POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN NORTH VIETNAM 1955-61

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A002200040001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 28, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
N? 3
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN NORTH VIETNAM
1955-61
CIA/RR ER 61-47
November 1961
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES?
IN NORTH VIETNAM
1955-61
CIA/RR ER 61-47
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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FOREWORD
The broadening conflict between East and West in Southeast Asia
has generated a need fora current assessment of the post and tele-
communications resources of North Vietnam. Because telecommunications
can play a consequential role in supporting aggressive activities,
their status may reflect the current and future intentions of North
Vietnam.
The preparation of this report was hampered by a general paucity
of information, Fortunately a sizable
Quantity of high-validity data on the operational status of numerous
telecommunications networks was available, and these data have heavily
influenced the content of the report. For the most part, the format,
length, and treatment of the report, including the extensive use of
maps, were influenced by the potential operational use to which the
report may be put.
The report deals chiefly with the general post and telecommunica-
tions facilities and services of North Vietnam that are managed by
the Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs of the Ministry
of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications (Bo Giab-thong va
Buu-dien). It also considers 'a number of important functional tele-
communications networks operated by other segments of 'government, such
as the Ministry of National Defense (Bo ,Quoc-phong) and the Communist
Party (Dang Lao Dong). Functional coverage of the telecommunications
networks Was dictated by the nature of both the purpose and the users
of the limited telecommunications resource base of the country. With
this coverage a more realistic appraisal of the present and future capa-
bilities of this base can be made.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions 1
I. Introduction
II. Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs
? ? ?
3
3
A. Organization 3
B. Revenue and Investment 5
C. Manpower and Training 6
D. Equipment 7
III. Postal Services 8
IV. Telephone and Telegraph Services and Facilities . . . 9
A. Telephone
B. . Telegraph
C. Common Telecommunications Facilities
1. General Facilities
a. Witelines
b. Point-to-Point Radio
(1) Domestic
(2) International
c. Microwave
9
10
11
11
11
13
V. Broadcasting
A. Radiobroadcasting
B. Wire Diffusion
VI. Future Trends
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17
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms .
Page
21
Tables
1. Estimated Investment in Transportation and
Communications in North Vietnam, 1955-61 .
2. Estimated Total Length of Telephone and
Telegraph Wirelines in North Vietnam,
1955-61
Illustrations
Figure 1. North Vietnam: Organization of the
Directorate of Posts, Telephones,
and Telegraphs, Ministry of
? Communications, Posts, and Tele-
communications, 1961 (Chart) . ? ?
Figure 2. North Vietnam: Estimated Growth
of Telephone and Telegraph
Services, 1955-61 (Chart)
Figure 3. North Vietnam: Estimated Number
of Main Telephone Exchanges,
1961 (Map)
Figure 4. North Vietnam: Estimated Distribution
of Telephone Subscribers by Adminis-
trative Areas, 1961 (Map)
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Figure
Figure
Figure
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5. North Vietnam: Open Wireline Net-
work, 1961 (Map)
6. North Vietnam: Domestic Point-to-Point
Radio Network, 1961 (Map) . . ....
7. jNorth Vietnam: International (Point-to
Point Radio Circuits, 1961 (Map) . . .
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POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN NORTH VIETNAM*
1955-61
Summary and Conclusions
The status of the general** and functional post and telecommunica-
tions resources of North Vietnam*** is in keeping with the underdeveloped
status of the country. Nevertheless; notable success has been achieved
since 1955 in rehabilitating and enlargirig the remnants of these re-
sources, which had been virtually destroyed by the French-Indochinese
War. The resources now meet minimal needs of the country. The reha-
bilitation and enlargement of the resources were guided by two plans:
the Economic Recovery Plan (1955-57) and the Three Year Plan (1958-60).
The new Five Year Plan (1961-65) indicates intentions to improve the
quality, reliability, and availability of post and telecommunications
services.
Statistical measures of the development and present status of major
telecommunications services and facilities are given below:
Telephone Subscribers
(Units)
1955
1961
2,200
Telephone Calls
(Thousand Calls)
1955 1,000
1961
31948 10-61
Telephones Installed
(Units)
1955 3,400
6,400 1961
Telegrams Sent
(Thousand Telegrams)
1 955
4,100 1961
Public Telephones
(Units)
1955 510
9,700 1961 720
Wirelines
(Thousand Kilometers)
1,200 1955
1,400 1961
10
18
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of. this Office as of 15 October 1961. For a glossary of tech-
nical terms, see Appendix A.
**, The term general in this report refers to the facilities and ser-
vices controlled, operated, and maintained [footnotes continued on p. 2]
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The average annual rate of growth during 1956-61 for the services and
facilities shown above, for the most part, has been impressive, approxi-
mating 19 percent for telephones installed, 19 percent for telephone
subscribers, 6 percent for public telephones, 27 percent for telephone
calls, 3 percent for telegrams sent, and 10 percent for length of tele-
phone and telegraph wirelines. During 1955-61 the total investment in
transportation and communications was about 700 million dong,* or about
23 percent of the total of 3.1 billion dong invested in the economy.
The share of post and telecommunications in this investment, although
unknown, was sufficient to permit a steady rate of growth during the
period.
During 1956-61, much technical and material assistance has been
received from other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, especially the
USSR, Communist China, and East Germany. This aid, indispensable for
developmental purposes, facilitated reconstruction of wireline, broad-
casting, and telephone facilities in 1955-57 and their subsequent en-
largement in 1958-60.
North Vietnam is a member of Sino-Soviet Bloc organizations such
as the Organization for Cooperation Among Socialist Countries in the
Fields of Post and Communications (OSS) and the International Radio-
broadcasting and Television Organization (OIRT), which devise plans
for integrating, standardizing, and expanding post and telecommunica-
tions facilities and services in and among countries of the BloC.
Although North Vietnam thus far has not played an important role in
the workings of these organizations, it likely will try to adhere
closely to programs set forth by OSS, at least for postal communica-
tions.
In spite of improvements since 1955, the coverage and operating
efficiency of the general and functional facilities in North Vietnam
are still very low. Their performance suffers from the use of obsolete,
manual equipment and from a shortage of skilled technical personnel.
The Five Year Plan is intended to overcome these defects. To achieve
these aims, however, continued large-scale assistance from the Sino-
Soviet Bloc will be required.
by the Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs of the
Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications.
*** Viet Nam Dan Chu Cong Hoa (Vietnam Democratic Republic --
commonly known as the DRV).
* Dong values in this report are given in current dong and may be
converted to US dollars at the rate of exchange of 4 dong to US $1.
This rate does not necessarily reflect the value of the dong in terms
of dollars.
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I. Introduction
The area of North Vietnam is about 159,000 square kilometers (km),
or about the same size as the state of Washington. Narrowing from a
width of about 480 km in the north to about 50 km in the south, most
of the country is mountainous or hilly, with only about 12 percent of
the total landmass suitable for permanent cultivation. This arable
land consists of the Red River Delta and the coastal plains extending
northeast and south from the Delta. Known as the "rice bowl" of North
Vietnam, this area is densely settled and intensively cultivated. Of
an estimated midyear population in 1960 of 16 million, 80 percent are
concentrated in this general area, which, with a population density of
580 persons per square km, is one of the most thickly populated regions
of the world.
The economy of North Vietnam is mainly agricultural. Nevertheless,
some industrial growth has taken place in recent years and is expected
to continue during the Five Year Plan period (1961-65). During 1956-60
the gross national product (GNP) of North Vietnam increased at an aver-
age annual rate of about 11 percent and by 1960 was about three-fourths
that of South Vietnam. This impressive rate of growth was achieved
mainly through large amounts of technical and material assistance re-
ceived from the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The total economic aid from the Bloc
made available to North Vietnam thus far has totaled about US $520 mil-
lion, Communist China and the USSR having supplied the major patt. 1/*
In recognition of the importance to economic growth of such basic
service sectors as transportation and telecommunications, North Vietnam
soon after partition pushed their development, and the high rate of
economic growth achieved during 1955-60 is a partial reflection of the
effectiveness of these efforts. The telecommunications sector grew
rapidly and thus provided rapid means for controlling and coordinating
the whole economy.
II. Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs
A. Organization
The general pot and telecommunications facilities in North
Vietnam are owned by the state and managed by the Ministry of Com-
munications, Posts, and Telecommunications (B0 Giao-thong va Buu-dien).**
** The communications sector of the Ministry is concerned essentially
with transportation.
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The Ministry exercises this responsibility through its subordinate
organ, the Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs (DPTT),
which directly administers and operates all general facilities and
services.
The organizational structure of the DPTT is shown in the chart,
Figure 1.* Basically an operational unit under the Ministry, the DPTT
has few administrative and staff responsibilities. These functions
are mainly handled at the ministerial level, where coordination of the
activities of the various other directorates of the Ministry takes
place.
Phan Trong The, a major general in the Army and a member of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Dang Lao Dong), has
been Minister of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications since
July 1960. He replaced Nguyen Van Tran, who had been Minister since
1956. A9 Minister, Trong The is believed to exercise little control
over operational activities but rather concerns himself with administer-
ing the various subordinate branches of the Ministry. Assisting him in
this function are three vice-ministers, Duong Bach Lien, Hong Thuc Tan,
and Tran Quang Binh. Of these officials, Tran Quang Binh probably
deals mainly with post and telecommunications, for he was Director
General of the DPTT before assuming his present position in July 1960.
Control of operational post and telecommunications activities
rests with the Director General of the DPTT, who is believed to be Ngo
Huy Van.: In running the DPTT, Ngo Huy Van is aided by a Deputy Director
General and by the chiefs of the Postal Bureau and the Telecommunica-
tions Bureau. These bureaus exercise nationwide control over their
respective activities through provincial and district offices.
1 Responsibility for broadcasting facilities and services is
obscured by overlapping relationships among several entities of the
government. The DPTT probably operates and maintains all radiobroad-
casting facilities, whereas administrative responsibility for direct-
.ing the broadcasting effort of the country is believed to rest with
the Radio Diffusion Board of the Office of the President. Control of
the wire diffusion network, however, is centered in the Ministry of
Culture. The Propaganda and Training Section of the Central Committee
of the Dang Lao Dong, by virtue of its authority to prepare and approve
all programs for broadcasting, sets over-all policy on broadcasting
and is by far the most decisive force in the field of broadcasting. 2/
The Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications
represents the country in its dealings with Bloc-wide organizations,
* Following p. 4.
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such as the Organization for Cooperation Among Socialist Countries
in the Fields of Post and Communications (OSS) and the International
Radiobroadcasting and Television Organization (OIRT). These organiza-
tions, of which North Vietnam is a full member, were formed to direct
action to integrate, standardize, and expand post and telecommunica-
tions services in and among Bloc countries.*
Because of its meager financial, technical, and material re-
sources for post and telecommunications, North Vietnam has not contrib-
uted significantly to the work of these bodies. In 1957 it was reported
that a multiconductor cable was to be laid from Moscow to Hanoi via
Mongolia and Communist China as part of the OSS program, .but there has
been no evidence to suggest that this project has been accomplished.
North Vietnam probably will adhere to programs set forth by OSS, at
least for postal communications. These prouams, not requiring large
amounts of investment funds, fall within the financial capability of
the country.
B. Revenue and Investment
Revenue series for the post and telecommunications sector in
North Vietnam cannot be computed from the data available. Revenues
for 1955-61, however, are believed to have been sufficient to defray
operating expenses but insufficient to finance capital investment.
For the most part, construction of new facilities has been tied di-
rectly to large-scale development projects undertaken by countries of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc, particularly the USSR, Communist China, and East
Germany.
Data on investment, appearing only as totals for transportation
and communications combined, cannot be separated in any way to permit
their use. The total investments for transportation and communications,
as shown in Table 1,** increased from 88 million dong in 1955 to 150
million dong in 1961, or about 70 percent. For the entire period, in-
vestment in transport and communications totaled about 700 million
dong, or about 23 percent of the total of 3.1 billion dong invested in
the economy.
.
The French-Indochinese War devastated much of the transporta-
tion and communications resources of North Vietnam, and plans for the
general development of the economy required priority attention for
their restoration. The percentage relationship of transportation and
communications investment to total state investment, also shown in
Table 1, points up this fact. For the entire period 1955-61, trans-
portation and communications investment was about 23 percent of the
4 ** Table 1 follows on p.
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Table 1
Estimated Investment in Transportation and Communications
in North Vietnam
1955-61
Transportation and
Budgeted State Communications As a Percent
Investment 2/ Investment IV of' Budgeted
Year (Million Dong) (Million Bong) State Investment
1955
140
88
63
1956
260
88
34
1957
251
6o
24
1958
314
72
23
1959
494
109
22
1960
716
136
19
1961
880 s/
150 s/
1721
c. Extrapolated by using graphic analysis.
total investment. The proportion varied, however, averaging about
36 percent during the period of the Economic Recovery Plan (1955-57) .
and about 19 percent during 1958-61. In spite of the percentage de-
crease for 1958-61 compared with 1955-57, investment in these two sec-
tors increased in absolute terms throughout the period.
Investment in the post and telecommunications sector in any
event has been sufficient to have facilitated the restoration of facili-
ties and services to their prewar levels by the end of 1957 and, since
that time, to permit continuous enlargement. Continued growth in in-
vestment is expected during the remaining 4 years of the current Five
Year Plan because increased demands of the economy on this sector will
require additional investment to finance the construction of new facili-
ties.
C. Manpower and Training
Since 1955 the number and quality of the employees in post and
telecommunications in North Vietnam has risen. This trend reflects the
vigorous efforts made to restore full functioning of the sector during
1955-57 and then to expand it during the following Three Year Plan
(1958-60).
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North Vietnam
ORGANIZATION OF THE DIRECTORATE OF POSTS, TELEPHONES, AND TELEGRAPHS,1961
Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications
Sections for Telephone,
Telegraph, and Broadcasting
Provincial
Telecommunications
Offices
District
Telecommunications
Offices
31946 10-61
Ministry of Communications, Posts,
and Telecommunications
Directorate of Posts, Telephones,
and Telegraphs
Figure 1 50X1
\ Directorates for Rail Transport, 7
\ Water Transport, Highway Transport,
and Air Transp_ort
Sections for Regular Mail,
Newspapers and Periodicals,
and Postal Savin .s
District Post Offices
Sections for Planning,
Investment, Personnel,
and Training
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Available information lumps workers in post and telecommunica-
tions with those in transportation, the combined figure in 1960 reach-
ing about 102,000 workers. The portion for the DPTT probably was suf-
ficient in quantity but insufficient in technical skills. Shortage of
skilled workers appears to be common to all sectors of the economy.
Shortage of technical personnel and inadequate use of automatic and
semiautomatic equipment probably have minimized gains in labor produc-
tivity of the post and telecommunications sector and thus in the average
yearly wage.
To meet needs for skilled personnel, the DPTT since 1955 has
increased its training facilities. In addition to establishing a num-
ber of technical schools operated by regional departments, such as
those at Hanoi and Ha Dong, specialized programs combining formal and
on-the-job-training in the fields of broadcasting, telegraphy, land-
line design, and carrier frequency techniques Also have been initiated.
For these programs the limited number of qualified North Vietnamese
instructors has been supplemented by technical advisors from the Sino-
Soviet Bloc.
In spite of gains during 1955-61 from these added training
efforts, a gap between supply and demand continues. To offset this.
Imbalance, especially for technicians for the maintenance of old equip-
ment and the installation of modern facilities, the DPTT is leaning
heavily on technicians from the Sino-Soviet Bloc, especially from the
USSR, Communist China, and East Germany-. Adjunctly a selected number
of workers are being sent to other countries of the Bloc for technical
training. In 1956, for example, more than 400 communications workers
visited installations or attended training courses in countries of the
Bloc.
Introduction of modern equipment during 1961-65, even if only
to a limited extent, will require higher levels of technological com-
petence. Thus domestic training programs, supplemented by technicians
and training facilities of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, should continue to
expand throughout the period.
D. Equipment
Other than the telephone apparatus plant at Vinh, North Vietnam
has no facilities for producing telecommunications equipment. Needs
for equipment are being met through imports from the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
but negotiations have been underway for importations from Japan.
Telecommunications equipment imported from the Sino-Soviet
Bloc includes telephone exchange and point-to-point radio equipment
from East Germany; Shortwave radiobroadcasting and carrier frequency
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telephone equipment from Hungary; medium-wave radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters, telephone exchanges, and teletype equipment from Communist
China; and wire diffusion broadcasting equipment from the USSR. The
eventual introduction of microwave radio relay communications may en-
tail the importation of Hungarian PM2VA equipment,* for which contact
discussions have been underway. since early in 1959.
Planned expansion in this sector will require the importation
of equipment from the Sino-Soviet Bloc to remain at a high level.
Additional domestic productive facilities probably will be developed
during the period of the Five Year Plan, but their output will fall
far short of minimal needs.
III. Postal Services
The postal system of North Vietnam, consisting of. a nationwide
network of main post offices, sub-post offices, and postal stations,
provides for the needs of the government and the public. In view of
the underdeveloped status and the limited capability of the telephone
and telegraph system, the postal system is the main means of cdm-
munication open to the public. In addition to offering regular mail
service, including the delivery of letters, post cards, packages, news-
papers, and periodicals, the postal system also provides such services
as money orders, postal savings, and telegram delivery. Moreover, most
of the main post offices provide telephone and telegraph services for
the public.
The central authorities make announcements periodically on postal
activities, but for the most part these announcements contain Only
fragmentary and often enigmatic information. The data, however, do
show consistently that newspapers and periodicals form the major.por-
tion of the total postal Volume. This volume has grown steadily since
1955, and by 1960 more than 53 million units of such matter reportedly
were handled by the system.- Growth in this circulation of newspapers
and periodicals, the content of which is mainly determined, by the
central government, is indicative of the intent of North Vietnam to
extend its domestic propaganda activities through the control and use
of written as well as oral media of mass communications. .Y
International postal service is available to all countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc as well as to those countries of the Free World having
postal relations with Communist China. Recently, postal service was
initiated with the rebel government of Laos, located at Xieng Khouang
Postal service between North and South Vietnam is limited essentially
to five-line postal cards. During 1958-60, about 1.2 million cards
* See the second footnote on p. 14, below.
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were exchanged, with 800,000, or about 67 percent, coming from North
Vietnam. ? In recent years the DPTT has pushed vigorously for the "nor-
malization" of postal relations between the two countries, revesting
that the service be broadened to include letters and other postal ma-
terials. Viewing these efforts as part of an over-all. program to -
facilitate the dissemination of propagandistic and subversive materials
within its borders, South Vietnam has steadfastly refused to broaden
the service. 7/
The postal system of North Vietnam, as is typical of postal sys-
tems in most other underdeveloped countries, provides slow and in-
efficient service. These defects 'stem primarily from too few post
offices, the limited use of mechanized postal transport, and the al-
most complete absence of automatic and semiautomatic equipment for
the handling and processing of mail.
Since 1955, service has improved somewhat. Postal routes have
been extended, and distribution of mail has been hastened, reflecting
improvements in the systems of transport themselves. The construction
of new postal facilities, including about 350 postal stations in 1959
and about 64 main post offices and 180 postal stations in 1960, has
resulted in more timely service to rural areas. In October 1958,
domestic airmail service was initiated. This service, however, is
mostly confined to handling mail between North and South Vietnam. 8/
The Five Year Plan gives attention to better postal service.
Postal routes will be'extended, new post offices will be constructed,
and mechanized techniques will be introduced on a wider scale. Dur-
ing this period it is expected that OSS programs for the standardiza-
tion and mechanization of postal service in the Sino-Soviet Bloc will
have some impact on the development, of the system in North Vietnam.
IV. Telephone and Telegraph Services and Facilities
The general telephone and telegraph system of North Vietnam is
managed by the DPTT. Services, nationwide in coverage, are provided
by wireline and point-to-point radio facilities. Although backward
by modern technical standards, they meet the needs of the country at
its present level of economic development.
A. Telephone
As small as it is, the telephone system of North Vietnam pro-
vides adequate domestic and international service. Growth in service
during 1955-61 is shown in the chart, Figure 2.* During 1956-61,
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telephone sets and telephone subscribers increased at the rapid aver-
age annual rate of about 19 percent, a rate somewhat typical of back-
ward countries in the early stages of development. ,
The low proportion of telephones located in DPTT offices sug-
gests the meagerness of service available to the general public. Yet
public service probably is adequate for the Very low standard of living
and the almost prohibitive telephone rate scale.
During 1956-61 the average annual rate of growth in the number
of telephone calls was very high, about 27 percent. A steep, unexplain-
able dip in the number of calls occurred during 1957 and 1958. Growth
in the numbei of telegrams sent of only a little more than 3 percent
per year during the same 5-year period indicates the higher priority
given to the development of the telephone system.
Telephone subscribers are served by about 40 telephone exchanges
operated by the DpTT. 10/ The largest of these, as shown on the map,
Figure 3,* are located at Hanoi, Haiphong, and Nam Dinh. Together they
account for almost one-half of the total telephone exchange capacity
of the country. Installed by East Germany in 1957, the automatic ex-
change at Hanoi has a capacity of 3,000 lines. The East Germans also
installed the manual 700-line exchange at Haiphong, and the manual
300-line exchange at Nam Dinh was installed by Communist China. The
map, Figure 4,* shows the distribution of telephone subscribers by
administrative area. 11/
Gains in the quality and quantity of telephone service are ex-
pected during 1961-65. The installation of additional semiautomatic
and automatic exchanges probably will further improve both local and
interurban service. Telephone service to rural areas, now very limited,
also is expected to improve.
B. Telegraph
The telegraph network of North Vietnam provides regular nation-
wide telegraph service to state and private users. Specialized tele-
graphic services, such as facsimile and subscriber telegraph (TELEX),
do not exist today, and none is expected to be established in the near
future.
' Growth in telegraph service during 1955-61, as shown in the '
chart, Figure 21* was unimpressive. Service increased at an average
annual rate of only about 3 percent during 1956-61. The volume of
'service increased about 21 percent from 1955 to 1957 but then began to
* Following p. 10.
- 10 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Figure 2 50X1
North Vietnam
Estimated Growth of Telephone and Telegraph Services
1955-61
.00?....---
Telephones
--40?.?..'
00*--
? (Units)
(Ten Thousand)
(Ty
.....0?
0*-
r., Sub1-elephone
scriber

-1,0?-
Year
T
IS
TPU
TC
TGS
?
1955
3,400
2,200
510
100
117
/-
1956
4,400
2,900
550
230
122
1957
5,500
3,600
580
200
141
?
1958
6,600
4,300
620
170
.101
1959
7,600
5,000
?650
250
134
1960
8,700
5,700
690
330
138
1961
9,700
6,400
720
410
142
Telephones
for Public Use
(TPU)
+50%
+25%
Percent +10%
0-
o
of Change -10%
-25%
Telephone
Calls
(TC)
50%
*The slope of the line of the graph, when
related to this scale, gives an approximation
of the percentage change from one year to
the next.
i
Telegrams
Sent
(TGS)
31947 10-61
1955 '56
'57
'58
'59
'60
'61
50X1
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DETAILED INFORMATION FOR FACILITIES
IN FIGURE 3
City Name
Coordinates
North East
Number of
Lines in
Operation
Bac Kan
22-09
105-50
20
Bac Ninh
21-11
106-03
30
Bai Chay
20-58
107-03
13
Ben Thuy
18-38
105-43
10
Cao Bang
22-40
106-15
17
Dong Hai
17-28
106-37
29
Ha Dong
20-58
105-46
45
Ha Giang
22-50
104-58
10
Hai Duong
20-56
106-19
75
Haiphong
20-51
106-41
330
Hanoi
21-02
105-50
1050
Ha Tinh
18-22
105-54
30
Hoa Binh
20-50
105-20
23
Hon Gay
20-57
107-05
46
Hung Yen
20-39
106-04
23
Kien An
20-49
106-30
45
Kim son
20-07
106-05
10
Lang Son
21-50
106-44
33
Lao Kay
22-30
103-58
37
Nam Dinh
20-25
106-10
83
Ninh Binh
20-15
105-59
29
Phuc Yen
21-14
105-42
25
Phu Lang
Thuong
21-16
106-11
35
Phu Ly
20-32
105-56
57
Phu Tho
21-24
105-13
30
Son Tay
21-08
105-30
31
Thai Binh
20-27
106-20
24
Thai Nguyen
21-36
105-50
35
Thanh Hoa
19-54
105-40
52
Thuan Chau
21-27
103-42
30
Tuyen Quang
21-49
105-13
25
Vinh
18-40
105-40
80
Vinh Linh
17-03
107-01
29
Vinh Yen
21-18
105-35
11
Yen Bay
21-42
104-52
43
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50X1
Figure 3
22
20
18
16
102
104
106
108
'BaO
Lac
CAO BANG
LAO KAY
?\.
BAC KAN
TUYEN
QUANG
THAI
NGUYEN
Dien Bien
? Phu '
PHU
TH 0
MON CAY
SON TAY
HOA BINH
V I N H
.YEN PHU LANG THUONG
NBAINCH
YEN ??
Bai Chay
------*..---,_,
HHAAN t
DOol--kING
HAI ,li_yck)NG.,,7:14,6ri,_, a y
/ 33,p
ii?56)-x- Q
DU
?"\ '?'en Ari ',? `----'"--- ,, \S 5
?t?iLE CA: BA S) 0
nO ,..,
\
- \, HUNG YE
PHU
LY
Aro, NINH BINH
THANH
HOA
. Muong Sen
Phu Dien .
9 Chau
Vu
gen Thuy ,
? Linh Cam
HA TIN
V,IENTJAN
NORTH VIETNAM
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF MAIN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES, 1961*
Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs
of the
Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications
DONG HOI
THAKFIEK
Location
0 Number of subscribers served
SAVANNAKHET
0 HUE,
*Rased on on analysis of the 1957 telephone directory of North Vietnam. Since that year little
change is believed to have occurred in the number ancl location of main telephone exchanges,but
the fuller utilization of telephone exchange capacity undoubtedly has resulted in sizeable
increases in the number of telephone subscribers. The capacity of the exchanges at Hanoi,
Haiphong, and Nom Dinh are 3,000 lines, 700 lines, and 300 lines, respectively. With the
exception of the automatic exchange at Hanoi, all exchanges shown ore manually operated.
Statute Miles
0 20 40 60 80
i-1 1-1 F------1
Kilometers
22
20
18
16
50X1
102
104
Pounclories and names are not necessarily
those recognized by the U.S. Government.
106
108
31949 10-61
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50X1
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Autonomous region or
special zone boundary
------ Province boundary
National capital
Vinh Linh Region or zone capital
mennemmeons
HA .DON:IG Province capital
ri Special city
50X1
Figure 4
102
104
106
108
KTONOMOU
BAC KA
REGIO. N
BAC KAN
22
22
iLE CAC BA
(Provinces in North Vietnam
which are not labelled on
this map hear the some
names as their capitols.)
20
20
XIENG
KHOOANG
18
E-
18
NORTH VIETNAM
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF TELEPHONE SUBSCRIBERS
BY ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS*
1961
*Rased on an analysis of the 1957 telephone directory of North Vietnam. In that year
Hanoi and Haipong had at least 1,050 and 330 subscribers, respectively.
16
16
.,Bouncries'ancl names are not'neOssarily
.those recogrlzed,the. ? ?Y.ernirer,'t.,
102
31950 10-61
104
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106
108
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S-E-C-R-E-T
decline in 1958, so that by the end of 1961 the annual figure probably
will be approximately that reached in 1957. In 'comparison with the
development of telephone service, it appears that the development of
telegraph service has been relegated to minor importance.
Manual Morse equipment, too slow and inefficient for modern
countries, is the dominant mode of telegraphic signaling. Small
amounts of automatic Morse and teletype equipment, however, are being
introduced, and it is expected that modernization of the telegraph
system will continue.
C. aommon Telecommunications Facilities
1. General Facilities
The common telecommunications facilities operated by the
DPTT comprise only wirelines and point-to-point radio circuits. In
recent years the wireline network has become the more important of
the two media for carrying domestic telephone and telegraph service
and has largely supplanted the point-to-point radio network, which
had been dominant in the early years following the war. At present,
point-to=point radio is still the principal medium both for inter-
national telecommunications service and for domestic service to remote
areas not served by wirelines. Radio also is used to back up wireline
facilities. Both networks will be improved during 1961-65 and probably
will be supplemented with modern microwave radio relay facilities that
are ideally suited for meeting growing needs in the more rugged, moun-
tainous terrain of the country.
Wirelines
The general wireline network of the DPTT, as shown on
the map, Figure 5,* consists mainly of telephone and telegraph open
wirelines. This network serves the economic, political, and military
organs of government as well as the public. Although subject to fre-
quent interruption resulting from poor construction, use of obsolete
equipment, shortages of skilled technicians, and poor climatic condi-
tions, the wireline network probably still meets current needs.
Growth in wireline facilities in North Vietnam during
1955-61 is shown in Table 2.** By the end of 1961 it is expected that
the network will comprise about 18,000 km of telephone and telegraph
wirelines, an increase of about 80 percent above the 10,000 km in
operation in 1955. The current status of the network reflects two
* Following p. 12.
** Table 2 follows on p. 12.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Estimated Total Length of Telephone
and Telegraph Wirelines
in North Vietnam 2/
1955-61
Year
Thousand Kilometers
1955'
10
1956
11
1957
11
1958
14
1959.
16
1960
1712/
1961
18 1/
50X1
b. Extrapolated by arithmetic pro-
gression from unrounded data.
?
developmental periods: 1955-57 and 1958-60. During the early period,
major attention was given to the repair and reconstruction of the
remnants of the wireline network existing at the end of the war. With
that task completed, the period 1958-60 was devoted,to the construction
of additional wirelines in order to extend the spatial coverage of the
network. The progress achieved during this 6-year period was effected
chiefly by large amounts of technical and material aid rendered by Com-
munist China. Growth in the total length of wirelines expected in 1961
anticipates continuance of this aid, which will likely set the pace of.
growth for the entire Five Year Plan period. 1
Equally as significant as the expanded.coverage of the
network was the introduction in 1957-58 of three-channel telephone and
six-channel telegraph carrier frequency equipment. Installed with the
aid of Chinese Communist technicians, the application of this equipment
to a number of wirelines increased significantly the capacity of the
network for handling traffic and diminished the need for construction
of additional lines. 114/
The general wireline network also provides international
connections with Communist China and Laos. Of the several lines run-
ning to Communist China, the one crossing the border at Lao Kay, which
-.12 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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NORTH VIETNAM
DETAILED INFORMATION FOR OPEN WIRELINE NETWORK, 1961
DIRECTORATE OF POSTS, TELEPHONES, AND TELEGRAPHS
OF THE
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, POSTS, AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SEE FIGURE 5, MAP 31951, FOR ALL FACILITIES SHOWN
To accompany Figure 5 (Map 31951)
50X1
Detailed Information for Facilities in Figure 5
ection
Key
Section
Capacity
Type of Service .
Section
Key
Section
Number
of Wires"
Carrier
Telephone
Telegraph
1
Hanoi to Ha Dong
24
X
78
Cao Bang to Quang Uyen
2
Ha Dong to Luong Son
12-24
X
X
79
Quang Uyen to Trung Khanh Phu
3
Luong Son to Hoa Binh
12
X
80
Trung Khanh Phu to Chi Choi
4
Hoa Binh to Cho Bo
7-12
X
X
81
Chi Choi to Ban Cra
5
Cho Bo to Suyut
3-7
X
X
82
Quang Uyen to Ha Lang
6
Suyut to Ban Rom Lam
3-7
X
83
Quang Upon to Phuc Hoa
7
Ban Xom Lom to Moc Chau
3-7
X
X
84
Phuc Hoa to Ta Lung
8
Moc Chan to Co Hai
5
X
X
X
85
To Lung to Lung-ching, C. China
9
Co Hai to Yen Chau
3-5
X
X
X
86
Phuc Hoa to Dong Khe
10
Yen Chau to Ban Mon
4-5
X
X
87
Dong Khe to That Khe
11
Ban Mon to Son La
2-6
X
X
X
88
That Khe to Na Chem
12
Son La to Muong Mua
N.A.
NA.
N.A.
89
Na Cham to Dong Dang
13
Son La to Thuan Chau
2-6
X
X
X
90
Yen Vien to Phu Tu Son
14
Thuan Chau to Than Glao
2-6
MA.
MA.
X
91
Phu To Son to Thuan Thanh
15
Than Giao to Dien Bien Phu
NA.
N.A.
N.A.
X
92
Phu Tu Son to Bac Ninh
16
Moe Chau to Van Yen
N.A.
N.A.
NA,
X
93
Bac Ninh to Dap Cau
17
Van Yen to Ban Cho -
N.A.
NA.
NA.
X
930
Dap Cau to Quo Duong
18
Ban Cho to Yen Bay
N.A.
NA.
N.A.
94
Quo Duong to Sept Pagodes
19
Hanoi to Son Tay
N.A.
MA.
NA.
95
Sept Pagodes to Pha Lai
20
Son Tay to Cam Khe
N.A.
NA.
X
N.A.
96
Sept Pagodas to Dong Thou
21
Cam Khe to Yen Lap
NA.
NA.
X
NA.
97
Dong Trieu to Hon Gay
22
Hanoi to Gia Lam
22
X
X
X
98
Dap Cau to Viet Yen
23
Gia Lam to Yen Vien
N.A.
X
X
X
99
Viet Yen to Hiep Hoa
24
Yen Vien to Phuc Yen
18
X
X
X
100
Hiep Boa to Phu Binh
25
Phuc Yen to Vinh Yen
1-18
X
X
X
101
Viet Yen to Phu Lang Thuong
26
Vinh Yen to Viet Tri
18
X
X
X
102
Phu Lang Thuong to Bo Ha
27
Viet Tri to Phu Tho
18
X
X
X
103
Bo Ha to Yen The
28
Phu Tho to Lam Thao
N.A.
N.A.
X
NA.
104
Phu Lang Thuong to Luc Nam
29
Lam Thao to Thanh Son
N.A.
NA.
X
NA.
105
Luc Nam to Son Dong
30
Phu Tho to Phu Ninh
N.A.
N.A.
X
N.A.
106
Son Dong to Luc Ngan
31
Phu Tho to Thanh Ba
16
X
X
X
107
Luc Ngan to Dinh Lap
32
Thanh Ba to Chi Chu
16
X
X
108
Phu Lang Thuong to Huu Lung
33
Chi Chu to Ha Hoa
16
X
109
Huu Lung to Lang Son
34
Ha Hoa to Yen Bay
16
X
X
X
110
Lang Son to Dong Dang
35
Yen Bay to Phu Yen Binh
N.A.
N.A.
NA.
X
111
Dong Dang to Diem He
36
Yen Bay to Bao Ha
14
X
X
112
Dong Dang to Nam Quan
37
Bao Ha to Pho Lu
14
X
X
X
113
Nom Quan to Ping-hsiang, C. China
38
Pho Lu to Lao Kay
14
X
X
X
114
Lang Son to On Cau
39
Lao Kay to Cam Duong
MA.
NA.
N.A.
X
115
On Cau to Loc Binh
40
Lao Kay to Cha Pa
2
N.A.
N.A.
X
116
I.,oc Binh to Dinh Lap
41
Lao Kay to Ba Xat
1
NA.
N.A.
X
117
Dinh Lap to Tien Yen
42
Lao Kay to Ho-K'ou, C. China
14
N.A.
X
X
118
Tien Yen to Binh Lieu
43
Lao Kay to Ban Phiet
1
N.A.
NA.
X
119
Binh Lieu to Hoanh Mo
44
Ban Phiet to Muong Khuong
N.A.
N.A.
X
120
Tien Yen to Dam Ha
45
Ban Tau Tho to
121
Darn Ha to Ha Cal
Plaine Des Janes, Lam
1-6
N.A.
NA.
X
122
Ha Col to Mon Cay
46
Viet Tri to Thanh Thuy
N.A.
NA.
X
NA.
123
Mon Cay to Fang-ch'eng, C. China
47
Viet Tel to Phu Doan
NA.
NA.
X
X
124
Mon Cay to Nui Ngoc
48
Phu Doan to Phu Yen Binh
NA.
NA,
NA.
X
125
Tien Yen to Pointe Pagode
49
Phu Doan to Phu Yen
NA.
N.A.
X
X
126
Pointe Pagoda to Cua Ong
50
Phu Yen to Son Duong
N.A.
N.A.
X
NA.
127
Cua Ong to Cam Pha Port
51
Phu Yen to Bac Muc
N.A.
NA.
X
X
128
Cam Pha Port to Cam Phi).
52
Bac Muc to Chiem Hoa
N.A.
N.A.
NA.
129
Cam Pha to Ha Tou
53
Bac Muc to Vinh Toy
N.A.
N.A.
X
X
130
Ha Tou to Hon Gay
54
Vinh Toy to Bac Quang
N.A.
NA.
X
X
131
Hon Gay to Ha Lam
55
Bac Quang to Ha Giang
N.A.
N.A.
X
NA.
132
Hon Gay to Bol Choy
56
Yen Vien to Phu Lo
N.A.
X
X
X
133
Bat Chay to Quang Yen
57
Phu Lo to Pho Yen
NA.
X
X
X
134
Quang Yen to Haiphong
58
Pho Yen to Thai Nguyen
N.A.
X
X
X
135
Haiphong to Do Son
59
Thai Nguyen to Son Duong
N.A.
N.A.
X
NA.
136
Haiphong to Kien An
60
Thai Nguyen to Dinh Ca
N.A.
N.A.
X
N.A.
137
Kien An to Ninh Giang
61
Dinh Ca to Bac Son
NA.
N.A.
X
NA.
138
Ninh Giang to Thai Binh
62
Bac Son to Pho Binh Gia
N.A.
N.A.
X
NA.
139
Thai Binh to Huyen
63
Pho Binh Gia to That Khe
NA.
N.A.
X
NA.
140
Haiphong to Nui Deo
64
Thai Nguyen to Phu Luong
NA.
N.A.
X
X
141
Hal Deo to Thuy Nguyen
65
Phu Luong to Cho Chu
NA.
NA.
X
X
142
They Nguyen to Hai Duong
66
Phu Luong to Bac Kan
NA.
N.A.
X
X
143
Hai Duong to Ninh Giang
67
Bac Kan to Phu Tong Hoa
N.A.
N.A.
144
Hai Duong to Ban Yen Nhan
68
Phu Tong Hoa to Ngan Son
N.A.
N.A.
X
X
145
Ban Yen Moan to Gia Lam
69
Ngan Son to Cao Bang
N.A.
N.A.
X
X
146
Gia Lam to Hung Yen
70
Cao Bang to Nguyen Binh
MA.
N.A.
X
X
147
Hanoi to Phu Ly
71
Nguyen Binh to Tinh The
N.A.
N.A.
NA,
X
148
Phu Ly to Ninh Binh
72
Tinh Tuc to Bao Lac
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
X
149
Phu Ly to Nam Dinh
73
Coo Bang to Nuoc Hai
1
N.A.
X
X
150
Nam Dinh to Thai Binh
74
Nuoc Hai to Loung Van
N.A.
N.A.
X
151
Nam Dinh to Cole
75
Thong Van to Soc Giang
1
N.A.
NA.
X
152
Cole to Hai Hau
76
Cao Bang to Too Linh
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
X
153
Nam Dinh to Ninh Birth
77
Cao Bang to Dong Khe
1
NA.
N.A.
X
154
Ninh Binh to Gia Vien
Capacity Type of Service
Number
of Wires" Carrier Telephone Telegraph
NA. NA. X
NA. NA. N.A.
N.A. MA. N.A.
NA. NA. NA.
NA. NA. N.A.
1 N.A. X
NA. NA.
NA. NA.
NA. NA.
NA. X
NA.
N.A. X
NA. X
NA. X
NA. X
NA.
N.A. X
1
1
1
NA.
N.A.
NA.
NA.
NA.
NA.
NA.
NA.
NA.
MA.
N.A.
NA.
MA.
N.A.
NA.
6
6
6
6
10-12
10-12
12
NA.
6
NA.
1
2
1
3
NA.
NA.
8
12
12
NA.
N.A.
3
4
4
4
10
16
N.A.
10
8-10
6
N.A.
NA.
NA.
N.A.
NA.
24
24
24
NA.
24
24
NA.
NA.
NA.
N.A.
NA.
N.A.
NA.
MA.
NA.
Section
Key
Section
Capacity Type of Service
Number
of Wires" Carrier .." Teleplhone Telegraph
155 Gia Vien to Phu Nhoc Quan NA. NA. X NA.
156 Phu Nhoc Quan to Lac Thuy N.A. NA. X MA.
157 Ninh Binh to Ha Trung NA. X X X
158 Ha Trung to Thanh Hoa NA. X X X
159 Ninh Binh to Yen Khanh N.A. NA. X NA.
160 Yen Khanh to Kim Son NA. N.A. X NA.
161 Kim Son to Yen Mo NA. NA. X NA.
162 Kim Son to Nga Son N.A. NA. .X NA.
163 Nga Son to Hau Lee NA. NA. X NA.
164 Hau Loc to Thanh Hoa NA. NA. X NA.
165 Tharai Boa to Quang Xuong NA. N.A. X MA.
166 Thanh Hoa to Thieu Hoa NA. NA. X NA.
167 Thieu Hoa to Yen Dinh N.A. NA. X N.A.
168 Yen Dinh to 'Mach Thanh NA. NA. X NA.
169 Yen Dinh to Vinh Loc NA. N.A. X NA.
170 Vinh Loc to Cam Thuy NA. NA. X NA.
171 Cam Thuy to 1101 Xnan NA. N.A. X NA.
, ..
172 Thanh Boats Tho Xuan NA. NA. X
173 Tho Xuan to Bal Thuong NA. NA. X X
174 Hai Thuong to Ngoc Lac NA. NA. X X
175 Ngoc Lac to Lang Chanh NA. NA. NA. X
176 Lang Chanh to Yen Khuong NA. N.A. N.A. X
177 Yen Khuong to Muong Sal NA. NA. NA. X
178 Muong Sal to Ban Na Mang, Laos NA. NA. NA. X
179 Thanh Hoa to Hong Cong N.A. N.A. X N.A.
180 Nong Cong to Nhu Xuan NA. N.A. X NA.
181 Thanh Hoa to Cau Giat 5-6 X X X
182 Can Giat to Phu Dien Chau 5-6 X X X
183 Phu Dien Chau to Phu Qui N.A. NA. X X
184 Phu Qui to Qui Chau NA. NA. X NA.
185 Phu Dien Chau to Yen Thanh 21 NA. X X
186 Yen Thanh to Do Luong 21 NA. X X
187 Do Luong to Con Cuong 2-3 N.A. X X
188 Con Cuong to Khe Bo 2 NA. X X
189 Khe Bo to Cua Rao 2 NA. X X
190 Cua Rao to Muong Thu 2 NA. MA. X
191 Muong Thu to Ban Na Luong 2 NA. N.A. X
192 Ban Na Luong to Muong Sen 3 NA. NA. X
193 Muong Sen to Ban Tau Tho 3 NA. N.A. X
194 Muong Sen to Ben Phay 2 NA. NA. X
195 Ban Phay to Thom Khup 1 NA. N.A. X
196 Phu Dien Chau to Nghi Loc 7-11 X X X
197 Nghi Loc to Cue Lo 3 NA. NA. X
198 Nghi Loc to Vinh 7-11 X X X
199 Vinh to Nam Dam 20 N.A. X X
200 Nam Dam to Nghta Dong 16 NA. X X
201 Nghia Dong to Do Luong 16 N.A. X X
202 Vinh to Duc Tho N.A. X X NA.
203 Due Tho to Linh Cam NA. NA. X NA.
204 Linh Cam to Huang Son NA. NA. X NA.
205 Due rho to Nghi Xuan NA. X X NA.
206 Duc Tho to Huong Khe NA. X X NA.
207 Vinh to Ben Thu 12 NA. X X
208 Ben Thuy to Ha Tinh 23 NA. X X
209 Ha Tinh to Huong Khe NA. NA. X NA.
210 Ha Tinh to Cam Xuyen I NA. X X
211 Cam Xuyen to Dai Dong 1 NA. X X
212 Dai Dung to Ky Anh 1 MA. X X
213 Ky Anh to Ron 1 NA. X X
214 Ron to Badon I NA. X X
215 Badon to Do Trach 10 X X X
216 Baden to Tuyen Boa NA. X X X
217 Tuyen Hoa to Don Bal Dinh NA. NA. NA. X
218 Tuyen Hoa to Huong Khe NA. X X NA.
219 Bo Troth to Dong Hal 10 X X X
220 Dong Hot to Le Thuy 20 X X X
221 Le Thuy to Vinh Linh 20 X X X
222 Vinh Linh to Cap Lay NA. NA. NA. X
223 Cap Lay to Cua Tung NA. NA. NA. X
224 Vinh Linh to Ben Quang NA. NA. NA. X
225 Ben Quang to Dong Yang Vang NA. NA. NA. X
NOTE: X indicates in operation
NA. Information not available
? The type of service indicated below Is the service carried on a section and does not relate to the service at
the terminals of the respective section.
?? In some cases the number of wires observed along a particular section vary.
??? The open wireline network uses 3-channel telephone and 6-channel telegraph carrier frequency equipment.
Although carrier equipment is known to be in use on certain sections, the specific type of carrier In use in
a section is not known.
City Name
An Chau (see Luc Ngan)
Anil Son (see Do Luong)
An Ninh (see Cua Tung)
Bac Kan
Bar Muc
Bac Ninh
Bac Quang
Bac Son
Badon
Bat Choy
Bat Thuong
Ban Cho
Ban Cra
Ban Mon
Ba.n Na Luong
Ban Na Mang, Laos
Ban Phay
- Ban Met
Ban Tau Tho
Ban Xom Lora
Ban Yen Nhan
Boo Ha
Bao Lac
Bo Rot
Ben Quang
Ben Thuy
Binh Lieu
Bo Ha
Bo Trach
Cam Duong
Cam Khe
Caro Pha
Cara Pha Port
Cam Thuy
Cain Xuyen
Cao Bang
Cap Lay
Cau Giat
Cha Pa
Chi Choi
Chi Chu
Chiem Hoa
Cho Bo
Cho Chu (Cho Cau)
Co Le
Co Hal
Con Cuong
Cua Lo
Cua Ong
Cua Rao
Cua Tung (An Ninh)
Dal Dong
Darn Ha
Dap Cau
Diem He
Dien Bien Phu
Dinh Ca
Dinh Lap
Doan Hung (see Phu Doan)
Do LI1011g (Anh Son)
Don Bat Dinh
Dong Dang
Dong Hot
Dong Khe
Dong Trieu
Dong Vang yang
Do Son
Due Tho
Fang-eh'eng, Com. China
Gia Lam
Gia Ulan
Ha Cal
Ha Dong
Ha Giang
Coordinates
North East
21
18
17
22
22
21
22
21
20
54
01
09
04
11
29
53
17 45
20 58
19 54
21 14
22
21
19
20
19
22
19
20
20
22
22
22
17
18
21
21
17
22
21
21
21
20
18
22
17
19
22
22
21
22
20
21
20
20
19
18
20
46
13
23
21
16
Si
27
50
56
11
57
36
03
38
31
27
34
25
26
01
02
11
15
40
00
09
20
53
28
12
46
54
19
54
02
49
56
19 17
17 01
18 06
21 21
21 12
21 55
21 19
21 45
21 32
21 38
18 54
17 44
21 56
17 28
22 26
21 05
16 56
20 43
18 32
21 45
21 03
20 19
21 26
20 58
22 50
106 51
105 18
107 07
105 50
105 03
106 03
104 52
106 21
106 22
107 03
105 23
104 38
106 44
104 03
104 13
104 37
104 04
104 02..,
104 05
104 43
106 02
104 21
105 40
103 51
106 55
105 42
107 19
106 12
106 32
104 01
105 07
107 19
107 22
105 28
105 58
106 15
107 04
105 38
103 51
106 35
105 08
105 17
105 10
105 37
106 16
104 33
104 54
105 43
106 48
104 25
107 07
106 15
107 36
106 05
106 35
103 01
106 03
107 06
105 10
105 18
105 45
106 44
106 37
106 27
106 31
106 35
106 48
105 34
108 20
105 52
105 49
107 46
105 46
104 58
Coordinates of Cities in Figure 5
City Name
Coordinates
City Name
Coordinates
North East
North East
Ha Hoa
21 34 105 00
Phu Dien Chau
18 59 105 35
Hai Duong
20 56 106 19
Phu Doan (Doan Hung)
21 38 105 10
Hai Hau
20 11 106 1'7
Phuc Hoa
22 31 106 31
Haiphong
20 51 107 41
Phuc Yen
21 14 105 42
Ha Lam
20 58 107 07
Phu Lang Thuong (Bac Giang)
21 16 106 11
Ha Lang
22 41 106 40
Phu Lo
21 12 105 51
Ha Nam (see Phu Ly)
20 32 105 56
Phu Luong
21 46 105 42
Hanoi
21 02 105 50
Phu by
20 32 105 56
Ha Tinh
18 22 105 54
Phu Nho QllaIll
20 16 105 40
Ha Ton
20 57 107 11
Phu Ninh
21 30 105 19
Ha Trung
20 02 105 54
Phu Qui
19 19 105 24
Hau Loc
19 54 105 53
Phu Tho
21 24 105 13
Hiep Hoa
21 21 105 58
Phu Tong Hoa
22 17 105 53
Ho K'ou, Corn. China
22 36 103 58
Phu Tuson (Tu Son)
21 08 105 57
Ho Xa (see Vinh Linh)
17 03 107 01
Phu Yen
20 48 105 42
Hoa An (see Nuoc Hai)
22 44 106 09
Phu Yen Binh
21 49 104 58
Hoa Binh
20 50 105 20
ring-hsiang, Corn. China
22 06 106 46
Hoao1siS
21 36 107 29
_ _
Pointe Pagoda
_
21 17 107 27
Hot Xuan
20 22 105 07
Quang Upon
22 42 106 27
Hon Gay
20 57 107 05
Quang Xuong
19 44 105 50
Hung Yen
20 39 106 04
Quang Yen
20 56 106 48
Huong Khe
18 13 105 40
Que Duong
21 10 106 08
Huong Son
18 32 105 27
Qui Chau
19 33 105 08
Hun Lung
21 30 106 20
Ron
17 53 106 27
Ruyan
20 18 106 30
Sept Pagodes
21 07 106 18
Khe Bo
19 09 104 40
Son Giang
22 54 106 01
Klan An
20 49 106 30
Son Dong
21 25 106 37
Kim Son
20 07 106 05
Son Duong
21 42 105 25
Ky Anh
18 05 106 18
Son La
21 20 103 54
Lac Thuy
20 24 105 27
Son Tay
21 08 105 30
Lam Thao
21 20 105 16
Suyut
20 46 105 05
Lang Chanh
20 09 105 13
Ta Lung
22 29 106 34
Lang Son
21 50 106 44
Tach Thanh
20 06 105 40
Lao Kay
22 30 103 58
Thai Binh
20 27 106 20
Le mop
17 12 106 52
Thai Nguyen
21 36 105 50
Linh Cam
18 31 105 34
Thom Khup
19 19 103 58
Loa Binh
21 46 106 56
Thanh Ba
21 26 105 08
Loung Van
22 46 106 08
Thanh Hoa
19 48 105 47
Luc Nam
21 18 106 24
Thanh Son
5 10
21 10,
Luc Ngan (An Chan)
21 20 106 52
Thanh Thuy
213
1
21 7 10 9
Luong Son
20 52 105 31
That Khe
22 16 106 28
Lung-ching, Corn. China
22 18 106 53
Thieu Hoa
19 54 105 40
Moe Chau
20 53 104 35
Tho Xuan
19 56 105 31
Mon Cay
21 31 107 58
Thuan Chau
21 27 103 42
Muong Khuong
22 46 104 07
Thuan Thanh
21. 2 106 05
256
Muong La (see Son La)
21 22 103 54
Thuy Nguyen
20 106 38
Muong Moo
21 10 103 58
Tien Yen
21 20 107 25
Muong Sal
20 II 104 53
Tints Toc
22 41 105 51
Muong Sea
19 21 104 09
Tea Linh
22 50 106 19
Muong Thu
19 22 104 14
Trung Khanh Phu
22 50 108 31
Na Chain
22 03 106 37
Than Gino
21 35 103 25
Nam Dan (Nam Dam)
18 42 105 29
To Son (see Phu To Son)
21 06 105 57
Nam Dinh
20 25 106 10
Tuyen Hoa
17 50 106 06
Nam Quan
21 58 106 42
Tuyen Quang
21 49 105 13
Nga Son
19 59 105 58
Van Yen
21 03 104 42
Ngan Son
22 26 105 59
Viet Tel
21 18 105 26
Nghia Gang
18 45 105 27
Viet Yen
21 17 106 07
Nghi Loa
18 44 105 39
Vinh
18 40 105 40
Nghi Xuan
18 39 105 46
Vinh Linh
17 03 107 01
Ngoe Lac
20 02 105 23
Vinh Loc
20 02 105 37
Nguyen Binh
22 39 105 56
Vinh Toy
22 16 104 52
Nhu Roan
19 38 105 33
Vinh Yen
21 18 105 35
Ninh Binh
20 15 105 59
Yen Bay
21 42 104 52
Ninh Giang
20 44 106 24
Yen Chau
21 03 104 189
Hung Cong
19 41 105 40
Yen Dinh
20 01 105 3
Nut Deo
20 55 106 40
Yen Khanh
20 10 106 033
Nui Ngoc
21 26 107 58
Yen Khoung
09 11005 0
2200
Nuoc Hal (Hoa An)
22 44 106 09
Yen Lap
21 20 105
On Cau (On Chau)
21 46 106 50
Yen Mo
07 6 0035
Pha Lai
21 07 106 17
Yen Thanh
18 59 105 297
Pho Binh Gin
21 57 106 22
Yen The
21 29 106 0
Pho Lu
22 19 104 12
Yen Vien
21 05 105 55
Pho Yen
21 28 105 51
Phu Binh
21 28 105 55
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Figure 5
Wen-shan
(T'ien-p'ao)
? ? Terpao -
"Pho Bang
?DOng Van ,
Loung Lan
? ;Coc Mia
1 ?
Yen Minh ?Ban Bo
?Man-hao .---: `-?, .Niem Son*
ao Lac ? 1
,
Na Pone
\--'0
80' '
...Thanty huy
Loung Van ,74
, 5
ha Long , N. 1-la Giang Nam.Quet'
-\ 0 oc Giang
Pac Loung 'anti Phu -
Pen Ngai Tchai? \ Muong Khuon ' - ?, ?"Vn Mei
, g
ao on --?
? Ban .Na fvluong
72 = .../?1..Chi Choi
82Ha Lang
Khang Kha *. ..I. San Sa Ho
55
? ?????,_ Meng-la.
??? Ba Xat Tinh Tuc
Ban Me Rang -??? '' ran Nam CNng' fian Vai .";'mg ('
\ 71 N uffic Pl_ai?
BangPh / ?
?,-...--?,
Pa Ma .
44 ) Namyong ac phat
/ Cooc Loung 77 u--
, Hoa
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,-.?_,Muong Hum? H21k\ ..)rrn*Man "
Bac
. \a, m Quong
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Ta Phin Chang \ Lao Kay u L i Po
43 (
Ban Phiet
Ban PinN ?
,... ChoNa)a_Ra
Ngan a-c) 83 84
?, A^ Pa Ural ?Tsinh Ho ? a 40 q`o
Fc
Bin4 Li.
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1Pho Lu 1,111, Quan.
Cha Pa \`??, Dien a ;
Cho Don 67
Dong Khe
Ban Cheng Nuo
Ta Tchuong Ho "tang Pho Rang
Pa Ha -%--,
Yen Lac ?, Lung-ching
'. ?
3'7)8 ? Lang Giang \
Vinh Tuy
/
Khao Ky
? Phu ong Hoa
That Khe
/ \ 63 ?Ch'.urig-shan
I.,
Narn Va.\ Bao Ha ,i;\ ??
52 Chiem Hoa Bac Kan
Pei ' Van M-1'
Lang Nam
Ping Luc An Chau Dai Thii
. I
._ang Lam -...?, /
Lai Chau? ----,1 \,..?
+ern 119,.tf
9\36 ,, Pa

\ Than ?........,;,-:
an Po Bai? B. Nam Lac
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, Nan-1396"Ni
62 Dong D Ning-ming:.\x. . ,
Muong Tong '',.. 112 .
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4 uyen Quarnl 65 Pho Binh Gia
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e,. Cho Chu Z6 Ban Moc
61 Bac 111 Dim He
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Houei Lang' Ban \ pa Hon 9uinh Nhai (7---------___,
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115 7.,
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114 el!g
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ac
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58 c.-_ Huu Lung
Lam _....-.....--, / ..
On Cau
,-,
?Ba h Lap
117 122
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Ban Chieng Ly Thanh Ba-:-'-?-e. PhuYen
The-- ( , 105 -Binh
Lang Xa
120
i?Muo,i,,,Ig Bu ' ? Th h`Th
00, 102 , anh Moi
106 1 ,?,c.,01/ rsiiii Ngoc
op en Bien Phu (Th-U"an Chau)
k.:(% Chi Chit! 32 A
57 (991i5e;z1-10a
0, Yen? Bo H
on pong 107 Binh Lieu
..,
Yen Lap 31 t 27
?,-----....i.Pom Lot \? Ban Pa Ma 29 ViefTef' 26 5 Phu LA via Tu
7 ?g Fli-a PThal Phu B h i Ina
Ba 9 ap. Call j d Nam Luc Ngan Luon?
126 , (
,(..,!?,,, -? ,. , -
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\
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138 Jhuy Anh
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173 172 4( an( Hai au
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uang Prabang, Xuan169-1 ' e8inh
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179
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DES JARRES BanTauTho \ M. Lam ?Qu- Thi long Ho Thuong
. 6. Tharn KhUp 194 192 ko Muong Thu
- 93'. B Nha Luong
uong Sen
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184 Nghi
Xieng Khouang "'"--,..
191 Sop Phat. HON ME
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c4?6' giact Huy
183
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FOR DETAILED IN ORMATION ON FACILITIES SHOWN
SEEACCOMPAhIYING SHEET'
,
NORTH VIETNAM
OPEN WIRELINE NETWORK, 1961
Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs
of the
Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications
service.
120 MILES
Open wireline
? Telephone and telegraph office
0 Telegraph office*
64 Section key
Exact routing unknown
*It is believed that some of these offices also provide telephone
C
0 40 ScI
1 1
1 1
1
0 40
I I I I
80 120 KILOMETERS
Boundaries 'ore oofr'oecessorily those
recognized by the U.S.'PoVernine4.
31951 10-61
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carries manual Morse, teleprinter, and telephone traffic, is the most
important. It is probable that lines connecting with Laos are currently
being used for communications with the rebel forces in that country
rather than with the central Laotian government. The establishment of
connections with Xieng Khouang, the seat of the rebel Communist govern-
ment of Laos, is likely in the near future.
The wireline network, subject to frequent interruption,
doeS not, in consequence, provide dependable service. 50X1
bUAl
Attempts by the DPTT to improve wire-
line communications include establishment of training programs in
wireline technology; replacement of bamboo poles, which deteriorate
rapidly in tropical climate, with those made of concrete and steel;
and utilization of military personnel for repair and maintenance pur-
poses.
Improvement is expected in network performance during
1961-65. Nevertheless, the over-all reliability of the network probably
will remain low because of continued heavy dependence on vulnerable
open wirelines. Such wirelines suffer from the climatic conditions of
the country, especially the extreme heat and humidity associated with
the rainy monsoon season between May and September, and from the flimsy
nature of construction. As a result, the Den contemplates the in-
stallation of microwave radio relay facilities on some of the main
routes now served by wirelines.
b. Point-to-Point Radio
(1) Domestic
The general point-to-point radio network of North
Vietnam, as shown on the map, Figure 6,* gives domestic service to
remote areas not served by the wireline network and is used to supple-
ment existing wirelines as well. Most circuits radiate from the main
station located near Hanoi.** The only other major station, located
?at Thaun Chau,*** acts as the control point for that part of the net-
work serving the mountainous area of the Thai-Meo Autonomous Region.
* Following p. 14.
** The Hanoi station is located about 6 km west of Ha Dong. Its
antenna field comprises about 50 masts ranging in height from 30
meters to 150 meters.
*** The Thuan Chau station is shortly to be moved to Son La. The
new site will consist of three buildings, which will house trans-
mitting and receiving facilities, power supply equipment, and main-
tenance shops.
-13-
S-E-C-R7E-T
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At present, manual Morse is the predominant mode of transmission, but
the network is in transition to the automatic mode.
The manual mode of operation, as expected, requires
substantial numbers of trained personnel. Large stations such as those
at Thuan Chau and Vinh, for example, employ between 30 and 50 persons
and, of the 255 communications personnel listed in the table of organi-
zation of the Thai-Meo Autonomous Region in 1959, more than 180 were
employed in radio activities. 11/ The severe shortage of qualified
radio maintenance personnel, the use of obsolete evipment, and the
manual mode of operations, all have hindered efficient operation of
the network. The DPTT has been trying to improve over-all efficiency,
but the extent of progress is not known. 50X1
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During 1961-65, it is
expected that whereas the efficiency of this network will be improved
greatly, little will be done to increase its coverage. 141/
(2) International
In addition to operating a domestic point-to-point
radio network, the DPTT also operates international point-to-point
radio circuits, as shown on the map, Figure 7.* 19/ These circuits
carry telephone, manual Morse, and teleprinter service. 20/
The Hanoi station, opened on 1 February
1959, was built and equipped with aid from Communist China. These
international point-to-point radio facilities appear to meet over-all
needs, so that no major changes in the number or the foreign terminals
of these circuits is expected during 1961-65. The quality of the ser-
vice may be improved by the use of more modern equipment.
c. Microwave
North Vietnam has been considering the employment for
the first time of microwave as a modern economic medium for acquiring
more capacity and better quality of service. Since June 1959, North
Vietnam has been negotiating with Hungary for the importation of
PM24/A** microwave equipment.- Consisting of two terminal stations
and one relay station, the planned line would span a distance of about
6o to 110 km, depending on terrain conditions. One terminal of the
* Following p. 14.
** The PM24/A carries 24 voice channels that operate in the 1,900 to
2,200 megacycle range.
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At present, manual Morse is the predominant mode of transmission, but
the network is in transition to the automatic mode.
The manual mode of operation, as expected, requires
substantial numbers of trained personnel. Large stations such as those
at Thuan Chau and Vinh, for example, employ between 30 and 50 persons
and, of the 255 communications personnel listed in the table of organi-
zation of the Thai-Meo Autonomous Region in 1959, more than 180 were
employed in radio activities. 11/ The severe shortage of qualified
radio maintenance personnel, the use of obsolete evipment, and the
manual mode of operations, all have hindered efficient operation of
the network. The DPTT has been trying to improve over-all efficiency,
but the extent of progress is not known. 50X1
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During 1961-65, it is
expected that whereas the efficiency of this network will be improved
greatly, little will be done to increase its coverage. 141/
(2) International
In addition to operating a domestic point-to-point
radio network, the DPTT also operates international point-to-point
radio circuits, as shown on the map, Figure 7.* 19/ These circuits
carry telephone, manual Morse, and teleprinter service. 20/
The Hanoi station, opened on 1 February
1959, was built and equipped with aid from Communist China. These
international point-to-point radio facilities appear to meet over-all
needs, so that no major changes in the number or the foreign terminals
of these circuits is expected during 1961-65. The quality of the ser-
vice may be improved by the use of more modern equipment.
c. Microwave
North Vietnam has been considering the employment for
the first time of microwave as a modern economic medium for acquiring
more capacity and better quality of service. Since June 1959, North
Vietnam has been negotiating with Hungary for the importation of
PM24/A** microwave equipment.- Consisting of two terminal stations
and one relay station, the planned line would span a distance of about
6o to 110 km, depending on terrain conditions. One terminal of the
* Following p. 14.
** The PM24/A carries 24 voice channels that operate in the 1,900 to
2,200 megacycle range.
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Figure
GREENLAND
(ALASKA)
FIN LAN
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NORTH VIETNAM
INTERNATIONAL POINT-TO-POINT RADIO CIRCUITS, 1961*
Directorate of Posts, Telephones, and Telegraphs
of the
Ministry of Communications, Posts, and Telecommunications
Telephone
Teletype
Main control station
BOLIVIA
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*Speech invers'on equipment is known to be in use on the Hanoi-Moscow
radiotelephone circuit.
31953 10-61
,)2P
'A
,s'`"A`NON'?
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Pacific
Ocean
..,....S?OLOMON IS.
NEN4'
CALEDONIA
NEW
ZEALAND
cZ
FIJI IS.
Boundaries are not necessarily those
recognized by the U.S. Government.
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line undoubtedly would be at Hanoi, with the other possibly at Haiphong,
Nam Dinh, or Phu Tho. 22/
Plans are believed to include the provision of a nation-
wide microwave network, which, in fact, would become the backbone sys-
tem of the country. Serving as a mainline facility, it would carry .
telephone and telegraph traffic and would connect all major industrial,
agricultural, and shipping centers of the country. In addition, it is
likely that this network would connect with a similar network planned
for Communist China and would be used for air defense and other mili-
tary traffic as well as for conventional communications.
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V. Broadcasting
The broadcasting system of North Vietnam provides domestic and
international amplitude modulation (AM) radiobroadcasting and domestic
wire diffusion services. Television and frequency modulation (FM)
broadcasting services are not yet available, but initial planning is
underway for their introduction probably within the next 4 to 6 years.
Although operating from a relatively small transmission base; espe-
cially in comparison with that of South Vietnam, which has twice the
number of radiobroadcasting transmitters in operation, the broadcast-
ing system of North Vietnam serves as a useful means for furthering
the aims of government. A measure of its effectiveness against South
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Vietnam is shown by the consistent jamming of all its broadcasts by
South Vietnam. For its part, North Vietnam does not jam broadcasts
aimed at it from Soiath Vietnam.
The steady growth of broadcasting service in North Vietnam since
1955 is almost wholly attributable to technical and material assist-
ance received from the USSR. This assistance has permitted the en-
largement of the major radiobroadcasting facilities located at Hanoi
and the creation of a wire diffusion network. 21/
During 1961-65, efforts undoubtedly will be made to build up both
the transmission and the reception bases of the broadcasting service.
To attain these goals, continued assistance from the USSR and possibly
other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc will be necessary.
A. Radiobroadcasting
The radiobroadcasting facilities of North Vietnam, which give
both domestic and international service, consist of seven shortwave
and two medium-wave transmitters and are controlled by the "Voice of
Vietnam" radio station located at Hanoi (often referred to as Radio
Hanoi). Two programs are transmitted simultaneously. The First Pro-
gram, rendered in the Vietnamese language, is intended primarily for
domestic listeners, but some broadcasts are aimed at South Vietnam.
Furthermore, the First Program carries programs of Radio Moscow. At
one time, programs of Radio Peking also were included in the First
Program, but this practice was discontinued recently. 28/
The Second Program is intended mainly for Southeast. Asia and
for the high plateau regions in North and South Vietnam. Programs to
Southeast Asia are rendered in the Laotian, Mandarin, Cantonese Thai,
Cambodian, French, and English languages, whereas those to the plateau
regions are heard in the mountain dialects of Rhades, Jarai, Bahnar, and
Mnong. The Second Program also carries news dispatches to the North
Vietnamese embassy in Peking. These dispatches then are distributed to
the embassies of other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc located in
that city. 22/
The "Voice of Vietnam" is subordinate to the Radio Diffusion.
Board, an independent organ of government attached to the Office of
the President. Its broadcast policies are controlled by the Propa-
ganda and Training Section of the Central Committee of the Dang Lao
Dong. Using material supplied to it by the Vietnam News Agency, this
Party organism prepares and approves all program material. 0
Facilities of the "Voice of Vietnam" also engage in clandes-
tine broadcasting. With Laos as their principal target, two short-wave
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transmitters carry three clandestine programs known as Radio Pathet
Lao, the Voice of the Laotian Kingdom, and, beginning in June 1961,
the National Army Broadcasting Station. 11/
At least two transmitters, one medium-wave and one shortwave,
operate at about 20 kilowatts (kw) and 50 kw, respectively. These and
other transmitters were supplied and installed by the USSR as part of
an extensive aid program, which has been a decisive factor in the
buildup of broadcasting in North Vietnam.
In 1957, there reportedly were 300,000 radiobroadcast receivers
in use in North Vietnam, or about 20 receivers per thousand persons
(based on a midyear population of 14.9 million persons). The recep-
tion base has been enlarged during the past 5 years mainly through
importation of receivers,.but it still falls far short of adequate
per capita coverage. 12/
During the Five Year Plan, radiobroadcasting service will con-
tinue to grow. Throughout the period the reception base will be
broadened and the coverage of international service widened by the
use of more transmitters. To meet these goals, however) North Vietnam
will have to rely on continued aid from the USSR and perhaps other
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
B. Wire Diffusion
The wire diffusion service of North Vietnam, controlled by
the Ministry of Culture, augments the radiobroadcasting service.
Because it assures the government's propagandistic programs of a
"captive" audience, it is perhaps, along with newspapers and period-
icals, the most important medium of mass communications available.
The wire diffusion network has been given impetus since 1956.
In that year, with Soviet material and technical help, installation of
10 additional wire diffusion centers began. The center constructed at
Haiphong reportedly is capablerof serving 4o,000 loudspeakers. Since
the completion of this program early in 1957, the network has under-
gone steady growth, and in 1960 it was announced that 105 wire diffu-
sion centers, mainly in the densely populated areas, were in opera-
tion. 33/
The wire diffusion network is patterned after that in the USSR.
Wire diffusion centers receive "Voice of Vietnam" broadcasts over
telephone wirelines and rebroadcast these programs by wire to indi-
vidual loudspeakers located in private homes, factories, offices, and
public gathering places. In addition, some of the larger centers are
believed to 'originate their own programs of the local-interest variety.
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Growth of wire diffusion services and facilities probably will continue
during 1961-65, and extension of service to the rural areas probably
will be the chief feature of this growth.
VI. Future Trends
Since 1955, North Vietnam has made tangible progress in the re-
habilitation and enlargement of its post and telecommunications re-
sources. Services rendered appear to be meeting minimum needs. Now
in the first year of its Five Year Plan, the country shows intentions
of continuing the development of this sector of the economy. Assuredly
the program for progress under the current Five Year Plan, as given in
the previous Sections of this report, is indeed an impressive one, even
though it is unlikely that all goals Will be pet. The decisive condi-
tions influencing the level of attainment will be the availability of
sizable amounts of investment funds and continued large-scale technical
and material assistance from other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
If these funds are forthcoming, completion of most of these plans is
highly 'probable.
4
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude ,(amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunications.
(See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process involved
in producing telecommunications service that does not require direct,
immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands, as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
Up to 30 kc**
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mc***
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF)
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
( HHF )
Corresponding Wave*
Band
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
Hectometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Decimetric wavest
Centimetric wavest
Millimetric wavest
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
in the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is_in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency; and the shorter the wave length, gootnote continued on p. 22]
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Cable: A, bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to as
"multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): of or pertaining to a technique for divid-
ing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into portions
that can be used independently of and simultaneously with all other
portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are selected for
each portion to "carry" the information to be transmitted, after al-
teration by the information frequencies. The carrier itself need not
be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group that can be used to transmit in-
formation independently of and simultaneously with all other portions'.
A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant.
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications connec-
tion between distant points. By the application of appropriate tech-
niques, a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations to
meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunications
service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single tele- ,
communications units in. sequence. In its most complex form it may by
apportionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone channels
and telegraph sdbdhannels; a number of television programs; and other
specialized kinds of service, such as 'high-fidelity broadcast programs,
radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often arranged
into lanes, each of Which can carry, in one direction, 1 television pro-
gram or up to 1,800 telephone Channels. In turn, these 1,800 telephone
channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone channels
each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12 telephone chan-
nels each. One or more telephone channels may be further subdivided
into 3 to 20 sixty-word-per minute teletype subchannels. Other special-
ized kinds of service may be accommodated by combining two or more tele-
phone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length usually is measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecommuni-
cations cable medium technique using one or more tubes (sometimes,
called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire sup-
ported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube usually
contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial cable is
Used for the transmission of information in complex form, such as
radar, computer data, or television signals, and/or for the trans-
mission of telephone channels and telegraph subdhannels. A single
tube usually carries information in only one direction at a time.
The capacity of a tube depends in part on the distance between re-
peater stations. In the standard facility, which may have from
2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of up to
1,800 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the re-
peater station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new develop-
mental coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a
total of 1,800 telephone Channels or 3 television lanes, for which
the repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical science and technology which treats of the behaviour of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today telecommunications makes
extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
?(1-agiii.4h) service in which photographs, drawings, handwriting, and
printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded reception.
In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or dots of con-
stant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are built up of
lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred to as "tele-
photo" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications fa-
cilities of relatively low capacity that join facilities of relatively
high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric current,
voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direction.
(See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. See Ampli-
tude modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or Connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities managed
and operated by a single agency, organization, company, department,
committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to the facilities
of a basic system. (See Basic system.)
Group: A-nutber of channels (usually 12) or sUbdhannels combined
(multiplexed) electrically in blinding up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere t Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from abut
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes
possible long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however, are responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and
differences between daytime and nighttime radio reception. The
layers also are used as a scattering reflector for ionospheric '
scatter-transmission techniques to transmit to distances of about
1,000 to 1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A one-way portion, electrical or physical, of a two-way tele-
communications circuit that can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers that have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing telecom-
munications service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio fre-
quencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies normally do not afford
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practical direct transmission to great distances, principally be-
cause they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because
they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however,
capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-
sight) by the use of special antennas that concentrate the radio
- energy and give it desired direction. In consequence, great dis-
tances can be reached by this technique by the interposition of relay
stations along the route of the line with a spacing interval of from
25 to 4o statute miles, depending on terrain conditions. This tech- -
nique can be employed practically to carry from a small number of tele-
phone channels and telegraph subchannels to thousands of such channels
and subchannels through two or more lanes and to carry one of more
television and other specialized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility that is intended to be operational while in motion or dur-
ing halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommuni-
cations service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility that can be readily moved from place to place but normally
is not operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not public or common.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
--(71a7lally measured in millionths of a second) yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical as-
sociation of a group of four conductors in any one of various arrange-
ments for the purpose of providing two-way multichannel operation.
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Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by Which energy in radio frequen-
cies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other of
two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and ionosphere)
at such a predetermined angle that a usable portion of the energy
arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique is espe-
cially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and Antarctic)
Where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors bf weather and
terrain and Where the conventional long-distance radio media of the
lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to serious dis-
ruptive propagational anomalies.: (See Band.)
Subdhannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel that can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
usually can be subchanneled to carry from 3 to 20 sixty-word-per-
minute teletype sUbehannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any customer Who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five). combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunications
circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other en-
tity in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications ser-
vice.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for ef-
fecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to a
typewriter in Which information is transmitted by keyboard and re-
ceived by type printer on a roll of paper or tape or by perforations
on a roll of tape or both. The apparatus is sometimes called a
? "teleprinter" or a "teletypewriter."
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Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting fa-
cilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device that is capable of performing in a solid
(germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by the conven-
tional electrOnic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter-
transmissiOn techniques to distances of about 200 to _500 statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
medium, now under development in several countries, that may be capa-
ble of transmitting extremely large amounts of 'conventional and complex
information. It consists of a circular or rectangular hollow metallic
tube in Which electrical energy travels in the form of waves, much as
do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or cable
medium to wired loudspeakers.
.Wired loudspeaker: A telecommunications loudspeaker that receives
from'a'distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A-general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or an underground cable used
as a telecommunications medium.
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