POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN RUMANIA 1950-58

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 75
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 19, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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JELKC I
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 35
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN RUMANIA
1950-58
CIA/RR 59-9
March 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN RUMANIA
1950-58
CIA/RR 59-9
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report, one of a series on the post and telecommunications
services of the countries comprising the Sino-Soviet Bloc, is con-
cerned with those post and telecommunications facilities and serv-
ices in Rumania operated and controlled by the Department of Post and
Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommuni-
cations. Other departments of the Ministry and other ministries op-
erate functional telecommunications systems, such as those serving the
armed forces, shipping, railroads, and industries. These independent
post and telecommunications systems are not covered in this report.
It must be yointed out, however, that although the facilities and
services covered here are confined to those under the jurisdiction of
the Department of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Trans-
portation and Telecommunications, their use is not so restricted. The
armed forces make abundant use of this system, as do all ministries and
other departments of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunica-50X1
tions.
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Summary and Conclusions
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CONTENTS
Page
1
I.
II.
III.
Introduction
Integration of Sino-Soviet Bloc Post and Telecommunica-
tions Systems
Department of Post and Telecommunications
A. Organization
B. Revenue
C. Investment
D. Manpower
5
5
6
7
10
14
16
1. Labor Force
16
2. Wages
18
3. Training
19
4. Labor Productivity
19
E.
Equipment
20
1. Production
20
2. Imports and Exports
22
3. Technology
23
IV.
Postal Services
24
V.
Telephone and Telegraph Services
26
A.
Telephone
27
B.
Telegraph
33
C.
Common Telecommunications Facilities
35
1. Wirelines
35
a. Public Network
35
b. Special Telecommunications Network
36
2. Microwave
38
3. Point-to-Point Radio
39
a. Domestic
39
b. International
39
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VI. Broadcasting Services
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Page
4o
A. Radiobroadcasting 4o
B. Television 44
C. Wire Diffusion 45
VII. Future Trends
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
Appendix B. Methodology
)46
)49
57
Tables
1. Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications
Revenue in Rumania, 1950-58
2. Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications
Investment in Rumania, 1950-58
11
15
3. Estimated Number of Public Post and Telecommunications
Employees in Rumania, 1950-58 17
4. Estimated Productivity of Public Post and Telecom-
munications Employees in Rumania, 1950-58
5. Estimated Postal Volume in Rumania, 1950-58
6. Local Telephone Rates in Rumania, by State and Private
Sector, 1954-58
21
25
29
7. Estimated Number of Public Telephone Subscribers in
Rumania, 1950-58 30
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Page
8. Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone
Calls Handled over Public Facilities in
Rumania, 1950-58 31
9. Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent over
Public Facilities in Rumania, 1950-58 . 34
10. Estimated Location, Power, Frequency,
and Type of Service of Radiobroadcasting
Transmitters in Rumania, 1958 41
U. Estimated Number of Broadcast Reception
Points in Rumania, 1950-58 43
Illustrations
Figure 1. Rumania: Economic Activity, 1958
(Map)
Figure 2. Rumania: Organization of the Depart-
ment of Post and Telecommunications
of the Ministry of Transportation and
Telecommunications, 1958 (Chart) . . .
4
Following Page
8
Figure 3. Rumania: Organization of the Radio-
broadcasting and Television Committee,
1958 (Chart) 10
Figure 4. Rumania: Main Telephone Exchanges,
1958 -- Department of Post and Tele-
communications of the Ministry of
Transportation and Telecommunications Inside
(Map) Back Cover
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Following Page
Figure 5. Rumania: Main Telecommunications Wire-
lines, 1958 -- Department of Post and
Telecommunications of the Ministry of
Transportation and Telecommunications Inside
(Map) Back Cover
Figure 6. Rumania: Special Telecommunications
Network, 1958 -- Department of Post
and Telecommunications of the Ministry
of Transportation and Telecommunications
(Map) 36
Figure 7. Rumania: Microwave Radio Relay Network,
1958 -- Department of Post and Telecom-
munications of the Ministry of Trans-
portation and Telecommunications
(Map)
Figure 8. Rumania: International Radiotelegraph
Circuits, 1958 -- Department of Post
and Telecommunications of the Ministry
of Transportation and Telecommunica-
tions (Map)
Figure 9. Rumania: Radiobroadcasting and Tele-
vision Stations, 1958 -- Department of
Post and Telecommunications of the
Ministry of Transportation and Tele-
communications (Map)
Figure 10. Rumania: Transmitter Schedule of Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Service, by
Language and Target Area, November
1958 (Chart)
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38
4o
4o
44
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POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN RUMANIA*
1950-58
Summary and Conclusions
The public post and telecommunications system in Rumania,** which
provides postal, telephone, telegraph, radiobroadcasting, wire-diffusion,
and television services, is operated and maintained by the Department of
Post and Telecommunications (Departmentul Postelor si Telecomunicatiilor)
of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications (Ministerul
Transporturilor si Telecomunicatiilor). Telecommunications services are
provided by integrated wireline, microwave radio relay, and point-to-
point radio facilities. Postal services are provided by a nationwide
network of main post offices, local post offices, and postal stations.
The public post and telecommunications system is operated primarily to
meet the needs of the government and only secondarily to meet the needs
of private consumers. Organizations within the state sector of the
economy are proportionally heavier users of telephone and telegraph ser-
vices, and consumers within the private sector are heavier users of
postal and broadcasting services.
In 1948, all telephone facilities in Rumania were nationalized and
were integrated with other post and telecommunications facilities
within the State Postal Administration. Since 1948, but particularly
since 1951, when the public post and telecommunications system was
placed under the management of the then Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications, the system has been expanded and improved sufficiently
to meet the minimal needs of the country. Statistical measures of the
present status and development of the system are as follows:
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 15 February 1959. Technical terms are
defined in Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terns.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and ser-
vices under the control of and operated by the Department of Post and
Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunica-
tions. It does not refer to functional systems, such as those serving
the armed forces, the state police, other ministries, or other depart-
ments of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications.
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Postal WWI*
Vag Pim&
1950 322
1958 976
Telephone Subscribers
1950 103
1958 178
Estimated Total Revenue
ma.mmohn
1950 0.4
1958 1.0
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Radiebroadcast Nettle"
Poiats
Ottillen nanteninst cocaine:
asel nod imeolanneen
Isman1950 0.3
1958 1.7
Interurban Telephone Calls
orm..no
1950 23
1958 45
Estimated Total Annual
Investment
WS. area ler3
1950=37
1958 167
Toloois*Rownysiogye.
19571 13
195$ 17
Telegrams
Wait
1950 3.5
195$ 4.8
Employees
Maenad
1950 22
195/ 41
The average annual rate of growth** of post and telecommunications
revenue and investment from 1950 to 1958 was about 11 percent and 3
percent, respectively. The average annual rate of growth in volume
of individual post and telecommunications services during this same
period was 15 percent for postal service) 4 percent for telegrams
sent, 9 percent for interurban telephone calls, 7 percent for tele-
phone subscribers, and 24 percent for radiobroadcast reception points.
The public post and telecommunications system of Rumania does not
compare favorably with similar systems in most other countries of the
Soviet Bloc. The comparison for 1957, shown below, indicates that
Rumania ranks low in almost all categories of service.
* Except where otherwise indicated, lei values in this report are
expressed in terms of current lei and may be converted to US dollars
at the official rate of exchange of 6 lei to US $1. This rate of ex-
change, however, does not necessarily reflect the true dollar value.
** All average annual rates of growth expressed in this report were
computed on a compound interest basis.
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Ow1,41,'?
rn Cr., h... :Irwmicia
Ali Germany
[7: Pr:r91
CI Ku
Interurban Telephone Calls Per Capita
7.0
Radiobroadcast Receivers Per Capita
Letters Per Capita
107
73
Telephone Subscribers Per Capita
Telegrams Per Capita
10
The ranking in service of the countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc shown
here corresponds with the relative levels of the economies of these
countries. Regardless of the unfavorable showing of Rumania in com-
parison with others, however, its public post and telecommunications
system is making substantial contributions of control, acceleration,
and coordination to the operation and continued growth of the Rumanian
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economy. The accompanying map, Figure 1, shows that main public
telecommunications lines in Rumania service all areas of the coun-
try engaged in major economic activities.
RUMANIA: Economic Activity, 1958
)
U. S. S. R.
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SMO liPetrment
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(Brasov)
BUCHAREST'
Main
telecommunications lines
Major cereal producing
region?corn and
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0 Industrial center
Iron and steal plant
? Hard coal
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eft/own
YUGOSLAVIA.
RIMARIA
Rumania, along with the other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
is a full member of the Organization for Cooperation Among the
Socialist Countries in the Fields of Post and Communications (OSS).
This organization, created in 1958 under the leadership of the USSR,
has for its primary purpose the integration and expansion of post
and telecommunications within and between member countries. Un-
doubtedly, Rumania will carry out its commitments as decided by the
OSS.
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Future plans of the Department of Post and Telecommunications
emphasize the continued expansion and improvement of the telecom-
munications system of the country, particularly the telephone and
broadcasting portions. The fulfillment of these plans, however,
depends mainly on the quantity of investment funds that will be
allocated to the Department for that purpose. If these funds are
sufficient, the Department should be capable of meeting most of
Its plan goals, and the growth of telephone and broadcasting ser-
vices through 1960 should continue at a rate comparable with that
achieved from 1950 to 1958.
I. Introduction.
The purpose of this report is to examine the status, operation,
and development of the public post and telecommunications facilities
and services provided by the Department of Post and Telecommunica-
tions of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications in
Rumania. Quantitative data generally cover the years 1950-58) but
some references to the historical development as well as the future
development of the system are included in the text.
II. Integration of Sino-Soviet Bloc Post and Telecommunications
Systems.
The post and telecommunications system of Rumania is subject to
external as well as domestic influences. Foremost among the exter-
nal influences is a recent move by all Sino-Soviet Bloc countries,
Initiated by the USSR, to overcome the Bloc's lack of unified post
and telecommunications systems and services. Eleven Sino-Soviet
Bloc conferences on post and telecommunications held since 1956
demonstrate the desire of the USSR to overcome this lack of unifica-
tion. A new body known as the Organization for Cooperation Among
the Socialist Countries in the Fields of Post and Communications
(OSS) has been formed. This new group apparently is associated with,
but probably is not part of, the Council for Mutual Economic Assist-
ance (CEMA), because it includes Communist China, North Korea, and
North Vietnam as full members.
Under a specific plan prepared by the new organization at the
March 1958 CEMA conference in Moscow, all Sino-Soviet Bloc coun-
tries are to make their telecommunications networks partly automatic
by 1965 and fully so by 1975. All participating countries were re-
quired to make available immediately the required funds for this
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program and to report their requirements for telecommunications
equipment and their production capacity for such equipment to the
proper committee of CEMA by June 1958. They are to accelerate
telegraphic traffic between countries and to establish relay sta-
tions for an eastern television network referred to as "0Th-Vision"
or "EUrovise" to be completed in 1965.
The priority of this program may be indicated by the fact that
the Hungarian economic plan for 1958 was altered to provide funds
for the fulfillment of the country's obligations under OSS. It
therefore appears that each country is expected to finance its share
of the program without aid from the USSR.
A major buildup of mainline telecommunications structures within
and between Communist Bloc countries will increase Soviet control in
these areas markedly. The program will also strengthen Bloc military
potential because these facilities are used jointly with the military
in peacetime, and in wartime they could be commandeered wholly to
meet the requirements of military traffic.
The ultimate status of OSS is not yet clear. East Germany, Com-
munist China, and North Vietnam all have pressed for its establish-
ment as a Sino-Soviet Bloc counterpart of the Universal Postal Union
(UPU) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) -- both
specialized agencies of the Economic and Social Council of the UN --
because they have consistently been denied membership in those two
organizations. Other Bloc countries, including Rumania, are opposed,
however, for fear of jeopardizing their standing in the UPU and ITU.
Although it is not yet known what effects OSS will have on the
post and telecommunications system in Rumania, it is believed that
undoubtedly the future domestic and international posture of this
system will be altered so as to conform to the aims of the new body. 1/*
CII. Department of Post and Telecommunications.
All public post and telecommunications facilities and services
in Rumania are owned by the state and are operated by the Department
of Pbst and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and
Telecommunications. The primary responsibilities of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications are to provide domestic and inter-
national telephone and telegraph services through integrated wireline
and radio facilities; domestic and international broadcasting ser-
vices utilizing radio, television, and wire-diffusion facilities; and
domestic and international postal services. The Department, further-
more, is responsible for technical control and regulation of the
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functional telecommunications systems operated by other ministries
and agencies and by other departments of the Ministry of Transporta-
tion and Telecommunications.
A. Organization.
Before 1948, public post and telecommunications services in
Rumania were provided by separate and independent organizations
among which there was little cooperation. The State Postal Adminis-
tration provided postal and telegraphic services; the Rumanian Tele-
phone Company, a subsidiary of the International Telephone and Tele-
graph Company, provided telephone service; and the state-owned and
operated Rumanian Broadcast Company provided broadcasting service.
In 1948, all telecommunications facilities in Rumania were
nationalized and were integrated within the State Postal Adminis-
tration to form the Administration of Posts and Telecommunications.
This Administration directed and controlled all public post and
telecommunications facilities and services in Rumania until May
1951. At that time it was abolished and its functions transferred
to the newly established Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.
The organizational structure of the Ministry stressed the decen-
tralization of post and telecommunications activities along opera-
tional and administrative lines. Operational control of ministerial
activities was centered in the General Directorate for Post, the
General Directorate for Telephone and Telegraph, the General Direc-
torate for Broadcasting, the General Directorate for Material Sup-
plies, and the Special Directorate. Administrative control of
ministerial activities was maintained by several central direc-
torates, the most important of which were as follows: the Central
Directorate for Planning and Finances, the Central Directorate for
Investment, the Central Directorate for Personnel, the Central
Directorate for Cadres, and the Central Directorate for Schooling.
All central directorates were established on a lower organizational
level than either the general directorates or the Special Direc-
torate. 2/
In March 1957 the structure of the Rumanian government was
reorganized, and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, the
Ministry of Railroads, and the Ministry of Road, Sea, and Air Trans-
port were merged into one ministry, the Ministry of Transportation
and Telecommunications. The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,
as was the case for the other merged ministries, became a department
in the new Ministry.
The organizational structure of the Department of Post and Tele-
communications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications
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Is shown in Figure 2.* The ministerial merger established the De-
partment as an almost purely operational unit with a minimum of
administrative and staff responsibilities, and its organizational
structure resembles that portion of the organizational structure of
the former Ministry of Post and Telecommunications which exercised
control over the operational aspects of its activities.
Emil Bodnares, General of the Armies, has been the Minister
of Transportation and Telecommunications of Rumania since the forma-
tion of the Ministry in March 1957. In addition to his present
position, he is also First Vice-President of the Council of Ministers.
As Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications, General Bodnares
is concerned primarily with coordinating the activities of the various
departments of the Ministry but otherwise exercises little control
over their operational activities. This coordination process is fa-
cilitated by the administrative and staff structure of the Ministry,
which is directly subordinate to the Minister.
Authority for the direction and control of the operational
activities of the post and telecommunications sector of the Ministry
of Transportation and Telecommunications rests with Dumitru Simulescu,
Deputy. Minister of the Department of Post and Telecommunications.
Simulescu headed the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications before
Its dissolution and assumed his present position at the time it was
merged. under the new Ministry.
In controlling the operations of the Department, the Deputy
Minister receives administrative and staff support from several cen-
tral directorates and receives material supply support from the
General Directorate for Material Supplies. These directorates, how-
ever, are directly subordinate to the Minister for Transportation
and Telecommunications and provide similar services to other depart-
ments of the Ministry.
The Deputy Minister has two deputies, Gheorghe Dime and
Grigore Marin, who assist in controlling the activities of the
Department. Although the specific activities which each controls
are not known, it is believed that they exercise control over their
assigned duties through three general directorates, one special
directorate, and several independent enterprises.
The General Directorate for Post, the General Directorate
for Telephone and Telegraph, and the General Directorate for Broad-
casting supervise the operational activities of the Department.
They maintain control of the regional and district post and tele-
communications activities of the Department by means of 16 regional
* Following p. 8.
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Figure 2
RUMANIA
ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
OF THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1958
MINISTER OF TRANSPORTATION
AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Deputy Minister of th Department of Post
and Telecommunications
General Directorate
for Material Supplies
Special Directorate
General Directorate
for Post
General Directorate
for Telephone and Telegraph
General Directorate
for Broadcasting
Research Institute for
Telecommunications
Telecommunications Design
and Project Institute
Central Di ectorates
for Planning and Finances,
Investment, Personnel,
Cadre, and Schooling
16 Regional Directorates
for Post and Telecommunications
Measuring Service*
Telecommunications
Workshops
Telecommunications
Construction Enterprise
Sect' n for
Telephone and Telegraph
Section for Post
Section for Broadcasting
District Offices for
Post and Telecommunications
*The Department of Post and Telecommunications provides the fac,hties. equipment, and technical personnel
for the operation of ramrmng stations. The Ministry of Internal Affairs determines the extent and scope of
27542 2-59 lamming activities. including the selection of lamming targets
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directorates which are under their immediate jurisdiction. The
regional directorates correspond to the political divisions of the
country and have subordinate district offices which correspond to
the number of districts in a region. Both the regional directorates
and their subordinate district offices are organized in a similar
manner, each having sections for post, telephone and telegraph, and
broadcasting.
Before 1956 the responsibility for all jamming activities in
Rumania rested with the Special Directorate. In that year the
General Directorate for Broadcasting assumed this responsibility in
addition to its responsibilities for operating and maintaining all
broadcasting services and facilities in the country. The jamming
responsibility, however, is nominal, and the General Directorate
for Broadcasting, as was the case for its predecessor, is called
upon only to provide the facilities, equipment, and technical per-
sonnel necessary for the operation of jamming facilities. Actual
responsibility for jamming activities in Rumania has always rested
with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which not only determines the
extent and scope of jamming activities but also selects jamming
targets. 2/
The Special Directorate of the Department of Post and Tele-
communications supervises the construction of all public telecom-
munications facilities in Rumania. The Directorate is also re-
sponsible for the installation and maintenance of all functional
telecommunications facilities
Included in these are the following: facilities for
the jamming service; facilities for the Border Guards and Security
Police; and facilities for the Plan,"*
initiated by the USSR for use
in the event of general mobilization or emergency. In performing
its duties the Special Directorate works closely with the Tele-
communications Construction Enterprise, which does the actual con-
struction work, and the Telecommunications Design and Project In-
stitute, which provides all blueprints and plans necessary for the
construction. LI
Because many of the functions of the Department of Post and
Telecommunications do not fall within the general area of responsi-
bility of either the general directorates or the Special Directorate,
there have been established within the Department various independent
enterprises which are directly subordinate to the Deputy Minister.
The most important of these are the following: the Research Insti-
tute for Telecommunications, the Telecommunications Design and Project
* Hereafter referred to as the special telecommunications network.
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Institute, the Telecommunications Workshops, and the Telecommunica-
tions Construction Enterprise. In carrying out their assigned
duties these enterprises support the activities of the other com-
ponents of the Department.
The Radiobroadcasting and Television Committee, which is an
independent organ of government directly subordinate to the Council
of Ministers, is responsible for all broadcasting services in Rumania.
In this capacity it works closely with the General Directorate for
Broadcasting, which maintains and operates the broadcasting equipment
used by the Committee, and the Radio Directorate of the Ministry of
Education and Culture, which selects all programs to be prepared for
broadcasting by the Committee. 2/ The organization of the Radio-
broadcasting and Television Committee is shown in Figure 3.*
The ministerial merger which occurred in Rumania in March 1957
did not affect the ability of the Department of Post and Telecommuni-
cations to provide the country with post and telecommunications ser-
vices. The organization of the Department appears to be consistent
with these basic responsibilities. The establishment of the Depart-
ment within the framework of the Ministry of Transportation and Tele-
communications should result in a reduction and a more efficient
utilization of the Department's administrative personnel and in a more
effective and better coordinated investment program. Furthermore, the
appointment of an individual of such high rank as General Bodnares to
head the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications gives some
indication of the importance now being attached to the transportation
and telecommunications sectors of the Rumanian economy.
B. Revenue.
Total public post and telecommunications revenue in Rumania,
as shown in Table 1,** is estimated to have increased from 444 million
lei in 1950 to 1,032 million lei in 1958, an increase of about 132 per-
cent. Although these figures are based on fragmentary data, they are
of an order of magnitude comparable with that in other Soviet Bloc
countries.
With the exception of the years 1954 and 1958, the rate of
growth in total revenue was relatively stable during this period. In
1954, there was a decrease in total revenue. This decrease is be-
lieved to be attributable to the economic crisis which occurred in
Rumania during that year. In 1958, revenue increased about 19 percent
compared with 1957. This abnormally high rate of growth is attributed
mainly to the increase of local telephone rates which occurred in
December 1957.***
Following p. 10.
** Table 1 follows on p. 11.
*** Text continued on
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Department of Post
and Telecommunications
General Directorate
for Broadcasting*
27544 2-59
RUMANIA
ORGANIZATION OF THE RADIOBROADCASTING
AND TELEVISION COMMITTEE, 1958
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Radiobro dcasting
and Televisio i Committee
Administrative Section
Figure 3
Ministry of Education
and Culture
Radio Dir ctorate**
Radio Section
Wire-Diffusion Section
Television Section
*The General Directorate for Broadcasting provides the facilities for the transmission and relay
of programs of the Radiobroadcasting and Television Committee.
**The Radio Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture makes the selection of programs
to be prepared for broadcasting by the Radiobroadcastmg and Television Committee.
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X.aLar A.
Table 1
Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications Revenue
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Million Current Lei
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Postal revenue hi
133.2
152.7
171.1
194.0
191.3
218.6
242.8
260.7
309.7
Telecommunications revenue 2/
310.7
356.3
399.3
452.7
444.3
510.0
566.5
608.2
722.3
Telephone 4/
257.8
293.6
329.7
366.7
344.1
388.1
424.3
448.5
542.8
Interurban 2/
194.6
225.4
258.8
290.6
259.7
299.1
329.1
348.0
386.6
Local 1/
62.7
67.7
70.6
75.6
81.7
88.4
94.6
100.0
155.4
Installation B./
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
Telegraph 12/
20.6
24.6
22.2
27.4
27.5
26.4
28.2
28.5
27.9
Broadcast
32.3
38.1
47.4
58.6
74.8
95.5
114.0
131.2
151.6
Radiobroadcast 1/
31.9
36.8
43.8
50.2
59.2
70.3
82.0
95.1
110.0
Television
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
2.9
Wire diffusion h/
0.4
1.3
3.6
8.4
15.6
25.2
32.0
35.2
38.7
Total post and telecom-
munications revenue
443.9
509.0
570.4
646.7
635.6
728.6
809.,3
868.9
1)032.0
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of and
operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications from March
1957 through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand lei.
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Table 1
Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications Revenue
In Rumania
1950-58
(Continued)
b. Estimated on the assumption that telecommunications revenue comprised 70 percent of total revenue
and that the remaining 30 percent was postal revenue. This estimate was based on fragmentary informa-
tion and on analogy with the postal revenue in Poland. g
c. The revenue for each of the services was derived by applying known and estimated telecommunica-
tions price data to known and estimated telecommunications service volumes, as shown below for the
specific services.
d. Because of obscurities in the data reported, total telephone revenue does not include charges
in excess of the monthly base rates for both state and private subscribers.
e. Derived from the figure for interurban telephone calls from both regular and leased circuits.
Revenue from regular circuits was computed by multiplying the number of calls for 1950-58 from
Table 8 (p. 31, below) by the estimated average revenue of 6 lei per call 1/ Revenue from leased
circuits was assumed to be 30 percent of total interurban telephone revenue.
f. Derived by multiplying the total number of telephone subscribers by the estimated average annual
telephone rate per subscriber. Telephone subscribers for 1950-58 are from Table 7 (p. 30, below).
No information is available as to how many of these were state subscribers and how many were private
subscribers; however, the distribution was assumed to be similar to that in the USSR, which is 70 per-
cent state subscribers and 30 percent private subscribers. On the basis of this distribution, the
estimated average annual rate of 720 lei for state subscribers and 350 lei for private subscribers
was applied for 1950-57. An increase in telephone rates occurred in 1958 and was accounted for by
estimating the average annual rates for state subscribers and private subscribers to be 84o lei and
950 lei, respectively. All estimated average annual telephone rates were derived from Table 6 (p. 29,
below) and were weighted in accordance with their relative importance in the economy.
g. Computed by multiplying the number of new telephone subscribers by an estimated installation fee
of 58 lei. p../
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Table 1
Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications Revenue
in Rumania
1950-58
(Continued)
h. Derived from the figure for telegrams from both regular and leased telegraph circuits. Revenue
from regular circuits was computed by multiplying the number of telegrams sent for 1950-58 from
Table 9 (p. 34, below) by the estimated average revenue of 5 lei per telegram. Revenue from leased
circuits was assumed to be 15 percent of total telegraph revenue.
1. Computed. by multiplying the estimated midyear figure for radiobroadcast receiver subscribers for
1950-58 from Table 11 (p. 43, below) by the annual subscriber tax of 108 lei. 2V Revenue from per-
mit fees was computed by multiplying the estimated midyear figure for the number of new subscribers
by the permit fee of 50 lei. 12/
j. Computed by multiplying the estimated midyear figure for television receiver subscribers for
1957-58 from Table 11 (p. 43, below) by the annual subscriber tax of 220 lei. 11V
k. Computed by multiplying the estimated midyear figure for wire-diffusion subscribers for 1950-58
from Table 11 (p. 43, below) by the annual subscriber tax of 60 lei. There are no installation fees
for mire-diffusion subscribers in Rumania.
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Of the total revenue received by the Department of Post and
Telecommunications, it is estimated that revenue derived from tele-
communications services accounts for about 70 percent and that from
postal service for about 30 percent. Telephone revenue has provided
consistently the major portion of total telecommunications revenue,
accounting for about 75 percent in 1958. In this same year the per-
centage contributions to total telecommunications revenue by broad-
casting and telegraph services amounted to about 21 percent and 4 per-
cent, respectively. The contribution of broadcasting revenue to total
telecommunications revenue has increased gradually since 1950, at which
time its percentage contribution was about 10 percent.
The Department of Post and Telecommunications does not re-
tain all revenue derived from broadcasting services. Revenue re-
ceived from broadcasting subscription fees is divided equally between
the Radiobroadcasting and Television Committee of the Rumanian Council
of Ministers and the Department. This division is believed to be com-
mensurate with the value of the respective services performed. 1E/
In the future the Department of Post and Telecommunications
is expected to continue expanding its service volumes. Established
rates now in force for these services are expected to continue with
little or no change. For these reasons, therefore, future growth
of public post and telecommunications revenue is expected to continue
at an annual rate comparable to that achieved during 1950-58.
C. Investment.
Estimated annual investment in post and telecommunications
in Rumania, as shown in Table 2,* increased from 137 million lei in
1950 to 167 million lei in 1958, an increase of about 22 percent.
This growth, however, was not consistent and was marked by frequent
fluctuations throughout this period.
During 1950-53, post and telecommunications investment in-
creased about 80 percent, reflecting the investment needs of major
projects aimed at expanding the telephone, radiobroadcasting, and
wire-diffusion networks of the country. In 1954, post and telecom-
munications investment declined about 45 percent, resulting in a
level of investment lower than that achieved in 1950. The decline
in 1954, however, was the result of the general cutback of invest-
ment in all economic sectors which resulted from the critical dif-
ficulties confronting the Rumanian economy in 1953 and 1954. There
was a slight increase in the level of post and telecommunications
investment in 1955 and 1956. This increase resulted from expendi-
tures for the construction of microwave radio relay facilities and
* Table 2 follows on p. 15.
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Table 2
Estimated Total Public Post and Telecommunications Investment
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Million Current Lei
1950 1951 1952 . 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957, 1958
Total post and telecommuni-
cations investment 137 hi 151 hi 203 1_)/ 246 .12/ 135 12/ 144 12/ 189 12/ 178 12/ 167 si
Index of investment di
(1950 = 100)
100 110 148 179 98 105 138 130 122
a. The term yublic in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of and
operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the Depart-
ment of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications from
March 1957 through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest million lei.
b. Investment in post and telecommunications is estimated to be 14 percent of investment for both
transportation and telecommunications. 13/
c. Assuming the same absolute decrease for 1957-58 as for 1956-57.
d. Computed from unrounded data.
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for the program for the continued development of the special telecom-
munications network.* In 1957 and 1958, nevertheless, the downward
trend in investment reasserted itself, and at the end of 1958 the level
of investment in the post and telecommunications sector of the economy
was most nearly comparable to the level of investment in this sector in
1951. 15/
In the near future, investment in the post and telecommunications
sector of the Rumanian economy should increase. Substantial additions to
the current level of investments are necessary if major goals of the Sec-
ond Five Year Plan (1956-60) for this sector are to be met. These goals
include major projects for the expansion and improvement of the local
and interurban telephone networks of the country and for the development
of a nationwide frequency modulation (FM) radiobroadcasting network. In
addition, many other telecommunications facilities and services such as
amplitude modulation (AM) radiobroadcasting, wire diffusion, television,
subscriber telegraph (TELEX),** and inter-Bloc facilities under OSS will
undergo continued development.
D. Manpower.
1. Labor Force.
The number of post and telecommunications employees in Ruma-
nia, as shown in Table 3,*** is estimated to have increased from 22,400
employees in 1950 to 401,600 employees in 1958, an increase of about 81
percent. This increase in personnel generally reflects the expansion
of post and telecommunications facilities and services in the country
which occurred during this period.
For the most part, the annual growth in personnel since 1950
has been consistent, with the exception of 1957. In 1957, there was a
slight decrease in the level of post and telecommunications employment.
This decrease is attributed to the uncertainties that existed in the
Department of Post and Telecommunications in consequence of the minis-
terial reorganization which occurred in that year. In 1958, employment
again rose. It is believed that this trend probably will continue in the
immediate future, although at an average annual rate somewhat less than
before. The basis for this assumption is the apparent leveling off since
* See V, C, 1, b, p. 36, below.
** TELEX is a term applied to a system of subscriber telegraph used in
European countries. As Rumania has a subscriber telegraph network which
will probably be connected with this European network, the term TELEX is
.used in this report to describe the Rumanian network.
*** Table 3 follows on p. 17.
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Table 3
Estimated Number of Public Post and Telecommunications Employees
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Thousand Units
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Number of employees 22.4 25.0 27.4 30.4 33.8 36.0 38.9 38.8 40.6 12/
Index of employment
(1950 = 100) 100 112 122 136 151 161 174 173 181
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the
control of and operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications from 1950 to
March 1957 and of the Department of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of
Transportation and Telecommunications from March 1957 through 1958.
b. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth of 4.7 percent shown
during 1955-57.
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1956 of the annual rate of growth of total postal volume* and the
belief that the merger of the Department within the framework of the
Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications will result in the
transfer of some personnel previously employed in nonoperating duties
to operating assignments.
The over-all quality and performance of the labor force of
the. Department of Post and Telecommunications is believed to be ade-
quate to meet minimum requirements. Indicated shortages of qualified
engineering and technical personnel have not as yet seriously hampered
the operations of the Department. The substantial growth of post and
telecommunications service volumes since 1950 supports this belief.
2. Wages.
Wage rates for employees in all sectors of the Rumanian
economy are established in accordance with qualifications standards
issued by the government. Employees qualifying under these standards
are paid a predetermined official basic wage. This basic wage may be
supplemented by bonuses and other allowances established by the gov-
ernment on the basis of performance. Although piecework rates are
generally favored as a basis of compensation in most sectors of the
economy, it is not clear whether this method of remuneration is used
for employees in the post and telecommunications sector.
Fragmentary wage data available for recent years shows
that the average annual wage of employees in the post and telecommuni-
cations sector is lower than in other economic sectors. In 1956 the
average annual wage of employees in public post and telecommunications
was about 6,000 lei, whereas the average annual wage of employees in
other economic sectors was about 8,400 lei. The disparity between
these wage levels is believed to result from the large proportion of
relatively low-paid postal employees in the post and telecommunications
labor force. Evidence shows that specific groups of highly skilled
employees in the labor force, such as technicians and engineers who
install, operate, and maintain telecommunications facilities, receive
substantially higher wages than postal employees, but because their
number is relatively small, their higher wage rates have little effect
on the over-all post and telecommunications wage level. 17/
The average annual wage of post and telecommunications em-
ployees in Rumania will increase in 1958. This increase, however, will
not result from significant increases in labor productivity but rather
from the wage reform policy introduced in late 1957 by the government.
This policy, initiated to counteract the imbalance which exists between
* See IV, p. 24, below.
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wages and prices in Rumania, raised the official basic wage rate for
all categories of employees in all sectors of the economy.
3. Training.
The training facilities and activities of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications of Rumania are not extensive. Neverthe-
less, they are considered to be adequate to provide necessary minimum
skills.
Training facilities operated by the Department include
technical and vocational telecommunications schools located at Bucha-
rest and Timisoara, a postal school located at Sibiu, and a radio-
jamming school located at Baneasa. In addition to the full-time train-
ing programs conducted at these schools, the Department conducts on-
the-job training programs at various enterprises throughout the coun-
try. In 1955, for example, all post offices in Rumania conducted
training courses for their employees. Instructors for these as well
as other training programs operated by the Department are recruited
from among the outstanding employees of its enterprises.
The training programs of the Department are supplemented
by training arrangements at various universities and specialized
schools. It is estimated that in 1957 there were about 980 students
majoring in electronics and telecommunications at these institutions.
Although shortages of highly skilled personnel exist in
the post and telecommunications sector, they have not seriously ham-
pered the operations. Plans for the expansion of the post and tele-
communications system do not entail the introduction of substantial
amounts of more complex equipment. For these reasons, therefore, it
Is believed that no significant expansion in the training facilities
and activities of the Department of Post and Telecommunications will
occur in the future.
4. Labor Productivity.
An absolute measure of labor productivity for individual
post and telecommunications services in the Department of Post and
Telecommunications of Rumania cannot be computed at this time, because
available data on the labor force are inadequate. Nevertheless, an
indirect measure of labor productivity has been derived by dividing
the estimated total annual public post and telecommunications revenue
by the estimated total annual public post and telecommunications labor
force.*
* Although the resultant estimated average annual revenue per worker
Is a means of measuring labor productivity, gootnote continued on p. 227
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Average revenue per public post and telecommunications
worker, as shown in Table 4,* is estimated to have increased from 19,800
lei in 1950 to about 25,400 lei in 1958, an increase of about 28 percent.
The average annual rate of growth during this period amounted to about
3 percent, and, with the exception of a decline in 1954, average revenue
per worker showed an increase in every year. The decrease in 1954 was
caused by a reduction in total revenue along with continued expansion
of the labor force.
There were abnormally high increases in average revenue per
worker in 1957 and 1958, amounting to about 8 percent and 13 percent,
respectively. The increase in 1957 resulted from a slight decrease in
the labor force which was accompanied by the continued growth of total
revenue during the year. The increase in 1958 resulted from the excep-
tional growth of total revenue, which more than offset the moderate in-
crease in the labor force.
If measured in terms of average revenue per worker, future
growth of labor productivity in the post and telecommunications sector
should be comparable to that achieved during 1950-58. This estimate
is conditioned by the expectation that future growth in post and tele-
communications employment will level off and that planned increases in
the volume of post and telecommunications services will produce increases
in total revenue.
E. Equipment.
Rumania produces some telecommunications equipment. This out-
put, however, is limited to relatively simple telecommunications items
and consequently is not adequate to meet the equipment needs of the
Department of Post and Telecommunications. The Department, therefore,
depends heavily upon imports to meet its minimum requirements for tele-
communications equipment.
1. Production.
The telecommunications equipment industry of Rumania has
Free World origins. Before 1948, foreign-owned plants** were the
it should be used with the knowledge that the figure may be weighted
by conditions unrelated to physical output levels. An increase in
total revenue which is derived from rate increases rather than from
absolute increases in physical output is an example of such a condi-
tion.
* Table 4 follows on p. 21.
** The Standard Telephone and Radio Factory, a subsidiary of the Inter-
national Telephone and Telegraph Company (IT & T) of the US and the
Phillips Company of the Netherlands.
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Table 4
Estimated Productivity of Public Post and TelecomMunications Employees
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Current Lei
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958,
Average annual revenue per
employee 12/
19,800
20,400
20,800
21,300
18,800
20,200
20,800
22,400
25,400
Index of labor productivity s/
(1950 = 100)
100
103
105
107
95
102
105
113
128
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of and
operated by the Ministry of POst and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications from March
1957 through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred units. For exceptions to the esti-
mation of productivity in this manner, see the footnote, p. 19, above.
b. Derived by dividing total post and telecommunications revenue by total post and telecommunications
labor force. For data on revenue and labor force, see Tables 1 and 3, pp. 11 and 17, respectively,
above.
c. Computed from unrounded data.
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major producers of telecommunications equipment in the country. In
1948 the industry was nationalized, and control passed to the Rumanian
government. Although the productive capacity of the industry was ex-
panded during the ensuing years, this expansion was limited both by a
lack of investment funds and by the low level of telecommunications
technology in the country. 12/
Currently the major facilities producing telecommunications
equipment are located in Bucharest and consist of the Electromagnetica
Plant (formerly the Standard Plant), the Radio Popular Plant (formerly
the Phillips Plant), and the Telecommunications Workshops. Both the
Electromagnetica and the Radio Popular plants are subordinate to the
Ministry of Heavy Industry, whereas the Telecommunications Workshops
are subordinate to the Department of Post and Telecommunications. The
Electromagnetica Plant is the largest of these plants, employing about
2,000 workers.
Generally, the telecommunications equipment produced in
Rumania is limited to relatively simple types of telephone and radio-
broadcasting equipment. In recent years, however, limited quantities
of more complex equipment have been produced. In 1955, for example,
the Electromagnetica Plant began production of rotary 7-D automatic
telephone switchboards. Furthermore, in 1956 this same plant and the
Telecommunications Workshops of the Department of Post and Telecommu-
nications began production of a 100-line semiautomatic telephone switch-
board. In spite of these advances in production, the current output of
the telecommunications equipment industry is unable to meet the equip-
ment needs of the Department. In consequence, the Department is com-
pelled to maintain a high level of imports of telecommunications equip-
ment. 20/
Plans for the future of the telecommunications equipment
industry call for increased outputs of equipment currently in produc-
tion as well as for the development and production of more complex
equipment. These plans, if achieved, will facilitate the planned ex-
pansion of the telecommunications system, in particular the expansion
of the local telephone networks.
2. Imports and Exports.
The Rumanian Department of Post and Telecommunications
imports large quantities of telecommunications equipment from various
Free World and Soviet Bloc countries. Imports of the Department are
administered by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and are handled by sev-
eral national foreign trade enterprises, the most important of which
is Industrialimport.
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Imports of equipment from Free World countries include
microwave radio relay equipment from Switzerland, telephone equipment
from Belgium, and various types of components from Austria, West Ger-
many, and the US. Imports of equipment from Soviet Bloc countries in-
clude telephone exchange equipment from Hungary, radiobroadcasting and
television equipment from the USSR and Czechoslovakia, microwave radio
relay equipment from East Germany, and jamming equipment from Hungary
and Czechoslovakia. 21/
In 1957 the Department of Post and Telecommunications was
allocated about 7.5 million lei for the import of equipment for use in
the public telecommunications system of the country. Of this amount,
about 4.5 million lei were appropriated for imports of telephone and
telegraph equipment and 3 million lei for imports of radiobroadcasting
equipment. In addition to these funds the Department also was allo-
cated about 2.3 million lei for imports of jamming equipment.
In spite of its limited production capability, Rumania
exports some telecommunications equipment. Although negligible in
absolute amounts, these exports appear to be motivated primarily by
considerations of prestige if not of economic penetration. In 1957,
for example, Rumania exported telephone handsets to India, Egypt, and
Indonesia. The sale price per handset was about 90 lei, whereas the
production cost was about 400 lei.
Future Rumanian imports of telecommunications equipment
are expected to remain at a high level because domestic production to
meet the minimum equipment needs of the Department of Post and Tele-
communications will continue to be inadequate. These imports will in-
clude equipment both for the maintenance and for the planned expansion
of the telecommunications system.
3. Technology.
Rumania has a relatively low level of technology in the
field of telecommunications in comparison with other countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc. Currently, research programs in this field are di-
rected generally toward the development of equipment originated by
other countries rather than toward original research.
Research and development programs in the Department of
Post and Telecommunications are conducted by the Research Institute
for Telecommunications. It is responsible for the development of
equipment which will aid in the operation and maintenance of the
telecommunications facilities of the Department. Its most notable
achievement to date is believed to have been the development in 1955
of an experimental television transmitter. The Institute probably
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also aided in the development in 1956 of a 100-line semiautomatic tele-
phone switchboard for use in local telephone networks. ,22/
The Research Institute for Telecommunications is maintained
by the Department of Post and Telecommunications for research on tele-
communications, and the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Heavy
Industry also operate institutes for this purpose. Although little in-
formation is available as to the accomplishments of these institutes,
it is believed that research institutes of the Ministry of Heavy Indus-
try have been engaged in research on microwave radio relay equipment
since 1955.
Improvement in the level of research and development of
telecommunications equipment in Rumania would facilitate the planned
expansion of the telecommunications system. In the past, such improve-
ment has been hampered by shortages of competent telecommunications
research personnel and shortages of adequate research facilities. Be-
cause these shortages still exist, no significant change in research
and development of telecommunications equipment is expected to occur
in the immediate future.
IV. Postal Services.
The postal system of Rumania, which is operated and maintained by
the General Directorate for Post of the Department of Post and Tele-
communications, is an important link in the communications structure
of the country. Besides providing service to meet governmental needs,
the postal system is the major communications medium available to the
public.
Postal service is available throughout Rumania and is provided by
a nationwide network of main post offices, local post offices, and
postal stations. Although data showing the breakdown of postal facil-
ities in Rumania are not available, it is estimated that there were
about 5,200 local post offices in the country in 1957.
The total volume of regular mail service in Rumania consists of
letters, packages, newspapers and periodicals, and money orders. In
addition to this regular service, the postal system also provides
postal savings service, telegram delivery service, and collection ser-
vice for radiobroadcasting, wired loudspeaker, and television sub-
scription fees.
Total postal volume, excluding packages, for 1950-58 is shown in
Table 5.* Letters and newspapers and periodicals comprise the major
* Table 5 follows on p. 25.
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Table 5
,Estimated Postal Volume
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Million Units
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Letters
146
167
178
210
200
214
228
234
238 12/
Newspapers and periodicals
Money orders
172
4
196
5
300
5
681
10
700
12
754
13
727
14
722
16
720 12/
18 2/
Total
322
368
483
901
912
981
969
972
976
Index of postal volume
(1950 = 100)
100
114
150
280
283
305
301
302
303
a. All data are
rounded to the
nearest million units
b. Computed on the assumption that the number
periodicals (180 million) in the first quarter
year (a situation existing in 1957).
c. Computed on the assumption that the number
(4.1 million) was 23 percent of the number for
1957). 2/
of letters (59.6 million) and newspapers and
was 25 percent of the number for the whole
of money orders in the first quarter
the whole year (a situation existing in
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portion of this total. Letter volumes have increased regularly each
year since 1950, with the exception of a slight decline in 1954. The
decline in 1954 is believed to be related to domestic economic diffi-
culties during that year. Volumes of newspaper and periodical service
show marked fluctuations, ranging from an increase of 127 percent in
1953 above the level of 1952 to slight yearly decreases during 1956-58.
The reasons for these fluctuations are not known, but it is believed
that the sharp increase in 1953 probably resulted from a transference
to the postal system of additional responsibilities for the distribu-
tion of reading matter.
The postal system of Rumania does not provide effective service.
Nail delivery is slow, with a high incidence of loss. These short-
comings have resulted not only from inefficient postal techniques
but also from the lack of mechanized postal transport. Cognizant of
these deficiencies, the Department of Post and Telecommunications
planned to introduce in 1957 postal mechanization techniques for the
processing and transport of mail. The effects of the introduction of
these techniques are not yet known. 26/
In spite of its shortcomings, postal service is adequate to meet
the minimal needs of the country. In the First Five Year Plan (1951-55),
primary emphasis was given to the extension of mail delivery service
to rural areas. This goal largely was completed by the end of the plan
period through the establishment of about 2,400 additional post offices
and postal stations throughout the country.
No important changes in the Rumanian postal system are expected
to occur in the near future. This assumption is based on the fact
that the Second Five Year Plan (1956-60) gives little attention either
to improving or to expanding postal service. Any improvement or ex-
pansion of this service, therefore, will depend primarily on the suc-
cess achieved by the Department of Post and Telecommunications in the
introduction of mechanization techniques.
V. Telephone and Telegraph Services.
Telephone and telegraph services in Rumania are provided by the
General Directorate for Telephone and Telegraph of the Department of
Post and Telecommunications. Extensive low-capacity wireline facili-
ties, supplemented by microwave radio relay and point-to-point radio
facilities, are used for these services. The service provided by the
telephone and telegraph system in Rumania leaves much to be desired
in terms of capacity, efficiency, and availability of service. It is,
nevertheless, adequate to meet the minimum needs of the state sector
of the economy and in addition to provide some service, particularly
?telegraph, to the private sector of the economy. Of the services
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provided by the system, telephone is the most extensive. In 1958, for
example, the volume of interurban telephone calls was more than 9 times
the volume of total telegrams sent.
Future plans call for expanding and improving both the facilities
and services of the telephone and telegraph system.
A.
Telephone.
The telephone system provides domestic and international ser-
vice which is adequate to meet the rapidly expanding needs of the eco-
nomy for communications. Facilities of the system provide service to
most urban and many rural areas of the country. The extent of the tele-
phone system in Rumania is shown in the accompanying map (see Figure 4*).
Telephone service in Rumania has widespread geographic coverage.
The density of coverage varies markedly between large urban areas, which
have heavy concentration, and smaller urban and rural areas, with little
or no concentration. In 1957, for example, there were about 57 tele-
phone subscribers per 1,000 population in 12 large cities** in contrast
to about 9 telephone subscribers per 1,000 population for the entire
country.
Telephone service in Rumania increased gradually but steadily
during 1950-58. The following tabulation shows the growth in service
in terms of telephone subscribers per 1,000 population:
Telephone Subscribers*** per Thousand Population
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
6.3 6.7 7.0 7.4 7.9 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.8
In spite of a steady growth in the number of telephone subscribers, the
demand for telephone service far outreaches the supply. In consequence,
telephone service is more widely available for subscribers in the state
sector of the economy than for subscribers in the private sector.
* Inside back cover.
** Arad, Bacau, Braila, Brasov,
Oradea, Ploesti, Sibiu, and Timiso
*** Computed from unrounded data
lation estimates were prepared by
of official Rumanian statistics.
to be about 18 million.
Constants, Craiova, Galati, Iasi,
ara.
used in Table 7, p. 30, below. Popu-
the Bureau of the Census on the basis
The population for 1958 is estimated
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The allocation of telephone service between state and private
subscribers is governed directly on a priority basis and indirectly on
a rate basis. In 1948 and 1949, and again in 1953, telephone service
for many private subscribers was curtailed and was reallocated on a
priority basis among state subscribers -- Party, government, military,
and economic enterprises.* This action reduced the number of private,
nonpriority telephone subscribers by more than 35 percent. 21/
The telephone rate structure in Rumania, as shown in Table 6,**
discriminates against private subscribers. The rate schedule before
1957 favored state subscribers over private subscribers, and the rate
increase in December 1957 greatly widened the difference between the
two. A comparison, for example, of rates charged state economic enter-
prises with rates charged private economic enterprises reveals that
before the rate change in 1957, private enterprises were charged about
25 percent more than state enterprises for the same service. On the
basis of the 1957 rate schedule, the same comparison showed a 250-per-
cent difference.
Total telephone subscribers and total interurban telephone
calls in Rumania, as shown in Table 7*** and Table 8,**** respectively,
increased substantially during 1950-58. The annual increase in sub-
scribers averaged about 7 percent per year and compared favorably with
the average annual rate of growth maintained by most other countries of
the Soviet Bloc during this period. Although 1954 showed a decrease
of about 10 percent, the rate of growth in the number of interurban
telephone calls was high during this period and averaged about 9 per-
cent per year. The year 1954 was unique in that the number of inter-
urban calls decreased substantially. The cause for the decrease is
probably related to the economic crisis in Rumania in that year and to
the drastic changes in the plan goals which resulted therefrom. The
limited growth in 1957 was caused primarily by the limited line capa-
city of telephone exchanges.
The local Rumanian telephone network uses both automatic and
manual telephone exchanges. The automatic telephone exchanges, which
serve the bulk of telephone subscribers, are located only in large
urban centers. The number of automatic telephone exchanges increasedt
Listed in order of priority.
Table 6 follows on p. 29.
Table 7 follows on p. 30.
Table 8 follows on p. 31.
Text continued on 16. 32.
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Table 6
Local Telephone Rates in Rumania, by State and Private Sector 51/
1954-58
Intb3.y Charge (Lei)
State sector
Politics]. and social
institutions
Unlimited Call Service Limited Call Service
1 January 1954 - 30 November 1957 /2/ 1 Eacember 1957 - 1958 9/ 1Jantoverlbects 1 December 1957 - 1958 CL
One-party line
12.50
45.00
30.00
30.00 V
Two-party line
110.00
40.00
2/
2/
Economic enterprises
One-party line
60.00
70.00
40.00 V
40.00 V
Two-party line
55.07
80.00
1/
ei
Private sector
Individuals
One-party line
25.00
SI
20.00
60.00 8/
Two-party line
18.75
35.00
Grasp Party line
Si
2/
SI
25.00
Professional
One-party line
Wo-party line
42.50st,
30.03 sy
V
200.0040.00
120.o0
Economic enterprises
One-Party line
70.00
2/
50.00li
280.00
Two-party line
60.00
2/
160.c0
a. Rates apply only to services offered by the Departnent of Post elections ca ions of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications.
b. AV
c ?
d. Per 150 calls.
e. No service offered.
f. Per 100 calls.
g. Per 200 calls.
h. Per 300 calls.
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Table 7
Estimated Number of Public Telephone Subscribers
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Thousand Units
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Subscribers
103
111
116
124
134
145
155
164
178 12/
Index of public telephone subscribers 2/
(1950 = 100)
100
108
113
121
131
141
151
160
173
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of
and operated by the Ministry of Pbst and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the
Department of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunica-
tions from March 1957 through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand subscribers
b. Computed on the assumption that the number of subscribers in the first quarter (169,000)
was 95 percent of the number for the whole year (a situation existing in 1955-57).
c. Computed from unrounded data.
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Table 8
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls Handled over Public Facilities
in Rumania 21
1950-58
Million Units
Interurban calls
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
22.7 26.3 30.2 33.9 30.3 34.9 38.4 440.6 45.1 IV
Index of interurban telephone calls 2/
(1950 = 100) 100 116 133 150 134 154 170 179 199
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of and
operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications from March 1957
through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand calls
b. Computed on the assumption that the number of calls in the first quarter (10.4 million) was
23 percent of the number for the whole year (a situation existing in 1955-57).
c. Computed from unrounded data.
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from 17 in 1950 to about 28* in 1958. There were several hundred man-
ual telephone exchanges in use in 1958.
The telephone exchanges of the Rumanian interurban telephone
network are operated manually. In early 1957, however, semiautomati-
zation of rural exchanges in the various divisions of Bucharest regiune
(region) was begun, and by June 1958, most of the divisions of the re-
gion were equipped for semiautomatic service. At this same time the
semiautomatization of the rural exchanges in the Cluj, Craiova, Iasi,
Stalin, and Timisoara regions also was begun.
The telephone system as a whole is inadequate in exchange fa-
cilities and antiquated in exchange equipment. Most of the exchange
equipment currently in use was installed during 1930-40 by IT & T,
which at the time was operating the telephone system of the country.
Since nationalization of the facilities of IT & T in 1948, Rumania
has not been able to obtain from IT & T either new equipment or suffi-
cient replacement parts for these exchanges. Although new sources of
supply have been developed with Soviet Bloc countries, particularly
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR, the general mechanical effi-
ciency of the telephone exchange equipment has deteriorated.
Plans for the future development of the telephone system are.
directed toward increasing the capacity of local telephone networks
as well as toward continuing the semiautomatization of the interurban
telephone network. The capacity of the local telephone network will
be expanded through the installation of additional quantities of
urban and rural exchanges. These additional exchanges, especially
small 100-line rural exchanges, will be obtained from domestic pro-
duction. The semiautomatization of the interurban network, as noted
above, has already begun in several regions of the country. When
this program is completed, it will enable the grouping of rural ex-
changes into many semiautomatic networks and will make possible the
complete automatization of this network at some future date. The
fulfillment of these plans will effect a marked improvement in the
availability, speed, and efficiency of telephone service. Further-
more, it will enable the telephone system to handle the increased
demands for service resulting from the continued industrial develop-
ment of the country. An indication of what these demands may be was
given by the Deputy Minister for Post and Telecommunications, who,
* Four of the automatic exchanges are located in Bucharest and one
each in the cities of Arad, Bacau, Baia-Mare, Braila, Brasov, Buzau,
Cluj, Constanta, Craiova, Deva, Focsani, Galati, Giurgiu, Iasi, Lugoj,
Oradea, Pitesti, Ploesti, Sibiu, Sinaia, Suceava, Timisoara, Tirgoviste,
and Tirgu Mures.
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in January 1958, stated that at least 20,000 to 4o,000 new subscribers
lines per year would be needed to satisfy anticipated future demands. 12/
B. Telegraph.
Telegraph service in Rumania is available on a nationwide basis
for private and state users. It is considered to be adequate to meet
the needs of the country. Facilities of the telegraph network are lo-
cated usually in post offices and railroad stations throughout the coun-
try and provide both domestic and international telegraph service.
Telegraph traffic is carried by wireline facilities used in common with
the telephone system as well as by wireline facilities used exclusively
for telegraph traffic. Services provided by the telegraph network in-
clude regular telegraph, TELEX, and phototelegraph (facsimile) service.
Of these services, regular telegraph is most extensive.
The volume of telegrams sent in Rumania, as shown in Table 9,*
grew from 3.5 million in 1950 to 4.75 million in 1958, an increase of
about 35 percent. Growth in traffic volume during 1951-53 averaged
about 10 percent per year. Since 1953, however, the growth rate has
decreased, averaging less than 1 percent per year. The decrease in
the rate of growth since 1953 is probably related to the introduction
of TELEX service, which occurred during this period.
TELEX service was introduced in Rumania in October 1954. Al-
though little data are available on the growth of this service, it is
believed that its development has been slow. This limited develop-
ment probably reflects the ability of the telephone system to provide
adequate interurban service.
International facsimile service was introduced in Rumania in
February 1958. At that time, service was initiated only between Bucha-
rest and Moscow. Domestic facsimile service probably will be intro-
duced between all major cities of the country in the near future, and
international facsimile service will be available with most of the
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The efficiency of regular telegraph service in Rumania has
improved in recent years. In 1957, for example, telegrams could be
delivered to all parts of the country in about 4 hours, whereas the
delivery time in 1948 was more than 9 hours.
In spite of recent improvements in telegraph service, the
telegraph system is largely obsolescent. This has resulted primarily
from the accumulated neglect of the system which began in the early
* Table 9 follows on p: 34.
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Table 9
Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent over Public Facilities
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Million Units
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Telegrams sent 3.50 4.19 3.77 4.66 4.67 4.49 4.8o 4.85 4.75 12/
Index of telegrams sent 2/
(1950 = 100)
100 120 108 133 133 128 137 138 135
a. The term public in this table refers to the facilities and services under the control of and
operated by the Ministry of. Post and Telecommunications from 1950 to March 1957 and of the Department
of Post and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications from March
1957 through 1958. All data are rounded to the nearest ten thousand telegrams
b. Computed on the assumption that the number of telegrams in
22 percent of the number for the whole year (a situation which existed in 1955-57).
c. Computed from unrounded data.
the first quarter (1.0)1- million) was
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1930's. Future plans for the modernization of the system are associated
mainly with the gradual expansion of specialized telegraphic services,
such as TELEX. It is expected, therefore, that the volume of regular
telegraph traffic in Rumania will remain at its present level for some
time, but that the over-all volume of telegraph traffic will increase
gradually with the expanded use of TELEX services. 2L/
C. Common Telecommunications Facilities.
Common telecommunications facilities of the Department of Post
and Telecommunications of Rumania consist of wireline, microwave radio
relay, and point-to-point radio networks. Of these facilities, the
wireline network is the most important in providing domestic and inter-
national telephone and telegraph service. The microwave radio relay
network, although of limited capacity in 1958, will carry more traffic
in the future. The domestic point-to-point radio network carries some
telegraph traffic but is maintained primarily as a reserve facility for
domestic operations. The international point-to-point radio network
provides telephone and telegraph service to areas not served by inter-
national wirelines.
1. Wirelines.
The Department of Post and Telecommunications operates two
major networks in Rumania. One is a public wireline network associ-
ated with the public telephone and telegraph systems of the country,
and the other is a special telecommunications network for use in the
event of a general emergency. The special network is a joint tele-
communications network which includes several Soviet Bloc countries
and is controlled by the Ministry of Defense, whereas the public
wireline network is both controlled and operated by the Department
of Post and Telecommunications.
a. Public Network.
The public wireline network in Rumania is the major
facility employed in providing domestic and international telephone
and telegraph service. In addition, it is also used to relay radio-
broadcasting programs. The major lines of the network, as shown on
the accompanying map (see Figure 5*), originate in Bucharest and tend
to follow railroads and highways to all urban and many rural areas of
the country. There are international wireline connections to the USSR,
Hungary, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia.
* Inside back cover.
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The public wireline network consists of open wire and
multiconductor cable lines, with open wirelines predominating. All
multiconductor cable lines are underground and carry both telephone
and telegraph traffic. The size and capacity of the multiconductor
cable lines vary from 8 quads (the line between Bucharest and Giurgiu)
to 74 quads (the line between Bucharest and Ploesti). The capacity of
all multiconductor cable lines and of the major open wirelines is aug-
mented by multiplex equipment which provides 3, 8, and 15 telephone
channels.
The total telephone channel capacity of the interurban
wire and multiconductor cable lines increased substantially during
1948-57. Whereas in 1948 there were about 153,000 kilometers (km) of
interurban telephone channels, by 1957 interurban telephone channels
had grown to about 485,000 km. A large portion of this increase re-
sulted from the reconditioning of old lines as well as from the equip-
ping of these lines with multiplexing equipment. 32/
Similarly, during 1948-57 the length of telegraph wire-
lines in Rumania showed a substantial increase, amounting to about 80
percent. This increase was a significant achievement because the tele-
graph system required a large amount of new wirelines solely for the
replacement of old, wornout lines.
Because the Second Five Year Plan emphasizes the in-
creased use of microwave radio relay lines for interurban telephone
traffic, the public wireline network in Rumania will not expand at
the high rate achieved in previous years. There will be, neverthe-
less, a continuing need for additional amounts of wirelines and
possibly multiconductor cable lines as a consequence of the planned
semiautomatization of the interurban telephone network.
b. Special Telecommunications Network.
The special telecommunications network of Rumania,
as shown on the accompanying map (see Figure 6*), is operated by
the Department of Post and Telecommunications but controlled by the
Ministry of Defense. This network, which consists primarily of wire
and multiconductor cable lines, is capable of providing reliable
emergency telephone and telegraph service domestically to all parts
of the country and internationally to the USSR, Bulgaria, and Hungary.
Although the facilities of the network function as part of the public
telecommunications system, their use by the network is often limited.
* Following p. 36.
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Rgure 6
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BULCA'R IA
RUMANIA
SPECIAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK, 1958
Department of Post and Telecommunications
si m th.
Ministry of Transportatitand Telecommunications
nigibiatodialai notlergyynd
- Open *trans
Solterimine cabin
Narrower. radio Noy lino in ?gyration
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ALMERIM10-
Wet
2711), 251
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The impetus for the extablishment of the special tele-
communications network* came from the USSR in 1950. At that time the
network was described as part of a strategic telecommunications plan
which encompassed all countries of the Soviet Bloc except Albania. The
responsibility for the control of the network was assigned to the Min-
istry of Defense, and the responsibility for its construction was as-
signed to the Special Directorate of the then Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications. Completion of the network was originally scheduled for
1955, but the economic crisis in Rumania in 1953-54 has delayed comple-
tion until 1960.
Original plans for the construction of the special
telecommunications network called for the network to consist entirely
of wire and multiconductor cable lines. In 1953, however, mountainous
terrain and a lack of cable resulted in the cancellation of the planned
multiconductor cable line between Bucharest and Budapest. A microwave
radio relay line was substituted for this connection. The Bucharest-
Cluj portion of this microwave radio relay line was completed in 1955
and subsequently was incorporated into the special network. In spite
of its "special" status, the line has been used at full capacity as
part of the public telecommunications system, and its use in the spe-
cial telecommunications network has been reserved for emergency condi-
tions. Since 1955, all public microwave radio relay lines in Rumania
have been incorporated into the special network. These lines also have
continued to operate at full capacity as part of the public telecommuni-
cations system, and their use in the special telecommunications network,
as was the case for the Bucharest-Cluj line, has been reserved for emer-
gency conditions.
Much of the special telecommunications network has been
pieced together from wireline facilities already in service in the pub-
lic wireline network. A few new lines were constructed, their prime
purpose being to reduce the vulnerability of this network to attack.
Chief among these lines were the "communications rings" around the cities
of Buzau, Bucharest (2 rings), Cluj, Constanta, Craiova, Ploesti, and
Timisoara. Their value, however, is reduced somewhat because they con-
sist of aerial lines rather than of underground lines and thus are more
vulnerable to blast effects. Additional communications rings around the
cities of Bacau, Brasov, and Galati are believed to have been completed
In 1957 or 1958.
* It is strange that there is no intelligence information on similar
plans for other Sino-Soviet Bloc countries. The special telecommuni-
cations network concept may apply only to Rumania and may be related to
the defense of the large Ploesti petroleum complex located in the coun-
try, which may play a key role in the logistics of Soviet war plans.
-37-
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Existing lines of the public wireline network that
were incorporated in the special telecommunications network were re-
conditioned and changed to meet a standard band width of 60 kilocycles
(kc) for wirelines and 120 kc for multiconductor cable lines. Although
no reason is given for the selection of these particular band widths,
it may be inferred that they were adopted to conform with a common
standard for the Soviet Bloc.
Ten telecommunications reserve exchanges located in
close proximity to the communications rings were constructed to ser-
vice the special telecommunications network. All reserve exchanges
are used in the public telecommunications system, but only to insure
their operable condition. 11/
The special telecommunications network is almost com-
pleted. The largest project yet to be completed is the extension of
the microwave radio relay line from Cluj to Oradea, where it may con-
nect with a Hungarian microwave network. Other than this, the network
is not likely to be expanded in the future. Should the need arise, the
wide band widths of the wire and multiconductor cable lines now in exis-
tence may allow for increased channel capacity, thus minimizing the need
for the construction of additional amounts of wire and multiconductor
cable lines.
Although it is important to Rumania domestically, per-
haps the real significance of the special telecommunications network in
Rumania is its early indication of action taken by the USSR to establish
a Soviet Bloc-wide integrated telecommunications system. In spite of a
lack of direct correlation between the establishment of the special net-
work and the establishment of OSS* (because one preceded the other by
more than 5 years), the purposes and aims of the two show some striking
similarities. It may well be that the experience gained by the USSR in
initiating the establishment of this network was used in formulating the
program for the establishment and operation of OSS.
2. Microwave.
The microwave radio relay network in Rumania, as shown on
the accompanying map (see Figure 7**), is used to relay telephone traffic
and radiobroadcasting programs between the major cities of the country.
It functions as a public telecommunications facility but is incorporated
into the special telecommunications network.*** The first lines of the
microwave radio relay network were completed in 1955 between Bucharest
and Cluj and between Bucharest and Timisoara and carry both telephone
See II, p. 5, above.
** Following p. 38.
*** See 1, b, p. 36, above.
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../
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CZECII0SLOV A KIA
IleUNGAR
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RUMANIA
MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY NETWORK, 1958
Durparlmemt of Post and Tolocommunicalions
es or
Ministry of Transporkrlion and Telecommunications
- Joy 1p. apeaffen
- Islay 00., PineaS
O Tnina/ Ocala
o Macy Seim
Mear striae a/ a J. weds.
Onetint ?????1
Is?a?
7/440 751
SECRET
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traffic and radiobroadcasting programs. The lines between Bucharest
and. Craiova and between Bucharest and Constanta were completed in
1956 and 1957, respectively, and carry only telephone traffic. In
1958 the line between Bucharest and Iasi probably was completed.
There were about 2,000 km of microwave radio relay lines in Rumania
in January 1958. ley
Equipment for this microwave radio relay network was im-
ported from East Germany and Switzerland. East German microwave radio
'relay equipment having a capacity of 12 and 24 telephone channels is
used on the Bucharest-Constanta and Bucharest-Craiova lines, whereas
Swiss Brown-Boveri microwave radio relay equipment with a capacity of
12 telephone channels is used on the Bucharest-Cluj and Bucharest-Timi-
soars lines.
In the future the microwave radio relay network probably
will be extended from Cluj to Oradea and from Bucharest to Giurgiu.
The completion of these lines will allow connection of the Rumanian
microwave radio relay network with similar networks of Hungary and Bul-
garia. In addition to these extensions, the circuit capacity of the
network probably will be increased so that it may handle increased
volumes of telephone traffic and eventually relay television programs.
The expansion of the microwave radio relay network in
Rumania is likely to be gradual because the present wireline and micro-
wave radio relay networks in Rumania appear to be meeting the normal
telecommunications service requirements of the country.
3. Point-to-Point Radio.
a. Domestic.
The domestic point-to-point radio network of the
Department of Post and Telecommunications consists of 13 stations*
which service most of the larger cities in Rumania. It has been used
at times to carry telegraph traffic, but in recent years it has served
only as a reserve facility. The network is not likely to be expanded
or used for other than its present purposes. 12/
b. International.
The international point-to-point radio facilities of
Rumania consist of two radio stations located at Urziceni and Bucharest.
* The point-to-point radio stations are located near Alba Iulia, Bucha-
rest, Constanta, Craiova, Iasi, Oradea, Sanpetru, Sibiu, Suceava, Sulina,
Timisoara, TUlcea, and Urziceni.
-39-
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These stations, as shown on the accompanying map (see Figure 8*), pro-
vide radiotelegraph service to 25 countries and facsimile service to
Moscow. International telephone service is handled over wirelines from
Bucharest and is relayed through the major telecommunications centers
of Europe. No major changes in the international point-to-point radio
facilities of Rumania are expected. It is believed that these facili-
ties will continue to meet requirements. ISOI/
VI. Broadcasting' Services.
The broadcasting system of Rumania is composed of radiobroadcasting
and wire-diffusion networks and a television station. The transmission
base of this system, particularly that of the radiobroadcasting network,
is sufficient to provide effective domestic and international service.
Nevertheless, its domestic utility as a mass information medium is
limited because of the inadequacy of the domestic broadcast reception
base.**
In recent years, Rumania has substantially expanded its broadcast
reception base. Since 1955 the average annual rate of growth in radio-
broadcasting and wire-diffusion subscribers has been about 16 percent
and 10 percent, respectively. In 1958 there were about 1 million radio-
broadcast receivers and 675,000 wired loudspeakers in use.
FUture plans for broadcasting in Rumania emphasize the development
of a nationwide FM radiobroadcasting network. This network, which cur-
rently consists of two stations, will be expanded and designed for auto-
matic operation. The completion of this network is not likely for many
years.
A. Radiobroadcasting.
The railiobroadcasting network in Rumania is a mass information
medium which provides effective and efficient domestic and international
service. Domestic listeners can hear a minimum of one program with good
reception, and foreign listeners can hear much of the international ser-
vice with good reception. The locations of domestic and international
radiobroadcasting transmitters in Rumania are shown on the accompanying
map (see Figure 9*).
The transmission base of the radiobroadcasting network in Rumania
has grown rapidly since 1948. The number of domestic Al"! transmitters has
* Following p. 40.
** Including radio receivers, wire-diffusion loudspeakers, and tele-
vision receivers.
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120
CCPCICT
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/' .1 C I I /4
Figure 8
lc\
a
WV WY
RUMANIA
INTERNATIONAL RADIOTELEGRAPH CIRCUITS, 1958
Department of Post and Telecommunications
Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications
of the
IN 4400 00?
SS 11?1 ij A 4
Morse itronarnisshon unknown)
00 a Teletype and Morse None transmission type unknown)
Teletype
27441 2-59 CreD rT
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?7 F C It OS I.
L'
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RUMANIA
RADIO8ROADCASTING AND TELEVISION STATIONS, 1958
Department of Post and Telecommunications
al Ow
MI/ashy al Tramportation and Tolocommtmicatians
DOMESTIC REMAKE mooumnoN STATIONS?DA
was timeworn
?
DOMESTIC AMPLITUDE MACULATION STATIONS ?AM
mina rimmuirrn
?0
?In Ir. wd knit.
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?0
INTEINATIONAL AMPTINDE MODUIATION STATIONS?AM
mac rummenn
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TE^ LEVISION STATIONS
soon Junco
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Mr Ain imiler Maw trapeppin.
CONFIDENTIAL
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more than tripled, from 3 transmitters with a total power of 167 kilo-
watts (kw) in 1948 to 10 transmitters with a total power of 582 kw in
1958. In addition, two FM transmitters provide radiobroadcasting ser-
vice to the Bucharest area.111/ The estimated number of radiobroad-
casting transmitters in Rumania in 1958 is shown in Table 10.
Table 10
Estimated Location, Power, Frequency, and Type of Service
of Radiobroadcasting Transmitters in Rumania a/ ,
1958
Location
Power
(kilowatts)
Bacau
20
Brasov
150
Brasov
1
Bucharest 12/b
50
Frequency
(kilocycles)
1,052
155
1,487
15,373, 11,937,
7,195, or 5,980
Type of Service
Domestic
Domestic and
International
Domestic
International
Bucharest J
50
15,250 or 9,570
International
Bucharest
4
9,254
International
Bucharest
5
6,210
International
Bucharest
150
854
Domestic
Bucharest
5
1,430
Domestic
Bucharest
Unknown
68,300
Domestic, frequency
modulation (FM)
Bucharest
Unknown
99,100
Domestic; frequency
modulation (FM)
Cluj
6o
1,151
Domestic
Craiova
6o
1,457
Domestic
Miercurea-Ciuc
5
908
Domestic
Timisoara
1
557
Domestic
Timisoara
130
755
Domestic and
International
a. All transmitters are amplitude
modulation (AM) transmitters unless otherwise specified.
b. Denotes studio location; transmitter location unknown.
An unusual feature of the growth of the domestic radiobroad-
casting transmission base in Rumania has been the independent development
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of studios and transmitters. This development has had the effect of
creating a radiobroadcasting network with most transmitters serviced
by more than one studio. This unusual arrangement has resulted in an
efficient and economical use of studio and transmitter facilities. In
1958 there were nine radiobroadcasting studios in Rumania.
The radiobroadcast reception base in Rumania is one of the
lowest in the Soviet Bloc, but its annual rate of growth is among the
highest. Growth of radiobroadcast subscribers in Rumania during 1950-58,
as shown in Table 11,* has increased at a relatively constant rate and,
with the exception of 1953 and 1954, has averaged about 16 percent per
year. The decrease in the annual rate of growth for 1953 and 1954 was
related to the general economic crisis in Rumania at that time.
The distribution of radiobroadcast subscribers is much denser
in urban than in rural areas. In 1958, more than 73 percent of all
subscribers were urban, but this skewed distribution is not unusual
for underdeveloped areas such as Rumania. 43/
The Ministry of Education and Culture prepares all radiobroad-
casting programs in Rumania. Included in these are two national pro-
grams (Home services), which emphasize cultural and doctrinal matters,
and several regional service and minority group programs, which stress
matters primarily of interest to regional and minority groups. The
radiobroadcasting studios at Cluj, Craiova, Iasi, Timisoara, and Tirgu
Mures prepare the regional service programs. In addition, three of
these studios -- Cluj, Timisoara, and Tirgu Mures -- also prepare
minority group programs for broadcasting in the Hungarian, Serbian,
and German languages. These programs supplement the Hungarian and
German minority group language programs prepared for broadcasting by
the Bucharest studio.
The international radiobroadcasting service of Rumania com-
pares favorably with that of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland in
number of programs broadcast and in terms of transmitter power. Studios
in Bucharest prepare international programs for broadcasting in 12 lan-
guages to Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. Six transmitters --
4 high-frequency, 1 medium-frequency, and 1 low-frequency -- constitute
the transmission base of the service. The medium-frequency and low-
frequency transmitters, however, are used primarily to provide domes-
tic service. There are four high-frequency transmitters -- two of
50 kw, one of 5 kw, and one of 4 kw. The two 50-kw transmitters are
modern, efficient transmitters and were placed in service in 1953
and 1954. These transmitters are directly responsible for the effec-
tiveness of Rumania as an international radiobroadcaster. The low
* Table 11 follows on p. 43.
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Table 11
Estimated Number of Broadcast Reception Points
in Rumania 2/
1950-58
Thousand Units
Radiobroadcast subscribers
Wire-diffusion subscribers
Television receivers
Total
1950
1951
1952
1953.
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
300 hi
13 hi
0
313
350 2/
30 Li
0
ic.2
410 .di
90 hi
0
500
465 si
190 1/
0
?.22
560 2/
330 1/
0
6910
654 hi
510 hi
Negligible
1 164
768 12/
557 I2/
Negligible
1,325
885 12/
615 hi
8 E/
1,506
1,031 1/
675 1/
17 hi
1,723
a. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand units.
b. MI/
c.
d.Y.5/
e. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase of 47,500 radiobroadcast subscribers shown during the
first half of 1954 to the last half of the year. la/
f. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth of 16.5 percent shown during 1955-57.
g. 148/
521/
i? 51/
1. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase of 15,000 wire-diffusion subscribers shown during the
first quarter of 1958 to the remaining three quarters of the year. 53/
.212/
n. ,Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase of 4,500 television receivers shown during the first half
of 1958 to the last half of the year.
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power of the 4-kw and 5-kw transmitters minimizes their value. Their
continued operation in the international radiobroadcasting service
probably helps to maintain a specified minimal quota of hours of in-
ternational radiobroadcasting as a "socialist responsibility." These
low-powered transmitters, which are relatively inexpensive to operate,
may provide the means whereby Rumania can meet this resPonsibility at
minimal cost. The power of all international radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters in Rumania and an example of their broadcasting schedule by
language and target area for November 1958 are shown in Figure 10.*
Besides maintaining and operating transmitters for its own
international radiobroadcasting service, Rumania also operates and
maintains two transmitters at Bacau for the relay of international
programs of Radio Moscow. These transmitters, each with a power of
120 kw, were built and installed by the USSR in 1952.
Future plans emphasize the expansion and improvement of radio-
broadcasting service in Rumania. These plans not only stress the need
for improving the quality of both domestic and international broad-
casting services but also the need for expanding the radiobroadcast
reception base of the country. Also, Rumania plans to develop a
nationwide FM network. This network is to consist of a number of
remotely controlled FM transmitters operated by one studio in Bucha-
rest. It is supposed that this technique will minimize the cost of
establishing and operating the network.
B. Television.
Television service in Rumania is a recent development. In
1958 it was available only in the Bucharest area. The Bucharest sta-
tion began operation on 1 January 1957 and currently provides regular
service 5 evenings per week. In the next few years, Rumania plans to
establish television stations at Cluj, Bacau, and Timisoara. The
microwave radio relay lines between Bucharest and these cities probably
will be used to relay television programs. 21/
The major obstacle to rapid development of television service
in Rumania is the lack of domestic production of either television
* Following p. 44.
** Ruble values in this report are expressed in 1957-58 rubles and
may be converted to US dollars at the official rate of exchange of 4
rubles to US $1. This rate of exchange, however, does not necessarily
reflect the true dollar value.
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RUMANIA
TRANSMITTER SCHEDULE OF INTERNATIONAL RADIOBROADCASTING SERVICE
By Language and Target Area, November 1958
Figure 10 50X1
GREENWICH
MEAN TIME
LOCATION AND TRANSMITTER
Unknown
50-Kilowatt
High-Frequency
Transmitter
Unknown
50-Kilowatt
High-Frequency
Transmitter
Bucharest
4-Kilowatt
High-Frequency
Transmitter
Bucharest
5-Kilowatt
High-Frequency
Transmitter
Timisaara
130-Kilowatt
Medium-Frequency
Transmitter
Brasov
150-Kilowatt
Low-Frequency
Transmitter
?1530
1600
PERSIAN
PERSIAN
?1630
CONCERT
CONCERT
1700
FRENCH
FRENCH
?1730
GREEK
GREEK
'GREEK ?I
GREEK
TURKISH
1800
ITALIAN
ITALIAN
ITALIAN
ITALIAN
SERBOCROAT
?1830
FRENCH
FRENCH
GERMAN i
GERMAN
GERMAN
1900 ?
PERSIAN
PERSIAN
ITALIAN 1/4--
ITALIAN
ITALIAN
?1930
GERMAN
GERMAN
ENGLISH
_
ENGLISH
SERBO-CROAT
2000
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
.\---
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
GREEK
?2030
ITALIAN
ITALIAN
TURKISH
TURKISH
ITALIAN
2100
FRENCH
FRENCH
SPANISH
SPANISH
ITALIAN
?2130
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
GREEK
GREEK
GERMAN
2200
SPANISH
SPANISH
RUMANIAN ,
RUMANIAN
GREEK
? 2230
GERMAN
ENGLISH
?
FRENCH
FRENCH
GERMAN
1
GERMAN
ITALIAN
2300
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
RUMANIAN
RUMANIAN,?
?2330
?
RUMANIAN
_
_
0000
RELAY
RUMANIAN
?0030
OF-
SPANISH
0100
RADIO
?0130
MOSCOW
0200
IN
ENGLISH
?0230
ENGLISH
YIDDISH
0300
ENGLISH
? 0330
SPANISH.
SPANISH_
0400
RUMANIAN
? 0430
RUMANIAN
SPANISH
50X1
SPANISH
0500
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
27543 2.59
Middle East
Europe
North America
Target Areas
South America
Rumania (domestic service)
or transmitter not broadcasting
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transmitters or television receivers. The television transmitter in
use at the Bucharest station was imported from the USSR, and the
transmitters for the planned stations at Cluj, Bacau, and Timisoara
probably will be imported from Czechoslovakia and the USSR. All tel-
evision receivers now in use were imported from East Germany and the
USSR. In spite of future plans which call for the domestic produc-
tion of television receivers, it is believed that expansion of the
television reception base of the country will depend on continued im-
portation. The television reception base in Rumania is shown in
Table 11.*
C. Wire Diffusion.
Rumania has an extensive wire-diffusion network. It was orig-
inally started in 1949 and by the end of 1958 comprised over 675,000
wire-diffusion subscribers. This figure represents about 40 percent
of the total broadcast reception base of the country. The growth in
the number of wire-diffusion subscribers in Rumania during 1950-58 is
shown in Table U.
Before 1956 the wire-diffusion network provided service pri-
marily for urban subscribers. In 1956, Rumania began to expand the
wire-diffusion network to the rural areas of the country. By the end
of 1957, rural subscribers represented 36 percent of the total. 21,/
The wire-diffusion network is patterned after that of other
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Home service and regional radio-
broadcasting programs are transmitted primarily by telephone wire-
lines to wire-diffusion centers throughout the country. From these
centers, programs are retransmitted by wire to individual wired loud-
speakers.
The Rumanian wire-diffusion network is an effective broad-
casting medium for domestic propaganda. By its very nature it as-
sures the government of a captive audience and thus becomes an in-
strument through which the living as well as the listening habits of
this audience can be conditioned and controlled.
Continued growth of wire-diffusion services and facilities
can be expected. In the past this growth has been facilitated by the
consolidation of smaller wire-diffusion centers into larger centers.
This development increased the number of localities serviced by a
single center, thus effecting more efficient and less costly
* P. 43, above.
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operation. In 1951 there were 80 wire-diffusion centers servicing 88
localities, and in 1958 there were 463 wire-diffusion centers servic-
ing 1)270 localities. 22/
Plans for the future development of the Rumanian wire-
diffusion network emphasize the complete automatization of the net-
work through the installation of remote-control apparatus. In prepa-
ration for this development, recently constructed wire-diffusion cen-
ters have been grouped in pairs. After the necessary equipment is in-
stalled, these pairs will be grouped with other pairs until the net-
work is entirely automatized. ?2/
VII. Future Trends.
Since 1950) there has been considerable growth in the services and
facilities of the post and telecommunications system of Rumania. Cur-
rently, this system is capable of meeting the minimal needs of the
country. Future plans call for the continued growth of the system. In
this respect, however, future efforts will place primary emphasis on
the expansion and improvement of the telecommunications portion of the
system) and little effort will be directed toward improving or expand-
ing the postal portion.
Although available information on future plans of the Department of
Post and Telecommunications is limited, indications are that the De-
partment will pursue the following major courses of action:
1. Expand rural telephone service through the continued expan-
sion and improvement of the local and interurban telephone networks.
2. Continue to expand microwave radio relay facilities for
transmission of additional volumes of interurban telephone traffic and
possibly for the transmission of network television.
3. Improve the domestic broadcasting transmission and recep-
tion base, including the further development and expansion of the wire-
diffusion) television, and FM networks.
U. Expand TELEX facilities.
5. Complete the special telecommunications network by 1960.
6. Continue to play an active role in OSS. With respect to
OSS activities, it has been revealed that thus far Rumania shares with
other member nations of this organization the responsibility for the
maintenance of research programs on the use of semiconductors and
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miniature parts in telecommunications equipment, the development of
systems and instruments for color television, and the development of
systems and instruments for microwave radio relay lines. It is likely
that other actions under OSS are being taken or will be taken by
Rumania.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunications.
(See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process in-
volved in producing telecommunications service which does not re-
quire direct, immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole) the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands) as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and below
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mc***
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF)
Very high frequencies '(VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
(EBF)
Corresponding Wave*
Band
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
Hectometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Decimetric wavesxxxx
Centimetric wavesxxxx
Millimetric waves****
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
in the air, which is an elastic medium) and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency) and the shorter' the wave length, gootnotes continued on p. 527
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to
as "multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
dividing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into por-
tions which can be used independently of and simultaneously with
all other portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are
selected for each portion to "carry" the information to be trans-
mitted, after alteration by the information frequencies. The car-
rier itself need not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit) lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit
information independently of and simultaneously with all other por-
tions. A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications con-
nection between distant points. By the application of appropriate
techniques) a circuit maybe arranged in many different combinations
to meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunica-
tions service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single
telecommunications units in sequence. In its most complex form it
may by apportionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone
channels and telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs;
and other specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broad-
cast programs) radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often ar-
ranged into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 tele-
Vision program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 tele-
phone channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone
channels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12
telephone channels each. One or more telephone channels may be fur-
ther subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype sub-
channels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated by
combining two or more telephone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
XXXX It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecom-
munications cable medium technique using one or more tubes (some-
times called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire
supported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube
usuAlly contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally) coaxial
cable is used for the transmission of information in complex form,
such as radar) computer data, or television signals, and/or for the
transmission of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A
single tube usually carries information in only one direction at a
time. The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance be-
tween repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have
from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of
600 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater
station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new developmental
coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total
of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the
repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical science and technology that treats of the behavior of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications makes
extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions (telegraph) service in which photographs, drawings, hand-
writing, and printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded
reception. In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or
dots of constant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are
built up of lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred
to as "telephoto" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
facilities of relatively low capacity which join facilities of rela-
tively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric cur-
rent, voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direc-
tion. (See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Amplitude modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities
managed and operated by a single agency, organization, company,
department, committee) ministry, or other entity, in contrast to
the facilities of a basic system.
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes
possible long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however) are responsible for fading of signals) skip distance, and
differences between daytime and nighttime radio reception. They
are also used as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-
transmission techniques to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to
1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies) organizations) companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way tele-
communications circuit which can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing tele-
communications service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio fre-
quencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally afford
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practical direct transmission to great distances, principally be-
cause they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because
they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however,
capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-
sight) by the use of special antennas which concentrate the radio
energy and give it desired direction. Great distances can, in con-
sequence, be reached by this technique by the interposition of relay
stations along the route of the line with a spacing interval of from
25 to 40 statute miles, depending upon terrain conditions. This
technique can be employed practically to carry from a small number
of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels to thousands of such
channels and subchannels through 2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or
more television and other specialized lanes and channels. (See
Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which is intended to be operational While in motion or
during halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which can be readily moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not public or common.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
(-172:75ally measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
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Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical asso-
ciation of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various arrangements
for the purpose of providing 2-way multichannel operation.
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio frequen-
cies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other of
two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and iono-
sphere) at a predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the
energy arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique is
especially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and
Antarctic) where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of
weather and terrain and where the conventional long-distance radio
media of the lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to
serious disruptive propagational anomalies. (See Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-ward-
per-minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunica-
tions circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other entity
in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone) telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for ef-
fecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to a
typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
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received by type printer on a roll of paper, on a roll of tape, or
by perforations on a roll of tape, or both. (sometimes called a
"teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting
facilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device which is capable of performing in a
solid germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by
the conventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles.
This layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric
scatter transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500
statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions medium, now under development in several countries, which
may be capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conven-
tional and complex information. It consists of a circular or rec-
tangular hollow metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in
the form of waves, much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeakers: A telecommunications loudspeaker Which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or underground cable, used as
a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
The statistical data in this report were developed in large
part from information contained in the 1957 and 1958 statistical
yearbooks for Rumania./
The validity of the data presented was checked by analysis of
interrelationships that are known to exist among the various statis-
tical series and by analogy with other Soviet Bloc countries.
The specific
tistical series
contained in the footnotes to the tables.
methodology used in the determinatialof each sta-
is 50X1
50X1
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