POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN ALBANIA 1950-58

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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 29, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: August 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 53
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN ALBANIA
1950 - 58
CIA/RR 59-36
August 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN ALBANIA
1950-58
CIA/RR 59-36
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those post and telecommunications
facilities and services in Albania operated and controlled by the
Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone of the Ministry of
Communications. These facilities and services are used by the armed
forces, other ministries, and other directorates of the Ministry of
Communications as well as by the public. Excluded from this report,
however, are functional telecommunications systems operated inde-
pendently by other segments of the government, such as the armed
forces and service industries.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions 1
I. Introduction 4
II. Unification of the Post and Telecommunications Systems
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc 5
III. Ministry of Communications 6
A. Organization 6
B. Revenue and Investment 7
C. Manpower 9
D. Equipment 10
IV. Postal Service 11
V. Telephone and Telegraph Services 13
A. Telephone 14
B. Telegraph 16
C. Common Telecommunications Facilities 18
1. Wirelines 19
2. Point-to-Point Radio 20
NI. Broadcasting Services 20
A. Radiobroancasting
B. Wire Diffusion
21
24
VII. Future Trends 25
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
Appendix B. Methodology
27
35
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Tables
1. Estimated Total Revenue from Public Post and
Telecommunications Services in Albania, 1950-58
2. Estimated Volume of Letters, Money Orders, and
Parcels Sent in Albania, 1950-58
Page
8
12
3. Estimated Number of Domestic and International
Telephone Calls over Public Facilities in Albania,
1950-58 15
4. Estimated Number of Telephone Subscribers in
Albania, 1950-58 17
5. Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent over Public
Facilities in Albania, 1950-58
6. Estimated Broadcast Reception Base in Albania,
1950-58
Illustrations
Figure 1. Albania: Organization of the Directorate
of Post, Telegraph; and Telephone Of
the Ministry of Communications, 1958
(Chart)
Following Page
6
Figure 2. Albania: Distribution of Post and Tele-
communications Revenue, by Type of Service,
1950, 1954-55, and 1958 (Chart) 8
Figure 3. Albania: Main Telecommunications Wirelines,
June 1959 (Map) 20
Figure 4. Albania: International Radiotelegraph and
Radiotelephone Circuits, June 1959 (Map) . 20
Figure 5.
Albania: Radiobroadcasting Stations,
June 1959 (map) 24
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POST AND TETRCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN ALBANIA*
1950-58
Summary and Conclusions
The public** post and telecommunications system of Albania is
meager at best. It lacks much of the elementary equipment required
for an efficient communications program, and the existing facilities
are largely obsolescent. Services provided by the system are limited
and inefficient, meeting only the basic needs of the government. Pri-
vate communication is confined almost wholly to the postal system.
Although the post and telecommunications system of Albania remains
at a rudimentary stage of development, facilities and services in-
creased substantially from 1950 through 1958, as shown below.
1950
Revenue
(Million Current Lpks?*)
45 1950
19581 79 1958
Wirelines
(Thousand Kilometers)
Postal Volume Telephones
(Million Units) (Thousand units)
1950
1958
7.1 1950
9.5 1958
Broadcast Reception Base
(Thousand Radiobroadcast Receivers
and Wired Loudspeakers)
5 1950
10 1958
Domestic
Telephone Calls
(Million Units)
9
1.3 19501 0.6 1950
:6.6 19581 1.5 , 1958
.46
Telegrams
(Million Units)
0.9
0.8
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 1 July 1959. Technical terms are de-
fined in Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terms.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and ser-
vices controlled, operated, and maintained by the Directorate of Post,
Telegraph, and Telephone (Drejtoria Pergjithshme Poste, Telegraf, e
Telefon) of the Ministry of Communications (Ministria e Komunika-
cioneve). It does not refer to functional systems such as those serv--
ing the armed forces, the state security police, other ministries, and
other directorates of the Ministry of Communications.
*** Except where otherwise indicated, lek values in this report are
expressed in terms of current leks and may be converted to US dollars
at the official rate of exchange of 50 leks to US $1. This rate of
exchange, however, does not necessarily reflect the true dollar value.
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The total revenue from post and telecommunications services, com-
puted in current leks, increased at an average annual rate of about
7.3 percent* from 1950 through 1958. This figure is the best in-
dication of the rate of growth in the total volume of services pro-
vided by the post and telecommunications system during the period.
The telephone and broadcasting services experienced higher rates of
increase than any other services in the system, primarily because
of their extraordinarily low bases at the beginning of the period.
The number of domestic telephone calls (including both local and
interurban calls) increased at an average annual rate of about 11.2
percent, and there was an average annual increase in the number of
telephone subscribers of about 22.5 percent. The broadcast recep-
tion base expanded rapidly at an average annual rate of about. 22.8
percent. Postal volume increased at a lower rate, about 3.7 percent,
and the number of telegrams sent decreased slightly during the period.
kl
Albania
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Bulgaria
Poland
Hungary
USSR
Rumania
Interurban Telephone Calls
7.0 Per Capita**
5.9
3.8 3.8
2.5 2.3
0.9 0.7
1.0
.8
Telegrams Per Capita
.4 .4
107
73
57
Letters Per Capita
42
20 20
13
Telephone Subscribers
06 Per Capita
.32
.22
.16
Radiobroadcast
Receivers Per Capita
.09
.06 .05 04
77..8s
* Average annual rates of change expressed in this report are computed
at the compound interest rate between the two stated terminal years.
** Including both local and interurban calls for Albania but only in-
terurban calls for the other countries.
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The volume of post and telecommunications services per capita in
Albania is smaller than in other Soviet Bloc countries -- a situation
which is to be expected from the undeveloped state of the Albanian
economy. A comparison of the volume of services per capita in Albania
with that in other Bloc countries in 1957 indicates the real poverty of
the Albanian post and telecommunications system.
Because of the relatively high rate of calls per telephone sub-.
scriber, the figure given for the number of telephone calls per capita
in Albania is believed to include both local and interurban calls.
This figure is therefore higher than the corresponding figure for the
USSR, which includes only interurban calls. The number of interurban
telephone calls per capita in Albania was probably low compared with
all the other Soviet Bloc countries. The relatively high number of
telegrams per capita shows the dependence on the telegraph system for
telecommunications rather than a high state of development of the tele-
graph system. The degree of automation and the extensiveness of post
and telecommunications facilities throughout Albania as well as the
efficiency and reliability of telecommunications service compare un-
favorably with those of other Bloc countries.
A rapid rate of development of the Albanian post and telecom-
munications system will be required to match the present high rate
of growth of the Albanian economy. An even greater rate of increase
in the future for the public post and telecommunications system will
probably result from the influence of the Organization for Cooperation
Among the Socialist Countries in the Fields of Post and Telecommunica-
tions (OSS). OSS was created at the initiative of the USSR in 1958
for the unification and improvement of post and telecommunications
facilities and services within and among all Sino-Soviet Bloc coun-
tries. The fulfillment of OSS plans in Albania for the expansion of
telegraph traffic between Bloc countries, the establishment of a Bloc
television network by 1965, and the automation of Bloc telecommunica-
tions facilities by 1975 will probably require financial and technical
aid from the USSR. Although increased expansion and development of
the post and telecommunications system of Albania will result in the
future from the influence of OSS, Albania is expected to be the last
of the European Satellites to fulfill OSS plans.
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I. Introduction
The purpose of this report is to describe and evaluate the public
post and telecommunications facilities and services provided by the
Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone of the Ministry of
Communications of Albania. The report covers the status of public
post and telecomilunications facilities and services in 1950, the ex-
pansion and development of the post and telecommunications system
from 1950 through 1958, and the estimated expansion and development
of the system in the future.
Although the economy of Albania is still underdeveloped, it has
experienced rapid growth since 1950, as indicated by the increase
in the national income. From 1950 through 1958 the national income
is estimated to have increased at an average annual rate of about 11.4
percent, and from 1958 through 1960 it is expected to increase at a
rate of about 11.8 percent. These calculations of national income
are based on Marxist concepts, which exclude the slower growing so-
called "unproductive" sectors included in Western calculations of
national income, but even by Western calculations the Albanian economy
has been one of the most rapidly growing economies in Europe. The
continued growth that is expected of this economy will make it neces-
sary to expand rapidly the post and telecommunications system of Al-
bania, not only to meet the increasing needs of the government but also
to meet commercial and some private needs. 1/*
Albania is geographically isolated from the rest of the Soviet
Bloc, and the establishment of wireline facilities between it and
other Bloc countries is infeasible. The rugged terrain and heavy
snows in Albania restrict the construction and maintenance of wire-
line facilities and postal routes throughout most of the country.
The population is less dense in Albania than in any other European
Satellite and is distributed largely through rural areas and small
villages. This sparsity of population hinders the expansion of
telephone, telegraph, and wire-diffusion services,- and a low
literacy rate restricts the users of the postal system to a small
part of the population. Radiobroadcasting, when adquately developed,
will be an important medium of communications in Albania. In addition,
because of its geographic location and predominantly Moslem culture,
Albania is uniquely qualified for radiobroadcasting to countries of
the Middle East. 2/
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II. Unification of' the FOst and Telecommunications Systems of the
Sino-Soviet Moc
The expansion and development of the public post and telecommuni-
cations system of Albania is influenced not only by domestic but also
by international considerations. Foremost among the international
considerations is the influence on the system exercised by the Organi-
zation for Cooperation among the Socialist Countries in the Fields of
PoSt and Communications (OSS), of which Albania is an active member.
Thi b organization was initiated in 1958 by the USSR as a means of
overcoming the lack of a unified post and telecommunications system
throughout the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Plans for the expansion of telegraph
traffic among Bloc countries, the establishment of a Bloc television
netWOrk by 1965, and the automation of Bloc telecommunications facili-
,ties,by 1975 have been prepared and are to be coordinated and super-
vised by OSS.
No information is available as to the extent to which OSS plans
have been reflected in domestic plans for the expansion and develop-
ment Of the post and telecommunications system of Albania. The
emphais being given to OSS plans by the USSR is expected to cause
an increase in the rate of expansion and development of the system.
In spite of the increase, Albania will probably be the last of the
European Satellites to fulfill OSS plans because of the underdeveloped
state Of its post and telecommunications system, the lack of invest-
ment fUnds and skilled personnel, and the isolated position of the
country with respect to other Soviet Bloc countries.
The eventual fulfillment of OSS plans, however, will result in
a large increase in the efficiency and capacity of the public post
and telecommunications facilities and services of Albania, both
domestid and international. It will also greatly increase the poten-
tial of military telecommunications within Albania and between Al-
bania and other Sino-Soviet Bloc countries because public facilities
are partly used by the military at all times and would be wholly com-
mandeered in time of emergency if necessary.
Another international organization which has had much influence
over the post and telecommunications systems of Soviet Bloc countries
is the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA). This organi-
zation exercises its influence primarily through the determination of
assignments for research, development, and production of telecommuni-
cations equipment among the various member countries. Because Albania
has a low potential for the production of telecommunications equipment
and an insignificant level of technological development in the field
of telecommunications, however, CEMA is not expected to exercise much
influence over the post and telecommunications system in that country
in the near future. .V
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III. Ministry of Communications
A. Organization
All public post and telecommunications facilities in Albania
are owned and operated by the national government. The Ministry of
Communications is responsible for the organization, administration,
and control of these facilities. The Ministry is also responsible
for the fulfillment of plans approved by the Council of Ministers for
the expansion and development of the post and telecommunications
system as well as for the training of personnel employed in the
system. These responsiblities are exercised through the Directorate
of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone, which operates and maintains all
public post and telecommunications facilities in Albania, as shown
in Figure 1.* The programing and monitoring of radiobroadcast and
wire-diffusion programs, however, are the responsibility of the
Directorate of Radiobroadcasting, which is directly subordinate to
the Council of Ministers. )2/
There have ?been several changes since 1950 in the organi-
zational structure for the control and operation of post and tele-
communications facilities in Albania. In 1950 these facilities,
with the exception of facilities for radiobroadcasting, were operated,
maintained, and controlled by the Ministry of Communications, Post,
Telegraph, and Telephone. By 1952 this Ministry was superseded by
the Ministry of Communications, which also was responsible for the
operation and maintenance of postal, telegraph, and telephone facili-
ties but not for radiobroadcasting facilities. In 1953 the Ministries
of Communications, Domestic Trade, and Foreign Trade were combined
under a newly created Ministry of Trade and Communications. This
Ministry, like the previous ministries, did not have the responsi-
bility for the operation and maintenance of radiobroadcasting facili-
ties. Finally, in November 1955 the Council of Ministers adopted a
resolution reestablishing the Ministry of Communications. At this
time the Ministry of Communications was given the responsibility for
the operation and maintenance of all public post and telecommuni-
cations facilities, including facilities for radiobroadcasting. 2/
Radiobroadcasting facilities in Albania in 1950 were probably
owned, operated, and maintained by the State Radiobroadcasting and
Wire-Diffusion Enterprise. At the end of 1950, however, a Committee
on Radiobroadcasting, directly subordinate to the Council of Ministers,
was created and given the responsibility for the operation and main-
tenance of facilities for radiobroadcasting and wire diffusion. In
1955, when the Ministry of Communications was reestablished and given
* Following p. 6.
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ALBANIA
ORGANIZATION OF THE DIRECTORATE OF POST, TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE
OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, 1958
DIRECTORATE OF RADIOBROADCASTING
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
DIRECTORATE OF POST,
TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE
Figure 1 50X1
Radio Department*
Post Department
Telephone and Telegraph
Department
Radio Tirane
Training Facilities for
Main Post Offices in Tirane
Telephone and Telegraph
Post and Telecommunications
and in the Capital Cities
Facilities in the Main
Employees
of Administrative Districts
Post Offices
Local
Wire-Diffusion
Sub-Post
Offices
Telephone and Telegraph
Radio Stations
Centers
Facilities in Sub-Post Offices
Maintaining Such Facilities
28050 8-59
*The Directorate of Radiobroadcasting, which is directly subordinate to the Council of
Ministers, is responsible for the programming and monitoring of radiobroadcasts and
wire-diffusion programs. The Directorate of Post, Telegraph and Telephone is respon-
sible for the operation and maintenance of radiobroadcasting facilities.
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the responsibility for the operation and maintenance of radiobroad-
casting facilities, the Committee on Radiobroadcasting was abolished.
At this time a Directorate of Radiobroadcasting was formed for the
preparation and monitoring of radiobroadcast and wire diffusion
programs. g
There has been no indication since 1955 of any significant
changes in the organizational structure for the operation, main-
tenance, and control of the post and telecommunications system of
Albania, and it is believed that the same organizational structure
exists at present. The reorganizations which have occurred in the
post and telecommunications system since 1950 probably resulted in
a more coordinated and efficient system, and little reorganization
of significance is expected in the future.
B. Revenue and Investment
Total revenue from post and telecommunications services in
Albania is estimated to have increased from about 44.6 million leks
in 1950 to 78.6 million leks in 1958, an average annual increase of
about 7.3 percent (see Table 1*). Although the rate of growth in
total revenue was steady in general, revenue increased at a higher
rate, about 11.3 percent, from 1956 through 1958. This increase re-
sulted mainly from an increase in telephone revenue.
In 1950, revenue from telegraph service made up the largest
share of total revenue, as shown in Figure 2,** but after 1953, tele-
graph revenue began to decrease. Total revenue continued to increase,
however, because the increase in telephone revenue more than com-
pensated for the decrease in telegraph revenue. Since 1954, tele-
phone revenue has consistently made up the largest share of total
revenue from post and telecommunications services.
Revenue from broadcasting service showed an average annual
increase of about 20 percent from 1950 through 1958, and the propor-
tion of broadcasting revenue to total revenue almost tripled from
1950 through 1958. Even with the high rate of increase, revenue
from broadcasting service still makes up a relatively small part of
total revenue, about 11 percent in 1958. Of this figure, about
7.9 percent was revenue from radiobroadcasting service and about
3.1 percent was revenue from wire-diffusion service. Revenue from
postal service has increased steadily with the increase in total
revenue from post and telecommunications services.
* Table 1 follows on p. 8.
** Following p. 8.
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Table 1
Estimated Total Revenue from Public Post
And Telecommunication's Services in Albania 91
1950-58
Million Current Leks
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Postal revenue12/
13.4
13.9
16.1
16.9
17.6
18.5
19.0
21.2
23.6
Telecommunications revenue
31.2
32.5
37.7
39.3
41.0
43.2
44.4
49.5
55.0
'
Telephone 1/
11.1
12.6
15.1
15.5
17.5
20.9
22.8
26.3
30.3
Telegraph 2/
18.2
17.6
19.2
20.2
19.5
17.0
16.2
16.1
16.0
Broadcasting
2.0
2.3
3.4
3.7
4.0
5.2
5.4
7.0
8.6
Radiobroadcasting
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.9
3.2
4.3
4.3
5.3
6.2
Wire diffusion f/
o
o
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.7
2.4
Total post and telecommunications revenue
44.6
46.4
53.8'
*56.2
58.6
61.6
63.4
70.7
78.6
a., The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services controlled, operated, and maintained by the
Directorate 'of Post, Telegraph; and Telephone of the Ministry of Communications. All data are rounded to the nearest
hundred thousand leks.
.b. Postal revenue was estimated to include 30 percent of total revenue. This estimate was based on analogy with postal
revenue in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria. //
c. Revenue from the various telecommunications services was derived by applying known and estimated price data gi to
known and estimated service volumes in Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6, (pp. 15, 17, 17, and 23, respectively, below) unless
otherwise indicated.
d. Telephone revenue includes revenue from local and interurban calls, installation of telephones, and the annual tax
on telephones. Telephone revenue does not include charges in excess of the base rate for telephone services or miscel-
laneous charges for specialized telephone service.
e. Including only revenue from regular telegrams Sent.
f. Revenue from the annual tax on wired loudspeakers was estimated to be 60 percent of revenue from the annual tax on
radiobroadcast receivers. This estimate was based on analogy with wired loudspeaker taxes and radiobroadcast receiver
taxes in Rumania and Bulgaria. 2/
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ALBANIA
Figure 2 50X1
Distribution of Post and Telecommunications Revenue
by Type of Service 1950, 1954,1955, and 1958
1950
1955
1%
1954
1+ff
110
Postal ri Radiobroadcasting
Telephone Wire-Diffusion
Telegraph
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The annual amount of revenue from telegraph service appears
to be leveling off and during the next few years will probably re-
main about the same as in 1958. With the expected increase in
telephone and broadcasting facilities, revenue from telephone,
radiobroadcasting, and wire-diffusion services will probably con-
tinue to increase at a high rate in the future. As a consequence
of this increase, the average annual increase in total revenue is
expected to be equal to or higher than the average annual rate of
about 11.3 percent that occurred from 1956 through 1958. 12/
Little information is available on investment in the public
post and telecommunications system of Albania, but such investment
is believed to be small. Although revenue from post and tele-
communications services has probably been sufficient to meet the
maintenance and operating expenses of the system, it has not been
sufficient to provide the funds needed for investment. Some of
the deficiency in investment funds has been made up in the past by
gifts from the USSR, especially in the form of radiobroadcasting
facilities. There are indications that such aid will be continued
in the future. Furthermore, a larger amount of domestic funds is
expected to be made available through the influence of OSS. Even
with the expected increase in future investment, the expansion and
development of the post and telecommunications system of Albania
will probably be hindered by a lack of investment for many years. 11/
C. Manpower
No information is available on the number of workers employed
in the labor force of the public post and telecommunications system
of Albania. The labor force is believed to be large enough, although
it is low in the number of technically trained workers. The labor
productivity of post and telecommunications workers is probably low,
as indicated by the inadequate number of skilled workers and the in-
sufficient amount of automatic and semiautomatic telecommunications
equipment used in the system. The average wage level of post and
telecommunications workers is probably low as a consequence of the
low labor productivity.
Training opportunities for these workers have increased sub-
stantially since 1950. At that time, training was limited almost
exclusively to that received at the Military Signal School operated
by the Engineer Directorate of Army Headquarters. This school pro-
vided 6-month courses in telecommunications and allowed about 15
civilians to enroll. Technical training in radiobroadcasting was
negligible until 1952, when a radiobroadcasting laboratory was es-
tablished in conjunction with a 50-kilowatt (kw) radiobroadcasting
station. Radiobroadcasting laboratories have been established since
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1952 at several other radiobroadcasting stations. Further training
opportunities in telecommunications were provided in 1955, when the
Polytechnical Institute in Tirane established an electronics labo-
ratory which offered courses in industrial electronics. In addition,
special courses in post, telegraph, and telephone services have been
established at other institutes of higher learning by the Ministry of
Education. 1.2/
In spite of the increase in training opportunities for post
and telecommunications workers. since 1950, domestic training is still
largely uncoordinated and insufficient in quantity, and high-level
telecommunications courses are not offered. Greater coordination and
expansion of training facilities in Albania are expected in the future
in order to keep pace with the expansion and development of the post
and telecommunications system.
Domestic training facilities in Albania have been supplemented
by the use of training facilities in other Soviet Bloc countries,
especially the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. The first group of
Albanian students in telecommunications to use these facilities com-
pleted its studies in 1952. There are indications that Albania has
used training facilities in other Bloc countries to a large extent
since that time. Because domestic training is not expected to be
adequate to provide the necessary number of skilled workers in the
post and telecommunications system in the near future, Albania will-
probably continue to supplement its domestic training program by
training in other Bloc countries. 1.
D. Equipment
Albania produces no telecommunications equipment. Almost all
telecommunications equipment imported by Albania since 1948 has come
from other Soviet Bloc countries, especially from the USSR, Czecho-
slovakia, and Hungary. Although much of the equipment in use in Al-
bania was produced in Italy, being imported before 1948, imports from
non-Bloc countries since that time have been restricted almost ex-
clusively to a small amount of Italian telegraph equipment and spare
parts for radiobroadcast receivers.
Telecommunications equipment imported from the Soviet Bloc
includes telephone equipment, automatic switchboards, aluminum wire,
cable, insulating tape, telephones, radiobroadcast receivers, and
radiobroadcasting transmitters and associated equipment. The USSR
supplied several of the radiobroadcasting transmitters in use in
Albania in 1958 and is to supply transmitters and all associated
equipment for a large radiobroadcasting station in 1959. Most radio-
broadcast receivers and telephone equipment imported since 1958 have
come from Czechoslovakia and Hungary. 111/
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Three establishments in Albania have the potential for produc-
ing some telecommunications equipment -- the Enver Hoxha Works, a
government radio repair shop in Tirane, and the Central Military Repair
Workshops. These as well as more newly established plants may even-
tually produce telecommunications equipment to meet some of the re-
quirements of the post and telecommunications system. It is expected,
however, that most of the equipment installed in the system in the
future will be imported from other Soviet Bloc countrieB. It is.un-
likely that telecommunications equipment will be produced in Albania
for export for mPny years. 12/
IV. Postal Service
The postal system of Albania is controlled, operated, and main-
tained by the Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone. The
system not only provides services for the government but also provides
the major medium of communications available to the general public.
Postal service is provided by a nationwide network of main post offices
and sub-post offices, with main post offices being maintained in Tirane
and in the capitals of each of the 26 administrative districts of the
country. Each administrative district also has at least one sub-post
office, which is under the jurisdiction of the main post office. Tirane
has at least three sub-post offices.
Service provided by the postal system includes the collection of
annual taxes on radiobroadcast receivers and wired loudspeakers as well
as the sale of stamps and money orders. In addition, public telephone
and telegraph offices are maintained by all main post offices and many
sub-post offices. Many post offices also maintain savings offices, but
the latter are controlled and staffed by the Peoples Bank of Albania,
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance. lY
The postal service of Albania is slow and unreliable. Most mail
between the larger cities goes by train because of poor road conditions.
Service to villages and farms is usually provided by postmen on bi-
cycles or on foot. During the winter the delivery of mail in mountain-
ous regions sometimes takes more than a month.
The total volume of letters, money orders, and parcels sent in Al-
bania is shown in Table 2.* The average annual increase in the volume
of letters was about 4.3 percent from 1950 through 1958. This increase
has been erratic, with the highest absolute volume occurring during
1952-53. The annual volume of letters sent will probably continue to
be erratic but will increase as the postal system: is expanded to meet
more adequately the needs of the rural areas. No data are available
* Table 2 follows on p. 12.
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Table 2
Estimated Volume of Letters, Money Orders, and Parcels Sent
in Albania 21
1950-58
Thousand Units
Year
Letters
Money Orders
Parcels
Total Volume
1950
6,579
447
52
7,078
1951
8,363
257
24
8,644
1952
10,274
248
19
10,541
1953
9,896
245
20
10,161
1954
7,654
217
27
7,898
1955
8,593
222
27
8,842
1956
8,024
224
17
8,265
1957
8,794
231
17
9,042
1958
9,207 12/
236 12/
1721
9,460
a. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand.
b. Extrapolated by applying to the data for 1958 the average annual rate of growth
from 1954 through 1957.
c. Assumed to be the same as in 1957.
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on the volume of newspapers and periodicals sent, but the emphasis
given by the government to the circulation of newspapers and periodi-
cals for propaganda purposes has probably caused this volume to in-
crease at a higher rate than the volume of letters.
Another indication of the underdeveloped status of the postal
system of Albania is the lack of automatic and semiautomatic equipment
used in the system and the small number of postal facilities in the
country. In 1957 the total number of main post offices and sub-post
offices was only 90, an increase of 15 above the level of 1950. 1f/
Since 1957, however, much greater emphasis has been given to the
expansion and development of the postal system. One main post office
was completed in 1958, probably in Tirane, and at least five sub-
post offices were under construction. Plans for the expansion of the
postal system include the establishment of a sub-post office in each
of the 217 administrative localities.* Although no date is available
for the completion of this project, the number of sub-post offices
will probably increase rapidly during the next few years. The es-
tablishment of these sub-post offices will greatly increase the
capacity, reliability, and efficiency of postal service to small
villages and to the rural areas of Albania. 12/
V. Telephone and Telegraph Services
The public telephone and telegraph system of Albania is operated,
maintained, and controlled by the Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and
Telephone. Domestic telephone and telegraph services are provided by
a low-capacity, overhead wireline network, whereas international serv-
ices in general are provided by point-to-point radio facilities. There
are no known microwave radio relay facilities in use in the system.
Of the services provided, telephone service is the most extensive.
The use of telegraph service reached a peak in 1953 and has gradually
declined since that time.
Both wireline and point-to-point radio facilities have increased
substantially since 1950. Nevertheless, these facilities are still
adequate to meet only the basic requirements of the government, and
little service is available for private use. Plans for the improve-
ment of the telephone and telegraph system include greater automation
of the telephone network in the major cities and the expansion of the
wireline network in rural areas.
* An administrative locality is a subdivision of an administrative
district.
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A. Telephone
The telephone system of Albania has expanded considerably
since 1950, but this expansion has occurred primarily in urban areas.
In expanding the system, the government appears to have relied more
heavily on telephone service at the expense of telegraph service, as
indicated by the steady growth in the number of telephone calls in
comparison with the gradual decline in the number of telegrams since
1953. The estimated number of domestic telephone calls increased
from about 620,000 in 1950 to about 1,450,000 in 1958, as shown in
Table 3,* an average annual increase of about 11.2 percent. The high
ratio of domestic telephone calls to telephone subscribers indicates
that the number of domestic calls include both local and interurban
calls. Although the greater proportion of domestic calls is believed
to consist of local calls in the major centers of population, the
number of interurban calls between major centers of population prob-
ably grew significantly while the number of telegrams declined. The
number of international telephone calls is known to have increased at
a high rate since 1953.
The availability of telephone service has increased, especially
since 1956. From 1956 through 1958 there was an average annual in-
crease in the estimated number of telephone subscribers of about 35.4
percent (see Table 4**). Telephone facilities were installed in sub-
post offices at an increased rate during the period. Furthermore,
greater emphasis has been given to the installation of automatic
telephone exchanges in the larger centers of population, and by 1960
all major centers of population in Albania are to have automatic ex-
changes.
The expansion of the telephone system in the past has bene-
fited the government primarily. The large increase in the number of
telephone subscribers has consisted almost entirely of government
officials, and the availability of telephone service for private use
has been restricted to a small number of public telephones located in
main post offices and some sub-post offices. By the end of 1958 the
telephone system probably reached a point of development in which
facilities were sufficient to meet the basic requirements of the
government. A greater number of facilities will become available in
the larger centers of population for private use in the future, not
only in post offices but also in homes. In 1958 a plan for the ex-
pansion of telephone facilities in Tirane provided for the installa-
tion of telephones in from 8 to 10 percent of the homes in that city.
Similar plans have been made for the installation of private tele-
phones in other major centers of population. Although these telephones
* Table 3 follows on p. 15.
** Table 4 follows on p. 17.
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Table 3
Estimated Number of Domestic and International Telephone Calls
over Public Facilities in Albania 2/
1950-58
Thousand Telephone Calls
Index of Total
Year
Domestic 12/
International
Total.
(1250 = 100)
1950
620.3
0.1
620.4
100
1951
724.2
0.1
724.3
117
1952
831.4
0.2
831.6
134
1953
883.9
0.3
884.2
143
1954
973.6
1.4
975.0
157
1955
1,125.0
4.2
1,129.2
182
1956
1,182.5
6.5
1,189.0
192
1957
1,312.0
11.0
1,323.0
213
1958
1,448.4 2/
15.5 2/
1,463.9
236
a. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred
b. Domestic calls are assumed to Include both local and interurban calls because of the
relatively high volume Compared with the number of telephone subscribers.
c. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth from 1954 through 1957.
d. Assuming the same absolute increase in 1958 as in 1957.
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will probably be installed,in.the homes of government officials, it
is significant that this is the first time that facilities have been
available to any extent for home use. 22/
Telephone facilities in villages and rural areas, however,
are still extremely limited. Plans for the future include the ex-
tension of the telephone network to these areas as well as the in-
stallation of automatic equipment and the expansion of service in
the urban areas. Although telephone service will probably continue
to increase rapidly in the future, the amount of service available
for private use and for rural areas will probably remain small for
many years. 22/
B. Telegraph
The telegraph system of Albania provides service for ordinary
telegrams only. There are no known facilities for facsimile telegraph
or subscriber telegraph (TELEX) services in"operation and no indica-
tions that plans for the expansion and development of the system pro-
vide for the establishment of such facilities in the near future.
In 1950 the telegraph network in Albania connected all cen-
ters of population. Manual morse facilities rather than modern tele-
type facilities were used, and the service provided was inefficient.
Service to towns and villages was extremely limited except to those
situated along the routes of telegraph lines between centers of pop-
ulation. During 1951-55, little emphasis was given to the expansion
of the system, and the number of telegraph offices increased only
from about 50 to about 60 during the period. Since 1955, however,
there are indications that a greater number of telegraph offices have
been established in sub-post offices throughout the country. Li'
The telegraph system is still the primary means for interna-
tional telecommunications service in Albania. All international tele-
graph service is now provided by automatic morse or radioteletype fa-
cilities. The telegraph system is expected to continue to provide the
major means of international telecommunications service in Albania in
the future. .?1/
In spite of the recent expansion of the telegraph system in
Albania, the number of telegrams has continued to decrease steadily
since 1953, as shown in Table 5.* This decrease has probably resulted
from the greater use of the telephone system for domestic telecom-
munications service, once that system had developed to the point of
* Table 5 follows on p. 17.
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Table 4
Estimated Number of Telephone Subscribers in Albania a
1950-58
Year
Subscribers
(Thousand Units)
Index
(1950 = 100)
1950
1.3
100
1951
1.3
100
1952
1.7
131
1953
1.7
131
1954
2.0
154
1955
2.7W
208
1956
3.6W
277
1957
4.9 12/
377
1958
6.6J
508
a. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred
b. Interpolated by applying to the data for 1955-57 the average annual
rate of growth from 1954 through 1958.
c. 2
Table 5
Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent ove'r Public Facilities
in Albania 21
1950-58
Year
Telegrams
(Thousand Units)
Index
(1950 = 100)
1950
909
100
1951
878
97
1952
961
106
1953
1,008
111
1954
976
107
1955
852
94
1956
812
89
1957
807
89
1958
802 12/
88
a. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand
b. Assuming the same absolute decrease in 1958 as in 1957.
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providing good coverage. This conclusion is indicated by the follow-
ing comparison (in thousand units) of the number of domestic telephone
calls and the number of telegrams sent in 1950, 1954, and 1958:
ni Domestic Telephone Calls
Telegrams ,sent
909
620
\?\\\\
1.
974 976 .
1,448
802
1950
1954 1958
(Thousand Units)
Although the number of telephone calls is assumed to include
both local and interurban calls, the increase in the number. of inter-
urban calls has probably more than compensated for the decrease in
the number of telegrams.
C. Common Telecommunications Facilities
The common telecommunications facilities in the public tele-
communications system of Albania consist of wireline and point-to-
point radio facilities only. The wireline network is used mainly to
provide domestic telecommunications service. Point-to-point radio
facilities are used as the primary medium for international tele-
communications service. As microwave radio relay and tropospheric
scatter facilities provide an efficient means for telecommunications
in mountainous regions, one or both of these facilities will prob-
ably be used in Albania some time in the future. As yet, however,
the installation of these facilities is not included in available
plans for the expansion of common telecommunications facilities.
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1. Wirelines
The wireline network of Albania is small in capacity and
in total length of wirelines. Almost all of the network consists of
overhead wires strung on wooden poles along roads and railroads be-
tween the more important centers of population. Except for two lines
between Tirane and Durres, which are used exclusively for telephone
traffic, all wirelines are used for both telegraph and telephone
traffic. The only cable lines in Albania are two submarine cables
between the mainland and Sazan Island and also probably short multi-
conductor cable lines in Tirane and a few of the other major centers
of population. 221/
The total length of wirelines in Albania during 1950-58
was as follows*:
Kilometers
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
5,040 8,250 8,800 8,930 9,34o 9,680 9,720 9,790 9,950**
The average annual rate of growth in the total length of wirelines
from 1950 through 1958 was 8.9 percent. Most of this increase oc-
curred in 1951, however, and the average annual rate of growth from
1954 through 1958 was about 1.6 percent. These wirelines are con-
centrated along the coast of Albania between Shkoder and Vlone and
between Tirane and Elbasan, as shown in Figure 3.*** The rugged
terrain in the rest of the country hinders the construction and main-
tenance of wireline facilities. Therefore only the more important
centers of population are connected to the wireline network.
The only international wireline facilities believed to
be in operation in 1958 were three overhead wirelines connecting
Albania and Yugoslavia. Before 1950, international wireline fa-
cilities also included six submarine cable lines -- four connecting
Albania and Italy and two connecting Albania and Greece -- and two
overhead wirelines connecting Albania and Greece. Operation of
these facilities was discontinued when the Communists took control
of the Albanian government. There have been negotiations for the
reestablishment of the submarine cable lines between Albania and
** Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth from
1954 through 1957.
*** Following p. 20.
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Italy, but there is no indication that operation of these facilities
has actually been reestablished. 21/
According to recent plans, the wireline network in Albania
is to be extended in the future to include not only the more important
centers of population but also villages and towns in outlying areas.
Irrespective of these plans, future expansion of the wireline network
will probably continue to be slow at the rate of investment which is
expected. Because of the isolated geographical position of Albania
with relation to other Soviet Bloc countries, the emphasis on common
telecommunications facilities for international service will likely
remain on point-to-point radio rather than on wireline facilities. 2/
2. Point-to-Point Radio
Point-to-point radio facilities are the basis for Albania's
international telecommunications service. International point-to-
point radio communications are maintained with all of the other Soviet
Bloc countries and with Yugoslavia, Italy, and Communist China, as :
shown in Figure 4.* Point-to-point radio communications with other
countries are relayed through some of these countries, especially
Czechoslovakia.
Most point-to-point radio connections between Albania
and other countries are radiotelegraph, with automatic morse facili-
ties used predominantly. In addition to automatic morse, radiotele-
graph connections include radioteletype from Albania to the USSR and
to Hungary, and radiotelephone connections have recently been estab-
lished from Albania to the USSR, to Communist China, and to Italy.
As Albania has made little effort to establish direct point-to-point
radio service with non-Sino-Soviet Bloc countries, no significant
changes in service are expected in the near future. The number and
power of point-to-point radio facilities will probably be increased,
however, to provide better service with other Bloc countries. &
Albania has no domestic point-to-point radio network.
Reliance for domestic telecommunications service will probably con-
tinue td be placed on the wireline network.
VI. Broadcasting Services
Broadcasting services of Albania are restricted to domestic and
international amplitude-modulation (AM) radiobroadcasting and wire-
diffusion services. No television or frequency-modulation (FM)
radiobroadcasting facilities are in operation in the broadcasting
system, and there is no indication of plans for the establishment
of them in the near future.
* Following p. 20.
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Statute Miles
0 10 20 30 40
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20
21
ALBANIA
MAIN TELECOMMUNICATIONS WIRELINES, JUNE 1959
Directorate of Post, Telegraph and Telephone
of the
Ministry of Communications
Open Wireline
Submarine cable
0 Repeater station
Exact routing of wireline facilities is not known.
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41
0
50
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Azimuthal Equidistant Projection centered on Prague
0 I 30
ALBANIA
INTERNATIONAL RADIOTELEGRAPH AND RADIOTELEPHONE CIRCUITS
JUNE 1959
Directorate of Post, Telegraph and Telephone
of the
Ministry of Communications
Only terminal locations are shown.
Exact routings are unknown.
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Automatic Morse
Teletype
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Both the AM radiobroadcasting and the wire-diffusion systems of
Albania have expanded at a rapid rate since 1950. Irrespective of
this expansion, wire-diffusion and radiobroadcasting services are
still not extensive, and the broadcast reception base is small.
Further expansion of the system is planned for the near future to
provide more adequate service not only throughout Albania but also
to Central and Southern Europe and to the Middle East. Although
the number of radiobroadcast receivers and wired loudspeakers is
expected to continue to increase at a high rate, the broadcast re-
ception base will remain low until at least 1965, except in the
larger centers'of population.
A. Radiobroadcasting
Control of the radiobroadcasting service of Albania is shared
by the Directorate of Radiobroadcasting of the Council of Ministers
and the Direct-Orate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone of the Ministry
of Communications. The preparation and monitoring of radiobroadcast
programs, both domestic and international, are controlled by the
Directorate of Radiobroadcasting. The control of the operation and
maintenance of radiobroadcasting facilities is the responsibility of
the Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.
In 1950 the program output of the international and domestic
radiobroadcasting services in Albania was extremely snail. There.
were only four radiobroadcasting transmitters, all of which were of
low power and were used primarily to provide domestic service. The
radiobroadcast reception base was also very small. There are esti-
mated to have been only about 9,000 radiobroadcast receivers in use
in Albania at that time. With the exception of a small number of
receivers using batteries, almost all of these were located in the
major cities.
Radiobroadcasting facilities have increased substantially in
number and power since 1950, largely through aid furnished by the
USSR. In 1952 the first radiobroadcasting transmitter of relatively
high power, 50 kilowatts (kw), was installed. The operation of this
medium-frequency transmitter extended considerably the range of the
radiobroadcasting service of Albania. By 1958 the estimated number
of radiobroadcasting transmitters had increased to 10, including a
relatively high-powered, high-frequency transmitter of probably
60 kw. The remaining eight transmitters are all of low power. 22/
The number of radiobroadcast receivers in Albania is still
inadequate to provide radiobroadcast reception for most of the pop-
ulation. For example, in 1958 there were only about 19 receivers
per thousand persons. The estimated volume of radiobroadcast re-
ceivers has increased rapidly since 1950, however, as shown in
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Table 6.* The highest rate of expansion occurred from 1954 through
1958. During this period, there was an average annual increase in
the estimated number of receivers of about 18.3 percent. Although
expansion will probably continue at this rate or an even higher rate
in the near future, the radiobroadcast reception base will continue
to be small until after 1965, especially in the rural areas. .3g
Radio Tirane provides most of the radiobroadcasting service
of Albania. Regional radiobroadcasting stations originate programs
of a local nature, but most of their broadcast time is devoted to
the relay of Radio Tirane programs. Some broadcast time is devoted
to newspaper articles from the USSR and to the rebroadcast of Radio
Moscow programs. In the last few years, emphasis has been given to
programs for children as a means of indoctrinating them in Communist
beliefs.
The international radiobroadcasting service of Albania is
also centered in Tirane. International service was negligible until
the installation of the 50-kw transmitter in 1952. This transmitter
provided a more adequate base for transmission to the Balkan Penin-
sula, Italy, Central Europe, and most of the Middle East. In June
1959, Radio Tirane broadcasted international programs in English,
French, Italian, Serbo-Croat, Greek, and Arabic (see Figure 5**). It
also broadcasted programs in Albanian by means of a transmitter lo-
cated in Bulgaria for Albanians living in North America. 2/
It is expected that the AM radiobroadcasting system will
continue to expand in the future at a rate of increase as high as
or higher than that experienced since 1950. No FM facilities are
expected to be instaJled in the near future. The USSR has offered
to give Albania the required equipment and technical help to estab-
lish a new AM radiobroadcasting station, including high-frequency
and medium-frequency transmitters, a building, and a studio. Con-
struction of this station is to begin in 1959. The station is to
begin operating by the end of 1962. The transmitters will probably
be used for both domestic and internationsl radiobroadcasting. The
installation of these transmitters will provide Albania with an
improved transmission base for domestic radiobroadcasting service.
The use of the transmitters for international radiobroadcasting ser-
vice will also provide Albania, which has a large Moslem population,
with an effective weapon for Soviet Bloc propaganda to the Arab
world. Tfi
* Table 6 follows on p. 23.
** Following p. 24.
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Table 6
Estimated Broadcast Reception Base in Albania 2/
1950-58
Thousand Units
Year
Radiobroadcast Receivers 12/
Wired Loudspeakers
Total
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
9
11
12
13
14
20
20
24
28/
0
0
521
62/
621
72/
82/
132/
18 01
9
11
17
19
20
27
28
37
46
a. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand.
c. 121/
e. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, for 1956-58.
f. Extrapolated by applying to the data for 1958 the average annual rate of growth
from 1954 through 1957.
g ? 123.i
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B. Wire Diffusion
The wire-diffusion system of Albania is operated, maintained,
and controlled in the same way as the radiobroadcasting system. The
Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone is responsible for the
operation and maintenance of wire-diffusion facilities, and the
Directorate of Radiobroadcasting is responsible for the preparation
and monitoring of programs. The system is patterned after the wire-
diffusion system of the USSR. Wire-diffusion centers throughout the
country receive Radio Tirane broadcasts and rebroadcast these pro-
grams by means of wirelines to individual wired loudspeakers. In
addition, wire-diffusion centers originate their own programs, such
as local news and propaganda talks. Besides being installed in
private homes, wired loudspeakers are installed in public squares,
factories, offices, and other public gathering places. 1.4../2/
The reception of broadcasts on wired loudspeakers is re-
stricted to those broadcasts from wire-diffusion centers. The in-
herent advantage of wire diffusion, its "captive" audience, has
been one of the more important reasons for the development of wire
diffusion in many of the other Soviet Bloc countries. In Albania,
however, only a small segment of the population, mainly trusted Com-
munists or Communist supporters, is in possession of radiobroadcast
receivers. Therefore the major problem in Albania is not one of
restricting the reception of radiobroadcasts to those sponsored by
the government but of increasing the broadcast reception base of
the country as quickly and efficiently as possible.
The wire-diffusion system of Albania was initiated in 1952.
The system expanded gradually until the end of 1956 and then expanded
at a much higher rate of increase (see Table 6*). This expansion is
shown by the average annual increase of wired loudspeakers of about
50 percent from 1956 through 1958 compared with the average annual
increase of about 12 percent from 1952 through 1956. Recent expan-
sion has occurred not only in the major centers of population but
also in villages and collective farms. For example, in 1956 an in-
vestment fund of 1 million leks was set aside for the installation
of wire-diffusion facilities in 12 villages in the region of Dropul
e Poshte. The government will probably continue to expand the wire-
diffusion system at a high rate as the chief means of broadening the
broadcast reception base as quickly as possible. L42/
* P. 23, above.
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Figure 5
Shkoder
. ?
(8217)
ALBANIA
RADIOBROADCASTING STATIONS
June 1959
Directorate of Post, Telegraph and
Telephone of the
Ministry of Communications
AMPLITUDE MODULATION STATIONS?AM
STUDIO
Home Service I
-III Home Service II
Regional
TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY
? High 0 Medium
? INTERNATIONAL SERVICE
'International Service to North America is
relayed by a transmitter in Sofia (Sto
Bulgaria.
( 7850 ) Numbers indicate known frequencies in
kilocycles.
YUGOSLAVIA
TIRANE
To Sofia (Stolnik)
0(9700)
? Beret
011
Gjinokaster.
.r..
0 gill
( 1370)
? Korge
GREECE
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VII. Future Trends
In general, there has been a substantial increase in facilities
and services in the public post and telecommunications system in
Albania since 1950, especially after 1955. Future plans indicate
that these facilities and services will be increased at an even
higher rate than in the past. In spite of this planned increase,
the amount of telecommunications services available for the rural
areas and for private use will be small in the near future.
Primary emphasis in the improvement of the system will be given
to the expansion and development of the telephone and broadcasting
systems. Major courses of action expected to be pursued by the
Directorate of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone include the following:
1. To install automatic telephone exchanges in all centers
of population and increase the number and capacity of exchanges in
areas already having such facilities.
2. To increase the availability of rural telephone service
by extending the wireline network into more villages and rural areas
and by establishing telephone offices in a greater number of sub-
post offices.
3. To increase the number and power of radiobroadcasting
transmitters for the expansion of international radiobroadcasting
service.
4. To expand the domestic broadcast reception base by in-
creasing the number and power of domestic radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters and by expanding the wire-diffusion network.
5. To increase the number of sub-post offices in outlying
areas of the country.
6. To increase the number of technical training facilities
and opportunities for post and telecommunications workers.
7. To continue active participation in OSS and to attempt
to fulfill OSS plans in Albania for the improvement and unification
of post and telecommunications systems in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
A larger amount of investment in the post and telecommunications
system of Albania is expected in the future. This investment will
probably be provided both by an increase in domestic funds for
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investment and by an increase in financial and technical aid from
the USSR. Even with the increase in investment, however, the system
will continue to remain the most underdeveloped in the Soviet Bloc
for the foreseeable future.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the infOrmation to be transmitted in telecommunications.
(See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process in-
volved in producing telecommunications service which does not re-
quire direct, immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands, as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and below
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mcxxx
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30;000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF)
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
(EHF)
Corresponding Wave*
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
Hectometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Dec imetric waves*
Centimetric waves*
Millimetric waves*xxx
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
in the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency, and the shorter the wave length, gOotnotes continued on p. 3?7
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to
as ftmulticonductor cable.
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
dividing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into por-
tions which can be used independently of and simultaneously with
all other portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are
selected for each portion to "carry" the information to be trans-
mitted, after alternation by the information frequencies. The car-
rier itself need not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit
information independently of and simultaneously with all other
portions. A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications con-
nection between distant points. By the application of appropriate
techniques, a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations
to meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunica-
tions service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single
telecommunications units in sequence. In its most complex form it
may by apportionment carry sinultaneously thousands of telephone
channels and telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs;
and other specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broad-
cast programs, radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often ar-
ranged into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 tele-
vision program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 tele-
phone channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone
channels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12
telephone channels each. One or more telephone channels may be fur-
ther subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype sub-
channels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated by
combining two or more telephone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
**** It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecom-
munications cable medium technique using one or more tubes (some-
times called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire
supported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube
usually contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial
cable is used for the transmission of information in complex. form,
such as radar, computer data, or television signals, and/or for the
transmission of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A
single tube usually carries information in only one direction at a
time. The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance be-
tween repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have
from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of
600 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater
station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new developmental
coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total
of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the
repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical science and technology that treats of the behavior of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications makes
extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions (telegraph) service in which photographs, drawings, hand-
writing, and printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded
reception. In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or
dots of constant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are
built up of lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred
to as "telephoto" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
facilities of relatively low capacity which join facilities of rela-
tively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric cur-
rent, voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or
direction. (See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Amplitude modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities .
managed and operated by a single agency, organization, company,
department, committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to
the facilities of a basic system.
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
(Multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes
possible long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however, are responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and
differences between daytime and nighttime radio reception. They
are also used as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-
transmission techniques to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to
1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way tele-
communications circuit which can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing tele-
communications service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio
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frequencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally
afford practical direct transmission to great distances, princi-
pally because they do not bend well around the earth's surface and
because they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are,
however, capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon
(line-of-sight) by the use of special antennas which concentrate
the radio energy and give it desired direction. Great distances
can, in consequence, be reached by this technique by the inter-
position of relay stations along the route of the line with a
spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute miles, depending upon
terrain conditions. This technique can be employed practically
to carry from a small number of telephone channels and telegraph
subchannels to thousands of such channels and subchannels through
2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or more television and other special-
ized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which is intended to be operational while in motion or
during halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information' signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which can be readily moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion, (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not Public or common.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
?Tusually measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
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Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical asso-
ciation of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various arrangements
for the purpose of providing 2-way multichannel operation.
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio fre-
quencies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other
of two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and iono-
sphere) at a predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the
energy arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique
is especially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and
Antarctic) where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of
weather and terrain and where the conventional long-distance radio
media of the lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to
serious disruptive propagational anomalies. (See Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-word-
per-minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunJ,cations
circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other
entity in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications
service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
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Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
effecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to
a,typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
received by type printer on a roll of paper or a roll of tape, or
by perforations on a roll of tape, or by both. (Sometimes called a
"teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting
facilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A Modern device which is capable of performing in a solid
-(germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by the con-
ventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earthis surface to'a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter
transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions medium, now under development in several countries, which may
be capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conventional
and complex information. It consists of a circular or rectangular
hollow metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in the form
of waves, much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired Loudspeaker: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or an underground cable, used
as a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
The statistical data in this report were developed in large part
from information contained in the Albanian statistical yearbook for
1958.
The validity of the data presented was checked toy in-
formation from other sources, by analysis of the interrelationships
that are known to exist among various statistical data, and by
analogy with other Soviet Bloc countries.
The specific methodology used in the determination of each
statistical series,
contained in the footnotes to each of the tables.
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