STATUS REPORT ON UTILIZATION OF THE IBM 1401 AND REMINGTON RAND 490 COMPUTERS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 5, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 7, 1963
• Content Type: MEMO

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R
STATUS REPORT ON UTILIZATION
OF THE IBM 1401 AND
REMINGTON RAND 490 COMPUTERS
4ThI&s contains information affecting thNational Defense of Ili: lln,ifed,
StateS:,within'the meaning of the espionage laWs itle-1.0',,y.,See'S; 793 and 794,
, the transmission or revelation of which in any meenette.eWtieikitherized person Is
prohibited by law".
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? Itis to be Seen only-by.0/,'S'I'0,ERSONNEL especially indeciiineted:cind'eUtherized
to receivet*LENT,KOitoLg-,inforinatiap:if.liS,,Secbrit,MUSt.be'qnpintairied in
.accordance With KEYHO..E and TALENT, regulations.,
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WARNING
"This document contains information affecting the National Defense of the United
States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794,
the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is
prohibited by law".
It is to be seen only by U. S. PERSONNEL especially indoctrinated and authorized
to receive TALENT-KEYHOLE information: Its security must be maintained in
accordance with KEYHOLE and TALENT regulations.
/1/17 /171.
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O
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SUBJECT: Status Report on Utilization of the IBM 1401
and Remington Rand 490 Computers
1. TCS-1454-63-KH
2. TCS-1404-63-KH
Distribution:
Cys 1 & 2 - Ex/Dir
3 - TID
4 - PDS
5 & 6 - CSD
NPIC/CSD
((May 63)
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TCS-l453-63-H
7 May 1963
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TCS-1453-63-KH
7 May 1963
Copy No.
MEMORANDUM FOR: Executive Director, NPIC
SUBJECT Statu? keport on Utilization of the IBM 1401
and Remington Rand 490 Computers
REEIERENCE Memorandum of 1 April 1963, same subject, from
Executive Director, NPIC to Chiefs, CSD & TID,
and P&DS
1. Attached are two staff studies explaining the present status
and future plans for the two computer systems in NPIC and listing
additional equipment required for operations of the Collateral Support
Division. A memorandum to the Office of Logistics thru the Chairman,
CIA ADP Committee requesting rental of this equipment is forwarded
seperately for your signature.
2. The paper on the Remington Rand 490 system shows that the
development time and the ultimate equipment utilization is far more
extensive than originally visualized.
3. When rental of the two computer systems was approved by the
CIA Automatic Data'Processing Committee, it was stipulated that
conversion of the 1401 be studied and, if possible, accomplished
at the earliest practicable moment.
4. The study cannot profitably be undertaken at this time.
The major reasons are:
a. It is too early to forecast the demand volume for
either system. This is especially true for community demands;
exploratory discussions in this area with CIA components and
representatives of the newly-established Defense Intelligence
Agency are just beginning.
b. Any immediate attempt to transfer Collateral Support
Division (CSD) computer activities to the Remington Rand 490
system will delay the schedule of the Technical Intelligence
Division for development of the real-time mensuration system.
Conversely, NPIC immediate reporting requirements cannot tolerate
the delays necessary totain programmers and reprogram the 1401
applications on the 490.
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TCS-1453-63-KH
7 May 1963
SUBJECT: Status Report on Utilization of the IBM 1401
and Remington Rand 490 Computers
c. Changes in the collection systems will have a major
effect on the 490.system, requiring extensive reprogramming.
Several new systems are already in late stages of development.
d. Although the real-time mensuration response will
probably take no more than five percent of the available time
on the 490 system, batch programs necessary to prepare for the
real-time capability are more time consuming than originally
anticipated (because a more accurate method is now planned).
It is possible that TID applications may require up to 80 percent
of the available time on the 490 system.
e. It has already been found that some major computer
activities of CSD and TID peak at the same time. This eliminates
simple time sharing of one computer and requires careful evalu-
ation of the details of each such program to determine the
possibilities for overlap.
5. We therefore recommend that immediate consideration be given to
the CSD request for additional equipment and that the question of
ultimate convergence of the two systems be deferred until the 490
photo measurement system is in operation and the items in paragraph 4
above become definitive. We believe the deferral should be for a
minimum of two years and that four years is more likely.
Attachments:
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EP SECRET KEYHOLE CHARNELS
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TCS-1454-63-KH
Copy No.
Present Status and Future of the IBM 1401 System
I Problem
To determine the status of the IBM 1401 System relative to current
utilization and future demands on this equipment within the Center.
II Facts Bearing on the Problem
A. Background
1. Beginning in January 1957, NPIC developed a punched card system
for the production of immediate photo interpretation reports (IPIR,
OAK, SITSUM and MCI, hereafter called IFIRs and MCIs) and background
Target Briefs utilizing the IBM 407 Tabulating Machine's 150-lines
per minute printing capability. This system provided for individual
target readouts to be punched as read, sorted into any desired sequence,
listed on reproduceable offset masters for hard copy reproduction and
converted to punched paper tape for electrical transmission. Corrections,
insertions and deletions could be made easily up to the 'time of printing.
The readouts were then used to update the Target Brief file. (See
Figure 1.)
2. With the advent of satellite reconnaissance, which covers
3-5 million square miles and 2-3,000 targets in one missi the
IBM 407 could not handle the printing demands. Installation of an
IBM 1401 system (8K, 4 slow-speed tape drives) was approved in
mid-1961 to obtain the better and faster printing capability of
the 600 lines-per-minute 1403 printer. Training of programers,.
systems design, and programming began in January 1962. The system
was delivered and became operational on 16 July 1962.
B. Present Status of the 1401 System
1. The utilization of the 1401 system since delivery has grown
rapidly, averaging 230 hours per month during the first Quarter of
1963. (See Figure 2.) The growth in utilization has been due
primarily to daily Cuban overflights and to TALENT missions on
China, Tibet and SE Asia. It should be noted that there was no
successful KH mission from mid-December 1962 to April 1963.
2. An appreciation of the applications on the 1401 may be
obtained from Attachment 1, which lists all operational programs
and the frequency of their use. Machine utilization divides into
the following primary applications. (See Figure 3.)
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'ICS-1454-63-1m
a. The Immediate Reporting Cycle accounts for 80% of total
1401 utilization and involves four sets of programs:
1) Those which produce proofs and offset reproduction
masters for IPIR's. (An gvere of 225 targets is processed for
each IFIR.)
2) Those which produce partial and final MCI proofs,
final MCI reports, and magnetic tape output to update the Target
Briefs and MCI master tape files. (Each KH MCI includes readouts
on 1,200-2,000 targets selected from some 2,000-3,000 targets reviewed
by the PI.)
3) Those which are used to update and/or list the target
briefs file (containing approximately 12,000 targets) and prepare
indexes as required.
4) Those designed to select various portions of the
target brief files as required.
b. "All Source"/Minicard_uplications account for 5% of
total 1401 utilization. This category includes publication of the
"All Source" listings which index more than 16,000 photo interpreta-
tion and photo related reports; retrieval of specific bibliographtes'
in response to analyst requests; library circulation control over
approximately 10,000 codeword documents; and edit/ control programs
which produce error check listings and control listings for
Minicard input. Approximately 300 documents are accessioned per
month.
c. Support of other NPIC components accounts for 3% of
1401 utilization. Included are the generation and listing for
publication of acquisition numbers which are assigned to downgraded
photography; the editing of original ephemeris data and printing
of the "Best Guess" and final ephemeris reports; cumulative monthly
listings of regular and overtime hours worked on projects by NPIC
personnel; monthly NPIC project status and contract status reports.
d. Preparatory and utility operations, which include
assemblies, testing operations, sorting operations, etc., account
for 12% of the 1401 utilization.
C. Future Demands Upon the System
1. Expansion of NPIC
a. According to current plans, PI strength at NPIC will
expand substantially during FY-64. The effective increase in Pi
strength will be even greater, moreover, since the consolidation
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TCS-1454-63-KH
of Army, Navy and Air Force detachments into a DIA element will
permit PI teams to be cut from four to three and possibly two
members.
b. It is estimated that there will be a. threefold
increase in satellite missions in FY-64. The resolution of imagery
received is expected to increase to the point where detailed
interpretation of target facilities similar to that accomplished
by TALENT material will be possible. As a result, requirements
for PI readout and for collateral information to support the PI
will increase very rapidly and substantially.
c. Film inputs from U-2 photography are expected to
remain at the current high level. Moreover, pressure to extend
coverage mounts daily. Excluding Cuba, it is estimated there
will be 35 missions flown as compared with 20 flown to date in
FY-63.
2. Implication for Operation of Present System
We conservatively estimate that the conclusion of the
present calendar year will witness no less than a 70% growth in
afte and a 100% increase in activity directed against the data
base in the 1401 system. Applying these factors to operations
during the four month period October 1962 thru January 1963,
it is estimated that utilization will reach 590 hours per month
by the end of 1963 (Figure 4).
III Discussion
A. System Problems and Equipment Requirements
1. To keep pace with the increasing volume and tempo of
NYlC intelligence production, it is imperative that certain
limitations of the present 1401 system be eliminated. Production
of IFIR's and MCIs will be constantly overlapping each other.
Each readout should be added to the data base as soon as feasible.
Each new listing of target briefs will have to reflect all
available data whether it be from a completed report or from an
initial proof of a report still in the production cycle.
2. With the present system, entire files must be passed
through the computer memory whenever it is desired to update
Target Briefs. Because of the extensive run time (12 hours
for the main Target Brief file), updating additions and correc-
tions must be batched extensively. An on-line immediate access
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storage capability, allowing the file to be updated by processing
only the portions to be changed would alleviate this problem.
3. The Target Brief file cannot be updated if it interferes
with the proof listing or mat-generation of an I1-'LR. The core
storage of the 1401 system is insufficient to permit incorporation
of interrupt and restart routines and an immediate report must '
be processed as soon as it becomes available. Since we have
been averaging two to three IFIR's daily, seven days a week
since October, this presents a considerable scheduling problem.
The ability to interrupt lengthy operations to handle urgent
priority demands is now required. Resumption of the interrupted
operation at or near the point of departure is also a require-
ment.
4. Multiple runs are required to accomplish one maintenance
operation involving both updating from immediate reports and
corrections. The, restriction is primarily due to limited computer
memory space for instructions to perform more complex operations
and the necessity to maintain like sequences between the updating
information and the file being updated. Additional memory and
random access storage would permit consolidation of funs.
5. Because of limited core capacity, present programs are
necessarily sophisticated, difficult to write, and time consuming
to modify. Additional core would permit straight-forward, modular
programming, facilitating check out and modification.
6. Retrieval operations are unnecessarily time consuming.
Retrieval speed should be augmented by faster data transfer rates
and by use of random access storage.
7. The present system is limited in the various sequences
in which large files can be arranged, due to the time consumed by
magnetic tape sorting of the entire file. This means, for example,
that it is not feasible to list target briefs in pass sequence.
With immediate access storage, however, only a relatively small
index to the files need be sorted.
8. The present system is overwhelmed with the enormous
printing load. This can be alleviated by overlapping input,
output and processing operations and by faster printer speeds.,
4
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TCS-1454-63-KH
B. Additional Requirements
There are a number of additional applications for machine
processing identified at the present time and many more will
develop as the activities and staff of NPIC expand and diversify.
They point to the need for greater system throughput capability
and flexibility. Additional requirements include:
1. The purging of target brief files to prevent them from
becoming too bulky for efficient use by the photo interpreter.
2. Maintenance of a Report File to satisfy the increasing
number of requests for listings of published IPIRs and MCIs
cumulated by installation and sorted in various sequences. The
total collection of these reports can no longer be contained
in the Target Briefs file.
3. The Operations Staff is developing a detailed manage-
ment information system to provide daily information on the
status of work in progress and to provide a base for projection
of future requirements. Machine support is required.
4. A program is needed to prepare clear text bibliographies
of reports pertinent to specific requests of the Minicard system,
so that requesters may select the documents they wish duplicated.
5. A comprehensive program is required for supplying or
exchanging poittions or all of the various files of interest to
each of the major commands, agencies, centers or services.
C. Conversion to the UNIVAC 490
1. Theoretically it would be possible to convert the present
and anticipated 1401 applications to the 490. It has been decided,
however, that such conversion is not feasible at the present time
because of the delays such transfer would incur in the implementation
of the real time mensuration system.
2. Furthermore, major activities of both systems peak
concurrently necessitating very detailed consideration of the
possibilities for overlap. Neither 490 programmers conversant
with CSD applications nor the time to train programmers and write,
assemble, and test programs are available. To train programmers
and reprogram would involve at least a year's time; the present
1401 system cannot keep up with the anticipated workload during
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TCS- 1454-63-KH
this period. See the attached staff study "Present Status and
Future of the UNIVAC 490 System."
D. Equipment Recommendations
1. A careful review of present and anticipated NPIC workloads
and requirements has been made jointly with IBM. As a result, we
recommend as a minimum that the present 1401 system (monthly rental
$6,630.00) be replaced by the qquipment listed below as quickly as
possible. Ttle 1401 system will be phased out after acceptance and
full conversion to the new system.
Qty
Type
Model/Feature
Description
Mo. Rental
1
1411
3
Processing Unit
$ 5,400
1
3470
Dual Synchronizer
325
1
5620
Priority
125
1
5730
Processing Overlap
200
1
3302
Disk Storage Adapter
65
1
4659
I/0 Adapter
25
1
7823
Tape I/0 Adapter
55
1
7824
Tape I/0 Adapter
55
1
1415
1
Console
250
1
1414
3
I/0 Synchronizer
675
1
7680
Synchronizer Storage
550
1
7681
Synchronizer Storage
6o
2
1414
1
I/0 Synchronizer
1,950
1
3585
800 cpi Feature
35
1
3586
800 cpi Feature
35
1
1402
2
Card Read Punch
615
1
1403
2
Printer
775
4
729
5
Magnetic Tape Units
3,000
1
7631
1
File Control
835
1
1301
2
Disk Storage
3,500
TOTAL
$18,530
2. Further, we recommend that the 1403 model 2 printer (600 lines/
min) and 7680 and 7681 synchronizer storage be replaced by a 1403 model
3 printer (1100 lines/min) with the necessary 7682 synchronizer storage
as soon as they become available (scheduled for mid 196)-i-). The
additional cost will be $875.00 per month. Three character changes
will be required in each printer.
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TCS-1454-63-Kil
3. The recommended disk system best satisfies the equipment
requirements identified in sections A & B above, provides program
compatibility with the existing 1401 system, and will permit us
to utilize the experience and training of the present 1401 programming
staff. (See Figure 5). The effect on estimated utilization is
shown in Figure 6.
IV. Conclusions
1. The existing 1401 system will not continue to satisfy NPIC
data processing requirements.
2. Conversion of 1401 applications to the 490 is not now
feasible.
3. As a minimum, a 1410 disk system is needed.
V. Recommendation and Action
It is recommended that we proceed with the installation of the
1410 disk system specified in Section D.1 above as rapidly as feasible.
A memorandum requesting the Office of Logistics to issue a "letter of
intent" to IBM is attached for your signature.
Chief, Collatera uppor iivi on
NPIC
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MONTHLY UTILIZATION ,
*NPIC Move. I OF 1401 DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
(Excludes Set-up Time)
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ernDrr UMW CHANNELS Figure -3
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4
1401 Utilization'
Distributed According to Primary Applications
Chart Key
1 = Immediate Reporting Cycle
2 Source/Ninicard Application
3 = Support of other NPIC Components
4 = Preparatory and Utility Operations
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Comparative Analysis of System Configurations Considered
Required Capabilities,
Configuration Considered
expressed as a runotion or computer system's
hardware.
Present
11401
Expanded
114-01 ,
A"rji2.4
0
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A
0
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Printing Speed
600
600
.
600
iloo
1100
1100
Internal Speed
11.5
, 11.5
11.5
6
4.5
4.5 '
Memory Capacity
8
16
8
3.6
20
40
Large Volume, On-Line Data Storage
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
-
Direct Access to Records
No
No
No
No
Yes
Priority Interrupt
No
,No
No
No
No
Yes
.
Yes
Processing-Input/Output Overlap .
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Variety of Access Equipments Possible '
NO
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
,
Chart Key
Print speeds shown are rated maximum, In lines-per-minute, for the fastest model of printers
which can be attached to the system.
Internal speeds are expressed in microseconds per core access.
Memory capacity figures indicate the recommended ogre sizes, ekpressed in thousands of addressable
core locations, for each system configuration.
Yes indicates the presence of a hardware capability or capacity on the system, No its absence.
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Estimated Utilization of the Present
and Recommended Computer Systems
by January 1964
Present 1401 Proposed 1410
System Disk System
590
600 line/min
printer
Figure 6
TCS-1454-63-KH
1100 line/min
printer
Average Monthly
Utilization
Jan - Mar '63
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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I Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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HANDLE VIA TALENT-KEYHOLE CONTROLS ONLY
WARNING
"This document contains information affecting the National Defense of the United
States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794,
the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is
prohibited by law".
It is to be seen only by U. S. PERSONNEL especially indoctrinated and authorized
to receive TALENT-KEYHOLE information: Its security must be maintained in
accordance with KEYHOLE and TALENT regulations.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
noir 'WAAL! "--111111 Attachment T
mS-15-63-}H
CljtakTIOAT; PROGRAMS
Copy No. /
IMMEDIATE REPORTS
1. IR041 0AK - IPIR SITSUM
TYPE: Published Report?This program is designed to list the
information obtained by aerial coverage on top priority
targets. -Output is punched to update the COMOR files.
USAGE: Daily. Proofs and Reports. Time, varies from 10 minutes
to 25 minutes each run. Averages two plus runs per
report.
2- IC061 Card Conversion for.SITSUM
TYPE: Conversion Card to Card, (old card system to new card
system), then to tape.
USAGE: One time.
MCI REPORTS
3. 1E011 - MCI Proof List and Edit
TYPE: Edit. This program is designed to produce a proof
listing of an MCI publication.
USAGE: Not_used to date.
4. 1E021 - MCI Final Proof
TYPE: Proof Listing: This program is designed to produce
the final proof list which incorporates any changes
observed on the initial proof listings. A tape is
created for input to the MCI Met Run.
USAGE: One a week. Varies, 1 hour average.
IR011 - MCI Mats Generation
TYPE: Published report. Lists MCI Report on Mats from tape
? produced from MCI final proof program. Also checks
table tape for COMOR Targets, and as output punches
? card for each COMOR Target, produces a tape to update
the MCI File and a tape-to update the Master File.
USAGE: One a week, 30 minutes to 1 hour.
T?2 SECRET TEVAINSI.S.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05 : 9IA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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MCI:R-F;p;.ows ccolopitnao 0 N S-1454-63431
6. IR021 - MATS Index
TYPE: Published. Report. The purpose of this program is
to produce an index to the MCI publications.
USAGE: One a week, 15 minutes.
7. 1R031 - MCI Master File
TYPE: Update the Master MCI File and to produce a listing of
all additions to that file on 5 x 8 cards. Output is
an updated MCI Master Tape.
USAGE: One a month. 2ff hours average.
8. 1m031 - MCI Master File Maintenance
TYPE: Maintenance. This program is designed_ to make changes
to the MCI Master File by the addition, deletion, or
replacement of logical tape records. Output will be a
corrected master tape.
USAGE: One a week. hours to 2 hours.
9. ICOn - MCI File - Card to Tape Conversion
TYPE: Card to Tape conversion. Writes to tape in blocked
format all the MCI Files.
USAGE: One time.
10. IC031 WAC - Coordinate Table
TYPE: Card to Tape. To build a table of coordinates within
WAC, within Country. To be used in program to list
first MCI proof copy.
USAGE: Will be used average of one weekly.
11. IC041 - COMOR - NPIC Table
TYPE: Card. to Tape. To build a table of COMORS to run
against headers to determine if any regular headers
are the same as COMORS. (Used in MCI Mat Run).
USAGE: One a week. 30 Minutes.
1011.4. V-
- 2 -
TO? SECRET
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/057 oriaDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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TARGET BRIEF MAINTENANCE
12. IM011 - Regular File Maintenance (Tape)
TYPE: Update and Maintenance. This program is designed to
update the Regular Briefs Master File through the
addition of the latest MCI tape to that file. Output
includes an updated Regular Briefs Master File, an
updated Regular Briefs Header File, and/or printed
listing.
USAGE: One -a week, 3 hours update selected NPIC briefs
One a month, 10-12 hours print entire file, (UR)
One a month, 3 hours print entire file, (Cu).
13. IM021 - Regular or Special Card Maintenance
TYPE: Tiqpdate and Maintenance. This program is designed to
print and/or update the Regular or Special Master File
by using add, delete, or change cards. An updated
Master File is output along with an updated header
list tape used to print Briefs Lists B, CI D, and E.
COMOR table cards are punched whenever updating the
Special Briefs File.
USAGE: One a day or 11 a week 2 hours per run.
(See Above)
14. IR131 - Target Briefs Index - 5 x. 8 Cards
TYPE: Listing. To list the records on any briefs header
tape on 5 x 8 cards.
USAGE: As required. Requirements not established. (Run once).
15. IR121 - Briefs List "A"
TYPE: Listing. To produce a listing of target briefs or of
briefs headers. Listing is from card input.
USAGE: One a week. 15-20 minutes.
16. IR061 - Briefs Header Record Listing
TYPE: List Target Books. To produce Briefs Header Lists
B, C, D, and E. (From tape produced by master file
maintenance programs.)
USAGE: Three - four week. 30 minutes average,
VIA V-11;1-
- 3 -
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HANDLE VIA nal.-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
ONLY
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TARGET BRIEF MAINTENANCE (CONTINUED)
17. IM051 - Master File Maintenance
Maintenance/Listing Program. Rewrite to include IM021
and I4011 in one program, having these additional 'capabilities:
a. Assigning record numbers to the additions automatically.
b. Reflecting all targets deleted from file.
c. Variable output to work tape.
18. IR161 - Master File Edit Program
Listing/Edit Program. Designed to list all errors found by
scanning the master file tapes. Also will test ability to
recognize automatically the different types of References in
the File. Output is a corrected Master File, with the option
to split the file into sections by WAC.
30. SLOW- Special Master File Retrieval Program
Special retrieval program, designed to select all "COMOR"
targets ontoa special output tape. (Used for recurring
special requests).
OTHER
20. IR051 .IB File
TYPE: Published Report. This program is designed to list
the acquisition numbers of downgraded aerial photog-
raphy as authorized by COMOR.
USAGE: One evey 3-4 months. 1 hour.
21. 10021 - IB ID Control
TYPE: Builds table in core. To compute the total number of
frames tp be processed on each camera for the IBID listing.
USAGE: One every 3-4 months. 1 hour.
22. UC011 - IBID Conversion
TYPE: Card to tape conversion. Converts the cards used in the
first 4 vols. of IBID to tape in the same format as the
present IBID. (Old format to New).
USAGE: One time.
UtrA7
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
TOP SECRET TENY,Mkti;iiii 104404348
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OTHER (CONTINUED
23. IR101 - Ephemeris Pitch and Roll
TYPE: Listing. To produce a listing showing the pitch and
roll status of the vehicle at the, time each photograph
is taken.
USAGE: Two. every KH. .1 hour each run.
24. 1E031 Ephemeris Camera Check
TYPE: ..Listing this program check lists and edits the card
output from the automatic- "dot" reader. Shows clocking
.errors? et0.1 fOr each-mission.
USAGE: Two every KH. 30 minutes each run.
Scramble and unscramble runs, two hours each KH.
25. UR011 Minicard Tag Count
TYPE: Listing. Designed to count the number of numeric file
words and 1-XMinicards to the Minicard System. Output
will be a listing shoving the number of Minicards by
tag that will be made when file expanded.
USAGE: One a week. 1 hour.
26. Id 11 - Conversion of ,Minicard Code Cards which are presently in
?
System
TYPE: Card to tape conversion. Designed to write to one tape
the 6, 7, & 8 codes, card number and "S" number, and to
another tape the entire Minicard input cards. These tapes
will be used with program No. IE 051 to check for invalid
codes which presently exist in the Minivard File.
USAGE: One time.
27. SC101 - Conversion of Minicard Code Book to Tape
TYPE: A card to tape conversion program designed to write to
tape all Minicard codes, descriptive information, and
tags found in the Minicard Code Book. This is a
one time program.
USAGE: One time.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
HANDLE VIA TALENT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
tf,:g1m,u ONLY
TCS-1454-63-KH
OTHER (CONTINUED)
28. 1E051 -.Minicard File Edit. (Future Input)
TYPE: An Wit type program designed to check for invalid
codes on the input cards to the Minicard system. All
codes which are presently in the system may be run
against this program as well as all further input
cards. Any error codes will be listed in code number
order.
. USAGE: One a month. .20 minutes.
29. 1E061 - Minicard File Edit. (Existing Files)
TYPE: Edit program designed to list the complete input card
which contains a file work error. This was designed
to do a spot check of the codes presently incorporated
in the system.
USAGE: One time.
30. UR031 - Master Minicard Code Book Listing.
TYPE: A card to printer utility program. Designed to list
the contents of the Minicard Code Book 8,6 follows:
a. By Authority -- Authorized designators for
equipment, i.e., radar, aircraft, etc.
b. By modifier--Status of items, i.e., active, inactive, etc.
C. Numeric--File Word
Alphabetic--by description
e. Geographic Authority--Authorized designators for:
localities, popular name and native name.
required. 15 minutes.
USAGE: As
31. RR011 - Project Status
TYPE: Published Report. A report of the status of the various
projects within NPIC?
USAGE: Monthly Report (6 different runs) 24 hours, (total time).
32. RR021 - All Source
TYPE: Printed Report. Designed
This is a card to printer
is designed).
USAGE: Request only.
74,z2E
, Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 20
to list the All Source ?TALENT Reports.
program. (Temporary until tape system
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14/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2014/03/05 : CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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1454.
OTHER (CONTINUE)) 43411R
33. 1R081 - Time Correlation - Publications Division
TYPE Listing. This program is designed to produce listings
showing the number of regular and overtime hours worked
per month. One listing by Project Number within employee.
? USAGE: Once a month. 30 minutes mOns)
34. IR091 Time"Correlation - DMD, CSD
TYPE:- lasting. TO list the regUlar and overtime hours worked by
employee.
USAGE: Monthly. (30 'minutes each run. Number of runs not
established).
35. SR011 - Inventory
TYPE: Utility. An inventory of all furniture and machines.
USAGE: Yearly. 2 runs, 1 hour each.
36. PR021 - Building 213 Telephone Directory
TYPE: Listing. A card to printer routine to list all employees,
room number and telephone numbers.
USAGE: One each three months. 20 minutes.
37. PR011 - Listing of Speoial Security Clearance Cards
TYPE: Listing. To produce a listing of all employees who hold
special clearances and which clearances they have.
USAGE: One time. This program and al_ materials pertaining to
the program have been turned over to the Office of
Security for their use.
38. PC011 - Conversion of Special Security Clearance Cards
17EFE: Conversion-- Card to Card. To convert the five different
Special security -clearance cards to a common format.
USAGE: One time. This program and all material relating to the
program have been turned overto the Office- of Security
for their use.
39. Icon - Regular and COMOR Files - Card to Tape Conversion
TYPE: Card to tape conversion.
USAGE: One time.
RANDLE VIA TALEHT-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
11 KEYIIOLL uniumu
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40. ,"BEST GUESS"
,TYPE: lasting. To list the contents of the ?Best Guess"
ephemeris tape from the West Coast.
USAGE: Three every KH. 20 minutes each run.
41. US001- Merge Program
-Utility program, designed to perform all functions of a opllatorl,
by use of control cards. (80 col compare is possible.)
42. .ER031 - Contract Status Prowam
Maintenance report type program, designed to produce internal
and sterile report on mats, shoving the status of all contracts
entered into tgjITIC; while making appropriate alterations: to
make the report current.
..1111022 - All Source Tape Program
Original ER021 modified to read magnetic tape and produce
required all source reports.
44. 1C121 - All Source Conversion Program
All source program to convert IBM cards to tape.
45. IC131 - All Source to Library Circulation Control Program
Produces the Libraryis "Circulation Control Master Cards",
from the All Source File.
46. ,Imo 61 - IBD- Maintenance Program
An update and maintenance program designed to place a "tag"
beside the frame number to indicate that the frame has been
downgraded. Used once every 3 months, 15-20 minutes.
47. IR151 - IBID HetrievaljReport Program.
Selects and prints all or desired portions of any IBID
tape. Parameters are fed in on cards. Used once every three
months, 15-20 minutes.
- 8 -
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
HANDLE VIA
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
? WV WAILUILI
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Vt33.4.451:45421
PROGRAMS BEING WRITTEN
IMMEDIATE
.1?0?
TS
1. OAK-IPIR-STTSUM (Rewrite).
Report producing pxogram, designed to check all target headers
to inaure correct reporting has been accOmplished; also produces card
output for updating master files and updated header tape fOr use on
subsequent run. When corrections have been made, TrodOces mats. .
MCI REPORTS
2. 1E032 - MCI Master File Update Program
A rewrite of the MCI Master File update program designed to
produce a listing on 5 x 8 cards of all additions to the file.
An updated MCI tape will also be output. This program will
eliminate the necessity of using nap reference cards as input. A
map reference tape has been created in WAC number order, which
will replace the old map reference cards.
3. IR012 - MCI Mats Generation
Modification of IR011 to eliminate blank NPIC targets and to
provide a means of introducing an inactive target via MCI
publications.
TARGET BRIEFS
3R141. - Separation/Listing of Work,Tape
This is a listing type program, designed to list the work tape
generated by IMO51? to produce up to six different listings and/or
six different output tapes. (timited to 3 tapes per run).
5. IR161 - Special Target Briefs History. Program
An update/listing program designed specifically for "Cuba"
target briefs. The purpose is to update the history tape by
adding all accumulated coverage from the current working tape
to the history tape. Output will be a new working tape, an
updated history tape and various list options.
6. IR171 - Target Briefs Selection/List Program
Selection program designed to select by a variety of parameters
simultaneously list in the standard briefs format, categories arel
a. WAC
b. WAC/PIC
c. .WAC/PIC/Specified Basket(s)
- 9 - HANH1E VIA iAtENT-
uppri. KEW CHANNELS
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2014/03/05:CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
TOP SERI ?,KEYHALE CHANNELS
' ONLY
TARGET BRIEFS (-CONTINUED)
Item 6 Continued:
TCS_1454-63-KH
? This satisfies various weekly/monthly standard requests.
7. 1M051. - Master File Maintenance
Modification to incorporate the "split reel" feature, i.e.,
to be able to handle multi-part file, thereby reducing tape
passing time to get to any portion of the file.
, OTBER
8. 10041 - Coordinate:Retrieval Program
This program is a pilot study to determine the accuracy Which
may be obtained when selecting target briefs on the basis of four
corner points.
go 130011 Circulation Control Charge Out Program'
This program is designed to list the "out" file and indicate
all overdue documents, charged from the library.
10. ,130021 - Circulation COntrol_Accountability,Program
This program will list the entire document control file,
indicating.all charged out documents and detecting those
documents which :control over, aas been lost.
11.1d051 - General Retrieval Program
.A retrieval program to select from any type tape, up: to eight
levels of different terms. The number of terms limited only by
the amount of -core available,afterprogram is loaded.
12. 1E071 - Minicard Input-Validity Check
A utility type program designed to -check the validity of the
input cards to the Minicard System and to punch additional
characters into these cards 'whichwill control the camera and
input mechanism.
HANDLE VIA TALENT-
TOP SECRET L Y ilggrading2':Acandalic
declassitication
-- 10 -
KEYHOLE CHANNELS
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
ur I KEyit4E CHANNELS
ONLY
-?*
APPLICATION AREAS UNDER CONSIDERATION/DEVELOPMENT
1. Information Retrieval:
45
a. Three level, parameter type program,. developed and tested.
. Can select on any number (limited only core) of parameters,
specified in three levels.
.b. Eight level parameter type program, under development?same
characteristics as above..
c. Search term open and type program, under consideration, would
enable selection on basis of subject codes within specified
limits of input records.
?
411 2. Reference Libra/7 Circulation Control:
a. Program developed to convert present card file to produce
one card for every document in library with associated list.
b. Program under consideration to list the librarians "out"
file, producing an "out" listing and overdue notice card.
c. Program under consideration to list the "out" file and
all "shelf" cards, producing an "accountability" listing
showing any "doc's" for which control has been lost.
d. Also under -development is the production of all input to-
theMinicard and All Source Systems" at the time the
document is introduced into the Library, and put under
circiaation control.
3. Reports/Documents Data Base Generation--Establishment, Nhintenanae and Use.
(Could be established at document introduction, and would require one
program to maintain).
?4. Main Applications Area:
a. Considering.and designing dual card system to standardize all
of input to main application area.
b. The storage of all back-up card files on magnetic tape to
reduce the storage area required.
TOP saga HANDLE. VIA TALENT-
KEY E CHANHELS
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45 6
LONG BABGE_DEVELOPMENT
1. Total Data BasejndexDavelopment,,-establishment, format, cross-
referencing, maintenance and use,
2. PUrge'criteria for the target briefs file--their employment after
-criteria approved.
3. ,Creation of History Files--their fitrmat and maintenance.
4. Relationship .between electronic D.P. and Minicard for storage and
retrieval.
,HaquirmentIndexing--theirclassification and relevant data.
retrieval.
b. MU-Indexing?retrieval according to subject code and relevant
targets.
TCP SECRET
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KEYHOLE CHANNELS
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05 : CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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HANDLE VIA TALENT-KEYHOLE CONTROLS ONLY
WARNING
"This document contains information affecting the National Defense of the United
States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794,
the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is
prohibited by law".
It is to be seen only by U. S. PERSONNEL especially indoctrinated and authorized
to receive TALENT-KEYHOLE information: Its security must be maintained in
accordance with KEYHOLE and TALENT regulations.
Tnn crrnrT
; Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A00100017000115 /
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
TOP SECRET
?
?
MEMORANDUM FOR: Executive Director, NPIC
SUBJECT:
A. BACKGROUND
TCS-1404-63/KH
9 May 1963
Copy /
Present Status of the Univac 490 System
1. The Univac 490 computer system has as its raison d'etre its use as
the information processing (or computational) element, or sub-system,
within a larger system which we have been referring to as the "Photo-
Measurement System" (PMS). The Photo-Measurement System has the simple
goal of providing the photo-interpreter a capability for obtaining metrical
information from present day photography with the same ease he enjoyed in
days long past when aerial photography was, for the most part, taken in a
nominally vertical position with a camera that had the same mathematical
model as a box Brownie. In that situation measurement of ground distances
or determination of lengths from photography was accomplished by using
measurements made with tube magnifier or boxwood scale as the input data
and a elide rule (or paper and pencil) as the computational element. The
mathematical model was embodied in the two easily remembered equations:
Grd. distance = Photo distance x scale no.
and
Scale no. = Flying height divided by focal length
2. This simplicity is now apparently gone forever, the geometrically
simple camera being now supplanted by systems wherein the film lies on some
slice of the surface of a cylinder, different parts of the same frame are
exposed at different instants of time, the lens moves during that time with
relation to the film and does so with a varying rate, and the whole camera
system is carried in a vehicle whose position in space changes greatly
during the period required to expose one frame. Consequently the mathemati-
cal model now becomes a lengthy series of equations even when expressed in
the compact notation of vectors and matrices. The two parameters, focal
length and flying height, that were sufficient to describe a. particular
frame in the primitive case are now supplemented by a long list of items
such as scan rate, IMC cam constant, lens velocity vector, vehicle velocity
Vector, Coriolis acceleration vector, geocentric position vector of expo-
sure station, etc. Just as the complexity of the mathematical model
indicates the use of a digital computer as the computational element in a
present day system, the proliferation of parametric values required by that
model implies that an efficient system will provide for maintaining a file
HANDLE VIA TALENT--
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78B05707A001000170001-5
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TCS-14o4-63/KH
of the values of these parameters for each frame of photography and for the
automatic incorporation of these parameters into the appropriate mathemati-
cal model by merely referencing the unique identification of the photograph.
Given the present and projected rates of input of new photographic
materials to this Center the provision, maintenance, and automatic utili-
zation of such a file gives rise to the concept of a. single central file
which, effectively, can be accessed automatically by any user of the
system. Conceptually it would be possible to have a computer for each user
with each such computer having automatic access to this large central file.
This, at least, is less staggering than the prospect of providing both the
large central file and computer for each user. The provision of
asynchronous access to the central file would almost certainly require that
the file be under the direct control of a central master computer to
sequence the queries against it as well as io handle the maintenance of the
file itself. A further disadvantage of the "multiple-small-computer"
approach is that it would, we believe, tend to increase the problem of
hardware maintenance and would also force the users of such systems to
function as computer operators in addition to their duties as analysts.
Thus, the third possible alternative was chosen;
A central file under the control of a. central processor of sufficient
capacity and speed to be able to handle the computational requirements of
all users of the system. The computer chosen as being best suited for use
in the computational element of this system was, of course, the Univac 490.
Since it is a. general purpose digital machine it can, potentially, be put
to many other uses. And, indeed, one of the most important features of
the U-490 is that it is possible to make concurrent use of much of its
capability for such "other uses". It is important in considering the
Univac 11.90 to clearly distinguish between its prime use as an element of a
larger system and its "other" (i.e. "computation-center" type) uses.
B. PRESENT STATUS
1. The overall system can, rather arbitrarily, be broken down into
three major areas or sub-systems:
a. Remote station equipments
b. Communications sub-system
c. Information processing sub-system (N.B. that the information
processing function subsumes the computation function.
It must be pointed out that these subsystems stand in a. rather complex
inter-relationship to each other. Changes in one sub-system may be
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reflected in all of the others. It is convenient to discuss these sub-
systems in somewhat different order than the one given above (which stems
from the ordering of information flow).
COMMUNICATION SUB-SYSTEM: The general method of tying remote stations
to the central computer site was worked out early in the project and the
special cabling required was "hardened" into the building during its
reconstruction. The initial complement of central site equipment
(Scanner/Selector, Communications Control Units) patch panel, modem units)
is on hand and checked out.
REMOTE STATIONS EQUIPMENT: At the time the letter-of-intent for the
computer hardware was issued no design work had been done on any remote
station equipment. There was in effect, however, a contract with
Richardson Camera Corporation for the production of "Measuring Viewers"
under the specification that their output must be "compatible" with what-
ever computer system was selected as a follow-on to the Alwacs in use at
that time. Compatibility had, to that point, been interpreted only to
mean that the output of the device would be in a machine-readable form
acceptable to the particular computer finally selected. Since this device
was conceived by all parties to be basically an extension of the
Richardson viewers that were being built for the sole purpose of studying
new inputs in the early exploitation phases, the idea of providing a.
connection to the computer rather than paper tape output accorded well
with the basic premise that the remote station equipments should be
extensions of the equipments on which the analyst would normally study the
film. The format of the output and the details of the commo interface
were worked out and supplied to Richardson. It is understood that output
format and commo interface have not contributed to any degree to the
slippage that has occurred in this production of the first such device.
The principal problem they seem to be encountering is in the design of the
coordinate measuring system itself. It is understood that Richardson has
recently given an oral commitment of 30 May 1963 for the completion of the
prototype instrument. In view of the work accomplished to date on the
machine this date may be rather optimistic.
Plans and Development Staff has issued specifications and request for
proposal (RFP) for a viewer with measuring capability to serve the same
functions as the Richardson and has received several proposals in response.
According to two of these proposals look "very promising" in terms 50X1
of their mechanical desi n and likelihood of achievement in the time
indicated in the RFP. has informally indicated to the companies 50X1
proposing that a PERT reporting procedure will be made a part of the
contractual arrangement.
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The Huston-Fearless Dual-Screen Measuring Projector (DSMP) falls in the
category of "other uses" of the computer system since it is not, by any
stretch of the imagination, suitable for general P-I analyst use. However,
because it seemed likely that this would be a "work-horse" instrument for
TID/TAB, it seemed advisable to connect the DSMP on-line to the 490 as a
means of maximizing the productivity of the DSMP by eliminating most batch
processing of its output. The communication formats and electronic inter-
face of the DSMP were defined to be identical to those spelled out for the
Richardson equipments, and the processing logic for messages from it, is
an extension of the logic worked out for the Richardson Measuring Viewers.
Consequently we will be able to check out the processing logic and proce-
dures by treating the DSMP as if it were a Richardson Measuring Viewer.
The arrival of the DSMP is now scheduled for 15 April.
INFORMATION PROCESSING SUB-SYSTEM: This aspect of the overall system
can be further subdivided into (1) Hardware, and (2) Programming. The
status of the first (Hardware) can be summed up by saying that the initial
complement of Univac supplied equipment has been delivered and installed.
An interim 30-inch incremental plotter is being manufactured and a 60 x 60
inch plotter has been selected for eventual incorporation into the system.
The 30 inch incremental plotter is being configured in such manner that it
can, when the 60 x 60 inch is delivered, be moved to a remote location in
one of the analyst working areas and be used solely for the production of
planimetric representations of entities being measured by the analysts
using the system.
The initial programming goal (2) was keyed to the initially planned
complement of remote station equipment and the incremental plotter. In
retrospect it is realized that the basis for time estimates for attaining
this goal were in terms of the progress that we had made in those areas
that were considered the major problem areas in the system and program
design activities, such as the 'Peal-Time Control" program. To explain
why a routine called "Real-Time Control" (RTC) is a. major problem area in
comparison to, say a. routine modeling a particular camera system (which
was the type of major problem area encountered with the Alwac system) one
could attempt an analogy (admittedly crude) to the problems that might be
encountered by the manager of an organization that suddenly goes from being
a. small purely research establishment of, say, 25 people to being an
establishment of perhaps 500 people and now having a manufacturing function
as well as an expanded R&D function. In the first instance communication
within the organization would not be a major problem. There might not even
be any formal channels of communication. Even if there were it could be
assumed that the manager also availed himself of the various informal
channels of communication within his organization and was quite fully con-
versant with the work being done by his grout). In this case the manager's
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major problems are, in general, the problems encountered by the individuals
in his group and the extensions and consequences of these problems. In
the expanded organization the manager must now face two problems that did
not previously exist (at least as major problems) in his original organiza-
tion:
(1) He can no longer be familiar with all details of all aspects of
his organization. Consequently its normal functioning must be largely
automatic and proceed without his having to be aware of the accomplishment
of every action involved in that normal functioning.
(2) The manager now needs to be informed of the exceptions to normal
functioning within his organization. To this end there must now be
effective and orderly communication channels to report this exception infor-
mation to him. Normally there must also be horizontal channels of
communication for the automatic functioning. Both of these problems might
be dismissed as organizational or administrative problems or as "house-
keeping" problems. This they are, to be sure, but they are of prime
importance to the successful functioning of the organization. Their solu-
tions provide the essential framework in which the work of the organization
is accomplished. The Real-Time Control program is analogous to the situa-
tion just described in that it provides the essential framework in which
the "worker" programs function. In providing this framework it must pro-
vide for all the "clerical" record-keeping necessary for making decisions
at any point as to what actions are to be taken. Further the Real-Time
Control program is, itself, charged with making these decisions at various
managerial levels, in order that the system function in an automatic
manner. The only exception reporting it should do is to report to computer
room operating personnel equipment failures that will require maintenance
action. Just as the functioning of the large organization requires effi-
cient communication between various of its components so must the Real-
Time Control program provide for communication between various routines
and sub-routines to insure the functioning of the various sequencings of
these routines which it may establish.
The weakness in this analogy stems from the fact that in the Real-Time
Control program there is no possibility of ad hoc decisions -- there must
be a pre-established decision procedure and course of action for every
contingency that can arise in the operation of the system. This is equiva-
lent to saying that the system is completely formalized and is in contrast
to many a business organization whose actual operating mechanism turns
out, under close scruitiny, to be quite different from its "on-paper"
formal organization.
The move from our A1wac-centered system of reducing photo-coordinate
data by batch processing techniques to the U-490 centered Photo-Measurement
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system is at least of the same order of magnitude as the change postulated
for the hypothetical business organization in our analogy. It is perhaps
understandable then that we estimated our progress in terms of solutions
to problem areas such as the ETC program and tended to dismiss as trivial
those areas in which the approach to be taken was obvious for the problem
was one of selecting the best of several alternative approaches. Unfor-
-tunately the system is not operable until all the links of the chain are
forged. Selections between alternative approaches must be resolved by?
limited manpower on an appropriate time schedule. The most trivial sub-
routine must be coded as well as the most complex. Each must be checked
out. Each must be documented to far greater detail than our past programs
were ever documented. Eventually all the component sub-routines, sub-
programs, and controlling executive program must be merged together and
made to function as one complete entity. Then this program that works in
a simulated environment must be checked out on the equipment that is
actually going to be used, and finally the all-important component, the
analyst, must be added and the total "man-machine" system checked out.
Before this final check-out stage is reached all the batch programs that
support the system must also be formulated, coded, and checked out. We
have, we believe, been aware from the start of this project of most of the
complexities of the system and of the many activities that would have to
be accomplished before the system became operational but lacked a "systema-
tic method" of considering all of these simultaneously to arrive at some
measure of the total effort that would be required to reach the goal or of
the progress made toward it.
We have been aware of the PERT technique since its inception as a
management device in the Polaris weapon system development program, but
like many others held the belief that it was applicable only to programs
comparable in size to the Polaris undertaking. The first realization that
this was not necessarily the case came from the article "Does Pert Work
for Small Projects?" in the December issue of Data Processing. Only a few
weeks after this, arrived at NPIC for his initial review of our 50X1
operations and aspirations bringing with him not only his highly success-
ful experience in computer-centered undertakings in a wide range of areas
but also actual examples of the application of the PERT technique to
undertakings comparable in size to that which we are involved in. With
his advice and counsel there has now been produced a PERT network which is
a. reasonable representation of the activities involved, and the con-
straints between them. In the preparation of this PERT network time
estimates were made for appropriate activities (the estimates made by
ourselves or by the individuals already directly involved in the activity)
and a. copy of the PERT network with the information worksheets forwarded
to He has had several analysis runs made on this information, 50X1
avail-
using his 7090 PERT program, under various assumptions on equipment
ability dates, and the listings are here now for review.
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It is emphasized that despite our enthusiasm for PERT it is not a
panacea. The process of constructing the network has been extremely valu-
able in forming a clear picture of where we stand. It is felt that this
same process would greatly help other areas to mire clearly define their
future plans. For example, at the first network attempt it became clear
that although many man-hours of effort have gone into programming various
facets of the plotting program for the incremental plotter so much remained
to be done that this could be the limiting item in the first implementation
phase and further that the system could make a substantial contribution
without the plotting capability. Accordingly the present network will
give maximal return for the time and effort involved.
The goal shown as the ending event (designated Phase I) calls for
implementing the distance and height "function" (and some other "by-
product" functions) on the prototype Richardson viewer, using the soon-to-
be-delivered DSMP as a. test bed in advance of Richardson delivery. The
executive portion of the real-time program (referred to as "The Control
Program" or "Real-Time Control") has been coded and is well along in the
checkout process. It provides for eight remote stations and is "open-
ended" in terms of the number of functions it can control (i.e. it is
applicable to all functions yet envisaged for the system). It is, in fact,
useable for many more than eight stations, the upper limit being deter-
mined by the amount of core available for the station-specific tables (i.e.
one fixed-location table for each remote station) around which it is
organized. Similarly most of the other sub-programs for the phase I-A
undertaking have been coded and in some cases partially checked-out (as
separate entities) but none will be considered as being through the design
phase until the appropriate documentation has been completed, nor will
program integration commence until both detailed design specification and
checkout products are at hand. Standards and examples for documentation
are being freely adapted (plagarized is a more accurate term) from Aero-
space Corp. "Milestone" definitions.
The batch programs that support the real-time system (as contrasted
to programs Used in responding to an input from a remote station) have the
very general functions of establishing and maintaining the frame-organized
"Photo-Parameter File". Thus we have in this category programs for
reading in the so-called "binary clock" information for each frame, per-
forming various checks and doing as much automatic correction of both
random and systematic "clock" errors as possible, correlation of vehicle
"clock" time to systems time, computing position of the vehicle for each
"clock" reading, accepting horizon measurement information and then com-
puting attitude information for each set of horizon images followed by
smoothing of this information and updating the record for each frame by
insertion of the smoothing values. Much of the present effort on the KH-6
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system frame ephemeris is salvageable to further the vehicle position
determination procedures. It should be noted that whereas we originally
envisaged a very crude determination of vehicle position using a
Keplerian orbit with subsequent updating on the basis of LMSC computation
of a "final frame ephemeris" it now appears possible on the basis of dis-
cussion with LMSC to achieve that final accuracy in our initial file crea-
tion (for a new mission). LMSC has provided us with a newela form
orbital model that will "mesh" with their computational procedures. When
a vehicle is in flight they will supply orbital parameters by cable with
each set to hold over several revolutions without significant loss of
accuracy. The program will be a substantial bit of computation however.
The other important batch computing undertaking is the attitude reduction
from horizon images. has formulated an excellent and rigorous 50X1
reduction method that will permit construction of a. program that will
minimize the work involved in preparing horizon measurement information
for input to the machine. A curve smoothing procedure has also been
worked out.
One additional effort should be mentioned. The initial and rather
sketchy documentation on the Neliac compiler developed by the Naval
Ordinance Test Station (NOTS) and UNIVAC for the NOTS 490 configuration
indicates a. great extension in the capabilities of the compiler as corn.-
pared to the original implementation for M-460 "Countess" computer des-
cribed by Dr. Halstead in his published works on these efforts. At the
time the project was initiated it was felt that the NOTS-Neliac version
(then just getting under way) would require a great deal of modification
and extension before we would be able to use it for anything other than
occasional "one-shot" programs. In the intervening months there has been
much discussion in the computer field on standardization of programming
languages for command and control systems; and the Navy has abandoned its
own offspring, Neliac, in favor of the Air Force sponsored JOVIAL language.
The outlook for the Neliac language was rather bleak until the issuance
of the Air Force sponsored RAND Corporation denouncing any standardization
as premature by several years. In the meantime NOTS has carried out most
of the major extensions required in the 490 version as far as arithmetic
capabilities are concerned. The increase in scope of some of our awn
computational programs (such as the more refined orbital model) and the
seemingly exponential increase in the number of distinct photographic
collection systems are strong arguments in favor of using a problem
oriented language in our programming effort, even at the possible expense
of slight inefficiencies in the resultant abject code. Accordingly we
are now exploring the possibility of carrying out the requisite further
modifications and extensions to Neliac to make it suitable for use as a
programming language for our real-time system programming effort. It
should be noted that the most popular of all problem-oriented languages,
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FORTRAN, does not have the capability of expressing all the functions
normally required in any real-time application. Further supporting
testimony for NELIAC is found in an LMSC proposal relative to the Gemini
and Apollo in which they propose to use NELIAC (on the CDC 3600) as the
basic programming language.
To conclude this discussion of the programming effort we submit that
on receipt of the PERT network runs we will be able to provide a more
meaningful and accurate analysis of where we stand.
C. POSSIBLE TRANSFER OF 1401 FUNCTIONS ONTO THE 490 SYSTEM
1. The thought that transfer of 1401 functions onto the 490 system
might be feasible stemmed from a consideration prior to implementation of
either system of the following three premises:
a. The "real-time" requirement on the 490 system was estimated
as requiring not more than 5% of the total time available over any
normal working day.
b. The 490 has a full range of standard input/output equipment
fully compatible with the 1401 installation (i.e. 8o column cards,
729-IV tape capacity, 600 p
printer).
c. The use of the executive system, REX, permits both a "real-
time': support activity and a normal batch processing operation to
go on simultaneously by running the batch program in the intervals
(ranging from Milliseconds to minutes) between interrupt response
action occasioned by inputs from remote stations.
Since the real-time program per se will make no use of the central site
input/output equipment (excepting, of course, status messages printed at
the console) an Obvious conclusion from the above premises is that transfer
of the 1401 function is altbgether possible.
2. The premises given require further and more detailed consideration
and, furthermore, do not constitute a complete listing of the areas that
must be considered in making any judgement as to the feasibility of desir-
ability of such a shotgun wedding. We now consider them in depth:
a. The 5% time requirement estimated for the real-time support
of the remote stations is only for the real-time worker program
itself and does not include the time requirements of the batch pro-
grams that directly support the real-time system by maintenance
operations on the photo-parameter file. As previously indicated
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some of the programs (orbital computations for example) are far
more complex and time-consuming than originally planned. Nor
does this figure make any allowance for the time requirement
for batch processing of data produced by various off-line equip-
ment within the division. .Additionally there are a. considerable
number of programs for which there is a. clear and valid justifi-
cation that make use of information in the photo-parameter file
for part, or even all, of their input data. A few examples are:
(1) Listings of frame ephemeris information.
'(2) Production of photo-coverage plots.
(3) Listings of attitude information (irrespective of
mode of derivation -- i.e. horizon, inertial platform, or
stellar photography).
(4) Production of graphical plots of attitude to sup-
port operational groups.
(5) In-flight production of coverage plats for briefing
purposes.
b. The various batch programs listed above in amplification
of the availability-of-time factor all introduce some meaSure or
other of equipment availability constraint whether running con-
currently with the real-time application or separately. Addi-
tionally it should be mentioned here that the real time program
itself will normally require from four to six tape servos for
its awn use (we are still trying to devise techniques to reduce
this requirement to have more servos free for concurrent
operations).
c. The REX system and design philosophy result in several
additional restrictions:
(1) REX itself requires ca. 4500 words of core memory
out of a total of 16 K words available in our machine.
(2) REX assumes that the "real-time" program is permanent-
ly in core. Of course the total real-time program does not
have to be in core since the real-time program itself can call
in additional segments. As a practical matter these segments
must be loaded in an absolute binary into a fixed working area
which itself cuts into the amount of core available. At all
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events the resident portion of the real-time program must
always include the routine to accept communication from the
remotes and the analysis portion of the control routine to
analyze the input messages and initiate the appropriate
actions to deal with them. A further restriction on the
amount of free core stems at this point from the present
design of the real time program itself.
3. The real-time program is organized on a station-specific basis,
i.e. for each remote station a table is maintained in core, serving a
wide range of purposes but essentially functioning as the interface
between the stations and the various "worker" sub-programs, all under the
direction of the RTC program. .As is characteristic of many real-time
programs these tables have the property that many entries can be set
and/or used by several different routines or sub-programs within the over-
all real-time system. These tables require a. very substantial amount of
core. It is recognized that, potentially, expansion of the system can
require different approaches than these presently being followed (tables
to be on drum, or maintenance of a variable length "station-active" queue
of tables, etc.) but we are not trying to provide the "ultimate" system
in our first implementation effort.
4. It is not here argued that core limitations prevent transfer of
1401 operations but rather that they would considerably complicate such
an operation. The same holds for our own concurrent programs but with a,
clearer day-to-day picture of system status we probably are in a. better
position to make adjustments in both the batch and real-time portions of
the total effort.
5. Perhaps the most important consideration relative to the two
systems is that batch loads for both peak simultaneously. Any merger of
the two would almost certainly be detrimental to both activities. The
1401 operation is against critical deadline and the same considerations
will hold for the PMS when operational.
6. An additional factor that is difficult to assess precisely but
which certainly must be considered is that the PMS itself will not be
static. Change will continually be forced upon it from the outside by
the development of new collection systems which will give rise to a high
time requirement fdr program maintenance and modification on the PMS
itself.
7. The motivation in seeking to merge the two systems is, presumably,
economic. Yet in this case we could easily have a substantially increased
and continuing programming cost that would stem from the increased com-
plexity of programming for both groups. The increased time required for
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such programming may be even more significant than the increased indirect
costs.
8. Our recommendation is that both groups consider partial back-up
of their most critical functions but that no merger of the two operations
be initiated at this time or even given any further study until the
Photo-Measurement system is operational.
Distribution:
1 & 2 - Exec. Dir./NPIC
3 - Ch/TID
4 - Ch/PDS
5& 6 - Ch/CDS
7 - TID Chrono
NPIC/TID
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