"OBSERVATIONAL DATA OF THE SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH DRIFTING STATION OF 1950-51, VOLUMES I AND III (VOLUME I - SECTION 2) MATERIALY NABLIUDENTO NAUCHNO-ISSLEDOVATEL'SLOI DREIFUIUSHCHEI 1950-51 GODA, RED.)

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• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 10, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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AMA Docurnont No. AD 117133
AMOR/CAM MRCOrZOLOGICAL
0 Joy Sgroct
Boston, Mass.
STAT
STAT
%riskHon of
cou0anYn.voonalDAria ov Tura SCOELMORC-21300A2CM DrIONDMO
syeacnom ev IIVE3C())-11901, yok. e-allo.
EDITOR, LI. tl. SOMOV
Peerlay nabliee.coll nauchno-lacletlevalePskol droll
fulushehel stanIcil 1950/51 gado, red. M. M. Seeley,
Lenincrad, lzd. ?Merchel Transport,' 1954-19551
VOLUME I
SECTION 2
This izonslaon hos been made by the American
Mc2oeroloolcal Seciciy under coniract AF 19(604)-
1934, iNrauch to supper) and sponsorchip of the
43110P1VSECS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE
AIR FORCE cAmoricoGE RESEARCH CENTER
AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
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ASIA Docurnont No. AD 117133
AMEIIICAN METECHIOLOOICAL SOCIETY
3 Joy Street
Boston, Mass.
Translation of
emsEnVavookiaa, [Java ?VII1LSCOMTOVOC-RESSEALICH onomme
szarnom ov lvs071951, Vogs.
EDITOR. M. M. 507.10V
? IMatorialy nabliudonii nauchno-issledovateskoi
drel-
fuiuchchoi stantsii 1950/51 goda, rod. M. M. Somov,
Leningrad, lzd. 'Morsisoi Transport,' 1954-1955]
S
VOLUME I
SECTION 2
This translation has boon mado by the Amorican
Motooro/caical Society under contract AF 19(604)-
1936, through the support and sponsorship of the
GEOPHYSICS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE
Ala FORCE CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH CENTER
Ain RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
? t
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PREFACE
The source material for these translations was submitted to the
U. S. Delegation attending the CSAGI Arctic Conference in Stockholm,
May 22-25, 1956 and loaned for the purpose of these translations by
the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. National Committee for the
International Geophysical Year.
It is felt that the translated articles have a timely appropriate-
ness in view of the IGY plans for the occupation of Arctic Ocean Drift
Stations. They are offered in rough draft in order to insure their
speedy distribution to all concerned with the Arctic operations. It
will be noted that consecutive pagination was not attempted in yield-
ing to the most expeditious means of translating and reproducing the
material. Each translated article has its own number sequence.
The tables and appendices for the most part retain the page numbers
of the original text.
Articles 1, 1, and 3 of Volume I translated by Mr. E. R. Hope
have been made available to the American Meteorological Society
through the kind cooperation of the Department of Defence, Ottawa,
Canada, in the interest of promoting Arctic research.
The assistance of the National Academy of Sciences, USNC-
IGY, in the preparation of the translated text for reproduction is
also gratefully acknowledged.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
Section 1 - AD 117132
Introduction. Translator David Kraus
"The drift of the scientific research station of 1950-1951,"
M. M. Somov. Translator David Kraus
OCEANOGRAPHY
Article 1 - "Organization of the oceanographic work. "
M. M. Nikitin. Translator E. R. Hope
Article 2 - "Depth soundings." Z. M. Gudkovich.
Translator E. R. Hope
Article 3 - "Water-temperature observations and collection
of samples for chemical analysis. " Z. M. Gudkovich.
Translator E. R. Hope
Article 4 - "Determining the chemical composition of the
sea water. " M. M. Somov and A. A. Musina.
Translator David Kraus
Section 2 AD 117133
Article 5 - "Results of a preliminary analysis of the deep-
water hydrological observations." Z. M. Gudkovich.
Translator David Kraus
Section 3 - AD 117134
Article 6 - "Observations of currents." M. M. Nikitin.
Translator David Kraus
Section 4 - AD 117135
Article 7 -
Article 8 -
"Hydrobiological work." K. A. Brodskii and M. M.
Nikitin. Translator David Kraus
"Results of the study of bottom deposits." N. A.
Belov. Translator David Kraus
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VOLUME II
Section 5 - AD 117136
ICE SCIENCE
Article 1 - "Visual observations of the state of the drifting
ice cover." G. N. Iakovlev. Translator David
Kraus
Article 2 - "Study of the morphology of the ice cover by sur-
veying." G. N. Iakovlev. Translator David Kraus
Section 6 - AD 117137
Article 3 - "Physical-mechanical properties and thickness of
the ice cover." I. G. Petrov. Translator David
Kraus
Section 7 - AD 117138
Article 4 - "The thermal regime of the ice dpver. " G. N.
Iakovlev. Translator David Krdus
ASTRONOMY
Article 5 - "Astronomical observations.!' N. A. Miliacv.
Translator David Kraus
VOLUME III
Section 8 - AD 117139
AERO-METEOROLOGY
Article 1 - "Meteorological observations." K. I. Chukanin..
Translator David Kraus
Section 9 - AD 117140
Article 2 - "Aerological observations. " E. G. Kanaki and
V. E. Blagodarov. Translator David Kraus
Article 3 - "1,7ind observations by damper vane." M. M.
Nikitin. Translator David Kraus
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RESULTS OF A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE DEEP-WATER
HYDROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
By
Z. M. Gudkovich
-1
Source:
Materialy nabliudenii nauchno-issledovatet'skoi dreifuiushchei stantsii
1950;51 goda, ed. M. M. Somov, Leningrad, Izd. 'Morskoi transport', 1955.
Vol 1. pp. 41-46, + Appendix pp. 48-170.
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The voluminous observations made by the drifting station revealed a
number of features of the hydrologic regime of the central part of the Arctic
Basin that had escaped the attention of investigators until recently.
The most interesting of these features is the interlayer of water directly
underlying the surface Arctic waters and differing from the latter in its hither
temperature and salinity. Figure 1 shows a meridional cross section demonstratir
the distribution of the temperature of the ocean water, constructed according to
data from the observations of the drifting station; Figure 2 shows a diagram of
the vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, Oxygen content, and content
of hydrogen ions (after Palich), and also of the silicon and phosphorus in the
sea water at Station 2. The observational data show that there is a uniform
water mass, with a temperature that varies during thP year within the limits -1.4
to -1.7? and salinity 28.8 to 30.6?/oo, down to a depth of 40-50 m. Below that
level the temperature and salinity increase sharply and at a dpeth of about 75 m
a temperature maximum is found (as high as -0.70?) after which the water tempera-
ture again felts, reaching a minimum at a depth of about 150 m (as law as -1.50?).
Further, there is a considerable rise in temperature and salinity with depth,
observed by all expeditions and associated with the presence of warm and saline
Atlantic water entering the Arctic Basin from the Greenland Sea. The maximum
temperature of the Atlantic water is observed at 400-450 m. Then the temperature
slowly drops,1) reaching -0.3, -0.4? at the bottom, and the salinity rises
slightly with depth, nowhere exceeding 34.99?/oo.
Thus, besides the four water masses defined by V. T. Timofeev, 2)one more
should be distinguished, it has extreme temperature values of -0.7? and -1.2*
and salinity of about 32?/o0. Timofeev's four water masses are; AS - Arctic
surface water, Iu - Intermediate upper water, A - Atlantic water, and k - Inter-
mediate lower water. 3) It has been proposed that this water mass is formed as
a result of the penetration of waters from the northern part of the Bering Sea
into the Arctic Basin. The analysis of the plankton collections of the
drifting station, made by K. A. Brodskii, gives convincing conformation of this
hypothesis: among the plankton inhabiting the 50-100 m layer Pacific Ocean
types were found that were not found in other regions of the central part of
the Arctic Basin. The said water mass has been arbitrarily named Pacific Ocean
water.4)Characteristically, the warm interlayer at depths of 50-100 m was not
found at the more southerly stations of the expedition on the icebreaker
Severnyi Polius (North Pole), 1946, and at Station 34 (73?48'N. Lat., 196?30'E.
Long.) of the Nigh-Latitude Aerial Expedition of 1950. Hence, the probably
paths of entry of this water are the Alaskan and in part the Herald Island
branches of the Bering Sea Current.
1)
2)
3)
4)
A certain rise in water temperature is observed below a depth of 2000 m,
which is caused, evidently, by adiabatic warming during its subsidence.
V. T. Timofeev. "Vodnye massy Arkticheskogo basseina (Water masses of
the Arctic Basin), Vysokoshirotnye vozdushnye ekspeditsii 1948 i 1949 gg.
Rezul'taty nauchnykh nabliudenii. (The High-Latitude Aerial Expeditions of
1948 and 1949, Scientific results), Izd. Arkticheskogo Institute, 1953.
In Russian: AP (arkticheskaia poverkhnostnaia), PR v (promezhutochnaia
verkhniaia), A (atlanticheskaia) and PRn (promezhuLochnaia nizhniaia voda).
(Tr. note).
It is interesting that an insignificant temperature rise at the lower boundar5
of the surface waters was detected at several stations of the G. Sedov,
From, and also the expedition aboard the SSSR-N169, This was usually
ascribed to the different depth of convection in different years.
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The basic mass of Pacific Ocean water, entering the central part of the
Arctic Basin apparently to the northwest of Point Barrow, comes into an anti-
cyclonic eddy of 'water, the center of which is located to the north of Alaska
and, in moving along its periphecy, gradually mixes chiefly with the water of
the lower-lying cold interlayer." In practice, Pacific Ocean water does not
penetrate into the western region of the Arctic Basin, in part because of its
transformation, and in part because its basic mass gradually turns east, south
and then westward, forming the anticyclonic circulation system of the waters
in that region.
When the temperature of the Pacific Ocean water drops in the process of
transformation, the plankton inhabiting this water dies. This may explain the
increased content of biogenic elements (silicon, phosphorus) in the water
layers below 50 m noted at almost all stations in the eastern region of the
Arctic Basin, with a decreased content of oxygen, which is expended on the
oxidation of the products of decomposition (Fig. 2).
The cold interlayer, discovered at a depth of 100-175 m, forms, probably,
because of the transport of water of the surface intermediate layer from the
region to the north of Ellesmere Island to the west along the northern shores
of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, where this water is drawn into the
above-mentioned anticyclonic eddy.
The upper zero isotherm, which usually is taken as the boundary of the
t Atlantic water, passes at a depth of 260-300 m in the region of the station
!
i . drift. The laxer of Atlantic water is 500-640 m thick, with maximum tempera-
ture up to 0.68', which does not bear out the hypothesis announced earlier
1 by some authors that there is a gradual reduction in the thickness of this
P
! layer as it moves eastward.
The deep-water hydrologic stations made during the drift indicate a
noticeable summer heating and a considerable freshening of surface water
during the period of icemelt. The graphs of Fig. 3 give convincing demonstra-
tion of this; they show the distribution of normal density ( t) and were
constructed on the basis of observations from different months. The sketch
shows that the decrease of density in the sub-ice layer of water begins at
the end of Hay, mainly because of the freshening of the water. This process
reaches its maximum development in the middle of August, after which the
surface layer becomes uniform because of the convections which had begun:
the water density gradually increases, and the layer itself increases in
thickness. This process ends toward the end of April, when the thickness
of the surface layer reaches 50 m. The presence of a layer of density
discontinuity and the seasonal changes of the vertical density gradients
play a large role in the development of drift currents not only near the
surface, but also in the lower-lying layers of water.
The results of the observations at the 15-day stations are of considerable
interest. Figure 4 gives a graph of the change in temperature at the
50-m horizon, obtained from observations at a 15-day station (Station 1).
1) Because of a discontinuity in the density of the 30-50 in layer, the
mixing process with the surface Arctic waters takes place less intensively.
? e
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From the sketch it follows that the temperature at that horizon changes con-
siderably with time. The amplitude of these changes reaches 0.6?. The
temperature fluctuations indicate the presence of waves at the separation
surface (in the discontinuity layer). Besides the short-period waves, also
noted by earlier expeditions, there are long-period waves, as indicated by
the averaged curve (thick line, Fig. 4). A comparison of this curve with
the pressure variation (dashed), constructed after data from the barograph,
shows the existence of a connection between them, which, however, is disrupted
at times. Noticeable temperature fluctuations take place at other horizons
as well, although they are not as strongly expressed. The causes of these
phenomena, as well as other features, may be revealed after detailed processing
and analysis of all data.
Appendix I:
Appendix II:
Appendix III:
Appendix IV:
Explanation of the tables
gives data from observations of the episodic stations.
data for the stations on open leads, and the results
of the ,nalyses of samples for nitrates, nitrites,
alkali kAlk), phosphates and silicon, taken at
episodic Station 2.
contains data from the complete analysis of three
samples of sea water.
gives the temperatures, salinites, and also the amount
of chlorine (Cl 0/00, normal specific weight S:17 5),
normal density (q) and normal specific volume
obtained from observations of 15-day and diurnal
stations. This table contains data obtained at stations,
with a detailed distribution of temperature in the
? upper water layers.
The temperatures 6iven in the tables are computed as the mean of the
corrected records of two thermometers after a second reading. The data cited
from the corrected record of one thermometer are noted by a single asterisk.
The temperatures obtained after the first readings of the two thermometers
? are noted by two asterisks. All doubtful data are included in parentheSes.
The coordinates of all stations, outside
determined by interpolation for the mean moment
nates for the 15-day stations are given for the
Fig. 1:
of the 15-day stations, were
of each station. The coordi-
beginning and end of observations.
Moscow time is given everywhere in the appendices.
Figures
Meridional temperature cross section.
x-axis (top) - Station number.
y-axis - Depth in meters.
Fig. 2: Distribution of temperature salinity, oxygen content (02),
hydrogen ions (pH), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) in sea water
at Station 2.
y-axis - Depth in meters.
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Fig. 3: Vertical distribution of normal density ('-i) in the subsurface
layer of water.
1.-
Station 2,
28 April, 1950.
5
- Station 10,
27 Sept.,
1950.
2 -
Station 4,
22 May, 1950.
6
- Station 11,
20 Oct.,
1950.
3 -
Station 7,
25 July, 1950.
7
- Station 14,
29 Jan.,
1951.
4 -
Station 8,
17 August, 1950.
8
- Station 16,
2 April,
1951.
x-axis - Normal density.
y-axis - Depth in meters.
Fig. 4: Temperature variation at the 50-m horizon, according to
observations at 15-day station (No: 1):
x-axis - Date:
y-axis - mb.
:1 wevirmeoUL
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APPENDIk I
(pp. 48-62)--
OBSERVATIONS OF THE TEMPERATURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER AT
EPISODIC STATIONS AND ON OPEN LEADS
Column headings.
Column 1: Date (e.g. 23/IV, April 23)
2: Time, hours and minutes (Moscow time)
3: Angle of inclination of the cable
4: Temperature of the water
5: Salinity S?/oo
6: Chlorine Cl?/oo
7: Normal specific weight p17.5
8: Normal density o-t
9; Normal specific volume v,
10: Oxygen /
11: Concentration of hydrogen ions (pH).
1st part - after Palich, 2nd part - after Buch.
Stations 1-16 have the same information pattern before the columns
of figures:
Beginning of observations. Date. Coordinates Depth. .
(N. Lat. and E. Long.). Length of cable let
out.
Angle of inclina-
tion.%)f,the cable.
Notes bottom of page 53:
1. Since the lower bathometer touched bottom, the whole series
was raised 15 in.
2. After the bathometer had been let down again to the bottom
horizon, the depth decreased to 1419 in.
Stations on pages 61 and 62 are for open leads, numbered 1 through 5.
The pattern is the same except the data on depth, cable and angle of
inclination are not included.
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APPENDIX TI
(p. 83)
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF SAMPLES FOR NITRATES, NITRITES, ALKALI, PHOSPHATES
AND SILICON AT EPISODIC STATION 2.
Column headings.
Column 1: Date
2: Time in hours and minutes
3: Horizon of observation in meters
4: Angle of inclination of cable
5: Nitrogen N in mg/m3
6: Alkali
7: see Table
8: Phosphorus P in mgm3
9: Silicon Si in mg/m4
The information pattern before the columns is the same as in
Appendix I.
APPENDIX III
(p. 64) ,
DATA ON THE COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THREE SAMPLES OF SEA WATER4
The information pattern before the columns is the same as in
Appendix I.
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Components
o/o of Ratio:
g/kg total mg-equiv/kg component
salts Cl
s0/00
Horizon of observatiors 4.5 m. Time 1431 hrs. t = 1.400
Total cations
Total anions
Sum total
Dry remnant
(The same information repeated once more on p. 64 and then
again on p. 65)
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APPENDIX IV
(pp. 66-170)
OBSERVATIONS OF THE TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OF SEA WATER AT 15-DAY
AND DIURNAL STATIONS,
Column headings.
Column 1: Date
2: Time in hours and minutes
3: Hcrizon of observation in meters
4: Angle of inclination of the cable
5: Temperature of the water
6: Salinity S?/oo
7: Chlorine Cl?/oo
8: Normal specific weight p17.5
9: Normal density?t
1Gi Normal specific /olume vt
The information pattern is the same for all stations in Appendix IVA.
It is as follows:
Beginning of observations.
End of observations.
Coordinates (N. Lat. and E. Long.). Depth.
15-day Station 1 (p. 66).
p- 116 Station 1 after determination of water temperature at additional
horizons.
15-day Station 2 (p. 116). 0
p. 170 Station 2 after determination ofowater temperature at additional
horizons.
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PHC. 1. Mepimitottaablibill Temnepatypttuit pa3pe3.
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