RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TRACTOR INDUSTRY OF THE USSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A001000110002-5
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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 8, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 14, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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S N? 68
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE TRACTOR INDUSTRY OF THE USSR
CIA/RR 126
14 March 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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W ARNING
This material contains informaticn affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TEE TRACTOR INDUSTRY OF THE USSR
CIA/RR 126
(ORR Project 32.1886)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report describes the level and the direction of the develop-
ment of the tractor industry of the USSR since 1950. It delineates
the new economic requirements for tractors which have influenced the
development of products and thp rate of production in recent years.
The Soviet requirement for cultivating fodder crops and for reducing
fuel costs by changing from kerosine engines to diesel engines in
tractors is given careful treatment. Finally, the report presents
valuable statistical information based on the analysis of official
data This information includes the composi-
tion of the agricultural tractor park and a time series for production
of tractors, by geographic area, by plant, and by model.
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CONTENTS
Summary
Page
1
I. Developments in Production Since 1950 3
A. Effect of the Korean War 3
B. Recovery and Expansion, 1953-56
C. Expansion of Production of Row-Crop Tractors ? ? 5
D. Shift to Diesel Power 10
1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel
Engines 10
2. Dieselization 11
Plans and Objectives, 1957-60 12
A. Over-All Plans 12
B. Goals for 1957 13
C. Measures to Boost Production
D. Further Expansion of Production of Row-Crop
Tractors 15
E. Technical Improvements 15
III. Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park 16
A. Changing Composition of the Tractor Park 16
B. Allocation of Tractors to Agriculture 18
C. Completion of Retirement of Prewar Tractors . 18
D. Tractor Park in 1960 19
E. Tractor Park in Relation to Agricultural Require-
ments 21
Iv?
V.
Exports of Row-Crop Tractors Since 1950
Value
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables
Appendix B. Developments in Production at Selected
Tractor. Plants, 1953-56
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23
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Appendix C. Methodology
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Page
45
Tables
1. Production of Tractors in the US and in the USSR,
1950-56
6
2. Production of Row-Crop Tractors Compared with Over-All
Production of Tractors in the USSR, 1945 and 1950 -
June 1957 7
3. Production of Diesel Tractors in the USSR, 1940 and
1950-56 11
L. Production of Tractors in the USSR, 1956, January-June
1957, and 1957 Plans 13
5. Composition of the Tractor Park in the USSR, Selected
Years, 1932-56 17
6. Estimated Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park
in the USSR, 1956 and 1960 19
7. Estimated Composition of the Agricultural Tractor Park
in the USSR, 1955-60 20
8. Comparison of the Agricultural Tractor Park in the USSR
in 1955 with the Park in 1960 24
9. Extent of Allocations to Nonagricultural Uses of Row-
Crop Tractors and the KD-35 Tractor by the USSR,
1950-55 25
10. Production of Tractors in the USSR, 1942-56, 1957 Plan,
and 1960 Plan 28
U. Designations and Characteristics of Selected Postwar
Models of Tractors in the USSR 31
12. Goals for Production of Row-Crop Tractors in the USSR,
1954 - 1 May 1957 34
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Page
13. Allocations of Tractors to Agriculture in the
USSR, 1946-56 35
14. Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park
in the USSR, 1946-60
15. Comparison of Agricultural Tractor Parks in
the US and in the USSR, Selected Years,
1950-56
16. Area of Crop Land per Tractor in the US, 1956,
and in the USSR, 1956 and 1961
17. Value of Production of Tractors in the USSR,
19-50-55
Illustrations
Figure 1. USSR: Production of Tractors, 1925-56,
1957 Plan, and 1960 Plan (Chart) . . .
Figure 2. USSR: Annual Production of Tractors,
by Tractor Plants, 1957 (Map) . . . .
37
38
39
40
Following Page
4
4
Figure 3. USSR: Composition of the Tractor Park,
Selected Years, 1940-60 (Chart) . . . 16
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CIA/RR 126 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 32.1886)
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TRACTOR INDUSTRY OF THE USSR*
Summary
The Soviet tractor industry, in spite of rapid advances in produc-
tion, is not meeting agricultural requirements for tractors. A shortage
of cultivator row-crop tractors persists, but present policies for
shifting production are expected to result in a better balanced com-
position of the Soviet tractor park in a few years. The tractor park
has been modernized considerably and will be improved further during
1956-60, according to the original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60).
The present small volume of exports of tractors is not expected to be
enlarged substantially in the near future.
Annual production of tractors in the USSR increased from
108,800 in 1950 to 183,500 in 1956. Because production lagged dur-
ing the Korean War, however, aggregate production was less than
900,000 tractors during 1950-56. Annual production of tractors rose
65 percent during 1953-56. The shift to row-crop tractors was
greatly accelerated after 1953, with production of row-crop tractors
as a percentage of total production increasing from 24 percent in
1953 to more than 50 percent by mid-1957. All new tractors were
equipped with diesel engines by the end of 1956. All tractors pro-
duced in the USSR in 1957 were dieselized, whereas in 1950 only 62
percent of the total annual Soviet production had been dieselized.
Production of tractors was expected to 'increase only 11 percent
in 1957, from 183,500 tractors in 1956 to approximately 203,000 units
in 1957. The increase of production in 1957, like that of 1956, would
fall short of the average annual increase of about 16 percent for
1958-60, which is necessary in order to achieve the planned 1960 goal
of 322,000 tractors annually. This lag in the increase in production
of tractors is likely to continue until at least mid-1958, when
several efficiency factors will combine to raise the rate of increase.
Nevertheless, because no major additions of new plant capacity are
planned for 1958-60, attainment of the planned 1960 goal will be very
difficult.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 1 December 1957.
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It is estimated that if targets for production in 1960 are reached
and allocations of tractors to agriculture are carried out as planned,
the USSR will have a tractor park of about 2-1/2 million 15-horse-
power (hp)* units by the end of 1960. Row-crop tractors, on which
largely depends the success of Khrushchev's ambitious program to boost
production of corn and other fodder crops for livestock, will constitute
about 55 percent of all the tractors in the agricultural tractor park in
1960. Compared with 1955, the percentage of row-crop tractors in 15-hp
units in the agricultural tractor park in 1960 will have been doubled.
Although attainment of this goal would be an impressive achievement, it
would provide a less desirable composition than that which prevails in
the US and Canada today and which is desired by Khrushchev -- 90 percent
row-crop types and 10 percent general-purpose types. It is estimated that
by 1960 more than 90 percent of the tractor park will be dieselized.
The present agricultural tractor park is insufficient to meet current
goals for increasing yields per hectare, for raising the productivity of
agricultural labor, and for efficiently exploiting the greatly expanded
small grain and corn acreages. By 1960 the park is expected to be ade-
quate in terms of the physical ability to perform mechanized operations
for the expanded crop area but not adequate in terms of performing these
tasks in so timely a manner as to maximize yields. Nevertheless, the in-
tended increase in the agricultural tractor park by 1960 will have re-
duced the cultivated land per tractor in the USSR from 4 times that of
the US, as in 1956, to about 2.5 times.
Some diversion to military use of capacity for production of tractors
may have occurred during 1951-53. The number of tractors produced in
* The 15-hp unit is a statistical measure used in the USSR to convert
tractors of various types and horsepower into comparable units for pur-
poses of planning and accounting. It is calculated by dividing the
-"rated" drawbar horsepower of the tractor by 15. Thus the 1YT-54 tractor
with a drawbar horsepower of 36 equals two and two-fifths 15-hp units
and the Universal'-1 with a drawbar horsepower of 10 equals two-thirds
of a 15-hp unit. Drawbar horsepower may be defined as the horsepower
equivalent of the pull exerted upon the drawbar which is affixed to the
rear of the tractor. This rating differs from ratings in terms of engine
horsepower (more specifically brake horsepower) which measure the power
delivered by the engine -- generally, the more powerful the engine, the
greater the drawbar pull, regardless of the type of tractor. However,
two engines of the same brake horsepower, one installed in a wheeled
tractor and the other in a crawler type, would usually exert different
drawbar pulls because of the different efficiencies of the two modes of
traction. The wheeled tractor makes less efficient use of the engine's
power but is indispensable in cultivating row crops. Thus the ability of
diverse types of tractors to pull drawn implements may be most signifi-
cantly compared by means of ratings in drawbar horsepower. The term
horsepower as used in this report refers to drawbar horsepower unless
otherwise indicated.
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1951 was about 85 percent of that in 1950, and allocations of tractors,
in terms of 15-hp units, to agriculture dropped about 28 percent during
the Korean War. ,The more severe cutback in production of tracklaying
tractors compared with that in production of wheel types indicates a
further possibility of diversion to production for military use. The
Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plants were most likely to have been
diverted partly to production for military use.
Nonagricultural uses of tractors (including exports) absorbed almost
20 percent of the total production of row-crop tractors during 1950-55
and more than 5 percent in 1956. Almost 5,400 tractors were exported by
the USSR in 1956: Of this total, 45 percent were estimated to be row-
crop types. It is estimated that exports constitute at least 50 percent,
and probably more, of all nonagricultural uses of row-crop tractors.
There are indications that Soviet exports of tractors in 1957 included
a larger share of raw-crop tractors thanin 1956. In view of the criti-
cal need of domestic agriculture for tractors of this type, it is ap-
parent that, at least up to 1956, the USSR made considerable sacrifices
for the sake of trade with the Sino-Soviet Bloc and economic penetration
of the Free World.
The value of Soviet production of tractors rose about 52 percent dur-
ing 1950-55, increasing from the equivalent of 1955 US $480 million* in
1950 to $729 million in 1955. The $729 million represents slightly more
than 0.2 percent of the estimated Soviet gross national product (GNP)
for 1955.
I. Developments in Production Since 1950.
A. Effect of the Korean War.
The effect of the Korean War on Soviet production of tractors
is evident from an analysis of the industry's achievements since
1950.** Vigorous recovery efforts during the Fourth Five Year Plan
(1946-50) culminated in over-all production of 108,800 tractors in
1950, as shown in Table 10.*** This production nearly equaled the
highest prewar level, 112,900 tractors in 1936. In terms of 15-hp
units, however, the prewar peak of production was surpassed in 1949.
Significantly, tractors were not again produced at the 1950 rate
until the end of 1953, when hostilities had ceased. Because of this
* Dollar values are given in 1955 US dollars, .and ruble values are
given in 1955 rubles throughout this report unless otherwise indicated.
A ruble-dollar ratio of 4 to 1 was used for the tractor industry.
** For estimated Soviet production of tractors for selected years
between 1925 and 1960, see the accompanying chart, Figure 1, following
p. 4.
*** Appendix A, p. 28, below.
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lag in production, aggregate production during 1950-56 was less than
900,000 tractors.
Production of tractors dropped sharply in 1951 to about
85 percent of the 1950 level. The main producers of tracklaying
tractors -- the Khar'kov, Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk, and Altay Tractor
Plants* -- were most affected by the cutback, whereas the producers
of smaller wheeled tractors continued to operate at about the same
level. In fact, the Kharikov Tractor Assembly Plant and the Lipetsk
Tractor Plant actually increased their production in 1951. A loss
of about 3,500 tractors was incurred in shifting production of the
special-purpose KT-12 timber-hauling tractor from Leningrad to the
new Minsk Tractor Plant.** Nevertheless, the selective nature of
the cutback in 1951 suggested diversion of some capacity to produc-
tion for military use at one or more plants -- particularly the
Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk plants -- producing tracklaying tractors.
Over-all production in 1952 increased to 98,700 tractors, a
7-percent increase compared with 1951 but only 91 percent of pro-
duction in 1950. Production of tracklaying tractors rose above the
1950 level at the Khartkov Tractor Plant but remained below that
level at the Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk plants. Production at the
Altay Tractor Plant was somewhat below that in 1951, but this
decrease was caused by a changeover from the ASKhTZ-NATI kerosine
tractor to the DT-54 diesel tractor. Production of KT-12 timber-
hauling tractors at the Minsk Tractor Plant as approaching the
level of 6,000 tractors formerly attained at Leningrad.
B. Recovery and Expansion, 1953-56.
The period following the Korean armistice witnessed a deter-
mined drive by the Soviet leadership to intensify the mechanization
of agriculture as a first step toward increasing agricultural pro-
ductivity. Because production of tractors had lagged during the
Korean War, vigorous efforts had to be made to increase this pro-
duction before mechanization of agriculture could be intensified.
Consequently, in September 1953 the USSR embarked on a bold program
to boost production of tractors.
The original goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55),
finally announced in August 1952 after a delay of 2 years, had en-
visioned only a modest increase in production of tractors. In 1955,
* For locations of tractor plants, see the accompanying map,
Figure 2, following p. 4.
** For designations and characteristics of models of tractors, see
Table 11, Appendix A, p. 31, belay.
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Thousand Tractors
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350
300
250
200
150
100
50
USSR
PRODUCTION OF TRACTORS, 1925-56, 1957 PLAN, AND 1960 PLAN
322.0
Plan
?
Plan
203.0
163.4
183.5
112.6
112.9
108.8
111.3
135.4
48.9
73.
5"
56.9
88.
?
91.8-96.7_
9.1
0.6 0.9 0.9 1.3 r.......,3?3 II
37.
-42-J
7.7
13.3
r-i
1925 '26 '27 '28 '29 1930 '31 '32 '33 '34 1935 '36 '37 '38 '39 194
26312 1-58
First 5 Year Plan I Second 5 Year Plan
I Third 5 Year Plan
100.5 444.2
l 136.6
World War II
1945 '46 '47 '48 '49 1950 '51 '52 '53 '54 955 '56 '57 960
IFourth 5 Year Plan I Fifth 5 Year Plan
295.0 600.6
ISixth 5 Year Plan
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20 40 80 120 160 180
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60 80 100 120--
USSR
ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF TRACTORS/ BY TRACTOR PLANTS,
65,000 tractors or less A 5,000 to 20,000 tractors ? More than 20,000 tractors
o 250 500 ' 1000 1500 2000
1957
1--, .--.
Statute Miles
* UNDER CONSTRUCTION 0 250 500 1000 1500 2000
1-1 1-i I-I
Kilometers
26310 1.58
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planned production of tractors was to be 287,000 15-hp units, and
row-crop tractors were to account for more than 90 percent of the
increase. 1/*
The goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan were revised upward
by decrees of September-October 1953. According to these decrees
of the Communist Party and the Council of Ministers, allocations to
agriculture in the USSR from 1954 to 1 May 1957 were to be "not less
than 500,000 general-purpose (track-laying diesel) tractors expressed
in 15-hp units, and 250,000 row-crop tractors expressed in physical
units." E/
For the tractor industry the new goals for production meant an
increase compared with the original goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan
for 1955 of about 46,000 15-hp units, and almost all of these units were
to be row-crop tractors. _3/ "Belarus" and KDP-35 tractors were to
be mass produced under the revised plan.**
The program for increased production under the Fifth Five
Year Plan was to be accomplished without construction of additional
tractor plants. Instead, funds were to be allocated to complete con-
struction at existing plants and to increase capacity at several cpm-
pleted plants. In addition, the Ministry of the Defense Industry,
according to a decree published on 20 September 1953, was obligated
to produce at least 5,000 "Belarus" tractors in 1954 and 10,000 in
1955, using engines supplied by the tractor industry itself. 2/ The
plant of the ministry is located at Dnepropetrovsk.
These developments had a stimulating effect on production of
tractors, which rose from 111,300 tractors in 1953 to 183,500 tractors
in 1956, an increase of 65 percent. By 1953 the 1950 level of production
had been surpassed by all plants producing tracklaying tractors with the
exception of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, which lagged behind its 1950
peak until 1955 .XXX A qomparison of production of tractors in the US
and the USSR is shown in Table 1.xxxx In 1956 the USSR ranked second
in world production of tractors.
C. Expansion of Production of Row-Crop Tractors.
From 1946 to 1953, Soviet production of row-crop tractors
was considered a task of secondary importance for the tractor indus-
try. Until 1950, production of row-crop tractors depended almost
** In the USSR, mass production" of tractors is e me, as pro-
duction at a rate of at least 5,000 tractors per year. II/
*** For details on achievements in production at individual plants,
see Appendix B, p. 41, below.
**** Table 1 follows on p. 6.
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Table 1
Production of Tractors in the US and in the USSR 2./
1950-56
Thousand Tractors
Year
US 12/
USSR
1950
542.4
108.8
1951
617.1
91.8
1952
467.3
98.7
1953
442.2
111.3
1954
288.7
135.4
1955
377.1 sj
163.4
1956
N.A.
183.5
a. Y
b. Excluding garden tractors, for comparability
with Soviet statistics.
e. Preliminary.
entirely on the Vladimir Tractor Plant, which produced the "Universal"
wheeled model. Beginning in 1950 the Lipetsk Tractor Plant produced
the KDP-35, a tracklaying tractor with high ground-clearance and nar-
row treads for cultivating row crops. In addition, the Khartkov
Tractor Assembly Plant turned out a 7.5-hp gasoline wheeled tractor,
the KhTZ-7. Production of row-crop tractors in 1950 was only 22
percent of over-all production of tractors, as shown in Table 2.*
Increased emphasis on production of row-crop tractors stemmed
from the general shift in Soviet agricultural policy in the fall of
1953. Khrushchev's plans for increasing production of row crops
implied an increase in the proportion of row-crop tractors in total
production of tractors. In a decree published on 29 September 1953,
goals for production of row-crop tractors from 1954 to May 1957 were
outlined in detail, as shown in Table 12.**
The significance of the shift in emphasis toward wheeled
models was that, given the policy of extending areas sown to vege-
table and fodder crops which require cultivation by wheeled tractors,
production of this type of tractor did not meet the demand. Soviet
* Table 2 follows on p. 7.
** Appendix A, p. 34, below.
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Table 2
Production of Row-Crop Tractors
Compared with Over-All Production of Tractors
in the USSR
1945 and 1950 - June 1957
Tractors
Year
All Tractors 2/
Row-Crop Tractors 2/
Row-Crop Tractors
as Percentages
of All Tractors
1945
7,700
1,200
15.6
1950
108,800
23,900
22.0
1951
91,800
20,300
22.1
1952
98,700
21,900
22.2
1953
1954
111,300
135,400
163,400
26,500
54,loo
74,800
23.8
'10.01955
45.8
1956
183,500
89,000
48.5
January-
June 1957
101,000
52,000
51.5
a. Rounded to the nearest 100 tractors.
planners realized that the capabilities of the USSR to increase pro-
duction of corn and other fodder crops and thus to increase the ,
amount of meat in the national diet depended, to a large extent, on
the availability of larger numbers of row-crop tractors.
The visit of the Soviet agricultural delegation to the US
and Canada in. 1955 gave further impetus to expansion of production
of row-crop tractors. By contrast with the USSR, where about 76 per-
cent of the agricultural tractor park in mid-1955 were tracklay-
ing tractors, 2/ the US and Canada were using mostly wheeled trac-
tors, which were considered to have a number of advantages over
heavier tractors for most operations. The Soviet delegation reported
the following:
In 1954, the US had a total pool of
4,625,000 tractors, including 4,o46,000
wheeled types, 179,000 track-laying types,
and 4o0,00o small garden tractors from 1 to
8 horsepower. Of the total number, 95.6 per-
cent were wheeled. Wheeled tractors have
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become so popular in the US and Canada be-
cause of their lower cost, greater maneu-
verability, and all-purpose adaptability
compared with track-laying types. lei
In connection with the versatility of US wheeled tractors, the dele-
gation noted that nearly all these tractors had belt pulleys for use
as stationary power units, power takeoff shafts, and hydraulic sys-
tems for work with a large number of attached and mounted imple-
ments. 2/
Although production of row-crop tractors in the USSR had
been considerably Improved during 1954 and 1955, the low ratio of
wheeled tractors to tracklaying tractors produced was severely
criticized at the 20th Party Congress in February 1956 in a speech
of G.S. Khlamov, then Minister of Tractor and Agricultural Machine
Building, as follows:
In the Party Central Committee report,
Comrade Khrushchev pointed out that we need
at least as many wheeled tractors as cater-
pillar 5racklayine tractors, if not more.
Indeed, during the last Five Year Plan
(1951-55) only 30 percent of the tractors
produced by the tractor industry were
wheeled tractors; this is not meeting the
need of agriculture for wheeled tractors,
especially in view of the expansion of
areas sown to intertilled crops, corn, etc. 10./
To increase production of row-crop tractors in 1960 by 270
percent (more than 1955), as called for in the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60) 11/ Khlamov informed the 20th Party Congress that he and
his ministerial colleagues "consider it expedient to transfer one of
the plants which produce caterpillar tractors to the production of
wheeled tractors of a new type of universal designation with diesel
power of 40-50 (engine) horsepower and with pneumatic tires." He
added that "the need of the economy for caterpillar tractors of the
general designation type '1)T-54' ... can be fully satisfied by the
other tractor plants which produce caterpillar tractors." 2E/
In spite of Khlamov's promises, the Kharikov, Stalingrad,
and Altay plants were not withdrawn from production of 1YT-54 trac-
tors in 1956. 231 Probably it was this lag in shifting one DT-54
plant to production of wheeled tractors that provoked Khrushchev's
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stinging criticism of the tractor industry for its "narrow depart-
mental approach" in his report on decentralization of 29 March 1957.
He intimated that departmental disputes among various ministries
were responsible for the failure to implement Khlamov's plan during
1956. 1):!/
Khrushchev's report strongly reemphasized the importance
of wheeled tractors as follows:
Workers of agricultural bodies and machine
builders are well aware that wheeled tractors
have considerable advantages over caterpillar
tractors in some kinds of work. The experience
of several machine and tractor stations and of
agriculture abroad shows that to achieve the
best results, caterpillar tractors should ac-
count for some 10 percent of the total tractor
fleet, with wheeled tractors accounting for the
other 90. To arrive at this proportion, the
output of caterpillar tractors should be reduced
by several tens of thousands in 1957 and that
of wheeled tractors increased accordingly. 12/
His statement on the experience with tractors of "agriculture abroad"
is an obvious reference to the visit of the Soviet farm delegation
to the US and Canada in the summer of 1955.
It is not at present clear how reduction in production of track-
laying tractors demanded by Khrushchev was to be undertaken during
1957. If it is assumed that the plan outlined by Khlamov in February
1956 was to have been implemented, it follows that it would have been
necessary to cease production of the DT-54 at Khar'kov, Stalingrad,
or Altay. Under this assumption the Altay Tractor Plant would
appear to have been the most likely candidate because both the
Khar'kov and the Stalingrad plants were scheduled to "carry out
a modernization of the DT-54 in 1956" and were fulfilling that
task. 16/ It was announced, however, in July 1957 that the Altay
Tractor Plant would produce the timber-hauling tractor TDT-60 in
the third quarter of 1957 simultaneously with the DT-54.* 1.8?/ Hence
* This announcement does not necessarily imply supersedure of earlier
plans according to which the Altay plant was scheduled to replace the
DT-54 with the DT-70 in 1959. The DT-70 was produced experimentally
in the summer of 1954 and differs from the DT-54 mainly in respect to
durability of treads and wider range of speeds. 1I/
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there is as yet no evidence that the original Khlamov plan is being -
carried out.
It is possible that further expansion of production of the
"Belarus" tractors may offer an alternative to reduction of produc-
tion of the 1YT-54 tractor. The Minsk Tractor Plant is to produce
only the "Belarus" model, according to a directive of the Belo-
russian SSR. 19/ In preparation for this change, the Minsk plant
apparently is transferring production of the TDP-l.0 to the new
Onega Tractor Plant in Petrozavodsk and the TDI'-60 to the Altay
Tractor Plant, as previously noted.* Moreover, the Dnepropetrovsk
plant (formerly subordinate to the Ministry of the Defense Industry)
was to produce about 30,000 "Belarus" tractors in 1957, a full
year's production. Previously the plant was not expected to pro-
duce tractors past the expiration date of the special order for
tractors (covering 1954 to 1 May 1957). 22/
D. Shift to Diesel Power.
1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines.
Diesel engines have a number of Important advantages over
gasoline and kerosine engines in tractors. Diesel engines have the
lowest fuel combustion per unit of output of power of all internal
combustion engines and can burn grades of petroleum fuel which are
much less refined and, therefore, cheaper than gasoline., As a result
of lower consumption of fuel, diesel tractors can reduce the cost of
plowing 1 hectare of land by 1/3. 22/ Further savings can be realized
for the economy as a Whole through the reduction in storage facilities
for petroleum products in the farm areas and the lessened burden on
the transportation system. Generally the kolkhozes and a number of
machine tractor stations (ATS's) are fairly remote from railheads and
must rely on fleets of tank trucks to supply their requirements of
fuel. In the "new lands" the kolkhozes are under an additional handi-
cap of having to provide their own roads. 22/ Diesel engines are more
reliable in operation and require less skilled maintenance and fewer
spare parts.
The main disadvantages of diesel engines are their greater
weight per horsepower and higher cost of production. Because trac-
tors frequently operate day and night on kolkhozes, however, intensive
use results in fuel savings which compensate for the higher initial
cost of the diesel tractor.
* For developments in production at the Onega Tractor Plant and
other tractor plants, see Appendix B.
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2. Dieselization.
A significant development in 1956 was the completion of
the shift to diesel engines in Sailet agricultural tractors. This
shift had been scheduled for completion before the end of the Fifth
Five Year Plan (1951-55) 2...g and was thus a year late. Nevertheless,
the progress of dieselization was impressive, production of diesel
tractors increasing by 82 percent between 1950 and 1955 according to
source 2.1.41. A summary of production of diesel tractors is shown in
Table 3.
Table 3
Production of Diesel Tractors in the USSR
1940 and 1950-56
Tractors
Year
All Tractors 2/
Diesel Tractors 2/
Diesel Tractors
as Percentages
of Production
of All Tractors
1940
31,600
6,900
21.812/
1950
108,800
67,600
62.1
1951
. 91,800
59,700
65.0
1952
98,700
70,500
71.4
1953
111,300
82,200
73.9
1954
135,400
99,500
73.5
1955
163,400
125,000
76.5
1956
183,500
175,100
95.4
a. Rounded to the nearest 100 tractors.
Production of diesel tractors in the USSR began in 1936,
when the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant shifted production from the S-60
tracklaying tractor with a ligroine* engine to the S-65 diesel trac-
tor. Since 1946 the Chelyabinsk plant has produced the 3-80 diesel
tractor, based on the US caterpillar diesel D-7. Until recently
the 5-80 has been the largest Soviet tractor. The trend toward
dieselization was accelerated in 1949, when the Khar'kov and Stalingrad
* The fraction, known to the USSR as ligroine, is a light petroleum
distillate used as a tractor fuel and as a solvent. In English-speak-
ing countries this fraction is known as heavy naphtha or a heavy gaso-
line.
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plants changed over from production of the ASKhTZ-NATI kerosine trac-
tor to the diesel DT-54 tractor. The Altay Tractor Plant changed
over in 1952. 21.6/ Production of the small tracklaying KD-35 and
KDP-35 tractors at Lipetsk reached the level of mass production in
1951 (see Table 10*). Beginning with the "Belarus" in 1953, all new
row-crop models were dieselized. No more kerosine tractors were
produced after November 1955, when the Vladimir Tractor Plant
changed over from the "Universal" to the DT-24 row-crop tractor.
By fall of 1955 the Khar'kov Tractor Plant had shifted production
from the gasoline-powered KhTZ-7 to the DT-14 diesel version. 21/
The Khar'kov Tractor Assembly Plant continued to produce the KhTZ-7
tractor until some time in 1956. 21.8/ Confirming the imminent com-
pletion of the trend to diesels, G.S. Khlamov, then Minister of
Tractor and Agricultural Machine Building, announced in February
1956 that "from 1956 on, all Soviet tractors will have diesel
engines." 2211/
Meanwhile, logging operations in the Soviet north were
becoming progressively dieselized. Since 1948 the timber industry
has been supplied with the gas generator KT-12 tractor. This trac-
tor had the virtue of being able to consume wood chips for fuel,
although this method of power generation was very inefficient. Trac-
tors of this type were difficult to operate and did not develop enough
power for dragging heavy logs over rough terrain. To improve the
productivity of logging operation, a number of KT-12 tractors were
reconstructed as diesel-engined TDT-40 tractors during 1956. Most of
the conversions were done in engineering plants subordinate to the
Ministry of the Timber Industry. 12/ In addition, a31 new timber-
hauling tractors are diesel powered.
Plans and Objectiveg, 1957-60.
A. Over-All Plans.
The original Soviet Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) called for
production of 322,000 tractors in 1960. .EJ This goal was 175 per-
cent of the actual production for 1956 of 183,500 tractors. 2/ Al-
though production in 1956 increased 12 percent compared with 1955, it
was below Soviet expectations. As explained above, the reason for
the dissatisfaction was probably the lag in shifting a plant produc-
ing the DT-54 tractor to wheeled tractors. Whatever the reason, the
tractor industry must increase production at a relatively higher rate
than anticipated in 1955 if it is to reach the level of 322,000 trac-
tors in 1960.
* Appendix A, p. 28, below.
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B. Goals for 1957.
Production of about 203,000 tractors in the USSR was planned
for 1957, an increase of only 11 percent more than 1956. This over-
all goal, announced in November 1957, was slightly less than that ob-
tained by adding, for the individual producing republics, the goals
of production which were announced at the beginning of 1957. The
original and revised plans for production of tractors in the USSR in
1957 are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Production of Tractors In the USSR
1956, January-June 1957, and 1957 Plan
Tractors
1956
January-June 1957
1957
(Plan)
(Original)
1957
(Plan)
(Revised)
Russian Soviet
Federated
Socialist Republic
90,700
2/
106,100
12/
Ukrainian SSR
71,600
2/
72,000
.21./
Belorussian SSR
21,200
2/
24,200
1/
Uzbek SSR
3,000
Total
183,500
101,000
205,300
ED:2222W
d.
e. Residual.
f. "3,000 more than 1956." E/
g-
h. 3.2/
The small increase for the Ukrainian SSR was accounted for in
part by an expected increase in 1957 in production of the "Belarus"
tractor at the Dnepropetrovsk plant (formerly subordinate to the
Ministry of the Defense Industry). This plant produced 29,000 trac-
tors in 1956 and was expected to produce 30,000 tractors in 1957.
Plants formerly subordinated to the Ministry of Tractor and Agricul-
tural Machine Building were scheduled to produce 154,000 of the original
goal estimated for 1957 of about 205,000 tractors./10/ Because the re-
mainder, or 51,000 tractors, was to be produced by the Chelyabinsk
Tractor Plant (formerly subordinate to the Ministry of Transport
Machine Building) and the Dnepropetrovsk plant and because the
Dnepropetrovsk plant was to produce 30,000 tractors in 1957, the
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Chelyabinsk plant was to produce 21,000 tractors in 1957 (see
Table 10*). It is estimated, on,the basis of projections from mid-
year results, that the USSR would produce about 106,000 row-crop trac-
tors in 1957. Moreover, all 1957 production was dieselized.
C. Measures to Boost Production.
The increase of 11 percent in Soviet production of tractors
in 1957, like that in 1956, would fall short of the average annual
increase of about 16 percent required to achieve the original 1960
goal of 322,000 tractors annually. This lag in the increase in pro-
duction of tractors is likely to continue until at least mid-1958,
when specialization and other factors will combine to raise the rate
of increase. Nevertheless, because no major additions of new plant
capacity are planned for 1958-60, attainment of the original 1960
goal will be very difficult.
Soviet planners expected to obtain the increase in production
of tractors during 1956-60, according to the original Sixth Five Year
Plan, primarily from more efficient use ofexisting facilities and
greater specialization of plants. The plan directive, issued in
January 1956, called upon the tractor industry to achieve 69 percent
of the planned increase in production "by means of better organiza-
tion of production and use of existing production capacities," leav-
ing 31 percent to be obtained from new facilities presumably to be
constructed during 1956-60.j
Most of the new space for tractor assembly will be made avail-
able by converting plants of other industries rather than by building
complete facilities. The Onega Tractor Plant, a converted plant, be-
gan production in 1956.** One major tractor plant is now under con-
struction at Bryansk. On the basis of the former Bezhitsa Steel
Foundry, the new plant was expected to produce tracklaying tractors
of 140 (engine) hp by the end of 1957. 42/ The Tashkent Agricultural
Machinery Plant in Uzbek SSR began production of DT-24-3 tractors on
26 April 1957. To increase mechanization of cotton growing, this
plant planned to build 3,000 of these tractors in 1957 and to double
its production in 1958. !_43./ This plant assembles the DT-24-3 tractor
from components supplied by the Vladimir Tractor Plant and makes those
modifications necessary to meet the specifications of cotton cul- -
ture. I& It is not considered likely that the Tashkent plant will
become a major producer of tractors, but it is expected that it
will, instead, cater to the special needs of mechanization of cotton
growing in the Uzbek area.
* Appendix A, p. 28, below.
** For developments in production at the Onega Tractor Plant and
other tractor plants, see Appendix B.
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Considerable increases in productive capacity are to be
effected by the removal of engine production to special plants. For
example, all engines for tractors made at the Stalingrad Tractor
Plant are to be produced at a new plant (as yet unbuilt) at Vol'sk,
a town on the Volga River north of Stalingrad. The "Serp i Molot"
(Sickle and Hammer) Plant in Kharlkov will specialize in producinge-
diesel engines to be used interchangeably in tractors and combines,
and a new "base for production of diesel engines for tractors" will
be built at Pavlodar. L.42/ The plant at Pavlodar is expected by
1960 to produce annually 6o,000 combines and 100,000 diesel engines. 2.4g
Engines produced here and not needed for combines will probably be
supplied to the Altay Tractor Plant in Rubtsovsk.
D. Further Expansion of Production of Row-Crop Tractors.
In accordance with directives of the 20th Party Congress the
original 1960 Plan goal for Soviet production of row-crop tractors
has been set at 2.7 times that of 1955, or an annual production of
202,000 tractors (based on official figures for production of row-
crop tractors in 1955). L41/ At this rate, row-crop tractors would
account for approximately 63 percent of over-all production of
tractors in 1960, compared with 46 percent in 1955 and 22 percent
in 1950 (see Table 2*). The Khar'kov Tractor Plant was directed to
triple production of DT-14 tractors by 1960, Li.g/ and the Minsk Tractor
Plant intends to triple production of "Belarus" tractors by 1960 in
comparison with 1955 (see Table 10**). L42/
E. Technical Improvements.
Soviet. plans envision an intensive development of specialized
tractors during 1956-60. New designs for tractors emphasize increased
productivity of the tractor aggregate (tractor plus implement), re-
duced consumption of metal, increased economy in fuel, increased
durability and reliability of the mechanism, and also improved work-
ing conditions for tractor operators. The needs of certain craps
and types of terrain will receive closer attention than before.
It was proposed to develop and begin, during the Sixth Five
Year Plan, series production of the following new types of wheeled
tractors: row-crop tractors of 30 and 45 (engine) hp, cotton-culti-
vation tractors of 30 (engine) hp, tractors of 30 and 45 (engine) hp
with improved mobility, and steep-slope tractors of 30 (engine) hp.
New types of self-propelled chassis of 30 (engine) hp will be de-
veloped for cultivation of subtropical crops on mountain flatlands
* P. 7, above.
** Appendix A, p. 28, below.
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and of cotton as well as for general-purpose work. Small tracklaying
tractors of 4o (engine) hp will be developed for cultivation of cotton
and work in orchard-vineyards. 22/ On the basis of US experience,
Soviet wheeled tractors will be converted to low-pressure tires with
an increased cross section and improved tread design. This improve-
ment will reduce skidding and compression of the soil by the tractor
wheels and thus will reduce consumption of fuel per hectare of cul-
tivated area.
Between 1957 and 1960 the Lipetsk Tractor Plant will replace
its KDP-35 medium-power row-crop tracklaying tractor with a unified
series of DT-40 tractors. The DT-40 tractor series will consist of
a general-purpose tractor with a narrow working width, a row-crop
tractor, a cotton-cultivator tractor with a 900-millimeter ground
clearance and especially narrow treads, and an orchard-vineyard
tractor.
The general-purpose DT-54 tracklaying tractor probably will
be almost entirely replaced before 1960. The new tracklaying model
will be lighter and somewhat narrower, and thus its operation with
plows will be considerably improved. 21/
III. Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park.
A. Changing Composition of the Tractor Park.
The 1956 Soviet statistical handbook provides information on
changes in the composition of the Soviet tractor park in response to
'shifts in production described in the preceding sections. These
changes are summarized in Table 5* and are shown in the accompanying
chart, Figure 3.** The steady drop in the ratio of wheeled tractors
to tracklaying types in 1932-56 is readily apparent. Likewise, the
increasing importance of diesel tractors in the postwar period
clearly is demonstrated. The continued fall in the ratio of wheeled
to tracklaying tractors in 1956 nay seem surprising. The explanation
for the fall in this ratio is that although allocations of wheeled
row-crop tractors rose considerably in 1955-56, allocations of track-
laying tractors were even greater. Because of the large increase in
total allocations in 15-hp units the heavy tracklaying types somewhat
outweighed the lighter and less powerful row-crop types. Actually,
in terms of tractors, row-crop tractors accounted for 30 percent of
the total park in 1956. The relatively sharp increase in percentage
of row-crop tractors between 1954 and 1956, while wheeled tractors
declined relatively, is a reflection of higher production of the KDP-35
row-crop tracklaying tractor.
* *
Table 5 follows on p. 17.
Following p. 16.
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USSR
COMPOSITION OF THE TRACTOR PARK; SELECTED YEARS, 1940-60
1940
1940
26311 1-58
ROW-CROP VERSUS GENERAL-PURPOSE TRACTORS
1950
1955
General-Purpose Tractors "/ Row-Crop Tractors
DIESEL VERSUS OTHER FUELS
1950
1955
Other Fuels R:56i Diesel Fuels
1956
1956
*Percentage of Total Drawbar Horsepower of the Pork at the end of the year.
50X1
Figure 3
1960
(Estimated)
1960
(Estimated) 50X1
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Table 5
Composition of the Tractor Park in the USSR 2/
Selected Years, 1932-56
Type of Tractor
Measure
1932
1937
1940
1950
1953
1954
1955
1956 12/
Purpose
General
Percent 2/
99.5
94.0
91.3
93.6
92.7
90.0
86.2
82.7
Row-crop
Percent
0.5
6.0
8.7
6.4
7.3
10.0
13.8
17.3
Percent in terms
of tractors
0.7
10.7
16.2
14.6
17.2
21.0
26.5
30.4
Fuel consumed
Diesel
Percent
1.2
5.8
24.3
44.6
51.7
61.8
68.4
Other
Percent
100.0
98.8
94.2
75.7
55.4
48.3
38.2
31.6
Mode of traction
Wheeled
Percent
90.9
67.9
58.3
32.9
25.3
24.4
23.0
22.8
Tracklaying
Percent
9.1
32.1
41.7
67.1
74.7
75.6
77.0
77.2
a. Based on source 22/.
'b. As of 1 November.
c. Percent of total drawbar horsepower of the park at the end of the year except as
otherwise noted.
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B. Allocation of Tractors to Agriculture.
Estimates of the composition of allocations of tractors by
model to the Soviet tractor park have been improved significantly as
a result of the publication of the 1956 Soviet statistical hand-
book. Zi Detailed information on allocations of tractors was un-
available during most of the postwar period, and the accuracy of
previous estimates had to depend on fairly broad assumptions applied
to estimates of production. Allocations of tractors to Soviet agri-
culture during 1946-56 are shown, by model, in Table 13.* Generally
it was safe to assume that nearly all tractors suitable for row-crop
cultivation were allocated to agriculture, but it was difficult to
determine the extent to which row-crop tractors were exported. Many
of these problems can be resolved in estimates based on the recently
released data.
The over-all growth of the Soviet agricultural tractor park
is shown in Table 14.** During the Korean War, allocations to agri-
culture in 15-hp units declined 28 percent from the 1950 level,
whereas production in terms of 15-hp units dropped only 10 percent.
This greater relative decline in allocation of agricultural tractors
may be an indication that other uses of tractors, including uses as
military end items, were given priority over agriculture during this
period. In this respect, it is significant that the decline in allo-
cations of tracklaying tractors between 1950 and 1952 was greater
than that for wheeled tractors.
There was a marked increase in the number of tractors allo-
cated to agriculture following the decrees of September-October
1953.xxx Because of the large increase in production of small, low-
powered row-crop tractors, there .was a simultaneous upward trend in
the ratio between tractors and 15-hp units. In 1950, tractors allo-
cated to agriculture averaged 1 tractor to 1.98 15-hp units, whereas
in 1956 the ratio was 1 to 1.76. The development of the tractor park
of the USSR is compared with that of the US in Table 15 .xxxx
C. Completion of Retirement of Prewar Tractors.
A significant development in the increase of Soviet farm
efficiency is the virtual completion in 1956 of the retirement of
_prewar tractors. It is estimated that the USSR emerged from World
War II with 469,000 tractors in terms of 15-hp units. Of these
tractors, all but about 20,000 were prewar. .52?/ These tractors were
Appendix A, p. .35, below.
** Appendix A, p. 37, below.
*** See I, B, above.
xxxx Appendix A, p. 38, below.
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retired at a relatively modest rate during the reconstruction in the
early postwar years. After 1950, retirements increased somewhat but
were probably held to a minimum by the cutback in production and allo-
cation of new tractors. The remaining prewar tractors, however, were
becoming a serious liability, creating difficult problems of manu-
facturing spare parts for models which had gone out of production.
By 1954, prewar tractors were at least 14 years old, twice the age
at which they normally would be written off in calculations for
planning. 22/
Beginning in 1954, retirement of prewar tractors was accel-
erated, apparently in a deliberate effort to get rid of obsolete ma-
chinery. Thus, by the end of 1956, cumulative additions to the park in
the postwar period about equaled the estimated 1956 park of 1.6 million
tractors in terms of 15-hp units, indicating that prewar tractors vir-
tually had been eliminated (see Tables 13 and 14*). Thus the composi-
tion of the park, by model, at the end of 1956 closely corresponded
to the cumulative additions of the postwar period.
D. Tractor Park in 1960. 2?../
According to official announcements related to the original
Sixth Five Year Plan, a total of 1,650,000 15-hp units of tractors
was to be added to the Soviet park during 1956-60. Of this total,
248,000 15-hp units of tractors were allocated to agriculture in
1956 leaving 1,402,000 tractors in terms of 15-hp units to be allo-
cated in 1957-60. On the assumption of an average age of 10 years
at scrapping, it is estimated that retirements during 1957-60 will
consist mainly of those tractors received by agriculture from 1946
to 1950. The resulting development in the agricultural tractor park
is shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Estimated Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park in the USSR
1956 and 1960
Thousand 15-Horsepower Units
Year
1956
1960
Additions Retirements Park 2/
1,11.02 502 1,600
2,500
a. At the end of the year.
Appendix A, p. 35 and p. 37, respectively, below.
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The composition of the tractor park in 1960 will reflect the
great emphasis on row-crop and diesel tractors during 1956-60. Of
the 1,650,000 15-hp units of tractors to be allocated to agriculture
during 1956-60, a total of 680,000 tractors (approximately 892,000
15-hp units*) will be row-crop tractors. With allowance for retire-
ment of 10-year-old tractors (allocated during 19)--6-50), the composi-
tion of the park in 1960 is estimated as shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Estimated Composition of the Agricultural Tractor Park in the USSR
1955-60
Million Drawbar Horsepower
,
Allocations
Retire-
ments b/
Percent
of Total
Type of Tractor
1955 21
1956-60
1956-6U
1960 Park
1960 Park
Purpose
General
18.7
11.2
8.6
21.3
56.8
Row-crop
3.0
13.6
o.4
16.2
43.2
Fuel consumed
Diesel
13.4
24.8
4.o
34.2
91.2
Other
8.3
0
5.0
3.3
8.8
Mode of traction
Wheeled
5.0
24.4 Ei
65.0 c/
Tracklaying
16.7
13.1 c/
35.0 Ei
Total
21.7
24.8
9.0
37.5
100.0
a. At the end of the year.
b. Consisting of tractors allocated to agriculture during 1946-50
plus the last of the prewar tractors which were retired in 1956.
c. Absolute figures for the 1960 park are based on the official per-
centage figures given in the last column, as announced in source 21/.
* The quantity, 892,000 15-hp units, is based primarily on the average
ratio of physical units to 15-hp units in 1956 allocations.
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Changes in composition of the park between 1955 and 1960 are shown in
Table 8.*
Table 8 further shows that present Soviet intentions are to
double the percentage of row-crop tractors in the park in 5 years so
that row-crop tractors will constitute more than half the tractors in
the park. In terms of 15-hp units the percentage of row-crop tractors
will be more than doubled, an indication of the shift to wheeled trac-
tors of greater power. Although the attainment of this goal would be
an impressive achievement, it nevertheless would fall short of the
balanced composition desired by Khrushchev -- 90 percent row-crop types
and 10 percent general-purpose types -- the ratio which pervails in the
US and Canada today.
E. Tractor Park in Relation to Agricultural Requirements.
In spite of the relatively large numbers of tractors which the
USSR has allocated to agriculture during the past 25 years, Soviet agri-
culture still is inadequately equipped in relation to the tasks set be-
fore it. The present Soviet agricultural tractor park is insufficient
to meet current goals for increasing yields per hectare, for raising the
productivity of agricultural labor, and for efficiently exploiting the
greatly expanded small grain and corn acreages. The extent of the
shortage of tractors in the USSR is suggested by comparisons with the
US agricultural tractor park, as shown in Table 16.** In 1956 there was
more than 4 times as much cultivated land per tractor horsepower in the
USSR as there was in the US. Even if allowance is made for a higher rate
of utilization of tractors in the USSR, the discrepancy is significant.
If the Soviet agricultural tractor park is enlarged according to
the original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60), a substantial improvement in
agricultural mechanization will have been realized. Thus by the end of
1960 the USSR, with an estimated park of 2.5 million tractors in 15-hp
units, will have reduced the cultivated land per tractor from 4 times that
of the US, as in 1956, to about 2.5 times. An agricultural tractor park
of this size is estimated to be adequate in terms of -Ole physical abil-
ity to perform necessary mechanized operations but not adequate in terms
of performing these tasks in so timely a manner as to maximize yields.
Overcapacity in tractors in the US has proved desirable because
such overcapacity has contributed to higher yields by facilitating better
agronomic practices and by reducing harvesting losses. In the USSR,
attempts currently are being made to raise yields by improving the level
of field husbandry practices (through the introduction of the Mal'tsev
system of small grain cultivation, by setting up row crops in checkrows,
and the like), but the major effort is being concentrated on increasing
yields by reducing harvest losses, especially in small grains. It would
seem logical for the USSR to have some excess capacity in tractors be-
cause the weather severely limits the length of the harvesting period.
* Table 8 follows on p. 24.
** Appendix A, p. 39.
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Whereas some farm machinery can be and has been shifted after completion
of harvesting in one region for the beginning of harvesting in another
region (for example, from the southern Ukraine to the "new lands"), the
risk of deviations from the normal seasonal pattern precludes heavy de-
pendence on such measures.
Soviet attitudes on the proper size of the agricultural tractor
park in relation to the task of maximizing yields have undergone a marked
change. For a long time the USSR considered that a large part of the
agricultural tractor park in the US was superfluous and underutilized.
The Soviet agricultural delegation, however, reporting on its trip to the
US and Canada in 1955, noted that "the large amount of tractors and farm
machinery Lon US farmj enables the farmer to handle all operations on
schedule and increase production per man." 22/
EV. Exports of Row-Crop Tractors Since 1950.
A comparison of recent Soviet statistics on production and alloca-
tion of tractors to.agriculture indicates the extent of nonagricul-
tural uses of tractors (including exports) in certain categories, as
shown in Table 9.* Mainly, these categories include row-crop types,
in which agriculture has the predominant interest, because general-
purpose types can be absorbed readily in other sectors of the econ-
omy -- for example, construction and logging. Besides agriculture,
almost the only logical domestic uses of row-crop tractors are in
municipal maintenance (care of parks and lawns, snow clearance, street
repair, and the like). Consumption of row-crop tractors for this
purpose is probably relatively minor. Thus it is estimated that
exports constitute at least 50 percent, and probably more, of all
nonagricultural uses of row-crop tractors. Almost 5,400 tractors
were exported by the USSR in 1956. _(2/ If 50 percent of all row-
crop tractors not allocated to agriculture in 1956 are assumed to
have been exported, then row-crop tractors comprised about 45 percent
of Soviet exports of tractors of all types in 1956. There are indi-
cations that Soviet exports of tractors in 1957 included a larger
share of row-crop tractors than in 1956, although the total volume of
exports of tractors is not expected to be enlarged substantially in
the near future. It seems rather surprising that almost one-fifth
of Soviet production of desperately needed row-crop tractors should
have gone into nonagricultural uses. That substantial exports of
row-crop tractors took place in 1954 and 1955 after the decrees of
the Communist Party calling for tremendous expansion of production
of row-crop tractors is evident in the export totals for the "Belarus"
tractor, which was first produced in late 1953. It is estimated that
in 1956, at least 2,600 "Belarus" tractors were exported (see Tables 10
and 13xx). The high proportion of "Universal" tractors exported is "
* Table 9 follows on p. 25.
** Appendix A, pp. 28 and 35, respectively, below.
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a measure of Soviet success in persuading the European Satellites and
Communist China to accept obsolete machinery while perhaps conserving
the more modern models for trade penetration in the Middle East and
Southeast Asia. In view of the critical need of domestic agriculture
for tractors of this type, it is apparent that, at least until 1956,
the USSR made relatively large sacrifices for the sake of trade with
the Sino-Soviet Bloc and economic penetration of the Free World.
V. Value.
The value of production of Soviet tractors rose about 52 percent
during 1950-55, increasing in absolute amounts from the equivalent
of $480 million in 1950 to $729 million in 1955 (see Table 17*).
The value of production of tractors in 1955 represents slightly more
than 0.2 percent of estimated Soviet gross national product (GNP)
for 1955. L/
* Appendix A, p. 40, below.
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Table 8
Comparison of the Agricultural Tractor Park in the USSR
in 1955 with the Park in 1960
1955
1960
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Thousand
in Terms of
Percentage
Thousand
in Terms of
Thousand
in Terms of
15-Horsepower
15-Horsepower
Thousand
in Terms of
15-Horsepower
15-Horsepower
Type of Tractor
Tractors
Tractors
Units
Units
Tractors
Tractors
Units
Units
General-purpose
617
73.5
1,246
86.0
671
44.6
1,420
56.8
Row-crop
223
26.5
203
14.0
832
55.4
1,080
43.2
Total
840
100.0
1,21J49
100.0
1,503
100.0
2,500
100.0
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Extent of Allocations
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Table 9
to Nonagricultural Uses
and the KD-35 Tractor
by the USSR
1950-55
of Row-Crop Tractors
Tractors
Model of Tractor
Row-crop
Quantity Allocated
to Agriculture
Quantity Allocated
to Nonagric131tural
Uses 2i
Quantity Allocated
to Nonagricultural
Uses as a Percent-
Total age of the Total
KDP-35
24,200
2,300
26,500
8.7
"Belarus"
37,500
5,700
43,200
13.2
"Universal'"
73,100
25,000
98,100
25.5
KhTZ-7
43,000
3,500
46,500
7.5
Others
300
6,900
7,200
95.8
Total row-crop
tractors
178,100
43,400
221,500
19.6
KD-35
24,200
4,700
28,900
16.3
a. This figure represents the total minus allocations to agriculture and includes
exports.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
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Table 10
Production of Tractors in the USSR
1942-56, 1957 Plan. and 1960 Plan
Republic, Plant, and Model of Tractorail aii
121222 la 12221
0.5 2.5
222 22.2
1.0
12221
5.7
.221
7.0
12222
12.7
1221
9.5
1212
16.1
2.0
18.1
19.0
1950
190,
18.4
4.9
21,1
0.8
0.8
16.5
1952
21.7
4.6
2g.,,,1
5.1
5,1
18.5
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957 Plan
1960 Plan
Original Revised
Ukrainian SSR
Kharikov Tractor Plant
NATI
DT-54
KhTZ-7
us-14
KhTZ-20
Khasolov Tractor Assetbly Plant
KhTZ-7
D8Sh-14
Ministry of the Defense Industry 2/
"Belarus" (MTZ-2)
Total
Belorussian SSR
Minsk Tractor Plant
KT-12
"Belarus" (MTZ-2)
TrIT.40 and TT-60
Total
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
S-80
9-100
20.0
2.7
22.7
Negligible g/
19.5
22.5
6.0
.0.,2
6.1
0.5
6.6
20.1
22.6
11.3
6.5
40.4
6.0
8.3
14.3
19.1
24.3
5.0
1.0
12.0
15.0
57.3
5.4
12.9
18.3
18.0
21.0
17.0
1.7
1.4
1.5
29.0
71.6
3.8
16.1
1.3
21.2
17.5
0.5
25.0 2/*
20.0 it/
30.0
72.0 2/
24.2
45.0 b/
30.0 b/
51.0 2/2/
85.8 S/ 2/
35.021
* Footnotes for Table 10 follow on p. 30.
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Table 10
Production of Tractors in the USSR
1942-56, 1957 Plan, and 1960 Plan
(Continued)
1957 Plan
Republic, Plant, and Model of Tractor
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
19471949
12128

1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Original
Revised
1960 Plan
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
(Continued)
Stalingrad Tractor Plant
'NATI
0.5
3.0
4.2
7.2
17.7
19.2
DT-54
2.5
23.0
17.4
16.8
20.8
21.0
22.4
22.0
45.6
E2-55, 132-57, 132-61, and GB-58
1.3
3.5
Altay Tractor Plant 11/
NATI
0.5
0.6
2.5
3.0
3.6
5.0
8.0
9.0
11.4
8.0
2.5
DT-54
5.2
8.3
11.6
15.0
18.2
VleAimir Tractor Plant
0-1, 0-2, and 0-4
1.2
2.0
2.9
7.0
10.8
15.0
14.6
15.8
17.0
18.6
16.0
0.6
DT-24
1.0
12.0
Lipetsk Tractor Plant
X11-35
0.5
3.1
4.9
6.7
6.9
7.0
1.1
2.3
MDP-35 1/
0.2
0.7
1.4
3.0
9.3
11.8
16.0
"Kirov" Works 1/
KT-12
1.5
3.5
6.0
1.7
Onega Tractor Plant 1c/
TDT-40
0.14
5.0
Other (primarily VARZ) 1/
STZ-1 (primarily)
3.0
6.1
2.1
0.2
Total
0.6
3.0
7,2
10.8
22.1
44.2
/2,1
86.1
.67,7
67.3
76.2
80.7
87.8
90.7
106.1
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Table 10
Production of Tractors in the USSR
1942-56, 1957 Plan, and 1960 Plan
(Continued)
1957 Plan
Republic, Plant, and Model of Tractor 1942 1943 1944 1946 1947 1948 v49 1950 ? 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 Original Revised 1960 Plan
Uzbek SSR
Tashkent Agricultural Machinery
Plant
DT-24-3
Total
Grand total
3.0
3.0
0.5 0.6 3.0 7.7 13.3 gaLit 56.2 88.2 108 91.8 28.7 111.3 135.4, 163.4 183.5 205.3 ma,2 322.o,
8.
a. Approximate.
b. Official estimate.
c; Plant located at Dnepropetrovsk. In the reorganization of 1957 this ministry was merged with the Ministry of General Machine Building and retained at the union level.
d. There is a discrepancy between this figure and the total planned production of individual models. The total for the republic and information on individual models were
obtained from different sources and cannot be reconciled at present. Each figure is therefore given as received.
e. Tracklaying tractors.
f. Row-crop tractors.
g. About 40 K11-35 tractors were produced at Minsk in 1950.
h. At Rubtsovsk.
i. Including 1(0-35-2 models beginning in 1955.
j. At Leningrad.
k: At Petrozavodsk.
1. At Moscow.
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Table 11
Designations and Characteristics of Selected Postwar Models of Tractors in the USSR
Designation Characteristics
ASKhTZ-NATI -- Altayskiy Stalingradskiy Khar'kovskiy Traktornyy Zavod - Nauchno-Issledo- Type: Tracklaying? general-purpose
Vatel'skiy i EEsperimenta'nyy Avtotraktornyy Institut (Altay-Stalingrad-Khar'kov Fuel: Kerosine
Tractor Plant - Scientific Automobile and Tractor Institute) Horsepower: 46-52 engine, 32-37 drawbar
Weight: 5,100 kilograms (kg), or 11,200 pounds (lb)
DT-54 -- Dizel'nyy Traktor - L 2/* (Diesel Tractor - 54) Type: Tracklaying, general-purpose
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 54 engine, 36 drawbar
Weight: 5,400 kg, or 11,880 lb
10-35 "Kirovets" Dizel' - 2/ (Kirov Diesel - 35)
KDP-35 "Kirovets" Dizel'nyy Propashnik - 2/ (Kirov Diesel Cultivator - 35)
ChTZ-S-80 Chelyabinskiy Traktornyy Zavod "Stalinets" - 80 2/ (Chelyabinsk
Tractor Plara?"Stalinets" 7.80)
U-1, 2, or 4 -- "Universal'" - 1, 2, or 4 L:,/ (Universal)
KT-12 -- "Kirov" Trelevochnyy - 12 2/ (Kirov Skidding - 12)
KhTZ-7 Khar'kovskiy Traktornyy Zavod - 1.2/ (Khar'kov Tractor Plant - 7)
* Footnotes for Table 11 follow on p. 33.
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Type: Tracklaying, general-purpose
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 35-37 engine, 24-26 drawbar
Weight: 3,700 kg, or 8,140 lb
The KDP-35 is a 10,35 modified so that there is additional
ground clearance. It is fitted with very narrow tracks
that can be used for row-crop cultivation. Its charac-
teristics are essentially the same as the KD-35.
Type: Tracklaying, general-purpose
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 93 engine (maximum), 65-73 drawbar
Weight: 11,400 kg, or 25,000 lb
Type: Wheeled, row-crop
Fuel: Kerosine
Horsepower: 22-24 engine, 10-12 drawbar
Weight: 3,000 kg, or 4,400 lb
Type: Tracklaying, special-purpose (timber-hauling)
Fuel: Gas generator
Horsepower: 35 engine, 25-30 drawbar
Weight: 5,750 kg, or 12,600 lb
Type: Wheeled, row-crop
Fuel: Gasoline
Horsepower: 12 engine, 7.5 drawbar
Weight: 1,300 kg, or 2,800 lb
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Table 11
Designations and Characteristics of Selected Postwar Models of Tractors in the USSR
(Continued)
Designation Characteristics
VTZ-T24 or DT-24 -- Vladimirskiy Traktornyy Zavod Traktor - 24 s/ (Vladimir Tractor
Plant Tractor - 24)
GB-58 -- Gazogeneratornyy dlya Bituminoznykh Topliv - 58 (Gas-Generator Tractor Using
Bituminous Fuel - 58)
Type: Wheeled, row-crop
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 24 engine, 18 drawbar
Weight: 2,500 kg, or 5,500 lb
Type: Tracklaying, general-purpose
Fuel: Gas generator
Horsepower: 53 engine, 30735 drawbar
Weight: 5,850 kg, or 12,880 lb
"Belarus" -- Named for the Belorussian SSR, in which the Minsk Tractor Plant, producer Type: Wheeled, row-crop
of the tractor, is located Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 37 engine, 24 drawbar
Weight: 3,250 kg, or 7,100 lb
DT-14 -- Dizel'nyy Traktor - 14 1/
DSSh-14 Dizel'noye Samokhodnoye Shassi - 14 2/ (Diesel, Self-Propelled
Chassis - 14)
KhTZ-20 Khk'kovskiy Traktornyy Zavod - 20 s/ (Khar'kov Tractor Plant - 20)
TT-b0 Trelevochnyy Dizel'nyy Traktor - 40 W (Skidding Diesel Tractor - 4o)
ITT-60 Trelevochnyy Dizel'nyy Traktor - 60 W (Skidding Diesel Tractor - 6o)
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Type: Wheeled, row-crop
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 14 engine, 8 drawbar
Weight: 1,460 kg, or 3,200 lb
Type: Wheeled, row-crop
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: 14 engine, 9 drawbar
Weight: N.A.
Type: Tracklaying, row-crop
Fuel: Diesel
Weight:
54 engine, 36 drawbar
5,000 kg, or 11,000 lb
Type: Tracklaying, special-purpose (timber-hauling)
Fuel: Diesel
itriterwer: 40 engine, 26 drawbar (in first gear)
6,500 kg, or 14,330 lb
Type: Tracklaying, special-purpose (timber-hauling)
Fuel: Diesel
,1,-.117,rwer: 60 engine, 40 drawbar (in first gear)
10,500 kg, or 23,100 lb
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Table 11
Designations and Characteristics of Selected Postwar Models of Tractors in the USSR
(Continued)
Designation
DT-55 -- Dizel'nyy Traktor -
DT-57 -- Dizel'nyy Traktor - 57 2/
DT-6I Dizel'nyy Traktor 61 2/
Characteristics
The DT-55 is a DT-54 modified with wide tracks for use in
marshland improvement. Its Characteristics are essen-
tially the same as the DT-54
The characteristics of the DT-57 are essentially the same
as the DT-54. It incorporates, however, unique gearing
and other changes which enable it to use plows mounted
at both ends of the tractor and to cultivate, according
to the shuttle method, crops on steep slopes.
Type: Tracklaying, general-purpose
Fuel: Diesel
Horsepower: N.A.
Weight: 5,000 kg, or 11,000 lb
a. The number is the rated engine horsepower.
b. The numbers are the model numbers.
c. The number is the model number.
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Table 12
Goals for Production of Row-Crop Tractors in the USSR
1954 - 1 May 1957
Model of Tractor
"Universal"
KDP-35
KhTZ-7
"Belarus"
"Belarus"
Total
12/
.1954
Tractors
18,200
10,340
10,500
10,000
5,000
54 o4o
15-Hp Units
12,140
16,540
5,250
15,000
7,500
56,#30
1955
Tractors
19,000
17,000
18,000
15,000
10,000
79,000
15-Hp Units
12,670
27,200
9,000
22,500
15,000
86,370
1956
1 January
- 1 May 1957
Tractors 15-Hp Units Tractors 15-Hp Units
20,000 13,340 6,700 4,490
17,000 27,200 5,400 8,64o
21,000 10,500 7,000 3,500
20,000 30,000 6,700 10,000
10,000 15,000 3,300 5,000
88,000 96,0)40 29,100 31,630
a. Produced in plants of machine building ministries other than the Ministry of the Defense Industry.
b. Produced in plants of the Ministry of the Defense Industry.
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Total
Tractors 15-Hp Units
63,900 42,640
49,740 79,580
56,500 28,250
51,700 77500
28,300 42,500
250,140 270 470
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Table 13
Allocations of Tractors to Agriculture in the USSR
1946-56
Model of Tractor
Characteristics
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Total
Tractors
15-Hp Units 2../
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
Tractors
15-Hp Units
ASKbTZ-NATI 37 drawbar hp, kerosine, track-
laying
DT-54 36 drawbar hp, diesel, tracklaying
s-8o 69 drawbar hp, diesel, tracklaying
KD-35 24 drawbar hp, diesel, tracklaying
Imp-35 24 drawbar hp, diesel, tracklaying
"Belarus" 24 hp, diesel, wheeled
"Universal'" 10 drawbar hp, kerosine, wheeled
KIITZ-7 7.5 drawbar hp, gasaine, wheeled
DT-14 8 drawbar hp, diesel, wheeled
DSSh-14 9 drawbar hp, diesel, wheeled
ET-24 18 hp, diesel, wheeled
Others, including STZ-1 15 drawbar hp, kerosine, wheeled
Total
10,000
loo
1,000
11,100
24,600
400
700
25,700
16,400
3,700
2,700
22,800
39,800
17,000
1,700
58,500
35,100
5,000
400
6,800
47 300
85,500
22,800
600
4,400
113,300
40,400
10,100
2,900
10,500
63,900
98,300
46,000
4,400
7,000
155,700
7,700
40,200
9,000
4,100
200
14,600
2,700
1 700
3 ,
92,200
19,000
96,500
41,400
6,600
300
9,700
1,400
7 , 600
182,500
6,700
32,400
5,600
5,700
600
9,600
4,500
65 100
16,400
76,900
25,500
9,000
900
6,300
2,300
137 300
2,100
34,800
5,500
5,800
1,300
10,300
4,200
64 000
5,100
81,400
24,600
9,100
2,000
6,700
2,100
131,000
42,000
6,400
5,900
2,800
400
11,100
5,500
4o0
74,500
99,100
28,200
9,300
4,400
600
7,300
2,700
400
152 000
45,900
6,100
900
8,700
13,200
12,300
10,300
3,000
100,400
107,300
27,400
1,400
13,500
20,400
7,900
5,100
3,000
186 000
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50,800
4,700
1,800
10,600
23,900
15,200
15,800
400
loo
123,300
121,000
21,000
2,800
16,800
38,200
10,000
7,600
200
loo
217,700
----...-
53,300
2,300
15,600
39,700
200
1,400
16,200
1,400
9,800
500
1140,1400
--
127,000
10,600
24,800
63,500
100
700
8,600
800
11,000
500
211.7,600
118,400
299,400
58,500
27,500
39,800
77,200
94,300
44,400
16,600
1,400
9,800
17,700
805,000
288,700
709,200
264,900
43,200
62,700
122,700
61,800
21,900
8,80o
800
11,000'
11,600
1,667,300
a. Horsepower.
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Table 14
Development of the Agricultural Tractor Park in the USSR
1946-60
Year
Park at the Beginning
of the Year
(Thousand 15-Hp Units)
Additions During the Year
Retirements During
the Year
(Thousand 15-Hp Units)
Thousand Tractors
Thousand 15-Hp Units
1946
469 21/
11.1
12/
25.7 12/
11
1947
484
22.8
58.5
14
1948
528
47.3
113.3
15
1949
627
63.9
155.7
16
1950
766
92.2
2/
182.5 2/
16
1951
933 2/
65.1
137.3
38
1952
1,032
64.o
131.0
37
1953
1,126
74.5
152.0
39
1954
1,2392/
100.4
186.0
87
S.1/
1955
1,338 2/
123.3
2/
217.7 2/
107
2/
1956
1957
(Plan)
1,449 2/
1,600 2/
140.4
145.0
2/
1/
247.6 2/I
97
1958
(Plan)
..
1959
(Plan)
1,650 B./
600 h/
1960
(Plan)
1961
2,500
a. 62/
c' /
d. Figures for these years are especially accurate because they are derived from official announce-
ments for the park and allocations in successive years.
e. Preliminary estimate of 1,577,000 15-hp units given for 1 November 1956. Later Soviet state-
ments were that the park consisted of "more than 1,600,000 tractors in 15-hp units." 02
f' .L/
h. Estimated.
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Table 15
Comparison of Agricultural Tractor Parks
in the US and in the USSR 2/
Selected Years 1950-56
Thousand, Tractors
Year
Us 12/
1950
3,678
1953
4,243
1954
4,345
1955
4,450
1956
N.A.
USSR
595
744
795
J 840
892 I/
a. ..(2Y. Quantities are given for the
ends of the years.
b. Excludes garden tractors for com-
parability with Soviet statistics.
c. Preliminary.
d. As of 1 November 1956.
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Table 16
Area of Crop Land per Tractor in the US, 1956,
and in the USER, 1956 and 1961 21
Area
Measurement.
for Tractors
Agricultural Tractor Park
(Thousand Tractors)
Million Hectares
He
per Tractor
US
USSR
US
USSR
US
USSR
1956
1956
1961
1956
1956
1961
1956
1956
1961
Tractors
Tractors in
15-horsepower units
4,450
4,450
2/
2/
840
1,449
2/
1/
1,503
2,500
1/
1/
166
166
2/
2/
228 11/
228 I/
236 d
236 g/
37
37
271
157
157
94
a. Quantities are given as of 1 January of each year.
b. In terms of total crop land.
c. See Table 15, P. 38, above.
d. See Table 8, p. 24, above.
e. Data are for 1950. 02
g. Source 21/ states that the sown area will increase to 190 million - 200 million hectares
in the "next few years" (presumably by 1960). On the assumptions that the relationship be-
tween expansion of the sown area and the total crop land during 1954-55 remains constant
during the period under consideration 22/ and that the total sown area in 1960 will be 200
million hectares a total crop land of approximately 236 million hectares in 1960 is implied.
h. The average US tractor is equivalent to one 15-horsepower unit. 22/
i. See Table 14, p. 37, above.
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Table 17
Value of Production of Tractors in the USSR a/
1950-55
Model of Tractor
Price 11/
1 JUly 1955
Value
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
(Thousand 1955 Rubles)
Volume
DT-54
16,200
696,600
579,960
7o7,94o
835,920
894,24o
999,540
10-35
16,200
79,380
108,540
111,780
113,400
17,820
37,260
DP-35
18,250
3,650
12,775
25,550
54,750
169,725
215,350
"Belarus"
22,000
11,000
325,600
613,800
"Universal,"
8,000
120,000
116,800
126,400
136,000
148,800
128,000
KhTZ-7
9,400
25,380
46,o6o
43,240
56;400
106,220
159,800
ASKhTZ-NATI
14,000 2/
159,600
112,000
35,000
1/
DT-24
12,000 2/
12,000
rm-14
11,000 li
11,000
KT-12
24,900
149,400
62,250
126,990
151,890
149,400
134,46o
s-8o
32,200
627400
531,300
555,700
647,220
615,020
579,600
- DT-55, IT-57,
DT-61, GB-58
18,000 2/
23,400
STZ-1 and others
9,500 2/
57,950
19,950
1,900
2/
Total
1,919,860
1,589,635
1,774,500 2,006,580
2,426,825,
2,914,210
(Thousand 1955 US $)
Total
479,965
397,4o9
443,625 5?1,645
606,706
728,552
(1950 . 100)
Index of total
100.0
82.8
92.4
104.5
126.4
151.8
a. Ruble values have been converted into US dollar values at the official exchange rate of 4 rubles to
US $1.
b. 1/4/
c. e price is estimated on the basis of the average price decline between 1950 and 1955 applied to the 1950
price for this model.
d. Discontinued after 1952.
e. The price is estimated on the basis of the general characteristics of the model.
f. The price is that reported in 1956. This model was first produced in late 1955.
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APPENDIX B
DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTION AT SELECTED TRACTOR PLANTS
1953-56
A survey of achievements in production of tractors and change-
overs of models at individual Soviet plants is presented below.
1. Khar'kov Tractor Plant and Khar'kov Tractor Assembly Plant.
Production of the gasoline-powered wheeled tractor KhTZ-7 by the
Khar'kov Tractor Plant and the Khar'kov Tractor Assembly Plant rose
from 6,000 tractors in 1953 to 17,000 in 1955. In late 1954, some
production of KhTZ-7 tractors was moved from the Khar'kov Tractor
Assembly Plant to the Khar'kov Tractor Plant, which began to produce
these tractors in January 1955. By the end of 1955 the Khar'kov
Tractor Plant had replaced KhTZ-7 tractors with the 8-hp diesel
DT-14 and also had produced about 1,700 KhTZ-20 tractors. The
KhTZ-20 is a diesel tractor based on the DT-54 model but has a more
powerful engine. In 1956, after producing about 1,400 KhTZ-7 trac-
tors, the Khar'kov Tractor Assembly Plant began serial production
of the diesel self-propelled chassis DSSh-14. The DSSh-14 has its
engine mounted behind the driver's seat and in front of the driver's
seat a frame to which agricultural implements may be attached for
easy control by the driver.
2. Dnepropetrovsk Plant of the Ministry of the Defense Industry and
Minsk Tractor Plant.
A spectacular increase in production of "Belarus" tractors, which
were produced by the Dnepropetrovsk plant and the Minsk Tractor Plant,
was achieved during 1953-56. From less than 500 in 1953, production
soared to almost 28,000 in 1955 and about 45,000 in 1956. The
Dnepropetrovsk plant, which was under the Ministry of the Defense
Industry before the reorganization of 1957,* contributed 21,000 "Belarus"
tractors in 1954 and 1955, or 6,000 tractors more than the minimum pre-
scribed in the decree of 20 September 1953, and 29,000 in 1956. 12/
The Share of the Minsk plant in production of "Belarus" tractors in-
creased from 469 in 1953 to more than 16,000 in 1956. Production of
the gas-generator KT-12 logging tractors slackened in 1955, and replace-
ment of it with the diesel models TDT-40 and TDT-60 was initiated in
1956.
* In the reorganization of 1957 the Ministry of the Defense Industry
was merged with the Ministry of General Machine Building and retained
at the union level.
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3. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant.
In February 1956 the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, which was sub-
ordinate to the Ministry of Transport Machine Building before the
1957 reorganization, introduced the first of its series of S-100
tractors, a modification of the S-80 tractor having an engine with
a capacity of 100 hp. The drawbar pull of the new tractor was
supposed to be increased by 8 drawbar hp by this change. Because
of design deficiencies, however, the tractor failed its tests; and,
although plans called for 300 S-100 tractors to be completed by
the end of February 1956, the tractor had not been placed in serial
production by September 1956. LY Perhaps 500 S-100 tractors were
produced by the end of the year.
4. Stalingrad Tractor Plant.
The Stalingrad Tractor Plant began prcduction of the gas-generator
GB-58 general-purpose tractor about 1 June 1955. /// In December
1955 the plant commenced serial production of the DT-55 marshland
tractor based on the DT.-514. /y The Stalingrad plant also developed
a lighter and more powerful general-purpose version of the DT-54,
designated as the DT-61, the first of which was assembled in January
1956. /2/ A special-purpose version of the DT-54, called the DT-57,
probably was serially produced by the end of 1956. The DT-57 was
designed mainly for cultivating wheat and is capable of maneuvering
on mountain slopes up to 20 degrees without turning around at the
end of a row. .?2/
5. Vladimir Tractor Plant.
Apart from the shift in production from the KhTZ-7 tractor to the
DT-14 at the Khar'kov Tractor Plant, the major changeover in models
in 1955-56 took place at the Vladimir Tractor Plant. Beginning in
November 1955 the Vladimir plant replaced the obsolete "Universal'"
series with the diesel row-crop tractor DT-24. Li Because change-
overs in models have caused production losses in most instances in
the past, it is estimated that production at the Vladimir plant
dropped from about 17,000 tractors in 1955 to about 13,000 in 1956.
6. Onega Tractor Plant.
Some expansion of productive capacity in the tractor industry
took place in 1956 when the former Onega Machine Plant at Petrozavodsk
was converted into a tractor plant. New facilities for production are
under construction, and old buildings have been enlarged. The new
plant, in the timber regions of Karel'skaya ASSR, is estimated to have
produced 400 TDT-40 diesel tractors for log dragging. in 1956. The
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Onega plant is expected to produce diesel tractors at the rate of
5,000 a year by 1960. .g2/ About 100 million rubles ($25 million)
were allocated in the original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) for
reconstruction and development of the Onega plant. Production
space is to be increased 150 percent.
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
1. Tables 2 Through 9 and Table 13.
2 is based on Soviet official statistics
and the methodology for Tables 3, 4, 5,
and 13* is given in the text.
2. Table 10.**
6, 7, 8, 9,
Annual production figures for the USSR, the Russian Soviet
Federated Socialist Republic, and the Ukrainian SSR, as well as for
certain models of tractors, are based on official statistical hand-
books. .852 Data on the Stalingrad Tractor Plant are consistent with
production indexes included in the handbook for Stalingradskaya
Oblast.
When this information is not sufficient to determine production
for individual plants, it has been necessary to rely
on Soviet reports of percentage increases and
plan fulfillment. Data for 1957-60 are based on percentage increases.
Some of these reports are related to official figures on production
and are, therefore, very accurate. The accuracy of other estimates
of the plan depends on the accuracy of the estimate of production
for the base year.
For estimates on plants and models not related to official
figures the margin of error in any given year may be up to 3 per-
cent. Generally speaking, accuracy is Improved over a span of
several years. In the latter case the margin of error may be
reduced to 2 percent.
3. Table 13.***
Table 13 is derived from official figures
Detailed figures were given for 1946, 1950, 1955,
an , an allocations for other years were included in cumula-
tive totals for 1946-50 and 1951-55. In the latter case, estimates
of allocations were adjusted to agree with the allocations for
individual years as shown in Table 14.xxxx
XXX
Pp. 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, and 35 respectively, above.
Appendix A, p. 28, above.
Appendix A, p. 35, above.
Appendix A, p. 37, above.
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4. Table 14.*
Table 14 generally is based on official sources. Data on park
and retirements for 1947-49 were interpolated. Data on retirements
were estimated except when derived from official figures on park and
allocations for two or more successive years. Allocations in terms
of physical units were taken from Table 13,** unless official figures
were given. Estimates of retirements based on the original Sixth
Five Year Plan (1956-60) are discussed in the text in connection with
Table 6.***
* Appendix A, p. 37, above.
if* Appendix A, p. 35, above.
*HE P. 19, above.
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