PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN EAST GERMANY 1959-75

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• Publication Date: May 1, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
N?
1?(oxi
PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
IN EAST GERMANY
1959-75
CIA/RR ER 61-25
May 1961
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
N.
Office of Research and Reports
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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
IN EAST GERMANY
1959-75
CIA/RR ER 61-25
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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FOREWORD
This report assesses short-term and long-term plan data for the
vast development of basic and strategic telecommunications in East
Germany and evaluates the impact of this development on the economic,
political, and military posture of the country. Because telecommuni-
cations can play a consequential role in support of that posture, the
over-all approach has been to analyze these plans for possible indica-
tions of future intentions of East Germany.
Essentially this report covers basic telecommunications facili-
ties and services under the management of the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications (NPT). It also discusses certain functional sys-
tems, selected on the basis of availability of data, size of system,
and importance of use. The systems selected were those controlled
and operated by the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity (Com-
munist) Party (SED), the Ministry of National Defense (=AVE), and
the Group of Soviet Forces Germany (GSFG).
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Summary
CONTENTS
Page
and Conclusions
1
I.
Introduction
5
II.
Planning Organizations and Processes
5
III.
Program for the Development of Domestic Telecom-
munications, 1959-75
7
A. Basic Facilities
7
u
1. Telephone and Telegraph System OO
?
?
?
7
a. Telephone
7
(1) Local
7
(2) Interurban
12
b. Telegraph
14
(1) Regular Telegraph
14
(2) TELEX
15
c. Common Telecommunications Facilities
.
?
?
17
(1) Wireline
18
(2) Microwave Radio Relay
23
2. Broadcasting System
25
B. Functional Facilities
29
1. Central Committee of the Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party (SED) 29
2. Ministry of National Defense (M1NAVE) 31
3. Group of Soviet Forces Germany (GSFG) 33
IV. Program for Development of International Telecom-
munications, 1959-75 34-
V. Prospects for Fulfilling the Program 36
A. Investment
B. Equipment and Technical Manpower
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Appendixes
Page
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms . . . . . ....La
Tables
1. Estimated Number of Local Telephone Exchanges of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of East
Germany, 1951-58
8
2. Estimated Telephone Exchange Capacity and Number of
Main Subscriber Lines of the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications of East Germany, 1951-58 8
3. Estimated Number of Local Telephone Calls Completed
in East Germany, 1951-58 9
4. Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls
Completed in East Germany, 1951-58 12
5. Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted over Facili-
ties Operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications of East Germany, 1951-58 111-
6. Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted over Facili-
ties Operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications of East Germany, 1959-65 15
7. Estimated Number of TELEX Subscribers in East Germany,
1951-58 16
Illustrations
Figure 1. East Germany: Rate of Growth in Telephone
Exchange Capacity of the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications, 1959-65 (Chart) . ? ? ?
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Page
Figure
2.
East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number
of Completed Local Telephone Calls,
1959-65 (Chart)
11
Figure
3.
East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number
of Completed Interurban Telephone Calls,
1959-65 (Chart)
13
Figure
4.
East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number
of TELEX Subscribers, 1959-65 (Chart) . .
17
Figure
6.
Figure
7.
Figure
8.
East Germany: Sketch of an Underground "Tank,"
or "Boiler," Type of Repeater Station in Use
on "Hardened" High-Capacity Millticonductor
and Coaxial Cable Lines and Photographs of
Similar Repeater Stations in Use in the USSR,
June 1960 following page
East Germany: Cross Section of a 17-Pair
Coaxial Cable and of a 4-Tube Coaxial Cable,
January 1961 (Sketches) following page . . .
East Germany: "Hardened" Carrier-Frequency
Terminal Station Constructed at Zeuthen, 1960
(Sketch) following page
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20
20
22
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10. East Germany: Microwave Radio Relay Network
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,
January 1961 (Map) following page
Figure 11.
Figure
Figure
East Germany: Tall Masonry Communications Tower
in Operation at Dequede and Towers Under Con-
struction at Roitzsch and Rhinow, May 1960
(Photograph) following page
12. East Germany: Radiobroadcasting and Television
Stations, January 1961 (Map) inside back cover
13. East Germany: Medium Masonry Communications
Towers Observed at Raben, Wolfslake, and
Erleshuegel, September 1960 (Photograph)
following page
Figure 14.
East Germany: Short Masonry Communications
Towers Observed on Peters-Berg and Schneekopf
Mountains, November 1960 (Photograph)
following page
24
24
30
30
Figure 18.
East Germany: "Hardened" Military Communica-
tions Center Under Construction at Kagel,
January 1961 (Sketch) following page
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Figure 20. East Germany: Rate of Growth of Investment of
the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,
1952-65 (Chart) following page
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PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF TFT.PCOMMUNICATIONS
IN EAST GERMANY*
1959-75
Summary and Conclusions
East Germany has begun in earnest to build up on a broad front
its basic and strategic telecommunications resources. Two plans
guide this effort: the Seven Year Plan (1959-65) and the long-range
plan (1966-75). In the formulation of these plans the Central Com-
mittee of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED) has asserted a
high degree of authority. The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
(NPT) still manages the basic telecommunications system and partici-
pates in the planning process, but much of its former planning author-
ity has been lost to the Party as a result of the industrial reorgani-
zation of 1958 and the reorganization of the Ministry itself in 1959.
On the basis of decisions of two organizations of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc -- the Organization for Cooperation Among Socialist Countries in
the Fields of Post and Communications (OSS) and the International Radio-
broadcasting and Television Organization (OIRT) -- East Germany, as a
member of both, attempts to achieve compatibility of techniques and
services, standardization of equipment and practices, and the cohesive
benefits of an integrated Bloc-wide arterial network. These two mech-
anisms, in turn, attempt to adhere to the international standards
established by the two technical committees of the International Tele-
communication Union (ITU): the International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee (CCITT) and the International Radio Consulta-
tive Committee (CCIR).
The Seven Year Plan and the long-range plan are complementary.
The Seven Year Plan envisions the construction of a modern high-
capacity arterial network to meet present and future needs, and the
long-range plan stresses the installation of additional main and
tributary facilities that are to be connected to the arterial network
to give greater service to all localities of the country. To achieve
maximum reliability within reasonable economic costs, this network,
already under construction, will feature a balanced installation of
"soft" (aver-the-surface) microwave radio relay lines and "hardened"
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of I May 1961. For a glossary of tech-
nical terms, see Appendix A.
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(underground) coaxial and multiconductor cable lines. For some key
routes, soft and hard media, will be somewhat paralleled to attain a
rational balance between economics and reliability. When completed,
the network will take care of specialized services for air defense
and missile activities as well as of growing needs for conventional
telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services.
During 1959-65 the strategic functional networks of the SED, the
Ministry of National Defense (MINAVE), and the Group of Soviet Forces
Germany (GSFG) also will be enlarged. These networks will serve the
more extensive political needs of the SED and the expanded needs of
the KNAVE and the GSFG, respectively. Plans stress the improvement
of existing fixed facilities and the increased use of mobile facili-
ties in order to achieve wider coverage; more flexibility; and, above
all, greater reliability regardless of cost.
East Germany also intends to expand its coverage of international
broadcasting, especially into underdeveloped areas. Furthermore, as
the economy grows, the number of direct international telephone and
telegraph circuits will be increased for political and economic pur-
poses. These international projections, taken by East Germany with
an apparent determination to establish itself as a major communications
"gateway" between Eastern and Western Europe, would seem to strengthen
an East German drive for worldwide recognition as a sovereign state.
Investment by the MPT during the period of the Seven Year Plan,
excluding that in functional facilities, will be about 2.2 billion
DME,* or three times the amount invested during the preceding 7 years.
The major part of these funds will be used to construct the arterial
network; to expand the facilities of the radiobroadcasting and tele-
vision networks; and to provide additional telephones, automatic tele-
phone exchanges, and TELEX** facilities. On the basis of these invest-
ments, the plan anticipates that the coverage of the frequency-
modulated (FM) and television broadcasting networks will be nation-
wide by the end of 1965, that the density of the telephone network
will increase about 45 percent above that in 1958 to 9.3 Outlets per
hundred persons, and that the capacity of the interurban telephone
network will increase 25 percent above that in 1958 to 550,000 channel-
kilometers.
* Deutsche Mark East (East German marks). Unless otherwise indicated,
DME values in this report are expressed in terms of current DNE and may
be converted. to US dollars at the rate of exchange of 9.DNE to US $1..
** TELEX is a term applied to a system of subscriber telegraph used
in European countries. As East Germany has a subscriber telegraph
network interconnected with this European network, the term TELEX is
used in this report to describe the East German network.
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All major goals of the Seven Year Plan are not expected to be
met, but the strategic importance of the enlarged functional networks
probably will assure their completion during the plan period. Goals
for expanding basic facilities, however, appear to be too ambitious
for the status of the technical labor force, the materials supply
base, and output of electronic equipment. Attainment is not expected,
therefore, before 1967. Nevertheless, even this level of performance
in so extensive a program would serve not only to meet a good part
of growing communications needs but also to accommodate Soviet polit-
ical and military interests in East Germany and Western Europe.
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I. Introduction
Perhaps nowhere else is the cold war brought into sharper focus
than in East-West contentions over the status of East Germany and
West Berlin. In such a setting an analysis of the planned massive
buildup in telecommunications in East Germany, now in progress, may
shed useful light on both East German and Soviet intentions. In one
sense, much of the buildup may be justified by straightforward needs
of the economy. In another sense the scope of the plans, the speed
of implementation, and the involvement of noneconomic entities sug-
gest other requirements. Whatever the real purposes, the existence
of a reliable wide-coverage, high-capacity telecommunicatlons base
in East Germany would facilitate the operation of command-control
structures, whether political, economic, or military.
II. Planning Organizations and Processes
The Central Committee of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
(SED) -- and through it the USSR -- exerts dominant influence over
economic planning in East Germany. For the telecommunications sec-
tor, this domination is applied to planning for the satisfaction of
political and military needs as well as of economic needs. Pressure
also is brought to bear for the satisfaction of Soviet telecommunica-
tions requirements, such as those imposed by the large Soviet military
garrisons stationed in the country and those related to Soviet politi-
cal and economic interests both inside and outside East Germany.
Plan concepts and objectives of the two countries usually coincide.
Conflicts that do arise are almost always resolved in favor of the
USSR through its control of the SED, the authoritative voice of Soviet
policy in East Germany.
The State Planning Commission (SPC), the central economic organ
of the Council of Ministers, manages economic planning. The SPC not
only supervises the preparation of both current and long-range plans
but also directs their implementation. The Council of Ministers,
which is the approving authority, usually accepts with few changes
the plans as drafted by the SPC. 1/*
The present dominance of the SPC in the planning function stems
from the industrial reorganization of early 1958. Influenced by and
modeled after, that of the USSR in 1957, the reorganization aims at
hastening the "transition of capitalism to socialism" through stream-
lining the planning and management mechanisms.
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To achieve that transition, numerous specific actions were taken:
(1) the staff of the SPC was enlarged and staffed with the most re-
liable Party personnel to cope with broadened responsibilities;
(2) many industrial ministries were abolished, and their functions
were transferred to newly established Associations of Nationalized
Enterprises (M's) subordinate to the SPC; (3) economic councils
were established in the 14 Bezirke (districts) of the country, which,
under the jurisdiction of the SPC, are responsible for planning and
fulfillment within their respective regions; and (4) some control
and decision-making powers were transferred to local authorities in
order to bring the aaministration of industry under closer scrutiny
of local Party officials. The most pervading effect of the reorgani-
zation is the dominant role of the Party over the SPC in planning,
controlling, and directing the economy. 2/
In the industrial shuffle the Ministry of Post and Telecommunica-
tions (MPT) was not disturbed, but in mid-1959 it was reorganized
along lines corresponding to the new structure of the SPC. More
authority and responsibility were given to the Bezirk directorates
in planning and managing the post and telecommunications activities
of their respective areas. Short-range and long-range planning
functions of the Ministry were consolidated in a newly established
Department for Planning. Within this Department, sections -were estab-
lished for current, operational planning; for long-range planning;
and for research and development planning. In line with the general
policy of emphasizing Party control over economic activities, politi-
cally reliable Party members, regardless of their professional com-
petence, were placed in key positions in all important components of
the Ministry. With few exceptions, unreliable personnel were trans-
ferred to less important positions.* 2/
In the MPT, planning procedures adhere at present to rigid SPC
formulas. In turn, the MPT, through the Department of Planning,
es4-ablishes planning methods and targets for the Bezirk directorates.
Within the framework established by the SPC, the Bezirk directorates
in turn call for plans from their local units. On receipt of these
plans the directorates consult with their economic councils to insure
that the plans satisfy political, economic, and technical needs of
their areas. After adjustment the directorates submit these plans
to the Department of Planning. After review and amendment the Depart-
ment, acting for the MPT, submits the consolidated draft plan of the
Ministry to the SPC for approval. For its part the SPC reviews these
plans to insure consistency with all other plans, both economic and
* The most notable exception was the Minister of Post and Telecom-
munications, Friedrich Burmeister. Although not a member of the SED,
Burmeister was retained in the post that he has held since 1949.
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budgetary. After revision the SPC, acting for the Council of Minis-
ters, returns the approved plans to the MPT, along with specific
measures governing their implementation./2/
III. Program for the Development of Domestic Telecommunications,
1959-75
MPT is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and de-
velopment of all basic telephone, telegraph, and broadcast facili-
ties:and services of East Germany that are carried by overhead wire-
line, underground cable, and radio facilities. However, the Ministry
does not control or operate functional networks such as those serving
the exclusive needs of the SED, the Ministry of National Defense,
(MiNAVE), Or the Ministry of Transportation. Many of the circuit
facilities of these networks are nevertheless derived from the basic
system. In many cases the MPT installs and maintains, but does not
operate, these networks.
A. Basic Facilities
1. Telephone and Telegraph System
a. Telephone
Local and interurban telephone service, nationwide
in coverage, is the major telecommunications service available in
East Germany. The system, with 6.45 telephone outlets per hundred
persons in 1958, ranked first among those of the countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc and ninth among those of the more developed countries
of the world. In spite of this relatively high ranking, the system
is marginal in meeting needs of the government and fails to meet
either active or latent needs of private consumers. The Seven Year
Plan (1959-65) is aimed at overcoming these shortcomings in local
telephone service, but the planned increase in services admittedly
still will not meet all demands. It is expected, therefore, that
the service will continue to grow during 1966-75 at a rate similar
to that planned for 1959-65. j/
(1) Local
For 1951-58 the estimated number of local tele-
phone exchanges, the estimated exchange capacity and number of main
subscriber lines, and the estimated number of local telephone calls
are shown in Table l,* Table 2,* and Table 3,** respectively.
* Tables 1 and 2 follow on p. 8.
** Table 3 follows on p. 9.
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Table 1
Estimated Number of Local Telephone Exchanges
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
of East Germany W
1951-58
Local Telephone ExChan es
Total
Automatic
Manual
1951
1,548
1,027
521
1952
1,553
1,030
523
1953
1,557
1,053
504
1954
1,560
1,097
463
1955
1,559
1,156
403
1956
1,566
1,194
372
1957
1,602
1,254
348
1958
1,617
1,333
284
Table 2
Estimated Telephone Exchange Capacity
and Number of Main Subscriber Lines
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
of East Germany 2/
1951-58
Thousand Lines
Telephone Exchange Capacity
Main Subscriber
Lines in Use 12/
Use of Telephone
Exchange Capacity
(Percent)
Total
Automatic
Manual
1951
486
417
69
387
79.7
1952
519
448
71
411
79.2
1953
552
482
70
434
78.6
1954
569
505
64
464
81.6
1955
578
520
58
489
84.5
1956
588
533
55
514
87.5
1957
600
546
54
511.14.
90.8
1958
615
567
48
563
91.6
? Derived from unrounded da-Ea.
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Table 3
Estimated Number of Local Telephone Calls Completed
in East Germany 2/
1951-58
Million Local Calls
1951
645
1952
700
1953
702
1954
747
1955
742
1956
726
1957
739
1958
749
At the end of 1958, subscriber lines in use had increased about 45
percent and local telephone calls about 16 percent. As shown in
Tables 1 and 2, the MPT has moved steadily ahead since 1951 in auto-
matic (dial) local service. By 1958, 82 percent of all local tele-
phone exchanges were automatic, and 92 percent of the total sub-
scriber line capacity was derived from automatic exchanges. The
level of automation compares favorably with that in other industrial
countries. In a ratio of capacity of automatic lines to that of
total subscriber lines, East Germany ranks fifth behind Switzerland,
West Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, with the US sixth and the
USSR fifteenth. 2/
Throughout the period of 1951-58 the supply of
service lagged behind the demand. For the most part the needs of
government and industry were met, whereas those of private consumers
and agricultural enterprises were not. Data which reveal that at the
end of 1958 there were only 1.4 telephone outlets per hundred house-
holds and 3.6 per hundred agricultural enterprises underscore the high
priority given to government and industry. ly
The Seven Year Plan seeks to improve local tele-
phone service, especially to private consumers and agriculture. Major
projects include replacing all manual telephone exchanges with auto-
matic equipment; installing about 200,000 new subscriber lines, of
which 79,000 lines will serve rural areas; installing about 620 spe-
cially designed exchanges in rural areas; installing about 152,000
multiparty lines through the conversion of 58,000 one-party lines to
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multiparty operations; installing about 4,800 public telephone booths;
and reconstructing outside plant facilities of telephone exchanges.
In the plan period, telephone exchange capacity and the number of main
subscriber lines in use are to be enlarged 27 percent, and the number
of completed local telephone calls is expected to increase 25 percent,
from 761 million calls in 1959 to 948 million calls in 1965. The plan
anticipates that by 1965 telephone density will increase about 45 per-
cent compared with that in 1958, to about 9.3 outlets per hundred per-
sons. The rate of growth in telephone exchange capacity and in the
number of completed local telephone calls for 1959-65 is shown in the
charts, Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. 11/
Thousand Lines
1,000
900
800
700
eoo
500
400
300
200
100
+25%
+ 10%
'-2S%
'
r
Year
Data
,
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
640
666
693
721
751
782
815
*The slope
to this
percentage
of the line of
scale, gives an approximation
change from
Percent
of Change
the graph, when
of the
one year to the
related
next
Thousand Lines
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
Figure 1. East Germany: Rate of Growth in Telephone Exchange Capacity
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, 1959-65.
35017 5-61
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1,000
900
800
700
800
500
400
C
*". 300
Year
200
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
too
1959
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Data
761
785
810
836
867
901
948
Million
Percent
of Change
*The slope of the line of the graph, when related
to this scale, gives an approximation of the
percentage change from one year to the next
1960 1961
1962 1963 1964
Figure 2. East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number
of Completed Local Telephone Calls, 1959-65.
?25%
1965
This planned growth, if accomplished, will allevi-
ate some of the pressures for service but will still fall short of
meeting all needs. Stating that planned telephone density by 1965 will
approximate only that achieved by West Germany at the end of 1958, MET
offfcials estimate that at least 350,000 new subscriber lines will be
needed to satisfy all demands for service, a figure 75 percent greater
than the 200,000 lines given in the plan.
Long-range plans through 1975 take this need into
account in that they direct installation of new small exchanges for
the exclusive use of the MPT, modernization of existing exchanges,
and installation of additional multiparty lines. If these plans are
fulfilled, it is expected that by 1975, with a density of about 20
telephones per hundred persons, supply will meet demand for local
service. 12/
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(2) Interurban
As shown in Table 4, interurban telephone ser-
vice increased 49 percent during 1951-58, from 99 million calls in
1951 to 148 million calls in 1958. These calls were handled largely
through manual facilities. Of the total calls completed in 1958, only
about 8 percent were handled through automatic facilities. 11/
Table 4
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls Completed
in East Germany 2/
1951-58
Million Interurban Calls
1951
99
1952
102
1953
106
1954
117
1955
124
1956
133
1957
140
1958
148
50X1
In spite of this growth, service at the end of
1958 was slow, inefficient, and inadequate. Long delays encountered
In completing interurban telephone calls reflected the heavy use of
manual facilities and the lack of exchange and wireline capacities.
In 1958, for example, only 72 percent of all interurban calls were
completed without delay. Permissive waiting periods for completing
interurban calls, ranging from 15 minutes to 60 minutes, were in
some cases exceeded. 12/
The Seven Year Plan of the MPT stresses over-all
improvement of this service. The plan includes the introduction of
automatic interurban switching equipment; the installation of about
400 new interurban switchboard positions; the installation of multi-
conductor cable, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay facilities;
and the installation of 60-channel carrier-frequency (Traegerfrequenz --
TF) equipment on all new cable lines. By the end of 1965 it is expected
that 83 terminal offices will use 60-channel carrier-frequency equip-
ment and that the capacity of the interurban telephone network will be
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about 550,000 channel-kilometers, an increase of 25 percent above the
440,000 Channel-kilometers available at the end of 1958. On that
basis the number of completed interurban telephone calls during 1959-65
is expected to increase about 57 percent, from 156 million calls in
1959 to 245 million calls in 1965, and it is likely that 52 percent of
all calls completed in 1965 will be handled through automatic facili-
ties. The rate of growth in interurban telephone calls for 1959-65
is shown in the chart, Figure 3. lg
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Tear
uata
' Percent
1959
156
of Changes
1960
165
1961
174
1962
186
1963
201
1964
220
*The slope of the line of the graph, when related :
1965
245
to this scale, gives
a antatto rhnnon
an approximation of the :
frnm nna *roar tn tha not} .!
Million
100
1959
35015 5-61
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
Figure 3. East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number of Completed
Interurban Telephone Calls, 1959-65.
25%
+ 10%
0
?10%
?25%
1965
Long-range plans for 1966-75 specify further
growth in interurban telephone service. These plans involve the con-
tinued automatization of existing facilities and the installation of
new coaxial cable lines having a capacity of 1,920 telephone channels.
If these plans are met, by 1975 the quality and quantity of interurban
telephone service in East Germany will compare favorably with service
afforded in the more advanced countries of the world.
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b. Telegraph
Telegraph services in East Germany consist of regular
telegraph, TELEX, and facsimile. Of these services, regular telegraph
and TELEX are available throughout the country. Facsimile is used more
in international than in domestic service. Domestic facsimile service
exists between East Berlin and the more important Bezirk capitals.
Plans show an intention to improve the quality of regular telegraph
service and to expand the coverage and density of TELEX service. Other
than the replacement of obsolete equipment with more modern types, no
major extension in facsimile service is planned.
(1) Regular Telegraph
The number of telegrams transmitted over facili-
ties operated by the MPT during 1951-58 is shown in Table 5. Although
the telegraph network uses modern teletype terminal equipment at pres-
ent, it uses manual switching equipment for the relay of traffic, thus
causing long delays in the transmission of telegrams. In 1958 the
average transmission time (excluding delivery to the recipient) for a
telegram was about 66 minutes, and the maximum transmission time dur-
ing periods of peak traffic was about 430 minutes. In that same year
the average delivery time was about 87 minutes, with maximum delivery
time during daylight hours of about 120 minutes.
Table 5
Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted
over Facilities Operated
by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
- of East Germany 2/
1951-58
Million Telegrams
1951
7.8
1952
7.3
1953
7.6
1954
7.5
1955
7.6
1956
8.0
1957
8.6
1958
8.6
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During the Seven Year Plan, improvement of reg-
ular telegraph service rather than its expansion is contemplated.
All manual-switching equipment is to be converted to automatic opera-
tion. Automatization of switching facilities will eliminate multiple
relaying of traffic, thus reducing significantly both the average
and the maximum transmission time. By the end of 1965 it is expected
that the average and the maximum transmission time will decrease to
12 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. To expedite delivery of
telegrams, an uninterrupted delivery service utilizing either postal
carriers or local telephone facilities will be established. Esti-
mates of regular telegraph traffic for the period 1959-65 are shown
in Table 6.
Table 6
Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted
.over Facilities Operated
by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
of East Germany 2/
1959-65
Million Telegrams
1959
8.6
1960
8.7
1961
8.8
1962
8.9
1963
9.1
1964
9.3
1965
9.4
It is quite possible that regular telegraph ser-
vice will decline in relative importance during 1966-75. In the
absence of data this assumption is based on the anticipated rapid
growth both in TELEX service and in telephone density, which will
absorb what otherwise would be growth in regular telegraph service. 22/
(2) TELEX
The chief subscribers to the TELEX network are
the economic organs of government, including the newly established
VVB's.. In 1956, the network began operating on a fully automatic basis.
With East Berlin and Leipzig acting as the primary automatic relay
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stations, direct dialing between subscribers was introduced.* At the
end of 1958 the network, consisting of 60 TELEX offices and 2,367 sub-
scribers, ranked first among those of the Soviet Bloc in subscriber
density and fifth in the world in number of subscribers. The estimated
number of TELEX subscribers for 1951-58 is shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Estimated Number of TELEX Subscribers
in East Germany 2/
1951-58
Subscribers
1951
653
1952
792
1953
968
1954
1,217
1955
1,370
1956
1,494
1957
1,868
1958
2,367
The industrial reorganization closely tied to-
gether enterprises engaged in joint productive processes and altered
the pattern and increased the volume of communications between units
in the joint productive process. The need for rapid communications
rose because enterprises were widely separated geographically Inas-
much as communications for productive processes largely require the
recording of many alphabetical-numerical symbols, a real-time private
functionalized telegraph network tying enterprises together, rather
than a nonrecord voice network, normally would meet this need. For
East Germany, however, adequate numbers of interurban circuits with
which to make up such functionalized networks are not available, and
the country is relying heavily on an expanded TELEX network. During
the Seven Year Plan the coverage and density of the TELEX network will
be enlarged in capacity from 3,100 lines in 1958 to 6,700 lines in
1965, an increase of 116 percent. Of this available capacity, 6,000
lines, or 90 percent, are expected to be in use by 1965 compared with
* The US counterpart system (TWX) still uses manually operated ex-
changes, although the American Telephone and Telegraph Company has
plans to convert to dial operation.
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1958, when only 77 percent of such lines were used. The rate of
growth in TELEX subscribers for 1959-65 is shown in the chart,
Figure 4. 2.3/
z000
epoo
5P00
apoo
2P00
Year
Data
'
1959
2,800
1960
3,300
1961
3,700
Percent
1962
4,150
of Change*,
1963
4,650
1964
5,300
1965
6,000
*The slope of the line of the graph, when related
to this scale, gives an approximation of the
Units
percentage change from one year to the next
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1984
Figure 4. East Germany: Rate of Growth in the Number
of TELEX Subscribers, 1959-65.
35016 5-61
+25%
+10%
?10%
?25%
1965
Investment plans for 1966-75 direct further growth
in TELEX service. These plans anticipate that trade and agricultural
enterprises as well as administrative organs of government, which in
the past were marginal users of this service, eventually will become
heavy users. 214/
c. Common Telecommunications Facilities
The ability of the MPT to meet requirements for ser-
vice is conditioned by the status and operational capability of its
common telecommunications facilities. Consisting of wireline, micro-
wave radio relay, and point-to-point radio networks, these facilities
are the basic media used for transmission of telephone, telegraph, and
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broadcasting services. Until 1957, heavy reliance was placed on the
wireline network to meet most needs. Although the microwave network
provided for some services, it was a relatively low-capacity system
used primarily for the relay of television service. Point-to-point
radio was used mainly for international communications. During 1955-58,
plans were prepared for the further development of the wireline and
microwave networks. These plans put stress on the installation of
broad-band, high-capacity facilities that conform to international
standards established by the technical committees of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU): the International Telegraph and Tele-
phone Consultative Committee (CCITT) and the International Radio Con-
sultative Committee (CCIR). 22/
The simultaneous enlargement of both networks probably pre-
sages the development of a balanced telecommunications system in East
Germany. With emphasis on the diversification of transmission re-
sources in order to avoid overdependence on one transmission medium,
this system would increase significantly the reliability and flexi-
bility of communications -- a factor of prime importance during war-
time or other national emergencies.
(1) Wireline
The wireline network extends throughout the coun-
try and provides telephone and telegraph services to all cities and
major towns. For the most part the long-distance, high-capacity part
of the network uses underground multiconductor cable, but in recent
years increased use has been made of coaxial cable. The short-distance,
low-capacity part of the network consists mainly of open wirelines that
connect with the principal long-distance lines.
To a great extent the status of telecommunications
in East Germany is determined by the operational capability of the
long-distance part of the wireline network. This part of the network,
consists of two separate but inter-
connected subnetworks -- the relatively low-capacity Bezirk cable net-
work and the high-capacity, long-distance cable (Fernkabel FK) net-
work. As early as 1950, both subnetworks lacked the capacity to meet
all the needs of the country, and existing facilities were incapable
of meeting new demands for service. During the ensuing years these
difficulties were further compounded by the increased tempo of eco-
nomic, political, and military activities. To cope with this problem,
the MPT expanded capacity during 1950-54 by the more efficient use of
existing facilities, but although some gains were achieved, they fell
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far short of the need. In 1955, therefore, the MPT embarked on a
high-priority program to enlarge the capacity of its long-distance
underground cable facilities through the installation of a new broad-
band, high-capacity carrier-frequency cable network. Using 8-pair
and 14-pair multiconductor,cables and 17-pair coaxial cable,* the
program entailed the installation of three carrier-frequency cable
rings -- the Ring Around Berlin, the Northern Ring, and the Southern
Ring. By. the end of 1957 the only feature of the over-all plan that
appeared to be on schedule was the installation of the Ring Around
Berlin. Little, if any) work had been done on the Northern or
Southern Rings,. Defections of qualified technical personnel to the
West and shortages of equipment and materials resulting from export
-
commitments to other Bloc countries impeded progress. 4../
The industrial reorganization in 1958 and the
accelerated production goals of the Seven Year Plan gave added im-
petus to the need for rapid growth in high-capacity cable lines.
Increased demands for telephone and telegraph services expected to
resUlt from both programs and the avowed aims of the regime to extend
significantly broadcasting services, especially television, further
underscored the inadequacies of existing facilities.
The Seven Year Plan contains a solution to the
long-distance cable problem. More ambitious than any of its pre-
decessors, this program not only includes most of the goals of the
abortive 1955 plan but also provides for the installation of addi-
tional quantities of coaxial cable. The plan gives more attention
to completion of the Southern Ring, which covers the major industrial
area of the country, than it does to the Northern Ring. Extensive use
will be made of 8-pair and 14-pair multiconductor cables and 17-pair
and 4-tube coaxial cables to interconnect all Bezirk cities by the new
network. The following major projects are embodied in the program:
(a) By 1960 a line between East Berlin,
Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, Cottbus, Dresden, Karl-Marx-Stadt, and Leipzig
is to be completed. This line, the installation of which began late
in 1958, uses a 17-pair cable on the Berlin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder
section and 8-pair and 14-pa1r cables on the remaining parts.
(b) By 1960 a 17-pair cable between Wildpark
and Magdeburg is to be installed.
(c) By 1962 a 17-pair cable between Magdeburg
and Halle is to be installed.
* Consisting of 16 balanced pairs and a coaxial tube.
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(d) By 1965 a 17-pair cable between Halle and
Leipzig is to be installed.
(e) By 1965 or 1966, 8-pair and 14.-pair cables
between Karl-Marx-Stadt, Gera, and Erfurt are to be installed.
Plans also include the installation of 4-tube
coaxial cable linesbetween Berlin, Dresden, and Prague; between
Berlin and Katowice, Poland; and between Dresden and Leipzig. The
cables running to Prague and to Katowice are scheduled for completion
in 1962 and 1963, respectively. Planned mainly for international
telephone, telegraph, and television services, these cables also will
be used for domestic services, at least until 1965. ?I/
To increase circuit capacity, 60-channel (4-wire)
carrier-frequency telephone equipment (V-60) will be installed on all
new cable lines. The installation by 1965 of V-60 systems, including
about 83 V-60 terminal offices, will increase the total capacity of
the network to about 550,000 channel-kilometers, a figure 25 percent
greater than the 440,000 channel-kilometers available at the end of
1958. 2.?./
The concern of the Soviet Bloc as a whole, and of
East Germany in particular, for dependability of communications in case
of civil or military emergencies is underscored by the physical char-
acteristics of all planned long-distance cable lines and associated
facilities. Conforming closely to standards normally associated with
"hardened" telecommunications facilities,* all new lines will be buried
to depths between 3 to 5 feet and will bypass major industrial and
strategic areas. Spur lines will connect these areas to the main
lines. Repeater stations consisting of a "tank," or "boiler," buried
to a depth of 6 to 9 feet also will be located some distance from all
industrial and strategic points. These repeater stations will be in-
stalled at 18-kilometer (kin) intervals on all 8-pair and 14-pair multi-
conductor cable lines and at 9-km intervals on all 17-pair and 4-tube
coaxial cable lines. The use of this type of repeater station on the
Moscow-Kiev coaxial cable line and on the projected Leningrad-Helsinki,
Berlin-Prague, and Berlin-Katowice coaxial cable lines strongly sug-
gests their eventual standArdized use throughout the Bloc. Sketches
of the "tank," or "boiler," type of repeater station in use in East
Germany are shown in Figure 6,** which also contains photographs of
the station in use in the USSR. Sketches of the cross section of a
17-pair coaxial cable and of a 4-tube coaxial cable are shown in
Figure 7.**
** Following p. 20.
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?
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bUX1
?
2 ft.
Gee:mm:11ml
11 feet
Herd Concrete 12 inches
ub Concrete 5.9 inches
Sand 3.9 inches
142 inches
EAST GERMANY
? ' ? -4
VOA% :41?? ?
,,,,?.c?-m? ?
-
"
14.6 fret
? el at 44 .7 1
1""I 1.44e:1,7,
r
USSR
Figure 6. East Germany: Sketch of an Underground "Tank," or "Boiler," Type of Repeater
Station in use on "Hardened" High-Capacity Multiconductor and Coaxial Cable Lines and
Photographs of Similar Repeater Stations in use in the USSR, June 1960
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Styroflex band (4 ply)
Star quad with styroflex
insulation and a diameter
of 1.3mm of Copper
Copper foil
with liner band
Paper layers
(4 ply)
Styroflex intermediate conductor
Styroflex band (3 ply)
Copper foil (doubled)
17-PAIR COAXIAL CABLE
Diameter of the cable covered with lead=34.2mm
Core quad with Tietgen
protection paper insulation
and a diameter of 0.9mm
of Copper
Outer conductor with an
inner diameter of 12.7mm
and a thickness of 0.3mm
of Copper
Styroflex disk
Inner conductor with a diameter
of 3.4mm of Copper
Polyethelene disks
Inner conductor with a diameter of
2.6mm of Copper
Outer conductor with an inner
diameter of 9.4mm and a
thickness of 0.3mm of Copper
2 steel bands 0.15mm thick
Star quad with paper
insulation and a diameter
of 0.9mm of Copper
Paper layer
4-TUBE COAXIAL CABLE
Diameter of the cable covered with lead=29.1mm
2 layers of paper
Figure 7. East Germany: Cross Section of a 17-Pair Coaxial Cable
35150 5.61
and of a 4-Tube Coaxial Cable, January 1961
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Carrier terminal facilities associated with all
new cables also will conform to the "hardening" concept. These fa-
cilities will be three-story structures of uniform design, consist-
ing of two underground stories buried to a depth of 27 to 30 feet and
one story aboveground. Both the carrier-frequency and the power-
generating equipment will be housed in the underground levels. The
carrier-frequency terminal station built at Zeuthen is shown in the
sketch, Figure 8.* Similar stations have been built or are under
construction at Cottbus, Gueldendorf, Strausberg, Wildpark, Karl-
Marx-Stadt, and Dresden. LC/
The enlargement of the MPT long-distance cable
network may be related to military needs.
East Germany has planned since 1958 to install an early-
warning communications network. Consisting of multiconductor and
coaxial cable lines for telephone, telegraph, and video transmissions,
facilities of this network were to connect air-raid warning head-
quarters located in each of the 14 Bezirke of the country. Because
the structure and general layout of the planned MPT network is con-
sistent with this aim, it is highly possible that its installation
may be part of a long-range program to develop a "hardened" air de-
fense system in East Germany.
During the Seven Year Plan the Bezirk cable net-
work also will be enlarged. During 1959-65, there will be installed
about 7,000 km of new Bezirk cable, 6,500 km of which will be laid
in rural areas, with the remainder to be used for replacement of
existing open wireline facilities. The extension of the network to
rural areas is in keeping with plans for providing these areas with
more telephone and telegraph services, whereas the replacement of
open wirelines with underground cable lines adheres to the concept
of deemphasizing, for reasons of maintenance and physical security,
the use of open wireline facilities. .3.1/
The Seven Year Plan contains provisions for re-
constructing and expanding the cable facilities serving the East
Berlin area. Although there are extensive cable facilities in and
around the city, they fail to meet
existing service needs. Shortages in circuit capacity and lack of
adequate exchange facilities have been the principal drawbacks. The
severity of the East Berlin problem is highlighted by
in 1959 there were more than 25,000 unfilled requests for
telephone service and that all available subscriber lines in the city,
* Following p. 22.
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except those serving the most important telephone subscribers, were
converted from single-party to multiparty operation.
Although specific plans for the expansion of cable
facilities in East Berlin are not yet available,
suggests a two-phase program. During the first phase (1959-62)
some new cable and exchange facilities will be installed, but major
gains in capacity will stem from the regrouping of existing 100-pair
and 250-pair cables into cables with a capacity of 500 pairs. By pro-
viding space in existing cable ducts, this aspect of the program will
facilitate the laying of new cables. Since the division of Berlin,
space for new lines has not been available, because most cable ducts
were completely filled as a result of the rerouting of major lines to
avoid their passage through the Western sectors of the city. 13./
The second phase of the program (1963-65) will be
entirely devoted to the installation of new cable and exchange facili-
ties. Although the types and locations of these new facilities are
not known, the allocation of about 35 million DME to carry out this
phase of the program points up its importance. Of this amount, 11 mil-
lion DME will be used for new cable and the remaining 24 million DME
for exchange facilities..3.21/
Data on the planned development of wireline facili-
ties in the decade following the Seven Year Plan period are obscure.
It seems clear, however, that the use of overhead wirelines will give
way to high-capacity underground cables. Furthermore, efforts un-
doubtedly will be accelerated for the early completion of the Northern
Carrier Frequency Cable Ring. The installation of this ring -- which
will run between Magdeburg, Schwerin, Rostock, Stralsund, Neubranden-
burg, and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder -- will complete a nationwide high-
capacity underground cable network that will conform to modern stand-
ards and technology.
Because pressures will mount for more and better
service throughout the 1966-75 period, it is likely that vigorous
programs will be pursued for maximum use of all new and existing long-
distance cables. These programs, involving the installation of 120-
channel and 240-channel carrier-frequency telephone equipment, will
serve to increase significantly the capacity of the network and will
go a long way toward accommodating expected increases in demand for
service.
Toward the end of the 1966-75 period, construction
possibly will begin on a nationwide coaxial cable network. Running in
an east-west and north-south direction and consisting of 17-pair and
4-tube cables, the network would replace the previously installed 8-
pair cable lines. In addition to meeting domestic needs, this new
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Foreman's Residence
(Adjacent Rooms
according to need)
Entrance?
Air Shafts
Earth
30406 4 -59
Telephone and Telegraph
equipment and
(non-carrier frequency)
qbctote..ro
Telephone and Telegraph
equipment and Television
(carrier frequency)
l/