POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN POLAND 1950-57

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• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 10, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 31, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 65
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN POLAND
1950 - 57
CIA/RR 152
31 October 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN POLAND
1950-57
CIA/RR 152
(ORR Project 46.1962)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those post and telecommunications
facilities and services in Poland operated and controlled by the
Ministry of Communications. Other ministries operate functional
telecommunications systems such as those serving the armed forces,
shipping, railroads, and industries. These independent post and
telecommunications systems are not covered in this report. It must
be pointed out, however, that although the facilities and services
covered here are confined to those under the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Communications, their use is not so restricted. The
armed forces make abundant use of this system, ao do all ministries.
This report is one of a series on the post and telecommunica-
tions services of the various countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions
I. Introduction
II. Ministry of Communications
1
3
3
A.
Organization
3
B.
Revenue
5
C.
Investment
10
D.
Manpower
11
1. Labor Force
11
2. Wages
12
3. Training
14
4. Productivity
15
E.
Equipment
15
1. Production
15
2. Imperts and Exports
17
III.
Postal System
17
IV.
Telephone and Telegraph Systems
20
A.
Telephone
20
B.
Telegraph
23
C.
Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities
26
1. Wireline
26
2. Microwave Radio Relay
27
3. Point-to-Point Radio
27
m. LJumestic Network
27
b. International Network
28
V.
Broadcasting System
28
A.
Radiobroadcasting
29
B.
Wire-Diffusion
35
C.
Television
36
VI.
Future Trends
37
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
Appendix B. Methodology
Page
39
4.7
Tables
1. Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Communi-
cations of Poland, by Sector, 1949-57 6
2. Estimated Rates for Local and Interurban Telephone Calls
and Telegrams of the Ministry of Communications of
Poland) 1948-57 7
3. Estimated Revenue and Expenditures of the Ministry of
Communications of Poland, 1954-55 8
4. Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Communi-
cations of Poland, by Services, 1949-54
5. Estimated Investment of the Ministry of Communi-
cations of Poland, 1950-57 11
6. Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the
Ministry of Communications of Poland, 1947757 13
7. Estimated Total Annual Wage Bill and Average Annual
Wage of Employees of the Ministry of Communications
of Poland) 1953-57 13
8. Estimated Productivity of Employees of the Ministry of
Communications of Poland) 1949-57 16
9. Estimated Volume of Postal Service of the Ministry
of Communications of Poland, .1947-57 18
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10. Estimated Number of Post and Telecommunications
Offices of the Ministry of Communications of
Poland, 1947-57
11. Estimated Number of Telephone Instruments, Subscriber
Lines Available, Subscriber Lines in Use, and Plinio
Telephone Booths of the Ministry of Communications
of Poland, 1947-57
Page
22
12. Estimated Number of Local and Interurban Telephone
Calls Made Over Facilities Operated by the Ministry
of Communications of Poland, 1947-57 23
13. Estimated Number of Domestic and International Telegrams
Transmitted Over Facilities Operated by the Ministry
of Communications of Poland, 1947-57 24
14. Estimated Number of Domestic Radiobroadcasting Stations
and Transmitters in Poland, 1947-57 30
15. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receiver Subscribers
in Poland, 1947-57
16. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receiver Subscribers
in Poland, by Province (Voevodztvo), 1954-56 32
17. Estimated Hours of Operation of Radiobroadcasting
Stations in Poland, 1954-56 34
18. Estimated Number of Wire-Diffusion Subscribers in
Poland, 1947-57 36
19. Estimated Number of Television Receivers in Use in
Poland, 1954-57 37
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Illustrations
Following Page
.Figure
1.
Poland: Organization of the Ministry of
Communications, 1957 (Chart)
Figure
2.
Poland: Main Telephone Exchanges, 1957,
Ministry of Communications (Map)
Inside
Back Cover
Figure
3.
Poland: Subscriber Telegraph Exchanges, .
1956 -- Ministry of Communications (Map) . ? ?
24
Figure
4.
Poland: Main Telecommunicat\ions Wirelines,
May 1958 -- Ministry of Communications
Inside
(Map)
Back Cover
Figure
5
Poland: Proposed Microwave Radio Relay
Network, May 1958 -- Ministry of Communica-
,
Figure
6.
tions (Map)
Poland: Domestic Radiotelegraph and Radio-
telephone Circuits, May 1958 -- Ministry of
28
Communications (Map)
28
Figure
7.
Poland: International Radiotelegraph and
Radiotelephone Circuits, 1957 -- Ministry of
Communications (Map)
28
Figure
8.
Poland: Radiobroadcasting and Television
Stations, March 1958 --? Ministry of Communica-
tions (Map)
30
Figure
9.
Poland: Percent of International Radiobroad-
casting Hours, by Target Area, 1957 (Chart).
34
Figure 10.
Poland: Percent of International Radiobroad-
casting Hours, by Language, 1957 (Chart) . .
34
Figure 11.
Poland: Growth in Number of Urban and
Rural Broadcast Subscribers, 194b and 1956
(Chart)
36
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(Project 46.1962)
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN POLAND*
1950-57
Summary and Conclusions
The public** post and telecommunications system in Poland, which
provides postal, telephone, telegraph, radiobroadcasting, wire-diffu-
sion, and television services, is managed by the Ministry of Communi-
cations. Government agencies, state enterprises, and the armed forces
are the principal consumers of telephone and telegraph services, and
the public is the largest consumer of postal and broadcasting services.
A summary of the growth in major services and employment in the Minis-
try of Communications .from 1950 to 1957 follows.
Postal Volume'
Dad C111:9 Interurban
Telephone
(Billion units)
d Telegrams
(Million units)
(Billion pieces)
1950
17.2 ,
1950(1.4
1950
0.6
1957
0.6
1957
(1.5
1957
/
Radiobroadcast Subscribers
Wire -diffusion Subscribers
Employees
(Thousand units) ,
(Million units)
(Million units)
1950
1950
6.0
1950
1957
1957
J103.O
1957
Js
* The estimates and conclusions in this 'report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 15 August 1958. Technical terms are
defined in Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terms.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and services
under the control of and operated by the Ministry of Communications. It
doe's not refer to functional systems. such as those serving the armed
forces, the state police, or other ministries.
*** Including letters, newspapers, periodicals, packages, and money
orders.
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The telephone and telegraph systems supply the minimum tele-
communications needs of Poland. The telegraph system is more
widely available, but the telephone system handles the bulk of
telecommunications traffic. Services of both systems are limited
by lack of automation) and the telephone. system is also restricted
by an insufficient number of telephone exchanges and an inadequate
interurban wireline capacity. The establishment of a TELEX* net-
work, which is currently under development, will provide the largest
addition of facilities to the telecommunications system planned for,
the near future.
The wireline network, which is composed of open wirelines and
multiconductor cables, provides wide coverage throughout the country.
At present the capacity of this network is limited) but it probably
will be augmented.by a microwave radio relay network in the future.
Initially, however, the microwave network will be used to relay only
television programs.
The broadcasting system, which is composed of radiobroadcasting,
wire-diffusion, and television networks) provides domestic coverage to
all areas of Poland. International radiobroadcasting coverage extends
to Europe, North America, and South America. The radiobroadcasting
network is most intensive in urban areas, whereas the wire-diffusion
network is most intensive in rural areas. The television network, which
is just beginning to expand, ?is limited to a few major cities. The
future emphasis on broadcasting will be toward expanding the transmission
and reception base of the radiobroadcasting and television networks.
The growth of individual post and telecommunications services through
1950 will vary greatiy. Because investment funds have not increased
sufficiently to continue past rates of growth for all services, the Min-
istry of Communications has had to reevaluate its investment program.
This reevaluation is believed to have resulted in a decrease in invest-
ment expenditures for radiobroadcasting and for wire-diffusion networks
in order to maintain planned investment expenditures for the telephone
and telegraph systems and the television and microwave radio relay net-
works. The present economic reorganization is not expected to cause
major changes in the investment program.
Although the policies of the Gomulka government have resulted in
reductions in the investment funds of the Ministry of Communications,
other Gomulka policies have helped the operations of the Ministry.
* TELEX is a term applied to a system of subscriber telegraph used in
European countries. As Poland has .a subscriber telegraph network inter-
connected with the European network, the term TELEX is used in this re-
port to describe the Polish network.
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For example, the cessation of jamming activities and the subsequent
adaptation of much of the jamming equipment to radiobroadcasting use
improved radiobroadcasting service while at the same time obviating
large investment expenditures. In other instances, the emphasis of
the Gomulka government on profitability has resulted in higher rates
for telephone and telegraph services and in the elimination of mar-
ginal international radiobroadcasting services. The continuation of
this economical attitude toward telecommunications services and facil-
ities should result in better utilization of the resources of the
Ministry.
I. Introduction.
The purpose of this report is to present and evaluate the status,
operations, and development of public post and telecommunications
facilities and services provided by the Ministry of Communications in
Poland. Data generally cover the years 1947-57, but textual discussion
frequently begins with World War II and ends with future plans and
prospects. ?
II. Ministry of Cdmmunications.
A. Organization.
All public post and telecommunications facilities and services
in Poland are owned and operated by the state through the Ministry of
Communications. The primary responsibilities of the Ministry are to
provide domestic and international telephone and telegraph services
through an integrated wireline and radio network; domestic and inter-
national broadcasting service utilizing wire-diffusion, radio, and
television facilities; and domestic and international postal service.
In addition, the Ministry has the responsibility for technical control
over functional telecommunications systems operated by other ministries. 1/
After World War II the postal, telephone, and telegraph services
were organized under the Ministry of Post and Telegraph. Broadcasting
services were operated independently by the Polish Radio Committee. By
1955, most of the operations of the broadcasting services had been trans-
ferred to the Ministry of Post and Telegraph, and the Polish Radio Com-
mittee was left with the responsibility for writing and preparing the
program material. ?,/ Also, in 1955 the title of the Ministry was changed
to the Ministry of Communications. 3/
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The Minister of Communications, appointed in February 1958, is
Zygmunt Moskwa. V He is assisted by three deputy ministers: Faustyn
Ladosz, Marian Olewinski, and Zenon Szpigler. 2/ It is believed that
one of the deputies serves as the first assistant to the Minister and
that the other two deputy ministers have line responsibilities) one for
administrative control and the other for operational control.
The administrative and operational functions of the Ministry,
as shown in Figure 1)* are carried out through central administrations.
These administrations are the Central Administration of Lines and Cables,
the Central Administration of Posts, the Central Administration of Tele-
communications, and a number of central administrations for personnel and
logistical support.
The Ministry has undergone two major internal organizational
changes since the end of World War II. The first, as a result of the
gradual transfer of broadcasting services from the Polish Radio Com-
mittee) established the Central Administration of Radiobroadcasting to
assume broadcasting responsibilities for the Ministry of Communications.
The second organizational change occurred in January 1957) at which time
the Central Administrations of Telephones, of Telegraph, and of Radiobroad-
casting were consolidated under one Central Administration of Telecommuni-
cations.
The consolidation of telephone) telegraph, and broadcasting serv-
ices in 1957 under one central administration has apparently caused con-
siderable friction. The services rendered by the telephone and telegraph
services as opposed to the broadcasting services are reportedly too dis-
similar to work well together. For example, the difficulties experienced
in the ,wire-diffusion network in 1957) which led to a decrease in the
number of wired loudspeaker subscribers, were attributed in part to the
inability of these services to operate under one central administration.
One critic of the Ministry stated, "Practice has shown that such inter-
dependence 5etween the telephone and telegraph and the. broadcasting
serviceE7 yielded.very poor results, for the employees of the communi-
cations boards gentral Administration of TelecommunicationE7 are more
concerned with the telephones than with the radio." 2/ In addition)
these organizational difficulties in the Central Administration of Tele-
communications are believed to have led ito the dismissal of the former
.Minister of Communications, Jan Rabandwski. ?/ It would appear, there-
fore, that action will be taken toward reorganizing the broadcasting
services. The most likely step would be to reestablish the broadcasting
services as an independent central administration of the Ministry) al-
though the Polish Radio Committee has indicated that it could administer
the services better than the Ministry of Communications.
* Following p. 4.
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POLAND
ORGANIZATION
OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, 1957
Polish Radio Committee*
MINISTER
First Assistant Deputy Minister
Deputy Minister
for Administrative Affairs
, Deputy Minister
for Operational Control
Central Administration
of Lines and Cables
Seven Regional
administrations
26934 9-58
Central Administration
of Posts
Central Administration
of Telecommunications
Figure 1
Other Central Administrations
with responsibility for logistical
and personnel functions
Institute
of Communications
Telephone and
Telegraph Section
Radio Section
6,900 post and/or telecommunication offices
organized into 19 regional administrations
Individual '
Broadcasting Stations
'The Polish Radio Committee supplies the program material for radio and television broadcasts.
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B. Revenue.
The total revenue of the Ministry of Communications of Poland
rose from 579 million zlotys* in 1949 to 1,754 million in 1957, repre-
senting an increase of slightly more than 200 percent. Table 1,** in
addition to showing the total revenue received by the Ministry for
1949-57) gives a breakdown of the source of revenue by socialized and
by private sectors*** of the economy. Although the socialized sector
has remained the primary user of services of the Ministry, it is appa-
rent that the private sector since 1949 has accounted for an increasing
share of the total post and telecommunications services. The share or
total revenue received from the private sector does not, however, give
an accurate measure of the percent of total post and telecommunications
services used by private consumers. The prices charged the private
sector for post and telecommunications services, as shown in Table 2,****
are believed to be higher than those charged the socialized sector, thus
inflating the percent of total revenue received by the Ministry of Com-
munications from the private sector.
A statement by a deputy minister of communications in 1957 in-
dicates that, although the total revenue received by the Ministry of Com-
munications has been steadily rising since the end of World War II, the
Ministry has continued to show a yearly deficit for the same period of
time. 2/ This deficit can be attributed for the most part to-a deficit
in the private sector of the post and telecommunications services pro-
vided by the Ministry. Table 3,t which shows the accounting breakdown
for the socialized sector in 1954-55, illustrates the profit position of
this sector.
The shares of total revenue contributed by post and telecommuni-
cations services for 1949-54 are shown in Table 4.tt The most noteworthyttt
* Zloty values in this report are expressed in current zlotys unless
otherwise indicated and may be converted to US dollars at the official
rate of exchange or 4 zlotys to US $1. This exchange rate, however, does
not necessarily reflect the true dollar value. Prices have been made con-
sistent with the 1950 revaluation of the zloty.
** Table 1 follows on p. 6.
..*** The socialized sector of the economy is composed of government agen-
cies, state-owned enterprises, and military users of services provided by
the Ministry of Communications. The private sector of the economy is com-
posed of all consumers outside the socialized sector.
**** Table 2 follows on p. 7.
t Table 3 follows on p. 8.
tt Table 4 follows on p. 9.
ttt Text continued on p. 10.
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Table 1
Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Communications of Poland
by Sector 9.../
1949-57
Revenue from the socialized sector
(million current zlotys)
Percent of total revenue
Revenue from the private sector
(million current zlotys)
Percent of total revenue
Total revenue
(million current zlotys)
1949
-1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
552h/
96
26 s/
4
US/
286 2/
89
I/ 2/
11
659 E/
6692!
87
2/
13
765 g/
7212/
76
249 2/
868 2/
21L 1/
78
268W
1,0474/
76
la E/
24
1,378 h/
1,139 s/
2-2-16 2/
72
491 f/
74
3102!
74
hoc/
26
1,539 h/
24
1224E/
26
IALV, E/
22
1,219 g/
28
1,754 h/
a. The socialized sector of the economy is composed of government agencies, state-owned enterprises, and military users of services provided by
the Ministry of Communications. The private sector of the economy is composed of all consumers outside the socialized sector.
b. Total revenue was adjusted to reflect the revaluation of 1950 (3 percent of the pre-1950 value of the zloty). The revenue of the socialized
sector was derived by assuming that it amounted to 96 percent of total revenue. 10/
c. Derived from an index using 1949 as the base year. 11/ Revenue for 1956 was derived by applying the reported rate of growth of 8.9 percent, 12/
and revenue for 1957 was derived by applying the average annual rate of growth during 1949-56.
e. Derived by subtracting the socialized sector from total revenue.
f. Assuming that the private sector's share of total revenue increased each year by 2 percent above the level of the preceding year.
g. Data for 1949-54 were taken from Table 4, p. 9, below.
h. Total of revenue from socialized and private sectors.
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Table 2
Estimated Rates ? for Local and Interurban Telephone Calls and Telegrams
of the Ministry of Communications ofPoland
1948-57
Current Zlotys
Telephone rates
Local calls by public
1948 LL/
1949 LI/
1950 12/
1951 12/
1952 2/
1953 21
1954 2./
1955 Li
1956 fi 1957 di
telephone
0,10
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.50
-0 .65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.70
Interurban 3-minute calls
for distances up to 25 km
Business hours
N.A.
N.A.
0.45
0.45
1.35
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.40
Nonbusiness hours
N.A.
N.A.
0.27
0.27
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
to
1.50
Telegram rates
Ordinary rate for 10 words
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.6
N.A.
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.o
Rate for each additional
word above 10 words
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
0.3
N.A.
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
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Table 3
Estimated Revenue and Expenditures of the Ministry of Communications
of Poland 2/
1954-55
Million Current Zlotys
1954
1955
Gross revenue
951.4
1,011.7.2
Gross expenditures
902.2
927.4
Material expenditures
324.8
317.2
Material
N.A.
79.6
Amortization
N.A.
61.1
Miscellaneous
N.A.
176.5
Nonmaterial expenditures
577.4
610.2
Wages
484.9
490.6
Social insurance
75.1
77.5
Equipment insurance
3.5
8.6
Rent
3.0
7.2
Delegations and trips
97
23.3
Miscellaneous
1.2
3.0
Gross profit
49.2
119.8
Taxes
Negligible
0.1
Net profit
49.2
119.7
a. The figures in this table refer to revenue and expenditures from
post and telecommunications services rendered to socialized enter-
prises jJ and are believed to approximate the revenue and expenditures
of the socialized sector of the post and telecommunications services
provided by the Ministry.
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Table 4
Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Communications of Poland
by Services 21
1949-54
Revenue from postal services
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
(million current zlotys) bi
278
291
327
386
415
441
Index (1949 = 100) 2/
100
105
117
139
149
159
Percent of total
48
44
43
37
36
36
Revenue from telecommunications
services (million current
zlotys) y
221
368
438
654
763
778
?
Index (1949 = 100) 2/
100
122
145
217
254
259
Percent of total
52
56
57
63
64
64
Total revenue
(million current zlotys) d/
2/2
659
765
1,040
1,178,
1)212
Index (1949 = 100)
100
114
132
180
203
211
a. Total revenue for 1954-57 is available in Table 1, p. 6, above. The distribution of post and telecommuni-
cations services is unavailable for the years following 1954.
b. Extrapolated by applying the appropriate index to data for 1949. The data for 1949 were adjusted to reflect
the revaluation of the zloty in 1950 (3 percent of its pre-1950 value). 22/
d. Revenue for postal services plus revenue for telecommunications services.
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development over this period has been the decreasing share of postal
revenue) from almost half of total revenue in 1949 to about one-third
in 1954, and the accompanying increase in telecommunications revenue.
The largest shift in the share of revenue of the respective services was
in 1952, when broadcasting was added to the telecommunications services
of the Ministry. Although information is not available to carry the
series through 1957, it is believed that the services' shares of revenue
have remained relatively constant since 1954. In the near future, tele-
communications services -- especially television and TELEX -- can be
expected to increase more rapidly than postal services, thus further in-
creasing the share of total revenue contributed by telecommunications
services.
C. Investment.
Investment funds of the Ministry of Communications of Poland
consist of centralized and decentralized funds. Centralized investment
funds consist of allocations to the Ministry from the state investment
plan and are believed to be the source of most of the investment funds
of the Ministry. Decentralized investment funds come from retained
earnings of post and telecommunications enterprises which use the funds
primarily for social and cultural purposes. The estimated amount of
centralized investment funds for the Ministry of Communications for
1950-57 is shown in Table 5.* Although these estimates are considered
to be somewhat tenuous, it is believed that the data reflect the trend
in investment activity of the Ministry. The overly ambitious invest-
ment estimates of the Six Year Plan (1950-55) caused a reevaluation of
goals in 1953 which resulted ins, significant reduction in actual in-
vestment outlays for the remainder of the plan. 2!..!/ Although the
amount for investment outlays in the original Five Year Plan (1956-60)
was apparently less ambitious than that of the previous plan, it was
further scaled down by the coming into power of the Gomulka government
in 1956.
Some fragmentary data which are available for recent years in-
dicate the costs involved in establishing a telephone exchange, tele-
vision facilities, and wire-diffusion loudspeakers. ?The planned cost
for the construction of a building to house a moderate-size telephone
exchange in Wroclaw was estimated to be 15 million zlotys. 25/ This
amount comprises the bulk of the funds for the exchange but not the
total cost. Funds for the construction of television facilities in
1957 were estimated to be 23 million zlotys. 2c/ Average construction
costs for the installation of one wire-diffusion loudspeaker have been
estimted to be between 400 and 700 zlotys. 21/ Using these estimates,
total investment in 1956 for the wire-diffusion network would have been
between 76 million and 133 million zlotys.
* Table 5 follows on p. 11.
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Table 5
Estimated Investment of, the Ministry of Communications of Poland a/
1950-57
Investment
(million 1955 zlotys) bi
Index (1950 = 100)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
324
100
366
113
369
114
401
124
392
121
373
115
333
103
339
105
a. Data refer to investments included within the state investment plan --
that is, centralized investments.
b.
investment for communications re-
presented 10.6 percent of the total investment for transportation .and
communications.
Investments through 1960 by the Ministry probably will not in-
crease significantly. Although there is considerable need for new and
improved telecommunications facilities, this need will not be met through
substantially increased investments. Instead) investment priorities will
probably be reevaluated within the Ministry to meet its most pressing
needs. For example, because of the conversion in 1956 and 1957 of former
jamming facilities to radiobroadcasting, investments in radiobroadcasting
can be substantially reduced in the future. Furthermore, the decreased
emphasis on the wire-diffusion network, which in the past has been a large
recipient of investment funds, will result in a substantial reduction in
'investment. The reduction in investment in radiobroadcasting and wire-
diffusion will probably provide funds for the development of other tele-
communications facilities and services, particularly the TELEX and micro-
wave radio relay networks.
D. Manpower.
1. Labor Force.
As shown in Table 6,* the Ministry of Communications of Poland
employed approximately.103,000 employees in 1957) one-third of which are
* Table 6 follows on p. 13.
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estimated to have been women. 22/ With the exception of 1948, the
percentage of growth in the number of employees during 1947-57 has
been relatively stable, averaging about 7 percent per year. In
1957 a deliberate effort was made by the Ministry of Communications
to replace the number of nonoperational employees with operational
employees. The central office of the Ministry in Warsaw discharged
450 nonoperational employees expressly to provide positions for the
same number of operational employees. Li Thus it is likely that
there was a higher percentage of operational employees in 1957 than
in previous years, although the figures appear to indicate a relatively
stable growth.
The absolute annual growth in the future of the number of
employees in the Ministry is expected to continue at the approximate
level of that in 1957.
? 2. Wages.
The total annual wage bill and the average annual wages of
employees of the Ministry of Communications during 1953-57 are shown
in Table 7.* The total annual wage bill rose from 769 million zlotys
in 1953 to 1,421 million zlotys in 1957. The average annual wage for
employees of the Ministry during 1953-57 was approximately 16 percent
less than that of the nonagricultural labor force. 32?/ The primary
reason for the low average annual wage is the large number of unskilled
employees in the Ministry, especially in the postal system.
In the Five Year Plan for 1956-60, the average annual wage
of employees of the Ministry was to increase gradually. The planned
growth is shown in index numbers in the following tabulation 15/:
1955=100
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Planned
100
100
102.9
105.6
107.1
107.9
Actual
100
104.3
119.0
Although the actual wage data for 1956 and 1957 are in current prices
and the planned wage data in 1955 prices, the difference in prices is
not believed to be significant enough to detract from their general
comparability. The large difference between planned and actual average
wages is probably a reflection of general wage concessions made in the
Ministry of Communications in 1956 and 1957.
* Table 7 follows on p. 13.
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Table 6
Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the Ministry of Communications of Poland
1947-57
1947 1948 1949
1950
1951
1552
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Number of employees 50-3 al 56-8 Li/ 61.4 h/
(thousand)
Index (1949 - 100) 82 92 100
66.0W
107
70.6
115
12/
75.2 h/
122
79.8
130
2/
85.4 F./
139
89.7 sy
146
97.3
158
1/
103.0
168
2./
a.
b. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression.
a- 21
d.
e.
151
32/
Table 7
Estimated Total Annual Wage Bill and Average Annual Wage of Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of Pol4od
1953-57
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Total annual wage bill
(million current zlotys)
769 aj
.908 a/
1,038 12/
1,177 bi
1,421 2/
AVerage annual wage
(current zlotys)
9,600 21
10,600 q
11,600 12/
12,100 12/
13,800 Ali
a.
c. Computed from average annual wage and average annual number of employees (see
Table 6, above).
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3. Training,.
The Ministry of Communications of Poland maintains an ex-
tensive educational program. The program is organized around three
types of schodls -7 basic vocational, technical vocational, and academic.
The basic vocational and technical vocational schools are directly con-
trolled by the Ministry. Basic vocational schools give 2-year courses
in radio mechanics, and technical vocational schools give 2- and 4-year
courses in the administration, operation, and maintenance of post and
telecommunications services and facilities. The academic schools or uni-
versities offer engineering degrees in the field of telecommunications.)
In addition to the academic. schools, the Institute of Communications, which
is responsible for development work for the Ministry, gives highly spe-
cialized training to approximately 40 students per year in various fields
of telecommunications. IS The number of full-time students in schools
operated by the Ministry of Communications is as follows 122/:
1955/56
1956j57
Basic vocational schools 1,113 11085
Technical vocational schools 3,753 3,695
In addition, there were 617 part-time students in technical vocational
schools in 1955/56 and 788 part-time students in 1956/57. L161 The
Ministry has a correspondence program which operates through the tech-
nical vocational schools. 47 The Ministry administers schools located
in the following cities 48 :
Type of School
City Basic Vocational Technical Vocational
Bydgoszcz
Czestochowa
Dzierzoniow
Gdansk
Gliwice
Gorzow Wielkopolski
Krakow
Legnica
Lodz
Nowy Sacz
Poznan
Przemysl
Szczecin
Warsaw x (2)
Wroclaw
Zdunska Wola
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4. Productivity.
Labor productivity in the Ministry of Communications of
Poland, as shown in Table 8,* has registered an increase in every year
during 1949-57 with the exception of 1953. Although price increases
shown in Table 2** have inflated the data shown in Table 1*** for
1949-57, especially in 1952 and 1957, it is believed that labor pro-
ductiyity,in both physical and value terms would still show a moderate
yearly increase.
The planned increase in mechanization and automation in
the Ministry of Communications as well as decreases in nonoperational
personnel should enable the Ministry to continue to increase labor pro-
ductivity.
E. Equipment.
1. Production
The telecommunications equipment industry of Poland is
administered by the Ministry of Machine Building. In recent years
this, industry has been one of the most rapidly expanding in the Soviet
Bloc. j/ This expansion can be expected to continue, as plans for
1956- call for an increase in production of 4.5 times that of 1955. 50/
Although production capability in Poland is limited to relatively
simple types of telecommunications equipment, future plans probably
include the development and production of more complex equipment.
Future expansion in the telecommunications equipment in-
dustry will present problems of coordination with other Soviet Bloc
countries. The growing desire for integration and specialization
within the Bloc in the field of telecommunications equipment led to ?
at agreement on production among the USSR, East Germany, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia in 1956. 51/ Poland was not included in the agreement,
probably because of its low capacity for production in relation to that
of the four other countries. Planned increases in Polish production
will probably assure the country's participation in future agreements.
As production agreements involve uniform technical standards for
maximum applicability and integration throughout the Bloc, the tele-
communications equipment industry in Poland will most likely be forced
to adopt these standards. The effect will also be felt in the Ministry
of Communications because of its dependence on domestic production for
the development of the telecommunications system.
* Table 8 follows on p. 16.
** P. 7, above.
*** P. 6, above.
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Table 8
Estimated Productivity of Employees of the Ministry of Communications
of Poland aJ
1949-57
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Average revenue per employee
(current zlotys)
9,430
10,000
10,800
13,800
14,800
14,300
15,400
15,800_
17,000
Index (1949 = 100)
100
106
115
147
157
152
163
168
181
Yearlk increase (percent)
+6
+8
+28
+7
-3
+8
+3
+8
a. Derived by dividing total revenue (see Table 1, p.6, above) by total number of employees-Isee Table 6, p. 13,
above) of the Ministry of Communications. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
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2. Imports and Exports.
The Ministry of Communications of Poland depends upon the
domestic telecommunications industry for the majority of its equipment
needs. .Requirements for complex telecommunications equipment, however,
have necessitated imports from both Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries.
Imports from the Bloc have included television receivers from the.
'USSR 22/; radiobroadcast and television receivers and telegraph equip-
ment from Hungary 22/; television receivers, radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters, and very high frequency (VHF) radio equipment from East
Germany 2.21/; and radiobroadcasting transmitters from Czechoslovakia. 22/
Except for telegraph equipment from Hungary, most of the imports from -
the Bloc have been used to improve broadcasting services. Imports from
non-Bloc countries, however, have been used to improve both basic tele-
communications and broadcasting services. Recent imports from non-Bloc
countries have included telephone equipment, multiconductor cable, and
radiobroadcasting transmitters from Sweden 24/; error-correction equip-
ment for the TELEX system from the Netherlands 57/; telegraph equipment
and television transmitter tubes from West? Germany 2Y; television trans-
mitters from France 22/; and television equipment from the UK. 42/ Many
of these imports, formerly embargoed, have been made possible by the
special COCOM policy toward Poland.
In contrast to its imports, Poland exports little tele-
communications equipment, either to the Soviet Bloc or to non-Bloc
countries. 41/
III. Postal System.
The Ministry of Communications of Poland provides postal service
for both the government and the public. In addition to providing regular
mail service, the postal system serves as a banking institution by pro-
viding checking and savings services for the public.
The volume of postal service for 1947-57 is shown in Table 9.* The
annual rate of growth of the various categories or postal service has
been irregular, with the exception or letters sent. The volume of
letters sent has increased rather consistently at an average annual rate
of growth of slightly more than 9 percent. The annual rate of growth
of newspapers and periodicals has shown the most marked fluctuation,
ranging from an increase of 62 percent in 1949 to a decrease of about
10 percent in 1956 and a decrease of 33 percent in 1957. The sharp de-
crease in the volume of newspapers and periodicals sent during 1956 and
1957 most likely reflects the comparatively relaxed political atmosphere
of the Gomulka government, which has not forced the public to subscribe
to official publications.
* Table 9 follows on p. 18.
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Table 9
Estimated Volume of Postal Service of the Ministry Of Communications
of Poland a.,/
1947-57
Million Units
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1555
1956
1957
Letters 2/
671 2/
748 2/
792 1/
828 2/
896 2/
1,010 2/
1,0702/
1,160 2/
1,290 4/
1,44o 4/
1,600 2/
Newspapers and periodicals
161 2/
253 2/
411 1/
520 2/
621 2/
697 2/
716 2/
816 2/
831 4/
744 2/
498 2/
Packages f/
9.76
2/
11.7 2/
13.6 1/
14.7
2/
17.6
2/
19.0 2/
17.8
2/
18.0
2/
19.4 1/
20.4 11
19.6 W
Post and telegraph money
orders
8.63
2/
9.86 2/
11.3 2/
12.1
2/
15.1
2/
28.0 2/
32.7
2/
36.9
2/
39.2 21/
. 42.0 d/
41.7 2/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. Including regular and registered letters.
c. ?2j
e. Figures for 1950-54 are
f. Including packages and declared and registered value letters.
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The number of post and telecommunications offices, as shown in
Table 10, is estimated to have reached 6,5134 by the end of 1957,
representing an increase of about 65 percent above the number of
offices existing in 1947. The majority of the post and telecommuni-
cations offices established since 1947 have been in rural areas. The
drop in the number of post and telecommunications offices in 1955 and
in 1957 was probably a result of consolidation and does not represent
a decrease in the availability of service.
Table 10
Estimated Number of Post and Telecommunications Offices
of the Ministry of Communications of Poland 2/
1947-57
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 1957
Post and telecommuni-
cations offices
4,199 W,
4,546 9/
4,752 9/
5,007 9/
5,262 2/
5,700 I./
6,049 2/
7,214 9/
7,108 g/
7,115 g/ 6,93412
a. Including post and telecommunications offices, agencies, and auxiliary stations.
I,. L4/
0. 6
C. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1949 and 1951.
c.
611
g.
h.
A majority of the post and telecommunications offices provide
postal and telecommunications services. In 1956, for example,
7,042 of the 7,115 post and telecommunications offices provided both
services, 50 offices provided postal service exclusively, and
23 offices provided telecommunications service exclusively. E/
The primary emphasis of the postal system has been directed
toward extending service to rural areas and improving the speed of
service throughout all areas of the country. The extension of
postal service to all rural areas of the country was largely completed
by the end of 1956 and was accomplished by a rapid expansion in the
number of village post offices and rural postmen. Ili For example,
the number of rural postmen increased from 3,700 in 1947 to 15,316 by
the end of 1956. I/?/ With regard to speed of postal service in 1956,
74 percent of all letters sent and 96 percent of the letters sent to
Warsaw from capital cities Of provinces and from important industrial
cities were delivered within 24 hours. 151 Although substantial
progress has been made, there undoubtedly is room for improvement in
both the availability and the speed of postal service.
Indications are that the Ministry ?of Communications will place
emphasis on the modernization of the postal system in the future
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through increased mechanization. Equipment specifically mentioned in
plans has included high-speed canceling machines, electrical tractors
and vehicles, machines for cleaning out mail sacks, registered letter
and money order numbering machines, and lifting devices for mail sacks. IY
Only 625 new post and telecommunications offices are planned for 1956-601
which is in sharp contrast to the 2,356 offices constructed during 1950-
55. 71/ The reduced eMphasis on increasing the number of post and tele-
communications offices indicates that the requirements for these facilities
in urban and rural areas have been largely satisfied.
IV. Telephone and Telegraph Systems.
The telephone and telegraph systems of Poland are capable of supplying
the needs or the socialized sector of the economy. The telegraph system is
the more extensive or the two systems. Although the telephone system is also
extensive, its capacity is limited by an insufficient number of telephone
exchanges and insttments, a lack of automatic telephone exchange equipment,
and an inadequate wireline network. The establishment of a TELEX network,
which is currently under development, will provide the largest addition of
facilities to the telecommunications system to be expected in the near future.
The telephone and telegraph systems utilize an extensive but low-
capacity wireline network. The wireline network consists of multicon-
ductor cable and open wire. A network of point-to-point radio stations
is available for use as a backup for the domestic wireline network. In
the future, the wireline network will be supplemented by an extensive "
high-capacity microwave radio relay network.
A. Telephone.
The telephone system in Poland is used primarily for official
activities of the state, with only secondary emphasis given to provid-
ing telephone service for private consumers. The following tabulation
shows a breakdown by use and by location of telephones in Poland yfi:
Telephones
1956
1957
Official
337,000
361,000
Private consumer
138,000
155,000
In private homes
109,000
124,000
In public places*
28,000
31,000**
Total available***
475,000
516,000
* Including telephones in telephone offices as well as those in
telephone booths.
** The 1957 figure is estimated, using the percentage distribution for
private consumer telephones and for telephones in public places that
prevailed in 1956.
*** See Table 11 (p. 22, below) for more complete data on telephones.
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Almost one-third of the telephones are available to private users.
This use, however, is not to be misconstrued as indicating the
availability of telephones for the average citizen) because evidence
shows that a majority of these telephones are found in the homes of
Polish United Workers (Communist) Party members and other privileged
individuals. 12/ To illustrate the lack of telephones available for
private consumers, in 1956 there were 20,000 unsettled applications
for telephones in Warsaw alone, and in April 1957 there were 46,000
applicants for private consumer telephones in Poland. ?2/
The telephone system in Poland is concentrated primarily in
the urban areas of the country, with practically no rural coverage.
For example, out of a total of 475,000 telephones in the country in
1956, -nisi 27,000 were located in rural areas. ?1/ These rural tele-
phones we_e barely sufficient to allow coverage for 45 percent of the
.villages and producer cooperatives in Poland. Telephone coverage of
state farms was 71 percent, however, and of machine tractor stations
89 percent, indicating the preferential treatment given to state-
owned enterprises. ?2/ It is believed that this distribution of tele-
phones between urban and rural areas will not improve) as plans for
1956 called for the expansion of exchanges in urban areas by 10.3 per-
cent, in contrast with the expansion of exchanges in rural areas by
only 8.2 percent. (ALI/
The locations and capacity of major telephone exchanges in
Poland are shown on the accompanying map, Figure 2.* Telephone ex-
changes are spread rather evenly throughout the country, except for
concentrations in the vicinity of Katowice and along the Polish-
Czechoslovak border. Although the present number of telephone ex-
changes in the country is not known, there were
2,400 exchanges in 1953 and 4,400 in 1954. gy The majority of these
exchanges have a capacity of less than 200 lines. The total number
of telephone subscriber lines available) the number of subscriber lines
in use, and the number of telephones in use are given in Table 11.**
The service rendered by these facilities is represented by the number
of local and interurban telephone calls, as shown in Table 12.***
The percentage relationsnip between automatic and manual
telephone subscriber lines during 1946-56 is shown as follows ?2/:
Percent
Subscriber Lines
1946
1948
1920
1956
Automatic
Manual
62.0
38.0
67.0
33.0
6/.4
32.6
68.8
31.2
* Following p. 22.
?** Table 11 follows on p. 22.
*** Table 12 follows on p. 23.
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Table 11
Estimated Number of Telephone Instruments, Subscriber Lines Available, Subscriber Lines in Use
and Public Telephone Booths of the Ministry of Communications of Poland a/
1947-57
Thousand Units
Telephone instruments
Subscriber lines
available
Subscriber lines in use
Percent. of use of avail-
able subscriber lines
Public telephone booths
1947
190
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
189 b/
225 f/
137 1/
61
3.250 11
207 12/
238g/
150 1/
63
3.900.12/
220 2/
252 g/
167 T/
66
4.360 2/
253 2/
290 h/
192 2/
66
5.100 I/.
286 2/
32841
217 2/
66
5.840 t/
.
322 2/
366 h/
244 2/
67
6.580 t/
335 4/
4o4 t/
273 2/
68 ?
7.320 t/
397 2/
442 t/
301 2/
68
8.o6o I/
440 2/
148o41
333 2/
?69
8.800 t/
475 Ey
52341
360 2/
69
9.200 12/
516 2/
56541
391 Si
69
10.800 y/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
c. The relationship of telephone instruments to telephone subscriber lines in use in 1955 was 132 telephone instruments for every 100 telephone
subscriber lines. The average of the corresponding ratios for the other years for which figures are reported -- 1947-48 and 1953 -- was sub-
stantially the same.
d. R73/
e. 81. Plan figure.
f. _2/
h. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1949 and 1955.
j. indicates an increase of 43,000 subscriber lines in 1956.
k. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1956 and the plan goal of 690,000 for 1960. 23/
o. VP. S
q. Figures are given for the year June 1956 to June 1957. D_/ It was assumed that the amount was substantially the same for the year December
1956 to December 1957. .
r. 100/
s. 101/
t. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression.
u. 102 -
v. indicates an increase of 400 public telephone booths in 1956.
w. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1956 and the plan goal of 15,800 for 1960. 104/
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Table 1.2
Estimated Number of Local and Interurban Telephone Calls
Made Over Facilities Operated
by the Ministry of Communications of Poland 9../
1947-57
Million Units
1947
1948
1949
_1252_
_125_1_
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 1957
3802/
4272/
tans/
892 E/
9502/
1,253 EJ
1,1112 E/
1,2802/
1,380 (2/
Local calls
600!.'
699 E/
Interurban calla
1.9W4
39.72/
38.91J
47.0
56.32/
67.7
77.7 8,/
89.42/
97.0 W
1022/
io7 af
a. All data are rounded to three signlficant digit..
b. 1S5j
C.
d. Etrapolated by applying the absolute growth shown during 1955-56.
e. 107/
r.
s.
11. 11W
There has been no substantial shift to automation during this period:
Recent plans indicate that an emphasis is to be placed on automating
telephone exchanges in urban areas. 111/ In spite of this emphasis, in-
creases in automation are expected to follow the pattern shown above.
The lack of automation and of subscriber line capacity is a major
deficiency in the Polish telephone system. Gradual progress in over-
coming this deficiency can be expected. 112/
B.
Telegraph.
The regular telegraph and TELEX networks of Poland are closely
integrated. Both networks operate through 22 major telegraph centers.
Regular telegraph service was available in 1957 to 400 post and tele-
communications offices, and TELEX service was available to 365 sub-
scribers located in all parts of the country. In 1957 the Ministry of
Communications operated approximately 1,800 telegraph channels serving
both regular telegraph and TELEX facilities. 113/
Twenty of the 22 main telegraph centers in Poland are located
in capital cities of the provinces and in Gdynia and Radom. Warsaw,
Wroclaw, and Szczecin have two centers each, a main telegraph center
and a reserve center. The reserve centers are reportedly located in
former German bunkers, implying that they may be employed for secure,
emergency use. The main centers use manually operated switchboards,
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with the exception of the fully automatic center located in Katowice.
The switchboards in use were manufactured in East Germany, and teletype
machines in use were manufactured in the US, West Germany, East Germany,
and the USSR. 114/
The regular telegraph network is an important means of telecommuni-
cations in the country. The volume of traffic handled by this network is
shown in Table 13. Growth in traffic volume was relatively rapid from 1948
to 1952, averaging more than 10 percent per year. During 1953-56 the rate
of growth has decreased, averaging about 4 percent per year. The intro-
duction of TELEX in 1957 probably accounts for the decrease in traffic
volume.
Table 13
Estimated Number Of Domestic and International Telegrams
Transmitted Over Facilities Operated
by the Ministry of Communications of Poland a/
1947-57
' Million Units
1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Telegrams 7.2 t2/ 5.7 12/ 6.o 2/ 7.2 1/ 7.9 2./ 8.i 21./ 9.3 2/ 9.9 a/ 1013 ci/ 10.8 a/ 10.6 I/
a. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand.
b. 11/
d. 1245/
e. 11 /
f' 112/
The volume of regular telegraph traffic will probably stabilize
at about its present level for the next 2 or 3 years. As new equipment
is introduced and the efficiency of the network improves, probably after
1960, a small growth in the volume of regular telegraph traffic can be
expected.
The Ministry of Communications introduced TELEX to provide
domestic and international telegraph service for state enterprises in
1953. 120/ At the beginning of 1956 the TELEX system, as shown on the
map, Figure 3,* had grown to 19 exchanges in different cities and was
providing service to 254 subscribers. 121/ By 1957, there were 365 sub-
scribers and a total of 840 teletype machines in the network. 122/
* Following p. 24.
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As maenad frehe Gmeg.????
re 3
oszalin
GERMANY
Zielona Gdra
Citublin
Wroclaw
?Kielce
POLAND
SUBSCRIBER TELEGRAPH EXCHANGES,
956
MMistry of Communications
0 Ciy with exchanges
Gliwice
29 Number of subscribers
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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TELEX connections are available to several Soviet Bloc countries and to
Western Europe. Negotiations were under way in 1957 to procure the
equipment required to connect the Polish TELEX network, using radio
facilities, with the RCA teletype network in the US. 123/
TELEX traffic volume is recorded in minutes of operating time
rather than in number of messages sent, as in regular telegraph. The
following tabulation shows TELEX traffic volume for 1956 and 1957 124/:
Time Period
First half of 1956
Total for 1956
First half of 1957
Estimated total for 1957*
Thousand Minutes
9,580
18,700
13,400
26,800
The planned growth in the number of teletype machines for use in
the TELEX network is as follows 125/:
Year
? Number of
Teletype Machines
1957 840
1958 1,200
1959 1,800
1960 ? 2,700
1961 H 3,275
1962 3,850
1963 4,425
1964 5,000
The planned growth in teletype machines represents a 495-percent in-
crease for the 7-year period 1958-64. Assuming the same ratio of tele-
type machines to subscribers as in 1956, it is estimated that these
machines could provide service to 2,200 subscribers by 1964. ,
The interurban telegraph channels operated by the Ministry of
Communications for regular telegraph and TELEX service appear to be
adequate. There could be sothe channel overloading. during peak hours of
* Estimated by assuming that the figure for the second half of 1957
would be the same as that for the first half of 1957.
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use, but this overloading is probablY not serious. The plans for an
increase of only 600 channels for the telegraph system by 1967 further
substantiate the belief that existing channel capacity is adequate. 126/
Plans for the telegraph system for 1958 and 1959 call for the
expenditure of 11 million zlotys for teletype machines, manually operated
exchanges, and multiplexing equipment. Long-range plans for 1960-75 pro-
vide for an expenditure of 110 million zlotys, 40 percent of which will be
spent in the first 5 years, 35 percent in the second 5 years, and 25 per-
cent in the last 5 years. These investment expenditures are to provide
regular telegraph facilities for 600 post and telecommunications offices
and TELEX facilities for 4,000 to 5,000 subscribers. 127/ The planned
growth will be substantial, with emphasis being given to the development
of the TELEX network. Because it is likely that this planned growth will
be realized, it is estimated that the future needs for telegraph service
of the socialized and private sectors of the economy will be met.
C. Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities.
The telephone and telegraph services of the Ministry of Communi-
cations of Poland are provided by common facilities consisting of wire-
line, microwave radio relay, and point-to-point radio networks. The
wireline network is predominant. The microwave radio relay network will
become more significant in the future. The domestic point-to-point radio
network is maintained almost exclusively as a backup for the wireline
network. The international point-to-point radio network provides tele-
communications service to areas not served by international wirelines.
1. Wireline.
The wireline network of Poland, as shown on the map, Figure 4,*
provides domestic telephone and telegraph service to all urban areas and
most rural areas of the country. 128/ It is also used to relay radio-
broadcasting programs between major cities. 129/ There are international
wireline connections to the USSR, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia and
submarine cable connections to Denmark. 130/ The submarine cable to Denmark
is composed of two single conductor cables which carry telegraph traffic.
Plans indicate that this submarine cable is to be replaced by 1960 with a
coaxial cable which will carry both telephone and telegraph traffic.' 131/
It is unlikely, however, that the two single conductor cables will be re-
placed, because of the high cost of their removal and their utility for
backup use.
The wireline network consists of open wire and multiconductor
cable lines with multiconductor cable predominant. The multiconductor
* Following p. 26.
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cables, which contain from 50 to 200 pairs of wire, have an average of
113 pairs. 132/ Some 'of these cables are specially constructed to relay
radiobroadcasting programs. Multiplex equipment, providing .3 and 12
channels, is used On the wireline network. 133/
The wireline network will probably not be expanded to any
great extent, because of the extensive plans for the construction of a
microwave radio relay network. The construction of a coaxial cable is
planned to begin in the spring of 1959 between Lodz and Poznan. LLY
It can be expected, however, that 12-channel multiplex equipment will
be added to some of the wireline circuits now using 3-channel equipment.
2. Microwave Radio Relay.
The first microwave radio relay line in Poland, between
Warsaw and Lodz, became operational in February 1957. 132/ The Ministry
of Communications plans to install an extensive microwave radio relay
network in Poland. As shown on the map, Figure 5,* this network event-
ually will connect all major cities within Poland, and, in addition,
connections will be available to Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and the
USSR. 136/
The microwave radio relay network is to be used initially
to relay television programs. The planned network will enable programs
to be exchanged among domestic television stations and between Poland
and the rest of the European Satellites and the USSR. In addition,
connections through East Germany and Czechoslovakia will enable. Poland
to participate in the television network of Western Europe. The first
international line is to be completed soon between Katowice and Ostrava,
Czechoslovakia. 121/
By using additional equipment, the microwave radio relay
network could be used to carry telephone and telegraph traffic. Also,
a microwave network with this capability could be adapted readily for
military purposes, especially air defense, and might well become an
integral part of a Soviet Bloc-wide microwave network for this purpose.
It is believed, therefore, that the planned microwave network will be of
major importance in the future.
3. Point-to-Point Radio.
a. Domestic Network.
The domestic point-to-Point radio network of Poland con-
sists of 38 stations, as shown on the map, Figure 6.* 138/ The stations
* Following p. 28.
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are evenly distributed throughout the country, with major stations
located in province capitals and subordinate statidns located in out-
lying areas. The facilities are capable of carrying both telephone .
and telegraph traffic and can be integrated with the wireline network.
Although the point-to-point radio facilities have limited capacity for
handling traffic) the disposition of the stations is such that in the
event of disruptions of wireline connections to province capitals,
minimum telecommunications needs could be met. There are no indications
that the network is to be expanded or that it is to be used for other
than emergency purposes.
b. International Network.
The international point-to-point radio facilities of
Poland consist of two principal radio stations located at Warsaw and
Katowice. These stations provide radiotelephone and radiotelegraph
aircuits to 30 foreign countries. 139/7
/ All of these circuits are shown on the map, Figure 7.*
In addition, international point-to-point radio flacil-
sties are located at Gdynia, Krakow, Radiem. and Swinoujscie. 11.11/ The
radio stations at Krakow ana Swinoujscie reportedly are reserve stations
employed only when facilities in Warsaw and Katowice are inoperable. 142/
It is possible that the Gdynia and Radom stations also fall into this
reserve category.
The point-to-point radio facilities located at Warsaw and
Katowice are believed generally to fulfill the international point-to-point
radio requirements of Poland. Negotiations were underway with West Germany
in November 1957 for telegraph terminal equipment capable of providing a
maximum of four teletype channels. This equipment is to be used on the
circuit between Warsaw and New York. This is the only known improvement
planned in the international point-to-point radio network of Poland. 143/
V. Broadcasting System.
The broadcasting system of Poland is composed of radio, wire-diffusion,
and television networks. The most extensive of these is the radiobroad-
casting network, which includes both amplitude modulated (AM) and frequency
modulated (FM) stations. Domestic AM radiobroadcasting coverage extends
to all areas of the country. International AM radiobroadcasting coverage
is directed primarily to North and South America and Europe. FM radio-
broadcasting coverage is very limited, consisting of only three stations.
* Following p. 28.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
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POLAND
PROPOSED MICROWAVE RADIO
RELAY NETWORK, MAY 1958
Ministry of Communications
'' \
r 4. SuzelceO..rawierde)5.
.1/4 ..\'? c?'- i\ ?/
X \ net.......1 ".?
.
In operation
Planned completion by end of 1958
...... ??? Planned completion by end ol 1960
Planned date
1...j%;
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MICROWAVE STATIONS
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Cued. ad teas as ne ann..
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POLAND
DOMESTIC RADIOTELEGRAPH AND
RADIOTELEPHONE CIRCUITS, MAY 1958
Ministry of Communications
\-..
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Figure 7
ARCTIC
OCEAN
',IWO,: SEA
ARCT
cr=ndida:b
OCE A
sre:?S1 17. `alt:4f7'
Om
PEPIAN SEA
PA RENTS SEA
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PACIFI C
OCEAN
NOP H
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OCEAN
IENTNG
SEA
NORTH
PACIFIC
'OCEAN
S ?
iRio de Janeiro
POLAND
INTERNATIONAL RADIOTELEGRAPH AND
RADIOTELEPHONE CIRCUITS, 1957
Ministry of Communications
? Radiotelegraph from Warsaw
? Radiotelegraph from Katowice
? Radiotelephone from Warsaw
SOUTH
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIA N
be
OCEAN
T ? SMA N
E
26t9 I 943 SECRET
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The wire-diffusion network in Poland, although less extensive than the
radiobroadcasting network, is well developed, especially in rural areas.
The Polish television network,is in the initial stages of development,
and coverage is limited.
Of the slightly more than 4 million broadcast reception points in
Poland, radiobroadcast receivers represent about 62 percent, wired loud-
speakers 37 percent, and television receivers less than 1 percent of the
total.
Future emphasis on broadcasting in Poland will be directed primarily
toward expanding the transmission and reception base of the AM and FM
radiobroadcasting and television services.
A. Radiobroadcasting.
The domestic radiobroadcasting network of Poland was reconstructed
completely after World War II. As shown in Table 14* and Table. 15,** the
network has grown. from 10 stations in 1947, providing service to more than
500,000 radiobroadcast subscribers, to 22 stations in 1957, providing service
to 2.5 million subscribers. 144/*** The location of the domestic radiobroad-
casting stations is shown on the map, Figure 8.****
The annual growth of radiobroadeast subscribers has been at a
relatively high rate, with the exception of that for 1952. The over-all
increase in the number of subscribers for 1947-57 was about 390 percent.
The percent of radiobroadcast subscribers in rural areas to total sub-
scribers has remained relatively constant, increasing from 20 percent of
total subscribers in 1947 to only 23 percent in 1957. The number of licensed
subscribers for 1954-56, by province, is shown in Table lb.t
The 22 domestic radiobroadcasting stations operating in 1957 con-
sisted of 3 FM and 19 AM stations. FM radiobroadcasting is a recent devel-
opment in Poland, as all FM stations began operations in 1957. The most
significant feature of AM radiobroadcasting since 1947 has been the growth
Of relay stations to improve radiobroadcasting coverage in rural areas and
the conversion of 12 jamming transmitters to AM radiobroadcasting service
in 1957. 145/
* Table 14 follows on p. 30.
. ** Table 15 follows on p. 31.
*** In addition to radiobroadcast subscribers, there are estimated to
have been as many as 600,000 unlicensed subscribers in 1957.
**** Following p. 30.
t Table 16 folloWs.on p. 32.
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Table 14
Estimated Number of Domestic Radiobroadcasting Stations and Transmitters'
in Poland
1947-57
Units
Radiobroadcasting stations
Amplitude modulated (AM)
National
Regional
Relay
Subtotal
Frequency modulated (FM)
Total radiobroadcasting
stations 1/
Transmitters
Number 5/
Power (kilowatts) g./
1947
. 1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
, 1955-?
1956.
1957
1 21. -
9 EL/
0
1221
0
10
N.A.
N.A.
12/
9 21
0-
12 t./12.12/
0
10 .
N.A.
N.A.
2 2/
8/
22/
0
12
22
623
2 2/ -
82/
22/
- 12 2/
o
12 .
N.A.
N.A.
- 2 51/
8 El/
2 hi
122/-
0.
12
N.A.
LA.
22/
82/
32/
132/
0
19
725
2 il/
82/
62/
16 El/
0
16
20
760
22/
82/
82/
-182/
0
18
N.A.
N.A.
. .
.22/2
8 s/
82/
18 2/
18 '
22
820
id
8/
8 1.1
' 18 t/
21
N.A..
. 2/
in a/
7W
lig/
32/
33
1,256
a. 146/
b. 14
c.
d. 144
150/
f. 151/
g. 152/
h. Derived by sontracting national and regional radiobroadcasting stations from total AM radiobroadcasting stations.
i' 111/
j. Derived by adding AM radiobroadcasting stations and FM radiobroadcasting stations.
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S E A
*Figure 8
GERMANY
POLAND
RADIOBROADCASTING '
AND TELEVISION STATIONS, MARCH 1958
Ministry of Communications
AMMIUDE MODULATION STATIONS
Infernatiomtd Dommtk
? High Frequency Ne, Medium Frequency
Medium Frequency te tow Frequency
Norm:eel 'mks
T 5.01004 MM.
I ? la., Soy nelinned and
nennwr ramie
.voteTb mmemmerearwmerwm mom rit symm
mem trmwerresmermmeeterem . .
Kamen on On .54 k lieernattml wan
cpFrequency Modulation Station
? Television Patina M Operation
o Television Station Pkmned
. .
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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Table 15
Estimated_ Number of Radiobroadcast Receiver Subscribers in Poland
1947-57
Urban subscribers
(thousand)
Percent of total
Rural subscribers
(thousand)
Percent of total
Total subscribers
(thousand)
1947 1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
412 2/ 543 2/ 601 12/
80 81 Si.
100 a/ 127J 1432/
20 19 19
ag 2/ La a/ /121. 2/
716
80
176
20
692
.12/
2/
2/
867 12/
83
1752/
17
1,042 2/
894 12/
82
200J
18
1,094 2/
1,003 b./
80
249 2/
20
1,252 2/
1,166 12/
79
3102/
21
1,476 2/
1,302 bj
79
347J
21
1,649 2/
1,533 12/
77
470 2/
23
2,003 2/
1,925 12/
77
575 sy
23
15_22. 2/
a. 154/
b. Derived by subtracting the number of rural subscribers from the total number of subscribers.
C. 155/
d. On the assumption that the percentage relationship of rural subscribers to total subscribers which existed in 1956
continued, this percentage was applied to 1957.
e. 156/
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Table 16
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receiver Subscribers
in Poland, by Province (Voevodztvo)
1954-56
Thousand Units
1954 a/
1955 12/ 1956 2/
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Metropolitan
subscribers
Warsaw
Lodz
Provincial
subscribers
150
87
.150
87
158
97
158
97
174
109
? 174
109
Warsaw
46
17
63
48
17
65
54
25
79
Bydgoszcz
71
17
88
79
22
101
92
30
122
Poznan
105
21
126
114
26
140
133
36
169
Lodz
30
8
38
32
lo
- 42
38
13
51
Kielce
30
9
39
33
7
40
40
11
51
Lublin
28
10
38
30
11
41
32
14
46
Bialystok
17
3
20
18
4
22
, 21
6
27
Olsztyn
20
12
32
?22
16
38
26
22
48
Gdansk
77
16
93
88
17
105
105
23
128
Koszalin
19
14
33
21
18
39
26
23
49
Szczecin
36
11
47
42
13
55
50
17
67
zielona Gora
23
16
39
25
19
44
33
27
60
Wroclaw
101
46
147
120
53
173
148
71
219
Opole
21
28
49
23
31
54
28
44
72
Katowice
209
52
261
247
51
298
298
64
362
Krakow
75
20
95
82
22
104
99
32
131
Rzeszow
' 22
9
31
23
10
33
27
12
39
Total
subscribers 1,167 309 1,476 1,302 347 1,649 1,533 , 470 2,003
a. 157/
b. 158/
c. 159/
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The stations of the AM radiobroadcasting network consist of
2 national, 10 regional, and 7 relay stations. Relay stations are used
to provide service in areas where national and regional coverage is
inadequate. Programs of relay stations originate primarily from national
or regional radiobroadcasting stations.
The State Radio Committee prepares three domestic programs.
Program 1 is transmitted on the low-frequency national station in
Warsaw. Program 2 is transmitted on the medium-frequency national
station in Warsaw and also by regional and relay radiobroadcasting
stations throughout Poland. Program 3, originating in Warsaw, is
transmitted by the three FM radiobroadcasting stations. In addition
to these programs, the regional radiobroadcasting stations originate
programs of interest to their respective areas.
The number of hours of operation of national, regional, and
relay AM radiobroadcasting stations during 1954-56 are shown in
Table 17.* The hours of operation of national and relay stations have
grown moderately over the period shown. Regional stations, however,
registered a 30-percent drop in hours of operation in 1955. This drop
is believed to be a result of a change in reporting procedure and does
not, as such, represent an actual drop in the hours of operation.
International radiobroadcasting programs originate in Warsaw
and are transmitted on low, medium, and high frequencies to North
America, South America, and Europe. 160/ The accompanying chart,
Figure 9)** illustrates the percent of international radiobroadcasting
hours by target area, and Figure 10** illustrates percent of inter-
national radiobroadcasting.hours by language. 161/
Until recently, Poland made a major effort to broadcast its
programs to many areas of the world. Although the number of foreign-
language programs was extensive, the poor choice of broadcasting fre-
quencies and the low power of many high-frequency transmitters resulted
in small foreign audiences. 162/ The small size of the audiences as
well as the economic situation of Poland led to the elimination in
early 1958 of international radiobroadcasts in Yiddish, Russian, Greek,
Turkish, and Serbo-Croatian. 163/ The elimination of these languages
should enable Poland to direct its international radiobroadcasting
effort more effectively in the future.
Plans for the domestic AM radiobroadcasting network indicate
that emphasis will be directed toward improving the reception and
technical quality of broadcasts. The national low-frequency radio-
broadcasting station in Warsaw will soon receive a 300-kilowatt (kw)
?* Table 17 follows on p. 34.
** Following p. 34.
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Table 17
Estimated Hours of Operation of Radiobroadcasting Stations
in Poland 2,./
1954-56
Hours
1954121
1955 S/
1956 a/
National stations 2/
N.A.
13,201
13,659
Regional stations
Bydgoszcz
1,017
719
719
Gdansk
902
622
750
Krakow
1,205
801
896
Lodz
1;006
6o6
566
Poznan
1,034
725
785
Katowice
2,270
1,575
1,683
Szczecin
1,072
613
726
Wroclaw
1,320
1,092
915
Subtotal
9,826
:753
7,0i10
,,.
-,
Relay stations fi
2,389
2,574
2,712'
Total stations
N.A.
22,528
23,11.11
a. Radiobroadcasting from amplitude modulated
stations only,
b. 164
c. 1
d. 1 /
e. Including two stations located in Warsa
f. Including eight stations.
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26935 9.58
POLAND
PERCENT
OF INTERNATIONAL RADIOBROADCASTING
HOURS, BY TARGET AREA, 1957
Figure 9
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POLAND
PERCENT
OF INTERNATIONAL RADIOBROADCASTING
HOURS, BY LANGUAGE, 157
26936 9-58
Figure 10
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transmitter which, added to the present 200-kw transmitter, will greatly
improve the coverage of Program 1 throughout Poland. To improve medium-
frequency radiobroadcasting transmissions in 1958, Poznan will receive
two 150-kw transmitters, and the power of the radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters of Szczecin will be increased from 50 to 100 kw. Lublin will
receive the present 30-kw transmitter of Poznan, Lodz will receive a
more modern transmitter than its present 10-kw transmitter, 167/ and a
heW medium-frequency radiobroadcasting Statioh will be Open in. Dabrowa
in 1959. 168/ In addition to these planned improvements in AM radio-
broadcasting service,, the FM radiobroadcasting service will be increased
from the 3 FM stations.presently in operation to 9 FM stations by 1961 169/
and to 16 FM stations by 1965. 170/
The number of AM and FM radiobroadcast receivers available to
the public should be greatly increased by 1960. Large planned invest-
ments in the radiobroadcast receiver manufacturing industry should
provide the domestic market with an ample supply of receivers; By 1960
the number of AM radiobroadcast receivers is to be more than 3-.4 mil-
lion 171/ and ?the number of FM radiobroadcast receivers approximately
400,000. ?172/ ?
?
B.. Wire?Diffusion.
The wire-diffusion network of Poland is second only to that of
the USSR. After its inception in 1944 the wire-diffusion network grew
rapidly to a peak in 1956 of more than 1.5 million wire-diffusion sub-
scribers. The small drop in the number of subscribers in 1957) as
shown in. Table 18,* reportedly was caused by the poor quality of wire-
diffusion transmissions. The Ministry of Communications is currently
under a great deal of criticism and pressure to improve the situation.
A major shift in the proportion of rural wire-diffusion sub-
scribers to total subscribers occurred between 1948 and 1956. In 1948,
rural subscribers represented only about 27 percent of the total number
of subscribers, whereas in 1956 they represented 51 percent. Figure
11**'174/ illustrates the growth in number of urban and rural wire-
diffusion subscribers.
The Five Year Plan (1956-60) provided for substantial development
of the wire-diffusiontnetwork. is/ Recent statements by the Ministry
of Communications, however, indicate that previous large-Scale investment
expenditures in the wire-diffusion network will not be continued until
some time after 1960. As a consequence, the plan for expanding the net-
work has been largely abandoned, and instead, emphasis has been shifted
to improving the technical quality of wire-diffusion transmissions. 176/
* Table 18 follows on p. 36.
** Following p. 36.
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Table 18
Estimated Number of Wire-Diffusion Subscribers in Poland
' 1947-57
Thousand Units
1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Subscribers 147 2../ 293 a./ 415 ?./ 572 12/ 705 12/ 907W 959 "3./ 1,106 si 1,319 12/ 1,509 12/ 1,480 a/
a. 177/
1 . b. Figures for 1949-53 include radio headphones and radiobroadcast crystal sets. 111/3
C. 17
d. 1 /
C. Television.
Television was first introduced experimentally in Warsaw in
1952. 181/ The Warsaw station began regular program transmissions in
1956 and was followed in the same year by the Lodz television station. 182/
In 1957) 2 additional stations, located at Poznan and Katowice, became
operational, bringing the total to 4 operating television stations at the
end of the year. 183/
In early 1958 it was reported that television stations in Gdansk
and Wroclaw began operation and that stations in Szczecin and Krakow were
under construction. 184/ In addition, plans call for a station to be built
at Bydgoszcz, but the completion date is unknown. 185/ If all planned
stations are completed by the end of 1960, Poland will have nine tele-
vision stations in operation. These stations, as shown on Figure 8,*
will provide television coverage for major population centers of Poland.
Television programs have been relayed from Warsaw to Lodz since
February 1957 by means of microwave radio relay facilities. As the micro-
wave radio relay network is further expanded, television programs will be
exchanged between other stations. In addition, the microwave radio relay
network will make possible the exchange of television progcrams between
Poland and the USSR) East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the television
network of Western Europe. ?
The number of television receivers in use, as shown in Table 19,**
is small. By the end of 1957, Poland had only 22,000 television receivers,
* Following p. 30, above.
** Table 19 follows on p. 37.
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Thousands of Broadcast Subscribers
3,000.
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
5.00
Figure 11 50X1
POLAND
GROWTH IN NUMBER OF URBAN AND RURAL'
BROADCAST SUBSCRIBERS*
1948 and 1956
Radiobroadcast Subscribers
Total Broadcast Subscribers
Wire-diffusion Subscribers
2,272
1,533
1,240
757
543
206
127E- 79
I Pi
214
770
RURAL URBAN
1948
*Rodiobroodcast Subscribers and wire-diffusion Subscribers.
26937 9-58
RURAL
789
:40
' A
A
URBAN
1956 -'
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most of which were located in Warsaw. Plans for the expansion of tele-
vision in Poland envisage 150,000 to 400,000 receivers in use by the
end of 1960. 186/
Table 19
Estimated Number of Television Receivers in Use in Poland
1954-57
1954 1955 1956 1957
Receivers 200 a/ 300 2/ 5,755 12/ 22,142 2/
a. 187/
b. 4/
C. 9/
Poland must make considerable progress before television can
be enjoyed by the majority of the population. As is the case in other
Soviet Bloc .countries, plans for this medium are extensive, and indi-
cations are that there is a strong desire to expand television at a
rapid rate.
VI. Future Trends.
The future development of post and telecommunications services in
Poland will not be as great as that outlined originally in the Five
Year Plan for 1956-60. The decrease in the rate of development was
caused by insufficient increases in investment funds to maintain past
rates of growth for all services. As a consequence, the Ministry of
Communications has had to reevaluate its investment program. A result
of the reevaluation has been a reduction in the investment expenditures
for the radiobroadcasting and wire-diffusion networks. Investment
expenditures for the expansion of the telephone and telegraph systems
and for the television and microwave radio relay networks, however,
are believed to have remained unchanged. The present economic reorgan-
ization is not expected to cause any appreciable changes in the invest-
ment program.
Although some policies of the Gomulka government were responsible
for reductions ib investment funds, other policies have resulted in im-
proved operations of the Ministry of Communications. The emphasis of the
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Gomulka government on profitability has improved the operation of the
international radiobroadcasting service by reducing radiobroadcasting
coverage that could not be maintained adequately by Polish facilities.
In another instance) prices charged for telephone and telegraph services
?were placed on a more realistic cost basis by rate increases. The
continuation of this trend toward more efficient operation should lead
to better utilization of the resources of the Ministry of Communications.
It is believed that future courses of action of the Ministry of Communi-
cations will be as follows:
1. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the television transmission and reception
base.
2. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the AM radiobroadcasting reception base.
3. It is certain that there will be a continued
growth in TELEX service.
4. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the regular telegraph network.
5. It is certain that there will be an increase
in the capacity of the interurban telephone
and telegraph network through the continued
development of microwave radio relay and the
use of carrier frequency telephone techniques.
6. It is certain that there will be an improvement
in the technical quality of wire-diffusion
broadcasts.
7. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the FM radiobroadcasting transmission and
reception base.
8. It is almost certain that there will be a con-
tinued growth in the number of telephone sub-
scribers.
9. It is possible that there will be a further
reduction in the number of employees in
unproductive positions.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies that
contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process involved
in producing telecommunications service which does not require direct,
immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the radio
spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union has for
convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major bands,
as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and beloW
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mc***
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
.4
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF)
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
(EU)
Corresponding Wave*
Band
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
HectOmetric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Dec imetric waves****
Centimetric waves****
Millimetric waves****
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance in
the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a disturb-
ance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is con-
sidered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse rela-
tion to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency, and the shorter the wave length, footnote continued on p. kg
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to as
"multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
dividing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into portions
which can be used independently of and simultaneously with all other
portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are selected for
each portion to "carry" the information to be transmitted, after
alteration by the information frequencies. The carrier itself need
not be transmitted.,
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit in-
formation independently of and simultaneously with all other portions.
A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry infor-
mation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications connection
between distant points. By the application of appropriate techniques,
a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations to meet the
need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunications service.
In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single telecommunica-
tions units in sequence. In its most complex form it may by appor-
tionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone channels and
telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs; and other
specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broadcast pro-
grams, radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often arranged
into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 television
program or 600 telephone channels.- In turn, these 600 telephone
channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone channels
each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12 telephone
channels each. One or more telephone channels may be further sub-
divided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype subchannels.
Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated by combining
two or more telephone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear?
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
**** It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in.
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecommunica-
tions cable medium technique using one or more tubes (sometimes called
"pipes")., Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire supported con-
centrically by insulators. The space in the tube usually contains
nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial cable is used for the
transmission of information in complex form, such as radar, computer
data, or television signals, and/or for the transmission of telephone
Channels and telegraph subchannels. A single tube usually carries
information in only one direction at a time. The capacity of a tube
depends in part upon the distance between repeater stations. In the
standard facility, which may have from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a
single tube carries a lane of 600 telephone channels or 1 television
lane, for which the repeater station spacing is about 7 statute miles.
In a new developmental coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry
3 lanes of a total of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes,
for which the repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 stat-
ute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of electrical
science and technology that treats of the behavior of electrons in
vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications makes extensive
use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical energy
required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
?(ia;iiPh) service in which photographs, drawings, handwriting, and
printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded reception.
In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or dots of con-
stant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are built up of
lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred to as "tele-
photo" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
facilities of relatively low capacity which join facilities of rela-
tively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric current,
voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direction.
(See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain the
information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See Amplitude
modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities managed
and operated by a single agency, organization, company, department,
committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to the facilities
of a basic system.
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
?(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about 30
statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches (exo-
sphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes possible
long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers, however, are
responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and differences be-
tween.daytime and nighttime radio reception. They are also used as a
scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-transmission techniques to
transmit to distances of about 1,000 to 1,500 statute miles.
Joint'facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way telecommuni-
cations circuit which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle 600 tele-
phone channels or 1 television program. In some applications the
direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation by
a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable; or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively ,
high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to transmit
a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing telecommunica-
tions service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio frequen-
cies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally afford
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practical direct transmission to great distances, principally because
they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because they do
not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however, capable of
reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-sight) by the
use of special antennas which concentrate the radio energy and give it
desired direction. Great distances can, in consequence, be reached by
this technique by the interposition of relay stations along the route
of the line with a spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute miles,
depending upon terrain conditions. This technique can be employed
practically to carry from a small number of telephone channels and
telegraph subchannels to thousands of such channels and subchannels
through 2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or more television and other
specialized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which is intended to be operational while in motion or during
halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over the
same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which can be readily moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not public or common.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
?(usually measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical asso-
ciation of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various arrangements
for the purpose of providing 2-way multichannel operation.
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Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio frequen-
cies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other of
two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and ionosphere)
at a predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the energy
arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique is espe-
cially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and Antarctic)
where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of weather and
terrain and where the conventional long-distance radio media of the
lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to serious disrup-
tive propagational anomalies. (See Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-word-per-
minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any customer who direct]y operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunications
circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other
entity in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications
service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
effecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to a
typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
received by type printer on a roll of paper, on a roll of tape, or by
'perforations on a roll of tape; or both. (Sometimes called a "tele-
printer" or "teletypewriter.")
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?
Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting facili-
ties employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device which is capable of perforling in a solid
(germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by the con-
ventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter trans-
mission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
medium, now under development in several countries, which may be
capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conventional and
complex information. It consists of a circular or rectangular hollow
metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in the form of waves,
much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or cable
medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeaker: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
? from A distribution point one or more-broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or underground cable, used as
a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDLC B
METHODOLOGY
Much of the statistical data in this report was developed from in-
formation contained in statistical yearbooks of Poland for 1949. 1955.
1956, 1957, and 1958.
50X1
OVA I
it is believed that 50X1
the official Polish data given in this report are reliable.
The lack of adequate data on revenue and investment made the de-
velopment of Tables 1, 3, and 5** somewhat tenuous, and thus the
figures in these tables should be treated with caution.
* pp. 23, 24, 31, and 36, respectively, above.
** Pio. 6, 8, and 11, respectively, above.
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,raosrea,ssrom
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5
52
51
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