SUMMARY REPORT 1986 DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS FROM UNITED STATES UNIVERSITIES

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• Publication Date: January 1, 1987
• Content Type: REPORT

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Summary Report 19 8 6
Doctorate Recipients From
United States Universities
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HIGHLIGHTS
? The 31,770 research doctorates earned in 1986 represented 1.8 percent more than the number earned in 1985,
and they comprised the largest cohort of the past 10 years. During this period, the number of doctorates in
the natural sciences and engineering was on the upswing, with the steepest climb made by engineers. The
sharpest decline was in humanities, followed by education and the social sciences.
? During the past 25 years, the percentage of doctorates earned by U.S. citizens decreased from 85.6 percent
(in 1962) to 72.3 percent (in 1986). Correspondingly, the percentage of temporary visa-holders increased
from 10.8 to 16.6 percent of new doctorates. While the number of temporary residents increased in all
fields, the largest gains were among engineers and physical scientists.
? For the most part, there has been a general erosion in the number of men earning Ph.D.s, with a
corresponding gain in the number of women doctorates. In 1986, women earned 35.4 percent of the
doctorate degrees from U.S. universities. Despite this advance, women comprised only 21.2 percent of new
doctorates in the natural sciences and engineering.
? Changes in racial composition contrasted with stable sizes of cohorts. The numbers of both black and
white Ph.D.s declined, especially within the U.S.-citizen stratum. On the other hand, Asians and
Hispanics--especially temporary residents--enlarged their presence.
? Fields in which the majority or plurality of Ph.D.s reported primary support from university-related sources
were the natural sciences and engineering; in all other fields, personal sources of support were more often
reported. Furthermore, time trends showed a significant erosion of federal support for doctorate students in
all fields.
Doctorates in the biological sciences, especially in biochemistry, were the most likely to plan a
postdoctoral study appointment (66.1 percent and 78.5 percent, respectively). The most typical reason for
deciding to take a study appointment was to obtain additional research experience in their doctoral field. Of
the recipients who planned employment, 19.7 percent seriously considered pursuing postdoctoral study but
decided against it. The most frequent reason for deciding against the postdoctorate was having a more
attractive employment opportunity.
When the data were disaggregated below the level of broad field, some important contrasts emerged. Trend
tables showed that despite the recent increase in Ph.D.s in the physical sciences, the number of
mathematicians sharply declined. Recent growth in the broad field of life sciences also belied a drop in the
number of biological science Ph.D.s. Conversely, an increase in clinical psychologists and economists was
in contrast with the decline evidenced among social sciences overall.
Another observation was that doctorates in some subfields tended not to resemble colleagues under the same
umbrella broad field; rather, they paralleled doctorates in other broad fields. For example, economists were
more like natural scientists than social scientists in their demographic characteristics, sources of support,
time lapses, and postgraduation plans.
Data disaggregation also highlighted the fact that some disciplines became predominantly female in the
1980s--health sciences, psychology, education, and languages and literature. On the other hand, women
remained underrepresented (under 20 percent) in most physical sciences, engineering, and agriculture.
? Doctorate recipients evidenced different patterns of financial support not only across the seven broad fields
but also within these fields. For example, 66.8 percent of clinical psychologists reported self-support as
their major source in 1986, compared with 48.6 percent of other psychologists.
? Total time-lapse to degree completion has risen in every field but was evidenced mainly after 1971. The
total time to earn a doctorate had declined steadily over the decade of the 1960s, while registered time rose
very slightly. One implication is that external forces influenced the shortening of total time during the
1960s--perhaps through increased federal support and favorable market conditions for academicians.
? The percentage of new Ph.D.s who planned employment following the receipt of the Ph.D. has declined
steadily since data were first collected in 1958, while those with study plans increased. The group with the
highest percentage planning employment has been education doctorates, especially those specializing in
science teaching.
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Summary Report 1986
Doctorate Recipients From
United States Universities
The Survey of Earned Doctorates is conducted by the
National Research Council for
the National Science Foundation,
the U.S. Department of Education,
the National Institutes of Health,
the National Endowment for the Humanities, and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Susan L. Coyle
Project Manager
Yupin Bae
Research Associate
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1987 .
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The survey project is part of the program of the Office of Scientific and
Engineering Personnel (OSEP).
This report has been reviewed by a group of persons other than the author according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The
National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is the president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be
an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are the
chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report is based on research conducted by the Office of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel of the National Research Council, with the support of the National Science
Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, the National Institutes of Health, and the
National Endowment for the Humanities under NSF Contract No. SRS-8517008.
Opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are
those of OSEP and do not necessarily reflect the view of the sponsoring agencies.
Available from:
Doctorate Records Project
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
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PREFACE
This report presents a brief summary of the results of the 1985-86 Survey of Earned
Doctorates, which has been conducted each year since 1958 by the National Research
Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP) and its predecessor, the
Commission on Human Resources. Questionnaire forms, distributed with the cooperation
of the graduate deans of U.S. universities, are filled in by graduates as they complete all
requirements for their doctoral degrees. The doctorates reported here were earned during
the period July 1, 1985, through June 30, 1986, and include research and applied-research
doctorates in all fields. Professional degrees such as the M.D., D.D.S., O.D., D.V.M.,
and J.D. are not covered by this survey. A full list of degrees included can be found on the
inside back cover. For convenience throughout this report, "Ph.D." is used to represent
any of the doctorate degrees covered by the survey.
Responses were received from 29,696, or 94 percent, of the 31,770 persons who
earned the doctorate in fiscal year 1986. When individuals did not complete the
questionnaire, abbreviated records were compiled using information from the universities'
commencement bulletins. As a result, basic information--such as sex, field, institution,
and year of Ph.D.--is available for all of the 31,770 doctorate recipients.
This Summary Report is the twentieth in an annual series of reports that began in 1967.
Trend data from earlier periods can be found in the book A Century of Doctorates: Data
Analyses of Growth and Change (National Academy of Sciences, 1978). All survey
responses become part of the Doctorate Records File (DRF), a virtually complete data bank
on doctorate recipients from 1920 to 1986. More than five-sixths of the 850,448 records
now in the DRF have come from results of the 1958-1986 surveys. For doctorates granted
during the 1920-1957 period, information was compiled from commencement bulletins,
registrars' records, and other published material.
The conduct of the Survey of Earned Doctorates, the maintenance of the resulting data
file, and the publication of this report are funded jointly by the National Science
Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Education, the
National Endowment for the Humanities, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP) thanks these agencies for their
support. The interest, aid, and counsel of Mary Golladay (NSF), the project officer for the
agencies, are appreciated. In addition, Felix Lindsay of the National Science Foundation,
Charles Sherman of the National Institutes of Health, Jeffrey Thomas of the National
Endowment for the Humanities, Samuel Peng and Susan Hill of the U.S. Department of
Education, and K. Jane Coulter and Marge Stanton of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
have provided constructive advice on the design and analysis of the survey, a contribution
that increases its relevance to national policy issues. We also express our thanks to the
graduate deans in the doctorate-granting institutions for their continuing interest in and
assistance to this project.
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The Survey of Earned Doctorates is conducted under the administrative supervision of
Susan Coyle. Yupin Bae was responsible for the development of the summary statistics as
well as the production of most graphics. Special appreciation goes to Eileen Milner, who
supervised the coding and editing of the data; to George Boyce, manager of OSEP's Data
Processing Section; to Joseph Finan and Maren Herman, who were responsible for the
computer programming and processing; to Dorothy Cooper, project assistant, who was
responsible for the production of the manuscript; and to Cynthia Woods for her expertise in
desk top publishing. Thanks also go to Linda S. Dix, OSEP's reports officer, who edited
the draft and final manuscripts.
OSEP is concerned with those activities of the National Research Council that
contribute to the more effective development and utilization of the nation's scholars and
research personnel. Its programs seek to strengthen higher education and to develop better
understanding of the education process. It is hoped that reporting of the present data to
educational institutions, government agencies, and professional societies will facilitate
planning in higher education. Suggestions for improvement of the content or format of the
report, other comments, and questions are welcome.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF DOCTORATES
Citizenship Status
Male and Female Doctorate Recipients
Racial and Ethnic Status
Sources of Support in Graduate School
Median Time-to-Degree
Status and Type of Postgraduation Plans
Postdoctoral Study Decisions
FIELD DIFFERENCES
Demographic Trends
Sources of Support in Graduate School
Median Time-to-Degree
Trends in Postgraduation Plans
Summary
APPENDIXES 39
A The Five Basic Tables 40
1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Sex and Subfield, 1986 42
1A -Nurnber_=of--Doctor-ate Recipients, by Ci enz ship
Ra CWEihmc Group,_and-Sub eld,-1=986 44
2 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Field
of Doctorate, 1986 48
3 Sources of Support in Graduate -School--of Docto_ra_ to
,Recipients bySe-xandSummaryField-1956 54
4 State of Doctoral Institution of Doctorate Recipients,
by Sex and Summary Field, 1986 55
5 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients,
bycRacial/Ethnic-Croupand Cirizens ip Status '98=6^ 56
B Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Fine Field, 1976-1986 59
C Demographic Trends of Doctorate Recipients in 30 Selected
Fields, 1958-1986 64
D Trends in Postgraduation Plans of Doctorate Recipients in
30 Selected Fields, 1958-1986 72
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A
Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Universities, 1960-1986
2
B
Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Universities, by Broad Field
and Sex, 1977-1986
4
C
Percentage Distribution of Doctorate Recipients, by
Citizenship and Broad Field, 1962-1986
6
D
Percentage of Doctorate Recipients with Employment
Commitments in the U.S., by Citizenship and Broad Field,
1977 and 1986
7
E
Doctorate Recipients by Sex, Race, and Citizenship,
1977-1986
11
F
Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Field of Degree of 1986
Doctorate Recipients (U.S. Citizens)
12
G
Primary Sources of Support in Graduate School, by Field,
1977 and 1986
13
H Type and Status of Postgraduation Plans, by Broad Field,
1976-1986
17
I
Reasons for Taking Postdoctoral Study, by Field, 1986
19
J
Reasons for Deciding Against Postdoctoral Study, by
Field, 1986
20
K
Primary Sources of Support of Doctorate Recipients in
30 Selected Fields, 1977 and 1986
28
L
Median Total Years to Degree of Doctorate Recipients 'in
30 Selected Fields, 1958-1986
30
M Median Registered Years to Degree of Doctorate
Recipients in 30 Selected Fields, 1958-1986
32
1 Doctorates awarded by U.S. universities, 1960-1986, 3
2 Trends in the number of U.S. and permanent-resident Ph.D.s and in the
comparable U.S. population, 1962-1986, 7
3 Doctorates awarded by U.S. universities, by broad field and sex, 1976-1986, 9
4 Median ' total years to degree, by broad field, 1976-1986, 15
5 Median registered years to- degree, by broad field, 1976-1986, 15
6 Gender distribution in'female-dominated fields, 1976-1986, 25
7 Gender distribution in female-underrepresented fields, 1976-1986, 26
8 Median years to degree, all fields combined, 1958-1986, 29
9 Status of postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients, 1958-1986, 33
10 Type of postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients, 1958-1986, 34
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INTRODUCTION
Doctorate-recipients-from-U S u-nivversiti~snumbe=red=31;770 in 1986; an-increase-oft
percent-fromthepreviou year: VVh leahe 1986 hort- twas he largest since-1976; theme
1-8- 0
cnumbb vstill falls clecidedly=short of-the peak-reached=in 1=973,-whe"" n=3=3;755-researeh~
K::dcrctjr-aces w~~ ere-ea ned Moreover-theiU-S:~citizen-component_of-_the,ciass;of_1-986=~.,
ontinu-ed-a_deciine-that-begs .in_the1970
Selected statistics from the 1986 Survey of Earned Doctorates are highlighted in this
report, as are trend data on Ph.D.s from the comprehensive Doctorate Records File (DRF).
Frequently requested data--trends in broad field data and the demographic characteri stics of
Ph.D.s--are presented here. Also featured are data on sources of support in graduate
school, time-to-degree completion, and postgraduation plans of these new Ph.D.s.
The report's special section focuses on within-field differences; the seven broad fields
are broken out into 30 cluster fields to examine once again recipients' demographic
variables, sources of support, time-to-degree, and postgraduation plans. Reporting only at
the broad field level may miss interesting comparisons that emerge from a finer level of
disaggregation; at the worst, it may overlook countertrends. As an example of the former,
teasing out the data uncovered similarities among doctorates in the clusters of chemistry,
biochemistry, and chemical engineering--similarities that may have gone unnoticed had the
discussion been generalized to broad fields of physical sciences, life sciences, and
engineering. Additionally, the traditional clustering of health sciences within life sciences
obscures dissimilarities between health scientists and other natural scientists, and the
clustering of economics within social sciences obscures the strong similarities between
economists and natural scientists. Finally, reporting only the recent increase in the broad
field of physical sciences would have eclipsed the rather-sizea -le decrease--o_ccurringin-theme
duathe`matics-c uster.
L-as-t years:speciai-section-focused-on-women-and-minority_LT-S: doctorate-recipients.
There-have-been-few-changes-iin-their distributions'fr- =omt11985vtoJ986 -The largest increase
was in the proportion of women among American doctorates; they rose from 39.1 to
40.9 percent in 1986. The ercentage-of=U:S-b1ack-recipients-ghoea=the-gr-ea e ti-
,decl ne; from-4;O-to3-6-percent, thesma lest-percentage of U.S`b ack-s`sinrce-1974-,
Other recent reports highlighted types of U.S. baccalaureate sources of Ph.D.s,
measured by absolute numbers of doctorates and by numbers relative to the size of the
B.A.. cohort (1984), and employment plans and citizenship characteristics of new Ph.D.s
entering the U.S. labor force (1983).
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TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF DOCTORATES
The 31,770 research doctorates earned in 1986 topped the number earned in any other
year of the 1977-1986 decade. In that 10-year period, the number of degrees was
remarkably stable year to year, and the 1986 figure is but 1.8 percent higher than in 1985.
Nonetheless, this small change represents the widest variance from the decade's average of
31,277 Ph.D.s per annum.
When the frame of reference is enlarged to look at trends since 1960, the stability of the
past decade is even more remarkable (see Table A, below, and Figure 1, page 3). In the
.,Iate950s the-number-of doctorate-r~ecpientsygrew annually-b'S_percet ~n~the-1960s,
the,,rate{of--growth! nzloctorate -degreesrdoubled; then-tripled4-n-the:ieariy~19-7Os,th-e
cgrowth-rate-slowed; r-eac ed=the=1973=-peak; then-r-ev ed4irectionn~19J_4-and fna1jys
When the total number of degrees is disaggregated into seven broad. fields, the decade's
stabilized=in--1977?
pattern of stability virtually disappears (see Table B, page 4). octorates in h ritural
science and. enginee nn g increa , wi gineering in particular expert in` g apid1
~growt octorates in humanities declined the most, falling 36 percent since 1973-They
numbers of doctorates in education and in social sciences also dropped: both fields had
their peaks in 1976, and in 1986 they had fewer recipients by 14.5 percent and 6 percent,
respectively.
TABLE A: Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Universities, 1960-1986
Year
Number
Year
Number
Year
Number
1960
9,733
1969
25,743
1978
30,875
1961
10,413
1970
29,498
1979
31,237
1962
11,500
1971
31,867
1980.
31,017
1963
12,728
1972
33,041
1981
31,353
1964
14,325
1973
33,755
1982
31,096
1965
16,340
1974
33,047
1983
31,216
1966
17,949
1975
32,951
1984
31,277
1967
20,403
1976
32,946
1985
'31,211
1968
22,936
1977
31,716
1986
31,770
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30000 i
0
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1986
FIGURE 1 Doctorates awarded by U.S. universities, 1960-1986.
The relevance of these numbers must be viewed in the context of two factors. The first
is the existing field size. For example, the size of the 1986 cohort of
physicists/astronomers (n=1,187) was nearly equal to the cohort of agricultural scientists
(n=1,157). However, the number of new physics/astronomy Ph.D.s was lower relative to
their existing pool (estimated at 23,852) than the number of new agriculturalists relative to
their pool (estimated at 15,666).1 If the age distributions of these fields are roughly similar
this suggests that the number of new Ph.D.s required to replace experienced doctorates
who are or will be retiring will be larger in the former field than in the latter.
The relevance of these numbers must also be viewed in terms of whether the field is
growing or declining. Other things equal, a smaller number of new Ph.D.s will be
required in fields experiencing decline than in fields requiring growth. Little research has
evaluated replacement requirements by field, and such research is strongly needed. To
shed light on these requirements, it is suggested that Ph.D. supply data from the Survey of
Earned Doctorates (SED) be used in conjunction with Ph.D. employment data gathered by
the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR). Also conducted by the National Research
Council, the SDR is a biennial follow-up survey which samples approximately one out of
eight doctorate recipients from the SED in the fields of science, engineering, and
humanities. Estimates of attrition as well as the number of new job openings can be
derived from the SDR.2
1 Doctoral labor force estimated by the National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel, 1985 Survey of Doctorate Recipients.
2 See, e.g., Peter D. Syverson and Loma E. Forster, "New Ph.D.s and the Academic Labor Market," paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Council of Graduate Schools, December 7, 1984.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-00530R000802030001-3
Citizenship Status
In the last 25 years, the citizenship composition of the doctorate cohort changed
significantly (see Table C, page 6). The most dramatic changes were in the proportions of
U.S. citizens and temporary visa-holders: U:S=citizens-decline-from:85.6&perc-entdn 962
,to 72:3 percent i"n1 86; whereas ter`povary=residersts-increased=fr 1-0:8-to 1:6=percents
of the doctorates. (The proportion of permanent residents increased slightly from 2.4 to
4.5 percent. The remaining 6.6 percent of doctorates did not report their citizenship
status.) Mostrof=the-shift-occurred in e-last-10--years While the number of temporary
visa-holders increased in all fields, thegrowth_was,mD-gt pronoun --amo gg_engineersandi-~
pysic-ta scientist` s~
The temporary status of doctorate recipients may be an issue for long-range planning
because relatively fewer of these recipients remain in the U.S. after completion of their
degrees and because their particular status is at times dependent on the state of this nation's
international relations and immigration policies. The percentage of temporary residents
who reported on the'SUi ve fy oo Eatned-Doctorates-(SED)' that they intended to remain in the
U.S. following graduation was much lower than that of U.S. citizens and permanent
residents (35.6 percent versus 92.4 and 74.5 percent). However, because these figures
were derived from that component of the cohort who reported definite postgraduation plans
(about two-thirds of the recipients), data on the final third would be helpful to illuminate
whether temporary visa-holders leave the U.S. following receipt of the doctorate degree.
Additional information on the location of postdoctoral activity of the other third of
recipients is available through the biennial Si rr%ey-of Doctor-ate-Recipients-(SDR), whose
most recent data are from 1985. The third of 1983 SED respondents who did not report
postgraduation location were matched against the 1985 SDR. (A two-year gap was chosen
to allow for expiration of students' temporary visas.)
The SDR data on recipients who did not report location on the SED survey show the
following with a U.S. location: 97.8 percent of U.S. citizens, 96.5 percent of permanent
visa-holders, and 51.3 percent of temporary visa-holders. Along with data from Table D
(page 7) and Appendix A, Table 5 (pages 56-57), the picture emerges that between one-half
to two-thirds of temporary visa-holders do not remain in the U.S. following the receipt of
the degree.
cThus; thewth trends-notedbove_in engineering physicalscienc-s may change
to-flat_tren s To illustrate, in 1977 there were 4,379 Ph.D.s earned in the physical
sciences; by 1986 the number had grown to 4,808. Of the 19p; 1,554-_i7:S7and7
pemanent-resident_physic _scientists reported that they had definite emplo-y_men
com`mitments-in the U..S? They were joined by 50 temporary visa-holders, bringing the
total tes~1;6047Inf1.986; the comparable numbers were=l-;395=U:S. citize_ns-and permanent
residents and 180 temporary visa-holders, aktotal of-1;57
The decline in the number of U.S. and permanent residents getting Ph.D.s does not
seem to be tied to demographic trends. On the contrary, in the last 25 years changes in the
size of the relevant population pool for doctorate recipients differed considerably from
changes in the numbers of new Ph.D.s. Because the median age at Ph.D. for U.S. and
permanent residents was 33.8 years in 1986, a relevant population pool is the group of
25 -to 34-year-olds with 16 or more years of education, whose usual place of residence is
the United States (this pool includes permanent visa-holders but not temporary ones).
Figure 2, page 7, displays the growth trend of that population pool, indexed to 1962
figures, and compares the similarly indexed growth in U.S. and permanent-resident
Ph.D.s. Growth in the Ph.D. cohort ran well ahead of the population curve prior to 1978,
but it has since declined. 'I-he_impiic-atiomis:that to keep-the-suppiy _new o oor tes-at
(ste-a- y_or_mcrea ra e,_a_greaer_ro _t on-of college graduates-wi-li--have-to-be
encouraged into-graduate-school,ypeerhaps-with-un errepresented_group _ _ i _ argeted_or.
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TABLE C: Percentage Distribution of Doctorate Recipients, by Citizenship and Broad
Field, 1962-1986*
Year of Doctorate
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
Total, All Fields
U.S. Citizens
85.6
83.4
84.5
79.7
81.9
78.4
72.3
Permanent Visas
2.4
3.5
5.3
5.5
4.4
3.9
4.5
Temporary Visas
10.8
10.6
8.7
10.2
11.1
13.5
16.6
Physical Sciences
U.S. Citizens
84.8
82.0
82.2
73.8
76.3
72.7
62.5
Permanent Visas
2.2
3.4
6.3
7.5
6.1
4.7
5.0
Temporary Visas
11.9
11.9
10.1
14.8
15.4
19.5
26.2
Engineering
U.S. Citizens
76.5
73.4
73.2
55.7
52.0
44.2
40.8
Permanent Visas
4.9
6.3
12.5
16.4
13.4
11.2
10.2
Temporary Visas
17.9
16.7
13.7
22.4
31.7
38.9
40.6
Life Sciences
U.S. Citizens
79.8
77.3
80.2
74.3
79.9
80.8
75.9
Permanent Visas
2.7
3.3
5.2
6.4
4.3
3.2
3.6
Temporary Visas
16.7
18.0
13.9
14.7
13.3
13.1
15.2
Social Sciences
U.S. Citizens
85.4
83.4
85.1
82.7
84.8
82.2
77.9
Permanent Visas
2.1
3.7
4.9
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.8
Temporary Visas
10.5
10.2
8.7
8.8
8.1
9.2
11.5
Humanities
U.S. Citizens
90.7
88.3
89.6
87.4
89.3
84.9
78.8
Permanent Visas
2.4
4.3
4.7
4.3
3.3
3.9
4.4
Temporary Visas
4.6
4.5
3.8
4.2
4.7
6.4
9.3
Education
U.S. Citizens
94.5
94.6
94.6
90.6
90.3
86.6
84.7
Permanent Visas
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.0
2.5
Temporary Visas
4.3
3.5
3.4
4.2
5.7
7.9
7.1
Professional and Other
U.S. Citizens
82.5
81.9
78.2
80.3
80.0
76.5
70.8
Permanent Visas
2.2
3.9
5.5
4.8
3.9
3.7
4.8
Temporary Visas
13.3
9.6
12.7
9.5
13.7
14.0
15.6
*Details do not add to 100 percent where citizenship is unknown.
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TABLE D: Percentage of Doctorate Recipients with Employment Commitments in the
U.S., by Citizenship and Broad Field, 1977 and 1986*
U.S. Citizen
Permanent Visa
Temporary Visa
1977
1986
1977
1986
1977
1986
Total, All Fields
94.9
92.4
85.4
74.5
23.7
35.6
Physical Sciences
97.1
96.0
84.0
80.9
25.5
49.6
Engineering
96.3
95.3
94.1
84.3
48.6
53.7
Life Sciences
94.1
93.9
75.4
56.1
9.2
13.1
Social Sciences
94.3
92.6
85.1
74.7
21.6
28.2
Humanities
92.7
89.6
87.3
74.2
21.1
27.1
Education
95.2
90.8
62.2
52.8
8.1
8.2
Professional Fields
95.5
92.8
85.4
80.0
21.4
48.4
* Percentage based on total reporting definite postgraduation plans (17,215 doctorate
recipients in 1977 and 15,981 in 1986).
-0- U.S. Population
t PhD Population
1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986
Year
NOTES: Index year = 1962. Comparable U.S. population = 25- to 34-year-olds having 16 or more years
of education.
SOURCES: National Research Council and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
FIGURE 2 Trends in the number of U.S. and permanent-resident Ph.D.s. and in the
comparable U.S. population, 1962-1986.
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Male and Female Doctorate Recipients
In addition to changes in citizenship composition, the trends in degree production
among men and women also diverged during the 1977-1986 period (see Table B, page 4,
and Figure 3, page 9). In many fields, there was a reduction in the number of men earning
Ph.D.s and a corresponding gain in the number of women. By 1986, women earned
35.4 percent of the doctorate degrees from U.S. universities. Despite their advance,
however, women continued to be underrepresented in the natural sciences and engineering.
While U.S. women have been entering these fields in greater numbers, their presence
has been overshadowed by the concurrent growth in the number of foreign recipients.
These cohorts of non-U.S. citizens, especially temporary visa-holders, are more
predominantly male than their American counterparts, and they are tending to enter the
science and engineering pool at a faster rate than U.S. women. A Ph.D. "gap" was created
in the 1970s when the number of American male recipients declined; the gap was partially
filled by American women, but to a greater extent it was filled by foreign citizens.
Moreover, the gap-filling role played by these two groups was not played uniformly across
these fields. One researcher has found a large, negative correlation (r = -.79) between the
fraction of women and the fraction of foreign citizens in engineering and the three broad
fields of science.3 U.S. women were closer to parity with U.S. men--at 40.9 percent--
than were all women vis-a-vis all men. This finding held true in all of the seven broad
fields; for example, among all engineers women were 6.7 percent, but among U.S.
engineers women were 10.1 percent.
Engineering was the single field in which both men and women increased their
numbers over the decade; at the same time, women enhanced their proportion of
engineering Ph.D.s from 2.8 percent in 1977 to 6.7 percent in 1986. Humanities was the
single field in which the number of doctorates earned by both sexes declined. The
reduction was smaller among women, however, and their downward trend was irregular:
in fact, there were more women doctorates in humanities in 1986 than in the previous year.
As a result of the sexes' differing rates of decline, the percentage of women humanists
increased from 36.4 percent in 1977 to 45.2 percent in 1986.
Education was the only one of the seven broad fields in which the number of women
exceeded the number of men. (There were also more women than men in some non-major
fields, to be discussed in the special section below.) In 1986, women earned 54.6 percent
of the education doctorates. Nonetheless, the number of women was less than the peak
reached in 1983, when women became the majority of these degree earners. In terms of
types of education degrees, women received slightly more Ph.D.s than men (49.5 percent
versus 47.4 percent) and slightly fewer Ed.D.s (47 percent versus 48.4 percent).
3 Robert McGinnis, "Interactions Between Labor-Market Adjustments and the Quality of Performance in
Engineering: A Sociological Perspective," Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, unpublished paper, 1987.
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~,.. Professional Fields
-? Engineering
0
'"??-. .?-' Professional Fields
1980 1982
YEAR OF DOCTORATE
FIGURE 3 Doctorates awarded by U.S. universities, by broad field and sex, 1976-1986.
9
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Racial and Ethnic Status
The racial composition of new Ph.D. cohorts. also changed between 1977 and 1986.
Table E (page 11) displays the number of doctorate recipients by gender, racial/ethnic
group, and citizenship status;-1977986-The smallest group getting Ph.D.s has
consistently been American Indians; the largest has consistently been whites. 'In between,
the order from low to high was: Hispanic, black, Asian. While the sequence of these
groups has remained the same, their sizes have changed. Hspani specially, ans,
have increased:their s aces-of_doctorat s~`earned-blacksnd-whites-have decreased=their
cshares The groups also display differences in their field distributions, and Table F
(page 12) shows those differences for U.S.-citizen doctorate recipients in 1986.
The-declinein-numbers,of--black-and-white-Ph:D:s-occurred pr maril_- hi_n-the_-_S:-
ci`ti-zenstratum.5The most significant decl ne_was-among I .S-blacs? The number of
black American doctorates dropped from,, 1 1 i-6=to-820,-areductiono :26 5-percent, which
was not evenly distributed between the sexes. The number of Ph.D.s awarded to U.S.
black males decreased by more than half, whereas the number awarded to U.S. black
women rose 15.5 percent. As evidenced in Table F, American blacks of both sexes tended
to cluster in the field of education.
In addition, the number of white American doctorates declined. Their 11 percent
reduction was also a result of losses among male recipients, which were only partially
offset by increases on the part of white women.
On the other hand, important gains were made by other groups. Chief among them
were Asians, especially those on temporary visas. In 1977, Asians earned 6.9 percent of
the doctorates, and by 1986 they earned 12.8 percent. Also, by 1986 Asians had become
the largest racial group (54.7 percent) of temporary-resident doctorates; whites had been the
biggest group in 1977. In addition, Asian Americans also increased their participant share,
from 1.4 percent of U.S.-citizen doctorates in 1977 to 2.3 percent in 1986. Table F shows
that Asian Americans were largely concentrated in the life sciences.
The number of Hispanic Ph.D.s also increased in every citizenship stratum, especially
among the temporary-visa group. Hispanics earned 2.4 percent of the doctorates in 1977
and 3.6 percent in 1986. Much of the growth among the U.S. Hispanic group was
attributable to a rise in the number of women doctorates: by 1986, U.S. Hispanic women
were at near parity with their male counterparts (47.3 percent). Like U.S. blacks, U.S.
Hispanics tended to cluster in the education field.
Finally, the numbers and proportions of American Indians went up over the decade,
peaking at 100 in 1986 (virtually all are U.S. citizens, although occasionally cohorts will
include Canadian and Latin American Indians). Because their numbers have always been
quite low, even small variations can change the picture quite dramatically. For example, in
1985, 58.1 percent of American Indian recipients were women, but in 1986 the balance
shifted, and 59 percent were men. Despite the irregular trend, it does appear that the
number of American Indians receiving doctorates is gradually increasing (0.2 percent in
1977; 0.3 percent in 1986).
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TABLE E: Doctorate Recipients, by Sex, Race, and Citizenship, 1977-1986
Year of Doctorate
Race/Ethnicity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
American Indian
U.S.
43
50
56
46
56
44
50
53
39
58
Permanent Visas*
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Temporary Visas*
4
1
3
-
-
-
-
Asian
U.S.
Permanent Visas
25r,
488
287
531
311
564
313
513
315
499
281
444
312
431
338
389
329
437
3477
412
Temporary Visas
955
1,114
1,253
1,282
1,341
1,567
1,731
1,982
2,137
2,252
Black
U.S.
6.84
584
551
499
499
483
412
427
379
321_'
Permanent Visas
70
65
52
63
80
81
73
81
117
106
Temporary Visas
236
252
288
305
339
340
339
382
354
275
Hispanic
U.S.
310
317
308
256
275
344
288
313
300
299
Permanent Visas
36
52
52
48
47
52
45
47
50
71
Temporary Visas
210
251
310
280
321
247
288
252
294'
288
White
U.S.
17,0.1.1--
15,573
15,261
14,848
14,458
13,984
13,599
13
155
12
778
57_.,
112;3
Permanent Visas
446
379
319
326
331
309
.
381
,
350
,
367
.
409
Temporary Visas
1,252
1,197
1,068
1,129
1,225
1,242
1,287
1,223
1,272
1,214
American Indian
U.S.
22
10
25
29
29
33
. 30
20
56
41
Permanent Visas*
1
Temporary Visas*
-
Asian
U.S.
88
103
117
145
150
171
180
174
187
180
Permanent Visas
83
111
110
131
109
108
120
118
116
111
Temporary Visas
163
197
210
190
223
262
275
313
389
387
Black
U.S.
432
449
505
533
514
564
509
526
533
499
Permanent Visas
8
8
6
11
17
15
10
21
14
20
Temporary Visas
13
18
32
26
33
33
24
37
41
38
Hispanic
U.S.
113
156
154
156
189
191
250
222
261
268
Permanent Visas
15
13
25
25
15
27
24
24
23
36
Temporary Visas
22
38
38
48
68
47
54
48
67
83
White
U.S.
6,054
6,238
6,659
7,145
7,521
7,689
8,074
8,168
7,926
8
281
Permanent Visas
143
152
157 .
142
159
154
163
163
167
,
183
Temporary Visas
196
175
195
201
207
216
252
267
295
290
* In most cases, non-U.S. American Indians are citizens of Canada or of Latin American countries.
11
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
TABLE F: Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Field of Degree of 1986 Doctorate Recipients (U.S. Citizens)
Field of Doctorate
Total
Physical
Engi-
Life
Social
Professional
Race/Ethnicity
Fields
Sciences
neering
Sciences
Sciences
Humanities
Education
and Other
U.S. Citizens
Total
22,984
3,003
1,379
4,342
4,548
2,728
5,595
1,389
Men
13,583
2,486
1,240
2,733
2,414
1,477
2,403
830
Women
9,401
517
139
1,609
2,134
1,251
3,192
559
American Indian
Total
99
8
6
23
20
7
26
9
Men
58
4
5
11
12
6
16
4
Women
41
4
1
12
8
1
10
5
Asian
Total
527
107
80
152
69
30
58
31
Men
347
84
74
92
40
10
25
22
Women
180
23
6
60
29
20
33
9
Black
Total
820
25
14
64
163
70
421
63
Men
321
18
10
28
70
28
141
26
Women
499
7
4
36
93
42
280
37
Hispanic
Total
567
53
25
72
130
76
188
23
Men
299
41
22
39
75
38
68
16
Women
268
12
3
33
55
38
120
7,
White
Total
20,538
2,714
1,224
3,958
4,080
2,496
4,820
1,246
Men
12,257
2,253
1,102
2,507
2,164
1,366
2,114
751
Women
8,281
461
122
1,451
1,916
1,130
2,706
495
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Sources of Support in Graduate School
Since 1977, item 17 of the Survey of Earned Doctorates has asked recipients to
designate their primary sources of support from a list of 26 sources categorized along four
main lines: personal, university-related, federal, and "other." Within these categories, there
are different mechanisms. For example, personal or self-support may come from one's
own earnings, spouse's earnings, family contributions, or loans. University support
comes usually through research assistantships or teaching assistantships but may also be
fellowships or work-study. Federal support comes through fellowships or traineeships
from various agencies, such as NSF, NIH, and the Department of Education. In the
"other" category are a variety of sources, such as Ford Foundation fellowships and
business support. This last category accounts for the smallest proportion of the total
primary financial support, about 6 percent.
Doctorate recipients evidenced different patterns of financial support among the seven
broad fields. In addition, the patterns shifted somewhat over time, the most significant
change being an erosion of federal support (see Table G). A decade ago, 16.1 percent of
new recipients reported that the federal government was their primary supporter. In the
1980s, however, the government began to shrink its role in supporting doctorate recipients,
and almost all the agencies, except NSF and the Defense Department, pulled back on the
number of students they supported. Thus, by 1986, only 7.2 percent of the recipients
reported the federal government as their major support source. As a consequence, the
number of recipients relying on either self-support or university-related support increased,
and field differences widened.
TABLE G: Primary Sources of Support in Graduate School, by Field, 1977 and 1986*
Primary Sources of Support
Personal
University
Federal
Other
1977
1986
1977
1986
1977
1986
1977
1986
Total All Fields
36.1
42.1
41.9
44.8
16.1
7.2
5.8
6.0
Physical Sciences
13.0
12.5
69.4
77.7
12.6
5.0
5.0
4.7
Engineering
17.8
16.4
59.6
67.7
12.4
5.6
10.2
10.3
Life Sciences
17.3
24.2
46.9
49.7
30.0
19.3
5.8
6.7
Social Sciences
35.8
49.7
35.8
38.4
22.6
6.7
5.7
5.3
Humanities
39.7
48.6
42.9
43.8
11.7
3.2
5.6
4.4
Education
66.2
79.0
20.6
13.3
8.5
2.4
4.7
5.2
Professional Fields 48.3
52.5
33.1
37.2
11.7
3.6
6.9
6.6
and Other
* Percentage based on total reporting primary source of support (17,195 doctorate
recipients in 1977 and 26,232 in 1986).
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In 1977, a majority of doctorate recipients in physical sciences, engineering, and life
sciences--and a plurality in the humanities--reported the university as their major support
source. In addition, 17.4 percent of these Ph.D.s, reported federal funding as their major
support. However, as federal support began to dry up, the pattern changed. Table G
shows that by 1986, a larger share of physical scientists and engineers relied on university
support, but in contrast, a larger share of life scientists and humanists reported personal
sources of support. Moreover, the plurality of humanists, no longer supported by the
university, instead relied on self-support.
The decline in federal support also occurred among. social scientists (22.6 percent
reported federal funding in 1977, versus 6.7 percent in 1986). In the earlier year, social
scientists were evenly split between their reliance on self-support and university-related
support; each source was reported by 35.8 percent of new doctorates. By 1986, the loss in
federal support was countered by a 13.9-point growth in the self-supporting share, while
the share relying on university support rose by only 2.6 points.
In the remaining broad fields of education and professional fields, recipients reported
personal sources by a wide margin in 1977 and by a still wider margin in 1986. The
9.1 percent that had primary reliance on federal support in 1977 had dwindled to
2.7 percent by 1986. For education doctorates, the decline in federal support coincided
with a decline in the rate of university-related sources, which resulted in a greater share
depending on self-support (from 66.2 percent in 1977 to 79.0 percent in 1986).
Median Time-to-Degree
The time it takes to earn a doctorate degree, measured from the date of the first
baccalaureate, steadily increased over the 1976-1986 period. At the earlier year, the median
total time-to-degree was 8.6 years. In 1986, it was 10.4 years.
Additional variation was observed when the data were disaggregated by field. For
example, recipients in the natural sciences and engineering completed their degrees more
quickly than the doctorates in other fields, with physical scientists taking the shortest total
completion time--7.3 years in 1986. The recipients with the longest total time-to-degree
were educators--a median 15.7 years in 1986, more than double the completion time for
physical scientists. Figure 4, page 15, depicts the rising trends, the hierarchy of fields, and
the differences across fields.
Alternatively, time-lapse can be measured in terms of years registered for the Ph.D.
(see Figure 5, page 15). Like total time, registered time-lapse also increased over the 1976-
1986 period, but its increase was much less--from 6.0 to 6.8 years overall. In parallel
fashion, registered time increased in each of the seven broad fields. However, the
hierarchy of low to high was different from that for total time. (The reader should be
advised to note the differences in scaling on the y-axes of Figures 4 and 5 to avoid
misleading comparisons of slopes.)
Recipients with the shortest registered completion time were engineers--5.9 years in
1986. Recipients with the longest registered time were humanists--8.2 years in 1986. The
difference between total time and registered time was perhaps most pronounced in the field
of education. For educators, the median total time-to-degree in 1986 was 15.7 years, but
the median registered time was only half that--7.8 years. This difference reflects the
practice of many education doctorates to work for a number of years after earning a
baccalaureate and before beginning their doctorate program.
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14
12
6
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986
* Includes "other."
-
Year
Professional Fields*
Humanities
Life sciences
Engineering
Physical sciences**
FIGURE 4 Median total years to degree, by broad field, 1976-1986.
Humanities
Education
Professional Fields*
Social Sciences
Life Sciences
Physical Sciences**
Engineering
5
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986
Year
" Includes "other."
Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
FIGURE 5 Median registered years to degree, by broad field, 1976-1986.
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Status and Type of Postgraduation Plans
As discussed above, the Survey of Earned Doctorates is administered at about the time
that recipients complete all of their degree requirements. It is at that time, then, that the
answer to item 19 applies--i.e., "What is the status of your current postgraduate plans?"
The new Ph.D.s can designate that they are returning to predoctorate employment or have
made another commitment; these responses are categorized as "definite." Conversely,
recipients may specify that they are negotiating with an organization(s), are seeking a
position but have no specific prospects, or "other"; these selections are characterized as
"seeking."
The trend in status of plans has been generally stable since 1976 (although the special
section, Field Differences, takes a longer view and shows marked changes occurring in
the late 1960s to early 1970s). As seen in Table H (page 17) 67.6 percent of new
doctorates had definite plans in 1976, not markedly different from the 66.3 percent in
1986. Where variation occurred was among fields. The field with the biggest share of
recipients with definite plans in 1986 was professional and other (72.4 percent). This
figure is lower than in 1976, when 77.0 percent had definite plans. - The field with the
lowest percentage with definite plans was humanities (57.2 percent). In contrast to the
reduction observed for professional degree-earners, the humanists' figure is higher than in
1976, when the parallel percentage was 54.9 percent.
Recipients were also asked to specify whether their postgraduation plans involved
employment or study, and here is where a more noticeable change took place. In 1976,
76.7 percent of new Ph.D.s planned to be employed. By 1986, that figure had declined to
69.0 percent. Correspondingly, study plans were reported by 16.6 percent of respondents
in 1976 and by 22.0 percent in 1986. (The remaining recipients did not report their plans.)
Again, Table H displays field differences. The highest share of doctorates planning
employment after graduation has consistently been in the field of education; in 1986, the
figure was 89.0 percent. The greatest percentage planning postdoctoral study was in life
sciences; the figure in 1986 was 51.9 percent. Life sciences was also the field in which the
greatest shift occurred between employment and study plans. (See the special section for
within-field differences and more extended trend data.)
Postdoctoral Study Decisions
While most of the items on the survey questionnaire pertained to objective data, two
asked for subjective responses. First, item 21A asked recipients with postdoctoral study
plans, "What was the most important reason for taking a postdoctoral appointment?"
Second, for recipients who considered further study but who chose employment, item 22D
asked, "Why did you decide against the postdoctoral?"
As it turned out, the proportion of recipients taking postdoctorates varied widely from
field to field, but the reasons for or against postdoctoral study clustered around certain
responses. To begin with, few recipients outside the science and engineering fields--
8 percent or less--had postdoctoral study plans, in part because few such opportunities
exist in fields where R&D funding is low. For this reason, the tables showing postdoctoral
study decisions (Tables I and J, pages 19 and 20) break the science fields out more finely
than the other broad fields. The field with the greatest percentage of doctorates with study
plans was biosciences, particularly biochemistry (66.1 percent and 78.5 percent,
respectively). Men and women were about as likely to have planned postdoctoral study in
these fields. The next highest percentages were in chemistry and physics/astronomy,
where approximately half of the recipients had study plans.
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TABLE H: Type and Status of Postgraduation Plans, by Broad Field, 1976-1986*
Field
Total All Fields
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Physical Sciences
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Engineering
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Life Sciences
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Social Sciences
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Humanities
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Education
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
Professional Fields
Employment
Study
Definite
Seeking
1976
1978
1980.
1982
1984
1986
76.7
74.7
75.6
74.8
72.6
69.0
16.6
18.0
18.4
18.6
20.5
22.0
67.6
67.0
70.3
68.6
66.1
66.3
25.7
25.7
23.8
24.7
27.0
24.7
55.6
57.0
59.8
60.8
55.8
50.5
38.0
36.8
34.7
33.3
38.6
40.4
68.6
71.0
74.8
73.7
70.5
68.3
25.0
22.8
19.7
20.4
23.9
22.7
78.9
76.8
80.0
79.6
74.2
69.3
15.5
16.3
13.5
13.0
16.4
19.2
67.0
69.3
73.7
66.6
62.5
60.8
27.3
23.8
19.8
25.9
28.1
27.7
49.2
46.3
44.8
44.9
42.8
40.5
44.3
47.3
50.1
49.8
51.3
51.9
71.4
71.1
73.4
71.3
68.2
69.7
22.1
22.6
21.5
23.4
25.8
22.6
83.3
79.2
81.5
80.1
78.5
75.6
10.4
12.2
12.5
12.3
13.7
14.9
68.6
64.3
68.0
65.3
62.0
64.6
25.2
27.1
26.0
27.2
30.1
25.9
85.7
84.7
86.1
85.9
85.1
81.5
4.4
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.7
8.0
54.9
56.0
58.8
60.0
56.2
57.2
35.1
34.1
32.9
31.4
34.7
32.3
91.9
90.2
91.6
91.0
91.5
89.0
2.5
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.7
69.9
66.9
70.4
69.6
69.5
69.2
24.5
26.3
24.1
24.6
25.2
23.5
91.6
92.2
92.0
90.8
90.2
87.4
1.8
1.9
3.0
1.6
2.3
2.8
77.0
78.2
78.9
75.1
74.3
72.4
16.5
15.9
16.1
17.3
18.2
17.7
* Details do not add to 100 percent where plans are unknown.
17
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The most typical reason respondents provided for deciding to take a study
appointment was to obtain additional research experience in their doctoral field (see
Table I). Between 40 and 70 percent of the respondents in every field--including the non-
sciences--chose this as the most important reason. For many scientists, the complex nature
of research has required the acquisition of specialized skills,4 so the explanation of
wanting additional experience makes sense. In most of the natural sciences, the second
most frequently reported reason was the opportunity to work with a particular scientist or
research group; this consideration is also relevant to the development of specialized
knowledge. Together, these two. reasons were cited by 73.3 percent of the doctorate
recipients who planned postdoctoral study in. 1986.
On the other hand, the second most frequent reason reported by both chemistry and
biochemistry Ph.D.s was to switch into a different field of research. (In addition, more
than a third of these recipients who had definite employment commitments also switched
out of their degree subfield, although most commitments were made within the same broad
field.) Finally, for both social scientists and humanists, the second most frequent reason
provided for choosing a postdoctorate was that they could not obtain a desired type of
employment position. (Earlier discussion on trends in numbers of doctorates noted that the
number of recipients had been declining recently in both of these fields; the absence of
desirable employment may be a factor in this decline.)
Of the recipients who made employment plans, a fraction reported that they had
seriously considered pursuing postdoctoral study but had decided against it (19.7 percent;
see Table J). In every field the most frequent reason for deciding against the postdoctorate
was that respondents had more attractive employment opportunities (40.6 percent overall).
While this consideration seems to contradict the need to obtain more specialized skills, note
that it is based on a minority of recipients who said that they had considered undertaking
postdoctoral study.
As for the second most frequent reason against an appointment, recipients in two-thirds
of the fields stated that no postdoctorals were available; mathematicians, more than any
other Ph.Ds, reported such unavailability (37.5 percent). Inadequate stipends were also
frequently reported as deterrents. Only computer scientists (20 percent) and chemists
(15.8 percent) reported their second most frequent reason as little or no benefit being
derived from a postdoctoral appointment. In the case of computer scientists, this finding
was not surprising, given the low proportion who wanted postdoctorals (11.3 percent). In
the case of chemists, however, nearly half (47.2 percent) had planned for postdoctoral
study, so deciding against further study on the basis that it would provide little or no
benefit was not expected.
Note also that Appendix A, Table 2, pages 48-53, shows the percentage of recipients
with definite study plans, by field and sex, and that Appendix A, Table 5, pages 56-57,
shows the percentage by race and citizenship. Overall, men were more likely than women
to have planned a postdoctoral appointment (24.2 percent versus 18.0 percent), and
Mexican Americans were the least likely group to plan postdoctoral study (14.7 percent).
Both of these findings are at least partially dependent on field differences between the sexes
and among the races, with women and underrepresented minorities concentrating in the
non-science fields where postdoctoral opportunities are few.
4 See discussion on pages 80-85 of Porter E. Coggeshall, Postdoctoral Appointments and
Disappointments, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981.
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TABLE I: Reasons for Taking Postdoctoral Study, by Field, 1986
Reasons for Postdoctoral Study*
Total
Planning
Postdocs
Additional
Experience
Particular
Scientists
Switch
Fields
No Desired
Employment
Other/
Unknown
Total All Fields
7,004
3,945
1,189
672
487
711
22.0
56.3
17.0
9.6
7.0
10.2
Physics/Astronomy
51.7
70.2
17.9
5.4
2.6
3.9
Chemistry
47.2
57.2
14.7
15.5
8.9
3.6
Earth/Atmospheric/
36.0
55.7
26.4
2.8
10.8
4.3
Marine Sciences
Mathematics
23.7
68.8
23.7
2.9
1.2
3.5
Computer Sciences
11.3
48.9
44.4
-
4.4
2.2
Engineering
19.2
57.9
19.0
6.2
9.4
7.5
Biochemistry
78.5
49.6
19.2
20.8
3.1
7.4
Other Biosciences
66.1
56.2
16.8
12.3
5.9
8.8
Health Sciences
15.4
51.3
25.2
5.0
3.4
15.1
Agricultural Science
23.3
58.1
15.6
5.9
13.3
7.1
Psychology
18.4
40.8
16.3
5.1
6.4
31.5
Other Social Sciences
11.0
63.2
8.9
4.3
9.2
14.4
Humanities
8.0
49.6
9.1
4.0
14.9
22.4
Education
3.7
55.3
15.9
6.1
6.9
15.9
Professional Fields
2.8
61.1
14.8
5.6
3.7
14.9
*Item 21A asked respondents with postdoctoral study plans to check one of the following
as the most important reason for taking a postdoctoral:
- "To obtain additional research experience in my doctoral field"
- "To work with a particular scientist or research group"
- "To switch into a different field of research"
- "Could not obtain the desired type of employment position"
- "Other reason"
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TABLE J: Reasons for Deciding Against Postdoctoral Study, by Field, 1986
Reasons Against Postdoctoral Study*
Total
Decided
Against
No Postdoc Little/No Stipend Attractive
Available Benefit Inadequate Employment
Other/
Unknown
Total All Fields
6,257
1,255
690-
809
2,542
961
%
19.7
20.1
11.0
12.9
40.6
15.4
Physics/Astronomy
17.9
9.9
12.2
18.8
49.8
9.4
Chemistry
18.3
5.5
15.8
13.5
58.9
6.3
Earth/Atmospheric/
23.6
23.7
8.6
6.5
49.6
11.5
Marine Sciences
Mathematics
24.1
37.5
5.7
5.1
42.0
9.7
Computer Sciences
17.5
10.0
20.0
5.7
48.6
15.8
Engineering
16.7
18.4
15.9
13.6
44.8
7.2
Biochemistry
8.4
-
6.3
29.2
52:1
12.5
Other Biosciences
14.1
17.0
10.4
14.6
44.6
13.4
Health Sciences
22.8
15.9
9.1
19.3
35.8
19.8
Agricultural Science
20.0
20.8
9.5
11.7
51.5
6.5
Psychology
28.3
11.0
8.9
28.1
36.6
15.4
Other Social Sciences
21.2
27.0
8.7
10.2
39.3
14.8
Humanities
24.5
31.4
9.8
5.1
37.4
16.4
Education
18.2
19.6
12.5
9.1
33.8
25.0
Professional Fields
17.3
28.7
10.2
7.8
36.2
17.1
*Item 22D asked those with employment plans if they seriously considered postdoctoral
study; and, if yes, why did they decide against the postdoctoral:
- "No postdoctoral appointment available"
- "Felt that I would derive little or no benefit from a postdoctoral appointment"
- "Postdoctoral available but stipend inadequate"
- "Had more attractive employment opportunity"
- "Other"
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FIELD DIFFERENCES
Thus far, differences among the seven broad fields have been touched on in terms of
their demographic composition, sources of support, time-to-degree, and postgraduation
plans. In this section, these broad fields are broken into 30 selected "cluster" fields: 20 in
the sciences and 10 in the non-sciences. Demographic trends, time-to-degree patterns, and
trends in postgraduation plans are here reviewed for each of these clusters starting in 1958,
the year the Survey of Earned Doctorates began. In addition, comparisons of 1977 and
1986 data on major sources of support are made.
Demographic Trends
Appendix Table C, pages 66-71, displays the demographic trends at 2-year intervals
beginning in 1958. Doctorate production overall grew in the first half of this period,
peaking in 1973. Thereafter, production declined for a short while, rebounded, and then
leveled off. By 1986, the number of recipients overall was nearly 6 percent lower than in
1973, yet different production trends emerged when the data were disaggregated by cluster
field and demographic characteristic. For example, in 1986 the number of Ph.D.s in
physical sciences was 8 percent less than in 1973, and the number in mathematics (which is
under the physical sciences umbrella) was 40 percent less. As noted above, the relevance
of new numbers is dependent on the size of the existing field as well as the demand for
replacement.
Demographic disparities were also observed within fields. For example, women in the
humanities approached parity with men in 1986, when they earned 45.2 percent of the
Ph.D.s. However, within-field differences were more than apparent: women received only
20.2 percent of the new doctorates in philosophy, versus 58.4 percent in English and
American language and literature. Another type of difference was within engineering, in
which the average percentage of temporary residents was 40.6 percent. Nonetheless, the
proportion of temporary visa-holders ranged from a low of 36.8 percent in chemical
engineering to a high of 48.8 percent in civil engineering. Finally, broad field data can also
be compared with within-field differences. One such interesting comparison is between the
percentage of blacks earning Ph.D.s in the sciences and engineering (2.7 percent in 1986)
with the percentage earning doctorates in science teaching fields (12.8 percent).
Physical Sciences
? Size of cohort. Among the physical sciences, recent trends in size of cohort
appeared similar to the overall pattern described above. The growth evidenced in the
1980s, however, disguised the fact that the cluster field of mathematics never stemmed the
decline that began in the 1970s. The 730 mathematics doctorates earned in 1986 were
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43 percent fewer than the 1,281 Ph.D.s earned in 1972. Note that the field of computer
sciences was added in 1977, and it attracted some scholars who might otherwise have
studied mathematics (or engineering). Yet even when the computer scientists were added
to the mathematicians, the combined number in 1986 (1,129) still represented a loss that
was double the average size of decline (12 percent, instead of 6 percent). Moreover, the
field of mathematics decreased despite its attraction of the largest component of temporary
visa-holders of any of the physical sciences--37.3 percent.
? Gender. Women in the physical sciences have traditionally been underrepresented;
they were only 16.3 percent in 1986. When the survey began in 1958, women's largest
presence in the physical sciences was in mathematics--5.9 percent. By 1986, it was largest
in chemistry--20.8 percent.
? Race/ethnicity. The racial composition of physical sciences subfields did not look
much like the overall picture. Asians were more heavily concentrated here than in the
general distribution, except in the earth and atmospheric cluster, Asians earned an especially
high share of computer sciences degrees (29.7 percent). Blacks were underrepresented in
all the clusters; their largest share of Ph.D.s was in chemistry (2.0 percent). Of all the
physical sciences, mathematics had the highest percentage of Hispanic degree-earners
(6 percent).
? Citizenship. Temporary residents earned over a quarter of the physical sciences
degrees in 1986, principally in mathematics, as noted above. Permanent residents were
overrepresented in computer sciences, where they earned 11.8 percent of the degrees.
Engineering
? Size of cohort. In engineering, a renaissance of interest brought the 1986 total
degree production to its second highest level ever. In 1986, 3,376 individuals earned
Ph.D.s in engineering, a number just 3.5 percent less than the 1971 peak of 3,498.
? Gender. Engineering remained the domain of male recipients. The percentage of
women was 6.7 percent overall and ranged from 3.2 percent in mechanical engineering to
11.1 percent in chemical engineering.
? Race/ethnicity. Asians were more heavily concentrated in engineering than in any
other doctorate field, whereas whites were the least concentrated. The largest share of
Asians and the smallest share of whites were in chemical engineering. As in physical
sciences, blacks were underrepresented. The highest proportion of black engineers--
3.5 percent--was in civil engineering.
? Citizenship. Whereas the 1986 class of engineers was nearly the size of the 1971
cohort, a crucial difference was that only 40 percent of the 1986 cohort were U.S. citizens,
compared with 75 percent of the 1971 cohort. In civil engineering, the presence of U.S.
citizens was particularly low--31.5 percent. Mechanical engineering was also low in the
number of U.S. citizens (38.2 percent). The subfield with the highest share of Americans
was chemical engineering--46 percent; this subfield also had the highest percentage of
women, which recalls the large, negative correlation observed between women and foreign
citizens, discussed earlier (page 8).
Life Sciences
? Size of cohort. The number of doctorates in the life sciences climbed to its highest
level in 1985--5,759 doctorates--and was substantially the same in 1986, when there were
5,720 recipients. Nonetheless, the number of biological scientists had already peaked to
date: microbiologists and bacteriologists peaked in 1970, biochemists in 1980, other
bioscientists in 1982. Moreover, there were 100 fewer agriculture recipients in 1986 than
in 1985. Health scientists increased, however, and peaked in 1986 with 772 Ph.D.s.
? Gender. In health sciences, women have dramatically increased their percentage,
and their share is the largest of any cluster field, 62 percent. Women earned slightly over a
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third of the biological science doctorates, the second highest share of all the natural
sciences.
? Race/ethnicity. American Indians earned 0.9 percent of the degrees in health
sciences--their largest share of any Ph.D. The shares of blacks and Hispanics within
agricultural sciences were relatively high and were the largest the groups had in any of the
natural sciences--5.7 percent and 6.2 percent, respectively.
? Citizenship. Individuals earning degrees in the biological sciences were pre-
dominantly American--approximately 80 percent. This was the Americans' largest share of
any of the natural science and engineering fields. In contrast with the other life science
fields, nearly a third of agricultural Ph.D.s were temporary visa-holders.
Social Sciences
? Size of cohort. Degrees in social sciences peaked at 6,142 in 1981 but dropped
5 percent, to 5,841 doctorates, in 1986. Still, two clusters were larger than in 1981:
economics (including econometrics) and clinical psychology (including counseling and
school psychology). The political science/international relations cluster fell to its lowest
number in 20 years--490, or nearly half the number of doctorates conferred in peak year
1972.
? Gender. The entire loss of political scientists was made up of male recipients, for
the number of female political scientists increased, and their share rose from 10.3 percent in
1972 to 26.9 percent in 1986. Of all the social sciences, economics had, proportionately,
the fewest women (19.3 percent). On the other hand, men and women were at parity in
psychology, where the number of women increased while the number of men declined.
? Race/ethnicity. Psychology was also the specialty with the largest presence of
white doctorates (about 90 percent). Blacks earned a greater percentage of degrees in
political science and international relations than in any other field of science (7.7 percent).
? Citizenship. Of all the social sciences, economics had the largest presence of
temporary residents--31.5 percent. The smallest share of non-U.S. citizens was in
psychology, especially clinical psychology.
? Size of cohort. In 1986, there were 3,461 doctorate humanists. As mentioned
earlier, this number represented a decline of 36 percent since the peak reached in 1973.
The loss was even greater among doctorates in philosophy (38.8 percent), English and
American language and literature (49 percent), foreign languages and literature
(51.5 percent), and, especially, history (53.7 percent). The rest of the humanities
disciplines did not face such heavy losses. In fact, at least one field grew larger: doctorates
in music grew by 36 percent between 1973 and 1986. In addition, there was relative
stability among some other large subfields such as linguistics, art history and criticism, and
religion. Finally, the addition of theatre as a specialty in 1977 had a slight effect on
increasing the number of doctorates conferred in humanities; the increase in 1986 was
2.6 percent.
? Gender. Women earned 45.2 percent of the humanities doctorates in 1986,
approaching parity with men. But when data were disaggregated by cluster field, the
pattern diverged. In languages and literature, the number of women exceeded men by
nearly 3 to 2. Conversely, in history the ratio of men to women was 2 to 1; in philosophy,
it was 4 to 1.
These distributions are puzzling, and differences in labor markets among the subfields
of humanities fuel the question. Data from a follow-up employment survey of humanities
doctorates show that the subfields with the highest unemployment rates were modern
languages and literature and classical languages and literature; with the lowest
unemployment rates were American history and philosophy. Moreover, doctorates in
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-00530R000802030001-3
languages and literature had median annual salaries ranging from $32,600 to $34,100,
whereas doctorates in history and philosophy had median salaries ranging from $36,100 to
$37,300.5 The association of more favorable markets with a larger presence of men in a
field would be interesting to pursue.
? Race/ethnicity. The highest proportion of Hispanics in any doctorate field was in
the foreign languages and literature cluster: 18.2 percent, more than five times their overall
share of 3.6 percent.
? Citizenship. Except in foreign languages and literature, the proportion of non-U.S.
citizens was quite low. Humanities, like social sciences and education, seems not to attract
foreign citizens.
Education
? Size of cohort. The number of doctorate recipients in education reached its peak at
7,725 in 1976 but fell by 14.5 percent to 6,602 recipients in 1986. Proportionately, most
of the decline has been in the science teaching areas, which include science, social science,
mathematics, agriculture, and nursing education. The peak in these science teaching
specialties was reached in 1972; by 1986 they had declined by 51.3 percent. The decline
does not neatly fit the pattern in the actual science fields, for while Ph.D.s in the social
sciences and mathematics have indeed been decreasing, degrees in agriculture and nursing
have not.
? Gender. In 1983, the number of women in education exceeded the number of men
for the first time, and this phenomenon continued through 1986. Nonetheless, men
continued to dominate in the subfield of education administration (see Appendix A,
Table 1, page 43). Moreover, men retained their dominant position in science education,
although that position appeared to be eroding: in 1986, the science education specialties
were 56.7 percent male.
? Race/ethnicity. In education overall, and in science teaching particularly, the
proportion of degrees earned by blacks was larger than in any other field. Blacks earned
8.8 percent of all education doctorates in 1986 and 12.8 percent of the degrees in science
teaching fields.
? Citizenship. Science teaching fields also attracted larger shares of non-U.S.
citizens, especially temporary residents, than did the remaining fields of education (science
teaching's share of temporary residents was 18.5 percent; other teaching, 8.8 percent;
nonteaching, 6.0 percent).
Professional Fields
? Size of cohort. 1986 was the peak year for doctorates in professional fields. While
close to half of these 1,936 Ph.D.s were awarded in business and management, most of the
growth was outside the business specialties. Still, the business cluster experienced
continued growth, although at a slower rate than the rest of the professional fields.
? Gender. The share of women in business was 23 percent in 1986: not high, but
quite a large increase compared with the approximately 3 percent share attained during the
1958-1972 period. In the other professional fields, women's share was much higher--
43.7 percent.
? Race/ethnicity. Business, more than any field outside the natural sciences and
engineering, attracted a large share of Asian degree-earners. Blacks and Hispanics,
however, were underrepresented.
? Citizenship. Of the non-sciences, business and management had the largest share
of temporary visa-holders (22.8 percent).
5 Betty D. Maxfield and Prudence Brown, Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1985 Profile, pages
17 and 28, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1986.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
The changes in male-female distribution that led to some disciplines becoming
predominantly female are shown in Figure 6, below. This figure depicts the typical pattern
of men's decrease and women's increase in health sciences, psychology, and education as
well as the less prevalent pattern--of decreasing numbers of degrees earned by either sex--
in languages and literature.
Conversely, Figure 7 (page 26) displays the very slow progress made by women in the
physical sciences, engineering, and agriculture, fields in which women hold less than 20
percent of the Ph.D.s.
Men
-? Women
2200
2000
is
1800
1600
? 1400
E 1200
Z 1000
100 800
6000 1 0111 If% ATIf1\1 1600
~.,.,.. m 1400
4000 -601200
50.9%
49.1%
3000 54.4%
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986
FIGURE 6 Gender distribution in female-dominated fields, 1976-1986.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
~- Men
-~ Women
01200
N
900
800
N
M
600
0
o400
5 200
z
9.2% 0
87.7%
12.3 %
, 3200
is
02400
0
0 1600
m
5 800
z
1200
m
83.8%
FIGURE 7 Gender distribution in female-underrepresented fields, 1976-1986.
EARTH/ATMOS/MARINE
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
Sources of Support in Graduate School
As discussed on pages 13-14, the four basic avenues of financial support in graduate
school are personal, university-related, federal, and "other." In addition to differences
across the seven broad fields, different patterns emerged within fields (see Table K,
page 28).
Physical Sciences and Engineering
The 1977-1986 shift away from federal support affected the subfields differently.
Mechanical engineers, for instance, were most affected; their reliance on federal support
dropped 13 points, from 15.1 percent in 1977 to 2.2 percent in 1986. The displacement
was distributed among the other three categories, particularly to university-related sources.
Reliance on university sources was highest among recipients in physics/ astronomy--that
share rose from 75.8 percent in 1977 to 84.0 percent in 1986.
Life Sciences
When life sciences were disaggregated, health sciences emerged as wholly different
from the rest of the science doctorates. In 1977, health scientists comprised the only
cluster field that had a plurality of recipients relying primarily on federal support. As
federal funding closed off, however, self-support became the most frequently reported
major source by 1986.
Social Sciences
As discussed in the general section, natural scientists and engineers typically replaced
federal support with university-related sources, but social scientists had a greater shift
toward self-support. The exception to the rule was made by the economists who, like
natural scientists, had a greater percentage of recipients shifting to university sources than
to personal sources. Most affected by the turn to personal sources were the clinical
psychologists, whose self-supporting percentage rose from 46.4 percent in 1977 to
66.8 percent in 1986. This kind of result was not as pronounced for other, generally more
research-oriented psychologists, whose self-support rose from 36.4 to 48.6 percent.
Humanities
Recipients in certain subfields of humanities also evidenced differences from the
general pattern of support for humanists. Typically, humanists replaced federal support
with personal support. However, Ph.D.s in history, philosophy, and foreign languages
reported greater percentages with support from university sources in 1986 than in 1977.
Education and Professional Fields
Not only did federal support decline for doctorate recipients in education, but also
university-related support was reported by proportionately fewer recipients in 1986 than in
1977. Percentages with primary personal support were greater in education than in any
other cluster. Finally, Ph.D.s in business and management shifted to university sources
rather than to self-support in 1986, but proportionately more doctorates in other
professional fields shifted to personal sources.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
TABLE K: Primary Sources of Support of Doctorate Recipients in 30 Selected Fields,
1977 and 1986
Primary Sources of Support,
Personal University
Federal
Other
1977
1986
1977
1986
1977
1986-
1977
1986
TOTAL ALL FIELDS %
36.1
42.1
41.9
44.8
16.1
7.2
5.8
6.0
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Physics'and Astronomy
9.8
7.5
75.8
84.0
10.2
4.4
4.2
4.1
Chemistry
9.8
10.3
74.6
81.4
11.7
5.2
3.9
3.1
Earth/Atmos/Marine Sciences
17.3
18.9
56.4
70.9
19.4
6.1
7.0
4.1
Mathematics
17.7
14.0
64.1
74.2
11.8
5.3
6.4
6.5
Computer Sciences
45.0
25.6
55.0
58.2
0.0
4.1
0.0
12.1
ENGINEERING
Electrical/Electronic
18.6
15.0
57.7
71.0
11.1
3.1
12.6
11.0
Chemical
11.0
7.1
65.3
78.6
13.9
8.6
9.8
5.7
Civil
21.3
23.6
60.3
58.7
7.8
6.2
10.6
11.5
Mechanical
15.1
16.7
61.2
69.7
15.1
2.2
8.6
11.4
Other
17.3
17.8
60.0
64.1
12.9
7.0
9.8
11.2
LIFE SCIENCES
Biochemistry
8.9
13.6
45.4
58.9
42.3
25.8
3.4
1.7
Microbiology/Bacteriology
14.5
21.4
42.5
53.7
40.2
20.0
2.8
4.9
Other Biosciences
16.5
21.1
47.4
50.1
31.5
24.7
4.6
4.1
Agricultural Sciences
17.9
20.5
61.2
59.3
8.9
4.9
12.0
15.3
Health Sciences
32.7
51.2
24.6
25.1
37.3
14.9
5.3
8.8
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Economics & Econometrics
24.9
27.7
52.1
56.2
14.2
5.3
8.8
10.8
Political Sci & Intl Relations
36.0
42.8
37.1
41.2
15.9
6.8
11.0
9.2
Clin/Couns/School Psych
46.4
66.8
22.2
25.2
28.9
6.0
2.5
2.0
Other Psychology
36.4
48.6
38.6
41.2
22.1
7.8
2.8
2.5
Other Social Sciences
31.4
43.8
36.1
41.2
25.1
7.4
7.4
7.6
HUMANITIES
History
43.8
51.2
33.7
36.9
16.3
6.1
6.2
5.9
Philosophy
33.0
41.4
47.3
54.8
12.8
0.5
6.9
3.3
English & Amer Lang & Lit
36.0
49.0
52.1
47.4
7.4
1.3
4.4
2.3
Foreign Lang & Lit
32.7
32.8
49.8
59.7
14.1
4.8
3.5
2.7
Other Humanities
44.9
53.1
37.6
38.3
10.6
3.1
6.9
5.6
EDUCATION/PROF FIELDS
Education, Nonteaching
68.2
81.6
18.9
11.1
8.4
2.3
4.5
5.0
Teaching, Science Fields
53.3
65.7
33.3
21.4
9.6
3.3
3.7
9.5
Teaching, Other Fields
61.1
72.3
24.6
19.6
8.6
2.8
5.7
5.3
Business & Management
40.8
40.8
45.2
48.7
7.1
2.9
6.8
7.6
Other Professional Fields
53.1
63.3
25.5
26.7
14.4
4.4
7.0
5.6
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
Median Time-to-Degree
In the general section, differences were examined by broad field in time elapsed to earn
the Ph.D. That section only looked at the period 1976-1986 but found increases in the
median total and registered times-to-degree in every field in that period. ("Total time"
measures the period between earning the baccalaureate and earning the doctorate;
"registered time" is limited to that period a recipient indicates he or she is enrolled in
graduate school.) Upward trends are not inevitable progressions, however.
Total Time
Data from the entire survey show the following trend in total time: a gradual increase
from 8.4 years in 1958 to 8.9 years in 1961, decreasing to a low of 7.9 years in 1970 and
1971, followed by a steady rise to 1986's median total time of 10.4 years (see Figure 8).
Even when data were disaggregated, the phenomenon of lengthening time-lapse
occurred in every field (see Table L, page 30). Nonetheless, some fields were more stable
than others: doctorates in physics/astronomy, e.g., had the least variable time-lapse line.
What is more, recipients in some cluster fields did not always resemble those of other
clusters in the same broad field. For example, the time-lapse of health scientists was not in
step with time-lapse variations in the other life sciences. Indeed, health scientists did not
even follow time-to-degree patterns similar to those of natural scientists. When the 30
cluster fields were divided between the top 15 "shorter-time" and the remaining 15 "longer-
time" fields, all of the natural sciences and engineering except health sciences fell into the
15 "shorter-time" group. Second, economics did not fall into the "longer-time" group as
did all of the other social- and non-science fields. As with demographic characteristics,
both exceptions were further instances of health scientists resembling non-science
doctorates and of economists resembling natural scientists in their degree processes.
The three subfields with the shortest total time-to-degree (6.5, 6.8, and 7.3 years) were
drawn from three different broad fields, but had a single discipline in common: chemistry.
These three were chemistry (physical sciences), chemical engineering (engineering), and
Registered Time
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986
Year
FIGURE 8 Median years to degree, all fields combined, 1958-1986.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
TABLE L: Median Total Years to Degree of Doctorate Recipients in 30 Selected Fields,
1958-1986
Median Total Years
Fields
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
TOTAL ALL FIELDS
8.4
8.8
8.2
7.9
8.5
8.9
9.6
10.4
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Physics and Astronomy
6.4
7.0
6.4
6.5
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.3
Chemistry
5.5
5.8
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.4
6.0
6.5
Earth/Atmos/Marine Sciences
7.5
8.1
7.4
7.7
8.1
7.9
8.3
9.0
Mathematics
7.1
7.1
5.8
6.0
7.0
7.1
7.0
7.3
Computer Sciences
-
-
-
-
-
7.9
7.7
9.1
ENGINEERING
Electrical/Electronic
7.4
6.9
7.2
6.7
7.4
7.0
7.7
7.9
Chemical
6.1
6.3
5.7
6.3
6.5
6.6
7.0
6.8
Civil
8.5
8.3
8.2
7.2
8.8
8.0
8.5
8.7
Mechanical
8.5
6.9
7.5
7.2
7.7
8.1
8.2
8.3
Other
7.5
7.4
7.0
7.1
7.8
7.7
8.2
8.5
LIFE SCIENCES
Biochemistry
7.0
7.0
6.3
5.9
6.2
6.3
6.7
7.3
Microbiology/Bacteriology
7.6
8.7
7.4
6.4
6.8
6.6
6.9
8.0
Other Biosciences
7.4
7.9
7.2
6.5
7.1
7.3
7.4
8.3
Agricultural Sciences
7.1
7.5
8.2
7.4
8.0
8.0
8.2
9.2
Health Sciences
6.9
10.4
10.0
9.0
8.6
8.7
10.4
11.9
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Economics & Econometrics
8.6
9.6
7.7
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.3
8.4
Political Sci & Int'l Relations
10.0
8.9
8.2
8.2
8.9
9.2
10.0
10.5
Clin/Couns/School Psych
8.1
9.5
7.7
6.8
7.3
7.4
8.7
9.7
Other Psychology
7.5
7.7
6.5
6.1
6.5
7.4
8.4
9.7
Other Social Sciences
9.1
9.9
9.5
8.7
8.8
9.2
10.4
11.7
HUMANITIES
History
9.4
9.4
8.9
8.9
9.1
10.5
11.1
12.2
Philosophy
8.9
9.6
7.4
8.0
8.5
8.5
9.8
10.1
English & Amer Lang & Lit
10.1
10.3
9.9
8.7
9.0
9.9
11.2
12.2
Foreign Lang & Lit
10.6
10.9
9.7
9.0
9.3
10.6
11.5
12.2
Other Humanities
10.4
10.7
11.5
10.5
10.2
10.4
11.2
12.3
EDUCATION/PROF FIELDS
Education, Nonteaching
-
12.8
14.3
12.8
12.5
12.8
13.8
16.0
Teaching, Science Fields
-
12.4
13.7
11.6
11.6
11.9
13.5
15.3
Teaching, Other Fields
15.1
12.9
14.1
13.0
12.2
12.5
12.9
14.6
Business & Management
9.2
9.6
9.1
9.3
9.1
9.9
11.0
11.9
Other Professional Fields
15.2
13.1
14.9
13.3
11.0
11.5
12.1
13.7
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
biochemistry (life sciences). These three clusters were also characterized by having high
percentages planning postgraduate study. At the other end of the spectrum, the three
subfields with the longest time-lapse (14.6, 15.3, and 16.0 years) were all in education:
other teaching fields, science teaching fields, and nonteaching fields. The longer time-lapse
is due in part to the practice of these recipients not to be registered in school during much of
the period between earning their baccalaureates and earning their doctorates.
Registered Time
As noted in the earlier section, recipients' registered time-to-degree was considerably
less than their total time-to-degree (see Table M, page 32). Another difference was
observed in the 1960s, in which total time-lapse declined, but registered time did not.
Instead, it grew modestly: median registered time was 5.3 years in 1958 and 5.5 years in
1970. The fact that registered time was slowly increasing during the 1960s (except 1967-
68) suggests that external forces, rather than programmatic changes, were influencing the
decrease in total time. The post-Sputnik shift in federal priorities, with increases in R&D
support, and the associated build-up of academic employment may have helped to
accelerate recipients through the pipeline, by smoothing access and enhancing motivation.
In the 1970s and 1980s, however, the pattern of increasingly longer time-lapse was as
true for registered time as it was for total time, although it was much lower: by 1986,
registered time was a median 6.8 years. The steeper slope of total time's increase after
1970 also implies the influence of external forces on degree completion time.
When measured in registered time, the subfields with the shortest time-lapse were in
engineering and chemistry. This finding is consistent with the total time-lapse measure.
However, the longest registered time-lapses were all in humanities--history and languages
and literature--rather than in education, which had the longest total time-to-degree.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
TABLE M: Median Registered Years to Degree of Doctorate Recipients in 30 Selected
Fields, 1958-1986
Median Registered Years
Fields
1958
1962
1966 1970 1974 1978
1982
1986
TOTAL ALL FIELDS
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.9
6.1
6.5
6.8
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Physics and Astronomy
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.7
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.3
Chemistry
4.6
4.8
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.2
5.5
Earth/Atmos/Marine Sciences
4.5
5.1
5.7
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.4
6.9
Mathematics
5.4
5.2
5.0
5.2
5.5
5.8
5.9
6:0
Computer Sciences
-
-
-
-
-
5.7
6.4
6.5
ENGINEERING
Electrical/Electronic
5.1
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.7
Chemical
4.6
4.8
4.6
4.9
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.4
Civil
5.4
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
Mechanical
5.0
5.1
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.7
5:8 "
6.0
Other
4.9
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.6
5.8
'5.9
6.1
LIFE SCIENCES
Biochemistry
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.8
6.0
Microbiology/Bacteriology
5.5
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.3
Other Biosciences
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.4
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.5
Agricultural Sciences
4.5
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.8
6.0
Health Sciences
5.1
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.5
5.9
6.3
6.9
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Economics & Econometrics
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.7
6.1
6.3
Political Sci & Int'l Relations
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.6
6.1
6.7
7.3
7.8
Clin/Couns/School Psych
5.9
6.1
6.1
5.7
5.8
5.8
6.5
7.0
Other Psychology
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.7
6.4
7.0
Other Social Sciences
5.2
5.8
5.5
5.9
6.2
6.6
7.4
8.1
HUMANITIES'
History
5.9
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.8
7.7
8.4
8.5
Philosophy
5.9
5.9
5.4
5.5
6.3
6.7
7.7
8.0
English & Amer Lang & Lit
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
Foreign Lang & Lit
6.2
6.1
5.7
6.0
6.8
7.5
8.2
8.6
Other Humanities
5.7
5.9
6.3
6.3
6.6
7.0
7.7
8.1
EDUCATION/PROF FIELDS
Education, Nonteaching
-
6.8
6.9
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.3
7.8
Teaching, Science Fields
-
6.7
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.7
6.8
7.3
Teaching, Other Fields
6.8
6.3
6.4
6.0
6.1
6.3
6.7
7.7
Business & Management
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.4
6.0
6.2
6.6
7.0
Other Professional Fields
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.5
6.0
6.1
6.8
7.7
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Trends in Postgraduation Plans
In contrast with the decade-long stability in status of postgraduation plans, discussed
above, the longer trend line of 1958 to 1986 indicates considerable change (see Figure 9).
In 1958, 78.4 percent of recipients were either returning to their predoctorate employment
or had made definite commitments to work or study; those still seeking or negotiating a
position comprised 14.3 percent. The proportion with definite commitments rose in the
early to mid-1960s to 83-84 percent, fell in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and then more
or less leveled off to the present 66.4 percent. By 1986, the uncommitted share had risen
to 24.7 percent.
Clearly, the uncommitted share does not translate into an unemployment rate, although
the seeking status does appear to result in higher unemployment in the short term. Data
from the 1985 Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR, described earlier on page 3) can be
used to observe differences in unemployment rates between recipients with definite plans
versus those who were still seeking a position.
Respondents from the 1984 Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) were sampled by the
SDR in 1985, with the following results: Ph.D.s whose postgraduate status was definite in
fiscal year 1984 (July 1, 1983-June 30, 1984) had an overall unemployment rate of
0.8 percent in February 1985; Ph.D.s whose postgraduate status was seeking in FY1984
had an overall unemployment rate of 7.0 percent in 1985.6
80
c 60
m
41
CL 40
24.7%
0
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986
Year
FIGURE 9 Status of postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients, 1958-1986.
6 The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed but seeking
employment. Note that these rates are based on a survey of doctoral scientists, engineers, and humanists
whose place of employment is the U.S.; rates for doctorates in education and professional fields or for the
non-U.S. labor force may differ. Rates across fields are also quite variable, with humanists reporting higher
rates of unemployment and engineers showing zero unemployment. Moreover, these rates are calculated 7-
19 months after a respondent has completed his survey form; the longer recipients have been in the labor
force, the lower their unemployment rates.
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At the same time that plan status was changing, the type of postgraduation plans--either
employment or postdoctoral study--was also in flux (see Figure 10). In the early years,
88.3 percent of the new Ph.D.s planned to be employed following their degree completion.
By 1986, that proportion had dropped to 69 percent. Correspondingly, study plans
jumped from 4.4 percent in 1958 to 22 percent in 1986. (The remaining recipients did not
report their plans.) Moreover, in both type and status of plans, there were striking
differences across and within fields (see Appendix Table D, pages 74-79).
0
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986
Year
FIGURE 10 Type of postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients, 1958-1986.
Physical Sciences
? Status of plans. Most fields experienced a decline in definite commitments between
1968 and 1974, and physical sciences was no different. However, between 1974 and
1986, two clusters increased their percentages with definite plans: mathematics and
physics/astronomy. Chemists had the biggest share with definite plans in 1986--
71.6 percent.
? Type of plans. As shown earlier in the general section, postdoctoral study plans
were unevenly distributed among the physical science clusters. Large shares of recipients
in physics/astronomy (51.7 percent) and chemistry (47.2 percent) planned to obtain study
appointments after graduation, primarily for additional research experience rather than
because of job shortages (see Table I, page 19). On the other hand, computer scientists
had a large share planning employment--79.2 percent--many of whom were going into the
industrial sector (31.6 percent).
Engineering
? Status of plans. About 80 percent of new engineers had definite commitments in
1958, but by 1986 the proportion had dropped to 60 percent. Those with the largest
percentage of definite commitments were the chemical engineers (66.4 percent); those with
the largest percentage of seekers were the mechanical engineers (32.2 percent).
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? Type of plans. Among engineers, the group with the highest percentage planning
employment has historically been the specialists in electrical/electronics engineering--
74.4 percent reported employment plans in 1986. These Ph.D.s most frequently planned
employment in the industrial sector (40.2 percent), as did most other engineers. The only
subfield in which more recipients planned to go into academe7 than into business was civil
engineering (34.4 percent versus 27.4 percent). On the other hand, the subfield with the
highest percentage planning postdoctoral study was chemical engineering--25.8 percent, a
substantial increase over the 2.3 percent who had study plans in 1958. The high rate of
study plans is a common thread among chemists, chemical engineers, and biochemists.
Life Sciences
? Status of plans. Biochemists reported definite plans more frequently than any of
the other doctorate fields within or outside life sciences (77.8 percent). This pattern
coincided with high rates of definite plans reported by chemists and chemical engineers
within their respective broad fields.
? Type of plans. Among life sciences in 1958, the range of those planning
employment was 75-92 percent; by 1986, the range was lower and very much wider: 15-73
percent. Health scientists comprised the group that had the highest percentage intending
employment after graduation (72.8 percent in 1986). As discussed earlier, plans for
postdoctoral study have consistently been highest for recipients in the biological sciences.
Nearly 16 percent of biochemists--more than three times the average--had such plans in
1958. By 1986, 78.5 percent of biochemists--still triple the average--planned to pursue a
postdoctoral study appointment (the majority of these were fellowships).
The earlier discussion of postdoctoral study decisions centered on the need to acquire
specialized skills, and biochemists were foremost in reporting their desire to switch fields.
Moreover, they were the only group not to decide against postgraduate study because of the
unavailability of an appointment. Finally, their definite plans for employment were the
lowest of any group. The complexity of research and the availability of study appointments
for biochemists, together with the seemingly low employment opportunities suggested,
conjoin in attracting many persons in this field to postgraduate study.
Social Sciences
? Status of plans. The social science cluster with the greatest proportion having
definite plans in 1986 was economics/econometrics (71.4 percent). The cluster with the
lowest percentage of such plans was political science/international relations (57 percent).
? Type of plans. New doctorates in social sciences have typically had employment
plans at the time they received their degrees, but the proportion has dropped from about
88 percent in 1958 to 75 percent in 1986. Economists, however, have substantially
maintained the high 1958 rate--their employment plans declined only to 85.4 percent in
1986. Both in status and type of plans, economists tended to resemble natural scientists
more than their colleagues in the social sciences.
When psychology was disaggregated between the clinical disciplines and the other,
generally more academic disciplines, interesting differences appeared. Ph.D.s in the
clinical fields consistently had a greater frequency of employment plans than did the
psychologists in the more research-oriented fields. Furthermore, the clinicians had
different sectoral plans. In 1958, clinicians most frequently planned to work for the
government; in 1986, they most often had plans to work in the "other" setting, which here
7 Academic employment includes positions in 4-year colleges and universities, junior colleges, medical
schools, and foreign universities but excludes elementary and secondary schools.
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refers to elementary and secondary schools. The other psychologists continued to plan to
go into academe, although those plans had dropped substantially, from 45 to 26 percent.
Humanities
? Status of plans. Of all the doctorate fields, humanists had the smallest percentage
of new Ph.D.s with definite commitments after graduation, 57 percent in 1986. Within the
humanities, Ph.D.s in philosophy had the lowest such percentage, 55.6 percent. More
than a third of the philosophy doctorates reported a seeking status in 1986--34.2 percent,
the biggest share of any doctorate field.
? Type of plans. While the percentage of humanists planning postgraduate study
increased from 2.8 percent in 1958 to 7.9 percent in 1986, the more typical and traditional
route for humanists has been to secure employment (81.5 percent had such plans in 1986).
This is because there are very few study appointments available: of all the recipients who
decided against postdoctoral study, humanists had the second largest share who found no
appointment available. Furthermore, doctorates in the humanities, more than doctorates in
any other field, by and large planned to go into academe. Doctorates in English had the
largest percentage both with employment plans in 1986 (86 percent) and with plans for the
academic sector (71.3 percent). Few humanities doctorates planned to work in industry;
philosophers had the highest percentage going to the industrial sector, and that was only
7.7 percent. Historians were the most likely humanists to have postgraduate study plans
(10.8 percent), most of which involved fellowships.
? Status of plans. Education doctorates generally had high percentages with definite
commitments (72 percent). However, specialists in the non-science teaching fields had
fewer such commitments than their counterparts in this broad field (60 percent).
? Type of plans. The percentage of educators with study plans was quite small,
about 3.5 percent, because so few opportunities for study appointments exist for this field.
The nonteaching concentrations and the science teaching fields had the highest proportions
of new doctorates planning employment. This trend has been in place since 1958, with
only a small erosion in the percentage with employment plans.
Employment sectors diverged within the broad field of education. Doctorates in science
teaching fields had the greatest percentage planning to enter academe. Far fewer in the
nonteaching fields--which include the popular disciplines of education administration and
curriculum/instruction--planned academic employment, and over a third intended to work in
the "other" sector--here, elementary or secondary schools.
Professional Fields
? Status of plans. Individuals with Ph.D.s in professional fields tended to have
definite postgraduate commitments. This was especially true in business and management,
where 76.4 percent of the new doctorates had definite plans.
? Type of plans. Few recipients in professional fields had study plans, as such
opportunities are rare. Still, what few study plans were made contrasted with the earliest
survey years, when no Ph.D.s at all from professional fields had study appointments. The
cluster with the biggest share of new doctorates planning employment in 1958 was, not
surprisingly, business and management--95.8 percent. Fully 80 percent of these recipients
planned to go into academe. By 1986, the proportion of business and management Ph.D.s
with employment plans remained high--88.3 percent--and a large proportion still planned
academic employment (73.6 percent). Moreover, their percentage with postgraduate study
plans was smaller than the percentage of other recipients in the professional fields.
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Summary
Disaggregation of the data to the level of cluster fields allowed for comparisons that
might otherwise go unobserved. For example, the robust numbers of physical science
doctorates as a broad field eclipsed the rather dramatic decline in the number of mathematics
degrees in the last 15 years. Moreover, the decline in humanities doctorates belied the
relative stability in linguistics, religion, art history, and music.
Demographic details also were highlighted. The near-parity of women with men in the
humanities was contrasted with men's dominance in the subfields of history and
philosophy. The paucity of blacks in the broad fields of science was contrasted with their
high proportions in science teaching fields. The 11.5 percent of social science doctorates
earned by temporary visa-holders was not evenly distributed: 31.5 percent of economics
Ph.D.s were earned by temporary residents in 1986, whereas only 1.3 percent of the
clinical psychology degrees went to temporary visa-holders.
Support patterns and time-lapses showed considerable variation by field and cluster.
The percentage of civil engineers relying on university support, for example, was 20 points
lower than that of chemical engineers; the parallel percentage of clinical psychologists was
16 points lower than that of other psychologists. It was also seen that the lengthening of
total time-to-degree completion does not inevitably follow an upward trend. In the 1960s,
while registered time-to-degree increased modestly, total time-lapse declined, perhaps
because of the external labor market pull coupled with federal investment during that
period. Since 1971, an upward slope in time-lapse has developed, both in registered and
total time, but the slope of total time-lapse has been much steeper.
Trends in postgraduation plans also invited comparisons. Agricultural and health
scientists were quite unlike the biological scientists, with whom they are usually grouped.
For example, they were much more likely than bioscientists not only to be self-supporting
in graduate school but also to plan employment, especially academic employment,
following graduation. Another interesting finding had to do with similarities in three
clusters involving chemistry-related programs (chemistry, biochemistry, and chemical
engineering). Recipients in these clusters were comparable in that they evidenced relatively
high percentages of Ph.D.s opting for study appointments, and they had relatively high
percentages of recipients with definite plans.
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APPENDIXES
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APPENDIX A: The Five Basic Tables
Table titles and headings are generally self-explanatory, but a few terms need special
definition or explanation. The survey questionnaire is reproduced on pages 80-82.
Table 1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Sex and Subfield, 1986
Table 1A Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Citizenship, Racial/Ethnic Group, and
Subfield, 1986
Table 2 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Field of Doctorate, 1986
Table 3 Sources of Support in Graduate School of Doctorate Recipient, by Sex and
Summary Field, 1986
Table 4 State of Doctoral Institution of Doctorate Recipients, by Sex and Summary
Field, 1986
Table 5 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Racial/Ethnic Group and
Citizenship Status, 1986
Tables 1 and 1A: These tables display 1986 data by subfield of doctorate, corresponding to
the fields specified in the Specialties List on page 82. The "general" field categories--e.g.,
"chemistry, general"--contain individuals who either received the doctorate in the general
subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The "other" field categories--
e.g., "chemistry, other"--include individuals whose specified doctoral discipline was not
included among the specialty fields.
Table 2: There are three 2-page tables: one contains data about all doctorate recipients in
1986 and the other two present data by sex. Refer to the inside of the back cover of this
report for the codes included in each broad field and to the Specialties List on page 82 for
the codes and names of each subfield. Definitions are as follows:
? Median Age at Doctorate: One-half received the doctorate at or before this age.
? Percentage with Master's: The percentage of doctorate recipients in a field who
received a master's degree in any field before earning the doctorate.
? Median Time Lapse: "Total Time" refers to total calendar time elapsed between the
year of baccalaureate and the year of doctorate; "Registered Time" refers to the total time
registered in a university between baccalaureate and doctorate.
Each year's doctorate recipients provide information on postgraduation employment or
study plans in response to items 19 and 20 on the survey form. Since the questionnaire is
filled out at about the time the doctorate is received, these planned activities can be subject
to change. However, comparisons with data from the longitudinal Survey of Doctorate
Recipients have shown these data to be a reasonable predictor of actual employment status
in the year following the doctorate.8 Postgraduation plans of the doctorate recipients are
grouped as follows: "Postdoctoral Study Plans" (fellowship, research associateship,
traineeship, other), "Planned Employment" (educational institution, industry, etc.), or
"Postdoctoral Status Unknown." The sum of these lines totals 100 percent for each
column, with allowance for rounding: for example, 47.2 percent of all chemists had
postdoctoral study plans, 44.7 percent planned to be employed, and 8.1 percent did not
report their postgraduation plans; these total 100.0 percent. The study and employment
rows are further subdivided--showing that 21.8 percent of all the chemists planned to
pursue postdoctoral fellowships; 23.8 percent, research associateships; 0.6 percent,
traineeships; and 1.1 percent, some other form of postdoctoral study. The employment
8 See discussion on page 22 of Summary Report 1982 and also Lindsey R. Harmon, A Century of
Doctorates: Data Analyses of Growth and Change, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences,
1978, pp. 92-93.
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row is similarly subdivided; the percentages, listed by type of employer, show that a total
of 44.7 percent planned employment.
The four lines of data beginning with "Definite Postdoctoral Study" distinguish
between individuals who have definite postgraduation plans (item 19: "Am returning to, or
continuing in, predoctoral employment" or "Have signed contract or made definite
commitment") and those who are still seeking employment or postdoctoral study (item 19:
"Am negotiating with one or more specific organizations," "Am seeking position but have
no specific prospects," or "Other"). These four lines, when added to the prior line,
"Postdoctoral Status Unknown," total 100 percent with allowance for rounding. The two
lines, "Definite Postdoctoral Study" and "Seeking Postdoctoral Study," add to give the
percentage having "Postdoctoral Study Plans"; the two lines, "Definite Employment" and
"Seeking Employment," add to give the percentage having "Planned Employment After
Doctorate."
Percentages showing the distribution of doctorate recipients by work activity and by
region of employment are based on those who have a definite employment commitment.
They exclude those still seeking employment and those planning postdoctoral study as
described above.
Table 3: Displayed in Table 3 are data reported from item 17 on all sources of financial
support during the course of the individuals' graduate education. These data should be
interpreted as follows: 166 male doctorate recipients in the physical sciences reported
financial support from National Science Foundation fellowships during graduate school.
This number is 4.4 percent of the male physical sciences doctorates who answered the
question, and it is 39.2 percent of the males in all fields who reported NSF fellowship
support. Since students indicate multiple sources of support, the vertical percentages sum
to more than 100 percent.
Table 4: This table shows the number of persons receiving a doctorate from universities in
each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
Table 5: Table 5 contains data by racial/ethnic group (first included in Summary Report
1973) and by citizenship status for selected variables from Tables 2 and 3.
In 1977 the item on racial/ethnic group in the survey questionnaire was revised to
coincide with the question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on
Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in
federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on
page 13 of Summary Report 1977. Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the moving
of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to Asian in
1978. In 1980, two survey revisions were made: (1) the category Hispanic was
subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and "other" Hispanic to provide more
detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one
racial category. (Prior to 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to
indicate their race. However, when the data were compiled, all persons who checked
Asian, American Indian, or Hispanic and also checked white were included in the minority-
group category; and those whose responses were black as well as any other category were
designated as black.)
Beginning with the 1982 survey, this item was revised to separate questions on racial
and ethnic groups. Respondents are first asked to check one of the four racial group
categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then to indicate Hispanic heritage.
For purposes of analysis all respondents who indicated Hispanic heritage, regardless of
racial identification, are included in one of three Hispanic groups. The remaining survey
respondents are then counted in the respective racial groups.
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Number of Doctorates Subfield of Doctorate
Men
Women
Total
TOTAL ALL FIELDS
20526
11244
31770
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
4033
775
4808
MATHEMATICS
609
121
730
Electrical, Electronics
674
33
707
Engineering Mechanics
90
4
94
Applied Mathematics
116
20
136
Engineering Physics
13
0
13
Algebra
28
18
46
Engineering Science
27
3
30
Analysis and Functi
onal Analysis
70
11
81
Environmental Health Engineering
40
2
42
Geometry
37
1
38
Industrial
87
14
101
Logic
20
3
23
Materials Science
169
18
187
Number Theory
19
1
20
Mechanical
428
14
442
Probability and Mat
h Statistics
114
27
141
Metallurgical
90
3
93
Topology
28
6
34
Mining and Mineral
20
2
22
Computing Theory an
d Practice
10
0
10
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng
9
0
9
Operations Research
25
4
29
Nuclear
91
6
97
Mathematics, Genera
l
105
20
125
Ocean
14
0
14
Mathematics, Other
37
10
47
Operations Research
43
11
54
Petroleum
17
1
18
COMPUTER SCIENCE
350
49
399
Polymer
29
7
36
Systems Engineering
31
2
33
Computer Sciences
315
40
355
Engineering, General
50
5
55
Information Science
s and Systems
35
9
44
Engineering, Other
95
9
104
PHYSICS AND ASTRONO
MY
1078
109
1187
LIFE SCIENCES
Astronomy
48
4
52
Astrophysics
52
5
57
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Acoustics
13
2
15
Atomic and Molecula
r
64
6
70
Biochemistry
377
194
571
Electron
2
0
2
Biophysics
59
13
72
Elementary Particles
136
11
147
Bacteriology
10
2
12
Fluids
4
2
6
Plant Genetics
9
10
19
Nuclear Structure
81
8
89
Plant Pathology
23
5
28
Optics
49
9
58
Plant Physiology
34
17
51
Plasma
58
3
61
Botany, Other
79
42
121
Polymer
8
3
11
Anatomy
58
27
85
Solid State
251
29
280
Biometrics and Biostatistics
20
10
30
Physics, General
204
18
222
Cell Biology
86
44
130
Physics, Other
108
9
117
Ecology
143
40
183
Embryology
2
7
9
1507
396
1903
Endocrinology
11
6
17
Entomology
148
22
170
Analytical
211
46
257
Immunology
95
51
146
Inorganic
198
62
260
Molecular Biology
183
114
297
Nuclear
16
2
18
Microbiology
207
118
325
Organic
414
96
510
Neurosciences
81
39
120
Pharmaceutical
41
17
58
Nutritional Sciences
36
86
122
Physical
222
71
293
Parasitology
22
3
25
Polymer
60
12
72
Toxicology
71
33
104
Theoretical
35
6
41
Human and Animal Genetics
50
41
91
Chemistry, General
238
52
290
Human and Animal Pathology
58
33
91
Chemistry, Other
72
32
104
Human and Animal Pharmacology
161
79
240
Human and Animal Physiology
162
76
238
489
100
589
Zoology, Other
111
44
155
Biological Sciences, General
140
73
213
Atmospheric Physics
and Chemistry
18
3
21
Biological Sciences, Other
79
47
126
Atmospheric Dynamics
14
2
16
Meteorology
25
2
27
HEALTH SCIENCES
Atmos and Meteorological Sci, Gen
7
0
7
Atmos and Meteorological Sci, Other
6
1
7
Audiology and Speech Pathology
23
59
82
Geology
95
23
118
Environmental Health
27
12
39
Geochemistry
30
7
37
Public Health
40
63
103
Geophysics and Seismology
71
18
89
Epidemiology
30
51
81
Paleontology
9
7
16
Nursing
2
213
215
Mineralogy, Petrology
13
4
17
Pharmacy
81
25
106
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation
14
0
14
Veterinary Medicine
28
13
41
Geomorphology and Glacial Geology
9
2
11
Health Sciences, General
20
8
28
Applied Geology
3
1
4
Health Sciences, Other
42
35
77
Geological Sciences, General
11
1
12
Geological Sciences, Other
8
4
12
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Environmental Sciences
27
8
35
Hydrology and Water Resources
15
1
16
Agricultural Economics
142
16
158
Oceanography
70
8
78
Animal Breeding and Genetics
21
4
25
Marine Sciences
19
3
22
Animal Nutrition
52
13
65
Physical Sciences, Other
25
5
30
Animal Sciences, Other
75
16
91
Agronomy
144
15
159
Plant Breeding and Genetics
65
13
78
ENGINEERING
3151
225
3376
Plant Pathology
71
14
85
Plant Sciences, Other
17
5
22
Aerospace, Aeronaut & Astronaut
117
1
118
Food Sciences
81
40
121
Agricultural
51
1
52
Soil Sciences
93
10
103
Bioengineering and Biomedical
58
9
67
Horticulture Science
49
12
61
Ceramic
22
3
25
Fisheries Science
23
9
32
Chemical
423
53
476
Wildlife Management
18
2
20
Civil
368
19
387
Forestry Science
71
17
88
Comnmications
23
0
23
Agriculture, General
4
0
4
Computer
72
5
77
Agriculture, Other
43
2
45
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SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL PSYCH)
Anthropology
184
197
381
Area Studies
22
6
28
Criminology
17
7
24
Accounting
104
53
157
Demography
9
6
15
Banking and Finance
115
11
126
Economics
672
164
836
Business Admin. and Management
178
46
224
Econometrics
23
2
25
Business Economics
23
5
28
Geography
81
39
120
Marketing Management and Research
79
31
110
International Relations
Political Science and Government
61
297
15
117
76
414
Business Statistics
erations Research
O
3
42
0
4
3
46
Public Policy Studies
46
34
80
p
Organizational Behavior
35
21
56
Sociology
276
216
492
Business and Management, General
43
12
55
Statistics
48
17
65
Business and Management, Other
72
24
96
Urban Studies
34
16
50
Social Sciences, General
23
13
36
Social Sciences, Other
62
66
128
Communications Research
46
33
79
Journalism
16
2
18
Radio and Television
8
5
13
Clinical
564
580
1144
Communications, General
40
35
75
Cognitive
37
33
70
Comnnications, Other
37
36
73
Comparative
8
6
14
Counseling
Develo
mental
212
66
236
116
448
182
OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS
p
Experimental
83
64
147
Architecture, Environmental Design
23
4
27
Educational
49
58
107
Home Economics
15
73
88
Industrial and Organizational
58
51
109
Law
29
2
31
Personality
7
9
16
Library and Archival Science
22
35
57
Physiological
43
30
73
Public Administration
55
30
85
Psychometrics
4
7
11
Social Work
81
150
231
Quantitative
15
8
23
Theology
195
33
228
School
57
59
116
Professional Fields, General
0
0
0
Social
62
79
141
Professional Fields, Other
16
14
30
Psychology, General
149
145
294
Psychology, Other
93
83
176
HUMANITIES
1896
1565
3461
Curriculum and Instruction
302
485
787
Educational Admire and Supervision
874
748
1622
History, American
128
68
196
Educational Media
39
40
79
History, European
77
44
121
Educational Statistics and Research
21
36
57
History of Science
14
10
24
Educational Testing, Errol and Meas
20
27
47
History, General
60
24
84
Educational Psychology
131
192
323
History, Other
100
38
138
School Psychology
37
55
92
Classics
36
15
51
Social Foundations
62
60
122
Comparative Literature
39
62
101
Special Education
76
197
273
Linguistics
93
96
189
Student Counseling, Personnel Serv
150
165
315
Speech and Debate
19
11
30
Higher Education
301
308
609
Letters, General
5
14
19
Pre-elementary Education
15
69
84
Letters, Other
16
21
37
Elementary Education
23
71
94
American Studies
30
38
68
Junior High Education
1
0
1
Archeology
14
14
28
Secondary Education
41
45
86
Art History and Criticism
34
92
126
Adult and Continuing Education
100
123
223
Music
305
171
476
Philosophy
198
50
248
TEACHING FIELDS
549
592
1141
Religion
147
33
180
Theatre
48
39
87
Agricultural Education
35
4
39
Art Education
19
24
43
490
676
1166
Business Education
21
29
50
English Education
26
53
79
American
93
122
215
Foreign Languages Education
12
24
36
English
207
299
506
Health Education
26
55
81
French
26
76
102
Home Economics Education
0
17
17
German
35
44
79
Industrial Arts Education
20
0
20
Italian
8
7
15
Mathematics Education
39
33
72
Spanish
48
74
122
Music Education
62
32
94
Russian
14
14
28
Nursing Education
3
37
40
Slavic
6
2
8
Physical Education
130
80
210
Chinese
8
5
13
Reading Education
22
112
134
Japanese.
2
7
9
Science Education
43
22
65
Hebrew
7
4
11
Social Science Education
15
7
22
Arabic
7
2
9
Speech Education
2
3
5
Other Languages
29
20
49
Trade and Industrial Education
50
36
86
Other Teaching Fields
24
24
48
Humanities, General
12
11
23
Humanities, Other
31
38
69
Education, General
163
189
352
Education, Other
107
188
295
43
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 1A Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Citizenship, Racial/Ethnic Group, and Subfield, 1986
Subfield of Doctorate
U.S. Citizens and Non-U.S. with Permanent Visas
1/
Non-U. S. Racial/Ethnic Group-
Citizens Mex- Other
Total Temp. Amer. Puerto ican His- Other
Doctorates Visas Total Ind. Asian Black White Rican Amer. panic & Unk
2/
TOTAL ALL FIELDS 31770
5267
24406
99
1050
946
21130
137
193
344
507
PHYSICAL SCIENCES 4808
1258
3243
8
225
33
2804
15
15
34
109
MA
THEMATICS 730
272
403
1
28
6
344
3
3
6
12
Ap
plied Mathematics 136
48
82
1
3
3
65
3
1
1
5
Al
gebra 46
22
24
2
17
2
3
An
alysis and Functional Analysis 81
33
48
4
43
1
Ge
ometry 38
14
24
1
21
1
1
Lo
gic 23
6
17
17
Nu
mber Theory 20
5
15
15
Pr
obability and Math Statistics 141
53
81
3
1
74
2
1
To
pology 34
13
21
1
20
Co
mputing Theory and Practice 10
5
5
5
Op
erations Research 29
11
17
5
11
1
Ma
thematics, General 125
41
45
7
1
35
2
Ma
thematics, Other 47
21
24
2
1
21
399
122
250
37
1
193
2
5
12
Co
mputer Sciences 355
111
221
33
1
171
1
5
10
In
formation Sciences and System 44
11
29
4
22
1
2
1187
365
732
37
8
648
4
2
9
24
As
tronomy 52
7
45
3
38
1
3
As
trophysics 57
10
46
3
41
1
1
Ac
oustics 15
3
12
11
1
At
omic and Molecular 70
23
47
1
3
40
1
2
El
ectron 2
1
1
1
El
ementary Particles 147
49
97
3
2
86
3
3
Fl
uids 6
3
3
1
2
Nu
clear Structure 89
35
54
3
50
1
Op
tics 58
12
42
1
37
1
2
,.
1
Pl
asma 61
13
45
2
1
39
3
Po
lymer 11
4
7
1
6
So
lid State 280
110
169
9
1
154
2
3
Ph
ysics, General 222
70
81
7
1
65
1
1
6
Ph
ysics, Other 117
25
83
3
78
1
1
1903
393
1412
5
109
17
1206
5
10
10
50
Ana
lytical 2.57
43
214
1
8
4
194
3
1
3
Ino
rganic 260
43
215
7
1
194
2
3
8
Nuc
lear 18
3
15
13
2
Org
anic 510
89
417
1
37
2
353
2
4
2
16
Pha
rmaceutical 58
10
48
10
36
2
Phy
sical 293
56
236
1
17
3
205
2
3
5
Pol
ymer 72
18
54
10
3
39
2
The
oretical 41
11
30
3
26
1
Che
mistry, General 290
96
110
2
8
3
83
1
1
1
11 '
Che
mistry, Other 104
24
73
9
1
63
Atm
ospheric Physics and Chemistry 21
3
16
1
15
Atm
ospheric Dynamics 16
6
9
9
Met
eorology 27
12
15
2
13
Atm
os and Meteorological Sci, Gen 7
1
6
1
5
Atm
os and Meteorological Sci, Other 7
2
5
5
Geo
logy 118
8
100
1
96
3
Geo
chemistry 37
6
30
2
26
2
Geo
physics and Seismology 89
22
57
1
3
51
2
Pal
eontology 16
4
12
12
Min
eralogy, Petrology 17
2
15
15
Str
atigraphy, Sedimentation 14
1
13
13
Geo
morphology and Glacial Geology 11
2
9
9
App
lied Geology 4
4
4
Geo
logical Sciences, General 12
2
7
6
1
Geo
logical Sciences, Other 12
1
11
11
Env
ironmental Sciences 35
4
30
1
1
28
Hyd
rology and Water Resources 16
1
12
1
10
1
Oce
anography 78
17
57
2
51
1
1
2
Mar
ine Sciences 22
3
19
18
1
Phy
sical Sciences, Other 30
9
19
1
16
1
1
ENGINEERING 3376
1369
1722
6
262
24
1349
11
5
19
46
Aer
ospace, Aeronaut & Astronaut 118
60
45
3
40
1
1
Agr
icultural 52
22
28
1
25
2
Bio
engineering and Biomedical 67
8
52
1
5
43
1
1
1
Cer
amic 25
9
15
15
Che
mical 476
175
270
54
3
204
2
1
1
5
1/
For an explanation of racial/ethnic groups see items 9 and 10
on questionnaire on page 80
and description on page
41.
I/ Includes 2,097 individuals who did not report their citizenship at time of doctorate.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
U.S. Citizens and Non-U.S. with Permanent Visas
1/
Non-U.S.
Racial/Ethnic G
Citizens
Mex-
Other
Total
Temp.
Amer.
Puerto
ican
His-
Other
Doctorates
Visas
Total
Ind.
Asian
Black
White
Rican
Amer.
panic
& Unk
Civil
387
189
167
20
3
134
1
1
5
3
Camauiications
23
8
12
3
9
Computer
77
37
37
7
30
Electrical, Electronics
707
275
361
2
61
4
280
4
1
4
5
Engineering Mechanics
94
42
48
4
1
38
2
3
Engineering Physics
13
1
12
2.
10
Engineering Science
30
7
21
1
3
1
15
1
Environmental Health Engineering
42
10
25
6
1
18
Industrial
101
52
47
9
38
Materials Science
187
74
101
19
2
74
2
4
Mechanical
442
189
218
2
27
2
171
2
2
12
Metallurgical
93
53
36
11
1
24
Mining and Mineral
22
12
9
8
1
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng
9
2
7
6
1
Nuclear
97'
42
45
7
3
34
1
Ocean
14
4
9
8
1
Operations Research
54
16
34
5
28
1
Petroleum
18
8
8
2
1
5
Polymer
36
15
20
2
17
1
Systems Engineering
33
14
18
2
14
1
1
Engineering, General
55
18
23
3
18
2
Engineering, Other
104
27
54
6
2
43
2
1
5720
870
4546
23
219
85
4040
20
16
61
82
3791
391
3234
17
165
48
2883
12
9
45
55
Biochemistry
571
72
477
2
29
6
418
1
1
11
9
Biophysics
72
11
58
2
50
1
2
3
Bacteriology
12
2
10
1
1
8
Plant Genetics
19
3
16
1
15
Plant Pathology
28
6
21
2
18
1
Plant Physiology
51
6
45
2
1
40
1
1
Botany, Other
121
10
104
1
6
95
1
1
Anatomy
85
9
71
2
69
Bianetrics and Biostatistics
30
9
21
20
1
Cell Biology
130
9
114
1
4
4
99
2
2
2
Ecology
183
23
157
2
1
151
1
1
1
Embryology
9
9
9
Endocrinology
17
3
13
2
10
1
Entomology.
170
21
135
1
1
3
124
2
2
2
Immunology
146
12
129
2
11
111
1
3
1
Molecular Biology
297
28
267
20
1
237
1
4
4
Microbiology
325
40
274
1
16
6
240
1
2
5
3
Neurosciences
120
7
112
2
3
101
1
5
Nutritional Sciences
122
17
100
9
5
80
1
2
3
Parasitology
25
4
20
1
19
Toxicology
104
4
100
2
3
94
1
Hunan and Animal Genetics
91
5
84
4
? 76
2
2
Human and Animal Pathology
91
9
78
6
4
66
1
1
Human and Animal Pharmacology
240
13
216
1
16
5
184
1
2
2
5
Hunan and Animal Physiology
238
19
211
1
9
2
193
2
4
Zoology, Other
155
13
132
2
1
127
1
1
Biological Sciences, General
213
27
153
3
5
4
134
2
5
Biological Sciences, Other
126
9
107
6
4
95
1
1
Audiology and Speech Pathology
82
3
76
2
4
67
1
2
Environmental Health
39
5
34
3
29
1
1
Public Health
103
21
74
3
4
4
59
2
1
1
Epidemiology
81
8
65
5
1
58
1
Nursing
215
7
194
3
2
8
177
1
1
2
Pharmacy
106
32
57
9
1
44
1
2
Veterinary Medicine
41
12
29
1
1
24
1
2
Health Sciences, General
28
1
13
2
11
Health Sciences, Other
77
10
59
1
2
54
1
1
Agricultural Economics
158
60
84
3
77
2
2
Animal Breeding and Genetics
25
10
15
13
1
1
Animal Nutrition
65
16
49
1
1
46
1
Animal Sciences, Other
91
24
60
2
1
54
2
1
Agronomy
159
56
89
1
85
1
1
1
Plant Breeding and Genetics
78
33
45
1
1
41
2
Plant Pathology
85
27
55
2
3
47
1
2
Plant Sciences, Other
22
7
15
15
Food Sciences
121
54
62
9
2
47
1
2
1
Soil Sciences
103
36
65
4
2
54
1
1
3
Horticulture Science
61
15
40
2
35
1
1
1
Fisheries Science
32
7
22
1
19
1
1
Wildlife Management
20
2
17
17
Forestry Science
88
24
60
2
55
1
2
Agriculture, General
4
2
2
2
Agriculture, Other
45
7
31
1
2
27
1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 1A (Continued)
U.S. Citizens and Non-U.S. with Permanent Visas
1/
Non-U. S.
Racial/Ethnic G
Citizens
Mex-
Other
Total
Temp.
Amer.
Puerto ican His-
Other
Doctorates
Visas
Total
Ind.
Asian
Black
White
Rican Amer. panic
& Unk
SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL PSYCH)
5841
672
4768
20
121
191
4191
27
46
77
95
Anthropology
381
29
329
2
5
4
295
2
3
9
9
Area Studies
28
9
10
1
2
7
Criminology
24
24
1
2
21
Demography
15
5
10
1
9
Economics
836
260
519
2
28
15
450
1
2
3
18
Econometrics
25
11
14
2
1
11
Geography
120
34
78
5
71
1
1
International Relations
76
21
51
4
3
40
2
2
Political Science and Government
414
72
295
11
17
246
2
3
6
.
10
Public Policy Studies
80
12
67
2
7
55
1
1
1
Sociology
492
68
396
4
11
25
330
3
4
7
12
Statistics
65
27
30
6
23
1
Urban Studies
50
14
30
1
1
23
1
1
3
Social Sciences, General
36
7
22
19
2
1
Social Sciences, Other
128
23
97
2
5
5
75
2
4
1
3
3071
80
2796
9
40
108
2516
16
28
44
35
Clinical
1144
13
1073
7
22
53
934
10
12
23
12
Cognitive
70
4
66
2
1
60
1
2
Comparative
14
14
14
Counseling
448
9
427
2
17
400
1
6
1
Developmental
182
10
171
3
161
1
2
3
1
Experimental
147
11
136
2
1
128
1
2
2
Educational
107
2
95
1
91
2
1
Industrial and Organizational
109
2
107
1
1
4
99
1
1
Personality
16
16
1
14
.
1
Physiological
73
1
72
1
65
1
1
4
Psychometrics
11
11
11
.
Quantitative
23
1
22
21
1
School
116
1
108
4
102
1
1
Social
141
11
129
2
11
110
1
1
3
1
Psychology, General
294
9
192
1
2
12
162
3
3
9
Psychology, Other
176
6
157
3
3
144
2
2
2
1
HUMANITIES
3461
323
2881
7
51
80
2581
14
24
61
63
History, American
196
8
188
2
10
167
3
1
5
History, European
121
4
117
1
114
History of Science
24
6
17
1
14
2
2
History, General
84
13
46
1
1
37
2
5
History, Other
138
18
120
3
6
106
1
3
1
Classics
51
2
.46
46
Comparative Literature
101
13
83
2
2
72
1
1
4
1
Linguistics
189
60
115
1
6
4
96
3
1
1
3
Speech and Debate
30
2
26
26
Letters, General
19
.19
1
1
17
Letters, Other
37
1
36
1
33
1
1
American Studies
68
7
60
1
8
49
1
Archeology
28
1
27
1
1
25
Art History and Criticism
126
4
117
1
1
114
Music
476
30
378
1
7
11
347
2
3
Philosophy
248
20
213
2
4
200
1
2
Religion
180
11
159
1
5
4
143
1
2
Theatre
87
6
77
1
5
69
American
215
16
199
1
6
188
1
1
2
English
506
32
428
2
11
6
392
1
5
11
French
102
13
83
5
74
German
79
9
65
62
Italian
15
6
9
9
Spanish
122
Russian
28
3
25
24
Slavic
8
1
6
6
Chinese
13
2
10
3
7
Japanese
9
2
6
3
3
Hebrew
11
1
4
4
Arabic
9
5
4
4
Other Languages
49
6
29
1
1
24
Humanities, General
23
1
21
1
20
Humanities, Other
69
2
51
1
47
1/ For an explanation of racial/ethnic groups see items 9 and 10 on questionnaire on page 80 and description on page 41.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
U.S. Citizens and Non-U.S. with Permanent Visas
1/
Non-U.S.
Racial/Ethnic Graup7
Citizens
Kex-
Other
Total
Temp.
Amer.
Puerto scan
His-
Other
Doctorates
Visas
Total
Ind.
Asian
Black
White
Rican Amer.
panic
& Unk
1936
302
1465
9
80
70
1260
5
7
15
19
901
205
618
3
56
19
521
1
1
7
10
Accounting
157
29
126
6
4
116
Banking and Finance
126
42
83
15
2
63
1
2
Business Admin and Management
224
45
119
9
1
103
1
4
1
Business Economics
28
8
19
1
2
16
Marketing Management and Research
110
26
84
2
6
1
74
1
Business Statistics
3
3
1
1
1
Operations Research
46
20
25
6
1
17
1
Organizational Behavior
56
8
48
1
1
2
43
1
Business and Management, General
55
8
35
5
3
26
1
Business and Management, Other
96
19
76
6
3
62
1
1
3
Communications Research
79
11
68
1
2
62
1
2
Journalism
18
7
11
2
9
Radio and Television
13
1
12
2
10
Camamications, General
75
5
62
2
3
7
49
1
Connanications, Other
73
10
59
5
52
1
1
Architecture, Environmental Design
27
7
18
3
13
1
1
Ham Economics
88
3
83
1
3
79
Law
31
7
7
6
1
Library and Archival Science
57
7
46
1
2
40
1
1
1
Public Administration
85
11
69
4
7
57
1
Social Work
231
6
198
2
5
19
165
1
3
1
2
Theology
228
18
192
6
2
177
1
4
2
Professional Fields, General
Professional Fields, Other
6602
468
5763
26
91
462
4889
45
80
77
93
Curriculum and Instruction
787
65
703
2
14
36
587
11
28
9
16
Educational Admin and Supervision
1622
70
1472
5
15
159
1242
6
12
17
16
Educational Media
79
13
66
1
1
4
59
1
Educational Statistics and Research
57
3
54
1
2
4
43
2
2
Educational Testing, Eval and Meas
47
10
37
2
1
30
1
2
1
Educational Psychology
323
18
298
3
9
19
255
2
3
2
5
School Psychology
92
92
2
85
2
3
Social Foundations
122
19
97
3
14
68
3
2
3
4
Special Education
273
12
253
1
1
8
231
1
4
3
4
Student Counseling, Personnel Serv
315
9
293
5
22
254
4
2
4
2
Higher Education
609
37
550
4
7
49
474
2
5
5
4
Pre-elementary Education
84
5
68
1
4
56
1
2
2
2
Elementary Education
94
4
86
2
1
7
76
Junior High Education
1
Secondary Education
86
12
57
1
5
51
Adult and Continuing Education
223
10
209
3
3
11
179
2
3
8
Agricultural Education
39
11
27
5
22
Art Education
43
1
38
4
32
1
1
Business Education
50
3
47
3
3
39
1
1
English Education
79
4
73
1
7
62
3
Foreign Languages Education
36
7
29
3
21
1
2
2
Health Education
81
9
68
1
4
61
1
1
Home Economics Education
17
2
14
14
Industrial Arts Education
20
3
17
1
16
Mathematics Education
72
16
55
1
4
49
1
Music Education
94
3
91
2
6
81
1
1
Nursing Education
40
2
38
2
3
33
Physical Education
210
21
177
1
2
6
162
1
5
Reading Education
134
6
123
1
9
107
2
3
1
Science Education
65
13
52
4
46
1
1
Social Science Education
22
2
20
1
3
15
1
Speech Education
5
1
4
4
Trade and Industrial Education
86
14
71
6
62
3
Other Teaching Fields
48
8
39
1
1
32
1,
2
2
Education, General
352
26
194
2
5
27
137
1
6
6
10
Education, Other
295
29
251
6
22
204
3
5
8
3
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Field of Doctorate, 198611
N UU)
N
N
N
~
yC4
~
U
.4J
~
14
N
W
{
{
}}77
N
H
f0 01
1
0
A
4j
H U
U
u
G
E
!
F
1986
0
o
N
0
cc
N1
Total
w
ti PQ
w
x ~ .
~? ~S3
1187
1903
589
3679
730 '
399
3376
8184
571
3220
3791
772
1157
5720
Male X 64.6
90.8
79.2
83.0
83.6
83.4
87.7
93.3
87.8
66.0
66.4
66.3
38.0
83.8
66.0
Female 35.4
9.2
20.8
17.0
16.4
16.6
12.3
6.7
12.2
34.0
33.6
33.7
62.0
16.2
34.0
U.S. Citizenship X 72.3
58.3
69.3
71.6
66.1
50.3
50.9
40.8
53.5
80.6
82.6
82.3
73.3
56.8.
75.9
Non-U.S., Permanent Visa 4.5
3.4
4.9
4.1
4.3
4.9
11.8
10.2
7.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
4.7
3.6
Non-U.S., Temporary Visa 16.6
30.7
20.7
18.0
23.5
37.3
30.6
40.6
32.1
12.6
9.9
10.3
12.8
32.8
15.2
Unknown 6.6
7.6
5.1
6.3
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.4
7.2
3.9
4.5
4.4
9.3
5.7
5.3
Married X 57.3
47.3
51.6
55.3
50.8
46.0
56.6
59.1
54.1
54.6
53.2
53.4
56.9
65.9
56.4
Not Married 34.5
44.7
41.3
36.7
41.7
45.5
35.8
31.0
37.3
40.5
40.9
40.8
31.7
26.5
36.7
Unknown 8.2
8.0
7.1
8.0
7.5
8.5
7.5
9.8
8.6
4.9
6.0
5.8
11.4
7.5
6.9
Percent with Bacc in
Same Field as Doctorate 55.1
73.0
81.8
47.2
73.4
72.9
15.5
73.0
70.4
24.9
63.5
57.7
46.9
62.1
57.1
Percent with Masters 79.3
63.6
37'.5
75.9
52.1
73.2
84.5
86.5
69.7
32.7
55.1
51.7
81.3
91.0
63.7
Median Time Lapse
From Bacc to Doct
Total Time Yrs 10.4
'
7.3
6.5
9.0
7.1
7.3
9.1
8.1
7.6
7.3
8.2
8.1
11.9
9.2
8.7
Registered Time
6.8
6.3
5.5
6.9
6.0
6.0
6.5
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.5
6.4
6.9
6.0
6.4
Postdoctoral Study Plans X 22.0
51.7
47.2
36.0
46.9
23.7
11.3
19.2
31.7
78.5
66.1
68.0
15.4
23.3
51.9
Fellowship 10.3
15.2
21.8
14.6
18.5
9.6
2.8
4.5
11.2
46.8
37.8
39.2
6.6
6.3
28.1
Research Assoc 9.3
35.5
23.8
20.4
27.0
11.8
7.0
12.5
18.7
25.6
21.5
22.1
6.2
14.8
18.5
Traineeship 1.1
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
1.5
1.0
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.8
1.7
0.6
1.4
1.5
Other-Study 1.4
0.3
1.1
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
5.1
5.0
5.0
1.9
0.9
3.8
Planned Employment
After Doctorate 2/ X 69.0
37.8
44.7
55.5
44.2
66.8
79.2
69.3
58.3
15.1
27.9
25.9
72.8
66.6
40.5
Educ Institution - 40.1
10.4
7:4
23.3
10.9
48.5
40.6
25.0
21.5
5.6
13.4
12.2
43.9
34.7
21.0
Industry/Business 14.0
18.5
33.4
17.1
26.0
13.0
31.6
34.0
28.4
6.8
6.9
6.9
11.1
13.8
8.9
Government 7.1
6.3
2.0
11.7
4.9
2.7
4.0
6.8
5.5
1.6
4.4-
4.0
7.9
13.0
6.3
Nonprofit 4.5
1.0
0.7
1.2
0.9
0.8
1.3
1.1
1.0
0.7
1.5
1.4
7.0
1.2
2.1
Other & Unknown 3.3
1.5
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.5
1.9
0.4
1.6
1.4
2.8
3.9
2.1
Postdoc Status Unknown X 9.0
10.4
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.5
9.5
11.5
10.1
6.5
6.0
6.1
11.8
10.1 .
7.7
Definite Postdoctoral Study 16.0
38.5
36.7
24.8
35.4
15.8
7.5
11.5
22.4
68.0
52.3
54.6
.11.1
15.7
40.9
Seeking Postdoctoral Study 6.1
13.2
10.5
11.2
11.5
7.9
3.8
7.7
9.2
10.5
13.9
13.4
4.3
7.6
11.0
Definite Employment 50.4
28.1
34.9
38.9
33.4
51.0
59.1
49.3
-42.8
9.8
18.7
17.4
55.6.
48.4
28.8
Seeking Employment 18.6
9.7
9.8
16.6
10.8
15.9
20.1
20.0
15.5
5.3
9.1
8.5
17.2
18.2
11.7
Employment Activity
After Doctorate
Primary Activity
R & D X 27.4
67.7
81.8
58.1
73.5
43.8
62.7
62.3
64.3
57.1
47.9
48.7
32.9
55.9
47.0
Teaching 36.7
20.1
10.7
24.0
15.7
43.8
26.3
22.0
22.4
23.2
26.5
26.3
39.6
21.4
28.1
Administration 13.8
1.2
1.4
3.5
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.7
1.7
3.6
4.0
3.9
9.3
2.3
4.8
Prof. Services 13.4
4.2
2.1
7.0
3.6
4.0
3.0
5.1
4.3
7.1
13.1
12.6
11.4
7.3
10.5
Other. 3.0
3.0
1.1
5.2
2.4
0.8
3.0 -
2.4
2.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
2.8
5.0
3.9
Secondary Activity
R & D 25.6
19.2
9.6
21.4
14.4
39.0
25.0
22.1
21.4
17.9
24.0
23.5
31.5
23.9
25.7
Teaching 14.1
Ad
i
i
i
9
3
7.2
9
3
3.2
16
6
21.0
7
0
7.6
12
8
25.8
1
6
23.3
4
7
14.5
7
8
13.9
8
7
10.7
19
6
15.6
13
3
15.2
13
8
19.6
10
0
22.0
8
6
18.6
m
n
strat
on
.
Prof. Services 7.2
.
4.2
.
5.9
.
6.1
.
5.5
.
4.0
.
4.7
.
5.4
.
5.2
.
7.1
.
6.3
.
6.4
.
8.9
.
6.6
11.0
7.1
Other 2.1
2.4
0.6
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
0.0
1.3
1.2
0.7
1.4
1.2
No Secondary Activity 36.1
53.9
61.1
40.6
55.3
21.8
38.6
42.6
44.6
39.3
34.7
35.1
25.4
29.5
30.6
Activity(ies) Unknown 5.7
3.9
3.0
2.2
3.1
6.5
2.5
6.4
5.0
5.4
4.8
4.9
4.0
8.0
5.7
Region of Employment
After Doctorate
New England
X
6.6
6.9
7.7
5.7
7.1
10.5
5.9
5.7
6.7
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.6
3.2
4.6
Middle Atlantic
14.8
18.3
23.2
4.4
18.3
13.4
22.5
14.7
16.4
21.4
12.1
12.9
14.0
4.5
10.3
East No Central
14.1
6.9
20.2
10.0
14.7
15.3
16.9
14.4
14.7
10.7
14.4
14.1
16.8
8.9
13.0
West No Central
6.5
3.9
4.5
5.7
4.6
5.1
3.0
4.7
4.6
5.4
6.0
5.9
7.5
9.3
7.5
South Atlantic
14.8
14.4
13.9
12.7
13.8
12.9
8.9
11.1
12.1
14.3
17.6
17.3
14.2
13.8
15.3
East So Central
4.0
2.4
2.6
3.9,
2.8
3.8
1.7
2.6
2.7
0.0
3.3
3.0
4.0
4.6
3.8
West So Central
7.8
4.8
7.8
18.3
9.0
5.9
6.8
7.8
7.9
8.9
6.8
7.0
12.1
7.0
8.3
Mountain
4.7
6.6
3.0
8.7
5.1
5.4
1.3
5.8
5.2
3.6
4.0
3.9
5.1
4.1
4.3
Pacific & Insular
10.2
20.4
7.4
14.4
12.2
10.5
16.9
12.8
12.6
12.5
11.4
11.5
6.5
8.2
9.1
Foreign
10.0
12.0
5.4
14.0
8.8
11.8
11.0
15.6
12.5
12.5
14.9
14.7
10.3
32.3
19.5
Region Unknown
6.4
3.6
4.4
2.2
3.7
5.4
5.1
4.9
4.5
5.4
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.1
4.2
1/ Refer to explanatory note on pages 40-41 and the description of doctoral fields inside back cover.
"2/ Includes 2-year, 4-year, and foreign colleges and universities, medical schools, and elementary/secondary schools.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 (Continued)
Total All Doctorates
014 4
,G Q U al f+ H G
cl ^ F ,-1 41 y N ?.y~ t0
w c5 `~ X E?
W 44
O
++
N
1 00
$4 N 'O
A
1 to
l+ N
u
w
w w .~
O
It i
w 0.
x
r
w?
w
~ r~' w
r
e? z
3071
861
873
490
546
5841
19745
563
721
445
1732
3461
901
1035
6602
11999
26
49.1
80.7
52.7
73.1
62.6
57.6
72.5
67.3
41.6
42.7
59.3
54.8
77.0
56.3
45.6
51.5
69.2
50.9
19.3
47.3
26.9
37.4
42.4
27.5
32.7
58.4
57.3
40.7
45.2
23.0
43.7
54.4
48.5
30.8
89.0
55.1
78.4
64.5
62.3
77.9
67.2
82.6
84.2
64.9
78.9
78.8
61.4
79.2
84.7
80.8
2.0
6.9
4.7
6.1
5.1
3.8
5.1
4.1
2.8
11.0
3.5
4.4
7.2
2.6
2.5
3.4
2.6
31.5
11.1
19.0
24.0
11.5
21.1
8.7
6.7
14.8
9.2
9.3
22.8
9.4
7.1
9.1
6.3
6.6
5.8
10.4
8.6
6.9
6.6
4.6
6.4
9.2
8.3
7.4
8.7
8.8
5.6
6.6
51.2
55.7
57.2
54.3
61.2
53.9
54.7
60.4
54.0
51.9
54.5
55.0
66.5
56.9
65.1
61.6
40.8
36.5
35.3
33.7
27.7
37.5
37.2
34.3
38.0
35.7
35.4
35.8
23.9
33.2
27.4
30.1
8.0
7.8
7.6
12.0
11.2
8.6
8.1
5.3
8.0
12.4
10.1
9.2
9.7
9.9
7.5
8.4
33.0
31.5
35.2
33.5
35.6
33.4
31.5
35.4
35.2
35.8
34.7
35.0
35.0
37.1
39.4
37.6
63.9
59.7
54.8
53.7
21.2
57.0
62.6
65.7
69.1
51.2
53.0
58.2
34.4
23.6
39.0
42.9
80.1
72.6
87.4
85.7
90.1
81.5
71.5
90.9
88.8
85.2
87.5
88.0
87.1
92.4
94.9
92.1
9.7
8.4
11.5
10.5
12.1
10.0
8.6
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.0
12.1
11.9
13.7
15.7
14.2
7.0
6.3
8.4
7.8
7.5
7.2
6.4
8.5
8.2
8.6
8.1
8.2
7.0
7.7
7.8
7.8
18.4
6.0
18.3
7.1
10.4
14.9
32.6
10.8
5.8
9.7
7.5
8.0
2.3
3.2
3.7
4.8
11.2
2.3
11.0
3.1
5.5
8.6
15.3
7.6
2.6
5.6
3.6
4.3
0.2
1.3
1.3
2.1
3.1
1.9
4.4
2.2
3.7
3.1
14.0
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.5
0.9
1.0
1.6
1.5
2.9
0.7
1.1
0.8
1.1
2.0
1.5
0.2
0.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.0
0.2
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
73.2
85.4
72.2
78.4
76.7
75.6
58.3
80.3
86.0
78.0
80.9
81.5
88.3
86.4
89.0
86.5
24.3
54.7
49.3
49.4
44.1
36.5
25.8
56.7
74.9
65.8
60.4
63.5
73.7
53.0
63.9
63.6
16.9
8.5
6.5
8.8
11.2
12.9
18.2
6.4
4.7
4.3
6.5
5.8
10.1
9.5
6.9
7.0
11.2
14.5
5.8
10.8
10.4
10.8
7.3
6.4
1.1
0.7
2.5
2.6
2.2
7.4
9.6
6.9
15.5
1.9
5.3
3.9
7.3
10.2
4.0
5.3
1.0
1.3
6.9
4.7
0.9
13.5
4.7
5.2
5.4
5.8
5.3
5.5
3.7
5.3
3.0
5.5
4.3
5.8
4.6
4.9
1.4
2.9
3.8
3.9
8.3
8.6
9.5
14.5
12.8
9.5
9.2
8.9
8.2
12.4
11.6
10.5
9.3
10.4
7.3
8.7
13.5
3.7
11.0
3.1
6.2
10.1
24.1
6.2
3.3
4.9
3.8
4.2
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.5
4.9
2.3
7.3
4.1
4.2
4.8
8.4
4.6
2.5
4.7
3.7
3.7
1.0
1.5
1.8
2.3
53.3
67.7
46.4
53.9
54.4
54.5
42.2
51.7
56.4
51.7
52.1
52.9
75.1
67:4
67.3
63.7
20.0
17.7
25.8
24.5
22.3
21.1
16.0
28.6
29.5
26.3
28.8
28.6
13.2
18.9
21.7
22.8
15.2
43.4
28.9
18.6
25.6
23.4
45.2
8.9
4.2
3.9
8.4
7.0
28.4
8.6
5.3
8.0
14.1
41.5
47.2
51.5
41.4
28.9
26.0
64.3
79.4
80.0
69.7
72.3
56.9
48.3
37.1
48.3
5.2
2.9
7.2
8.7
11.4
5.9
3.9
10.0
5.7
5.2
6.0
6.4
5.8
14.3
36.7
24.7
59.0
4.8
7.9
5.3
13.1
33.8
16.8
6.2
1.5
3.5
5.1
4.3
3.2
17.5
11.6
9.6
3.2
1.9
3.0
7.6
3.4
3.3
3.0
5.5
3.7
3.0
6.1
5.1
1.8
5.4
2.0
3.0
21.5
37.2
39.3
38.3
36.4
29.4
25.3
34.0
35.4
51.7
35.5
37.3
49.6
29.8
17.0
25.9
15.0
22.3
13.8
11.0
13.8
15.7
15.5
9.3
5.9
6.5
9.3
8.2
25.6
16.2
11.7
12.5
11.9
6.5
9.9
6.8
8.4
9.9
9.6
6.2
7.6
4.8
9.3
7.9
3.4
8.6
10.2
8.9
7.7
2.9
4.7
3.8
7.4
6.1
5.9
3.4
3.2
1.7
5.2
4.0
3.2
7.9
11.3
8.5
3.7
1.0
1.7
1.5
2.4
2.6
1.8
3.1
2.5
1.3
5.6
4.0
0.6
2.3
2.3
2.5
37.0
24.5
24.7
30.3
26.6
31.6
36.9
38.8
39.8
29.6
30.2
33.6
13.6
29.4
40.2
35.3
3.4
5.5
5.9
8.3
5.1
4.6
5.0
5.2
5.7
4.3
4.8
5.0
4.0
5.9
7.4
6.4
8.1
8.1
9.1
9.8
4.7
8.1
6.8
9.6
7.6
10.0
7.4
8.1
6.4
4.2
6.0
6.4
20.2
16.5
12.8
12.5
15.2
17.5
15.6
16.5
13.8
14.8
15.4
15.1
13.7
12.8
13.7
14.0
14.6
13.4
16.3
11.0
14.5
14.3
14.2
12.4
15.5
10.9
13.6
13.5
15.2
13.8
13.8
13.8
6.2
4.3
5.4
6.1
7.4
5.8
5.6
7.2
6.6
3.9
7.5
6.8
5.8
6.9
8.1
7.5
14.9
19.7
10.9
22.3
15.2
15.9
14.2
14.4
10.8
15.7
13.4
13.3
14.6
15.3
16.6
15.5
2.8
2.6
3.7
4.5
3.0
3.0
3.1
2.7
6.4
3.5
4.5
4.5
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.0
7.6
4.3
6.4
5.3
4.4
6.3
7.4
5.5
7.9
6.1
6.2
6.4
10.8
9.6
8.4
8.2
4.3
3.1
5.4
3.8
2.7
4.1
4.6
4.8
3.7
3.9
3.9
4.0
5.2
4.3
5.4
4.9
11.2
6.2
11.9
7.6
9.1
9.9
10.9
10.0
10.3
15.2
11.2
11.3
11.2
9.7
8.5
9.5
1.9
19.6
12.8
12.1
18.5
8.9
12.5
9.6
6.1
8.7
9.4
8.6
8.7
9.0
6.3
7.3
8.1
2.4
5.2
4.9
5.4
6.2
5.1
7.2
11.3
7.4
7.4
8.2
2.8
9.2
8.3
7.9
3/ Statistics are not presented for this group because too few records contained the specific data.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Doctorate Records File.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Field of Doctorate, 19861/
Doctorates: Men
? U
N U)
.-1
,4 U)
UI
~
M
b 41
(
~
d v
d
d
.r4
?.Nj
.L:
..O
E
Ol
-4
1,96
~
o
0
0
Total?~
t3
[
cH
z~
r
~I
9 w
0
Total Male
20526 1078
1507
489
3074
609
350
3151
7184 .
377
2138
2515
293
969 3777
Male as a Percent
-
of Total Doctorates X
64.6 90.8
79.2
83.0
83.6
83.4
87.7
93.3
87.8
66.0
66.4
66.3
38.0
83.8 66.0
U.S. Citizenship X
66.2 59.0
69.2
70.3
65.8
48.9
47.1
39.4
51.9
81.4
81.3
81.4
53.9
54.6 72.4
Non-U.S., Permanent Visa
5.2 3.2
4.0
4.3
3.7
5.3
11.7
10.3
7.1
4.0
2.8
2.9
7.5
4.9 3.8
Non-U.S., Temporary Visa
21.5 30.0
21.3
19.0
24.0
38.4
33.7
41.9
33.5
10.9
11.2
11.1
24.9
34.6 18.2
Unknown
7.2 7.9
5.5
6.3
6.5
7.4
7.4
8.5
7.5
3.7,
4.7
4.6
13.7
6.0 5.6
Married X
60.4 47.3
52.2
56.9
51.2
44.8
55.7
59.6
54.6
54.9
56.5
56.2
61.4
69.9. 60.1
Not Married
31.1 44.5
40.3
34.8
40.9
46.5
36.0
30.5
36.6
40.6
37.5
37.9
22.9
22.6 32.8
Unknown
8.5 8.2
7.6
8.4
7.9
8.7
8.3
9.9
8.9
4.5
6.1
5.8.
15.7
7.5 . 7.0
Median Age at Doctorate
32.7 30.0
29.2
31.8
29.9
29.9
31.9
31.0
30.5
29.9
31.0
30.8
33.7
32.9 31.4
Percent with Bacc in
Same Field as Doctorate
57.0 72.9
82.1
45.6
73.1
72.4
15.1
74.3
70.7
27.6
64.0
58.5
28.7
64.7 57.8
Percent with Masters
77.2 62.7
35.4
75.7
51.4
73.6
83.7
86.8
70.4
32.9
57.0
53.4
70.6
90.8 64.3
Median Time Lapse
From Bacc to Doct
Total Time Yrs
R
9.5 7.3
6.5
8.9
7.2
7.2
9.1
8.2
7.7
7.3
8.2
8.0
10.5
9.3 8.4
egistered Time
6.6 6.3
5.5
6.9
6.0
5.9
6.4
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.5
6.4
6.7
6.0 6.3
Postdoctoral Study Plans X
F
ll
h
24.2 52.3
46.9
37.6
47.3
25.1
10.9
19.5
31.5
77.7
66.0
67.8
16.4
22.8 52.3
e
ows
ip
R
h
10.8 15.3
21.6
16.0
18.5
9.9
2.9
4.5
10.8
45.1
37.4
38.5
7.5
6.4 27.9
esearc
Assoc
T
10.9 36.1
23.6
20.7
27.5
13.0
6.3
12.7
18.8
24.7
21.3
21.8
6.8
14.2 18.7
raineeship
Other
1.2 0.7
1
4 0
2
0.7
1
1
0.8
0
2
0.7
1.3
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.3
1.3 1.5
Planned
Employment
.
.
.
.
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.6
6.4
5.7
5.8
1.7
0.8 4.2
After Doctorate 2/ X
Ed
I
66.1 37.0
44.7
53.2
43.3
65.8
78.3
68.9
58.2
15.6
27.7
25.9
66.6
66.9 39.6
uc
nstitution -
I
d
36.0 10.3
6.8
20.9
10.3
48.3
39.1
25.0
21.4
5.3
12.1
11.1
34.8
34.9 19.0
n
ustry/Business
G
15.9 18.2
34.1
18.4
26.0
12.3
32.3
33.7
28.5
7.7
7.2
7.3
16.4
13.3 9.5
overnment
Non
rofit
7.5 6.0
4
1 1
0
1.7
11.9
4.8
2.8
4.3
6.8
5.5
1.6
5.2
4.7
8.5
14.1 7.4
p
O
h
& U
k
.
.
0.9
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.8
1.8
1.6
5.1
1.3 1.8
t
er
n
nown
P
td
S
U
k
2.5 1.5
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.7
0.3
1.4
1.3
1.7
3.2 1.8
os
oc
tatus
n
nown
X
9.6 10.7
8.4
9.2
9.3
9.0
10.9
11.6
10.4
6.6
6.2
6.3
17.1
10.3 8.2
Definite Postdoctoral Study 17.7
38.8
37.4
25.6
36.0
17.2
7.4
11.7
22
4
67
9
52
7
55
0
10
9
15
5
Seeking Postdoctoral Study
D
fi
i
E
l
6.6
13.5
9.5
12.1
11.3
7.9
3.4
7.7
.
9.1
.
9.8
.
13.4
.
12.8
.
5.5
.
7.3
41.4
10.9
e
n
te
mp
oyment
S
ki
E
l
49.4
27.5
36.5
39.1
33.7
50.7
58.9
49.2
43.2
10.3
19.1
17.8
52.6
50.1
28.8
ee
ng
mp
oyment
16.7
9.6
8.2
14.1
9.6
15.1
19.4
19.7
15.0
5.3
8.7
8.2
14.0
16.8
10.8
Employment Activity
After Doctorate
Primary Activity
R & D
Z
34.0
68.2
83.1
59.7
74.5
44.0
63.6
62.0
64.5
59.0
50.0
50.8
48.1
54.6
52.1
Teaching
d
33.2
19.9
9.3
20.9
14.5
44.3
24.8
22.1
21.9
23.1
25.5
25.3
26.6
20.6
23.4
A
ministration
12.4
1.0
0.9
3.1
1.4
1.0
2.9
1.8
1.6
5.1
3.4
3.6
7.8
2.7
3.8
Prof. Services
O
h
11.5
4.1
2.2
7.9
3.8
2.9
3.4
5.1
4.3
5.1
13.2
12.5
11.0
7.6
10.1
t
er
3.1
2.4
1.3
5.8
2.4
1.0
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.9
2.6
5
8
4
1
Secondary Activity
R & D
T
24.5
19.3
9.3
20.4
14.2
39.8
24.3
22.1
21.4
15.4
24.3
23.5
24.0
.
23.9
.
23.8
eaching
d
14.6
7.4
2.9
21.5
7.6
25.9
23.8
14.6
14.0
10.3
-14.7
14.3
24.7
21.4
19.0
A
ministration
9.6
9.5
17.5
7.9
13.4
1.6
4.4
7.8
8.8
28.2
15.7
16.8
9.1
9.3
12.3
Prof. Services
6.6
4.4
5.6
6.8
5.5
4.2
5.3
5.6
5.4
7.7
5.9
6.0
8.4
6.6
6.6
Other
1.9
1-.7
0.4
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.1
0.0
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.1
No Secondary Activity
37.0
53.4
61.1
39.3
54.9
20.4
37.9
42.4
44.1
33.3
33.3
33.3
28.6
29.1
30.8
Activity Unknown
5.9
4.4
3.3.
2.6
3.5
6.8
2.9
6.5
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.9
3.9
8.7
6.4
Region of Employment
After Doctorate
New England
X
6.2
6.1
7.6
5.2
6.8
9.4
5.8
5.9
6.5
5.1
4.7
4.7
2.6
3.1
3.7
Middle Atlantic
14.0
18.2
22.7
5.2
18.2
12.3
23.3
14.1
15.9
20.5
12.0
12.8
14.3
4.5
9.3
East No Central
13.9
7.1
20.2
8.4
14.3
16.2
16.5
14.4
14.7
10.3
13.0
12.8
18.2
8.9
11.8
West No Central
6.5
3.4
4.0
5.2
4.1
5.2
3.4
4.8
4.5
5.1
6.4
6.3
8.4
9.1
7.8
South Atlantic
14.4
14.9
13.5
13.6
13.9
13.3
9.2
11.3
12.2
12.8
16.4
16.1
16.9
14.2
15.4
East So Central
3.8
2.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
4.2
1.9
2.7
2.8
0.0
3.7
3..4
3.2
3.1
3.2
West So Central
7.8
5.1
8.2
18.3
9.2
5.2
6.3
7.7
7.9
12.8
7.8
8.3
9.7
6.8
7.8
Mountain
4.8
5.7
3.3
8.4
4.9
5.5
1.5
5.9
5.3
5.1
4.2
4.3
3.9
4.1
4.1
Pacific & Insular
10.0
20.3
7.8
14.1
12.5
11.3
15.5
12.3
12.5
15.4
11.0
11.4
4.5
8.0
8.9
Foreign
13.1
12.5
5.8
16.2
9.6
12.9
12.6
16.2
13.4
10.3
16.9
16.3
16.9
33.8
24.2
Region Unknown
5.4
4.1
4.2
2.1
3.8
4.5
3.9
4.8
4.4
2.6
3.9
3.8
1.3
4.3
3.7
1/ Refer to explanatory note on pages 40-41 and the description of doctoral fields inside back cover.
~/ Includes 2-year, 4-year, and foreign colleges and universities, medical schools, and elementary/secondary schools.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 (Continued)
1 W uu u 3/
w "
000 0 cn a (d w '' a
m .? o .+' 0 U ?.o+ - d v q S C +
0 0 0-+ rou om v,> 0 + + g + o w w44
JS u w`~ w~ ?~eo w wa
0 41 W 11
w" w`3 d~ ~~ ~~ r2 E9 x w0 :9 x ~~w r H41
z?
1507
695
460
358
342
3362
14323
379
300
190
1027
1896
694
583
3012
6185
18
49.1
80.7
52.7
73.1
62.6
57.6
72.5
67.3
41.6
42.7 ,
59.3
54.8
77.0
56.3
45.6
51.5
69.2
87.5
52.2
72.8
60.6
52.9
71.8
61.9
80.2
84.3
63.2
77.9
77.9
55.0
75.0
79.8
76.0
2.1
6.9
4.6
6.7
5.0
4.2
5.6
4.7
2.7
10.5
3.4
4.3
8.6
3.3
3.5
4.3
3.1
34.1
15.0
21.8
30.7
15.9
25.4
10.3
8.0
16.3
9.7
10.2
27.1
12.0
10.6
12.4
7.4
6.8
7.6
10.9
11.4
8.1
7.1
4.7
5.0
10.0
9.0
7.6
9.2
9.8
6.2
7.3
57.0
58.1
62.6
57.3
67.5
59.1
57.1
64.4
57.3
48.4
57.6
58.0
68.3
64.5
75.2
68.1
34.8
34.1
28.5
30.2
18.7
31.7
34.4
30.6
36.0
38.9
31.9
33.0
21.6
24.7
17.3
23.3
8.2
7.8
8.9
12.6
13.7
9.2
8.5
5.0
6.7
12.6
10.4
9.0
10.1
10.8
7.5
8.6
32.7
31.7
35.0
33.7
35.8
33.2
31.3
35.2
34.2
35.8
34.2
34.6
35.1
36.3
39.0
36.9
65.8
59.0
52.6
53.4
22.2
56.8
64.0
66.2
68.7
46.8
55.4
58.8
34.6
22.8
34.7
41.0
78.2
72.2
87.2
86.3
89.8
80.2
71.1
91.6
88.3
86.3
85.8
87.4
87.6
93.0
94.4
91.4
9.6
8.4
11.5
10.4
12.2
9.9
8.3
12.0
11.4
12.3
11.5
11.6
12.0
13.0
15.2
13.5
7.0
6.2
8.3
7.7
7.4
7.1
6.3
8.2
7.8
8.6
7.9
8.0
7.0
7.8
7.8
7.7
17.7
6.5
15.0
7.0
9.1
13.0
32.6
10.0
6.3
13.2
7.1
8.2
2.7
3.6
3.7
5.0
10.6
2.4
10.0
3.6
3.8
7.4
14.5
6.6
3.0
6.8
3.3
4.3
0.3
1.5
1.4
2.2
3.2
2.0
3.3
1.7
4.1
2.9
15.0
2.1
2.3
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.0
0.9
1.6
1.5
3.0
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.8
1.5
0.3
0.0
1.6
0.5
0.5
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.3
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.9
1.6
1.1
1.0
2.6
1.7
1.5
0.3
0.7
0.5
0.8
73.1
84.3
74.3
77.9
74.9
76.3
57.5
81.3
86.0
74.7
80.9
81.2
87.2
85.6
88.8
86.0
23.2
54.7
51.7
46.9
42.1
38.0
24.7
57.5
76.0
63.2
60.1
62.4
71.6
46.5
63.1
62.3
16.5
8.2
6.3
8.1
12.6
12.1
19.7
6.6
5.3
4.7
7.2
6.5
11.2
9.8
6.2
7.2
13.3
14.7
6.3
12.3
10.8
12.3
7.6
7.7
0.3
1.1
2.5
3.1
2.3
8.2
11.2
7.4
16.1
1.7
5.2
4.5
6.4
9.4
3.2
5.8
1.7
1.6
7.9
5.9
0.7
18.7
5.6
6.4
4.1
5.0
4.8
6.1
2.9
4.5
2.4
3.7
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.3
1.3
2.4
2.7
2.7
9.2
9.2
10.7
15.1
16.1
10.7
9.9
8.7
7.7
12.1
12.0
10.7
10.1
10.8
7.5
9.1
12.9
3.9
9.6
3.6
5.0
8.8
24.2
5.0
3.7
6.3
3.7
4.2
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.6
4.7
2.6
5.4
3.4
4.1
4.2
8.4
5.0
2.7
6.8
3.4
4.0
1.0
1.7
1.7
2.3
54.9
67.3
48.9
52.8
55.3
56.5
42.5
53.6
57.7
52.1
53.1
53.8
73.9
68.3
70.1
65.4
18.2
17.0
25.4
25.1
19.6
19.8
15.0
27.7
28.3
22.6
27.8
27.4
13.3
17.3
18.7
20.6
17.9
43.6
27.6
19.6
29.6
26.7
50.5
9.4
3.5
6.1
8.6
7.6
27.9
7.3
5.8
9.2
11.9
40.8
47.1
46.6
40.2
29.5
24.5
61.1
79.2
75.8
68.1
69.3
55.8
45.7
32.5
46.1
6.3
3.4
8.4
10.1
10.1
6.6
3.6
9.4
8.1
6.1
5.0
6.5
6.6
13.8
41.9
25.7
57.2
5.1
8.4
5.8
13.2
29.1
13.1
7.9
1.7
5.1
6.8
6.0
2.9
17.8
10.5
9.1
3.4
1.5
2.7
8.5
1.1
3.1
2.9
6.9
3.5
2.0
7.2
6.0
2.1
7.8
1.5
3.3
19.6
37.2
40.9
34.4
33.3
29.3
24.3
28.6
29.5
46.5
31.9.
32.3
47.4
26.4
15.3
24.7
14.5
22.4
13.3
10.6
15.3
16.0
15.5
9.4
6.4
8.1
10.1
9.1
25.0
14.8
12.3
13.3
13.9
6.8
10.2
6.9
9.5
10.6
10.0
8.4
8.7
4.0
10.1
8.9
4.1
9.3
10.2
9.0
8.5
3.2
4.4
3.2
5.8
5.9
5.8
2.5
2.9
1.0
5.3
3.9
3.7
8.3
10.6
7.8
4.1
1.3
0.9
1.6
1.6
2.5
1.5
3.4
2.9
1.0
4.8
3.8
0.6 .
2.5
2.0
2.3
36.0
23.5
24.4
33.9
28.6
30.6
37.5
42.4
45.7
34.3
33.4
37.4
14.6
31.2
41.9
36.2
3.4
5.6
5.8
9.5
5.8
5.1
5.4
5.4
4.0
5.1
4.4
4.6
4.7
7.5
7.8
6.6
7.5
7.1
8.0
7.9
5.3
7.3
6.2
8.4
4.6
13.1
7.2
7.5
5.8
3.8
5.9
6.1
21.3
15.0
8.4
9.5
14.8
16.4
14.9
17.2
11.0
14.1
15.0
14.7
13.5
9.3
12.5
12.8
14.9
13.0
17.8
9.0
13.2
14.0
13.9
14.3
16.8
9.1
14.1
14.1
14.6
13.1
13.7
13.9
6.2
4.7
5.8
5.3
5.3
5.6
5.4
8.4
8.7
5.1
8.3
8.0
5.1
7.5
9.0
8.1
15.2
18.8
9.8
23.8
11.6
16.0
13.9
13.3
11.0
9.1
14.3
13.0
12.9
15.8
16.5
15.1
3.1
2.8
3.1
6.3
2.6
3.3
3.1
3.4
5.8
4.0
4.4
4.4
6.4
6.3
4.6
4.9
8.6
5.1
7.1
6.3
4.8
7.0
7.6
4.9
6.4
6.1
7.3
6.6
11.5
10.3
7.6
8.1
4.6
2.6
6.7
4.2
3.7
4.2
4.7
5.4
4.6
7.1
2.6
3.9
5.5
3.5
5.6
4.9
10.5
6.4
11.6
6.3
10.1
9.2
10.8
7.4
9.2
16.2
9.9
9.9
11.3
8.3
7.8
8.8
1.8
22.0
17.3
14.8
22.2
12.0
14.9
11.3
8.1
9.1
11.0
10.4
10.5
12.8
9.8
10.4
6.3
2.6
4.4
6.3
6.3
5.2
4.5
5.9
13.9
7.1
5.9
7.4
2.9
9.3
7.1
6.8
3/ Statistics are not presented for this group because too few records contained the specific data.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Doctorate Records File.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Field of Doctorate, 19861/
? 0
N fn
QE
y
P
N
y
N
y
~d
l
!
F
N
-
4
11
H N
rd
'n
+4
(
p~
(
~y~
N
l~ N
OG6C6C
.tE
(j
y
t~
?..I"
+-I
+1
G
G
1986
a
14 '
.
-+
^+
..1
o
o
a m+
-?'+ w
Total
a
ro
k7
`~
5
M
a'0
?
??P a
Total Female
11244
109
396
100
605
121
49
225
1000
194
1082
1276
479
188 1943
Female as a Percent
of Total Doctorates
35.4
9.2
20.8
17.0
16.4
16.6
12.3
6.7
12.2
34.0
33.6
33.7
62.0
16.2 34.0
U.S. Citizenship X
83.6
51.4
69.7
78.0
67.8
57.0
77.6
61.8
65.6
78.9
85.0
84.1
85.2
68.1 82.8
Non-U. S., Permanent Visa
3.2
5.5
8.3
3.0
6.9
3.3
12.2
8.9
7.2
1.0
3.6
3.2
2.7
3.7 ' 3.1
Non-U.S., Temporary Visa
7.6
38.5
18.2
13.0
21.0
31.4
8.2
21.8
21.8
16.0
7.4
8.7
5.4
23.9 9.4
Unknown
5.5
4.6
3.8
6.0
4.3
8.3
2.0
7.6
5.4
4.1
4.0
4.0
6.7
4.3 4.7
Married X
51.6
46.8
49.5
48.0
48.8
52.1
63.3
52.4
50.7
54.1
46.7
47.8
54.1
45.7 49.2
Not Married
40.8
46.8
45.2
46.0
45.6
40.5
34.7
38.2
42.8
40.2
47.6
46.5
37.2-
46.8 44.2
Unknown
7.6
6.4
5.3
6.0
5.6
7.4
2.0
9.3
6.5
5.7
. 5.7
5.7
8.8
7.4 6.6
Percent with Bacc in
Same Field as Doctorate
51.6
73.4
80.6
55.0
75.0
75.2
18.4
55.1
67.8
19.6
62.6
56.0
58.0
48.9 55.8
Median Time Lapse
From Bacc to Doct
Total Time Yrs
12.1
7.3
6.4
9.3
7.0
8.0
9.4
7.6
7.3
7.3
8.4
8.2
12.7
8.7 9.2
Registered Time
7.3
6.3
5.5
7.0
5.9
6.5
7.0
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.4
7.0
6.0 6.5
Postdoctoral Study Plans X
18.0
45.9
48.2
28.0
44.5
16.5
14.3
15.6
33.1
79.9
66.4
68.4
14.8
26.1 51.1
Fellowship
9.5
14.7
22.5
8.0
18.7
8.3
2.0
5.3
13.6
50.0
38.7
40.4
6.1
5.9 28.6
Research Assoc
6.2
29.4
24.5
19.0
24.5
5.8
12.2
9.8
18.3
27.3
22.0
22.8
5.8
17.6 18.1
Traineeship
1.0
0.9
0.3
0.0
0.3
2.5
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.0
1.8
1.6
0.8
1.6 1.4
Other
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6.
2.6
3.8
3.6
2.1
1.1 3.0
Planned Employment
After Doctorate X
74.1
45.9
44.7
67.0
48.6
71.9
85.7
75.1
59.2
13.9
28.1
25.9
76.6
64.9 42.2
Educ Institution -
47.5
11.9
9.3
35.0
14.0
49.6
51.0
24.0
22.4
6.2
16.0
14.5
49.5
33.5 25.0
Industry/Business
10.4
22.0
30.6
11.0
25.8
16.5
26.5
38.2
27.5
5.2
6.4
6.2
7.9
16.5 7.6
Government
6.4
9.2
3.0
11.0
5.5
2.5
2.0
6.2
5.1
1.5
2.9
2.7
7.5
6.9 4.3
Nonprofit
5.1
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.8
4.1
0.9
0.8
0.5
1.0
0.9
8.1
0.5 2.7
Other & Unknown
4.8
1.8
1.5
9.0
2.8
2.5
2.0
5.8
3.4
0.5
1.8
1.6
3.5
7.4 2.7
Postdoc Status Unknown X
7.8
8.3
7.1
5.0
6.9
11.6
0.0
9.3
7.7
6.2
5.5
5.6
8.6
9.0 6.7
Definite Postdoctoral Study 12.8
35.8
34.1
21.0
32.2
8.3
8.2
8.4
22.8
68.0 .
51.5
54.0
11.3
17.0 39.9
Seeking Postdoctoral Study _
5.2
10.1
14.1
7.0
12.2
8.3
6.1
7.1
10.3
11.9
14.9
14.4
3.5
9.0 11.2
Definite Fmployment
52.1
34.9
28.8
38.0
31.4
52.1
61.2
50.7.
39.7
8.8
18.0
16.6
57.4
39.9 28.9
Seeking Employment
22.1
11.0
15.9
29.0
17.2
19.8
24.5
24.4
19.5
5.2
10.1
9.3
19.2
25.0 13.3
Employment Activity
After Doctorate
Primary Activity
R & D X
16.0
63.2
75.4
50.0
67.9
42.9
56.7
66.7
62.7
52.9
43.6
44.3.
24.4
?64.0 37.2
Teaching
42.8
21.1
17.5
39.5
22.6
41.3
36.7
21.1
26.2
23.5
28.7
28.31
46.9
26.7 .37.2
Administration
16.4
2.6
3.5
5.3
3.7
1.6
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
5.1
4.7
10.2
0.0 6.8
Prof. Services
16.6
5.3
1.8
2.6
2.6
9.5
0.0
5.3
4.3
11.8
12.8
12.7
11.6
5.3 11.2
Other
2.9
7.9
0.0
2.6
2.1-
0.0
6.7
1.8
2.0
5.9
5.1
5.2
2.9
0.0 3.4
Secondary Activity
R & D
27.6
18.4
11.4
26.3
15.8
34.9
30.0
21.9
21.7
23.5
23.6
23.6
35.6
24.0 29.5
Teaching
13.1
5.3
4.4
18.4
7.4
25.4
20.0
13.2
12.8
.11.8
17.4
17.0
16.7
25.3 18.0
Administration
8.7
7.9
12.3
2.6
'9.5
1.6
6.7
7.9
7.6
0.0
8.2
7.5
10.5
4.0 8.5
Prof. Services
8.2
2.6
7.0
2.6
5.3
3.2
0.0
2.6
3.8
5.9
7.2
7.1
9.1
6.7 8.0
Other
2.6
7.9
1.8
2.6
3.2
1.6
0.0
2.6
2.5 .
0.0
1.5
1.4
0.4
4.0 1.2
No Secondary Activity
34.6
57.9
61.4
47.4
57.9
28.6
43.3
46.5
48.9
52.9
37.4
38.7
23.6
32.0 30.4
Activity Unknown
5.3
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.1
4.8
0.0
5.3
2.8
5.9
4.6
4.7
4.0
4.0 4.3
Region of Employment
After Doctorate
New England X
7.3
13.2
7.9
7.9
8.9
15.9
6.7
3.5
8.3
5.9
6.2
6.1
7.3
4.0 6.4
Middle Atlantic
16.1
18.4
25.4
0.0
18.9
19.0
16.7
22.8
19.9
23.5
12.3
13.2
13.8
4.0 12.3
East No Central
14.3
5.3
20.2
18.4
16.8
11.1
20.0
14.0
15.4
11.8
17.4
17.0
16.0
9.3 15.5
West No Central
6.5
7.9
7.0
7.9 .
7.4
4.8
0.0
3.5
5.3
5.9
5.1
5.2
6.9
10.7 6.8
South Atlantic
15.5
10.5
15.8
7.9
13.2
11.1
6.7
7.9
10.8
17.6
20.0
19.8
12.7
10.7 15.1
East So Central
4.3
0.0
1.8
7.9
2.6
1.6
0.0
0.9
1.8
0.0
2.6
2.4
4.4
14.7 5.0
West So Central
7.8
2.6
6.1
18.4
7.9
9.5
10.0
8.8
8.6
0.0
4.6
4.2
13.5
8.0 9.3
Mountain
4.6
13.2
1.8
10.5
5.8
4.8
0.0
4.4
4.8
0.0
3.6
3.3
5.8
4.0 4.6
Pacific & Insular
10.6
21.1
5.3
15.8
10.5
6.3
26.7
20.2
13.9
5.9
12.3
11.8
7.6
9.3 9.4
Foreign
4.7
7.9
3.5
2.6
4.2
6.3
0.0
7.9
5.3
17.6
10.8
11.3
6.5
22.7 10.5
Region Unknown
8.2
0.0
5.3
2.6
3.7
9.5
13.3
6.1
6.0
11.8
5.1
5.7
5.5
2.7 5.2
1/ Refer to explanatory note on pages 40-41 and the description of doctoral fields inside back cover.
'2/ Includes 2-year, 4-year, and foreign colleges and'universities, medical schools, and elementary/secondary schools.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 2 (Continued)
Doctorates: Warren
> m t I w ti ii 4; 3/
9 9! - 'c1 ?a N
6d N .71 O + u o '~ ++ q Oi ti " G 8 G d .:a
0 U 0 A {0 1J O N >, o yCp C~ ?~ N yE +-1 v1 b g u 44
14 "4 0
,4 *a H cC~ p~ tC~N1 pCp +( a~ a~ y N~ F, W
?O ,-I H
PNi 6 W H V]N N 1-1 . CC W W ~fAC ~ W t7~# E9 ifLL
1564
166
413
132
204
2479
5422
184
421
255
705
1565
207
452
3590
5814
8
90.5
66.9
84.5
75.0
77.9
86.1
81.1
87.5
84.1
66.3
80.4
79.9
82.6
84.7
88.9
85.9
2.0
6.6
4.8
4.5
5.4
3.2
3.9
2.7
2.9
11.4
3.7
4.6
2.4
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.1
20.5
6.8
11.4
12.7
5.5
9.9
5.4
5.7
13.7
8.5
8.2
8.2
6.0
4.2
5.6
5.4
6.0
3.9
9.1
3.9
5.2
5.1
4.3
7.4
8.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
7.5
5.1
5.9
45.6
45.8
51.1
46.2
50.5
47.0
48.4
52.2
51.5
54.5
49.9
51.4
60.4
47.1
56.5
54.6
46.5
46.4
42.9
43.2
42.6
45.4
44.5
41.8
39.4
33.3
40.4
39.2
31.4
44.2
36.0
37.3
7.9
7.8
6.1
10.6
6.9
7.7
7.1
6.0
9.0
12.2
9.6
9.5
8.2
8.6
7.5
8.1
33.3
30.8
35.7
33.1
35.3
33.6
32.2
36.1
36.2
35.8
35.3
35.7
34.6
38.0
40.0
38.5
62.0
62.7
57.1
54.5
19.6
57.4
58.7
64.7
69.4
54.5
49.5
57.4
33.8
24.6
42.7
44.9
82.0
74.1
87.7
84.1
90.7
83.3
72.4
89.7
89.1
84.3
89.9
88.8
85.5
91.6
95.2
92.8
9.8
8.4
11.5
10.5
12.0
10.2
9.3
13.1
12.9
12.1
12.9
12.8
11.7
14.6
16.2
14.9
7.0
6.5
8.5
8.2
7.7
7.3
6.7
9.1
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.5
6.9
7.5
7.8
7.9
19.2
4.2
22.0
7.6
12.7
17.5
32.4
12.5
5.5
7.1
8.1
7.7
1.0
2.7
3.7
4.6
11.8
1.8
12.1
1.5
8.3
10.3
17.5
9.8
2.4
4.7
4.1
4.4
0.0
0.9
1.2
2.0
3.1
1.2
5.6
3.8
2.9
3.4
11.4
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.5
1.1
1.6
1.4
2.7
0.6
1.5
0.0
1.5
2.1
1.6
0.0
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.4
1.6
0.6
2.9
2.3
0.0
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
0.8
2.0
1.9
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.8
73.3
89.8
69.7
79.5
79.9
74.7
60.2
78.3
86.0
80.4
80.9
81.9
92.3
87.4
89.1
87.2
25.4
54.8
46.5
56.1
47.5
34.3
28.8
54.9
74.1
67.8
60.9
64.9
80.7
61.5
64.6
65.0
17.3
9.6
6.8
10.6
8.8
14.0
14.2
6.0
4.3
3.9
5.4
4.9
6.3
9.1
7.4
6.8
9.1
13.9
5.3
6.8
9.8
8.7
6.5
3.8
1.7
0.4
2.6
2.1
1.9
6.4
8.3
6.3
15.0
2.4
5.3
2.3
8.8
11.4
6.3
4.3
0.5
1.2
5.4
3.3
1.4
6.9
4.0
4.0
6.6
9.0
5.8
3.8
4.9
6.3
4.5
9.2
5.5
7.1
6.7
6.7
1.9
3.5
4.8
5.1
7.5 .
6.0
8.2
12.9
7.4
7.8
7.4
9.2
8.6
12.5
11.1
10.4
6.8
10.0
7.1
8.2
14.0
3.0
12.6
1.5
8.3
11.9
23.9
8.7
3.1
3.9
4.0
4.3
0.0
1.3
1.9
2.4
5.2
1.2
9.4
6.1
4.4
5.6
8.5
3.8
2.4
3.1
4.1
3.5
1.0
1.3
1.8
2.2
51.7
69.3
43.6
56.8
52.9
51.9
41.4
47.8
55.6
51.4
50.8
51.8
79.2
66.4
64.9
62.0
21.6
20.5
26.2
22.7
27.0
22.8
18.8
30.4
30.4
29.0
30.1
30.0
13.0
21.0
24.2
25.1
12.5
42.6
30.6
16.0
18.5
18.4
30.9
8.0
4.7
2.3
8.1
6.2
29.9
10.3
4.8
6.7
16.3
44.3
47.2
64.0
43.5
28.2
30.1
71.6
79.5
83.2
72.1
76.0
60.4
51.7
41.2
50.7
4.1
0.9
5.6
5.3
13.9
4.9
4.9
11.4
3.8
4.6
7.5
6.4
3.0
15.0
32.0
23.5
60.8
3.5
7.2
4.0
13.0
40.9
27.0
2.3
1.3
2.3
2.5
2.1
4.3
17.0
12.6
10.2
3.0
3.5
3.3
5.3
7.4
3.6
3.3
2.3
3.8
3.8
4.5
3.9
0.6
2.3
2.4
2.6
23.4
37.4
37.2
48.0
41.7
29.5
28.1
46.6
39.7
55.7
41.1
43.6
56.7
34.3
18.5
27.2
15.5
21.7
14.4
12.0
11.1
15.3
15.5
9.1
5.6
5.3
8.1
7.0
27.4
18.0
11.1
11.5
9.8
5.2
9.4
6.7
6.5
8.9
8.5
1.1
6.8
5.3
8.1
6.5
1.2
7.7
10.2
8.7
6.9
1.7
5.0
5.3
10.2
6.4
6.3
5.7
3.4
2.3
5.0
4.2
1.8
7.3
11.9
9.3
3.2
0.0
2.8
1.3
3.7
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.5
7.0
4.2
0.6
2.0
2.5
2.8
37.9
28.7
25.0
21.3
23.1
33.1
35.2
30.7
35.5
26.0
25.4
29.0
10.4
27.0
38.6
34.2
3.3
5.2
6.1
5.3
3.7
4.0
3.9
4.5
6.8
3.8
5.3
5.4
1.8
3.7
7.1
6.2
8.8
12.2
10.6
14.7
3.7
9.2
8.4
12.5
9.8
7.6
7.8
8.9
7.9
4.7
6.1
6.7
19.2
22.6
18.3
20.0
15.7
19.1
17.5
14.8
15.8
15.3
15.9
15.7
14.6
17.3
14.8
15.2
14.3
14.8
14.4
16.0
16.7
14.7
15.0
8.0
14.5
12.2
12.8
12.7
17.1
14.7
13.8
13.8
6.2
2.6
5.0
8.0
11.1
6.2
6.2
4.5
5.1
3.1
6.4
5.3
7.9
6.0
7.2
6.7
14.5
23.5
12.2
18.7
21.3
15.8
14.7
17.0
10.7
20.6
12.0
13.6
20.1
14.7
16.7
16.0
2.5
1.7
4.4
0.0
3.7
2.6
3.1
1.1
6.8
3.1
4.7
4.7
3.0
4.0
5.5
5.1
6.6
0.9
5.6
2.7
3.7
5.4
6.9
6.8
9.0
6.1
4.5
6.3
8.5
8.7
9.1
8.4
4.1
5.2
3.9
2.7
0.9
3.8
4.2
3.4
3.0
1.5
5.9
4.1
4.3
5.3
5.2
4.9
12.0
5.2
12.2
10.7
7.4
11.0
11.1
15.9
11.1
14.5
13.1
13.1
11.0
11.7
9.1
10.3
2.0
9.6
7.2
5.3
12.0
4.4
6.1
5.7
4.7
8.4
7.0
6.4
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.9
10.0
1.7
6.1
1.3
3.7
7.7
6.8
10.2
9.4
7.6
9.8
9.4
2.4
9.0
9.5
9.1
3/ Statistics are not presented for this group because too few records contained the specific data.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Doctorate Records File.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
Sources of
Support in
Graduate School
NSF Fellowship N
VX 2/
HX
NIH Traineeship N
VX
HX
Other Dept N
of Health 6 - VX
Human Servs. HX
Graduate & Prof. N
Opportunities VX
Program HX
Other Dept N
of Education VX
HX
Other Federal N
Support VX
HX
Field of Doctorate
Physical 1/ EYngi- Life Social Prof.
Total Sciences veering Sciences Sciences Humanities Fields Education
Men/Women Men/Women Men/Women Men/Warren Men/Women Men/Women Man/Women Men/Women
424 186 166 27 84 10 81 68 71 62 5 8 2 2 15 9
2.2 1.8 4.4 3.7 2.9 4.9 2.3 3.7 2.3 2.7 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3
100.0 100.0 39.2 14.5 19.8 5.4 19.1 36.6 16.7 33.3 1.2 4.3 0.5 1.1 3.5 4.8
885 696 46 21 23 8 643 465 162 170 0 1 5 9 6 22
4.7 6.6 1.2 2.9 0.8 3.9 18.2 25.3 5.3 7.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.2 .0.6
100.0 100.0 5.2 3.0 2.6 1.1 72.7 66.8 18.3 24.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 1.3 0.7 3.2
160 215 5 1 6 1 51 86 79 97 1
0.8 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.4 4.7 2.6 4.2 0.1
100.0 100.0 3.1 0.5 3.8 0.5 31.9 40.0 49.4 45.1 . 0.6
98 105 14 18 7 10 22 23 28 24 7
0.5 1.0 0.4 2.5 0.2 4.9 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.4
100.0 100.0 14.3 17.1 7.1 9.5 22.4 21.9 28.6 22.9 7.1
0 13 13 5 17
0.0 1.1 2.1 0.2 0.5
0.0 8.1 6.0 3.1 7.9
8 3 7 17 15
0.6 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.4
7.6 3.1 6.7 17.3 14.3
200 148 7 2 3 0 9 10 46 41 88 44 5 2 42 49
1.1 - 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.8 5.1 3.0 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.4
100.0 100.0 3.5 1.4 1.5 0.0 4.5 6.8 23.0 27.7 44.0 29.7 2.5 1.4 21.0 33.1
709 79 59 2 58 0 61 15 155 28
3.8 0.7 1.6 0.3 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 5.1 1.2
100.0 100.0 8.3 2.5 8.2 0.0 8.6 19.0 21.9 35.4
92 5 78 4 205 25
5.3 0.3 6.8 0.7 7.3 0.7
13.0 6.3 11.0 5.1 28.9 31.6
746 380 139 17 132 11 155 101 146 113 76 52
4.0 3.6 3.7 2.3 4.6 5.3 4.4 5.5 4.8 4.8 4.4 3.6
100.0 100.0 18.6 4.5 17.7 2.9 20.8 26.6 19.6 29.7 10.2 13.7
Nat'l Fellowship N 672 484
(non-federal) V% 3.6 4.6
HX 100.0 100.0
Teaching N 9333 4709
Assistantship VX 49.4 44.6
HZ 100.0 100.0
Research N 8976 3380
Assistantship V% 47.6 32.0
HX 100.0 100.0
University N 4039 2217
Fellowship VX 21.4 21.0
HX 100.0 100.0
College N 710 495
Work-Study VX 3.8 4.7
H% 100.0 100.0
Other University N 1079 957
Related V% 5.7 9.1
HX 100.0 100.0
40 11 58 75
3.5 1.8 2.1 2.2
5.4 2.9 7.8 19.7
131 43 86 22 102 66 128 126 131 135 44 38 49 54
3.5 5.9 3.0 10.7 2.9 3.6 4.2 5.4 7.6 9.3 3.8 6.3 1.7 1.6
19.5 8.9 12.8 4.5 15.2 13.6 19.0 26.0 19.5 27.9 6.5 7.9 7.3 11.2
2614 528 1207 96 1380 741 1779 1274 1160 984 577 309 608 775
69.9 71.9 42.3 46.6 39.1 40.2 58.2 54.5 67.1 68.1 50.3 51.0 21.7 22.9
28.0 11.2 12.9 2.0 14.8 15.7 19.1 27.1 12.4 20.9 6.2 6.6 6.5 16.5
2775 523 2049 146 1986 919 1174 871 247 211 352 201 385 508
74.2 71.3 71.8 70.9 56.3 49.9 38.4 37.3 14.3 14.6 30.7 33.2 13.7 15.0
.30.9 15.5 22.8 4.3 22.1 27.2 13.1 25.8 2.8 6.2 3.9 5.9 4.3 15.0
840 158 498 59 696 422 792 564 685 579 256 127 269 307
22.5 21.5 17.4 28.6 19.7 22.9 25.9 24.1 39.6 40.1 22.3 21.0 9.6 9.1
20.8 7.1 12.3 2.7 17.2 19.0 19.6 25.4 17.0 26.1 6.3 5.7 6.7 13.8
63 17 48 2 138 71 204 177 129 110 32 10 95 108
1.7 2.3 1.7 1.0 3.9 3.9 6.7 .7.6 . 7.5 7.6 2.8 1.7 3.4 3.2
8.9 3.4 6.8 0.4 19.4 14.3 28.7 35.8 18.2 22.2 4.5 2.0 13.4 21.8
151 41 104 12 208 140 223 241 131 136 73 62 188 325
4.0 5.6 3.6 5.8 5.9 7.6 7.3 10.3 7.6 9.4 6.4 10.2 6.7 9.6
14.0 4.3 9.6 1.3 19.3 14.6 20.7 25.2 12.1 14.2 6.8 6.5 17.4 34.0
Business/Ehg1oyer N 1067 525 143 19 223 18 111 75 135 77 65 37 90 45 299 254
Funds VX 5.7 5.0 3.8 2.6 7.8 8.7 3.1 4.1 4.4 3.3 3.8 2.6 7.8 7.4 10.7 7.5
HX 100.0 100.0 13.4 3.6 20.9 3.4 10.4 14.3 12.7 14.7 6.1 7.0 8.4 8.6 28.0 48.4
Own Earnings N 10453 7071 1286 234 1088 78 1589 889 2048 1603 1248 973
VX . 55.4 67.0 34.4 31.9 38.1 37.9 45.0 48.3 67.0 68.6 72.2 67.4
HX 100.0 100.0 12.3 3.3 10.4 1.1 15.2 12.6 19.6 22.7 11.9 13.8
Spouse's Earnings N 5346 3825 780 168 470 53 1114 569 983 820 663 589
VX 28.3 36.2 20.9 22.9 16.5 25.7 31.6 30.9 32.2 35.1 38.3 40.8
HX 100.0 100.0 14.6 4.4 8.8 1.4 20.8 14.9 18.4 21.4 12.4 15.4
Family Support N 4716 2432 828 154 790 36 875 414 935 717 558 426
V% 25.0 23.0 22.1 21.0 27.7 17.5 24.8 22.5 30.6 30.7 32.3 29.5
HX 100.0 100.0 17.6 6.3 16.8 1.5 18.6 17.0 19.8 29.5 .11.8 17.5
Guaranteed N 4417 3008 619 119 281 34 888 493 1207 1027 464 374
Student Loans VX 23.4 28.5 16.6 16.2 9.8 16.5 25.2 26.8 39.5 44.0 26.8 25.9
HX 100.0 100.0 14.0 4.0 6.4 1.1 20.1 16.4 27.3 34.1 10.5 12.4
National Direct N 1066 765
Student Loans VX 5.6 7.2
HX 100.0 100.0
Other Loans N 553 405
VX 2.9 3.8
H% 100.0 100.0
Other N 1329 624
V% 7.0 5.9
HX 100.0 100.0
767 429 2415 2861
66.9 70.8 86.1 84.5
7.3 6.1 23.1 40.5
333 235 998 1391
29.0 38.8 35.6 41.1
6.2 6.1 18.7 36.4
292 123 434 562
25.5 20.3 15.5 16.6
6.2 5.1 9.2 23.1
286 172 666. 788
24.9 28.4 23.8 23.3
6.5 5.7 15.1 26.2
89 15 40 9 170 81 . 372 306 182 169 66 43 146 141
2.4 2.0. 1.4 4.4 4.8 4.4 12.2 13.1 10.5 11.7 5.8 7.1 5.2 4.2
8.3 2.0 3.8 1.2 15.9 10.6 34.9 40.0 17.1 22.1 6.2. 5.6 13.7 18.4
44 18 53 4 75 68 157 120 67 49 40 30 117 116
1.2 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 3.7 5.1 5.1 3.9 3.4 3.5 5.0 4.2 3.4
8.0 4.4 9.6 1.0 13.6 16.8 28.4 29.6 12.1 12.1 7.2 7.4 21.2 28.6
208 35 205 12 286 124 203 106 128 79 104 47 193 219
5.6 4.8 7.2 5.8 8.1 6.7 6.6 4.5 7.4 5.5 9.1' 7.8 6.9 6.5
15.7 5.6 15.4 1.9 21.5 19.9 15.3 17.0 9.6 12.7 7.8 7.5 14.5 35.1
Unduplicated N 18876 10560 3739 734 2855 206 3528 1841 3056 2336
Total
17 Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
'f/ V denotes vertical percentage; H denotes horizontal percentage.
4/ Includes ADAMHA Traineeships and Fellowships.
Ti/ Includes Title IV Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships.
3/ The 2,334 Ph.D.s who did not report sources of support are omitted from this table.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Doctorate Records File.
54
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
State of Field of Doctorate
Doctoral Physical1-/ Engi- Life Social Prof.
Institution Total Sciences nearing Sciences Sciences Humanities Fields Education
Alabama
157
102
17
4
20
1
38
20
15
6
6
6
12
6
49
'59
Alaska
11
1
6
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Arizona
313
148
70
18
33
0
59
21
29
18
33
12
17
8
72
71
Arkansas
103
29
9
4
15
0
38
5
7
2
1
4
16
1
17
13
California
2541
1218
618
111
492
37
410
228
428
329
240
198
141
57
211
258
Colorado
392
178
88
12
59
6
76
27
71
41
23
22
20
8
54
61
Connecticut
285
154
75
17
20
1
54
38
50
25
55
42
10
2
21
29
Delaware
76
24
22
3
20
3
6
2
15
7
7
4
0
1
6
4
D. C.
298
250
41
11
45
0
26
49
73
67
54
50
23
21
36
52
Florida
613
391
76
11
61
2
94
28
99
67
43
31
50
23
190
229
Georgia
368
241
48
8
53
1
78
26
49
56
30
18
30
16
80
116
Hawaii
91
41
15
3
4
0
22
11
33
19
14
5
0
0
3
3
Idaho
26
17
4
2
2
0
10
3
3
0
1
2
0
0
6
10
Illinois
1150
624
224
34
194
19
168
112
217
151
119
84
85
46
142
175
Indiana
627
299
112
19
123
8
107
52
91
55
84
51
29
16
81
98
Iowa
375
155
69
10
71
0
85
35
36
22
30
21
13
10
71
57
Kansas
229
124
26
3
23
0
60
22
41
28
23
14
11
9
45
48
Kentucky
131
49
9
5
12
0
32
11
33
12
13
8
21
3
11
10
Louisiana
209
82
33
8
20
1
61
22
23
16
20
11
34
7
18
17
Maine
22
6
4
1
4
0
7
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
6
2
Maryland
373
264
90
18
54
4
98
70
52
48
25
40
12
12
42
72
Massachusetts
1158
686
301
68
218
27
137
108
204
149
94
90
66
29
138
215
Michigan
815
443
131
29
118
7
149
77
145
96
75
63
42
30
150
139
Minnesota
392
164
70
11
68
6
116
33
57
47
33
26
12
10
35
31
Mississippi
153
102
13
2
12
2
35
4
31
21
6
5
17
5
39
63
Missouri
365
171
41
15
55
4
68
18
63
56
33
24
28
4
77
50
Montana
46
14
7
1
4
0
17
5
6
4
0
0
0
0
12
4
Nebraska
131
79
12
5
4
0
36
18
21
14
10
10
14
10
34
22
Nevada
16
12
3
0
1
0
2
3
5
4
0
0
0
0
5
5
New Hampshire
37
19
13
4
6
0
9
6
6
4
2
4
0
0
1
1
New Jersey
420
219
111
26
59
5
59
45
70
44
52
36
22
9
47
54
New Mexico
134
72
22
6
29
1
29
7
25
14
10
14
0
0
19
30
New York
1993
1331
414
64
271
23
311
215
411
383
257
240
110
72
219
333
North Carolina
480
246
97
14
65
4
147
67
57
54
45
40
16
17
52
50
North Dakota
55
12
12
1
3
0
23
4
6
2
5
1
0
0
6
4
Ohio
800
474
166
33
143
9
123
62
108
102
69
65
62
49
129
154
Oklahoma
242
158
31
11
38
3
59
20
29
22
13
17
10
21
62
64
Oregon
266
129
50
8
14
0
76
22
51
32
9
13
13
9
53
45
Pennsylvania
1084
626
179
45
184
17
160
71
182
119
99
81
86
41
193
252
Rhode Island
132
51
65
13
13
1
21
6
19
13
14
18
0
0
0
0
South Carolina
160
77
39
9
11
1
31
15
22
13
9
9
16
3
32
27
South Dakota
34
21
0
1
1
0
9
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
17
18
Tennessee
330
240
26
6
34
0
47
38
70
36
28
17
21
14
104
129
Texas
1218
694
220
41
195
12
220
158
153
107
100
78
145
50
181
248
Utah
248
123
36
6
41
2
36
21
48
34
10
12
10
6
65
42
Vermont
27
23
4
2
1
0
10
4
9
12
0
3
0
0
3
2
Virginia
410
208
74
12
77
6
89
37
51
36
32
20
15
17
72
80
Washington
350
163
84
12
48
2
92
44
55
44
28
21
10
3
33
37
West Virginia
69
45
6
2
16
2
15
8
11
5
3
1
1
0
17
27
Wisconsin
517
223
132
22
91
8
100
41
72
38
37
32
36
14
48
67
Wyoming
48
19
16
4
5
0
16
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
8
13
Puerto Rico
6
3
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
if Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Doctorate Records File.
55
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 5 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Racial/Ethnic Group and Citizenship Status, 19861'
Total
American
Indian
Asian
Black
Non-U.S.
Total
Tot T
Non-U.S.
o
of
Perm.
Temp.
Perm.
Temp.
Penn.
Temp.
Total Number
22984
1422
5267
317709'
100
527
523
2639
37132-'
820
126
313
12671'
Male X
59.1
74.6
83.7
64.6
59.0
65.8
78.8
85.3
81.6
39.1
84.1
87.9
55.6
Female
40.9
25.4
16.3
35.4
41.0
34.2
21.2
14.7
18.4
60.9
15.9
12.1
44.4
Doctoral Field
Physical Sciences-' %
13.1
16.9
23.9
15.1
8.0
20.3
22.6
27.2
25.6
3.0
6.3
9.9
5.1
Engineering
6.0
24.1
26.0
10.6
6.0
15.2
34.8
31.6
29.7
1.7
7.9
8.0
3.9
Life Sciences
18.9
14.3
16.5
18.0
24.0
28.8
12.8
14.7
16.5
7.8
16.7
28.1
13.7
Social Sciences
19.8
15.5
12.8
18.4
20.0
13.1
9.9
10.1
10.4
19.9
22.2
18.5
19.7
Humanities
11.9
10.8
6.1
10.9
7.0
5.7
4.0
3.8
4.0
8.5
7.9
7.3
8.1
Education
24.3
11.8
8.9
20.8
26.0
11.0
6.3
6.1
6.8
51.3
32.5
22.7
42.6
Professional/Other
6.0
6.6
5.8
6.2
9.0
5.9
9.6
6.5
6.9
7.7
6.3
5.4
6.9
Median Time Lapse BA-PhD
Total Time Yr
s
10.8
9.6
9.2
10.4
11.0
9.5
10.2
9.5
9.6
14.3
8.8
9.2
12.3
Registered Time
7.1
6.8
6.1
6.8
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.2
6.3
7.9
6.5
5.7
7.1
Graduate School Support
Federal Fellow/Trainee
X
15.8
5.4
5.5
12.6
20.0
23.3
4.0
4.6
7.2
20.5
7.9
9.9
16.5
GI Bill
3.4
0.1
0.0
2.5
4.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.3
0.0
0.0
2.1
National Fellowship
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.6
10.0
4.4
2.7
3.2
3.3
7.6
3.2
6.4
6.8
Teaching Assistantship
47.0
51.9
47.0
44.2
38.0
46.1
53.2
50.8
50.4
29.4
34.1
32.9
30.6
Research Assistantship
38.4
48.9
53.4
38.9
31.0
48.4
61.2
62.5
60.2
19.9
31.7
36.1
25.0
Other University
30.3
26.2
24.1
27.1
28.0
32.4
24.9
22.0
23.9
32.1
31.0
24.0
29.9
Business/Employer
5.8
3.8
3.8
5.0
2.0
6.6
4.6
2.5
3.4
6.6
3.2
4.8
5.8
Self/Family Sources
83.0
69.8
51.2
71.7
81.0
71.2
63.7
51.5
55.8
86.0
68.3
50.5
75.1
Guaranteed Student Loan
31.1
16.7
0.8
23.4
35.0
29.0
12.4
0.5
6.3
35.5
34.9
1.0
26.7
Other Loans
10.4
5.6
2.1
8.1
12.0
11.0
3.3
0.9
2.7
15.6
14.3
3.2
12.3
Other
3.8
7.7
18.4
6.1
6.0
3.2
3.6
10.0
8.1
4.1
12.7
29.1
11.1
Unknown
0.8
1.6
2.0
7.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.6
0.6
1.6
1.3
1.1
Postdoctoral Plans
Postdoctoral Study
X
21.4
23.3
33.0
22.0
24.0
34.3
26.0
37.1
34.9
12.6
15.1
24.0
15.5
Planned Employment
76.4
72.2
61.8
69.0
71.0
61.7
69.0
58.0
60.1
84.8
81.0
71.6
81?.0
Educ. Institution
44.1
39.3
38.3
40.1
45.0
24.9
27.9
35.2
32.7
54.5
50.8
43.5
51.3
Industry/Business
15.2
23.0
11.6
14.0
8.0
24.1
32.5
13.9
18.0
7.1
12.7
5.4
7.3
Government
8.0
4.4
6.9
7.1
9.0
6.3
4.4
5.1
5.1
11.2
8.7
14.4
11.7
Non-profit
5.7
2.5
1.6
4.5
3.0
3.8
1.5
1.4
1.8
5.5
4.8
3.2
4.8
Other & Unknown
3.6
3.0 '
3.4
3.3
6.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.5
6.5
4.0
5.1
5.9
Postdoc Status Unknown X
2.2
4.5
5.2
9.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.9
5.0
2.7
4.0
4.5
3.5
Definite Postdoct Study
X
16.4
13.7
21.0
16.0
19.0
23.9
15.3
23.4
22.2
7.9
4.8
10.9
8.3
Seeking Postdoct Study
5.0
9.6
12.0
6.1
5.0
10.4
10.7
13.7
12.8
4.6
10.3
13.1
7.3
Definite Employment
56.9
43.4
43.0
50.4
45.0
40.2
43.6
39.7
40.3
62.3
34.1
45.7
55.2
Seeking Employment
19.5
28.8
18.8
18.6
26.0
21.4
25.4
18.3
19.8
22.4
46.8
25.9
25.8
Employment Location
after Doctorate
U.S.
yr'
92.4
74.6
35.6
83.5
84.4
90.1
78.9
43.6
55.6
86.5
60.5
16.8
70.5
Foreign
1.2
16.9
58.3
10.0
2.2
3.3
11.4
50.0
37.5
0.4
30.2
77.6
18.2
Unknown
6.4
8.6
6.1
6.4
13.3
6.6
9.6
6.4
6.9
13.1
9.3
5.6
11.3
1/ See discussion on page 41 for description of past changes in the survey question on racial/ethnic group.
E/ Includes individuals who did not report their citizenship at time of doctorate.
I/ Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
Z/ The base for this percentage is the number of doctorates in the column caption group who have found definite employment.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
APPENDIX A, TABLE 5 (Continued)
Puerto
Other &
White
Rican
Mexican-American
Other Hi anic
Unknown
0
of
U. S. Non-U. of
U. SS
Non-U.S. TotTT
Non-
o
Perri.
Tenp.
Penn.
Tenp.
Penn.
Tenp.
U.S.
20538
592
1504
2267421
137
182
11
11
204-21
248
96
360
7092-'
433
513
29662-1
59.7
69.1.
80.7
61.3
56.2
54.4
63.6
90.9
56.9
49.6
66.7
77.2
66.0
69.5
85.8
72.9
40.3
30.9
19.3
38.7
43.8
45.6
36.4
9.1
43.1
50.4
33.3
22.8
34.0
30.5
14.2
27.1
13.2
15.2
23.4
13.9
10.9
8.2
0.0
9.1
7.8
9.3
11.5
21.9
16.2
22.2
17.3
16.0
6.0
21.1
23.1
7.5
8.0
2.7
0.0
18.2
3.4
3.6
10.4
16.1
10.9
6.9
22.8
14.2
19.3
13.9
15.2
18.8
14.6
7.7
18.2
45.5
10.3
15.3
24.0
23.1
20.5
16.9
16.6
15.2
19.9
18.8
14.2
19.5
19.7
23.6
27.3
0.0
22.5
24.2
17.7
18.3
20.2
19.9
15.0
18.7
12.2
14.4
9.4
12.0
10.2
11.0
36.4
0.0
11.8
16.9
19.8
6.4
11.8
11.3
9.7
11.8
23.5
11.7
8.9
22.2
32.8
43.4
9.1
27.3
40.7
25.8
13.5
11.1
16.8
18.9
13.8
17.0
6.1
5.1
5.7
6.0
3.6
3.3
9.1
0.0
3.4
4.8
3.1
3.1
3.7
3.9
4.7
7.0
10.7
9.2
8.5
10.5
12.2
12.2
11.5
9.3
12.1
10.8
9.6
9.4
9.9
9.7
9.6
9.6
7.0
6.8
6.1
7.0
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
7.7
6.9
6.7
5.5
6.2
6.5
6.2
6.4
15.1
6.3
5.5
14.2
29.9
35.2
27.3
18.2
33.8
21.0
5.2
7.5
12.0
13.6
5.8
3.1
3.5
0.2
0.0
3.2
0.7
3.8
0.0
0.0
3.4
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.6
3.2
0.0
0.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
3.6
13.9
7.7
0.0
0.0
6.9
8.1
10.4
6.4
7.5
1.6
4.5
1.0
48.1
56.8
49.5
48.4
31.4
41.2
54.5
27.3
41.2
42.3
49.0
37.8
40.8
41.6
34.3
12.1
39.1
43.8
48.5
39.8
29.9
32.4
45.5
45.5
33.8
32.7
43.8
43.3
39.6
35.6
36.6
11.8
30.2
27.0
28.2
30.0
34.3
29.7
81.8
27.3
32.4
27.8
20.8
27.2
26.8
28.2
19.3
7.7
5.9
3.7
4.6
5.7
8.0
1.6
0.0
9.1
2.0
5.2
2.1
7.8
6.1
3.9
4.1
1.3
83.5
75.0
55.1
81.3
76.6
84.1
90.9
27.3
81.4
84.3
72.9
51.1
65.7
67.2
41.5
17.2
31.0
16.2
1.3
28.6
40.1
31.3
9.1
0.0
28.4
35.5
20.8
0.3
15.9
23.6
2.5
3.9
10.1
5.1
3.5
9.5
18.2
13.7
9.1
9.1
13.2
14.1
12.5
4.7
9.2
9.0
1.9
1.7
3.8
8.3
24.8
5.3
3.6
6.6
9.1
45.5
8.8
2.8
12.5
30.8
18.3
2.8
26.1
5.1
0.5
1.4
1.5
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.4
2.1
2.5
1.7
12.7
7.0
70.6
21.4
21.3
30.3
22.0
16.1
14.8
9.1
18.2
14.7
21.4
30.2
28.9
26.5
24.2
27.9
8.5
76.7
74.8
65.6
75.8
83.9
82.4
90.9
81.8
82.8
78.2
66.7
67.8
71.2
62.4
60.2
20.0
44.2
44.8
40.4
43.9
58.4
47.3
63.6
54.5
48.5
50.8
50.0
46.9
48.7
31.9
38.4
11.7
15.4
21.1
11.6
15.3
8.8
13.2
0.0
9.1
12.3
8.9
7.3
6.9
7.8
15.2
7.4
3.5
7.9
3.4
7.8
7.7
8.0
14.3
0.0
0.0
12.7
9.3
2.1
6.9
7.1
6.5
8.8
2.5
5.8
2.9
1.9
5.4
4.4
6.6
18.2
0.0
6.9
3.2
3.1
1.4
2.3
3.9
1.2
0.8
3.4
2.7
3.8
3.4
4.4
1.1
9.1
18.2
2.5
6.0
4.2
5.6
5.5
4.8
4.5
1.6
16.5
14.0
20.7
16.7
13.1
10.4
9.1
9.1
10.3
15.7
16.7
19.4
17.8
18.5
15.8
5.5
4.9
7.3
9.6
5.3
2.9
4.4
0.0
9.1
4.4
5.6
13.5
9.4
8.7
5.8
12.1
3.0
57.4
46.8
46.6
56.4
54.7
55.5
45.5
63.6
55.4
56.9
39.6
48.6
50.2
46.4
42.9
14.6
19.3
28.0
18.9
19.5
29.2
26.9
45.5
18.2
27.5
21.4
27.1
19.2
21.0
15.9
17.3
5.4
92.9
77.3
36.9
89.4
89.3
90.1
60.0
28.6
85.0
87.9
65.8
18.3
51.1
89.6
20.5
52.4
1.2
14.8
57.6
4.7
1.3
1.0
40.0
71.4
7.1
0.7
26.3
77.1
41.0
1.0
70.5
38.3
5.9
7.9
5.4
5.9
9.3
8.9
0.0
0.0
8.0
11.3
7.9
4.6
7.9
9.5
9.1
9.2
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
Appendix Table B presents the number of doctorate recipients by fine field of doctorate,
1976-1986.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
Year of Doctorate
1976
1977
1978.
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
TOTAL ALL FIELDS
32946
31715
30875
31237
31016
31353
31095
31216
31277
31211
31770
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
4509
4379
4193
4299
4111
4170
4291
4426
4452
4532
4808
MATHEMATICS
1003
933
838
769
744
728
720
701
698
688
730
Applied Mathematics
105
113
108
111
102
118
108
125
108
116
136
Algebra
116
88
87
88
78
56
60
55
65
55
46
Analysis & Functional Analysis
141
153
118
111
91
105
98
76
71
83
81
Geometry
23
26
22
25
35
29
32
44
27
35
38
Logic
34
17
24
21
24
18
17
21
25
30
23
Number Theory
26
32
18
17
28
24
28
19
27
18
20
Probability & Math statistics
165
159
168
165
151
163
165
151
181
150
141
Topology
72
70
56
61
57
55
45
44
42
35
34
Computing Theory & Practice
148
101
55
25
13
16
11
12
13
15
10
Operations Research
36
42
43
43
41
36
36
20
27
22
29
Mathematics, General
94
88
92
80
83
77
84
86
78
85
125
Mathematics, Other
43
44
47
22
41
31
36
48
34
44
47
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Computer Sciences
31
121
210
218
232
220
264
256
249
355
Information Sciences & Systems
-
-
-
-
-
-
22
39
61
44
PHYSICS AND ASTRONCMY
1237
1150
1067
1108
983
1015
1014
1043
1080
1080
1187
Astronomy
78
63
64
58
52
50
52
50
42
43
52
Astrophysics
72
57
74
57
69
59
50
65
56
57
57
Acoustics
9
12
14
13
23
13
11
14
21
10
15
Atomic and Molecular
116
105
88
72
69
66
96
71
77
58
70
Electron
-
1
2
4
2
Electromagnetism
12
9
10
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
Elementary Particles
130
138
135
121
117
119
119
136
138
154
147
Fluids
20
14
13
14
15
14
13
15
11
16
6
Mechanics
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nuclear
96
94
77
103
73
63
53
90
72
86
89
Optics
50
31
33
46
43
54
42
50
53
51
58
Plasma
75
72
68
62
59
65
69
72
73
55
61
Polymer
10
8
11
11
Thermal
4
7
11
7
5
7
-
-
-
-
-
Solid State
282
258
243
243
201
253
235
222
258
248
280
Physics, General
175
173
151
194
165
164
167
150
170
176
222
Physics, Other
114
117
86
112
92
88
107
97
99
111
117
1624
1571
1544
1566
1538
1612
1680
1759
1765
1837
1903
Analytical
152
174
178
207
185
229
190
264
228
285
257
Agricultural and Food
14
6
8
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Inorganic
226
198
201
195
189
188
226
215
233
251
260
Nuclear
25
24
13
14
14
12
20
13
18
7
18
Organic
497
479
454
469
484
494
519
503
525
494
510
Pharmaceutical
55
50
51
43
52
52
55
78
56
60
58
Physical
355
339
310
326
282
275
324
311
329
304
293
Polymer
42
55
57
67
61
62
50
62
63
84
72
Theoretical
48
38
46
50
47
33
32
48
37
48
41
Chemistry, General
144
146
161
126
157
193
175
177
183
214
290
Chemistry, Other
66
62
65
58
67
74
89
88
93
90
104
EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, & MARINE SCI
645
694
623
646
628
583
657
637
614
617
589
Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry
16
15
22
16
19
15
17
21
11
16
21
Atmospheric Dynamics
14
32
21
26
20
27
22
16
25
21
16
Meteorology
23
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
28
23
27
Atmos & Meteorological Sci, General
16
5
10
7
Atmos & Meteorological Sci, Other
23
46
34
42
51
33
26
27
12
10
7
Geology
22
22
28
28
20
27
25
105
124
111
118
Geochemistry
49
57
51
57
51
48
51
48
43
48
37
Geophysics and Seismology
40
73
60
81
71
72
81
75
68
92
89
Geophysics, Solid Earth & Atmos
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Paleontology
43
26
31
36
21
19
24
17
35
23
16
Fuel Technology, Petroleum
4
5
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mineralogy, Petrology
48
60
34
33
47
30
41
24
28
28
17
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation
57
42
32
34
40
42
47
25
16
23
14
Geomorphology & Glacial Geology
29
22
24
14
15
13
21
10
9
13
11
Applied Geology
23
20
15
19
27
21
25
8
7
8
4
Geological Sciences, General
33
44
45
37
48
45
38
15
10
11
12
Geological Sciences, Other
23
31
22
24
21
16
29
21
25
11
12
Environmental Sciences
61
54
45
53
40
54
53
50
45
42
35
Hydrology and Water Resources
15
23
31
20
27
21
24
20
18
17
16
Oceanography
89
113
98
91
85
70
92
87
78
68
78
Marine Sciences
-
9
28
31
25
30
41
22
21
24
22
Physical Sciences, Other
-
-
-
13
6
18
30
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
ENGINEERING
2834
2643
2423
2490
2479
2528
2646
2781
2913
3167
3376
Aeronaut & Astronaut
Aerospace
122
115
103
81
81
97
86
106
119
124
118
,
Agricultural
37
33
43
66
68
64
48
58
74
60
52
Bioengineering & Biomedical
73
75
79
69
68
64
59
74
70
69
67
Ceramic
24
30
24
24
24
24
20
24
25
19
25
Chemical
314
306
261
287
285
296
306
349
361
440
476
Civil
314
269
236
236
240
287
308
354
351
358
387
Communications
Computer
119
123
76
-
78
-
62
-
71
-
72
25
83
11
56
30
56
23
77
Electronics
Electrical
592
544
463
533
478
478
544
517
593
631
707
,
Engineering Mechanics
113
102
95
85
91
78
103
68
91
89
94
Engineering Physics
19
20
15
17
18
22
12
10
8
12
13
Engineering Science
-
-
-
-
-
30
28
31
30
Environmental Health Engineering
74
67
67
66
66
71
60
43
57
33
42
Industrial
67
73
51
82
77
66
79
86
84
92
101
Materials Science
117
125
125
125
143
113
147
157
168
188
187
Mechanical
304
270
282
281
293
282
334
311
336
424
442
Metallurgical
111
93
98
87
106
97
88
87
78
96
93
Mining and Mineral
6
2
7
4
4
8
7
22
16
16
22
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng
4
5
8
9
Nuclear
134
105
107
95
112
130
121
103
120
96
97
Ocean
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
11
25
14
Operations Research
82
76
84
67
63
80
58
44
50
54
54
Petroleum
17
18
19
24
31
21
27
22
17
24
18
Polymer
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
31
40
36
Systems
69
71
63
75
61
68
49
57
52
57
33
Engineering, General
41
33
44
32
42
36
29
30
29
26
55
Engineering, Other
85
93
81
76
66
75
89
84
72
69
104
LIFE SCIENCES
5026
4920
5040
5223
5461
5611
5705
5545
5749
5759
5720
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
3573
3484
3516
3646
3803
3804
3889
3734
3875
3771
3791
Biochemistry
617
609
607
603
673
645
649
646
606
579
571
Biophysics
123
141
110
133
108
99
91
88
90
69
72
Bacteriology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
12
17
12
Plant Genetics
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
20
31
19
Plant Pathology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
29
30
38
28
Plant Physiology
62
43
43
57
52
68
56
67
70
58
51
Botany, Other
182
158
148
141
144
147
146
116
126
120
121
Anatomy
133
116
144
151
147
156
163
104
102
134
85
Biometrics & Biostatistics
46
52
45
44
42
48
59
45
49
40
30
Cell Biology
46
37
33
39
44
47
41
118
123
100
130
Ecology
140
163
170
173
169
198
173
183
202
200
183
Hydrobiology
13
14
3
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Embryology
13
19
15
14
18
20
10
13
15
15
9
Endocrinology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
30
17
17
Entomology
145
153
146
162
161
143
170
141
156
173
170
Itnsinclogy
93
101
94
134
125
148
151
154
133
121
146
Molecular Biology
148
131
172
140
183
187
223
225
275
277
297
Microbiology & Bacteriology
362
312
349
349
365
355
324
-
-
-
-
Microbiology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
309
344
287
325
Neurosciences
-
-
-
-
-
-
117
134
145
156
120
Nutritional Sciences
85
82
90
107
90
99
120
111
109
113
122
Parasitology
19
17
13
21
22
18
14
9
30
21
25
Toxicology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
97
98
104
Human & Animal Genetics
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
95
82
105
91
Genetics
143
141
126
141
157
157
176
-
-
-
-
Hunan & Animal Pathology
94
99
90
85
108
106
97
96
87
108
91
Human & Animal Pharmacology
205
196
216
220
257
280
276
217
237
231
240
Human & Animal Physiology
285
321
315
314
340
327
309
245
237
239
238
Zoology, Other
258
254
231
249
226
198
199
192
158
147
155
Biological Sciences, General
190
178
191
187
209
204
196
174
190
190
213
Biological Sciences, Other
171
147
165
172
163
154
129
106
120
87
126
Audiology & Speech Pathology
145
146
143
139
123
140
129
113
104
99
82
Environmental Health
28
25
31
40
40
44
39
38
40
31
39
Public Health
-
-
1
-
1
4
3
54
53
103
103
Public Health & Epidemiology
116
109
98
121
127
157
159
-
-
-
-
Epidemiology
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
76
103
76
81
Hospital Administration
2
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Medicine and Surgery
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nursing
-
32
32
53
77
89
112
126
161
184
215
Pharmacy
63
49
72
69
70
69
81
81
102
106
106
Veterinary Medicine
37
24
27
41
41
41
41
45
46
51
41
Health Sciences, General
14
18
15
19
15
24
16
20
14
1.3
28
Health Sciences, Other
90
100
93
86
92
89
106
86
96
67
77
Agricultural Economics
162
143
159
154
160
168
179
157
158
147
158
Animal Breeding & Genetics
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
28
28
25
Animal Husbandry
17
25
21
26
25 .
19
22
Animal Nutrition
119
101
101
112
119
149
133
56
71
78
65
Animal Sciences, Other
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
92
90
95
91
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/03/14: CIA-RDP90-0053OR000802030001-3
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Agromrty
146
123
137
138
151
177
159
149
137
158
Plant Breeding & Genetics
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
71
78
88
Plant Pathology
83
82
89
88
118
99
114
92
57
89
Plant Sciences, Other
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
20
21
Food Sciences
91
107
117
107
102
104
110
141
113
136
Soil Sciences
69
72
97
71
79
90
83
85
99
97
Horticulture Science
51
60
65
69
73
85
88
72
66
76
Fish and Wildlife
55
66
61
66
73
66
65
-
-
-
Fisheries Science
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
36
45
36
Wildlife Management
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
31
38
Forestry Science
79
66
88
87,
80
95
78
90
94
105
Agriculture, General .
9
6
6
7
3
5
5
7
1
5
Agriculture, Other
69
74
71
84
89
93
94
52
67
61
. SOCIAL SCIENCES (IHCL PSYCH)
6214
6072
6039
5961
5856
6142
5836
6058
5903
5721
Anthropology
428
385
399
383
370
369
333
373
335
353
Area Studies
30
18
26
24
22
20
19
20
23
19
Criminology
-
-
-
30
35
36
49
41
38
Demography
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
19
25
Economics
855
811
778
780
745
808
737
792
767
786
Econaoetrics
30
29
23
22
22
17
24
21
27
27
Geography
155
155
158
129
131
109
106
121
114
120
International Relations
123
96
92
81
80,
87
77
76
95
78
Political Sci & Govertment
628
614
603
522
505
445
459
397
419
406
Political Sci & Public Admin
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Public Policy Studies
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
69
54
70
Sociology
734
725
610
632
601
605
568
525
515
461
Statistics
35
35
46
23
33
40
43
47
39
60
Urban Studies
92
80
76
91
79
94
93
74
81
75
Social Sciences, General
35
27
33
33
32
22
34
17
17
17
Social Sciences, Other
146
108
140
150
108
133
149
142
127
114
Clinical
883
936
1061
1069
1106
1259
1167
1210
1174
1158
Cognitive
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
65
77
76
Comparative
28
22
20
21
8
11
12
11
13
11
Counseling
267
269
278
315
299
351
348
432
463
431
Developmental
190
203
208
221
207
201
192
219
207
176
Experimental
357
337
299
293
307
283
240
209
169
165
Educational
124
136
145
163
137
180
140
154
210
127
Industrial & Organizational
73
81
74
87
66
87
83
90
106
101
Personality
62
63
41
42
43
49
36
32
25
21
Physiological
133
132
126
102
108
102
90
94
73
79
Psychometrics
27
19
15
25
21
27
8
10
6
10
Quantitative
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
17
16
School
143
148
125
125
176
133
166
121
89
92
Social
209
202
204
216
190
180
179
191
157
167
Psychology, General
218
262
299
207
210
279
242
287
264
251
Psychology, Other
169
179
160
205
220
216
255
170
180
191
HUMANITIES
4881
4562
4231
4139
3867
3748
3558
3496
3531
3428
History, American
383
342
321
302
285
228
271
224
240
176
History, European
288
261
215
218
196
166
158
168
150
143
History of Science
36
29
25
28
21
26
29
13
24
23
History, General
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
58
76
85
History, Other
388
329
291
281
243
272
234
153
127
116
Classics
79
60
67
56
54
62
60
44
57
44
Comparative Literature
157
152
114
144
107
132
118
124
133
133
Linguistics
152
190
175
156
182
176
191
164
160
176
Speech and Debate
98
61
69
53
63
38
38
48
41
38
Letters, General
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
14
13
Letters, Other
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
19
31
26
American Studies
86
93
82
84
81
87
64
99
76
87
Archeology
22
23
32
35
26
28
21
30
31
24
Art History & Criticism
145
152
150
166
144
158
138
150
141
137
Music
353
404
368
419
402
368
402
391
445
447
Philosophy
382
331
290
278
255
277
251
241
215
238
Religion
174
176
189
196
170
162
149
173
178
181
Theatre
-
85
102
97
94
103
94
108
101
92
American
A 236
220
212
206
209
145
154
173
190
203
English
% 978
856
813
703
742
675
615
542
543
525
French