"WHERE WE STAND" AS BROADCAST OVER THE CBS TELEVISION NETWORK SUNDAY, JANUARY 5, 1958 5:30 - 7:00 PM EST

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67-00318R000100380001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 93
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 2, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 5, 1958
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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CBS NEWS
485 Madison Avenue
New York 22, New York
"WHERE WE STAND"
as broadcast over the
CBS Television Network
Sunday, January 5, 1958
5:30 - 7:00 PM EST
Produced by CBS News
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WHERE WE STAND
January 5, 1958 - 5:30-7:00 PM
1. OPENING Live Cronkite & planets; notebook
Film Prudential opening
Live 1st Commercial
2. SATELLITES Live Cronkite, sputnik animations,
headlines
Film
Live Cronkite into Hagen
Film Kendrick & Hagen
Live Cronkite (insert Ike tape)
Live Cronkite into sputnik-vies
animations
Film Gavin
Film Space platform animations
Live Cronkite wrapup
Film 2nd Commercial
3. ROCKETS & Live Cronkite intro
MISSILES Film Russ. scientist, V-2, Turkey
radar animations
Live-film Cronkite with comparisons US
& Sov missile
Film Atlas test
Film Kendrick at Sacramento
Film Cronkite sets up Redstone
Film; Kendrick & Medaris
Live Kendrick wraps up missiles
Film 3rd Commercial
4.
ARMS & ARMS Live Cronkite setup into
SYSTEMS blackboard animations
Film Clarke interview (Herman)
Film Bradley interview
Film SAC
Live Smith on SAC-NATO
Live Smith wrapup
5. DEFENSES Live-film Cronkite intro, ...DEW line etc.
Film Gavin interview #2
Film Morris plains Smith VO -
Novins interviews
Live Smith covers Rockefeller
Gaither Report
Live Schorr - Russian Civil Defense
Live Smith Wrapup
STATION BREAK
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7. EDUCATION
8. SUMMATION
9. CLOSING
Live
Film
Film
Live-film
Live
Film
Live
Film
Live
Film
Film
Live
Live
Film'
Smith intro
Comparison animations
Bergson interview
Schorr on Russia
Smith wrapup
4th Commercial
Smith intro
Animations
Schorr on Russia
Alhambra HS
Bronx HS - Meister interview
Smith wrapup
Smith
Final commercial
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APPROACHING JUPITER,
SURROUNDED BY 12
SATELLITES (MOONS)
APPROACH MARS
PASS MARS, ON
TOWARD EARTH
DOLLY STOPS
AT EARTH
Ringed with billions of tiny satellites.
Jupiter. A planet with twelve moons.
The source of man's first hint that his
earth was not the center of the universe.
Mars. The nearest planet. And the
only other one showing signs of living
matter.
Other planets, always before man's
eye...tempting his ambitions. Now
they're coming into his reach -- and
into the range of his conflicts.
Cold war, competitive co-existence
whichever it is, it's grown too big for
this earth. The boundaries are gone.
East...(CRONKITE GIVES GLOBE A HALF TURN
SO THAT USSR'COMES UP ON OPPOSITE SIDE
FROM WHERE IT WAS)...and West
directions are lost in space. This is
the age of the rocket, which travels out
...The satellite, which surrounds all
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SLOW DOLLY THROUGH
SET. PLANETS
SUSPENDED IN ORDER
OF DISTANCE FROM
EARTH.
1. OPENING
CRONKITE (LIVE):
Saturn. Nine times larger than earth.
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CRONKITE (LIVE)....CONTD:
of us...And the missile, which could
destroy us. (SPINS THE GLOBE FAST)
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I/2. OPENING:
CRONKITE (LIVE) .... CONTD:
In the competition for leadership in space,
in the race run by rocket, where is the finish
line? Do we end up in a nuclear war? Or do
,we try to live with the constant fear of one?
Scientists and military men have told CBS News
correspondents what that prospect really
means:
(CRONKITE READS)
Perhaps a quarter of our population dead in
the first hours of a nuclear holocaust. Our
biggest cities...gone. Leveled by the bomb.
The survivors condemned to radioactive danger
-- not just for the hours. of an attack, but
for days, possibly weeks, afterwards. Food,
water -- the air itself -- poison to the touch.
And to do no more than wait in constant
readiness would be so costly -- in dollars
and discipline -- that it would change this
country into something totally different from
the one we are now trying to defend.
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OPENING:
DOLLY INTO EARTH CRONKITE (LIVE)....CONTD:
BEHIND CRONKITE
The challenge -- and how we measure up
to it...This is our subject for the next
SUPER PROGRAM TITLES: ninety minutes, as....CBS News reports
CBS NEWS REPORTS to the nation: Where we stand.
TO THE NATION
WHERE WE STAND
HOLD "WHERE WE STAND" A special edition of....The Twentieth
Century.
CUT TO SERIES TITLE: (NO COPY)
PRUDENTIAL LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY OF AMERICA
PRESENTS
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CRONKITE IN
LIMBO
I A. PRUDENTIAL MESSAGE
CRONKITE (LIVE :
For a number of years the Prudential
Insurance Company of America has been
associated with CBS Television programs
which have. dealt with subjects of
interest and importance to all Americans
such programs as "You Are There"
and "Air Power," in the past, as well
as the current series, "Twentieth
Century." Today, Prudential. Joins with
CBS News in bringing you a special
program dealing with some of the newest
..and most vital facts of life in the
.Twentieth Century ...a program based on
the conviction that it's better to be
informed than. misinformed, that it's
safer to know than to wonder.
There has been much cause for wonder
since the Russian satellites were so
spectacularly launched, while our own
first attempt failed to get off the
ground. There's been much confusion
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I A/2. PRUDENTIAL MESSAGE
CRONKITE (LIVE)....CONTD:
as to where we stand, compared to where
they stand. The purpose of this program
is to clear up some of this confusion
by presenting the facts as plainly and
as surely as they can be determined.
For the last three months, CBS News its editors and researchers, its staff
of correspondents at.home and around
the world -- has been seeking out the
truth about America's position and the
Soviet Union's -- in the, fields of
satellites.. ,missiles.. ? other arms
...defenses...economics...and education.
Whatever the facts, on both sides, we
must know them and face them if we are
to live up to the challenge...if,
indeed, we are to survive as a free
nation.
Now...let's see...where we stand.
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II. SATELLITES
CRONKITE (LIVE):
For a generation, the most powerful force
in world affairs has been the United
States of America. The strength of the
American economy, the depth of America's
arsenal, the appeal of American ideas
have made it possible for us to choose
our own course, and persuade others to
follow it with us.
FILM ANIMATION:
SPUTNIK I COMES OVER SOUND UNDER: BLEEP BLEEP
TOP OF GLOBE, STARTS
CIRCLING
Just three months ago, last October
Fourth, a new moon, no bigger than the
span of a manes arms, came over the
horizon and cast a different light on
our affairs. Sputnik One was a serious
threat, if not to our immediate security,
then to our sense of security.
It shook the confidence of our allies,
the respect of the neutrals.. (PAUSE)
MOSCOW's mood has been.one of new
confidence.
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HEADLINES
11/2. SATELLITES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM) .... CONTD:
Exultation. in the Soviet press.
"Ours -- a Soviet sputnik is first in
the world."
"Entire World Ecstatic over great
victory of Soviet science."
HOLD LAST HEADLINE "First step into the cosmos: sputnik
over all continents."
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II B. SATELLITES:
CRONKITE ON SET, CRONKITE (LIVE):
EARTH BEHIND HIM
But the Russians have taken the first
step into space with their satellites.
CBS News correspondent Alex Kendrick
went to find out how far behind them
we are....
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hagen interview
II C. KENDRICK AND HAGEN (OVER FILM):
This is America's satellite, the 212 lb
sphere, the size of a medicine ball,
about 1/50 the size of the soviet
sputnik #2; in fact it's just about
the size of the soviet sputnik #2.
And this was America's first step in
satellite development -- 6" in diameter,
4 lbs in weight.-- this is Dr. John P.
Hagen, the Director of the American
Satellite Program, in his office at the
Naval Research Lab in Washington. Why
are our satellites so small compared
with the Russian ones?
HAGEN: Well, the suspicion is that the
Russians used an approach which is dif-
ferent from ours. They started with
military vehicles and fitted the satel-
lite to the existing military vehicle.
We believe that the art of miniaturiza.,,_
tion -- this art is so far advanced in
this country -- that we can put a great
deal of scientific experimentation in a
small size and weight. The miniaturized
telemetering system... This thing weighs
four -? five ounces, when built for our
probing rocket work, it weighs something
on the order of 15 lbs.
KENDRICK: Sir, what about the military
implications of the launching of a
satellite?
HAGEN: I think there really are very
few implications there of a military
nature. The kind of guidance and control
that we require to put a satellite into
an orbit is altogether different from
the kind that one uses for missiles.
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hagen interview
II C/2. KENDRICK AND HAGEN (OVER FILM) ..CONTD:
KENDRICK: Sir, what kind of difference
is there in the degree of accuracy be-
tween a satellite and between a well-
aimed ballistic missile?
HAGEN: Oh, there's a factor of
a hundred or a thousand in accuracy.
KENDRICK: Doctor, what are the
Russians doing in their satellite
program that we're not doing in ours?
HAGEN: I think that the principal
thing is that they started earlier on
the missilry back of their satellite.
They started with military missiles.
And these missiles do have a large
thrust to perform the mission for
which they're designed. Our thrust
was made just large enough to
efficiently put the 20 lb. satellite
in an:..orbit.
KENDRICK: That means that the American
satellite program has nothing to do with
the American missile program -- is that
what you're saying?
HAGEN: There's an absolute chasm
between them. The satellite program
was developed from the beginning as a
scientific program, and is not related
to the military program.
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II D. SATELLITES
CRONKITE (LIVE):
Because, as Dr. Hagen says, we have
learned how to shrink scientific
instruments down to miniature size and
squeeze them into a small space, our
small satellites may be a closer match
for the big Russian models than they
seem. But the difference in size is
still crucial.
So was that decision Dr. Hagen mentioned,
to separate the satellite program from
the military missile program. It meant
we did not give our satellite program
high priorities and large funds. It
meant that instead of giving it the
latest in military rockets for a
launching engine, we gave it a small,
discarded rocket.
Even after the first sputnik went up,
Washington was reluctant to make any
official connection between space
science and military science, between
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II D/2 SATELLITES:
CRONKITE (LIVE)...CONTD:
satellites and military security.
The sputnik? "Only a hunk of iron,"
one top Navy admiral called it.
President Eisenhower expressed his
view in a White House news conference.
TAPE OVER ANIMINATION EISENHOWER TAPE: "Now as far as the
satellite itself is concerned, that does
not raise my apprehensions, not one iota.
I see nothing at the moment, at this
stage of development, that is significant
in that development, as far as security is
concerned, except as is pointed out, it
does prove the possession by the Russian
scientists of a very powerful step in their
rocketry."
CRONKITE (LIVE).,.. CONTD:
As far as the nation's security is
concerned, and apart from rocketry,
there are several significant things
about satellites. They are, in the
words of one government scientist, and
in view of many others, "a gigantic
weapon," in themselves. A satellite is,
to begin with, the only really accurate
source of information you need to. aim
a ballistic missile -- information about
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II D/3 SATELLITES:
CRONKITE LIVE)...CONTD:
the exact shape of the earth, the pull
of gravity, the density of space...all
things that affect the course of a
missile on its way to a.target. We
have already learned much about these
things by tracking the Russian sputniks
-- and the Russians probably have
learned more.
A satellite is also the basis of any
possible defense against missiles. It
can, serve as a radar station in space,
a warning system detecting a missile
attack. And it can scout another
country's territory as no ordinary
reconnaissance plane can.
CRONKITE (OVER FILM ANIMATION):
SATELLITE VIEW A satellite no bigger than sputnik two
OF EARTH
could carry equipment to survey a
country, and relay the information home,
in the form of electronic messages, or a
picture on a television screen.
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3.8
II D/4 SATELLITES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM ANIMATION) (CONTD)
HIGH ALTITUDE VIEW Camera techniques now bein
r
i
OF NEW YORK
g
e
ned already
can bring the earth into sharp view from
high altitudes. The image of a city, from
eight miles up.
BLOW-UP PHOTO Imagine enlarged...enlarged again...
..and again. Until finally it brings into
HOLD FAMILY IN YARD clear focus a suburban family sitting
LIVE OR SATELLITE
FILM ANIMATION
in its own back yard (PAUSE). Or a
single airplane, sitting on its runway,
With telescopic eyes now under development,
a satellite can make this kind of inspection
of the earth.
These are only a few of the facts about
satellites -- about science in space
that, officially, we are now beginning
to face, and only now are beginning to be
recognized in our policy. /The Army's chief
of weapons research and development, Lieu-
tenant General James M. Gavin... spelled out
HIT FILM KENDRICK- some of the details in answer to a broad
GAVIN. KENDRICK
SOUND UNDER question from Correspondent Alex Kendrick:
General Gavin, would you say we can separate
a military program from a purely scientific
one?
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II E. SATELLITES:
SOUND UP. GAVIN SOP:
Oh no, no, no, no. War is a science
in itself although it has frequently
been called an art, and all the com-
ponents that go into a warmaking
capacity in there whether it is an
offensive or defensive war or both,
must be scientific instruments in
themselves. No, they're inseparable,
]: would say. One could launch a
re-entry body, somewhat like a missile,
off a satellite, and of course one
could launch missiles to further go
out into space off satellite plat-
forms,, of course.- Next, we should
be able to go beyond and man auto
vehicles and then go into outer
space where we will learn a tre-
mendous amount of benefit to man, but
as a byproduct, we will learn things
that we must know if we elect to con-
trol space. We may have to do this.
In fact it isn't at all far-fetched
to;;say the control of the surface of
the moon may be of tremendous impor-
tance to the western world in the
foreseeable future. /
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II F. SATELLITES:
FILM ANIMATION: CRONKITE (OVER FILM ANIMATION):
SPACE PLATFORM
This is the next step beyond the
satellite -- and not very far beyond.
This is the kind of satellite platform
that military men are thinking about.
Russian military men, too. A huge
satellite, spinning slowly in its orbit,
creating its own artificial gravity for
the men inside.
A space laboratory -- science. Or a
space weapon. Inside it, instruments to
measure, map, survey...the earth and
space around it, gathering knowledge,
which is power. And instruments to
explode and destroy. It can carry
missiles of its own, and drop them with
sharp accuracy... offer unerring guidance
to earth-launched missiles... fight
unimaginable wars of its own in space.
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II F,1 SATELLITES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM ANIMATION) (CONTD):
HOLD SPACE PLATFORM Space fiction, a few years ago. A few
OVER THIS PARAGRAPH
years ago, our military services were
telling their spokesmen not to talk
about "space." Too visionary, they
said. Too embarrassing. Now, in its
COME OUT ON strategy, the Pentagon must reach for
OVER-ALL SHOT OF
SPACE PLATFORM, the moon with satellites like this ...
NOT A CUTAWAY
just a few years away, perhaps...but is
the Pentagon reaching fast enough? Well,
the very news of the imminent retirement
of General Gavin we heard a moment ago...
he's leaving the Army at the age of 50,
discouraged, say those in the know, by
the Pentagon failure to move fast enough
in the missile and satellite field.
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II G. CRONKITE (LIVE):
In the race for control of the moon's surface,
here's where we stand. Here's our first space
vehicle -- still on the ground. It might have
been launched more than a year ago -- a year
ahead of the Russians. Originally, there was
a joint Army-Navy project to put a satellite
into orbit in 1956, using military rocketry.
But the White House deliberately canceled that,
in favor of the lower-priority scientific program.
Right now, there is no problem in the theory or
technique of orbiting a satellite that we haven't
licked. But it's a laboratory licking. We need
tests, and more tests. And in every quantity of
tests there is a definite number of failures.
The Russians keep their failures to themselves.
We don't.
To sum up: In satellites, we are a year behind
the Russians -- the year we lost in the switch
from the military to the scientific program.
We hope to make up some time by using satellites
with better instruments than theirs contain, and
thereby collect more information with ours. But
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II G/2. CRONKITE (LIVE)....CONTD:
the Russians are gathering valuable data right now.
And that data has uses in the military field
right now. As Dr. Hagen said, the accuracy of
an ICBM must be at least a hundred times more
than the accuracy of a satellite. So the fact
that' the Russians launched a successful satellite
may not prove that they can also launch a
successful, accurate long-range missile. But
it does prove that at least they're getting close.
That's Chapter Two.of our report, which .
continues, immediately after this. word from
Prudential.
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ARTKINO FILM ON
SPUTNIK I:
BEARDED RUSSIAN
SCIENTIST WITH
TELESCOPE &
NOTEBOOKS AND
DIAGRAMS OF
SEVERAL-STAGE
ROCKETS.
III. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
CRONKITE LIVE):
The technique of putting a satellite into
orbit is a combination of science and
engineering, trial and error, called
.rocketry. If the Russians are ahead of
us in rocketry, then they have an important
jump on us in military power. Because a
rocket carrying a hydrogen bomb, instead
of a satellite, is the most potent of modern
weapons -- the ballistic missile.
There is nothing new about rockets themselves.
As early as 1905, a Russian scientist named
Tsiolkovski (Tsil - kiff - ski) was
recommending two- or three-stage rockets
as vehicles for exploring space. And as
early as 1934, the Kremlin set up a
coordinated rocket research program --
ten years ahead of the United States.
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(russian)
DISSOLVE TO MATCHING III A. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
DRAWING OF V-2 ON RP,
LIVE SET, WITH CRONKITE CRONKITE (OVER FILM):
IN BACKGROUND
Just how far the Russians have come in
missiles --- where they stand right now ---
this is a large area of guesswork, partly
filled in by scientific reasoning and by
some important military intelligence. Some
of the facts, the Defense Department ad-
mitted recently, have been known for a
couple of years. And they are impressive.
MAP: They come from an American observation post
ESTABLISH TURKEY IN
RELATION TO USSR on the very borders of Russia -- a base in
into a target area in the Asian desert.
WAVES SPREAD TO PATH OF A distance of 900 miles.
ICBM. ICBM FLIES ITS
COURSE. Long-range Russian missiles; fired from
the same test-centers... across Siberia...
DISSOLVE FROM FILM MAP TO
LIVE SET: MAP OF SOVUNION into the Pacific Ocean, beyond.
US BASE IN TURKEY Turkey, one of our NATO allies.
(NO NEED TO NAME IT)
RADAR WAVES SPREAD OUT Powerful American radar instruments lo-
cated there have been peering across the
Iron Curtain, tracking missile tests in-
WAVES HIT PATH OF IRBM.
IRBM FLIES ITS COURSE. side the Soviet borders.
(ANIMATION OR PAN OR
WHATEVER YOU WANT) Intermediate-range Russian missiles, fired
ON RP...REPORTER IN SHOT.
Behind these Soviet missile tests is a
high-priority program of research,develop-
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DISSOLVE OUT MAP
DISSOLVE IN MISSILE
LABELED T-1. SYMBOL
OF MAN OR HOUSE TO
SCALE -- ALL THIS ON
LEFT OF SCREEN HOLD
MISSILE, DISSOLVE OR
POP ON TO RIGHT HAND
SIDE WORDS: "RANGE:
400-600 MILES" PLUS
MAP WITH ARROWS FROM
BASES TO WEST EUROP-
EAN CITIES.
MISSILE
III A/2. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM).... CONTD:
production -- a missile program that has
been going full speed ever since 1945. It's
a program that has already produced a large
arsenal of missiles of all types.
The Soviet T-1 -- the Russians' improvement
on the German V-2. It stands as high as a
four-story building.
Its range would barely carry across the Iron
Curtain.
But the T-1 mounted on another, bigger rocket
equals the T-2. The two stages together
stand at least a hundred feet high. This is
Russia's IRBM, her Intermediate Range
MISSILE PLUS MAP Ballistic Missile. Not just a drawing
THREE STAGE SOVIET
MISSILE, LABELED
T-3. FIGURE OF MAN
OR HOUSE TO SCALE.
ALL ON LEFT SIDE OF
RP SCREEN.
board scheme. It's heavily stockpiled at
launching bases along the frontier, zeroed
in on NATO bases, in London, Paris, Ankara,
Turkey.
This is the big one. The T-3. The ICBM.
The Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.
Two, possibly three stages -- possibly 150
feet tall. This is what used to be called
the ultimate weapon.
/ nannn
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HOLD MISSILE, & POP
ON MAP SHOWING DOTTED
LINE OR ARROW FROM
SIBERIAN BASES TO
U. '5, CITIES.
III A/3 ROCKETS & MISSILES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM).... CONTD:
Fired from launching bases in Russian
Siberia, across the North Pole ...it
could reach New York, Chicago, St. Louis,
San Francisco. This is the rocket that
probably launched the sputniks. How
accurate as a missile, we don't know.
Probably accurate enough to threaten us
soon.
But it has been successfully tested, and
the Russians say their forces already have
it.
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III A/3. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM.... CONTD:
FILM: ATLAS TEST This is our intercontinental ballistic
missile... The Atlas. Still in the process
of trial and error. One small valve could
jam. One-electronic tube could fail --
one part in 300 thousand. Or -- it happened
in one missile test -- somebody could push
the wrong button.
Tests went wrong in Russia, too: but earlier.
MISSILE BLOWS UP
BOOM!
MISSILE DISINTEG- Since this failure, we have had successful
RATING, FALLING
tests. And an even bigger ICBM is also
coming along, as Alex Kendrick reports now
from California....
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KENDRICK NARRATION AT AEROJET SOF):
29
This is the Gold Rush country of Alifornia,
near Sacramento. There was gold in these hills.
$70..000..000 worth has been dredged out of the
past century,and now $70,000,000 has been put
back on this land in the form of modern installa-
tions of the missile era. This is one of the
test stands of the Aerojet Corp. A test stand
for rocket engines, rocket engines that power the
inter-continental ballistic missile, the Titan.
The Titan has been called by the Air Force the
most sophisticated long-range missile. It is
the big baby. The most horrible weapon yet
devised by man. The Titan engine comes to
fruition on this test stand, but its story
begins 32 mi from here in the drafting room of
the world's largest drafting plant -- unless,
of course, the Russians have one larger.
In the drafting room of Aerojet General 500
men and women at work, designing, the 4500 parts
of a 1st-stage rocket engine. Next door there
is another drafting room just as big as this one,
at work on another missile engine with its many
parts and this is only a small portion of the
83,000 people engaged in missile production
for the Air Force alone. One out of every 6
persons in this room has a technical degree.
There is no shortage of engineers here and from
these drafting boards. is growing the mightiest
weapon the United States has yet possessed - the
Titan Intercontinental Missile.
The machine shop begins to translate the design
into the finished rocket engine -- 1500 of the
4500 parts of the first stage engine are made
right. in this shop -- the other parts are American
Industrial stock parts -- this stage of rocket
building is known as cutting tin -- missile men
call the parts the hardware.
And that's where the hardware's assembled --
behind that wall.
The finished rocket engine -- no closeups allowed
in here.
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KENDRICK & GATELY SOWER FILM):
KENDRICK: The next step, the fuel to get the
rocket up there. Paul Gately, that's your job.
What are you doing here?
GATELY: We're testing a liquid oxygen valve.
K: What do you do with that liquid oxygen?
G: Well, this. is t'-Q oxidizer, which we mix
with the kerosene fuel and burn to get our
energy for our rocket. In the automobile you
mix the gasoline with air, and this gives you the
energy to make it go. Air is not a good enough
oxidizer for us; so, in rockets we use liquid
oxygen.
K: Well, now if I had a rocket that I wanted to
shoot off at a target and I loaded it up with the
fuel and the liquid oxidizer and set it up at a
launching site, pointing at the target, would
that be just the same as if I were filling my
automobile tank with gas?
G: Well it isn't quite that simple, when your
oxygen keeps evaporating off and you have to
keep adding.to it in order to keep the tank
full in the cars
K: If this stuff is so volatile and dangerous
-- and, incidentally, what is the danger involved?
G:. Well, the dangerous part of liquid oxygen is
that it can make almost any material extremely
violent. The other part of the problem is that
it is so extremely cold that there's difficulty
keeping it in a container.
K: Then if it's so dangerous, why do you use it?
G: Well, because it's a very high energy
oxidizer.
K: What about the solid fuel?
G: Well, here's an example of solid rocket
propellent. It's simpler because the oxidizer
mixes right in with the fuel. They're easier
to package, and they give better reliability.
K: What do you mean by reliability?
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G: Well, reliability is when you push the
button. It goes.
K: Well, do you mean -- how far would this
thing go if I pushed the button?
G: Well, this charge is roughly identical to
a charge of TNT that size.
K: How powerful would it be? Would it blow up
this room, for instance?
0: Ittd ruin this whole corner of the building.
K: I'd better stand back here.
G: However, they don't usually give as high
an energy as our liquid rocket, and to put it
another way, you would have to build a larger
solid rocket in order to do the same job as a
smaller liquid rocket.
K: What about the Russians, who are working in
the same field as you. Are they also concerned
with liquid and solid propellents?
G: So far as we know they're working on both
types.
KENDRICK SOF :
transition from
gately to schriever
Another rocket engine has been tested and
successfully. About 70% of engine tests are
successful but an engine is only i of a missile.
There is the guidance system, the air frame, and
the nose cone.
The man who is in charge of both components
of all ballistic missiles for the Air Force
is Major General Bernard Schriever...
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w v Aaa 4 ri
r W J.- LAJNCi'dJ.GW
32
KENDRICK AND SCHRIEVER (OVER FILM):
KENDRICK: General, Aerojet's an impressive place.
Do you think there is a Russian Aerojet somewhere
behind the Urals?
SCHRIEVER: Well, I would say, based upon known per-
formance in the ballistic missile and the satellite
field-that they certainly must have facilities of,
that type.
KENDRICK: Could it be bigger than our biggest
rocket plants in the world?
SCHRIEVER: Well that's hard to answer. I am sure
they must have facilities that are at least equal
to ours.
KENDRICK: I wonder if you can answer this question. Are.
we at the Russian level in the missile production?
SCHRIEVER: Oh, that is a difficult question to answer.
I would say that they are ahead of us in the IRBM
and possibly also slightly in the ICBM. But my own
opinion is that their ICBM program is a development
program and it's a nip and tuck race.
KENDRICK: Can we ever catch up with the Russians?
SCHRIEVER: I see no reason why we can't catch up.
KENDRICK: Is the Air Force aiming at the mass pro-
duction of missiles and does that mean that you are
going to reel them off an assembly line, just like
automobiles?
SCHRIEVER: Well, certainly we won't mass-produce
missiles the way we mass-produced aircraft during
the last war. But we certainly will be producing
them at rates of, say, ten, twenty or perhaps even
more per month. The otherpart of your question,
the problem of missiles, is quite different from
automobiles. Theproducer doesn't have to worry about the
roads. He doesn't have to worry about filling stations,
garages or people who drive cars. They are all in being
already. In our case, we have to establish this in
terms of the bases and in terms of the people to operate
and maintain them.
KENDRICK:. General, why has it taken our country ten
years to get to the stage of developing an ICBM? Didn't
somebody know that we would need one? What did we do
wrong in our nrogram? rrR^n,., N
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schriever interview/2
KENDRICK AND SCHRIEVER (OVER FILM).... CONTD:
SCHRIEVER: About the only thing I can say that we
did wrong in our program is we perhaps started too late.
We did start a program back in 1946 in the Air Force. And
it was a valuable program, but it was research and experimental
in nature. The long-range ballistic missile was not a very
attractive weapon in those days because of the relatively high
weight of the nuclear warhead. The thermonuclear breakthrough
changed all that in 1952, and we made studies between 1952
and 1954 and it appeared that with the promise of the thermo-
nuclear weapons that the long-range ballistic missile really
became an attractive military weapon and we accelerated the,
program in 1954 and gave it the highest priority in the Air
Force.
KENDRICK: Getting away from production and over to per-
formance, what sort of odds are there against amissile's
performance. In other words, can we hit ten targets with
ten missiles or.'-.how many do we need?
SCHRIEVER: Initially, the reliability probably will be
fairly low. I won't give you the exact perqentage. But
the German V-2 experience, for example, by the end of the
war they were getting about a seventy to eighty per cent
reliability. So we will have to fire more than ten to hit
ten targets, but the reliability will definitely increase
in time.
KENDRICK: Well, Sir, we have been talking about the big
boys, the ICBM's,.but that's not the only thing the Air
.Force does. They also do a 1500 missile that has growth
'potential to longer ranges. It is a single stage missile,
and there are certain.limitations.as to the range of a,
single stage missile. When you go beyond a certain point,
which I won't, I can't divulge, you have to go to staging
more than one stage.
KENDRICK (VOICE OVER THOR):
This is a one-stage missile - the Intermediate Range
Thor developed to cope with thepresent Soviet lead
in this range. It is also supervised by General Schriever.
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Schriever interview/3
34
KENDRICK AND SCHRIEVER (OVER FILM) ... CONTD:
K: General, when does this particular
Thor become operational`?
S: Well, these are production versions
now and they will become operational in
1958. We'-11 have the unit overseas
before the end of this year.
K: That's pretty fast. Does that mean
you have a crash program for Thors?
S: Yes, this has been a crash program
since its inception in December of 1955.
K: Well, General, why is that necessary
when you have an intermediate missile
that can only go 1500 miles and it can't
really be fired from this country? Why
do you have to crash program a thing like
that?
S: Well, I think it's extremely important
to extend our deterrent capability to the
NATO countries.
K: Do the Russians have more of these
IRBM's than we have?
S: I think it's safe to say they have
IRBMs now, in operational units -- we do not.
K: They are, then, ahead of us...
S: Yes.
K: ... in IRBMs not only in number but in
operational ability?
S: Yes..
K: Yes, well now, do you think we will
ever catch up?
S: Yeas, I do. This, this missile is very
produceable -- I think that we can catch
up by 1960.
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III D. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
KENDRICK (OVER FILM):
But 1960 is two years away. The only big
REDSTONE MISSILE ballistic missile we could fire in anger
today is this one -- the Army's 70-foot
Redstone. And its range is only two hundred
and fifty miles.
The Redstone is our version of the German
VON BRAUN AT V-2 of thirteen years ago (PAUSE)., It was
REDSTONE
developed for us by the V-2,specialist,
Wernher Von Braun. He is now at work, with
120 other German engineers and rocket
scientists, at the Army missile agency --
at Redstone Arsenal, in'Huntsville, Alabama.
REDSTONE UNIT The Redstone is the Army's baby because the
SETTING UP
MISSILE Army is still officially limited to the
shorter-range missiles. It has developed a
bigger one, but can't use it. The Air Force
takes over. That's one side of the conflict
among the services -- conflict over who should
make, and who should use, the various kinds
of missiles.
It takes 208 men and nine vehicles to-fire a
Redstone. Our first Redstone missile unit is
now being activated at Huntsville, and the
plan is to have units of this sort sent
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(transition from schriever
to medaris) 36
III D/2. ROCKETS & MISSILES.
KENDRICK (OVER FILM ... CONTD:
overseas to man the missile bases we're asking
from European allies. (PAUSE)
The head of the Army missile program is Major- I
ESTABLISH General John B. Mearis. I talked to him at
MEDARIS
Huntsville.
KENDRICK & MEDARIS (SOF):
K: General, I was out there this morning in the
cold with your Forieth Group and I was struck by
the number of machines and also by the fact that it
takes about an hour to set up one of those Redstones
for firing. Now, do you think that's good enough
under war-time conditions?
M: I don't know any reason why not. We have had
very effective use out of heavy artillery that took
4 and 6 hours to emplace and go into position and
into action. And certainly the Redstone group as it
.is presently constituted is no less heavy - or no
more heavy; and certainly more manageable than even
an armored battalion for example, and certainly more
so than any heavy artillery we have ever had. At
the same time it packs a tremendously greater wallop,
so that, proportionately, it's a very easy organiza-
tion to handle, I believe.
K: Are the Russians ahead of us in medium and
intermediate-range missiles?
M: I think it's pretty generally concluded that
they are at the present time.
K: Well, how far ahead are they? Can we never
catch up, or what?
M: No, I wouldn't say that but on the other hand
distance ahead in.this game is not something you can
measure in terms of miles or days or minutes. The
question is: How fast do we progress? They're not
going to stand still, they're not standing still,
they will go straight ahead. And if we want to catch
up the only thing we can do is to move forward at a
faster rate of progress than they are achieving
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catch up -- if we don't do that we'll never catch up.
KENDRICK (LIVE):
Where do we stand on missiles, then? Well, we're a
year behind the Russians in intermediate range
weapons, like Thor and Jupiter. We will have IRBMs
ready for action by the end of this year -- but
since the Russians are ahead, we won't catch up
until 1960. And if the Russians step up their own
program, it will take longer.
In inter-continental missiles, the professionals say
we're in a neck-and-neck race. And if we reach a
point. where the Russians have the ICBM, and we don't,
we are at a point of acute peril.
We're behind mainly because we started late,
waited for the small H-bomb that makes an ICBM
practicable, while the Russians developed their ICBM
on the reasonable assumption that the small H-bomb
would be ready when required.
We have been hindered by interservice rivalries and
Jealousies. Security rules, and security clearance,
have sometimes been used as a threat to keep critics
in line and silence their ideas.
Security has also meant, at times, that an engineer
or scientist had to work blind.
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III E/l. ROCKETS & MISSILES:
KENDRICK (LIVE) CONTD:
And we have suffered because the general mood of
the country has been one of hold-down and economy.
As with satellites, we do have the know-how in
missiles. What we haventt done is to put it to
work efficiently, with direction, with coordination
and imagination.
The Russians, meanwhile, are not just sitting
on their missiles. They are seriously exploring
the possibilities of nuclear power for rockets.
;., they are not overlooking the other weapons in
the arsenal of modern warfare. That side of the
story next ... after a message from Prudential ...
III F. SECOND COMMERCIAL:
FILM COMMERCIAL F-209 (TIME 1:42)
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IV. ARMS & ARMS SYSTEMS: CRONKITE (LIVE):
From all available evidence, it will be two
years, at the very most, before Soviet Russia
could bombard us, in a matter of minutes,
from'those Siberian bases of hers.
And right now there already exist, on both
sides, other ways of throwing the H-bomb
across vast distances, even across oceans.
There are robot bombs, airplanes without
pilots -- like the Air Force Snark'and the
Navy! s Regulus. 'Not rockets, but jets --
a cruder form of missile ...much slower than
ballistic missiles.-Flying much lower--
easier to spot in the air, though more:
accurate -- if they get through the defenses.
The Russians have them too, all part of the
power to wage war or to deter it.
Along with the new weapons, the old-
fashi.oned.:instruments of war still weigh
in the equation of military strength. And
here, too, the Russians are ahead. Four
million men under arms as a guess; we have
2,700,000 and are cutting down.
The Russian atomic artillery -- bigger,
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4o-42
IV. ARMS & ARMS SYSTEMS;..`CONTD.
CRONKITE (LIVE)...CONTD:
more powerful tanks than ours. A guess:
28,000 Russian tanks. Our tank force, a
secret. To give the figures, say the
Army, would give comfort to the enemy.
Our planes may be slightly better than the
Russians, but in production the Russians
are turning out 30 intercontinental bombers
a month against our 12 B-52s.
On fighters, they probably outproduce us
10 to 1.
On the surface of the sea, we are
probably ahead. But under the sea,
Russia -- perhaps as many as 600 submarines;
United States, about 110. And the submarine
is one of the important weapons of the
missile age. That's one thing you keep
.hearing in conversations with military
authorities.
CBS News correspondent George Herman called
on the head of the Navy Missile program,
Rear Admiral John E. Clarke, to explain
why:
(CUT TO FILM: CLARKE INTERVIEW)
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clarke interview
HERMAN AND ADMIRAL CLARKE (OVER FILM):
CLARKE: The submarine is the perfect guided missile
launching platform. When it is submerged, it is extremely
stable. It is not affected by the wave and wind motion on
the surface. A submarine is hard to find. An enemy cannot
zero it in with their missiles. When a submarine is found,
it is difficult to identify.
HERMAN: Well, Admiral Clarke, in your opinion, how about
firing from under water? Is that practicable, or can it
be worked out?
CLARKS: It is practicable and the Navy's Polaris missile
-- that is our ballistic missile, our IRBM -- will be fired
submerged, while the submarine is submerged.
HERMAN: Could you give us your opinion of the Russian
capabilities in the missile submarine launching field?
CLARKE: We have information, including the Russians'
own statements and comments in their papers, that they
do have submarines that can launch missiles. I think
the Red Star magazine said that they have a 750-mile
missile.
HERMAN: What is the role of the surface vessels, the
aircraft carriers with missiles or of cruisers you have
.mentioned, what is their value today?
CLARKE: I am very much afraid that current events have
caused a great many of our people to develop a blind spot.
We have become preoccupied with the idea of all-out
nuclear war when, as a matter of fact, our greatest
danger lies in neglecting our readiness to handle situa-
tions like the Korean situation. We can prepare for
nuclear war, neglect the other, and the Russians can
take this world a little piece at a time. That is why
we build aircraft carriers, to be ready for the small war,
the limited war. To compare the long-range guided missiles,
ballistic missiles or the Regulus type missiles with air-
craft carriers is to compare apples and oranges.
HERMAN:. Why is it, sir, that we have so many aircraft
carriers and super aircraft carriers, while the Russians
have so few?
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clarke interview/2
HERMAN AND CLARKS OVER FILM).... CONTD.
CLARK: I think the most significant indication
of Russian long-range strategy lies in this very
fact, the composition of her Navy. Let's look at
the map. Russia is very much a landlocked nation.
Russia does not need a navy, a strong striking
navy, to reach the trouble spots of the world --
the Syrias, the Indochinas, the Burmas -- nor does
Russia need a navy to support her allie^ or to
join them. On the other hand, the United States
must use the seas to reach the trouble spots of
the world, and we must use the seas and control the
seas'to support our allies. In other words, Russia
does not need a navy to project her power to the
trouble spots or the potential trouble spots of
the world -- the United States Navy does.
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IV B. ARMS & ARMS SYSTEMS:
CRONKITE (OVER FILM):
FILM: ? ? ? ? Not all military experts agree on the
value of carriers. Some think they're
too slow, too vulnerable as targets in
this high-speed age. But almost all do
agree that security in the missile age
requires'much more than missiles.
ESTABLISH PENTAGON Here is the view of a leading military
FOR BRADLEY INTERVIEW
elder statesman, a World War Two commander
and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff -- five-star General Omar N.
Bradley:
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KENDRICK: I'd like to ask you, Sir,
how do you think this new weapon, the
ballistic missile, alters the world's
strategic situation?
BRADLEY: I would say that the develop-
ment of the intercontinental ballistic
missile has not changed our purpose or
our policy or our world-wide strategy;
it's merely changed somewhat the means
by which we try to maintain that position.
Our national psychology is such that we'd
never start a.war.. We're a peace-loving
nation. We would only fight if. we're,
attacked, and I think the world knows
that, so that we try to prevent a war by
having a force, first, a Strategic Air
Command, or a means for delivering weapons
which would destroy any nation which tried
to fight us, and we think that that would
discourage them to the point that they .
would never start a war. At the same time
we have to maintain sufficient land forces,
or conventional forces as you might want
to call them, to deter the starting of a
small war, because small wars might very
well develop into a world-wide, or World
War III, because of miscalculation on the
part of one side or the other, and so I
think we must deter both world war and small
wars like Korea as much as we can.
KENDRICK: General, a lot of people think
the next war will be fought by men at
control panels pushing buttons. What
use would conventional forces be in an
all out war?
BRADLEY: As I stated many times when
asked about why we have a European
army, and NATO, if we didn't have
ground forces, for example, there's
nothing to prevent an enemy from coming
over and taking our launching sites. We
must protect those launching sites. We
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must protect our bases., We must maintain
freedom of the seas because we're so
dependent upon communications with
other countries for supply and military
.assistance and the placing of our own
troops in overseas. bases. 'So that you
must have a certain number of conventional
forces even though you're going to fight
a long range.war, there's going to be
some short range fighting, too, in my opin-
ion; otherwise they'd just come over and
take your launching sites.
KENDRICK: It's quite plain from what you
say you don't regard war as obsolete or
obsolescent, but what about weapons? Now
aren't; we developing weapons so rapidly now
that they are becoming obsolescent almost as
soon as we put them into production?
BRADLEY: Yes, that's true, and the
ideal would be not to go into production
on any weapon until you're ready to
fight, but with our position of not
fighting until we're attacked, we can't
set that date. That gives any'potential
enemy great advantage., They might set
a date ahead, let's say five or ten years,
and build their weapons toward that. In
the mea time we have to stay,-prepared to
defend ourselves, and the weapons we pro-
duce today for that purpose may become
obsolescent in another year or two.' But
we must have them.
KENDRICK: General Bradley, is the
missile an ultimate weapon?
BRADLEY: No, I don't think so. I think
that before many years you're going to be
talking about. satellites and space travel
and that just throws the whole picture wide
open. Up to ten years ago I thought that
all this talk about travelling in space and
going to the moon was just dreams. I don't
think so any more.
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KENDRICK: General, do you think that
the present missile rate precludes any
chance of disarmament?
BRADLEY: No. Par from it. I think
that it makes it more imperative than
ever. I think the mere fact that we
have gone'so far in the improvement of.
weapons, even since 1950, in the im-
provement, particularly in atomic and
hydrogen weapons, that if Russia is
definitely backing one side like she
did in Korea of supplying equipment
and ammunition and an ally, Chinese, and
we're on the other side, like we were
in Korea, I. have grave doubts as to
whether or not we could prevent that
developing into World War III if it
happened at this time.
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CUT DIRECT FROM BRADLEY,
TO FILM OF SAC BOMBERS
ON THE GROUND AT EXOTIC
AIR BASE -- MOROCCO?
PLANES TAKING OFF
IV. C. ARMS_ & ARMS SYSTEMS:
SMITH (OVER FILM):
Even now, in the missile age, this is
still our best hope of preventing
World War III. These are bombers --
non-ballistic, sub-sonic, with men and'
not computers, at the controls. This is
part of SAC, the Strategic Air Command,
still our chief deterrent, our first
line of defense.
At bases around the world -- Britain,
Spain, North Africa, and the United
States, SAC planes are on round-the-
clock alert. A threat of instant
retali.tion,' in case of attack. A
bond -- and also an issue -- between us
and our allies.
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IV. D. SMITH LIVE):
My name is Howard Smith. For many
years my assignment has been the
Western. Front in the Cold War -- the
are from North Africa up through Western
Europe where in the NATO countries most of
America's deterrent power rests nearest
to Russia's western cities.
The deterrent force, the Strategic Air
Command, consists of long-range bombers
each one of which can carry more destructive
power than all the American bombers that
flew throughout World War Two. Winston
Churchill has said that this is what has
stood between Europe and Russian domination.
But now the age of missiles has begun, when
unmanned vehicles can carry destruction thirty
times as fast as airplanes. And the question
is live: Couldn't the Russians destroy every
U. S. air base before a single retaliating
bomber could even take off? Is the Strategic
Air Force not thus out of date and useless?
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IV. D/2 SMITH (LIVE).... CONTD:
Khrushchev's answer has been yes, he said that
that bombers are out of date. But Khrushchev's
budget last month conspicuously called for more
Russian bombers -- suggesting that Russia's
missile capability is not yet complete.
Meanwhile, to meet the threat, Strategic
Air Command has begun a program of two parts --
one, to disperse our nuclear bombers over a
greater number of bases, making it harder to
knock them?out quickly. And, two, increased
alertness, so that they can take off within
.15 minutes of an alarm. That is just about time
enough to escape some ranges of missiles. There
are even indications that some bombers are being
kept in the air all the time, loaded with H-bombs,
and need only to be turned towards the target if
attack should come. But, in the long run, the
only answer to the Soviet missile threat to our
bases is to set up American missile bases.
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IV. D/S SMITH (LIVE)... CONTD.
as soon as we can perfect and produce the
weapons.
Between now and then, our greatest weapon,
The Strategic Air Force, is in doubt
and in danger.
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IV. E. ARMS AND ARMS SYSTEMS (SUMMATION):
SMITH (LIVE):
To draw up a balance of conventional armed
forces, then, in this realm on land the Russians
greatly outnumber and outweigh us. They are
thus better able to. fight local and brush-fire
wars. However, their need to police an
unwilling satellite empire is a limitation on
the use of those forces against others.
With missiles still in the relatively early
stages of operation, America's bomber forces
around Russia's perimeter are still a strong
deterrent.
On the seas, American superiority in
surface craft may be balanced by Russia's
superiority,in submarines. Now both sides
face the problem of defending people and
industries from attack from the air. How
well are we equipped to defend ourselves?
That story in a minute after a brief pause
for- station identification.
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V. DEFENSES:
CRONKITE (LIVE):
Military strength -- whether it's old-
fashioned airplanes or new-fangled
missiles -- it has to be measured by a
complex equation. Not Just weapons
against weapons, but weapons against
defenses. The weapons have been
changing with appalling speed. The
defenses are only beginning to catch
up.
At a time when whole continents can be
covered in minutes, our country's
MAP: defenses are in another country.
DEW LINE AND
PICKETS Our defense lines lie far to the north,
RADAR STATIONS across Canada and offshore in both, oceans;
TEXAS TOWERS
picket fences of radar stations, giving
warning of an attack to our fighter planes
and anti-aircraft bases. A defense system
ready.to cope with enemy bombers, and that's
the threat of yesterday and perhaps today.
MISSILE ANIMATION What about tomorrow, in the age of the
missile, with the enemy only twenty
minutes away before we spot it,
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V./2 DEFENSES:
CRONKITE' (LIVE) ?CONTD:
traveling at thousands of miles an
hour. We asked General Gavin, the
Army Weapons Chief...
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gavin interview
V. A. DEFENSES:
KENDRICK AND GAVIN (OVER FILM):
KENDRICK: Well, now, what Is the best way
of stopping a missile?
GAVIN: Of course, an ICBM warhead is like
a ball that has left a pitcher's hand.
It's comparatively out of control. We
can predict its behavior, we have time
and sufficient time to react with modern
automation in the systems that we have
to deal with such a ting. Then of course
we want to deal with it well out into space
so that the resultant what shall we say,
the detonations or demolitions are not
harmful to people we're trying to defend.
This we feel too can be done. It was an
impressive problem at the outset, certainly,
and our scientists were not too encouraging
at times, but the science of missile develop-
ment has come along so fast, propulsion,
metallurgy, heat-resistant materials,
guidance and so on, radar, discrimination of
objects in flight, to the point where now
we can see clearly the achievement of a real
antimissile missile capability. We're sure
of it now.
KENDRICK: General, in addition to an
anti-missile missile, we now hear talk of
an anti-satellite satellite. What is that
all about, if anything?
GAVIN: The American people are
certainly entitled, if they wish and form
a policy, to deny intrusion by a hostile
satellite, regardless of what the purpose
of the hostile satellite might be. If
the American people want
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V. A.2. DEFENSES:
KENDRICK AND GAVIN (OVER FILM) CONTD:
to deny such intrusion, certainly the
Armed Forces must be able to provide
the means for denying such a thing. And
this simply means developing a device
to stop a satellite or destroy a satellite.
KENDRICK: Would the Russians be
developing devices to stop our satellites,
then?
GAVIN: Oh, I'm sure they are. They
would be far more backward than I presume
them to be if they weren't. Their
technology as we know very well now, is
not lagging ours. And perhaps that's
the understatement; -of . our time.
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tlk
V. B. DEFENSES:
SMITH (OVER FILM):
QUIET STREETS OF In the sky over any American town, the
MORRIS PLAINS
image of the missile and anti-missile,
the satellite and counter-satellite, is
still dim. This is the town of Morris
Plains, New Jersey. Two square miles.
Forty-six hundred people. An unlikely
target for a missile. Yet only a few
miles from some choice targets.
SHELTER SIGNS
AND SHELTERS
(SCHOOL, QUONSET.
HUT, CHURCHES)
Morris Plains' defenses... facing
squarely up to the kind of war that
has already passed us by.
Correspondent Stuart Novins took stock,
with the local Civil Defense Chief,
Ray Mills.
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Morris plains
V. C.1 NOVINS AUTD MILLS (SOF) :
NOVINS: These people walking along
here on Main Street; do they know
what they're supposed to do, where
they're supposed to go?
59
MILLS: Sure, sure.
N: How do they know that?
M: Through drills and tests that we've
had for the past six months or a year.
N: When was the last time you had a
test?
M: December the 5th.
N: 'And from your experience in that
test do you feel that this town is ready
for the problems it might have to face?
M: I feel pretty;"confident.
N: What are some of the problems?
You're here in pretty.much the unction
point of several main highways. How
many people do you expect would come
in here' as evacuees?
M: Well, we expect probably upwards
of 30, 000.
N: How many people live in the town?
M: 46oo.
N: Are you prepared to take care of
30,000 people?
M: Well, we'll do a big job towards
it.
N: I'm sure you would. How many beds
do you have actually?
M: Well, in our stockpile, that's around
through the country, which is
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morris plains 2
V. C/2 DEFENSES:
NOVINS AND MILLS (SOF):
available and we can call on and have in
five, ten minutest time, we can get upwards
of 2500 or 3000 beds.
N: 2500 or 3000. Which means that you're
about 28,000 short. Is that right?
M: Oh, yes.
N: What about blankets?
M: Blankets -- theretll be about two for
every cot. And they're in stockpiles.
N: Do you have a place to put these
30, 000 people?
M: No, not 30,000 people. We'll take
care of maybe, well, five, ten thousand of
them for preliminary, temporary, overnight,
one night; and then we'll send them on out
into other areas.
N: Do you have food stockpiled, Mr. Mills?
M: No, we have no food stockpiled, but
we know where we can go and obtain it.
N: Where would you get it?
M: Well, like down the street here to
the Acme, and up the street here to another
grocery store.
SMITH: The Acme supermarket is only two
blocks away from the town's main shelter,
which is in a school.
NOVINS & MAN ON STREET (SOF):
N: Do you know where the central area
of shelter is here in Morris Plains?
1st Woman: I wouldn't know where the
shelter is, no.
N: Do you know where the central area
of shelter is in Morris Plains?
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morris plains 3
V. C/3 DEFENSES:
NOVINS & MAN ON STREET (SOF) CONTD:
2nd Woman: Nov I don't know that either.
N: What do you think would happen to a
town like this if there were ever an
actual air raid somewhere very close?
W: I think everything would be in a
terrible mess. Nobody would know
exactly what to do.
N: Do you know where the central
shelter is here in Morris Plains?
3rd Woman: No, I don't.
N: Have you ever been to any Civil Defense
meetings?. ' .
W: No, I haven't.
N: Do you have any kind of supply of
food at home?
W: Yes, I do.
N: How?1ong do you think you could live
on the supply of food you have there?
W: Well, I have quite a lot in the'
freezer.
N: What would you do if the power were
dead in a real alarm?
W: Oh, I would take all the stuff and
put it out on the porch.
SMITH: The porch is the last place to put
food when there's danger of radiation, but
Mr. Mills is no worse informed than other
local defense officials.
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5 D. DEFENSES:
SMITH (LIVE):
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund released
tonight this report on International
Security. It is a kind of an assessment
of Where We Stand and What Lies Ahead...
prepared over many months by a great many
,distinguished Americans, including Dr.
James Kilian, President Eisenhower's
Science Advisor; Dr. Edward Teller, the
Father of the H-Bomb; General Lucius Clay
and others. Its full conclusions you
may read tomorrow in the newspapers.
On the Civil Defense the Report suggests
that a Russian nuclear blow at 50 American
cities could kill or injure -- that is,
eliminate completely from action -- 60
million people, or about one-third of our
total population.
A nation, the Report says, cannot take firm
initiatives or answer challenges in world
affairs unless it has a high degree of
confidence. And part of having confidence
is being able to know that a very substantial
proportion of the population has protection
against destruction of these high propor-
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5 D/S. SMITH (LIVE).... CONTD:
tions if war should actually happen.
At present that kind of protection does
not exist and is a limit on the sureness
with which America can act in diplomacy and
in world politics.
To provide protection, the Gaither com-
mittee heard experts recommend that 20 to
50 billion dollars be spent over a period
of years to provide shelters.
OVER FILM Most authorities seem to think that shelters
ANIMATION
against explosion may be of little value,
and we should concentrate on shelters like
this one that protect mainly against
radiation or fallout. They are cheaper to
make, they protect many more people. They
must not merely protect, but be equipped
to sustain life for many days, until
radiation.danger has passed. Water and air
must be filtered. There must be a monitor
system to show when the air outside is
safe once more. '
(MORE)
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5 D/3. SMITH (LIVE) ... CONTD:
SMITH But, today in America these do not
(LIVE) exist. Theyrare not even plans.
AGAIN They are as yet only unofficial recom-
mendations.
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CUT FROM SMITH 5E. DEFENSES:
LIVE TO SCHORR
LIVE..... SCHORR (LIVE):
I am Daniel Schorr, CBS Newst Moscow
IN FRONT OF RP
OF RED SQUARE... correspondent. My usual beat is here...
in Red Square...Here, as on Main Street,
there is no place to hide...but here, in
addition, the man in the street has never
been told there may ever be a need to hide.
Soviet civil defense is. virtually non-
existent. Only recently did government
workers get -- secretly -- a pamphlet on
decontamination, blast effects and other
passive defense measures against atomic
attack, with orders to bone up and be
ready for exams on the subject. But, for
the average Russian, not a word on what to
do if and when the bombs fall.
The reason -- the Soviet regime, fearful
of throwing the public into panic and for
reasons of ideology, has never carried out
an Operation Candor...has never told the
people what an atomic explosion could do.
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5E/l. DEFENSES:
SCHORR (LIVE)...CONTD:
The Soviet regime treats civil defense..
as a State:secret...building no air-raid
shelters, conducting no debates on how
many billions to spend for holes in
the ground. Today Russia's civil
defense consists of the deep tunnels of
the Moscow subway and the vast expanses
of Siberia.
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67-68
5F. DEFENSES:
SMITH (LIVE:
This is where we stand on civil defense.
Neither side is prepared to Hold down the
nuclear toll.
United States hasn't decided what to do;
Russia, apparently, has decided to do
nothing.
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6A. ECONOMICS:
SMITH (LIVE):
The cost of security in the missile age
is staggering. Twenty, thirty or fifty
billion dollars for shelters. ICBMs-at a
million dollars apiece. Millions more to
support a program of research and explora-
tion in space ...And still, if there is to
be any meaning to survival, the daily needs
of civilian life have to be met -- the needs
of the consumer.
Can our system do this? And can their
system do it? Here is the field for a
test of strength where we are already
engaged.
Even now, under Khrushchev, the communist
system is'reviving and even widening its
original ambitions to outdo free enterprise
in economics. It is striving to out-produce
us, striving to keep its promise to provide
a higher and broader standard of life as
proof that the system works, that the
revolution really pays off.
The picture shows great changes from thirty.
years:ago, when our..economy was. already
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70
es 16
well developed; theirs just starting the
growing pains of the five-year plans.
SMITH (OVER ANIMATION) :
STEEL MILLS, The picture in steel, for example. Thirty
1928
years ago, this was the picture. Our
steel production: thirteen times as great
as Russia's.
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6A/2. ECONOMICS :
SMITH (OVER ANIMATION)..., CONTD :
STEEL MILLS TODAY Today, it's just twice as big.
POWER PLANTS, 1928 Electric power. Thirty years ago, our
power plants outproduced the Russians',
twenty to one.
POWER PLANTS TODAY Today, our lead is only three to one.
SHOE SYMBOLS TODAY Consumer, goods. The same kind of story.
Thirty years ago, we made six times as
many pairs of shoes as they did.
SHOES TODAY Today, the Russian public gets half as many
as ours. These are just some of the
results of the race.
ANIMATION:
POP ON US &
RUSSIA An over-all economic race that has
narrowed sharply in the years since World
War Two.
US LINE CRAWLS Our well-developed economy steadily
expanding... on the average of four percent
a year.
RUSSIAN LINE Their economy making a spectacular spurt
CRAWLS
from the bottom...ten percent-each year.
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US LINE TAPERS. And the latest figures narrow the gap
OFF
even closer. Last year, our industrial
production showed no growth.
RUSSIAN LINE Theirs kept climbing.
TAPERS OFF
That story from Harvard's Russian Research
Center, and economist Abram Bergson...
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es3
bergson interview
6B. KENDRICK AND BERGSON: (OVER FILM):
K: Prof. Bergson, in economic terms,
how can the Russians support a vast missile
and rocket program?
B: Well, the question certainly is in
order, Mr. Kendrick - I think the answer is
that Kruschev is.giving this program very
high priority.
It is a crash program in our sense but .
think it might be a little misleading to
speak of it as a crash program in the
Russian sense - the point is that the
Russians have been running crash programs
for years - these are a normal feature of
the Russian life.
You might say that this is a priority
economy. - some people would say it's a
war economy even in peacetime.
K: Is it because they have carried out
-this series of crash programs that their
production graph is rising so?
B: Wh`'en you speak of the rise in their
production you have to distinguish between
heavy industrial production - this is what
the crash programs are all about - and
living standards. The heavy industrial
output has risen spectacularly under the
5-yr, plans; at the same time living
standards have only made very limited gains.
The Russian living standards are far below
anything we experienced even during the
war.
The basic policy is to build machinery in
order to expand the machinery industries, in
order to build more machinery - Kruschev
is mainly concerned to expand his machinery
industries - he is making concessions to
consumers; nevertheless his main concern
is to introduce more and more machinery in
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6B/2. KENDRICK AND BERGSON...CONTD:
74
the Soviet economy. He's doing this in
order to expand output and also, to raise
productivity.
K: Professor, even though the Russians
are ahead in rockets and missiles, would
it be fair to say they are far behind us
in industrial production in general?
B: Even in basic industrial production,
Mr. Kendrick, the Russians are still far
behind us. They have made giant strides
under the five-year plans but they are still
producing much less even of basic industrial
goods than we are.
This perhaps is something that's worth
recalling now in view of all the excitement
about Russia's earth satellites. I think
it's important to bear: in mind that the
Russians are still weak in some respects;
nevertheless, I wouldn't like this to be
too reassuring. We have to bear in mind
the special nature of the Russian economy
that I mentioned a moment ago. In their
priority economy a ton of steel means some-
thing very different from what it means in
the United States. They're using their
steel to a much greater extent than we are,
for heavy industry, for the production of
more machinery, for the expansion of heavy
industry and for munitions.
Last year the.:Russians produced about
100,000 passenger cars.. Well, you know we
produced 50 times as many passenger cars
as that. This takes a lot of steel.
They're using their steel for other purposes.
K: Aside from that, what about the rate
of production? Even though they may be far
behind us in absolute figures, is their
rate of production such that at some. point
they will do what Mr. Khrushchev says they'll
do -- namely, overtake and surpass us?
B: Well, you know compound interest works
the same way in Russia as in the United .
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6B/2. KENDRICK AND BERGSON ...CONTD:
States. If the Russians continue to grow
as they have been growing and we continue
to grow as we have been growing lately,
perhaps at. some point in the distant future,
perhaps in the 1970s or 1980s, the Russians
would overtake us.
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soviet economy
6C. SCHORR (LIVE):
Soviet economy has expanded, but unevenly,
creating perilous contradictions. In the
past two years, working in Moscow and
traveling through the Soviet Union from
the virgin lands of Siberia to the
factories of Riga, I have watched them
grapple with three major programs aimed
at stabilizing their economy.
First, aware that over-concentration of
industrial control has reached the point
of diminishing returns, they are engaged
now in decentralizing and regionalizing, but
this has brought a danger of dislocation...
of vertical industrial empires being
succeeded by geographical empires.
Problem No. 2--Agriculture. I have seen
them strain.to increase,-food supply..;by
plowing up 75 million acres of new land
in an area with subnormal rainfall. The
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soviet economy/2'
6c/2. SCHORR (LIVE)...CONTD,t
77
crop last year was under-1956. Still.,.
Khrushchev promises to catch up with
Ameriea in meat and, dairy production --
a promise. of a better life as an incentive
to, more prod Xctionk,
Problem Number 3 leads also:to the better
life -- the necessity or providing more
consumer goods as an incentive in a directed
economy. Consumer goods are now coming out
just fast enough to tempt the worker...NOT
fast: enough to satisfy him.
The Russians have been making guns and
machines at the expense of butter,and
shoes. Now they find they must provide
more butter and shoes to get the worker
.to produce the guns and machines. Their
goal? -- to provide both machines and
shoes as we do. Khrushchev says they can
succeed...in fact, out-produce us in food
and consumer goods, as well as heavy
industry. This year may tell.
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wrap-up
6D. ECONOMICS:
CRONKITE (LIVE):
If the communists should succeed in
78
outproducing us in both guns and butter,
if the Soviet export program continues,
then the under-developed countries of Asia
and Africa might be attracted to communism
as a way of solving their own problems.
Soviet scientists are making substantial
progress in developing industrial uses of
nuclear power -- a matter of great need
and appeal not only to Russia but also to
those under-developed countries. In this
field, however, we're still ahead.
(PAUSE)
Over-all, in economics, then, here is
where we stand. Even within the Russians'
own terms, we still hold a commanding lead.
.But the very fact that they can challenge
us affords us no room for complacency.
In the immediate future, American economists
seem to agree, the normal progress of our.
economy will enable us to meet the costs
of defense within special measures --
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6D/2. ECONOMICS
CRONKITE (LIVE) ... CONTD:
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perhaps no more than lifting the present
limit on government borrowing. But in
the long run, we may face decisions that
could alter our free-enterprise system --
priorities and controls, even in peace-
time,; higher government spending for
ventures into space, and therefore higher
taxes.
The difference between us and the Russian
people is that they have no share in
making such decisions. We have --
the decisions are up to us.
Problems and decisions in another vital,
field -- we*ll pick up there after a
message from Prudential.
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EDUCATION:
SCHORR (LIVE) :
The Russians began their satellite program
right after the Revolution, with an
immense building project. What they built
was...schoolhouses. They announced they
would master the world by mastering science,
and they needed people educated in science
to man that program.
The communists took over a country in which
three-quarters of the adults couldn't read
or write. Today, their literacy rate is
as high as ours, and their pool of scien-
tifically trained manpower keeps deepening.
Thirty years ago, we had six times as many
scientists and engineers as the Soviet Union.
Now, they have caught up with us. They have
as many as we do.
And they are already forging ahead, because
their colleges are turning out twice as many
technical people this year as ours are.
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7/2. EDUCATION:
SCHORR (LIVE):
Education in Russia is a serious business
...serious for the government, serious for
the students. In secondary schools there
are almost twice as many students as 30
years ago...about 15 million today.
The Soviets like eggheads..,as long as they
can be kept under control. In a sense,
Russia's own success in mass education has
raised problems -- creating a class less
easily pushed around, less amenable to
indoctrination. The Kremlin has been
successful in creating good, scientists and
technicians..,.less successful in creating
blindly faithful'Soviet citizens.
A :stiff.:.competitive exam eliminates four
out of five applicants for the university.
While at college, the Soviet student gets
a stipend to support him. He pays that
back by three years of work after gradua-
tion at a Government-assigned place.
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7/2. EDUCATION:
SCHORR (LIVE):
To prepare for university: in high school,
the Russian student works six days a week
-- not five, as in America...often works
on his homework well until after midnight...
with more than half of his time spent on
science and math.
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7B. EDUCATION:
KENDRICK (LIVE):
At Alhambra High, in California -- a
pretty good school, by American standards
-- the grind is not so tough. You can
graduate without a single course in'science.
You might prefer a course in health and
safety, personal grooming,-or cooking for
boys and girls.
TRACK UP. SOF. KENDRICK AND KIDS.
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8.4
KENDRICK AND STUDENTS (OVER FILM):
KENDRICK: What kind of industrial design
are you going to do?
STUDENT: Well, designing of case and
furniture and appliances and stuff like
that.
K: Doesn't that require some science?
S: Well, not too much because all you are
doing is just the designing and the people
who are figuring out the things, they are
the ones that have to have it.
K: You mean the scientists are`up on top --
S: Yes.
K: -- you are down below?
S: Yes.
K: Well, are you taking any science here?
S: Well, I have taken modern science,
general science and physiology.
K: How about chemistry and physics and
things like that?
S : No; no, sir.
K: You are not considered to be an egghead,
I suppose, on this campus?.
S: No, no, no.
K: You are just taking the%average courses
that everybody takes here? What other
things are you taking? For instance,,you
mentioned history and you mentioned art;..
What else is there?
S: Well, co-ed cooking.
.K: What about that? How much time do you
spend on co-ed cooking?
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aihambra students/2
KENDRICK AND STUDENTS (OVER FILM)...CONTD:
S: Oh, about an hour.
K: An hour a day or an hour a week?
S: Just an hour a day.
K: An hour a day?
S: An hour a day, yes.
K: Why is that so easy?
S: Well, because all I do is cook, you know,
put stuff together.
K: Why do you take it? I mean are you
going to, take up cooking as a career, or
what?
S: No, it's Just an elective, you know;
you can take anything you want. I just
plan to take that -- it's easy -- five
credits.
KENDRICK AND ANOTHER STUDENT:
K: W ilkt about you? What are you studying?
Are you taking co-ed cooking, too?
S: Yes.
K: Well, boy, you certainly don't look
like a cook. Now, tell me, why are you
doing this?
S: Well, I am also taking a science-math
course. I took all my requirements through
the ninth and tenth and eleventh grades.
Actually, I am a senior now, and I have
electives, so I took co-ed cooking and
photography. I am taking machine, auto shop,
auto mechanics, gym -- an easy course, you
know; it is the party time.
K: These are all.snap courses. Well, now,
what kind of career are you preparing for
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KENDRICK AND STUDENTS (OVER FILM) ...CONTD:
if you are preparing for one? If you take
the' kind of --
S: Well, I was going to take electronics,
but I think I will change to business
course.
THIRD STUDENT:
K: Are you a senior here?
S: No, I am a freshman.
K: What are you studying, Fresh?
.S: Well, you see, I take metal shop and
orientation, English, study hall, and gym,
and instrument.
K: What kind of instrument?
S: Clarinet.
FOURTH STUDENT:
K: What about you now? What kind of
courses are you taking?
S : Well, I am 'taking a college ,prep course
and I go through the day pretty much like
Chuck does.
K:
Yes..
Well, what are you studying to
be
-- in
college -- I mean, do you have
any
idea
in mind for your future?
S:
Well, an engineer.
K:
Well, now, this really does require
science, doesn't it?
K: How much science. are you taking?
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KENDRICK AND STUDENTS (OVER FILM)...CONTD:
THIRD STUDENT:
S: Well, I have had three years of it.
K: What is your easiest subject?
S: Oh, co-ed cooking, I guess.
K: That also. That's the elective thing?
S: Yes.
K: Why didn't you take up something harder
than that because you really want to be.a
scientist or an engineer? Wouldn't that
require a more difficult course than co-ed
cooking? How are you going to apply co-ed
cooking to a career as a scientist?
S: Well, you aren't, really. But say in
three years or so, I will be out on my own
and I will want to cook something on my own.
I mean, I will know how, to cook it. I mean,
I will know all the measurements and that
kind. of stuff.
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BRONX
HIGH SCHOOL
LAB
SILENT
KENDRICK AND
MEISTER
88
7C. EDUCATION:
At the Bronx High School of Science, in
New York, the students concentrate on
science and take their scrambled eggs for
granted. It is anything but a typical
school: entrance requirements are high
and students must demonstrate the will
to work hard.
The principal here is Dr. Morris Meister,
who thinks more schools like this are
needed.
MEISTER INTERVIEW :
KENDRICK: You have a special school here.
Does that mean that you're operating a
school for eggheads here?
MEISTER: That depends on how you define
eggheads. If you mean that an egghead is
a person who has intellectual interests,
who reads widely, who likes to discuss
subjects involving a certain degree of
maturity of understanding -- well, then,
I guess I plead guilty to having a school
of eggheads. On the other hand, if you
mean by "egghead" a boy or girl who has
none of the normal interests of American
children, then I'd say you're decidedly
wrong, because they dance, they have dates,
and they. win athletic championships; they
.participate in every possible sport that
is available to any other high-school child
in New York City.
K: But isn't this still teaching for a
minority?
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7C. EDUCATION:
MEISTER INTERVIEW (CONTD):
M: No, I don't think it's teaching for
a minority. I think we should give every
individual an opportunity to develop the
abilities that God gave him. If we believe
in the doctrine of equal educational oppor-
tunity for all children, then I make the
point that these too,are children and .to
lose them in'the masses so that their own
abilities can't come to the surface would
be about the most undemocratic procedure
imaginable. Exposing everybody to the.
same kind of education isn't going to give
you the development of talent at all --
I think the essence of democracy'is giving
every individual an opportunity to develop
his talents in full.
In all schools, to give the able children
a better opportunity than they're getting now
-- I don't think we work our youngsters
hard enough in some instances and we cer-
tainly can improve in that direction.
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education wrap-up
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SMITH (LIVE):
Two Ameeican schools -- the Bronx High
School of Science, typical of a handful
of our schools; Alhambra, typical of
most of our schools. To sum up where we
stand in education, let's go from the top
to the bottom.
Scientists tell us that we lead in basic
science, but the Russians are our equals
at least in engineering. However, the
rate of turning out scientists and engineers
is much higher in Russia than it is here; so,
as things are now moving, Russia will be
well, well ahead before long.
In secondary and grammar schools our
courses tend to be soft. Not only in the
natural sciences but in the social sciences.
and the humanities, our.:ateacher.s, tell.us.
our education is failing us.
Some educators say blame must go deeper
still: The American family is tending to
send their children to school without that
basic intellectual curiosity from home
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education wrap-up/2
SMITH (LIVE)...CONTD:
reading and. intelligent home discussion
on which teachers can build education.
We must improve. The:cost will be high.
President Eisenhower is going to ask
Congress for a billion dollars to meet
crucial education problems-over the next
four years. Educators say that will not
begin to meet the problem.
In this field, we face a problem more
basic than in missile technology. And
in this one, we have not yet made a start
or even fully recognized the problem.
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8. SUMMATION:
SMITH (LIVE):
And now, to sum up our entire report:
We have examined the facts that are
available and the informed guesses.
Here are the conclusions that CBS News
believes can be drawn:
We see that for the first time that our
country is not first in strength. We
have fallen behind in the field of missiles.
We may fall behind in over-all strength
if our pace and some of our attitudes are
not changed. The challenge of Sputnik of course, Sputnik is only a symbol of
this challenge -- is a challenge to our
way of life and to our very survival.
We must, therefore, do at least these
concrete things:
First, we must spend whatever is necessary
in effort and money to achieve, and maintain
military parity with Russia.
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summary/2
SMITH (LIVE)...CONTD:
Second, we must re-examine our whole
educational system. Knowledge -- and
not mere "social adjustment" -- must be
restored as a purpose of education.
Third, as there is a possibility of war,
we must decide what to do about the
shelter program, and
Fourth, while building our strength, we
must recognize that this is a means and
not an end. This end is peace, and we
should be prepared to use every reasonable
opportunity to negotiate for disarmament.
The cry of the moment is -- We need
leadership. Our leaders must answer that
call by offering us a program to meet the
dangers that Russia's technological and
diplomatic strides portend. We will know
more about that subject after the President
delivers his State of the Union Message.
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SMITH LIVE) ... CONTD:
94
But we, the people, must participate in
stimulating leadership. That implies
sharp and frank re-examination of our own
imperfections. It may be that we are
over-addicted to physical comfort. It may
.be that we are indifferent to good govern-
ment. It is probably true that we are
over-complacent. It is certainly true that
we have failed to understand the implica-
tions of the new world that science is
opening up. We believe that no positive
purpose can be served by recrimination or
seeking scapegoats. We must not waste time
on who is to blame. We must seek instead
why mistakes were made, how they can be
corrected, and how they can be avoided in
the future.
We must, for example, find ways to break
down inter-service chauvinism, and replace
it with a sense of national interest not blame the military men whose attitudes
are almost required by the present arrange-
ment.
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SMITH (LIVE) ... CONTD:
Our leaders have the grave and continuing
duty to tell us the facts. We must be
educated to danger. It is only then
that we can meet. it.
We must reward intelligence and learning,
honor creativity, respect integrity.
We must,be prepared to make sacrifices
to pay higher taxes, to face controls --.
if necessary to achieve,our goals.
We may have to change the whole climate
of American society. In a sense, we, must
restore some of the attitudes and values
of our Founding Fathers.
We believe that the right mood for the
present is not one of pessimism or fear.
The challenge is clear, and the very nature
of the new fantastic weapons that bring on
the challenge is itself a promise that the
reward of strength and peace can be greater
than anything the world has yet known.
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"WHERE WE STAND" has been produced by
Leslie Midgely and Don Hewitt --
CBS News gratefully acknowledge the
assistance of the United States Air Force,
the Army, and the Navy, in preparing this
report. Our thanks also to the 217
authorities in goveenment, science,
industry, and education who helped us
gather and assess information.
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