.
12P. C. liangelsdorf and R. 0. Reeves, 1939, p. 7.
15RentenievodstYo of U.S.S.R. (Plant growing of U.S.S.R.), 1933;
map on icukurusa (corn).
"Compare: D. N. Prianiehnikov, 1930, p. 318e 'The 520 latitude is
usually considered in our country as the approximative northern
limit of corn cultivation for kernel production."
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
410 limb= ... Naze Cultivation 5 -
The data of rngelbrecht" show that the northern limit of the Masi= .
oornbelt did not change substantially after the torld tar.
czmnbstovarA (p. 117).
Tho taking possession.of the Protectorate of Bohemia-toravia increased
the corn ?rope of great germany, although the larger part of the Czechoslovakian
corn.plantinge wore situated in the present Slovakia, along the Danube and in '
regions now ceded to ilungary. The ,corn area of Czechoslovakia embraced in '
1038, 1,800 square kilometers; and the yield amounted to 365,000 tons, whith
represents an 'impressive increase for the 1030-40.
Intermediate culture is applied to the half of the Czechoslovakian corn-'
411 areas. Cane rally, plantings of oornecd beans are used or corn, beans and
sunflowers; furthermore, melons and .pumpkins are utilized in the intermediate
culture. On the mtcae, cern occupiee in Czechoslovakia as in Austria, 6 per
cent of the grain cultivation area.
POLAND-(p. 117)
Less important was corn for Poland, where it does not yet occupy 1 per
cent of toh grain area, and where the harvest fluctuated by 100,000 tons
yearly. Only for Oalioia and'the southeastern provinces of Stanislavovski
and Ternopolski is the corn culture of real importance (96 per cent of Polish
corn culture is done in those provinces). The hectare yield in Poland showed
a large fluctuation, namely: between 8 and 15 art. (100 kilograms) for the
decade 1030-40.
lgTh. R. Engelbrocht, 1899, p. 42.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Eumluu 1.1iite Cultivation - 6 -
On the whole, however, the corn yield there is somewhat higher than
in Bucovina.
ALDABIA (p. 117-118)
Greece and Albania do not belong to the corn countries of importance.
test of the coast regions of these countries are not suited for corn culture
on account of the subtropical winter-rainfall-olimate. Eevertheless, corn
is Albania's prinolpal grain crop, and it occupies two-thirds of its grain
area. This oituation can be explained by two feats: first, Albania finds
itself in a transition tone, there the summer is by no means rainless;
secondly, the rain there to replaced to some extent by the dew.16
The harvest in Albania as a rule amounts to 100-160 thousand tons,
but it does not cover the detand. The agriculture in Albania is still very
primitive. Berbort Louis17 reports that a plain wooden plow, provided, of '
course, with an iron arrow-head and oldebladeo, is in general use. The
plow in pulled by oxen and can only scratch the earth. The most important
tool is the mattock., with Which the eornfield is worked. The sheep husbandry
producanAloretertiliter, but the crop rotation Lc scarcely known. It must
be noticed in addition that an Albanian will oross relentlessly any corn or
wheat field if only it offere some short out.
16Car1 Fatah, 1926, p. 871: "The principal grain of the plain and
particularly of Albania is corn, which beoause of very abundant
dew during one hot rainless season thrives so that horse and rider
hide in it."
111 179erbert Louis, p. 49-50.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Humlum Wise Cultivation - 7 -
The Louis data relate to the middle of the twenties of the present
century; at this tine the hectare yield in Albania amounted to 104-11.crwt.l8
The yield improved ecetsidiat to the end of the thirties, and it is possible
that the sowing methods altered for the last 16 years. Of course
normally corn is harvested in Albania only once a year. But Louis re-
ports that it would be possible to grow ripe corn twice a year in South
Albania in Ruzakia; he adds, however* that the corn planting there is
of limited importance due to the devasting effects of raging malaria and
repeated ?floods. Us emphasizes, besides, that corn in Albania is of an
extreme importance for daily food, for the last consists of cornbread
and flower bulbs, onions, tomatoes or whey. Cheese from eee'a milk is
something :special, and bacon is a rare dainty morsel.,
BULGARIA (p. 120-122)
The hectare yield of corn in Bulgaria is quite low, se compared
to the same of tagoslovia, Hungary ani Italy. rurthermore, it fluctuates
here considerably from year to year, though not as much as in the other
Balkan countries. It amounted in the decade 1930-40 from 7 up to 14 crwt.
[See illustration 44, p. 120s The corn area of Bulgaria for the year ,
1956: 669 thousand hectares, from which 214 thousand hectares or 32 per
cent are located in the province of Vratza. Every dot corresponds?to a
cornjares of 2,000 hectares ("flachentrou" eurface....?). Ref. Statistique
agrioole, ensemencement et recoltes, taratf`me de Bulgarie (Agricultural
statistics, sowings and harvests. Ringdos of Bulgaria, Sofia, 1938.)].
161928:? 10.6; and 1929: 10.4 *wt. per hectare (no data on earlier time
are available).
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Eumlum...Haixe Cultivation - 8 -
The northwestern province of Vratea has the highest heotare yield;
Burgas, as a rule, the lowest; sometimes as low as one-third of the first.
'he hectare yield figures of corn in Bulgaria are often lower than those
for wheat, a fact that otherwise occurs very seldom. Swedberge19 explana-
tion of this fact might be correct: he quotes that corn is sown there on
muoh inferior soil than wheat. Cultivated even on the fertile but very
porous black soil, corn in certain years does not have enough moistures the
summer prooipitatione consist of short and very heavy rains,.ebich in itself
(if not the soil porosity) would be favorable, since it combines much sun-
shine with abundant rains.
The corn area of Vulgaria enlarged greatly in the present century,
however in the recent -decade there are scarcely more than 7,000 square kilo-
meters.20 Meat requires half of the grain area and corn one quarter. In
return the wheat harvest iaae a rule at least double as compared to the corn
harvest: it varies between 1 to 2 million tons against 1/2 to 1 million tons
of corn yield.
Corn is a very important grain for all of Bulgaria, however the largest
part of the crop (tbout two-thirds of the laat) relates to the regions situated
north of the Balkan mountains; Which corresponds to the fact that about two-
thirds of Bulgarian arena under 700 raters of altitude are to bo found in
northern Pulgaria.20 On the lowest areas of the ranubo plain the core plantings
190. Swedberg, 1940, p. 249.
208ee table by E. Earkoff, 1912, p. 93.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-I-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Eumlun Cultivation - 9 -
are in many points as important as wheat plantings. The notthwestern.
province. of Watsa yields sometimes more corn than wheat, and it certain
? years this province yields- one-third of the whole cons crop of Bulgaria.
Likewise, in thelprovince.of Sofia in southwestern Bulgaria the corn. crop
.
surpasses the wheat- yield, yet this .yield constitutes only e small part '
.of the Bulgarian corn harvest. ;he provinces Shmla and Burcae on the
? ?lack Sea yield comparetively small quantities of corn. in these regions
? the Corn is supplanted by eunflomer which is favored there because of
the. Black Sea climate.
If corn le of lens importance on the plains of Boumelia than north
of the Balkan Mountains (even from the relative viewpoint: the, ratio to
the total extent of tilt) arable land), it is due to the insuffiolent pre:Apt-
tatiOnS compered to those of the Danube Plain. This is true not for the
whole year, but occurs in the growingpsriod (on account of transition to a:
subtropical winter climate).
Beans, pumpkins, watermelons and potatoes are crown frequently between
the cornplants;21 however, the intermediate :miter's are not as general
as in Roumania.
As in other countries, corn crowing is of toot importance to the
wall farmer. LeibroCk22 attributes it to the fact that corn is a barter
crop and that it requires quite herd 'cork during the harvest. In a small
Leibrock, 1938, p. 75. See also Annuaire international de stet etique
agricole, 1940.:
220. loibrook, 1938, p. 72.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
? Rumlum liaise Cultivation .10 -
household, however, the farmer and his family are able to perform the whole
work themselves, inasmuch as the labor can be distributed over a quite long
time period. Moreover, there is no necessity to harvest as soon as the corn
is ripened, since the kernel does not fall from the cob.
A small part of the corn prop is exported (see table 50 -page 10a);;
the greatest. part is used as fodder and namely a000rding to Poucek25 for
cattle; 8wedberg,24 however, declares that corn is used there as fodder for
'rage and bens. The last is more probable.
In return the corn foliage (?) (maiestroh) is used greatly as cattle
fodder and the stems serve in many peasant households as firewood. 25
Yet the export of corn from Bulgaria in not unimportant: it amounts
generally to 100 thousand tons; in 1924 it reached a maximum of 211 thousand
tons, in 1939 a minimum of 2 thousand tons. Compared to Yugoslavia and
Roumania, the export is quite moderate; yet Bulgaria contributed in 1952-34
an average of about 1 1/2 per cent to the net 'world export of corn, that ie,
more than the United States. Frequently were corn export figures 'equal to
those of wheat.
In 1932-34 the figures of corn export amounted to 3.8 per cent of the
whole export figures of the country. In 1935-57: 2.5 per cent.
248. Suedberg, 1940, p. 251
250. Leibrock, 1938, p. 73
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP.80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
EWA.= ? ? ? On the Geography of 0
Maize Cultivation 0
CD
(D
Table - 30
Corn Yield and Corn Export of Bulgaria
1
Corn area in thousand km.
Corn crop in thousand tons
Corn export balance in thous. tons
Yield per hectare (cwt.)
1914
(6.0)
(776)
(207)
(12.9)
1924-28
6.4
605
121
9.5
1929-33
7.3
888
135
12.2
1934
6.9
790
126
11.5
1935
7.2
1009
5
14.0
1936
6.7
872
104
13.0
1937
6.8
859
99
12.6
1938
7.0
,V52
59
7.6
1939
6.2
951
2
15.4
1910
1070
OP NW
?
-n
(D7J
(T)
n.)
0
co
0
0
n.)
trebs, 1926, p. 837.
co
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Mir Jura... On the Geography of , -11-
Haixe Cultivation
HUNGARY (page 129-131)
In 1937 RUngarycultivated 35 percent of her grain area in wheat and
30 percent of the same in corn. Normally the wheat area is somewhat larger
than the corn area, nevertheless, for the last years, corn had to be
con4i4ered as the principal grain crop of Hungary. In any case, the corn
yield vas in the five years of 1934-38, larger than the wheat yield:
namely, .310 thousand tons corn and 2220 thousand. tons wheat. Daring
the previous five-year period the wheat crop was the higher one, but during
the flece..e 1930-40. the corn yield increased on a larger scale. Table 3%
in aid5.tion, does not show such a large area of aeon corn; this is an area
of about 800 km. 2, yielding over 200 thousand tons yearly.
The climate of Hungary 15 perfectly suited for corn planting. The
yearly te-morature fluctuations being almost ideal. The average temper .tures
for Budapest and Szegedin range in Nay - September ?esentially within the
same intervals which proved in Rumania as optimal (see p. 284); only May
is rather cool. On the other hand, the precinittion is suboptimal in most
of the rons during the growing period, especially in July. Mentioning
the European corn regions.--Huntington, Williams and van Valkenburg16
emphasize that Hungary has an especially large hectar yield and 11T-sill:en as
a whole, ite climate also shows the nearest apiroach to the optimum for
corn*.
282. Huntinton, P. E. Willirms and. S. van Valkenbarg, 1033, p. 72.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
1937 1938
11 t 0 C 0
? ? O 0
CQ
r4 r4 8 CCQ
ro?? ..... .0%.
C??? t,C. CO 41'...'0 U)
? V. tr) ?
CO 0 C ti CO
04 t9 r4
......., ...... ......."
14.8 16.2
r4
C7, 0 N.
C.: tr.; ?
tO ccr
r4
or%
V) 10 V.
? ? tf) r4 ?
to 0 00) N
404 r4 r4 r4
r4
r4 r4 to to 10
r4 CO 8 N.
rnt 9-4
Wheat areas in tho-.-:i.ad sq.
Corn lirld in thousand tons
Hectare yield for
Included
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
%maw,? On the Geography of -13-
Maize Cultivation.
The sewing takes place during the intense temperature increanes
in the myth of April and up to May; the Prater growing period follows
in May ard Am* ,iointly with the rain maximum, which as a rale falls in
short heavy showers. Daring the ripening period in the month of
entar,bar the reline ,re comoaretively moder.te. July la the warmest
month (aversee to 20-22 1/?0 Centierade). Bnt an the Olole there are
no im-ortrInt variations of temperature (hiring the summer months.
The harvest takes place mostly from mid-September up to thl end.
of October. After the harvest the corn is dryad in special long airy
houses, or rather sheds so-called Tshardeks or dOres, which can be
found in most of the corn fares.
As mentioned above, wheat anet earn are the principal soil products,
but 7373broc1. and V-nce24 remark, that especially in the south in
Baceka (BYtahka), sugar beats, rye, barley, oats, herrn, hap, Setaria
and at times lucerne are drawn into rotation, in addition to Wheat
and corn. In same places, however a three-year crop rotation 1.5 practiced:
Com-hat..ranicum sanguini.
Toward the north-east, In the eetnd regions of Debreczen a four-year
crop rotntion is usual: namely Lucerne,-Wheat-(or rye)-Corn-Sugar beets28).
The "urger/an Statistics; do not give any direct information on
intermediate cultures on the corn fields29); however repeatedly used. for
interraediPte calturee on the fields of Hungary are pumpkins, beans and.
cro.nfIcwors; th the? same way as in Rumania these plants are generally
used for intermediate cultures.
27)K. W. Babcock and A. H. Vance, 1929, p. 3.0.
28)1. 1929, p. 29 and follolaing.
29) r. stefan lrabin,p, department head in the ministry of agriculture
unfortumtely was likewise unable to give me some informeition on this
account.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
? 111100 On the Geography of -.14-
ie Cultivation
? In Hungary, as nearly all over the %oorld, corn production is typic41
for small and medium-sized. enterprises, -This fact, Which depends on
the large labor effort required by corn growing appeared yet more
drasticly after the distribution of the large estates, Which took place
&urine, the years after the war;.(1920, 1924, 193630), on the large
agricultural enterprises, the peasants and the day labourers recieve a
share in the yield instead of money.
The lErgest part of Hungarian corn is utilized as fodder; in
contri,,st tn Rumania, the Mingarians do not use corn as a bread cereal
they use, of course, corn asa food, but according to Eurt Treiber)
almost entirely sweet corn32.
Yor fodder purposes they grow flint pod and dent corn, andes
mentioned before, both ripening, and also green corn; in this case corn
is often sown a few weeks later33). And as elsewhere in central and
south 71ro70 you can see in Hungary in the saes region and at the same
time corn fields of different stage of development..
Corn growing is important for all of Hungary, but especially for
its south-enstern part, extended around Danube and Theists.
In the north the-corn growing often occupies less than 20 per cent
of the trable Hengaria, as .a rale carries on some corn export;
however, then the yield is bad, it imports corn; sometimes in considers ble
quant ties.
31)Kart Treiber, 1934, v. 35.
.42)g. Babcock and A. M. Vance (1929, p. 13) yet assert;NWhen a
7,ri:,ty of corn, tr7Ins1ted ac sweet corn, is encountered in the central
Euronean plains the reference is usually to the early-maturing corn
grown 7rr hurzn consumption 4.1'rouz1'out the recion. This corn was.
evidently originally a type of f1int. 3)K. W. Babcock and la K.
Vance, 1929, p. 9.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Hum ? On the Geography of -15-
Itaice Cultivation.
Table 33 shows the development of Hungarian corn export. The
yield of 1935 was a failure; consequently the high import in 1935 and
1936.
Illustration 51. Hungarian Corn yield for the year of 1937.
? The total production amounted to. 2759 thon.send tons.
on this map corresponds to 10 thousand .tons corn.
(source: Annuaire Statistque Hqngrois
(yearly Hungarian Statistics) 1937)
rwery clot
pp. 137-138
Illustration 54: Corn granary (Mai agOr4e) in Rungaria. August 1941.
Illustration 55: Sunflowers on the edge of a corn field with intermediate
pumpkin culture; in the northern Theise-plain. August 1941.
Illustration 56: Dr. Rudolf Fleise.hmann at the experimental fields
with corn and beans in Kotrpolt, Rangaria. Corn and beans with separate,
result in a better yield than sown as intermediate cultures. August 19 41.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
V 4 I
C i
0 ri
r4 I I
tY r4
r4 I
I
I
i
i
1
to
i
I
I
; iii I CO
V'
C?3 I
1
I owl
I
I
P
93 i
rl 01 i
03 g t
i
*11 i 0 i
p-1 ?
i r4
.1 .0
a
5 .
I I
M 0^ %
r4 1
i
A co
cv i
4 CD 1
C'il t'** I I
at
r4 ?
I
II
O VI I I 1
qp.
cv I
t.. *
A 0
r....,
OI
4 0
O Ts
8 1,
a,
o F4
8 I
?
6-1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
&Laura... On the Geography of Wive -17-
Cultivation
RtITAFIA (yrk. 1Z5-159)
Rtmania, relative both to production tna aloo exrort, is the m7t
imrorttnt country of Europe; in those recion 7 belonged to
Rumanio, during the intez-var-time the corn crop was essentially heltni
only 7'.."0 to thn cro a of the.tInited Strtns and Argentine. In
the sr.e tine period was Runaninn corn exelort one of the vorld IErzestt
second only to the one of Argentine. (s3e ttlile 35 ne't page)
In a survny on the erienoion of the world. corn cultare. Rumania,
'dill be of special interest.
One of the inrortF.nt nurrosos of the rrenent woe: Is to find oat
the dzoondence of RumanifAi corn yield on its climate. This dependence
notit,,tee even more a detriled study of the exrarsion end importance
of Rumninn corn crlture.
Oren GrowinG. For a long tine torn vas the principal gr7-4n crop of
Rumania; according to Pittard34), the corn calturs davit:lea for the last
. hqf century before the vorld war; and after the vorld war the corn
area w,7-s constantly increasing year by year on an extremely larqe scale.
Mist of the decade 1930-40 Punanian corn _roe was alstost one and hnlf
times larger coroared to the area planted in war-following years. In
1924 corn tmst planted on 36 thousand sq. km., in 1936, hoTver, the
area amounted to 53 thousand sq. tn. (193?: 50 thonennd sq. TM.).
Mese figures re7resent n tremendous el:pension of PUtirmian culti-
vation onrface in general and ospecielly of the torn area, which
normally occupies PAO nor cent of the cultivated Ilnd.
64)E. Pittard, 1917, p. 147.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Iftmlum... On the Geography of
Maize Cultivation
-180.
Table - 35
The Corn Culturfs of Rumi:nia
?
1V09-15
1924-28
1929-3:)
1934
1935
1976
1977
1935
1939
19101)
Wheat area in sq. gm.
(18.5)
32.2
30.5
:'0.8
3'.4
3.3
36.5
4C.8
(20.2)
Corn erea in 7 kl.
(2r.1)
40.6
47.2
0.1
51.7
52.6
51.6
..2.0
49.3
(35.8)
Corn yield in thou 3 to
(2730)
4047
5503
,1146
579
5512
47E:
117
6C51
(4276)
Recta,* yield 1r corr(cL.)
(W.1)
10.0
11.7
9.7
10.4
10.7
9.n
20.2
12.3
(13.8)
1) New Frontiers
_Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Huulum... On the Geogra?hy of -19-
Raiz& Cultivation
From 1924 to 1938 the cultivation ar*a of Rumania expended from
119 thoustnd sq. Ma. to 134 thousand sq. km., which
means 40 to 45 per
cent of the country's total cultivetion area. (See Illustration 53 for
relative imuortance of the different regions.)
Illus. 53. The Cultivated kant. 21 Rumania.
The mp (1937) dhows the percentage of the cultivated soil compared to
the total area; it is based upon data obtained from each one of the provinces.
In the Whole, 45 per cent of Rumanian surface is cultivated and some parte
of Ihmanien lowland belong to the most cultivated regione of the world.
Xllue. 57. Well developed Rumanian corn; no intermediate cultures. ?
The thickness of sowing is typical for many regions of southeastern
Europe; notice the aerial roots.
In the course of the development the grain culture kept, on the
whole, its dominating place within the field cultures of Rumania, Which
is proved by the fact that in 1924 it occupied 86 per cent and in 1938,
84 per cent of the total cultivated area.
In southwestern and northeastern Wallachia and in south Bessarabia
the grain olantinginormally occupy up to 90 per cent and over of the
cultiv_ted soil. (Illus. 58)
Illus. 58. The Grain Areasliresenteck in Percentage to the Tote; of
Cultivated Sion., 83 percent of Rumanian arable-land is use for grain
culture; the grain crop is prevelent in Rumania as otherwise only in
Ttrkey, Japan and a few other individual countries of the world.
Thou & the total grain growing of Rumania showed an amaziag de-
velonment, the corn growing was etill leading and, the increase of the
corn Lire. a 8 much more intense than the one of the wheat area; so the
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Huml4m... On the Geography of
i;aize Cultivation
relative stPnd of corn to the en e of the decede 1930-40 much higher than
in the :.fter war years.
The table 36 -shows clearly that the expansion cf corn soWing In
due not only te the increase of the whole annting area, but occurs
distinctly ot the cost of other Grain areas: the cultivation of barley
and oats in the respective epece of time declined enormously, emeeciFllY
from the relative viewpointt In 1938 barley was sewn only on 3/4 of the
soil. it occupied in 1924, at the same time the oats towing decreased by
one half.
In return, during these fourteen yearn the wheat area expanded by
21 per cent end the corn area by38 per cent. (See Table 36, next page)
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
? Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
the) Geography of -21-
Vries Cultivation
Table - 36
Rumanian Grain Growings
1924 1.431 1938
Arable land in sq. km 118.7 1'4.9 134.4
from which: 100 % 100 1 100 Tt
Grain nrea 86.0% 85.3%
Corn 30.5% 35.314
1 37.2%
wheat 26.74 25.7%
Barley. 15.0 14.4 2.5%
Oats 10.4% 6.55 4.8i,
Rye 2.3% 3.0 3.65
Millet 0.4% 0.5% 0.2%
lintrra 0.1% 0.1c 0.14f.
End of Translated Section
July 18# 1951
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
411 410
Tvordovskii, 11.
Interagra 2;326-29.
4
,
krJ j5L/7)
t
.864111
supplies of the Soviet Union.
1948 28?In825
Trsnslted from the Russian by
S. Fonson
Seed Resource of he Soviet Couatry.
The ocimunication of the Gosplan of the USSR (State Planning Co i on)
/
published officially on April 15, concerning the results of the achieve-
ments of the government plan. on the restoration and development of the.
natior4s economy in the first quarter of 1948, indicates a vast growth in
industry, transportation, and agriculture. The first quarter served as a
preparatory period for agriculture with respect to spring sowing. This
pr paration, according to the couflication, proceeded on a larger scale
than in the precedint; year.
The repair of tractors was accomplished in time and in many districts
and republics of the Union even ahead of time. In the first quarter, the
collective farms completed the seeding for spring sowing to conform with
the established program of widening the sowing areas. Up to the first of
April the size of the seeded area of Grain crops exceeded that of the
previous year one-and-a half times. Taking into account thnt the sowing
area of the USSR will in 1948 increase some lc. percent (in grain seed
alone some 11 percent), it is evident that the soviet farmers have provided
for ft large supply or Bettina.
Eowever, not quantity alone is involved here. The eeds are also of
hich quality. Soviet farmers assured thomselves of a supply of seeds that
will produce good races.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
"
- 2 -
Tverdovskil Seed supplies of the Soviet Union.
1948
In the present year Over three quarter of all primary grain crops
will be sowed with graded seeds. In 1949 the transition to a uniform
sowing, regionalized with graded seeds of winter and summer crops ef higher
yields, will be completed.
This tremendous )rk of creating a powerful seed-crowing base will
be the result of a wide network of scientific-research institutions,
government grading stations, regional seed growing economies, and finally,
of grading "lots" of the collective farms themselves. The country
possesses an enormous seed growin economy which unites close to 250,000
seed growing units.
The farmer knows that one variety difters from the other. Two
different varieties of the same crop, within the same conditions, may act
differently. It is therefore necessary to sow not only graded seeds in
general, but those of the hichest yield, best adapted to local conditions,
and most resistant to all kind of disease. In the present year, the
Soviet farmer will use new varieties greatly superior to the older ones.
Eew varieties of grain,' oil, technical, and leguminous crops, differing
from the older cultures in general productivity and yield, will be Widely
spread.
In the past years selectors have produced and the government commisoion
of grade-testing has regionalized 121 varieties of summer wheat, 29
varieties of oats, 54 varieties of summer barley, 90 varieties of winter
wheat and many others. The famous Soviet selector, Pr. Alexander
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Tverdovskil, V. Seed suppliesof the Soviet Union..
1948.
Shehurtzin has produced 30 different kinds of grain crops, primarily wheat.
Selector Lukianenko of the Krasnodarsk Select on Station has in the past
few years produced 13 new varieties. The selector Gramochevski in Ater-
bajian produced 24 new varieties suitable to local conditions.
In the East much attention is paid to a new variety of summer wheat
produced by the Siberian Grain Institute, "Mi1turum-553". According to
tests, his wheat smrpasees in yield the prevailing varieties by 2-3 cent-
ners; at a medium yield it produces no less than 20 centners per hectare:
This year hundreds of thousands of hectare will be sown in Siberia with
new economically valuable varieties.
The variety of summer 'heat "roskovke,produced by the Institute of
the Non-Black Earth Belt (it's author is prof. V. risarev) is particu-
larly valuable. The variety ulloskovkan will be distributed in 1948 not
only in the Moscow region, but also outside of it. Its characteristics
are: non-exact ng as to soil, high resistance to disease, e7cel1ent baking
qualities, does not lodge or crumble, of a yield which surpasses the pre-
vail ng variety in the district on an average of 5 centners per hectar4
In the dry steppe regions of the Ukraine and the Rostov region new
prospective varieties of winter wheat, produced by the Odessa Selecti4
Genetic Inetitute, have gained a wide distribution. They were the result
of the hybridization of drought-resistant and productive varieties with
frost-resistant ones. In this year alone, the grade 70desskaya 3' will
be planted on one million and a half hooters in the Ukraine.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
? ?
-4-
Tverdovskii, V. Seed supplies of t ? Soviet Union.
1948.
In the Northern Caucasus, in regions where wheat plantings are
frequently effected by rust, thereby reducing the yield, a stable and high-
ly productive variety, the *Novo-Ukrainka-83", produced by the selector
Lukianenko at the krageodarak Selection Station has established itself.
In almost all geographical regions, that have their peculiarities in soil
and climate, new grades have been produced that yield good crops and are
adopted to local conditions.
The grades of high yielding oil crops of the sunflower plant have
gained a wide distribution this year alone with new improved varieties of
lone-fib r cotton, flax, and other culturee. Of special importance to the
national economy are the new varieties of potatoes which are totally
resistant to disease.
Strict supervision has been established in all collective and state
farms with regard to the protection of grade purity, the proper usage
of graded seeds, and the quality of the seed material. Each kilogram of
graded seeds is subject to strict doourentation. Some 4,000 seed-control
laboratories analyse se rral times each year the seeds of the collective
and state farms with respect to propagation, humidity, contamination, etc.
If seeds are not equal to the standards established by the government they
are, as a rule, not permitted to be grown. The spread of fungi and bac-
iological diseases of planta is anticipnted and controlled by the treat-
of seeds prior to the planting.
****************
End of ChaPtei-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
? ?
Tverdovakii V. Seed supplies of the SovietUnion.
Interagra 2:326-329. 1948.
Englieh summary
Cereal varieties
English Summary
In 1948 more than three quarters of he acreage in principal species
of grain will be sown with assorted seeds. Next year this practice will
be extended to the entire acreage of winter and spring crops. The reali..
ioo of this task has been made passible by the vigorous support on the
part of the vast net of Soviet scientific research stations, government
seed improvement stations, regional seed growing farms, and seed growing
sectione of the collective farms. The Soviet Union his a vast seed impro e-
'sent service, carried on in about 210,000 stations and institutions.
In the current year Soviet farmers in all parts of the country are using
seeds better adapted to local conditions, yielding better crops, and more
resistant to diseases than those which they have been using until now.
Soviet aelectionists and the Government Plant Selection Commission have,
in recent years, distributed in different regions 121 varieties of spring
wheat, 29 varieties of oats 90 varieties of winter wheat and 14 varieties
of spring barley.
Special mention must be made of a new variety of spring wheat, used
In Siberia, which exceeds in yield any other popular variety by 440 to 660
lbs per hectare on fields with a crop of at least 4410 lbs. Eundreds of
thousands of an
s in Siberia will be sown with this variety of spring
wheat this year. Another very valuable variety of spring wheat is nroskovka",
cQifl in the Central Area, which Is characterised by a high disease reniatance
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
vi
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Tverdovskii, V. eed supplies of the Soviet Union.
1.948
English summary
Cereal varieties
and an exeiIent baking quality, together :with a yield e?-. +red
that of
other 'nrlettea, current in that area by 1120 lbs per hectare. In the
droubt-atfiicted teppes of the Ukra5ne and the Bostev region, aaew pro-
mising variety or -winter ubet, produced by the hybridization of droubt
? and fr -resistant varieties, ia being used.
ery geologies.l region with particular soil and climatic
In almost
condition, new varieties of grain, excellin& in high yields and adapted to
local conditions are being used.
Strict control of preservation of the purity of the seed material,
Of its correct use
of its quality is being exercised. The selected
seed material is being supervised Is! -ap:.roxistately four thousand seed
?trol laboratories, which forbid the use of seeds -whose qualit es do not
contorts to the norms laid down by the Oove anent.
he wide extension of seed 11%11 ure in the Soviet and the rapid
inorease in its sownSicreace constitute a Crest victory for Socialist
a.r1culture.
Ecii of Summary of Chapter
***************************
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Likitin, I.
hericeltural Scientific 1nstitutiona in 3n Yoars of
roviot ulo. Socialiot Lgrioultural roon?4
18(12)07-61. 1967, 281.8 SdTi
Translatod frou tho Luovian
8. L. !!onson
Coolslist atylcultural production to bang built an ociontMo
foundations. 71? Co:-_-mnist Party and the Soviet .Governr''nt dovao p tl-
cular attert,on to acx-cultural sc:onco and contribute tozards itc dove-
lor=ant in every tzar. In 30 yearn of Soviet rule tundrcen of inetituten,
ozp;ri.7.-ent olaticno end Ilalet tyro or,AtiseL In our country. LarLc
colontific cadroo taro dratn for training fron the torVor - and ',variant
cloacae. Coviet egecultural ooloncelo ccee=plist=nto am truly orar-
=aue ia thn viol of plant gravin, ani=1 hus.andry, nechanicatirn, snd
other brunchos of roil:.
'Is firatcapericantal Mid tan crinitcd in Lutela in 1.U.C, ct
aciontifis f-rn of the Z;ori-"oroteki her:cultural Jnotttutc (now the 7hito-
kunoian agr. Inst.). 'Ma for=sr operated up to 1E61.
Scientific uarl: abroad ben to dovtlolrzot sovhat latter tYan in
Eunsia. Tho first ezpettrant n'Aation ran sat up. In tn,sland - at Eothan-
ctod In 1C.S2; in. 1851 an onpericonf... station re (*anal at 1-47arn pear
hsipsie. :Armanyt in ICC?-08 at !Taney cnd 7Incannos. France; in 1170 -
in 1 oly, In 1872- in tel,,Iu7, in 1E71 in Sixiin. 'ho first experient
otat5or opened In 187 in tha l'SA ran locatod at Connecticut; Canada's
firat ntaticn c oatabliohnd in 1387. In 1".;84 an oxperinant station vas
ciao ootablishod In Lunala at tho riga Polytochnimn:. It laaad, hozaver,
an ozpori=ant fin/C ate did not apply the vevtationtl field rathod?but
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Nikitin, 1.
Agriculture.' Scientific InntIt.ution Sn SO Yearn of
Soviet rule. 1947
oonuottid only laboratory analysis. It vete aotually a laboratory devoted
to soil chemistry. Upon the initiative of the famous russien so.lientist-
chemiet D. I. 1:ende1eev? collective experiments were or,aniZed in 1867
In the St. Petersburg, UOSOCCE, Smolensk, and Simbire zubernii, where
the reaction of isthersi fsrtiltiera upon field crops !Fere etudied. 1se
experimentn were coneucted only for two years d then eiseontinued. All
research work on egr3oulture stopped after that.
Only in 1881 the Trostenetckaya Experiment Station was established
on public funds. t wee followed in 1082 by the Velokrinitekoye experi-
ment field, In 18M by the Studenetskoye experiment field, and in 188q
by tie l'oltav: experiment field, an severel others. All of these were
discontinued ti year or two after their establishment, except for the
Poltavr. experiment field station wIlich remained in existence as an
experiment station of field drops up to 1929 when it vase reorganized
into the forage branch of the Ukrainian Institute of '4.!ne husbandry and
later into a division of the All-Union lorao Institute.
It is apparent from this that the first experiment field statins
were organised in the southern part of the country - in the recAorFs of
sugf.3.r-heet sowing. S'iley served the oconorsio needs of country estates
primarily and ife re engaged chiefly in the study of agrimatural method
and practices and the introduction or fertilising. Animp1 husbandry was
of
not !studied at all., nor was there any trece,the study of the proble-re of
agrioultural nechanisatIon.
In 189-- there were altogether on3x 27 experiment institutiors within
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Nikitin, I. .
Agricultural Soentifio institutions In SO Years of
ovist Rule. 1947.
the territory of ?rivt nusnia, of these 10 were ezperiment stations,
experiment field, laboratories, and 2 - seed-control etations.
The latter were actually coed-control laboratories and not et* ions
in our predent definition of the term. Of thic auFber one ezperiment
station and ote seed-control, station mere situated in /eland.
It fano= therefore that in 109S there were only a total of 2c -
experiment institutions within the procent borders of the USSR, including
the seed-control aad other laboratories,:mhile there mere but 22 expert-
rent stations and fielde for the entire limitless e:Ipante of hus Ian land.
At that one half of the experiment inetitutionS of that period was
organised by the cemstvo, (rurcl self-government agencies), various
societies and individuals. he eXpenditures mede by the 7sarist govern- ?
gent were incignificant, emeuntinc altoolther to 190*000 rubles. Equally
insignitioant was the nuMber of ecientifle pereennel assigned to the
experiment statione, consictiag altoLether of S7-q8 people. Each experi-
vent inatitution had an average of two ecIentifictectnical workers, of
whom only one possoseed a higher education. In 1913 there were 122
experiment institutions mithim the territery nom occupied by the 11.68f;
of these
periment Stations and 70 experiment fields; there .ere
altogether 214 experiment agricultural institutione in iairit FUV3itly
-shish included a veriety of laboratorien. The major...), of experiment
stations was organised batmen 1010 and 1012. Ey that time mem, enperi-
mental institutions, organited in 189'5.96, were discontinued for Leek of
consistent financial support. LOORUISO of the latter re tuation- the results
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
.
ftrioultural Scientific st1tutIoua in 50 Years of
Soviet ,Pule. 1947.
- of the work of those institutions were pitifully small. Support extended
by the Tsarist Government for the financing of the entire network of
exporirent .:.natitutiond amounted to Z,3.54,000 rubles. The'ectentific-
technical personnel nuMbered about 440 people. aIre wss an average of
3-4 people per institution, of whom only two bm e hiGher education.
largest experiment stations of that period tte 17etenchuk;Shatilov,
ratio's, Ent;o1hurdt 4,.statione had 4 permanent ctaff of from 4-6
scientific workers, including the laboratory personnel and:''method-
observere.?
The scientific ina itutions engagOvprimarily even at that time in
the study of prolems of,agrieultural technieel method* nd the:fertili-
sation of field crops. The study of tni1 husbandry e conducted in
only ono experimental livestock farm and to ?evornl deiry leboratories;
problems of fruit,crowing were dealt with in one expriment truck garden.,
oblems of meohnnization wore taken caro.of at only the Adze= experiment
ation where u reecarch machine department -bad been sot up, that studied
prtmarlky- horso-dr:Ven-pleuzhs and harrow*. All vorkwasetill Inmbryo-
. 116
nic
Lxperiment stetiort at
time also alI ioctad chiefly in
European Luenis. i1.t borif.er regions end_those f the vari-Jus nations-
Ilties possessed either an insiolfieant network or none a 111. he
experiment stations served primarily the private estates and kulak eco-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Niki# -
Ar5culturni ole Inet tient; in ZO Yeare of
Soviet Pule. 1947.
nom/ea/the ro 1 aoe of te population not deriving any benefit from the
work at nil. Conditions prevailing within the network of experiment
inetitutiOns, simediataly prior to the Great October Socielist Levolution,
wrepractically the Same
A new ere:betan in eriouitural le tho day the Soviet rule
establiesed its? f. The bolehevist party and the Soviet gdeerr.arent
an-
tamed the pr-nciple that tim development of a people's economy, includ-
ing en agricultural econmy, was to be built upon a scientific, planned
foundation.
In order to bring p1anninr and orta tidn into seientiflo-resoarci-,
? all expericental work was etarted on a tonal principle. Legional experi-
nt atstiounere placed at the ,head' of experiment. institutions, 1th
the torpor subordinated to the experiment divisione of the hark:al-sem
(Peoples Commiesariat of Agriculture) of the respective republics.- A
total ? of 21 recional experimeet etations cra organised. in addition 11
institutions of all-Union importance were ectablished. The scientifie
?center uncrei talned by the Goverrment Institute of Eper5ental Agronomy.
Aiminc at the orcacisation and direction of eeientiiie-research work
to satisfy the needs of a developing eocialint agricultural economy, ded
in order to opordinate acientifio work and the beet.scientifie auperVision,
as enviouged by our great teacher,V. .1.-Lenin, the Soviet of leoplele
Ca:leisure of the USSR created on Juno 25, 1929 the Lenin All-Union ri
cultural Academy. this to be aecisted by a network of general. academic
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Nikitin, I.
Agricultural So
Soviet Lula.
fie institutions in 30 ears of
1947.
institutes and spectialised branohes. The entire network of experiment
institutiens of thEldietricto and regions wee subordinated to theca
braneh !net' tutoo. All scientific and administrative direction of the
network of eAperirent I inst;tutiono and their finencing was concentrated .
at the Academy. This set-up played an enormous role in mobilising
. scientific materiel within the separate fieldo of agriculture, the indivi-
? dual crops, and apeoles of domestic aphasia.
? The expo rental invtitutions uere, houever, losing contact with the
field organo, and on july 16,1934 an order of the SNE (Soviet Narodnikb
410 Eommlsuarov) ordered the reorganization of We Academy of Agricultural
Sciences and the oreanisation of t. regional and strict network. Accord-
ing to this nem order, almost every region and district wee to establish
reclaim' and district experimental stations for f eld study, animal hus-
bandry, atdening., and vegetable growing, along with anetwork of experi-
ment fields and pointe directly subordinated to the regional, distr4ct
territorial dinctratiov, and through the latter to the correspondine
specialised main adninistrat.ion of the 4rkomoem (esople's Cow isariat of
Agriculture) of the respective republic or the larkomscm of the US:17. The
branch institutes yore directly subordinated to the productive a?inistrat1nn
points of the Narkomsen of the Up and those of the southern rspub CS.
/lie allied narkomets (reople's commiveariat), such as the ?.EP of Food
and Industry, Soviet Agriculture, Loalth, the Administration or the Extreme
4I/North and other departmento developed their own network of experimental
-- Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
? Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Fikitin, 1.
Agrieultural Scientific Inctitu ions in 30 Ye c of ?
Soviet Iwle.. 1947.
agricatural agencies which were directly de dent upon them.
In the ectabliahment of scientific ithod, the..ro -1ono. end die- -
? trIct experizlent stat,.ona, alena with their nctworks? pore attached .to
the branch Institutes. For instance the 'Institute or Lorthern Grain
?:coney an4 Leguminous Crepewas to curic tYle perh-of the following
'district experiment stations on field crops: the .csca0, Smolensk IVQ/101r,
? Kalinin, Archancelek, Chuvabh, Kirov, h e-tzasoin, ere1ici1 Gorki,
? Sverdlovsk.
the Euibiehov Ukrainian. Irsti. te of Crain?Economy pas to superv e
all district erint stations on field crops in the Ukraine. The
Lichurin Ceientific-research Institute of Fruit Grow was to culde the
network ?ef experiment institutions on fruit and berry crops in. the
Central usu. The All-Union Seientif:e-reeearch itite of Flax Intended .
to eupervice ell experiment inatit tienn etxdyi& the Latter CVO.
The Lenin All-Unien.Academy of Agricultural Sciexzcecs to extent its
scientific cupervip.on over the entire syster of sofentific-ree,erch
institutions dealing with Soviet agriculture.
At present u vast network of scientific-research Institutions relating
to all bronahen of agrtoultural economy hes- been entabliched in the USsn.
? The nubor of tach of these i lieted in Table I.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
8
I.
Aga' ural ,I)cientifie Institut s - SO Tears of
Soviet Eule. 1947.
.11111101:11031.0,011.0110004.0
Type' Toe ion
f Alen 1, j47
? I. Total number o
fIc research
tions
Among these:
Institutes
Branch Instituter,
Experi nt stations
? Experiment fields
? Cupport bases, points
d'appul
Laboratories
Botanical Gardens
78
921
280
tal nOmeer of cc ntifle-rese ch in itu one asdI,idd
to eptrAte special fielde, le distributed In the following canner in
Table .
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
? ?
Ikitth, ?1.
Agr culture
Soviet Buts
Sole
Institut ona in SO Years of
7 4
TABLE II
Complex and Grain In titutes and bXperiment St t5? ....... ? 223
70
lective experi
Of Tsohn
Fruit
Legu
Bydro-teohn!
out statio
of Craia Crops ....
I Crops (cotton, f1z, sugar-beet, tobacco, o.) 109
and Grape grow (vitt culture) 122
nd ?Utile?s...,, 51
S9
37
17
2S
*Fechani natl. on uin3 Eleetril i cat ion . 12
niai Busbandrior (including Apiculture, and Gt1ir.7on rreeditas 129
40
,411oration,
Agricultural Forest Volioration
Polar Agriculture
*Plant Protection
Veterinary
Otb.or ozp.z-rnts1ins ugrtctituri chenistry, physics,
ro.' crab! ology)
'III*
27
* These insiitutcns re ttgbiy spe ialized. Aside from thee , sU branch
?institutes and ?a large nuxabor of expert:rent statIon carry on research
OV plant OtCCtOZ o
U as on the easohanization of proces GO C
to pruduee crors under s
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
Vikits in, I
Acriculturt
Soviet Rule
- 10 ?
Soientific Institutions in 30 Years of
1947.
Aside trot, the numer cal gro h it in important to note the, immencely
grown pcYrcr Red increaae in equipment at contemporary experiment (stations
compared to thane of pre-revolutionary days.
Today'n complex and epeciali zed plantl-growing experiMent etati One which
consist of number of scientific departments on agricultural practices
agricultural chemietry and fertilization, aeleotion, plant proteotion,
mechanization, etc.) are provided with greatly perfected laboratory and
economic equipment and poetess not only tangle site, members but tens amd
hundrede of acientific and technical personnel. !any of the forcer din-
triet experimen stations were transformed into institutea.. For inetance.
the 0-.sk dietriet expe inent station an transformed into the Siberian
Scientific-Bow/parch institute of Grain Economy. 71-e. Saratov district
perteent atatiop - into the Scientific-Reienrch Institute of Crain
on
to ti
of Soot): -East*
All -Union
Ussn, Tho Odeasa district experiment statiosa-
leetive.-Genetio institute; the KameLne-Steppe. Govern-
.me t:Gelection Station of Grain Crops into the ebuchtev Institute of ?
Agriculture or the Central-Black Earth Lelt. Prerevolutionery Lusela
did not possesa a einEle nolentifie-research institute devoted to the
study of agrleulture. . 131 inetitutes were organised in the,30 years of
.Goviet rLh, anon then uch'Opnts As the All-Upion Scientific-Fecearch
Institutc of Plant Crow-Lb celii) with its network of branches and stations,
a staff o?f 93 people and a hutiLet for 1947 of 1S S$1,000 rubles;
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
?
11
Nikitsin,
? Agriculture Vic Xtiti,tutioa in 50 of
Soviet RUle. 1947.
All-Union Sc tent if1aieecrohcatitoto or For lization, Agricultural
PraotceaArcL1tura1 Soil Study (VIUAA), with a staff of 428 people
and n budget of 6,302,000 rublea;. the All4bion ,SoientificAiresserch
Instt-
tiF of fleshanzation and Eiectrif oation of Agriculture (VIV,B) w th a
aff ot 414 people and a :budcet of 6,6520000 ,rubles; 01-Union
?len ific.Research Inatitote of Plant Protection (VIM), 16 h$ a staff
of 4l people and u budget of 7,975,000 rubles.; the All-Union Scientific-
aroh Institute Of Cotton Crops (SOUISTICHI) with a staff of 629 and
a budget of 7?94 ,000 rubles; the A1l?alli013 Soientifio-Besearch in
of Animal A.'uebandry (VIE) with a staff of 236 and a budget of 4,412,000
rubles; the ichur&u Scientific- f search Institute of Fruit and Berry
Crops with a staff of 231 people and a budost of 2,257,000 rubles; the
AU-Union Scientific-research Institute of Tea Economy and. Sub-Tropical
Crops with a staff of 427 people and a budget of 5,0-57.000, rubles.
In addition? the network of branch institutes and eve.srent stations was
? widely developed to ooVer the study of all b sie branches of socialist
agriculture, . rain economy, cotton., flax, and other best crops, augur
beet, rubber, and all speciesof game' husbandry, aa el
veterituary
science. the enormous network or scientific nstitutioas devoted to alri
culture propsrly distributed. throUout the territory of the USSR. In
Organ
it consideration ras Liven to the serviding and study of the
productive agricultural regions of all Soviet Eepoblioa, as moll as to the
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
? .
. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP8OR01426R009800130001-3
op
S
.12 .
?
?
hikitsin? I.
Agricultural Beientife Institutions in $0 !care of
Soviet Rule. . 1947.
nevly added regions, while uith regard to leguminous crops, the serviding
of the industrial centers and large cities of the USFR was 4ein mind..
SimultaneoUsly with the zrowth of the ecientific-reseereh network
grew the soientifio cadres-of rapidly trained personnel drawn from the
?worker - and peasant classes. At profit:Int the soientifio cud techn cal
personnel of the entire network consists of 'C,18 people. Of this
number - 10,39r, are soient.fic morkore, (32 aeadesdolano, meeber-corres-
poedents, And active meeJers of various academies; 376 profossore.and
and 2226 graduate students in agriculture and other sciences).
The agricultural VUZ-1 (:nstitutee of-Sigher Education) carry on,
In adeition, vust asientific work, possess well equipped laboratories,
enu a lerge nueber of laibly qualified personnel. There are 86 agricul-
tural VUZI under the VInistry of "igher Education of the USCV. Of these -
.60 are devoted to Plant and 38 - to Aninal Lusbandry and Veterinary Study.
, Over 600 problems are being studied at the agricultural VUZI, covering
over $,400 topica on various pi-Olen-a concerning agriculture. 6122 aoienti-
fic workers are engaged in the work, among them are - 20 academicians uta
active and membere-correspondents of various academies; 698 - professors
and doctors; 2001 graduite students.
Aside from the network of scientif!e-research institutions, experiment
stations, fielde, and support pointy conducting manifold seientific-researob
work on all branches of agriculture, there also e ate a large network
of plots where var!ety-testing of risle, legurinous, and other crops is
Declassified and Approved ForRelease2013/09/16 : CIA-RDP8OR01426R0098001300012.1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/16: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800130001-3
aV 1111 110
]4ikitnin, 1k
Agricultural Scientific Institutions in 30 Years of
Soviet itule. 1947.
con ucte Tho work at these v iety-testing points is not limit?
he comparative study .of the relative y