"MINERAL RESOURCES: REPORTS OF THE FRENCH INDOCHINA RESOURCES SURVEY GROUP"

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002200110007-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 410
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: May 21, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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kliTSVIN CHOSAIIIN HOKOKII (Reports of the French :.1rircr in a?
RessaurcZTTrunk, 9 8.7""ern Area Office, Iiinistry of Greater
East. Asia, Tr.t.1.75-n, "IPI43. 6 V01 Se
VoLime rulture Resources
?--
2. Li,- cks Fide Resoqrcess, Aquatic
?..f-50111 ..E:
Vol ire 1. Fcres sOurces
ForaWRes uroes, Hydro-electricity and
Salt Industry
74r rl /c.W4f- -a .5
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KOBUTSU SHIGEN (Mineral Resources), Vol 1, Part 1, FUTSUIN SHICEN CHOSAtp.AN
KOKOKU. VIDO No 263477.
Table of Contents
Section 1. Coal
/Chapter 1.
A Summary of Coal Mining 2
A. History and Control of Coal Mining 2
B. Geology and. Quality of Coal 21
C. Production 24
D. Coal Exports and Imports 33
E. Japan's Import of Anthracite from French Indochina38
F. Briquette and Cokes 49
0, Manpower 55
/Chapter 2. Anthracite Coal Mining Companies 71
A. Societe Francaise des Charbonnages du Tonkin 71
B. Societe Charbonnages du Dong Trieu
C. Hon Gay
D. Dong T*Ilu 131
/Chapter 3. Bituminous Coal Minim Companies 1146
A. Societe Indochinoise de Charbonnagee et
de Mines Mitalliguss 146
B. Societe Anonyms dea Charbonnagea de
TuyenQuang 155
C. Others 159
/chapter 4. Evaluation of Coal in French Indochina 163.
v'Supplement. Cement ani Carbide Industry in French Indochina 161
Section 2. Iron and Manganese 177
./4apter 1. General Discussion 177
A. Introduction 177
B. Iron and Manganese Deposits in French Indochina 179
C. Conclusion 181
//Cbapter 2. Thai Nguyen Iron Mining Region 183
A. Introduction 184
B. Discussion on Mineral Bed, 186
/Chapter 3. Iron Deposits along Red River: 249
A. Scope of Survey 249
B. Introduction 250
C.. General View and Conclusion 250
14 Mineral Beds 254
#.; AIr,gmil4si.)tftes#44**)44.1.114-...!'"? 44, `A-?47:4?-' " A.A
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On.
,
....1=177-711211=1.
t/Chepter 4. Iron and Manganese Ores in Annan
331
-/Vinh Region
331
A. Introduction
332
B. General View
332
C. Ore Deposita
337
1. Song Ua Region
337
2. Song Ca Tributaries
.353.
3. Van Thinh Region
372
4, Dong Ken Region
377
5. Than): Da Den tegion
385
v/Thanh Hoa Region
A. Introduction
389
B. Goneral View
389
C. Ore Deposits
1, Bal. Lin - Bu Lu Region
291
?. Bong Hang Region
395
Hne-Tourane Region
A. Introduction
B. General View
C. Ore Deposits
397
397
398
1. Phu Trach Region
398
2. Phu Gia Region
WO
3. Truong Dinh Region
402
4. Phong Le Region
403
5. Phe Xuan Region
405
fr-Iron and Manganese Reserves in Vinh Area
407
ail-Chapter 5. Iron Ores in Southern French Indochina
423
A. Introduction
423
B. Phnom Dek Iron Mine
423
C. Ba Lua Islands Iron Ores
437
6. Manganese Deposits in Cao Bang, Tonkin
445
v/riapter
A. Scope and Conclueion
445
B. Introduction
14147
C. General View
448
D. Oro Deposits
459
1, Khan Chang Deposits
459
2. Po Vien Deposita
460
3. Lung Ri Deposits
464
4. Lung Pao Deposits
466
S. Lung Riec Deposita
467
6. Lung Luong Deposita
470
7. Ban Mac Deposits
472
8. Too Tat Deposits
479
9. Ban Sec Deposits
492
10, Hung Mine
498
Titaniferaus
Chapter 7. /Iron Ores along San Son Cot and Cal Ranh Big
505
,A, Summary.
505
B. Introducticin
506
C. Titaniferous Iran Ore in Can Ranh Bar. .
506
D. Titenifarous Iron Ore, Along SseaSon Coast
913
?
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A. Introduction 517
B. Nab Manganese Deposit 520
C. Iron sulphide containing Quartz Veins in
Nic Mine 528
D. Conclusion $29
?
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? ......I.M13=1.2"10=6:111i
KOBUTSU SHIGEN (Mineral Resources), Vol 22 Part 1, FUTSUIN SHIGEN CHOSADAN
WDC No 2163350
Table of Contents
tpeSection 3. Petroleum
, Chapter 10 Petroleum Deposit in Tchepone, Laos
Vg/ection 4. Copper Ore
Ahapter 1.
'Chapter 2.
Copper Ore in Van Sai along the Black River;
Tonkin
Copper Deposit at Pays, Xieng Khouang Province,
Laos
L. Diary of Survey Group Movements
B. Summary of Survey
Section S. Apatite
ghapter 1/Apatite Deposit near Lao Cay
2. Results of Survey on Desire Mins
3. Deposit in Kampot Provinoe, Cambodia
Aection 6. Chromium
Chapter 1. Chromium Deposit near Thanh Hos
/..vo
..=?Section 7. Silicon
Chapter 1. SilicOn in Tourane, Anna*
1.../5?tion 8. BerstiorBaludte
Chapter 1. Bauxite in Lo Son. region, Tonkin
2, Bauxite in Lang Sons Tonkin
Tin, Tungsten
tion 9.
v(hapter 1.
?"Chapter 2.
1
33
3.8
324
28
37
111
127
Central Vistnam137
161
173
Tin and Tungsten 'Ores in Pia Ouae Region,
Tonkin
Nan Pha Tens Tin Mines, Laos
tAction 10. Zinc Ore
Cho Dien Zinc Mine and Qua% Ten Refinery
Xa Loung Zino Mina
Chapter 1.
Chapter 2.
Chapter 3. Survey Report on It Loung Zinc
/Section 11. AntimollY
Chapter 1. Antimony Deposit near Ke _139.4,. Anna*
Iv?
=
,
.,.:VrAOMP04.
191
207
251
369
353
367
361
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Setrtion U. Gypsum
Chapter 1. Argil at Bien Hoa, Cochinchina
Section 15,, Graphite and Silver-lead
1,41;11pter 2.
Chapter 1. Mica at Dai An, near Touranes Annuli
f,ocelfile,41444?-6*41
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9
positive modernization of business or any growth of industry. Thus,
these enterprises are very much retarded.
To examine these facts, let us show the condition of imports
and exports in 1937 (published by the Pacific Association (Taiheiyo
Kyokai) from French Indo-China):
% of total
exports
% of total
imports
Foodstuff
63.1
8.3
Raw Materials
24.6
3.1
Manufactured Goods
2.6
63.4
Other
9.7
25.2
TOTALS
100.0
100.0
From these figures, showing exports of manufactured goods at
2.6% as against imports of 63.4%, it is very obvious that French
Indo-China's industrial development is at a very low level and that
this is a low-ranking agricultural area. Thus, this trend by which
the coal-mining industry - a basic industry - monopolizes the coal
fields, whose benefits could be quite broad, with colonial invest-
ments of capital from the French motherland is quite strong.
The administrative authority over the mining industry of
French Indo-China, heretofore resting in the hands of the President
of the French Republic, was transferred on March 31, 1935, to the
French Government-General by Presidential decree at the same time
that the current Mining Ordhance was enacted.
4_
The Mines Section comes under the office of the Inspector
General of Mines and Industry (l'Inspection GenerSle des Mines et de
l'Industrie). The supervision of the Inspector General's office,
established by presidential decree on December 27, 1938, was begun
on August 16, 1939, again,by presidential decree:
1. Article on Ore Mines and Related Industries
2.
Article on Hydrocarbons
3. Explosives
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10
4. Article on Chemical Industries and Activated Carbon
5, Steam Engines
6. Labor Administration in Ore and Coal Mines under
the jurisdictioft of the Office of the Inspector
General for Labor
Before the outbreak of the present war, the office of the
Inspector General was re-organized into the Offices of Industrial
Production and Subsidies. The orp;anizational structure is as
follows:
1. Office of the Inspector General
2. Military Materiel Industries Section (projected)
3. Geological Section
4; liines.::Section
The organization of the Geological and Mines Sections above is as
follows:
Geological Section
Geological Section Chief 1
Technical Assistant for Labor Supervision . . 1
Nines Section
Mines Section Chief (Technician in charge), concurrently
Supervisor of Labor 1
Mining Technicians 1
Mining Assistant (Eastern Hanoi Sub-chief) - controller
of Explosives and Superintendent of Ore Sales. . 1
Regional branch offices
.5-7.171? Sub-station ; Station Chief - Mining
Technician 1
Haiphong Sub-station : Station Chief - Mining Tech-
nician and Labor Superintendent 1
The main provisions of the current mining-industry law recognize
and protect the prior rights of the discoverers of minerals. And,
through a simple procedure based on a first-come first-serve system'
grants the prospecting rights (Articles 14, 16 and 17), but by
Article 8 ownership rights in the mining areas and extraction rights
are limited to French citizens and Indo-Chinese natives, totally
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.11
barring any outsiders. Thus,
Article 8
"Without regard to nationality, any individual or company may
obtain one or more prospecting rights. However, those having owner-
ship rights in the mining area and those having extraction rights
must be French citizens, French nationals, or those under French pro-
tection.
?Companies organized to prospect for minerals or to extract
minerals, or companies carrying out both prospecting and extradting
must be organized according to French law; thus these companies must
be owned in France or in French-ruled colonial areas.
"In stock companies three-fourths of the members of the board
od directors (Conseil de Surveillance) must be French citizens, French
nationals, or those under French protection.
"In anonymous associations the board of administration (Conseil
d'Administration) must have a membership made up three-fourths of
French citizens, French nationals, or those under French protection."
Iftortanttprospecting and extracting rights are also protected
in order of priority by Article 8 so that individual participation in
French Indo-Chinese mining enterprises by foreighers is tbtally ex-
cluded. Hatring a company's organization established by a French corp-
oration is the only way to particip'ate. And, ?..fOreigilers must be
satisfied with holding no more than one-fourth of the executive posi-
tions. Besides, other than the Hon Gay, DoneTrieu and Along - Dong
Dang coal-mining companies which are managed by Frenchmen, there are
just the small Neptune and Cha-cha Mines managed by Anna/nese. The
French Indo-Chinese coal-mining industry in general has been prorated
by French capital and French technology.
However, the Second World War has induced the decline of the
influence .of the French homeland, and at the same time the independent
development of French Indo-China's economy. The development of the
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TABLE OF COAL EXTRACTED BY YEAR FROM PITS OF HONGAY MINES
UNIT: 1000 TONS
'19PrZiESEI
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF COAL MINED FROM PITS & OPEN CUTS AT HONGAY MINES
UNIT: 1000 TONS
E NAME
FROM PITS
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1 ?
1? 1
-???, 1
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tf-
'71,???"
4Z,
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Ar ea
Table of Coal Extracted by Year from Pits of Hongay Mines
?*. "114') .-Artl Unit: 1000 tons
year - a r . 4
ttr.
I Litol .1
(_ti?tapirs
saaa?nd Cr Dalt
(4,urk.a, .4
Nt64/ 1 Ifl
agaTIL1
fitals
' h ? -
4 11.,4, .
-sett. ? .44 I. e. 3 et .;
13; . : ."
2.84.C.
247 6 241 1?71 3 aZ 33.S.1:
1i41C 1,11a4.5 910 157 r
. at %it ?4 1' ? 4,?1
4 1. ? :
4,bet.i
74
.41S.4
1 .307-a
Q.J'i 4 '4
14 : 14: 9 .39 1
434 91 3C.4. 36ta:
1,4V3-7 1,612-3! 1,5:10.4
Comparative Table of- Qoakifir4e.4.4g0p,mplAts & Open CutAdittfifongay Mines
. fittimatis. Unit: 1000
Cdal Min% Name It
1039if -194cl;
- -
rrva Open_auti_ _ _
' 9.11' .9""ifr :C4:*
fl&L4si, lEataw
(Aurtpher
Mongc- rha tr.*
Port rc urhrt
Ma.? K1.46
K kite
Tutul
__0ANIAWAVige
.11".?????; t
?:01...,,, ,, ..
,1,..., ? 1.
.7t."?_:,..4. ...
;A\V!...: .i...r.:. 7 ?
't,:..."'''':???:. ?:.? ,
?????.4
.:
,? .:-:. t. ??? !,r. ? ...,?:: ..
. ,, ,, ?I ? -..X...1
'3'7 kr.,?? ?.. I. ; V7; ,,?t.
....'??':.. ,..... :..i!,...- r. .. .? .4 ... ... '+' ? . -,..1-
??? I', j, ??? . ,,
. j%1;::17i.?:;?' ? f. re.. ., ? ?
..y?? , .
A-..;????-;..f.:
:.-i.:....':.."i':''' -.?;?'',..?..? ? 1.--?,...? ....
-.2.4:2?2t;" ' "-:- ?'.:1 ./. _
4i:r?-?,.??? t - ' ? a ;tea, ' , ,lay:;?? ? - -?-..,-_, ' .
...4-,,,.,..;;;?,,.**; .i.....t '",J6....,-zy?t; :?? !:'. 4,- -410
r
- e.
.'?', ''''''.,:?'.. .:.''' - ''''.? ' N ? .--; .., . :
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?47;71."....F? -. ?
k....It.. . A . .' ..
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:!., 1 ,-. 7. "- .'?'''.
..???....,'. ':..
I C 4
55.3
IPA!
443 7 1
ma
265.0
431 5
5404
571.4
94 1
47.0
4.14 4
c0
NC .0
38.5
341.2
-11.30.0
92 :`?
s.N.5
,a1 2
65-C
1484
164.o
'27 G
201.0
204
7 SA-4
/1.11
.174.8
'X ;4.4
953.7
640-6
4b
46.
51
52
h4.
1S.
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tons
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,er
Japan-China Incident and the progress of the Creel; East Asia War
has quickened the understanding of the French Indo-Chinese authorities
of the significance of the dreateflEast.c.:Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
and of the fact that the only way is to cooperate with Japan, that
they will have to abandon their reliance on the French motherland
and work with Tapan to re-establish trading channels with Japan and
other countries which are occupied by Tapan.
Coal Mining Regions.3 and the Square Area of these l'egions
Applications for the acquiring of mining rights are accompanied
by a fixed tax of 900 francs and are made to the regional Mining
Section chief in Tonkin Province or to the provincial chief (Chef de
Province) in the case of the other provimes. Mining prospecting
rights are granted by the Govetnment Genal of French Indo-China.
As for the are of the mining regions, by decree of the Govern-
ment General on November 10, 1941, the maximum size of a mining
region was fixed at 900 hectares (about 2,730,000 tsubo) and the
minimum at 100 hectares.
The following gives the number of coal mines:,, their area, and
the number of persons with mining rights as of January, 1941:
Coal Mines and the Area of Mines
Type of Coal Number of Mines
Anthracite & 70
Sami-anthracite
Bituminous (coking)
(Established in 1940:.
Anthracite
Bituminous 1
TOTALS
10
TOTALS 83 (Sic)
Area (Hectares)
97,926.5
5,394
.103,320,5
7 4,787
Table df Mines as of January 1, 1941
(Total: 83)
290
5,077
(E - Being Worked
Key: (N.E - Not yet being Worked
(A.R - Closed Down
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Mine
Kebao
Hongay
Thoi-Giay
Lilerte
Dong-Thanh
Pam-Hop
1Iai -Sixth
Vesta
Tanan
Monigue
Royer
Kysao
Thi-Khang
Alenxandre Hien
Paul
Thi-Hue
Antonin
Clairon
Tambour
Neptune
Paul
Lucesse
Marguerise
Eclantine
Chau-Hai
Marcelle
Marcel un
Jeanette
ALttuine
Antoine
Cectile
Francis
Hien
Lotus
Moussan
Emile
Renee
rlance
Blance
Esperance
Van-nho
Tot-Lam
(1) ANTHRACITE
Pwlieg,ofithp,, (.,A4pa Year Condition
MI:rangRI1its (Hectares) Province Estab. of Working
S.F.C.T.
it
It
ft
ft
It
ff
It
It
If
If
M. Kysao
M. Lapiegue
TOTAL
(Eastern
M. Pham-Monh -
Kung
it
Alang et Dong-
Dang
M. Kysao
M. Ba-Tai
25,000
20,990
364
707
549
172
601
615
859
900
342
780
900
900
47
53,726
Region
:-
630
105
66
828
431
460
TOTAL 2,520
(Western
M. Lapicgue
it
it
It
It
Pannier Co.
it
Mining and '
Shipping Co
M. Seguy
M. Kysao
TOTAL
(Alonget
Alonget Dong-
Dang
It
it
It
M.Nguyen-Manr
Luong
Mining and
Shipping Co.
It
M.Hoang-Ngo-
Bac
11
Tran-Dinh-
Duang
Region -
784
210
39
196
336
360
115
360
802.5
284
8,486.5
Dong Dang
374
50
47
48
408
880
2,400
521
(2-8'2
616
TOTAL 5,626
Quang-yen 1888
It
Port Courbet)
If
11
tf
tt
1!
II
Port Courbet)
1928
1932
1911
1921
Yen-Lap Region)
It
If
tt
ft
IT
If
ft
tf
1907
1911
1927
tf
13
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^
I.
Min611
Uong-bi, Dong Trieu Region
Owner of the Area Year
Mining Rights (Hectares) Province Estab.
14
Condition
of Working
Fabien
Alexandre
Comet
Francois
Printemps
Saladin
Espoir
Francois
Clotilde-Louise
Louisette
Coloung
Toling
Allert (1)
Henriette
Dong-Giao
Alice
Yvonne
Henri
Armand Dominique
M. Bach-Thai-
Buoi
It
M.Cas-Dac-Thuy
M.Pham-Niu-Bang
S.C.D.T.
II
?
Indor,China Coal
& Metals Mining
It
tt
M.Boy Landry
Te Guita
M. Aviat
Tuyen-Quang Coal
ft
Tonkin Wolfram &
Tin Company
724
1,200
192
30
419
1,860
2,400
2,400
2,400
720
800
800
320
220
196
248
900
900
290
0.j.lang-yen 1915
Haiduang
11 1915
Quang -yen
It
It
Haiduong 1900
Hai duong
& Quang-yen 1905
It
1908
Quang-yen 1894
Thai-Nguyen1913
It
1914
If
It
Niuh-Binh 1901
Tuyen-Quanglnl
It 1922
Cao-Bang
Laugson
A.R
N. E
A. R
N E
NE
N E
AE
NE
A E
TOTAL 10,324
Company Name (or Individual) No. of NinIng Areas
Area (Hectares)
S. F. C. T.
12
54,281
S. C. D. T.
5
17,875
Alonget Dong-Dang
5
685
M. Seguy
5
2,515.5
M. Kysao
6
3,343
M. Lapicque
6
1,612
Indo-China Coal & Metals Mining Co.
5
3,912
M. Bach-Thai-Buo
2
1,924
M. Ba-Tai
1
460
Others
37
16,813
TOTALS
75
103,320.5
Finally, a comparison with metallic-ore mines:
Material
No. of Mining Areas
Area (Hectares)
Anthracite
Bituminous Coal
73
10)
28.4%
97,9271
5,394'
? cd
7V"-I?
Tungsten
48
16,203
Tin
68
32,484
Iron and Manganese
20
10,145
Apatite (Phosphorus oref
19
10,635
Gold
18
12,176
Chrome
8
4,383
Others
28
16,522
TOTALS
292
205,689
Note: % given LI. percentage of total
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15
Taxes Collected on Mining
The average amount collected by the Mining Tax Collection
Office is as follows for the tikdfdifferent types:
Kind
1938
1939
1940
1st Type
13,364:
13,973
15,524 piasters
2nd Type
5,955.4
5,222.6
6,704.3
For reference, we may record a summary of taxes collected from
French Indo-China's coal mines -
The three kinds of taxes are the mine tax, mine production
tax and profit tax:
1. Mine taxes
0.9 piasters per year per hectare or less from the year of
approval of establishing the mine.
2. Mine production taxes
Computed independently for each of the two types, according
to the annual average market value of the mine product of the pre-
vious year, delivered F.O.B. portside or F.O.R. at the railhead
(According to the two types shown in the table).
The value of the tax is 3% of the standard value. Or, if
the value rises above 3% of the standard value, the tax is 0.025%
of the first 20% over the standard valua, 0.05% of the next 20%,
and the rest (i.e., all above 40%) is assessed at 0.4%. On the
whole amount there is a limit of 60%.
Thor example:
If the average market price for the previous year was 14.3
piasters, the percentage of the value which exceeds the standard
price Of 9.65_Tiasters is 14.30 - 9.65 = 48.2% .
9.65
This is taxed as follows:
Pn the standard (average)
3.00%
On the first 20% - 0.025% X 20, or
0.05%
On the next 20% - 0.05% X 20, or
.0.10%
On the remaining 8.2% 0.1% X 8..2, or
TOTAL
3.97%
So, 3.97% of 14.3 piasters is taxed - 0.565 piasters.
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it TYpe
'2nd Type
16
3. Profit taxes
Extractors are taxed by 10% of the previous year's net profit
derived from extracting operations. However, the tax is on the
standard derived by subtracting 3,600 piasters from the net profit.
Table of the Kinds of TTaxes on Mine Products and the Standard Prices
Taxable Nine
Products
Anthracite
Bituminous
Brown coal, bri-
quettes; other
processed products
except unscreened
coal.
Comparative Annual
Average Prices
Average market price of coal from
Hongay mines, at Hongay & Can Hua
ports; and Dong Trieu coal at Le
Dong port; Mao Cay pit coal at
Le Dong & Mao Cay ports - all
graded coal of more than 30mm and
FOB.
Unscreened anthra- Average FOB market price of anthra-
cite coal. Powder cite containing less than 15% ash
anthracite under and under 10mm in size; delivered
6mm with impurities from the Hongay mines to Hongay or
not removed & with Can Hua ports, or from Dong Trieu
under 12% volatile mines to Le Dong, or from Mao Cay
elements; excludes pit to Le Dong or Mao Cay ports.
ash and water part.
High-grade brown
bituminous coal,
ash & water parts
removed, more than
40% volatile ele-
ments.
Average Total Price for Concentrated and
Screened Coal Delivered to our Ports
Standard
Price
9.65 piaLters
4.65
Year
Average Price (in Yen)
for conc. & screened coal
1931
- 11.60
1932
20.70
1933
13.00
1934
1.3.10
1935
13.20
1936
13.50
1937
15.60
1938
20.00
1939
22.00
1940
23.00
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National Taxes on Coal Products
(Average of Rough Totals)
Type of Tax Way Computed 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 .1940
- Tax (Fuel Ores Computed from 78898 98154 122969 714370 874202 1062544
Computed (Other Ores totals 39424 45516 281277 369963 435969 486956
by % ( TOTALS 118322 143670 404246E11833331311171 1549500
Land Tax Collected Land Area
According to Land Value Computation 142800 109404 110372 104931 11069$ 200252
Tax on Contracts (Cay Computed for 1295 1480 1040 1350 896 922
Bao Mines) Tonkin Area
Tax Fixed by Mine Depth Computed by 9875 9950 14025 16525 10400 12525
Region
Mine Tax (Tax Set by Computed from 200 350 1200 1800 3800 3100
(Application totals
(Tax Set by 550 650 2150 850 2400 2100'
(Inspection
273042 265504 533533/1208789109362 1768399
GRAND TOTALS
Note: Tax computed by percentage is a tax which is liquidated every
other year with the Mines Section as a tax on production.
Finally, the land tax by province (Unit: piasters):
1939 1940
Tonkin 77,097 147,455
Annam 20,097 30,066
Cambodia 1,691 3,211
Laos 11,972 19,520
110,696 200,252
For tin and tungsten the taxation rate reaches the maximum
limits, but coal is taxed only 6% for the 1st Type (4.98% in the
previous year) and 4.92% for the 2nd Type, (3.67%
year).
in the previous
Though 1940 was a year of general decrease in production as.
compared to 1930, the increase in the tax computed by percentage is
due to the rise in prices.
Under most recent conditions the supply and demand relationships
of the past have broken down. Together with the shortage of freight
space, the rapid increase in coal stock-piles also worries the pro-
ducers so that the mahagement it not at all like it appeared to be
in former times. They are fearful of the effect which will result
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18
from our country's completion of the development of the North China
anthraciPe. They are doing their utmost to induce domestic constmp-
tion of their product. By a decree of the Government-GenBral on
March 13, 1942, a standard amount of production was fixed so that
as a result a controlled management of production and marketting has
been brought into the picture.
Decree of the Government-General on Fuel-Ore Production Plan -
(Issued on March 13, 1942)
1. The extraction of fuel ores in the three provinces of
Quang-yen, Haiduong and Bac-giang must follow the production plan
established by decision of the Government-General each year.
2. The percentage of producers for the domestic market to
producers for the export market will be detertined by consideration
of the past production peak for each mine, the special relationships
between the extractors, and the market for their products. The
market, as a general rule, will be reserved for those mines presently
being worked; mines which cease production during the next six months
and mines which started operations more than six months ago but which
are still not up to full production will not receive permission to
market their product.
3. Contracts for domestic marketting or for exporting are
required to obtain a prior vise from the Chief, Haiphong Mining
Industries Branch Office. This same Branch Office chief will Inspect
these contracts to verify their adherence to the consitions of the
program and to other regulations.
4. The customs houses, tax offices, the native constabulary
of the Chi-Linh regional office and the officials of the Mining
Industries Office and diplomatic ministers shall, in order to set
forth clearly the details of markets and transportation, have the
right to rule between the customs houses and the Mining Industries
Inspector General and the chiefs of the tax offices on the basis of.
the controlling regulations.
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-19
5. The carrying out of the duties acbruing to the Mining
Industries Office and its branch offices through the above articles
?
is the responsibility of the Mining Section of Indo-China. The
said office shall investigate the allocation of production in ton
units, or the allocations resulting from modifications in the pro-
duction plans. Also, this same office will present proposals to
assist in the making of such modifications.
6. Responsibility for carrying the said Ordinance of the
Government General into effect is born by the Director General of
the Government Gener111 the Directorate General of Tonkin Province,
the Directbr of the Economics Office, the Customs Houses, the Di-
rectors of the Tax Offices, the Inpsectors General for Mining Indus-
tries and other related officials.
Table A
Production Standards for Fuel-Ore Mines
(Unit: tons)
Domestic Market Foreign Market
1st Grade Products 2nd Grade Prod.
Tonkin Coal
Mining Co.
Dong-Trieu
Company
Dong-Dang Co.
Cha-cha Mine
Tambour Mine
Neptune Mine
407,000 153,000 120,000
70,000 60,000 70,000
3,000 12,000 5,000
10,000 2,500 7,500
10,000 2,500 77;500
- - Na fixed
. Amount ,
TOTALS 500,000
230,000 210,000
Table B Maxima for Monopolies in Domestic Indigenous-Demand Market
M. Beauregard 15?000 tons
Bao-Ha Mines 10,000
Bieho Mines 8,000
Co-Keith Mines 3,000
TOTAL 36,000 tons
GRAND TOTAL: 976,000 tons
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ar?
20
Section 2 Geology and the Quality of the Coal
The coal fields of French Indo-China can be divided into the
following different fields:
(1) Hongay coal fields
a. Kebao region
b. Cam-pha - Mong-dzuang region
c. Hatou - Halam region
d. Nagotna Ngahai region
(2) Dong-Trieu coal fields
a. Dong-Dang region
b. Yen-lap -- Mao-Khe region
c. Clotilde-Lonise region
Phan-me coal fields
Tuyen-quang coal fields
Phu-nho-quang coal fields
Tourane coal fields
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
1. In the Hongay coal fields the middel and upper coal
measures are worked. This is true in the Cam-pha and Hatou -
Halam regions' coal layers and in the upper coal measures of
Mong Dzuang, Ngahai and Nagotna.
2. In the Dong-Dang region of the Dong-Trieu coal fields
the upper coal measures are woliked, and the Yen-lap and Mao-Khe
regions work the lower coal measures. In the Clotilde-Louise
area the middle and upper parts of the coal measures are worked.
These groups of coal seams are believed to run westward and to
continue for more than 20 kilometers.
As the above coal fields are related to the Rhetgue layer of
the Mesozoic deposits, the coal quality is all anthracite and is
pretty much uniform. The upper coal measures number many tens of
seams and are excellent quality coal, mostly one to three meters
thick. The middle coal seams are made up of the thick main seam
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21
and just two or three seams tangential to it. The lower coal
measures are partly coal seams of about seven meters thickness, but
in general are coal layers of about a meter in thinkness, with large
amounts of impurities. They have very limited possibilities. Thus,
the middle and upper coal measures are representative of French
Indo-Chinese anthracite.
3. The Phan-me coal fields, just-as with the previous two
fields, are made up of coal seams belonging to-the Mesozoic layers.
But, in the Phe Xuan region (?) the coal seams are very narrow and
contain many faults along the strike of_the seams. There are only
two places where the seam continues for as much as 400 meters. The
coal here is the only strong coking coal in French Indo-China.
However, since the amount of the reserves is no more than several
hundred thousand tons, it is felt that its possibilities for the
future are extremely Poor.
4. The Tuyen-quang coal fields are coal deposits belonging
to the Tertiary strata and are in direct contact with Palaeozoic
sfrata coal because of faults. Their area of reserves follows along
a' strike which runs along a 1,500 meter incline for about 200 meters.
The coal seams are quite windy and range in thickness from two to
seven meters. The coal contains many intrusionsiof slate and when
it is caked with low-grade bituminous coal can be used as furnace
coal. Thus, for local supply it is an interesting coal. However,
the reserves of this coal probably do not exceed a million and
three or four hundred thousand tons.
5. The Phu-nh6-quang coal field and the Tourane coal field
are both very small-scale operations, and neither has any future
possibilities.
In summary, the coal of French Indo-China - in a word - is
represented by the anthracite coal of the Tonkin region. And, as
far as use in railroads, industries and bunkers goes, there is but
a very small amount of the proper kinds of coal, so that thet:le
development of future industries will have to await studies on
methods for using anthracite and also wil/Laaietotawait the import
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of bituminous coal from other areas.
Coal Quality
The coal of French .Indo-China is mostly anthracite. Bituminous
coal is found only at Phan-me and Tuyen-quang. The first locality
Produces strthng coking coal, the latter, weak coking coal. Although
it is used for steam boilers and part of it can be used to make
clokel the amount of reserves is small; and the slight prospect for
increasing production is to be rggretted.
The anthracite is of the best quality to be found in East Asia.
And, being unlimited in quantity, it has very promisihg possibilities
for the,future. Though it does not come up to the Shensi Province
anthracite of North China in quantity, quality-wise it is superior
to that of Shensi.
_7(J2.-1 Among the anthracites of French Indo-China, that of the
Hongay region has been demonstrated by analysis to contain but a
small percentage of water and ash, while the percentage of volatile
elements is comparatively great, reaching 7% (sic). In contrast,
the anthracite of the Dong-Trieu region has a high water content -
more than 4%; and compared to the anthracite of the Hongay region,
its ash content, too, is somewhat high while the volatile :elements
come to less than 4% Yet, the coal of both Hongay and Dong-Trieu
has a fixed carbon content of about 90%. Because of its large amount
of volatile elements, Hongay coal burns easily. Also, as for hard-
ness, the coal of the Dong-Trieu region is much harder. Consequently,
it has a 4igh percentage of lump coal, so that as a basic resource
for various industrial uses, each has its advantages and disadvahtages.
Yet, as far as anthracite prices are concerned, both coals are about
.
the same. Next, the anthracite of the Bicho 4-e.,4441:1:: and Mao-Khe
regions, because of its high ash content, is far inferior to that of
the previous two regions.
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23
Finally, for the future, the anthracite coal of French Indo-
China will be a very useful kind of coal for nixing in the manufacture
of coke, as well as in the carbide industry; and it will of course
be a very important natural resource of the East Asia Co-prosperity
Sphere.
Section 3 Conditions of Production
Coal holds a central position among all the Franch Indo-Chinese
mining-industry products and is of fine quality - even the best in
the world. But, in terms of world power the value of this product
is faitly insignificant - equalling no more than 1/20th of all the
coal produced in our country in 1940. Now, coal production in French
Indo-China during the past 50 years was as follows:
Classification Unit: 1000 tons
of coal
1890-99
1900-09
1910-19
1920-29
1930-39 Total
Anthracite
1,438.9
2,806.3
5,476.4
12,400.4
19,033.4
41,155.4
Semi-anthracite
159.6
125.4
192.7
17.9
495.6
Bituminous coal
(used as coke)
-
-
67.1
286.2
253.3
606.6
Brown (soft)
-
96.5
84.2
100.4
240.1
521.2
TOTALS
1,438.9
3,062.4
5,753.1
12,979.7
19544.7
42,778.8
After management of coal mining by the French began in French
Indo-China, the production peaks have moved steadily upward. The
ayfollat of the extracted coal by class of coal during the past ten
years was as
Year
follows (Unit: 1000 tons):
Anthracite 13-10% vola-)
?tile comp.
Others (15-45% vola-
'tile comp. )
Total
1931
1,673
53-
1,726
1932
1,665
49
1,714
1933
1,542
49
1,591
1934
1,555
37
1,592
1935
1,740
34
1,774
1936
2,151
35
2,186
1937
2,264
43
2,307
1938
- 2,280
55
2,335
1939
2,561
54
2,615
1940
2,443
58
2,501
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Looking at the picture this delineates, one can see the de-
crease in amounts produced in the period of the world depression
extending from 1931 to 1933. But, the trend from 1935 on was for
increases. However, due to the outbreak of the Japan-China Incident
and the Second European disturbance, the markets became restricted,
French technicians were drafted and laborers were requisitioned so
that no strengthening of productive capacities could be comtemplated.
After the Greater East Asia War broke out, the sea lanes about Europe
and America were cut so that even the sea transport facilities of the
neutral countries could not be counted on. In view of the lamentable
insufficiency of our own ships, the limits on the markets for French
Indo-Chinese coal - with only our Japan remaining as an external mar-
ket - unfortunately cannot be overcome.
Table of Coal Produced - by Company & Mine (Unit: tons)
(See Appended Sheet #1)
Table of Extracted Coal - by Type of Coal (Unit: tons)
(See Appended Sheet #1)
The method of exttaction in the initial period of the develop-
ment of the French Indo-China coal fields was to dig the exposed
heads of the thick seams. But, after carrying on open-air digging
for a time, the conditions gradually worsened; and they switched to
digging in pits. The following table shows the figures for open-pit
extraction of coal during the last ten years
Method of
(Unit 1000 tons):
Digging
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
Open-air
47,c,
460
450
445
510
627
708
736
832
875
Pit
1257
1254
1141
1147
1265
1559
1600
1599
1783
1625
TOTAL
1727
1714
1591
1592
1775
2186
2308
2335
2615
2600
% Open-air 27.2
26.8
28.2
27.9
28.8
28.8
30.6
31.6
31.8
34.8
% Pit
72.8
73.2
71.8
72.1
71.2
71.2
69.4
68.4
68;2
65.2
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,t
(1)
Anthracite
1931
Ti
S. F. C. T. 1,397,000
S. C. D. T. 162,000
Along et
Dong-Dang 52,000
Tambour 2,000
Neptune
Cha-cha 40,000
Co-Kenh 16,000
Bicho
Printemp
Esperanee
Emile
Marcelle
Van-nho
Paul
_Song au Dzuong
Thai Loc
Thi-Hue
Total Quang-
'Yen Basin
strata an-
thracite
MM.
1,669,000
Phu-Lung-
Thuong (Bo-
Ha)
Ubc-Le
Phuto Richesse
-Dong Viet
Phong Saly
- Others -
Total
Gee
4 000
4,000
Total for
Anthracite, 1,673,000
Appended Sheet #
Table of Coal Produced - by Company & Nine
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
-1-51*
(2)
1,304,000
220,000
1,078,000
320,000
1,015,000
373,000
1,059,712
502,808
1,465,547
538,350
1,637,826
483,656
1,644,288
458,269
1,787,095
562,605
50,000
42,000
42,000
39,854
41,260
41,373
54,633
64,062
4,000
7,000
16,000
50,329
29,000
20,642
34,064
26,464
3,000
5,000
14,000
19,999
20,000
20,000
18,610
34,636
57,000
21,000
12,000
20,229
17,012
31,356
48,833
45,761
14,000
10,000
11,000
15,996
17,823
23,298
11,100
12,867
8,000
18,000
26,000
27,819
17,117
3,836
3,506
5,854
3,082
4,415
2,018
4,189
10,079
130
1,730
800
.1m1.
0???
100
327
400
IMO
370
598
40
dmIP
-
150
????
????
-
_
IMO
Om,
_
_
_
-
Gme
_
_
11660,000
1,501,000
1,509,000
1,740,228
2,150,654
2,264,378
2,279,920
2,550,740
????
doll&
ONO
294
4,529
OM,
111..
5,752
dm*
4
5 000
41,000
46,000
*Mt
5,000
41,000
46,000
294
10,285
1,665,000
1,542,000
1,555,000
1,740,228
2,150,654
2,264,378
2,280,214
2,561,025
1940
-TTT
1,715,92
484,786
69,435
52,563
25,954
40,600
4,574
8,545
7,119
2,000
480
-40
4,529
3,669
1,564
40
600
2,421,855
13,493
8
7,671
loo
4
21,276
2,443,131-
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(2)
Bituminous
1931
Phan-me 30,000
Tuyen-quang 21,000
Yen-Bay
(Name omitted)
Other 2,000
Total for
Bituminous 53,000
(3)
Semi-bitumi-
nous coal
Nongson
Surptise
(Hoa-Binh)
Total
Om,
1932 1933 1934
23,000 24,000 17,000
25,000 10,000 10,000
1,000 15,000 10,000
49,000 49,000 37,000
Appended Sheet #1-b
1935 1936 1937 193$ 1939 1940
16,236 18,439
17,567 16,977
33,842
22,722
20,306
31,695
23,021
33,631
20,155
200
39,675.
15,357
2,000
134
35,416 43,128 54,716 53,986 57,166
200 279
310
200 589
GRAND TOTAL
ALL COAL 1,726,000 1,714,000 1,591,000 1,592,000 1,774,070 2,186,070 2,307,506 2,334,930 2,615,211 2,500,886
Notes:
(1) Mao-Khe Mine
(2) Mao-Khe Mine
(3) Hongay Brown coal
(4) Same
169,000
105,000
tons & Kebao Nine 81,000 tons)
tons & K.ebao-Mine 84,000 tons)
26,440 tons)
28,073 tons)
are included.
-X
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1. t ,, , ,
1 , 1..
% 1 1
Appended-Sileet #1-c
Table of Extracted Coal - by Type of Coal (Unit : tons)
Coal Type 1931 1932 . 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
:0
-t
Anthracite 1,673,000 1,665,000
a(S.F.C.T. % 83.4
a(S.C.D.T. % 9.7
n Total 93.1
78.5
13.2
91.7
Bituminous,
Soft coal 53,000 49,000
Semi-bitumi-
nous coal
IMO
1,542,000
1,555,000
1,740,228
2,150,654
69.5
65.3
60.9
68.1
20.7
24.0
28.9
25.0
90.2
89.3
89.8
93.1
49,000
37,000
33,842
35,416
2,264,378
2,230,214
2,561,025
72.3
72.1
69.8
21.4
20.1
22.0
93.7
92.2
91.8
43,128
54,716
53,986
2,443,131
70.2
19.8
90.0
57,166
200 589
GRAND TOTAL 1,726,000 1,714,000 1,591,000 1,592,000 1,774,070 2,186,070 2,307,506 2,334,930 2,615,211 2,500,886
Note: The breakdown, is the percentage of the production of the two big mines against the overall
total fpr anthracite production.
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25
As seen in the table, there has been an increase during the
past several years in the percentage of open-air digging. This .as
been aided by the employment of women and children who replace miners
transferring from the 'Hongay mines, for example, to such jobs as
work in military materi61 factories. The women and children work
in the safe, easy open pits. This,tthen9-.explains how the amount
of coal extracted is rnintained.
Dressing and Screening Coal
Although washing and grading the coal from the best coal seams,
and thus from the finest part of the coal, in general should produce
a standard grade of extracted coal, the increase in the admixture of
impurities, 'plugs of dirt and sand from the coal seams in pit diggiTig
is unavoidable. However, the Hongay and Dong-Trieu mines not only
screen and hand-sort their coal in order that it will conform toth
military specifications for use as coke in chemical industries, but
they also have installed water-washing machines, and in other ways
are endeavoring to improve the quality. Most of the small mines
merely screen the coal.
The following table shows the extracted coal classified by
company, distinguishing dressed and unscreened coal (Unit:1000 tons):
Table of Companies, Dressed and Unscreened Coal (Part I)
Name of Mine
1935
?
1936 1937
Dressed Unscr.
Total
Dressed Unscr. Total Dress Unscr. Total
Tonkin
480
580
1060
514
951
1465
558
1080
1638
45
55
100
35
65
100
34
66
100
Dong-Trieu
324
179
503
379
159
538
309
175
484
%
64
36
100
70
30
100
64
36
100
Cha-cha
. *a
,0
6
30
14
70
20
100
5
30
12
70
17
100
10
32
21
68
31
100
Along et
3
37
' 40
4
39
43
5
36
41
Dong-Dang
8
92
100
10
90
100
12
88
100
Other anthra-
cite mines
%
18
14
104
86
121
loo
7
8
83
92
90.
100
2
3
69
97
71
100
Totals
a
/0
830
47
914
53
1714
110
909
42
1242
58
2151
100
884
39
1381
61
2265
100
Bitum. total
7
. 27
34
5
30
35
16
27
43
%
20
80
100
15
85
100
37
63
lop
GRAND TOTAL
834
941
1778
914
1272
2186
900
1403
2308
%
47
53
100
, 4?
53
100
39
61
100
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26
Name of Nine
Table. of Companies, Di?essed and Unscreened Coal
(Part II)
1940
Unscr. Total
1938
Dressed Uhscr. Total
1939
Dressed Unser. Total
Dress
Toir
627
38
1014
62
1641
100
659
38
1128
62
1787
100
556
32
1159
68
1715
100
Don -Trieu
301
157
458
354
209
563
289
197
485
/
66
34
100
63
37
100
59
41
100
Cha-cha
14
35
49
11
34
45
7
34
41
29
71
100
24
76
100
17
83
100
Al.ong et
5
50
55
5
59
64
4
65
69
Dong-Dang
9
91
100
8
92
100
6
94
100
Other anthra-
cite mines
a
/0
4
5
73
95
77
100
8
8
94
92
102
100
10
7
125
93
135
100
Totals
951
1329
2280
1038
1523
2561
865
1580
2445
%
42
58
100
41
59
100
35
65
100
Bitum. total
14
441
55
12
42
54
10
45
55
%
25
75
100
22
78
100
18
82
100
GRAND TOTAL
965
1370
2335
1050
1565
2615
875
1628
2500
%
41
59
100
40
60
100
35
65
100
Section 4 Condition of Exports & Imports
The policies of the French motherland toward French Indo-China,
as already discussed, are of a colonial character toa high degree, so
that Indo-China is no hbre than a reserved market for natural resources
for the industries of the homeland. Also, as a monopolized market
for the motherland's manufactured goods, it is forced into a subordi-
nate relationship with the homeland and is made tb adopt exclusionist
policies toward the countries competing with the homeland. For this
reason, such raw materials as rice, rubber and coal, which constitute
theykeys of the Indo-Chinese economy, occupy an overwhelmingly pre-
dominant position, while the big profits go to the French homeland.
Thus, the domestic market for coal, a basic production material for
Indo-Chinese industry, is extremely narrow; and the favorable price
of Indo-Chinese coal cannot be manifested domestically. Through
its exports, the coal extensively seeks out foreign markets, and finds
its cheif markets along the trade channels of the Far East.
(
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27
1. the Domestic Market
French Indo-China used its national production of coal Partly
for export and partly for domestic consumption. The amount of cons-
dmption, compared with the amount produced, is 30%.736%.a NO17;twe
may show the domestic consumption during the past ten years as follows
(Unit: 1000 tons):
1931 1932
Domestic Consumption 523 495
Amount Produced
1726 1714
Domestic ConsumPtion 30.3 28.8
as % of total
Of these amounts, the Hongay and Dong-Trieu mines supplied, as usual,
almost all of the anthracite for the domestic market, contributing 90%
and 91% reppectively in 1939 and 1940. Also, the tendency for an
increase in domestic consumption over the years tells of the develop-
ment of industries and the rise of small-scale subsidiary industries.
This shows the interesting fact that in the past French Indo-China
has been a country for supplying natural resources.
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
452
442
503
757
*690
744
829
919
1591
1592
1774
2186
2308
2335
2615
2501
28.4
27.7
28.3
25.6
29.8
31.8
31.7
36.7
Finally, as shown in the following table of domestic coal con-
sumption by province, Tonkin province is far ahead of the other
Protected areas in the development of its chei4cal industries, with
most of French Indo-China's chemical,facteries, paper-making factories
and other factors
fOrefront in
grouped here, so that this province
modern industrial development.
Table of the Domestic Coal Martet
the
(Unit: 1000 tons).
1940
1939
nunr.
Bitum.
uoke Br.
Total Anznr.
Bizum.
(Joke Br.
Tozal-
Tonkin
560.0
46.1
69.3
676
646.5
56.8
-34.0
737.3
Annam
15.1
4.6
19.1
394
19.8
6.3
23.7
49.8
Cochin China
69.9
44.7
114
96.9
35.4
132.3
Briquette
149.9
3.7
154
115.2
3.0
118.2
Production
Mine Consum.
78.0
1.4
20.5
100
90.3
8.5
13.2
112.0
TOTALS
868.9
55.8
153.6
108.3
968.7
74.6
106.3
1149.6
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Next, the changes in the distribution of coal in French Indo-
China are shown in the following table (Unit: 1000 tons):
Table of Coal Distribution
1937
1938
1939
1940
Amount Produced
2308.0
2334.5
2615.0
2500
Amount Imported
13.4
13.3
14.9
15.2
Coal Stock
69.9
29.8
Withdrawn from
63.0
49.0
8.1
Stockl:
Added to Stock
from Impprts
11.0
Total Apparent
2252.5
2410.8
2690.0
2493.5
Consumptio4
Domestic Coal
as Coke Brig.
106.9
109.3
153.6
118.2
Imported Coal -
20.0
16.7
26.0
23.3
Use in Mfctrg.
TOTALS
126.9
126.0
179.6
141.5
Coal Distribution 2122.6
2285.0
2510.0
2352.0
(Allocation)
Stock - Dec. 31
266.7
20,000 to 30,000 tons of bituminous coal had to be imported
for processing into briquettes and coke. Although the total consump-
tion of coal in 1940 was 2515.2 thousand tons,
computations result in apparent consnmption of
Since 141.5 thousand tons of coal are consumed
the differences in
2493.5 thousand tons.
by use in -p.e manufac-
ture of coke briquettes, the net of 2352 thousand tonst allocated as
the amount consumed at the mines, the amount of export and the amount
of domestic consumption.
The following
table shows the allocated coal (Unit: 1000 tons)
1937 1938 1939 1940
Mine consumption
63.3
71.3
78.0
98.8
Amount of Export
1532.7
1573.0
1718.0
1461.0
Amount Reexported
61.0
89.0,
640.0
Amount Domestic
)526.6
653.0
703.6
Consumption
TOTALS
2122.6
2285.0
2510.0
2352.0
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29
2. Foreign Markets
In the initial period of the Indo-Chinese coal industry,
what with the restrictions on the markets, it was like groping along
a path of brambles. Yet, in 1915, during Wotld War I the markets
were expanded due to the unprecedented rise in prices but despite
the crisis of rising costs for sea freight. However, after 1929
the industry felt the effects of unsettled world conditions and was
unable to find markets within the country; it took much painful
effort to break through protective tariffs and other great barriers.
Even with such favorable factors as fine-qaality coal and low wages
it was very difficult. And, in 1931 the consumption by local inhabi-
tants had dropped by 20%. From 1931-33 consumption dropped 10% over-
all. And, exports to O-apan were at the unprecedented rate of Y11.60
per ton until conditions for maintaining the level of exports were
finally established; Yet, the precipitous fall of the price of silver
in China - the chief importer in the Far East market - resulted in
a decrease in that nationAs buying power. This had no small effect
on the development of French Indo-China's commerce and industry.
After World War I the cost of freight pushed up and up due to
the critical shortage in shipping at Shanghai. The cost of freight
to France had risen to 21.58 piasters in 1938, 25.0 in 1939 and
50.0 piasters in 1940. And, when the war between the French and Ger-
mans began, exports had, in fact, entirely ceased. The American
market was in the same shape too. At the end of 1939 the cost of
freight to Mexico had reached 42 shillings 6 pence, and thus was
obstructing the settlement of payments. French Indo-China gradually.
became able to consume some of its coal itsKf, but the overseas
markets were being lost.
In contrast, the Far Eastern markets are largely unchanged and
are the main customers, consuming 90% of French Indo-China's cog.
In 1932 the demand for Indo-Chinese coal, paralleling the development
of our heavy industries, became very strong, and from 1935-1937 took
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30
51 - 53% of the total amount exported from French Indo-China.
Although the strengthenthng of the administration of our currency
exchange in 1937 led to some decrease, the necessity.of increasing
the amount of our import has become more and more urgent since the
conclusion of the French Indo-China Agreement between our Occupation
forces and North and South French Indo-China. Yet, because of the
shipping shortage, it is hard to see how this can be done.
The China market is more opportune for them from the regional
point of view than is our country; and though their imports could
exceed ours, still the collapse in the price of silver in China in the
Spring of 1933 was very violent; and the enforcement of protective
tariffs had the effect of a very strong blow against that market.
Exported to:
French Indo-China's Coal Exports
1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937
(Unit: 1000 tons)
1938 1939 1940 1941
Japan
436
345
527
547
756
913
808
672
673
476
515
China
35
504
40
30
503
44
42
401
32
47
274
23
51
218
15
53
297
17
53
257
17
49
410
30
37
507
29
31
645
42
39
238
18
Hong Kong
188
167
112
95
86
88
1l2.
135;
188C.
106
374
Philippines
5
2
5
1.7
29
9
16
26
26
28
17
Singapore
6
2
5
7
9
11
20
3
15
10
20
Thailand
8
3
5
7
12
8
14
17
29
29
15
Total for the
Orient
1147
1022
1055
947
1110
1326
1227
1263
1438
1297
1179
a
92
89
84
81
74
-77
81
92
81
84
89
France Proper
90
117
180
196
252
28$
249
193
171
2
0
8
10
14
17
17
17
16
14
10
(0)
0
Nbrth America
0
,0
0
0
61
87
8
25
25
0, -
Other
11
8
16
28
80
21
48
92-
147
251(1)151
GRAND TOTAL
1248
1147
1251
1171
1503
1719
1532
1373
1779
1550
1330
Notes: (Statistics.for 1935-40 are those of the French Indo-
Chinese Government.
(1) includes 24,000 tons exported to Italy.
(2) includes 39,000 tons shipped to Manchukuo and
55,000 tons for ship stoking.
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-r(continuation)
1
Excerpts from Reports of the French Indo-China Resources Survey
Group - Minral Resources, published by the Southern Area Office,
Ministry for Greater East Asia
Part I
Chapter 1
Section 5 Anthracite Impotted into Our Country
The first time that French Indo-Chinese anthracite was imported
into our country was about 1917. It was but a very small quantity,
but after the end of the First European War the demand increased so
that imports were seen to reach 800,000 to 900,000 tons, as in 1936-
1937.
Although the amount decreased somewhat thereafter because of our
nation's exchange controls and the shortage of shipping, the decrease
was chiefly in the lower grades of coal. Higher grades of coal, which
are useable in chemical industries and other areas, were imported just
as before.
The major classes (according to use) of coal imported from
French Indo-China before the Incident (war with China) were:
1. Used in chemical industries 43%
2. Raw material for coke 21
3. Others 36
Conditions thereafter caused an increase in the import of that
anthracite used as a reducing agent, besides one or two other uses,
while low-grade briquette coal, "kitchen" coal, coal for drying, etc.,
showed a decrease. Thus, the excellent coal of Dong Trieu, etc., may
have decreased slightly, but the poorer grades of coal. saw definite
import decreases. While we cannot give the latest statistics, those
at the time of the outbreak of the China Incident were as follows (in
percentages):
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_
' Tokyo-Yokohama area
Nagoya area
-Ebbe-Osaka area
Wakayama-Matsuyama area
TOTALS
Hoi_agaz
30.
7
a
16
61
2
Dong Trieu
Others
Total
4
12
46
1
3
11
3
5
16
9
2
27
17
22
Record of Imports of French Indo-China Coal
Im orter
Kind of Coal Destination
5. 0
8,000
340
5,000
- 2,500
351,0
7,000
17,000
Mitsui Bussan
Hongay 7apan
Formosa
Manchuria
Dong Trieu Manchuria
MD
MO
Iwai Shoten ti TI
Japan
250,000
203,000
188,000
Manchuria
East Asia Coal W. Hongay Japan
44,000
76,000
58,000
Co. (ex Far East
Company)
Ataka Trading Co. Tambour Tapan
15,000
17,000
7,000
Min-Tok Trade Pro- Dong Trieu Korea
motion Company
23,000
55,000
Azuma Trading Co. Hongay Tapan
5,000
6,000
13,000
TOTALS
842,000
681,000
703,000
(Tapan
834,000
651,00.0-02C000_
(Formosa
8,000
5,000
7,000
Breakdomn
(
(Korea
23,000
55,000'
(Manchuria
2,500
37,000
100
24,0 28ah0
9,000
29,000
7,000
2,000
359000
140,000 153,000
2,000
39,000
42,000
7,000
8,000
24,000
25,000
10,000
8,000
499,000
562,000
499,000
491,000
9,000
7,000
24,000
29,000
25,000
39,000
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3
Consumption Usalso of.French Indo-China's Coal Imports
Umm
Coking gas
Carbide-
Chemical Ind.
Iron & Steel
Manufacture.
Manufacture of
Ships & Maohns
Light metallic
eleotredes'
Pottery
Minor uses,etc.
Coal briquette
T t-;apein
0 ((D0Aistio)
T (7r*..
1( Kora
L ( Manchuria
GRLND TOTAL'
Origin
japan
Japan
Formosa
Japan
Manchuria
Korea
japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
1437 1938 122Z 1940
172,000 190,000 220,000
231,000 195,000, 268,000
. 8,000
152,000
5,000
7,000
120,000
125,000
2,500
17,0013
23,000
55,000
6,500
2,000
5,000
2,000
7,000
3,000
78,000
31,000
22,000
500
2,000
4,000
8,000
6,000
10,000
184,000
100,000
65,000
834,000
651,000
624,000
8,000
5,000
7,000
-
23,000
55,000
2,500
17,000
842,000
681,500
703,000
1941,
165,000
118,000
203,000
136,6)
9,000
7,000
58,000
50,000
29,00
39,060
24,009
25,000
5,000
12;000
6,000
8,60
9,000
15;000
2,000
24d6
10,060
-8,00
64,000
55;666
437,000
491,999
9,000
7,000
24,000
25,000
29,000
39,0p9
499,000
562,000
Movement of Average Prices in the Tonkin Gulf Area 2"(Unit:
.?plasters)
1222 1224 122/ 1226 1227 -1938 1222 :1940 194
6.51 6.44 7.54 9.07 '11:86 12.68
2.47 2.82 3.29 3.95 4.98 4.92
Kind of Coal
G;aded Coal 8.03 6.60
Screened Coal 3.20 2.60
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4p.
Name of
Ceal
Prices of French Indo-China Coal FOB the Sterage Area
Kind of
Coal
Hengay Large ,Medium
Lump
Small Lump
Very Small
Lump
Short Lump
Special Pwdr
0 Powder
Fine Powder A
Dong
Tried
West
Hongay
ding
Tambour
coal)
4
1940 1941
1st Half. 2nd Half let Half 2nd Half Note
?
Fine Powder B -
Fins Powder D
Special Lump
Lump
Medium L00
Small Lump,
Special Pewder
Powder
Fine Powder-
A,Powder_
B Powder
nests to be Added to Base
Half of 1941 and 1st Half
17.88
16.00
13.70
12.25
10.62
9.60
9.98
7.08
20.18
18.01
15.57
13.83
12.03
10.88
11.39
7.98
18.11 19.11
16.46 17.86
13.99 15.78
11.11 12.88
8.23 955
5.76 6.25
4.12 4.99
10.47
9.24
22.57
20.14
17.41
An operation if
Japan Coal Co.
f Price before
) start net
olvar.
15.49 ( These prices
1345 u_ ( at 20% discoun
(
12.12 Price at mine
12.71 FOB OFFER Price
(20% disoeunt)-
not yet set
8.92 Price for 1942
still totally
undecided.
22.34
21.10
20.03
16.20
11.88
8.43
5.90
13.48
11.76 .
Prices of French Indo-China
of 1942 (Sea Freight)
Coal in bit
Tokyo -Yokohama
Ise Bay
Osaka-Kobe
Hiroshima
Port Courbet
16.04
16.04
15.54
15.54
PORTS
Hongay - Cagha
14.54
14.54
14.04
14.04
??????????????????????111???11
(Unit; Yen)
Le Dons
-15404
15.04
14:54'
' 14.54
it!
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Port Courbot
Campha
Doric
5
Hokuriku
15.64
,144,
15..54
Sakata
15.54
Tokuyama
15.54
14.04
14.54
?
(Toyota)
Kyushu
15.54
14.04
14.54
'
Note:
costs also
port.
These costs include the
cost of insurance
Include a surcharge of 20 sen
- 4004. These
for unloading at more than one
Mine
Kind of
Coal
Import Prices for French Indo-China Coal
(Unit: Yen)
. Fusaki - Niigata
Maezu
Kawasaki - Shibaura Osaka-Tokuyama-Miike
Yokohama - Nagoya Mikado-Wakayama-Nagasaki
19404 1541=1 941-7 1/)46-2 1941-1-1941-2 1540-2 1941-1 1941-2
Hongay L & Med
36.45
36.45
36.45
33.65
35.95
35.95
34.65
36.95
36.95
Lump
Sm1Lump 32.27
34.28
34.28
31.77
33.78
33.78
32.77
34.78
34.78
yySml
29.97
31.84
31.84
29.47
31.34
31.34
30.47
32.34
32.34
Lump
Short
28.52
30.00
30.09
28.02
29.59
29.59
29.02
30.59
30.53
Lump
Sp Pwdr 26.89
28.30
38.30
26.39
27.80
27.80
27.39
28.80
28.80
C Pwdr
25.87
27.15
27.15
25.37
26.65
26.65
26.37
27.65
27.65
Fine A
26.25
27.66
27.66
26.75
27.16
27.16
26.75
28.16
28.16
Powder
Fine B
24.97
26.08
26.08
24.47
25.58
25.58
25.47
26.58
26.58
Powder
Fine D
23.35
24.25
24.25
22.85
23.75
23.75
21.85
24.75
24.75
Powder
-
Deng
Sp tump 35.38
35.88
35.88
34.17
35.68
35.68
35.38
36.38
36.38
Trieu
,
Lump
33.73
34.63
34.63
-32.52
34.43
34.43
33473
35.13
35.13
M Lump
31.26
32.55
32.55
30.05
32.35
32.35
31.26
33.05
33.05
S Lump
28.38
29.65
29.65
-27.17
29.45
29.45
28.38
30.15.30.15
Sp Pwdr 25.50
26.32
36.32
24.29
26.12
26.12
25.50
20482
26.82
Powder
28.03
23.62
23.62
21.82
23.42
23.42
23.03
24.12
24.12
Fine
21.39
21.76
21.76
.20.18
21.56
21.56
21.39
22.26
.22.26
Powder
A Pwdr
29.39
31.*.24
29.39
31.24
29.39
31.24
B Pwdr
28.16
29.52
28.16
29.52
28.16
29.52
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On the System for Controlling the Importation of French
Indo-Chinese Coal
The prices for French Indo-Chinese coal in our industries are
fixed as to both quality and quantity for plain coal and oompunded
coal. The key note is more and more the priority importance given
to productivity increases in French Indo-Chinese coal. In addition,
from. 1939 there has-been the matter of exchange controls with the
materials mobilization plan having been drawn up. The Fuels Office
of the (Japanese) Ministry of Commerce and Industry took the initia-
tive with imports ciontrols and caused the "French Indo-China Coal
Distribution Control Union" to be formed out of six companies - the
five importers who had been importing French Indo-Chinese coal into
Tapan plus the importer of French Indo-Chinese coal into Korea, the
Min Tek Trade Promotion Association (formerly M.T.M. Joint Trading
company, Ltd.).
On the basis of the materials mobilization plan the union
members enforced adherence-to the set quote of imports for 1939,
following the percentages of total imports they had handled in the
past. Through the formation of this control union the mass of lesser
importers could be blocked from taking advantage of the polioy of
moving southward. and from causing useless .0mpetition by enroaching
on the rightssef importers who had long since come to monopolize the
imports.
Since the Mitsui Bussan, as chief director, brought in more than
half of the imports, the controls were maintained harmoniously, even
with all kinds of agreements extant.
As for the arrangements for importing the coal, the Japan Coal
Company, ttd., alone did. the importing-as the expediting organ of the
union. The members of the French Indo-China Coal Distribution Control
Union (the only Japanese importers), following-their-past experience
were the ones entrusted with the importation-of French Indo-Chinese
coal through the Tapan Coal Company, Ltd. And, they administered the
breakdown when the coal arrived in the port offing. The union members
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were strengthened in their dealings through their relationship with
the japan Coal Company, Ltd. With this purpose, the control functions
of the japan Coal Company, Ltd., were very markedly strengthened.
Comprehensive Table of Importers of French Indo-China Coal
Producer
Agent,
Importer
Address
_AlarimetsAroa
Tonkin
Coal
Mitsui Hussey.*
K.K. - Hanoi
Branch Office
,Capital
1320,000,000
Mitsui Bussan
-
_iTradizg Co.
Sogo Bldg.
2-1 NMromachi
Nihon-Bashi
japaa,Korea,
Manchuria,
Formosa
Azusa Trading
Company
Tokyo; 3-1
Kyobashi, Tokyo
japan
Dong
Comptoir des
Approx.
Iwai Shoten
4-43 Kitahana
japan and..
Trieu
Coal
Charbonnages
Indo-Chino is
150,000 pia.
K. K.
Higadhi Ward
Osaka
Manchuria
Mitsui Bussan
(as above)
Manchuria
LK.
Min Tok Trade
4-775 Sendagaya
Korea
Promotion Co.
Shibuya, Tokyo
Along et East Asia Coal Approx.
Dong pang 1200,000
Coal
Neptune (Formerly the
Coal Pits Yasuda Yoko)
NO
East Asia (To-A) 2-12 Marunoudhi
Coal Co. K.K. Kojimaohi Ward
Tokyo
japan
Ataka Company 5-14 Imabashi japan
Higashi Ward
Osaka
Agreement of the French Indo-China Coal Distribution Control Union
In March, 1939, under sponsorship of the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry the French Indo-China Coal Distribution Control Union was
formed by those importing French Indo-China coal into japan. Since then,
they have carried out their?duties under the following uhion agreement:
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
Chapter 1,
General Articles
I This union shall be called the French Indo-China Coal
Distribution Control Union.
II This union is. organized for the purpose of importing
and marketting French Indo-China anthracite (hereafter
called FIC Coal).
III This union shall control imports of FIG coal and has
the goal of planning its reasonable distribution.
IV This union shall maintain an office in metropolitan
Tokyo.
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8
Chapter 2 Activities
ARTICLE.V In order to achieve these goals, this union shall
carry on the following activities:
1. Matters relating to the allocation of amounts
imported.
2. Matters relating to the allocation of the supply.
3. Matters relating to the regulation of the market
price.
4. Matters relating to procedures and negotiations
with the government.
5. Natters relating to the increase in profits to
union members.
6. Other necessary matters for advancing the aims of
this union.
ARTICLE VI The matters in the previous Article pertaining to the
import supply and market prices shall rely upon the Mini-
stry of Commerce and Industry for guidance and shall
follow out such guidance.
Chapter 3 Union Members
ARTICLE VII The following listed members shall be the members of
union:
Stook Company Iwai Shot en.
Ataka Company
II Min Tok Trade Promotion Association
(M.TAI. Joint Trading Company, Ltd.)
It
'East Asia Coal Company (To-A)
Mitsui Bussan
ARTICLE VIII Entry into, or withdrawal from the union shall require
the approval of the council of union members.,
ARTICLE IX Whenever there is any violation of this union's articles
by a union member, the council of union members shall
issue a.warning; and if the violation still goes uncor-
rected, the council of union members may expel the member.
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Chapter 4 Officials
ARTICLE X There shall be the following offioers in this union:
1 Direoter-in-Chief
1 Director
ARTICLE 22 These officers shall be determined through election by
the union members. The term of office shall be one year.
However, 'their re-election is not prohibited.
ARTICLE XII The Director-in-Chief shall represent the union and shall
supervise the, affairs of :the union. The director shall
assist the director-in-chief and shall be the union's
representative in the absence of the director-in-chief.
Chppter,5 Council of Union Members
ARTICLE 2211 The council of union mmmbers shall be called into
session once each month and shall decide upon important
matters. However, it shall be possible to postpone the
meeting until the next date for the reguPir session when
it is necessary for members to be Absent.
ARTICLE XIV The decisions of the council of union members shall
require unanimous approval of all the union members.
However, when a decision is to be rendered in accordance
with Article IX, the offending union member shall not be
permitted to participate in the decision.
Chapter 6 Finances
ARTICLE XV Expenditures of this union shall be charged to each
union member.
ARTICLE XVI Union members shall deposit 1300 to maintain the union's
principles.
ARTICLE XVII The fiscal year for this union's finances shall begin
on April 1 of each year and run through to the last day'
of March of the following year.
Appended Regulations
ARTICLE XVIII Revision of this union's Articles shall require the
approval of the council of union members.
72-0
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ARTICLE XIX Minor regulations may be decided upon when necessary
to effectuate the functioning of this union.
ARTICLE XX The Articles of this union shall be effective from
March 1, 1939.
Section 6 Briquette Coal and Coke
1. Briquette Coal
Almost all of the coal produced in French Indo-China is anthra-
cite with no capability of being used for coke, so that the only bitu-
minous coal available for the necessary mixing coal in the manufacture
of coke and briquette coal is the small amount produced by the Phan-me
Coal Mines. Thus, bituminous coal, as well as pitch, has to be supplied
from overseas.
Although most of the coking quality coal received has been the
supply of Miike Mines powder coal from our country, while most of the
pitch once came from Odessa in the Soviet Union, since the outbreak of
the present disturbances both of these items became difficult to obtain
so musk se that in late 1940 the point was reaohed where it was thought
that the manufacture of briquette coal would have to be halted.
However, at the end of thatbsame year, 14,600 tons of pitch were
shipped in; and in JanuarY, 1941, a small amount of bitumindus coal was
included in the freight arriving. As a consequence, the authorities
gave their most serious attention to the manufacture of briquette coal,
ceasing the production of coke from Phan-me coal. By bending every
effort, they are barely able to obtain the raw materials for briquette
coal. And, when the supply routes of the Japanese Army were interrupted
in 1940 with the halting of imports of briquette coal from 'China along .
the Yunnan Railway, it was still possible, then, to maintain the levels
of supply in Japan.
IND
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As for the import of pitch, although it had beam' possible to
procure American pitch - high prided-as it was - with the outbreak of
the Greater East Asia War this was stopped. Hereafter, we must await
results of studies on the use of Pacific Petroleum pitch.
The Status of Procurement of Pitch and Bituminous Coal
for Use in Briquette Coal Manufacture
The Status of the Tonkin Coal Mining Company's Use and Procuranent
of Coal for the Hongay Factories (1940)
Unit: tons
Source of Coking Stock
Coal Procured 2g.i.150,2
at
nAmount
of _LapEpr_t
Amount
Used
Stock at
end 1940
Using Phan-no coke
0
1481
1481
0
Using Phan-me brig.
0
1473
1236
237
Milks
650
11,653
12,303
0
Palatbang
1046
3520
4566
0
Victoria
2136
o
2136
0
-pa-tias (rhonetto)
2311
0
2311
0
London
19-39
0
199
0
TOTALS
,
8082,.
18,127
25,972
237
_Imported Coal
8082
15,173
23,255
0
Status of Import and Use of Pitch
Source of
Pitch Procured
Stock it
end 1939
Amount
Imported
Amount
Used
Stock at
end 1940
Odessa, USSR
3941
0-
3941
0
Shang4ai .
0
378
378
0
Great Britain
0
14,605
'
4879
9726
Saipan
0
301
501,
0
TOTALS 3941 15,484 9699 9726
The stock at the ,end of 1940, i.e. 9,727 tons, just barely
provided for a year's needs. Men, t#e-pirvey was made of the soal
banks in the Hongay factories in January, 1942, it was found that
there were no more than 200 tons in stock.
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The processing of briquette coal in French Indo-China is handled
only in the Tinkin Coal rnining Company's Hongay factories and in the
Dong trieu Coal Mining Company's factories. But, the latter only
processed enough for its own consumption in both 1938 and 1939. In
the Hongay factories of the Tonkin Coal Mining Company there are three
Bietrix-type and two Middleton-type steam-powered briquette manufac-
turing machines with a total productive capacity of 500 tons per day.
The following is a comparison of warship- and steamship-grade
briquette coal in French Indo-China with Hongay briquette coal. (Anal-
ysis in Japan by Japan Coal Company, Ltd.)
Water
Content
Volatile
Elements
Ash
Content
Solid
Carbon
Sulfur
Caloric
Value
Warship use
17 - 19%
6 -7%
74-77%
0.75%
8100
Steamship use
16 - 18
7 - 8
74-77
1.00
7700-7800
Hongay briquette 2.31%
17.93
7.57
72.19
0.84
7759
Status of Production and Supply of Briquette Coal
(Unit: 1000 tons)
1939 190,
183.7 140.1
1.7 0
185.4 140.1
Producing Mongol-Coal -
Factory (Danz -Tritsu aoal.
1935
1936
197
1938
71.0
104.5
132.0
126.0
(Doug -Trieu Coal
0
0
0
(Sub-total)
71.0
104.5
132.0
131.5
Previous year's
18.2
11.2
,12.7
39.7
Stock
TOTAL
89.2
115.7
144.7
151.2
Domestio Consump-
tion and exports
70.0
103.0
105.0
131.0
Previous year's
11.2
12.7
39.7
-40.2
Stock (sic)
42,2 19.9
225.6 160.0
205.7 133.6
19.9 26.4
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- Coal Mins
Consumption
Distribution.of Briquette Coal
(Hongay Mines
Doug Trieu Mines
(Sub-total)
_ French Indo-China(Tonkin
Dom. Consumption (
(Annam
(Coohin China
(Sub-Total)
(French colonies
(China
(Thailand
(Philippines
...1604ers
Exports
(Sub-total)
GRAND TOTAL
1939
18,782
1046
13
(Unit: tons)
12.42
13,153 Note: Briquette pro-
duoed by S.C.D.T. in
1939 was used up at
the minesite.
20,528 13,153
68,502 33,950
18,965 23,712
44,416
131,883 93,103
21,250 4,600
16,153 3,143
2,363 0
5,981 12,369
7,509 7,259
53,256 27,371
205,667 133,627
There are four kinds of French Indo-China briquette coal: "Naval
briquettes", "marine- briquettes", "bituminous eggs" and "anthracite eggs".
The first of these so-called briquettes furnishes most of the power
source for the Far Eastern Fleet, ordinary shipping and railways. Bitum-
inous eggs, which measure 27cm x 17om x 9 ern and weigh about 6 kilograms,
have the same composition and are used for the same Purposes as marine
briquettes. Anthracite eggs are chiefly used for domegtio fuel.
2. Coke
Atter 1933 coke was chiefly manufactured at the Phan-mo coal mines;
but since, 1938, the coke-producing industry at the ,Tonkin Coal Mining
CompanyteHongay factories has. been revived.and,with,its nine Copps-
type- furnaces, is going ahead with production of.00ke for use cht4f1y
in making castings..
This is,,our analysis of its composition:
Hongay coke
Water Ash Volatile
Elements
1.70 13.58- 3.10
Solid
Carbon
81.59
Calorie
Value
6,784.
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Most recently, with the difficulty in importing bituminous coal
which is used in mixed coal and with major attention being given to
the production of briquette coal, the production of coke has come to
be extremely limited. The present situation in coke production is
shown below:
(Unit: tons)
1221 196 1937 1222 1222 12.4a
Hoy Coal Mines 0 0 0 3451 4022 2603
Phan-mo Coal Mines 260 _122 128 '.....1.2.
TOTAL 260 109 128 3503
Mine Consumption & 1000 1000 1556 2848
Amount marketted
(S. F. C. T.
Breakdown (
Stock December 31
0
0
4022
2603
2850
4596
2207
4101
(Imports 643 495
2209 3843 2341
Coke Distribution Situation (Unit: tons)
1222 ,12.42
Mine Consumption
173
170
iTonkin
841)
)
1338/
Domestic (Annam
1241
1270
141i
2114
Market T
(Cochin
305i
635)
,
.z
COke Imports .?.112 ..422.
1
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION 2086 . 2779
Exports
fTrenh Colonies
(
(Hong 'Kong
(Shanghai
(Thailand
(Manila
30)-
01
561i
173)
o)
764
)
)
o)
)
919
0)
)
4241
026)
1817 (sic)
GRAND TOTAL-OF COKE DISTRIBUTION 2850 4596
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Section 7 Labor Conditions
1. Summary
The area of French Indo-China is about 740,000 square kilometers -
about 1.1 times the size of Japan.* The populationiis about 2,300,000,
and is mainly concentrated in the lowlands along the rivers and the
seacelast;and especially in the lower reaches of the Red River of Tonkin -
the so-called Tonkin Delta - the population is overhwelmingly dense.
This phenomenon is explained by the fact that since olden times French
Indo-China has been an agreioultural country (90 to 95% of the population
being occupied in agreculture). These people have been making land and
waiter the base for their way of life and managing an agiroultural system
organized on the basis of the tradition offamily cultivation of the land.
Thus, even when the population density is more than 430 per square kilo-
meter as in the Red River's lower reaches in the Tonkin Delta, they stick
with their tiny plots of land and are contented to go on conducting their
land cultivation under a feudal type of system, maintaining an agricpl-
ture of a low-grade technology. These super-abundant law-class peasants
form the labor supply for the modern enterprises: the coal-mining industry
and other activities.
The number of laborers in the mining industry luring the last ten
years was as follows:
2221 2223 1933 .1934, 1221 Ap22? 1937 1938 1222 1940
Race
Europeans 00
Asians 30,000
(-Portion
in coal
Adadoogt
? ? I
250
220
2000
201
212
271
265
239
200
33,500
35,400
34,800
39,000
43,850
49,200
52,600
55,000
52,200
-
29,780
30,000
34,000
37,205
40,580
44,228
43,002
39,444
Note: The Asians shown are the average stationary labor supply.
-Among the coal-mine. workers, the, p4ainemily,laborers constitute 60%. If the
-number.of ptrhinstayand temporary workers are added together, they number
90,000.
Now, if we distinguish among the Asian laborers their state and
province in the year 1939:
\
ay.114
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Place of Origin Actual Number Percentage
Tonkin 48,575 88.7%
Annam 3,015 5.4
Laos 2,110 3.5
Cambodia 1,300, -.2.1.4
TOTAL 55,000 100.0
Looking at the above table, we see that the Tonkin area is the source
of close to 90% of the labor supply. The various coal pines neighboring
on the Tonkin Delta use all sorts of cajolery on the destitute, crowded
people to get them into modern capitalistic production. This illustrates
how they bend every effort to absorb labor power, even more than one
would assume. Mining work, and especially digging underground resources
is held in dread by these people, who have fallen into a slack way of
living. The requirements for great masses of labor for the plantations
and industries suddenly developigg of late, as well as the requirements
far men for military duty in the war and in the conStructionsof rail-
ways for military use are the biggest reasons for the labor crisis.
As a remedy for this, French Indo-Chinese authorities have
instituted since the last half of 1939 various measures such as 1) the
simplification of mediation prodedures for labor difficulties in mining
operations (Decree of the Government General on August 3, 1939), 2) a
special enactment for youths of 15 to 18 years of age working under-
ground (Decree of the Government General on September 11, 1939), 3) the
revision of wartimeworking hours in various enterprises (Decrees of the
Government General on September 3 and 20, 1939), and other decrees for
raising general minimum wages and for arbitrating cases where labor rest
periods have been refused or overtime, demanded. - all social policies
for protecting native labor were however avoided, in line wthh the
traditLons of French colinial policies, Nihidh strengthen the French
intrepreneurs at the expense of the native inhabitants.
2. European Employees
Many of the European employees are of southern French extraction
and have the advantage of a thorough French education. They are able
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to handle skillfully the foremen who understand blench. Although they
have had to take charge of from 100 to 200 lOorers each, with the
effects of the 2nd World War becoming felt after 1938, the numbers of
employees gradually decreased; and the reaction on the employees in
French Indo-China was even greater than on employees in France Proper.
We must consider the main reasons for this as
1) French Indo-China, as a developing colony, is not run for
the welfare of the colonial peoples; and the development of all kinds
of activities is influenced by the various effects of the war, with a
major effect on the French mother-land,
2) The salaries of the Europeans are quite large, so that
even in peacetime that staff is strictly held to the smallest limits,
3) In consideration of such things as climate and weather in
French Indo-China, the number of adults in general is high, and not many
of than can avoid military duty.
Thus, the decrease in European employees gives birth to laxity
through insufficient supervisory guidance being provided for employees.
One effect is to induce a trend toward an increase in accidents as shown
in a separate classed table of statistics of mining accidents. Oige?
Lrot:441
text - TRANSLATOR).
3. Asians
As stated above, it is natural that the Coal mines in the Tonkin
and Annam delta areas - i.e., the overpopulated regions - should draw
uptin the reservoir of labor power from among the super-numerous peasants;
but, nevertheless we wish to mertion briefly haw it happens that so
many of these are Annamese.
The Annamese population is about 73% of the total population, or
about 1,704000, and-lives on the flatlands of Tonkin, Amara and Cochin
China. For the most part, they subsist on. agriculture. Andt'a,greater
part of them remain unschooled and inskilled, keeping a strong,attach-
ment for their small plots of land and following a simple peasant life.
Thus, the.. places where the Annamese live can invariably be described as'
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1.8
rice paddy land. Their physique is generally poor, an4 as manual
laborers they have the failing of lacking endurance. They manifest
strong love of their native villages and hold to their place of birth
as the land inherited from their ancestors, contenting themselves with
a poor peasant existence and thus with existing on coarse foods. So,
they show physical dgeneration resulting from locally endemic diseases
which are caused by a lack of a sense of hygiene and chronic dietary
deficiencies. Yet, judging from the improvement in the physical quali-
ties of Annamese soldiers and prisoners in French IndeOhina, one could
assume it to be possible to, bait the lowering of their physical strength
if they would eat properly and follow a regimen of physical calisthenics.
Thus, as characteristic of natives of the tropics, they find that
the Surrounding environment provided by nature does not make it difficult
to obtain clothing, food and shelter, the things needed for carrying on
everyday living can easily be acquired. So, they have an aversion for
laboring, they love gambling and lack perseverence in their work. The
publication Asie Francalse Decenbre 1908 says:
"Annamese laborers are accustomed to a small diet, but on
the other hand they are capricious about their work because the
wages earhed in the coal mines are comparatively high. By working
one week they can earn enough to live on for two weeks. So, the
coal-mine operators must have access to twice as many laborers
as are needed to actually do the work."
Thus, the Annamese, under extreme pressure to leave their
villages, are drawn into the wage-labor system of,the mines by guileful
words which take advantage of their poverty-stricken way of living. Yet
when the _period of the contnact us up, they leave their work and go back
to the village. For this reason, to this day tye remain unemancipated,
and the social system holding strong sway here keeps the peasants of the
Tonkin Delta forever tied to the land of their ancestors, graves and
prevents their developing into a. modern labor force. As one example of
this , the presenteincrease in the number of laborers in small-scale
mining may be compared with the decrease in the number of laborers in
the big companies. Still, while it is comparatively easy to find several
hundred temporary laborers, it is extremely difficult to get them te
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transfer to the, region of the bit mines. In the words of the manager
of the Dong Trieu Coal Mines:
"Most coal-nine operators, employment of large numbers
of low-wage laborers so as to get large profits for the enter-
prise may be general common sense; but at present for these
mines to get coolies it is necessary to aim at twice the needed
number of individuals. And, the time and troubel and expense
required for this - the re-training of the hired coolies, the
fall in labor productivity and high wage oosts through turn-
over - are all great obstacles to such enterprises."
Also, the coal mines of French Indo-China supplement their
labor force by working without holidays.
Number of Laborers in Coal Mines During the Past Three Years
(1) Anthracite
S.E.C.T.
1938
1939.
1940
31,254
29,315
28,053
S.C.D.T.
9,213
9,750
6,969
Along et
550
750
900
Dong Deng
Tabbobrgxm
539
515
716
Neptine
353
353
319
Chacha
394
400
311
Ca-Keith
241
74
53
Bicho
197
132
204
Printemp
310
160
145
Esperance
50
30
40
Emile
10
60
10
Marcella
18
15
0
Van-nho
-
14
42
Paul
.
0
103
Thi-Hue
-
0
50
Song Au Dzuong
-
0
19
Thaieloc
-
0
13
TOTAL des Bassin
43,134
41,568
37,947
Auang-yen
Phu-Lang-Thuiling
Bo-Ha
37
185
150
Uoe-Le
.
0
10
Phuto Richesse
20
77
67
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20
Dong Viet
47
0
(Sub-Total)
104
.0
262
242
TOTAL.- ANTURACITE 43,238
(2) Bituminous
Phan-me 600
Tuyen-quang 390
Loa-Binh . 24 10
Yen Bay - 0 15
TOTAL - BITUMINOUS 990 1,157- 1,255
41,930
38,189
652
766
481
444
(3) Semi-bituminous
Nongson . 7 7
Surprise (Hoa-Binh) - 8 20
TOTAL - SEMI-BITUMINOUS - 15 27
GRAND TOM - ALL COAL 44,228 43,002 39:444
4. Labor Efficiency and Accidents
It was noted above that because of the disadvantages of
Annamese labor conditions, because of the passivity of the French
Indo-China coal-mine operators with respect to developmental technology
through the interaction of their viewpoint on profits and their rela-
tionships with industries in the French homeland, and despite the
previously followed practice of digging good-qtality, thick-seam coal
around the outeroppings, the extraction efficiency is low aspeompared
with that of the world's other coal-producing nations. Thus, even the
trend toward reforms will probably not accomplish much.
Table of Coal Extraction by Mining Nations During.
the Past Ten Years (Per person Rer year; Unit - tone)
1221 1932 1933 1934 1935,122? 1937, 12,2, 1939: 2142
53 61 63
185 174 172
-
-
French Indo-China
.56
53
54
53
52
59
58
Japan
181
203
227
213
216
211
203
Germany (Ruhr)
363
386
398
433
448
478
476
France
184
185
198
210
215
211
198
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?????
?????
21
As shown above, extraction by the Indo-Chinese miner is one-
third as efficient as that of the Zarenese miner and one-seventh as
efficient as that of the German miner. The efficiency increase in
the last three years is actually not due to an improvement in labor
efficiency, but was stimulated by the sudden rise in coal prices. The
bolstering of output through incentive wages paid to the laborers, plus
the halting of extraction from. the pi.-Os in favor of the better condi-
tions of open-air digging, using women and children labprers as the
decrease in labor supply developed, led to the planned increase in
coal extraction. This was the origin of the strengthening of labor
supply through coercion and was the immediate cause of the depletion
of the labor supply. The continuing insufficiency of the numbers of
miners finally led in 1940 to a decrease in the amount produced.
Thus, the past policy of using low-wage native labor for the
French Indo-China mines has permitted no efficiency increase through
instituting modern exiatactive methods or the equipping of the mines
with modern machinery. Added to this,- thedecrease in the number of
European supervisors because of the drafting of Frenchmen as a facet
of the outbreak of the Second general European xar gave rise to tech-
nological defects in all areas. Together with the inadequaoies of the
Government-General, these factors have brewed up the tendency for an
increase in mining accidents.
French ndo-Chinese coal nines engage in no deep mining whatso-
ever of the type seen in our country. Instead, since the open-air
method of extraction is engaged in, there is-no danger of methane gas,
and there are accidents no more serious than the minor explosions seen
in the small bituminous and semi-bituminous mines: And, even these
have amounted to just four accidents in the past five years, with six
victims killed and four seriously wounded. Rather than calling them
explosion accidents, they should be called gas-ignition accidents. Other
kinds of important accidents which can be mentioned,in addition are
mining car accidents and those ?allied by rock slides and avalanches
following after torrential rains and floods.
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22
The numbers of persons killed and persons injured per million
tons of coal extracted are respectively 35.2 and 66.4. The numbers
per thousand miners are 2.26 killed and 4.26 injured. In comparison
with the rate in our country, the ratio of persons killed to the amount
of coal extracted is greater, While the ratioAof persona killed to the
overall number of miners is less. It is felt that the smiller number
of victims means that efficiency in coal extraction is poor, but the
conditions of open-air digging are favorable.
Yet, in the future, as the French Indo-Chinese opal fields are
led into the development of deeper 'mining, they maibe unable to avoid
a lowering of efficiency under the present technology.
Efficiency of Coal Extraction by Major MiallE
(Per person per year - in tons)
1938 1V2
s.F.c.T. 52.6 60.9 61.0
S.C.D.T. 49.7 57.7 69.5
Along et Dong Dang 99.3 85.4 77.1
Tambour 63.3 51.3 73.4
Neptune 52.7 98.1
81.3
Chacha
Co-Kenh
'Bi-cho
Phan-ms
Tuyen-quang
TOTAL (Average? - Trans.)
123.9
1
130.5
46.0
173.8
86.3
17.7
44.3
41.8
52.8
51.5
51.7
59.0
41.9
34.5
52.760.8
63.4
(Two tables of Accidents on following attached pages)
5. Wages
The sudden rise in the laborers' cost.of living because of the
precipitous jump in the prices of goods 'after the recent Great European
War had heightened social disruption and led to the outbreak of labor
struggles for wage increases. As a result, there was a10% increases
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-
Statistics of Mining Accidents ,Per '1000Tersonsland Per 1,000,000 Tons
22a
In
NO. of Accidents
In Pit
Dead
Total
Injured
Total
NO. Per Million -Tons
Per Thousand Persons
Pit Outside Total
Outside
In Pit Outside
NUmblit
15$/
100
49
149
44
17
61
67
34
10k
64.78
26.52
43.91
'3.63
1.49
2.46
?
1133
166
43
209
64
, 11
75
123
39
162
90.87
32.61
70.43
4.75
1.71
3.68
206
52
258
48
10
58
167
44
211
99.23
22.31
S1.23
6.06
1.35
4.91
1140
154
41
195
78
10
88
135
31
166
78.00
35.20
66.40
4.87
2.26
4.26
Cause
Falls 18.
Falling 23
Rook etc.
Vine cars 25
Pit slide 2
Suffocation 1
Gas explosn 1
Electrocutn 2
Aerial cable 2
Railway
Explosives 6
Cave-in 5
No. of Accidents
In Pit
Shaft 4
Others 11
TOTALS 100
Table of Accidents - 1937
In Pit
Oufside Votal mo--m71116wa
2 20
1 24
7 32
2
1
1
2 4
2
13 13
6
3 a
21 32.
49 149
Outside Pit Totals
Mead Inlysed Dead Inlured Taal
13.4
16.1
21.5
1.3
0.7
0.7
2.6
1.3
8.8
4.2
5.8
2.6
21.5
100.0
16
5
5
1
1
3
2
4111.
11.11D
3
2
1
5
44
3
18
20
1
????
2
7
3
4.
9
67
1
2
OEM
2
4
MEP
8
17
1
1
6
10
3
13
34
17
5
7
1
3
4
4
3
2
1
13
61
4
19
26
1
2
10
7
6
4
22
101
17
21 13.0
24 14.8
33 20.3
2 1.2
0.6
3 1.9
4 2.5
2 1.2
14 8.7
10 6.2
a 4.9
5 3.1
35 21.6
162 100.0
23
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Cause
Falls
Falling Rock,etc.
Mine cars
Pit slide
Suffocation
Gas explosion
Electrocution
Aerial Cable
Railway
Explosives
Cave-in
Shaft
Others
TOTALS
Cause
Falls
Falling rock,etc.
Mine Cars
Pit Slide
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Number of Accidents
In Pit Outside . Total
Table of Accidents - 1938
2
22 _
34 -
53 17
.22
34
' 70
10.5
16.3
33.5
8 -
8
3.8
4 _
4
1.9
3 -
3
1.4
1 -
1
0.5
-
-
OM
????
-
3
3
1.4
8
-
8
3.8
10
1
11
5.3
2
-
2
1.0
21
22
43
20.6
166
43
209
100.0
In Pit
Dead Injured
32
5
4
29
11
42
OOP
32 5 37
- - 4 29 33
5 13 16 55 71
- - I a 9
q 8
5
3 4
1
1=11
11?10
gas
3 6
2 8
1 1
1 20
64 123
Table of Accidents
Outside Pit _
read Intured
.Totals
Dead lin ured Total
.22b
OOP
32
5
37
-
-
4
29
33
5
13
16
55
71
-
-
I
a
9
8 - 8 3.8
10 1 11 5.3
2 - 2 1.0
21 22 43 20.6
166 43 209 100.0
1939
Number of Accidents In Pit
In Pit Outside Totil A read -Injured
19 -
8 49
4 66
7 7
16
-
16
6.2
55
-
55
21.3
69
16
85
33.0
13
-
13
5.0
32 5
4 29
11 42
Outside Pit
Dead; nJiiret
3 13
Dead
Tor_pivotal
. 2
19
19
7.1
8
49
57
21.2
7
79
86
32.0
14
5.2
16 - 16 6.2
55 - 55 21.3
69 16 85 33.0
13 - 13 5.0
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,
, t
226 ,
Number of Accidents Y In Pit Outside Pit Totals
Cause TE711-7iifillerr-SEE--"E Tread Injured fteacilniured read'1n uned Tatar A
Suffocation - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gas Explosion - - - . - - - - - - - -
Electrocution - - - - . - - - - - - -
Aerial cable - - - - - - ., -
Railway 2 6 8 311 - 2 2 4
Explosives 8 .1 9 3.5 2 7 - 1
Cave-in 21 5 26 10.1 3 19 - 5
Others -22 24 46 17.8 5 17 5 21
TOTALS 206 52 258 100.0 48 167 10 44
Table of Accidents - 1910
Cause
Falls 19 - 19 9.8 15 9 - -
Falling rocksetc. 28 2 )D 15.4 6 22 - 2
Mine cars 58. 9 67 34.3 1 57 1 8
Pit slide 11 - , 11 5.6 1 11 - -
-
-
-
2
6
8
2
a
lo
3
24
27
10
38
48
58
211
269
15
9
24
6
24
30
2
65
67
1
11
12
-
3.0
3.7
10.0
17.8
100.0
11.8
14.7
32.8
5.9
Suffocation 1 - 1 0.5 2 - - 2 a R 2 1.0
Gas. explosion - - - - - - - _ - _ MP 4M.
Electrocution - 2 2 1.0 - - 2 - 2 - 2 1.0
Aerial cable - - - - - . - - - - - -
Railway - 3 3 1.5 . - 3 - 3 _ 3 1.5
Explosives 5 -2 7 3.6 1 6 - 2 1 8 9 4.4
Cave-in 11 8 19 9.8 - 11 2 6 2 17 19 9.3
Others 21 15 36 18.5 2 19 2 13 4 32 36 17.6
TOTALS 154 41 195 100.0 38 135 10 31 35 166 204 100.0
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Cause
Falls
Falling rock,etc.
Mine oars
Pit slide
Suffocation
Gas Explosion
Electrocution
Aerial cable
Railway
Explosives
Cave-in
Others
TOTALS
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11
1 11 1
Number of Accidents
riar-rirrd?liserarit?E--
19 1 20 10.9
40 1 41 22.4
41 3 44 24.0
6 - 6 3.3
2 - 2 1.1
-
_
Table of Accidents - 12441
Pit
1
Totals
224
In Pit Outside
Dead
Inpred
Dead Injured
Dead
nfura
Tail
15.2
20.8
22.4
3.1
3.1
25
9
3
1
2
???
4
31
38
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
el?
1
1
3
-
-
25
9
3
1
2
NIP
,
5
32
41
5
4
IRO
30
41
44
6
6
1
-
1
0.6
1
-
-
-
1
-
1
0.5
1
-
1
0.6
-
1
-
-
-
1
1
0.5
-
5
5
2.7
-
-
4
1
4
1
5
2.5
3
-
3
1.6
-
3
-
-
-
3
3
1.5
23
4
27
14.8
22
21
1
3
3
24
27
13.7
18
15
. 33
18.0
1
17
2
13
3
30
33
16.8
154
29
183
100.0
44
124
7
22
51
146
197
100.0
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23
Su wages by decree of the Govmmmant-General in July, 1935. This
took the fm ofan increase in the basic wage, seasonal and production-
incentive wages, plus a lowering of the price, of rationed rice. But,
this wage increase had very disastrous effects, stepping up the idleness
of the laborers and decreasing their extraotive efficiency. Judging
from this, it would seam that the Annampse want to get the lowest
possible cost of living from the very minimum amount of labor; and they
have no sense of working for savings. In the Dong Trieu mines, they
ttied in vain to avoid the foolistness of paying high wages, supplying
the laborers with nutritious dietary goods instead so as to make the
laborers feel attracted. toward putting more energy into their work at
the mines. Thus, they were concerned with the maintenance of labor
power throug4 a policy of giving what was nevertheless essentially a
high wage. Consequently, in terms of the basic value of wages, the
wages paid by the big mines was high as oompared with others. And,
the weep of the coal miners of the Tonkin Delta region was 20 - 30%
more than that of the farther mines or even of mines in nearby regions.
Table of Average Wages by Occupation in Jan.-Feb., 1942
(Unit: piasters)
Coal Support Transport Coal Miscellaneous
IliratmEmplr%mal Workers Sorters EOployees
Tonkin Coal Mines
0.5
0.5
0.35
0175.
0.35
Bong Trieu -Coal
0.6
0.58
0.35
0.45
0.35
Mining Company
Tuyen-quang Coal
0.65
0.65
0.55
0.50
0.35
Mining Company
The wage for women and,obildren is generally 5 - 10% lower than
the general wage. Of course, French employees receive wages at a far
higher rate than do these Annamese.
6. Welfare Facilities
The three great mottoes under Which France was established -
Liberty., Fraternity and Equality - express a humanism Which applies
only amonis the French people. In French Indo-China this phase of
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24
social living is discarded: a superiority complex discriminating
between victor and vanquisiaed and superior race from inferior race is
reflected in all sorts of policies. With all their concern for the
profit-making monopolies of the French motherland, the French extend
none to the unenlightened and impoverished natives. Thus, whereas in
the case of the two biggest coal mining companies in French Indo-China
there are arrangements for housing, normal educational schools, reli-
gious meeting places, playgrounds and water suppXy and sewage, far more
are provided for the use of the French dependents. Among the small
coal mining companies, grass huts are provided , and there are not
even any sanitary facilities. In the past, the spirit under which
social facilities were established in conjundtion with French Indo-
Chinese coal mines was not one demonstrating positive policies for
protecting labor. But, in most recent times, policies for relieving
the suffering of the laborers are being followed; the operators are
making efforts to increase the provisions for more facilities.
New social facilities recorded for 1939 were as follows:
1. Tonkin Coal Mining Company
Construction of 291 laborers, houses and 11 residence halls
for native employees, construction of one school and the two-
ward Georges Pircaux (?) Hospital, and the construction of
drinking-water systems for the villages.
2. Dong Trieu Coal lining Company
Continuation of plans for construction of laborers' houses
begun in 1938, including kitchens and lavatory facilities, and 14 two-
family dwelling units; construction of 2979-square-metershall for use
of merchants in Clotilde village.
3. Tuyen-quangeCoall Mining Company.
Straw-thatch .houses are being built for laborers desiring
housing, and twenty houses are being constructed with electric
lighting and running water. In recognition of the recent low
rate at which workers' needs, were met, the. company is taking
up the .education of the Annamase natives. The worL is going
on extremely slowly; but they are trying to refbrm the natives'
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25
idle habits and are. moving ahead with their pans step by step. Thus,
there are such welfare-or:go:pis for the workers as the workers' super-
visory school of. the Tonkin Coal Mining Company and the Dong Trieu
Coal Mining Company's training school for miners - both of thich are
under the practical guidance and control of Europeans, so that they
are now seeking to the workers. But, such plans are not yet
at the stage of full realization.
Ic
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continuation
_1
Excerpts from:Mineral Resources; Reports of the French Indo-China
Survey Group, Part 1, Volume 1.
Chapter 2
Anthracite Mining Companies
Section 1 Tonkin Coal Mining Company (Societi, Francaise des Char-
bonnages du Tonkin)
(Note: The Tonkin Coal Mining Company's affiliate, the Mao Cay
Coal Mine, is discussed in Section 4.)
1. History
In 1865 digging was begin on exposed coal outoroppings near the
present HatOu pit by the Chinese. And, by means of the 1886 Tientsin
Treaty French Indo-China became a protectorate of France. Prior to
this, in 1884, the EnohshSaladinisurVeyo?innendeinv111851tha:Sarran
surveyors, had conducted surveys of the said coal mines. Also in 1884,
the Frenchman Bavier Chauftan received title to the Along Bay coal-fields
area from the Annamese government in consideration for 100,000 piasters.
Finally, in August, 1887, the Government General of Tonkin requested
the establishment of a coal-mining company. And, under the articles
of a special agreement the Hongay Coal Mining Company was established
with a capitalization of 4,000,000 francs.
The early period of the zompany, since it was a period of opening
up the coal mines, saw but a small amount of coal extracted and sent
to very limited markets. As a result, unstable conditions continued
for 801118 time. But, in 1928 the capitalization was increased by
400,000 francs. And, in July, 1933, the Societe des Anthracites du
Tonkin (working the mining area of Mao Oily) merger with the Societe du
Domain de Kebao (working the mining area of Kebao) was realized, with
an increased capital of 39,925,000 francs.
Thus, the company's enterprises graudally came into bbtter times.
After 1,30, even in times of unsettled world conditions, the rate of
business return was maintained. In 1930, for example, it was 30%; in
1937, 46.8% and in 1938, 65.5%. However, in 1941 with the outbreak of
>