PROGRESS REPORT ON OPERATION DIOGENES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 12, 2014
• Sequence Number: 29
• Publication Date: February 15, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROGRESS REPORT ON OPERATION DIOGENES
February 15, 1952
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MEMORANDUM
February 15, 1952
TO:
cc:
S1STAT
FROM:
SUBJ:
Status Report
on Design of Filtered Lamp - 3rd Model
First tests of the third_ model of filtered lamp were ran on the night of
12 February 1952 in the field and the next 'naming in the laboratory.
The model was satisfactory as a powerful source of a near infrared beam
(see field test report) but was not satisfactory in the respects listed
below. Most significant was the failure of the lamp to burn in the
laboratory without damage to the filter assembly. Also important is the
mechanical weakness of the assembly which might allow the cylindrical lens
and filter assembly to be jarred seriously out of center with respect to
the mantle if the lamp were allowed to tip over on a flat surface.
Corrections seem to be possible on both of these and the other difficulties
listed below but on these two points small changes are likely to produce
a "borderline" solution.
PRESENT DIFFICULTIES
I Overheating of Butyrate Filter Assembly-- The top of butyrate cylinder
is damaged where it attaches to bakelite ring.
Correction probable by using pyrex chimney 7 0 inches long in place
of present chimney approximately 5 1/4 inches long.
II Mechanical rigidity of the light proofing assembly relative to the
tank is not adequate. It feels flimsy and would be damaged by rough
handling.
Corrections:
1. Addition of three clamping screws through blocks attached to
bottom of base light trap and bearing against the formed base
plate of the standard burner assembly.
2. Modification of a hole size in one of the bottom light baffle
plates to allow positive seating of the standard support ring
on the top of the gas tank.
3. Modification of the flint lighter mounting to keep thiw part
clear of the base light trap when seated in the standard formed
base plate of the burner assembly.
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III
Light proofing failed
1. Illumination of the bottom of the top cover probably from the
Fresnel lens.
2. Leaks through the filter assembly top and bottom and at the lap
joint.
3. Pinhole leaks in the standard formed base of the burner assembly.
Corrections:
1. Black top edge of Fresnel lens.
2. Mask the filter assembly between the sheets of butyrate instead
of outside the butyrate sheet assembly.
3. More blackened Saureisen cement applied at pinhole leaks.
IV Mechanical support for Fresnel lens and pyrex chimney when lamp is
inverted is missing in present model.
Correction should be easy. Design will depend upon the possible
extension of the pyrex chimney.
V Carrying handle should be added.
DEP:dmo
STAT
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OPERATION DIOGENES
by
Period Covering
February 4, 1952
to
February 13, 1952
My responsibility in this work was the testing of the various
components of the lamp. The kinds of tests which were per-
formed are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A test of the four possible infrared filters.
A decay test on the various lamps using a
photocell which had the same photosensitivity
as the photocell and the sniperscope.
A test of completely circular Fresnel lenses.
A test of the vertical distribution of the
light from a Coleman lamp with a Fresnel lens
and with an ordinary Pyrex chimney.
Two field tests (to be reported on STAT
who did the viewing). STAT
STAT
The results on these tests are as follows:
TEST WI.
TEE FOUR INFRARED FILTERS - The filters used were the following:
1. A. XRX55 filteri
2. A XRX30 filter.
3. A Gillander glass cylinder.
4. A 1F-25 Gillander cylinder.
The four filters were compared with the Si photosurface and
with two lamps and one standard lamp. The intensity of light
going through them all, on the average of six determinations,
was W55 - 1, WZO - 0.38, W18W - 0.75, and #25 - 0.26. No cor-
rection for background illumination was made and it is possible
that the W25 was actually worse. This data is relatively com-
patible with the field estimates. The trouble with the 18W
lamp is that it leaks through a lot more visible light than
does the 05 filter.
A recapitulation of the field tests results might be in order
here. The laW filter was considered as good as the W55. The
WZO was considered a factor of two down, and the W25 a factor
of four or five down. Some of this discrepancy may be due to
the impossibility of making good visual estimates and Some may
be due to the nonlinearity of the fluorescent screen that is used.'
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Our conclusions from these measurements were that the 455XRX
filter should be used, if possible, but that if a lot more
light leak was permissible the low 418W might be quite
valuable.
TEST 42.
THE DECAY OF THE LAMPS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS - The four
inc uded graphs give the results of the rate of decay of
light. These show, in general, a factor of two loss in
light after about four or five hours and a factor of four
or five loss after seven or eight hours. Presumably, pumping
up the lamps after five hours would increase the brightness.
Another possibility is that at least 10% of the gasoline is
not used because the fuel pump does not reach the bottom, and
for the last 75 cc. or so only gasoline vapor gets up into the
lamp. Incidentally, lamp design shows that it would not be a
good idea to have CO2 above the mixture because to start the
lamp a mixture of the high pressure gas and the liquid is
used. Then when the valve is turned completely, the flow of
air is shut off.
TEST 43.
THE CIRCULAR LENSES - All the completely round 3600 Fresnel
lenses broke when put near the lamps, even without a filter
in the outside. The two 1800 field of view Fresnel lenses
did not break when put in that position and so future work
was done with two 1800 Fresnel lenses tied together.
In both field tests in the cold night, these lenses cracked
but stayed in position so that there was no appreciable
diminution in brightness.
TEST 44.
DISTRIBUTION OF VERTICAL ILLUMINATION FROM A FRESNEL LENS
Measurement seemed to show that we gain a factor of two at
150 and without any appreciable loss in energy at zero and
300; therefore, it would seem that a Fresnel lens has a dis-
tinct advantage.
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.2
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NO. 318. 20 DIVISIONS PER INCH BOTH WAYS. ISO BY 200 DIVISIONS.
76151.% CODEX BOOK COMPANY, INC. NORWOOD, MASSACHUSETTS.
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'
TO:
FROM:
SUBJ: Diogenes and
Project W5077
February 15, 1952
MEMORANDUM
Test Dog - Date February 12, 1952
The weather for this fourth ground-to-ground test was excellent (except for
the comfort ?of the participants). The night was clear and cold, the tempera-
ture being about 18' F., wind velocity variable about 30 miles per hour,
northwest* north northwest. The time of the test was 8:30 p.m. EST with
location of Diogenes
as in the previous tests.
Visibility was excellent.
participated in the test
and observed the tests through the two sniperscopes set up there.
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
end STAT
Since the moon was just past full, it was considerably east of zenith and
did not contribute directly to either background illumination or the
accamodation of the observers' eyes. As all traces of snow had disappeared,
the landscape was reasonably black except for such light-colored objects as
could be seen in the reflected moonlight. The color of the sky on the
horizon was somewhat lighter than the color of the horizon itself. At the
conclusion-of'the test another photograph was taken of the field-of-view,
using a 5 1/4 inch focal length lens at f/4.5 and Eastman XX Pan film.
The negative sham; a clearly distinguishable skyline and a considerable
detail on the ground in the near foreground. An enlargement from this
negative is attached. The two white lights on the house reported in the
previous test were on at the beginning of this test also but were soon
turned off and did not cause any troublesome background illumination.
Prior to the turning off of these lights, an XRX-60 filter was tried over
the sniperscope to see if this mould cut down the background illumination.
It was found that general illumination was out dawn by a slight degree
but no spectacular difference was noted.
The test was begun at Diogenes and by
so that could get oriented.
clearly seen was a flashlight which
This was probably the brightest li
The flashlight was not observed in the
setting up a straight Coleman lantern
rn was clearly seen. Also
lashed in our direction.
seen from Diogenes by the naked eye.
snipers cope
The "final model" lamp was steamed up and was clearly visible in the sniper-
scope. The filter of this lantern was then taken off since this was the
only piece of XRV1ter that they had and it was needed for the next test.
STAT
STAT
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- 2-.
Filters of four types were put successively over a Coleman lantern fitted
with Fresnel lens, and the reduction in brightness in the sniperscope was
rAlAtivA +XI thA lAmn Alone. The following estimates were made by
.STAT
1. XR1.0.55, less than a factor of 2 reduction in brightness.
2. IRY4D, factor of 2 reduction.
3* Gillinder-18, less than a factor of 2 (same as 55).
4. Gillinder-25, factor of 5 reduction.
The distance away that the lamp could still be seen using the Gillinder-18
was not determined during this test since the lantern was not sufficiently
light-tight. Also, no 100-octane gas had been obtained at that time, and
the lamps were not run on 100-octane. Since the test, and before this
memorandum was written, 100-octane had been obtained and a lamp was
successfully operated on it. Diogenes also reported no trouble with the
lamps due to mind or temperature. It should be noted, however, that due
to their location on the hill, they were not exposed to the full force of
the wind.
ADDENIXTIA
The attached photographs show the field-of-view on the second and fourth
tests. Both exposures were made using the same film, aperture, and time.
The approximate field-of-view of the sniperscope is indicated by the black
circle. Since the photographs were taken after the conclusion of the test,
there were no lights visible at the test sitE which is STAT
indicated by the point of the arrow. Undesired lightsand stars occasioned
by dirt on the negative have been marked out with ink.
DtVII:dmo
STAT
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;
TO:
FROM:
SUBJ:
J.O. 5077
February 12, 1952
MEMORANDUM
STAT
STAT
Diogenes - Test Charlie Date: February 8, 1952
This third ground-to-ground test was set up as previously with Diogenes on
STAT
The time of beginning
Weather conditions as
the test were: visibility,
the test was 8:00 p.m. EST.
STAT
reported by prior to the beginning of
15 miles. Atter the conclusion of the test,
was checked again and was giving visibility at 10 miles as STAT
reported by the Air Force. At this time they reported that a light snow
had begun to fall. My awn observations were that the visibility STAT
was no better than on the second test when the Air Force had been reporting
7 miles visibility. There were definite evidences of haze and some of the
fainter ightq in thA wArA diffinnit to see. The airline
distance is 5 0 statute miles. STAT
The ambient light conditions were particularly bad for this test. The age
of the moon was 13 days, -which put it a little west of zenith at the time
ofothe tests. Owing to the presence of a recent light fall of snow, the
immediate surrounding terrain was fairly bright. The moon itself was too
far out of the field-of-view to be of any practical consequence and there
were no bright clouds on the web-tern horizon. The principal contribution
to high background in the sniperscope was caused by two white lights on
the outside of a house less than 1 mile from the observation site. These
lights wereapproximately 1 degree of arc from the direction of Diogenes
(as judged by a gloved thumb held at arm's length) (reason for gloved
thumb; it was cold). There was no practical way of preventing light from
these lights entering the sniperscope except the erection of some large
object at a distance from the saiperscope. This was not tried.
As a consequence of the high background illumination of the sniperscope
and the poor accomodation of my eyes due to moonlight and other lights,
I would judge that the conditions of test were between lousy and terrible.
To complicate matters, the sniperscope which was supplied for this test was
a different one than had been used for the first two tests. Although no
definite indications of this performance could be obtained, the suspicion
always exists that it did not have as great sensitivity as the other scope.
In future tests, both sniperscopes will be used and it may be desirable to
determine differences in sensitivity between a larger batch of scopes.
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-2-
Some Polaroid filters (I believe JX 55 and XRX 60) were available for use
over the sniperscope. Since the target lamps were not easily distinguishable,
I did not use these filters. It has been suggested that the filters might
have been used to cut down the background in the sniperscope, and I believe
that this would have helped. We will try it on the next test.
Visibility of the white light sources was fair to good throughout the test.
The white light source in use was the Coleman lantern with cylindrical
Fresnel chimney. This source could also be seen well with the naked eye
and through the binoculars. Tests which were run to determine the optimum
angle of view led to no conclusions since my eye is too poor a photometer
and an adequate and comfortable support for the binoculars was not available.
The unfiltered Coleman mentioned above had been in operation for about
4 hours continuously without pumping. This lamp could also be seen lakma
xlazziociaxlictkmatmxxiLimnbarianxikx in the sniperscope when a sheet of filter
was placed over it. The filtered Coleman with light baffles etc. which had
been prepared as a model for this test was also visible in the sniperscope.
In both cases, however, the filtered lamps were poorly visible, a circumstance
influenced heavily by:
a. Accomodation of eye
b. Background in sniperscope
c. Weather conditions.
I regard it as encouraging that the filtered lamps could be seen at all.
It should be noted here that the filtered Coleman had been supplied with a
filter laminated between two Sheets of plastic. It was found after the lamp
was taken apart after the test that the inner sheet of plastic had buckled,
warped, bubbled, and discolored in large areas, particularly near the top.
This would have resulted in a decrease in light intensity at SOMB time during
the test. Whereas seeing conditions did not permit good comparisons to be
made, it was my impression that the 4 hour Coleman with a filter over it
was somewhat brighter than the filtered Coleman which suffered the damage
mentioned above.
In conclusion, appreciation Should be given to the Motorola Company for their
loan of 2 Handy-Talkies which made radio communication an absolute pleasure,
and incidentally allowed communication during the operation of the sniper-
scope, a situation not possible with the other radios. In addition to this,
the Motorola Handy-Talkies have been tested in the metal fuselage Cessna 140
and found to work well at a range of 7 miles, ground-to-air, with altitude
3,500.
DEW: dmc
STAT
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MEMORANDUM
TO: DATE: FEBRUARY 5, 1952
FROM:
SUBJ: AVAILABILITY OF INFRARED FILTERS
there are two sources of infrared filters.
According tc
1. Gillender Brothers
Port Jervis, New York
2. Polaroid.
Corning Glass apparently does not make filters which are satisfactory.
Gillender Brothers makes infrared transmitting glass in ton lots.
From this they cast plate or blow cylinders. They can probably
make other shapes. Mr. Fletcher Gillender, with whom I talked,
says that the glass does not have as steep a cut-off as Polaroid
filters. The total infrared transmission runs from 12 to 18%.
The visual transmission runs from 4.2 x 10-1? to 2.5 x 10-7.
This is for a glass thickness of .18". They will supply cylinders
of any of these glasses - 4" O.D. and 5" long for $10 apiece. In
lots of 25 the delivery would be perhaps 2 or 3 weeks. A lot of
250 might take 4 or 5 weeks. Polaroid will supply 6" x 18" XRX-30
sheet in two weeks delivery at $4 apiece for a batch of 25. The
XRX-50 material will have to be hand cast. About 25 sheets can
be made in a webk. In a batch of 25 the price will be $45 a
sheet. In a batch of 250 the price will be $32.50 apiece. The
delivery of 25 will be six weeks - of 250, four months. If some
pressure were put on Polaroid, these delivery dates could be
halved.
BBB:ad
STAT
STAT
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February 4, 1952
TO:
FROM:
SUBJ: Operation on February 1, 1952
MEMORANDUM
Tests were set up in the same location as on the previous night for the
purpose of completing that part of the experiment which resulted in failure
due to lamp troubles. That is, the test using a Coleman lantern with
infrared filter.
Warm air had moved into the area during the previous 24 hours which resulted
in reduced visibility. A check made with at the completion of
the tests revealed that the Air Force was reporting 7 miles visibility.
has no check point farther than 6 miles away and, if they had
been obliged to estimate visibility without Air Force information1 they
is
would have PR'FiMA4-.Pa 6 MilPR nlns.
5 0 miles
Th e di stance
Time has been devoted to improving the operation of the radios which, I
should like to state for the record, are very poorly constructed devices.
On this night it was possible to get in excellent radio conwanication which
fact improved the conduct of the test immeasurably.
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
A plain Coleman lantern withou rPflpp-Enve lung rilnrparn the hill to establish
the location of the test point This lantern was STAT
readily visible with the naked eye and the sniperscope. The principal test,
however, involved the use of a filtered Coleman lantern with a plain reflector
array. This combination could not, of course, be seen by visual means. but
was plainly visible in the gniperscope, although apparently at much reduced
brightness than the unfiltered Coleman. The reduction in brightness resulting
from the application of the filter is difficult to judge by eye at these
low light levels. I would say that the difference was at least a factor of
two, but might well have been much more. The filtered Coleman showed some
variation in brightness which, however, may have been due to variation of
visibility which occurred during the tests. At one point a request was
made for a check on the burning condition of the lamp, and after this was
made the brightness seemed to have been improved. Visibility of the lamp
also appeared to be better when it was steady and not flashing. The very
short flash with a fairly long wait in between flashes which is obtained
through the use of the phonograph turntable was particularly hard to
distinguish, possibly due to the time constant of the Phosphor in the sniper-
scope. Longer flashes of the order of 2 seconds on and 1 second off would
probably be better. The preference for no flashing during the tests may
have been because the test site was easily located by reference to other
lights in the field-of-view. This, of course, would not be true under
actual operating conditions.
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fl
2-.
Nhen a 30% screen was placed over the filtered lamp, the visibility was
marginal if, indeed, it could be said that the lamp could be seen at all.
The filtered Coleman was tipped downward 30? as a test of its vertical
angle, whereupon it became invisible.
As a test on the resolving power of the sniperscope, two lanterns without
filters were used and it Was discovered that at a separation of 30 feet
could be readily resolved at a distance of 5 0 miles in the sniperscope.
It was my impression that I could also resolve the two lanterns with the
naked eye, although this was rather marginal.
With regard to the visibility again, I took more precautions to have my
eyes adapted for the dark by keeping as many of the car lights off as
possible and having a red shield over the dash light. In addition to this,
a tubular extension was put on the sniperscope to prevent the airport beacon
from shining into the lens. This baffle was not entirely successful, as
it was not a dead black, but doubtless helped some. There was, however,
one light that could not be avoided, this being the moon which was fairly
low in the sky and reasonably bright.
Note should be made that the lights that were mentioned in the previous
report as being marginally visible with the 6 x 30 binoculars and readily
visible with the sniperscope were hard to distinguish with the sniperscope
in this test due to the amount of haze. They were so near on the edge
that changes in visibility could readily be estimated by how easy it was
to see them and sometimes they were easily visible and other times they
could not be seen at all. For this reason, the pattern light seen in the
field-of-view appeared to be different than on the previous night. An
effort will be made to discover the distance that these lights are from.
the Parker School and also the nature of the lights.
Two photographs were taken of the area using f/4.5 with Super XX Pan
exposures of 1 minute and 5 minutes. In the event that these turn out,
they may be of some assistance in a report.
DEW: dmc
STAT
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Ty elOC)/r(c74-7-idly f
Oeuist_t- 'IQ rj R
(-1 P
cd,hcita..? 1(1) ?OPERATION DIOGENES.
chie
st
Discussion of Design Problem
On 28 January 1952 it had been decided to concentrate on
the possible use of the Coleman Model -- gasoline mantle lantern as
the light source. It was to be modified or used with suitable
auxiliary equipment to make it flash once in one to three secondsj
In a verticle directional pattern from horizontal to 300 from
horizontal for eight hours and be so shielded and filtered to be
practically invisible at night. The design was to be guided by
considerations of minimum weight and bulk, safe design for reliability,
and the data acquired in field tests.
Three general questions of design were met.
1. The shielding and filtering could be added to the lamp
as an auxiliary enclosure or the lamp itself could be modified. The
first would mean fewer changes on the lamp but would require a
completely colapsable enclosure to satisfy the aim of compact
portability.
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2 ?
2. The flashing action could be realized from a beacon or
an interrupted light source.
3. The flashing mechanical motion whether beacon or
interrupted light source requires a motor. The source of power
for this motor could be the heat of combustion in the mantle or
.it could come from a separate power supply; i.e., mechanical
spring or electric battery.
Light Proofing
The first design question was initially attacked by laying
out a triangular pyramid folding enclosure intended to shield and
support the lamp. This was considered not suitably portable.
Further, designs and models have attempted to get adequate light
proofing from baffles added to the standard lamp structure. One
model nears completion. The problem is made difficult by the need
for cooling air circulation between the pyrex chimney and the
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-3
infrared filter. The filter may be operated at only 200?F. Dead
air between the filter and the glass may exceed this temperature.
To keep the assembly reasonably compact and to allow easy access
to the lamp controls, the baffling has been added inside the
original assembly wherever possible. The condition of burning of
the lamp should be checked on a number of units in various ambient
temperatures since the draft through the chimney and over the
vaporizer is certainly affected.
Type of Flash
Until after the first successful field test of this lamp
at full range of 571 miles on 31 January 1952, attention had been
concentrated on the beacon type of flash found more economical of power
for recognition by the naked eye. Single curved surface parabolic
reflectors were modeled which could be attached to the lamp and
rotated and which would provide the 30o vertical angle required.
For flash rates in the order of one in every two seconds the bright
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interval for these parabolic reflectors was found to be too short for
best recognition. The field tests showed that a flash sequence of
equal light and dark int%ervals or longer light than than dark
intervals were easier to find in the field of the sniperscoi:e. With
a desirable long light interval the intensification of the beam
possible with a reflector is slight. A model with plane reflecting
surfaces has been tested which provided too short an interval of high
intensity. A model also using plane reflecting surfaces has been
made to provide a wider beam angle. This model should be field
tested. Recognition of the filtered lamp without reflectors has
been reliable at 5i miles in two field tests.
The Coleman lamp has been flashed successfully in the
laboratory by controlling the fuel supply at the pinhole where the
gasoline vapor enters the air stream. A model has been built to
turn the cleaning pin crank of the lamp with an electric motor to
further test the operation of the lamp when flashed in this manner.
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This method applies particularly well to a flash the light interval
of which is long compared to the dark interval. This type of cycle
upsets the internal heating of the lamp parts very little. It should
be pointed out that whereas substantial intensification of the beam
by reflecting or lens suffaces is impossible by this method, that
fuelef is saved and the burning time of a given weight of lamp
increased.
The Flash Motor
Only one type of motor has been modeled. A turbine was
placed in the air stream of the chimney. It rotated a reflector
supported on a single jewel bearing. For reliable operation the
chimney needed several inches extension. The jewel bearing is
necessarily fragile enough to require special protection during
normal handling.
Some data has been gathered on possible spring or
electric motors. It appears, however, that the swinging of a
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beacpn mirror with a self-contained power supply of light weight
is more difficult to solve than a system of fuel control. It is
suggested that the most promising type of design is a heat or spring
motor driven needle valve operating to control the gasoline vapor
supply to the air mixing pipe.
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February 4, 1952
TO:
FROM:
SUBJ: Operation of January 31, 1952
MEMORANDUM
On the night of the above date the operation was set up between
as follows: The sources were taken
where they were set up and operated by
The gaiperscope was set up in in the parting area behind the
by myself. The airline distance between
these two points as calculated from the topographical survey map is 5 0
miles. Operations formally began at 9:50 p.m., the night being clear and
cold, wind calm, and temperatures probably in the low twenties.
STAT
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6 I )STAT
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Provisions for communication had been made in the form of "little phone"
radios, and in addition an agreed upon signal of light had been arranged
for my use in signaling the hill using the car headlights for this purpose.
No signaling provisions by light beam were provided in the other direction
since it was not feasible to take the car to the location where the sources
were to be set up. In the event that all communications failed (which they
essentially did) a schedule was set up which was followed. The following
is my copy of the schedule with my notes made at the time concerning the
visibility of the sources either with a 6 x 30 binocular or the sniperscope,
9:50 p.m. - Test #1 - Glass viiikFresnel lens and no filter. Manually
blinked with about 3 second on, 3 second off period. Visual perception of
this source was good, both with the naked eye and with the binoculars. The
source could also be seen clearly in the sniperscope but could not be seen
with a 30% screen over the aniperscope. In this connection, it should be
mentioned that the use of the screen for cutting down intensity at the
aniperscope was not saccessful since the screen used produced a diffusion
of all images and thus did not act as a purely "neutral" filter.
10:00 p.m. - Test #2 - Plain Coleman lantern, no reflector. Visual perception
with binoculars satisfactory. I was not aware that this source was better
than that in Test #1, and it may have been a little poorer. View in the
aniperscope was very clear and the visibility appeared to be marginal when
using the 30% screen.
10:05 p.m. - Test #3 - Coleman lantern with reflector and filter. Visual
perception was practically nil. The occasional impression that some light
could be seen in the area may or may not have been the source since it was
later discovered that there was a very faint light just below the test area
which had not previously been discovered. The same co =Lents apply to
visibility through the sniperscope.
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fl
-2-
10:10 p.m. - Test 4/4 - Same as Test #3 but no filter. Visual perception
O.K. Sniperscope perception O.K. but not as good as Test #1. The light
flashed at about 1 second intervals indicating that it was an the turn-
table. _
10:15 p.m. - Test 4-/Z - Same as Test #1 but with 30% screen. No perception
either visually or with sniperscope.
10:20 p.m. - Test 46 - Same condition as Test #2 but with 30% screen.
Visual perception O.K. Sniperscope perception O.K., but could not be
seen with the 30% screen.
report that they located the lights of my car and could STAT
have read the signals from them had they had time available to keep watch.
They did not see a roman candle which I used to signal for location purposes,
probably because they were busy doing something else. The radio failed
completely so far as my end was concerned. and I continued to try it
sporadically through the test. report that they did STAT
hear MB call them at one time, but communication was not established.
Attention is called to the discrepancy between the appearance of the field,-
of-view through the binoculars and through the sniperscope. Of particular
interest are two faint red lights which could only be seen through the
binoculars at the conclusion of the test when I took the time to allow my
eyes to become properly dark adapted. These red lights, however, showed
up very prominently in the sniperscope. A white light in the same group
showed up very faintly in the sniperscope but showed up quite brightly
through the binoculars. The test light and the light just below it which
has been mentioned as being a possible source of confusion in Test #3
apparently had the same threshold for the binoculars and sniperscope.
Recommendations and Conclusions:
1. It is recommended that one of the essential features of such a test
is satisfactory communication between the test points.
2. Owing to the necessity of reading my watch, reading my notes, and
making notes using the lights of the color and intensity that happened
to be provided by the my eyes did not became properly
dark-adapted. The use of properly prepared light with a red filter and
eliminating the necessity of using car headlights for signaling purposes
would doubtless allow better visual acuity both for sniperscope use and
binocular use.
3. The field-of-view surrounding the test site is not particularly
brilliant, although there are quite a number of lights easily visible.
The principal bright light is the occasional flash from the airport beacon
which-is the principal offender in producing background illumination in
the sniperscope. Although this light could not be seen in the field-of-
view, it splashed into the lens where the persistence of the Phosphor held
up the background illumination for several seconds. This effect could be
eliminated by a mailing tube or other baffle in the front end of the sniper-
scope.
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s,
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4. This test was successful since it established visibility of the lamps
over a considerable distance and proved the feasibility of making tests
in this way. It is unfortunate that the filtered light did not operate
properly and this part of the test will have to be repeated. It is also
recommended that the two red lights which appeared so well in the sniper-
scope and so faintly through the binoculars be investigated for whatever
might be learned by this means.
DEW:dmc
STAT
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Niue
Al ey b)3,0 0/6'040z-42i
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en4r.,5 taG
et-44 FAt P4 1
tek.1 eem -ozo PESOPE
51T-e- 0 e.?ac.L.e. VIZAPPeirt DS At. To I9A&ItTuDj
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January 30, 1952
OPERATION DIOGENES - SECOND PROGRESS REPORT - COVERING THE PERIOD
JANUARY 22 TO JANUARY 28, 1952 -.
On Wednesday, January 28, the walkie-talkies arrived.
Accordingly, on Wednesday evening tests were made on the
and
branch lines. The distance was about a mile and we will
get it exactly. For this test we used the following sources:
1. The flashing 21 candle power lamp.
2. The Coleman gasolene lantern.
3. The Aladdin kerosene mantle lamp.
4. A prepo blow torch with a Wellsbach mantle
on top of it.
These sources were all visible from about a mile with two 30% screens
(II in front of the telescope and with the XRX-30 filter. The walkie-
talkies worked only sporadically, in fact only for identification
and tiggboit flashlight signals had to be used to do -wv6A tried4AA
The movement to A four mile distance was not as satisfactory since
there were yard i lights from the General XEMENIN Motors Company and
a street light up aways. However, it was possible to see the light
although when the JX filter was put in the light was quite dim.
One thing that should be noted here is that tkm although the light
is approximately as bright with and without this xitamtamoomptr.6"Iiiferscope,
there is a background to the snipers cope and a definite threshhold
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above which the light should go. This makes a quantitative comparison
of light output relatively meaningless unless the light is a bright one.
It looked as though a mantle light source would have sufficient brightness
for the work and work was done during Thursday and Friday on shielding
the kerosene mantle lamp. Various kinds of shielding were attempted.
baffles
One or more bilatima placed around the air intake together with long
baffles
stovepipe tubes moving up or beciams up at the top. However, the air
supply is so critical that the electric fan operating nearby was able
to cause a smoky flame to come off in that lamp and to ruin the brightness
of the lamp itself. Therefore, at this point, the Aladdin kerosene wick
mantle lamp was abandoned. It seemed obvious that the shielding required,
=Kt although perhaps not too heavy, would be extremely pm:67 pokey
and would zof require a number of traps. Although the lamp itself gives
out very bright light in the laboratory, its use for field work of this
type seems to be precluded. At this point we were left with three
possible sources.
1. A Coleman lamp operating on gasolene vapor.
2. A mantle lamp operating from a Bunsen burner
or a similar burner.
3. A carbide lamp.
A fourth possibility would be a magnesium ribbon flare. The prepo blow
torch is a very convenient butane operated blow torch would is relatively
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insensitive to air currents around it. Unfortunately, the can of prepo
lasts for about one hour and a half and another kind of source would
have to be used. The can of five or six times the volume would probably
be too excessive in weight. There are no conveniently available gasolene
self operating blow torches but a like alcohol blow torch was xxxideckx
available. It gave a very good flame but lasted only one half hour on
60 cc of alcohol. The problem of designing a self operating blow torch
where the alcohol vapor is supplied by the heat from the blow torch is
such that an increase of a factor of 20 to 1200 cc of alcohol would
require some development, but might very well be possible. Further
work on a Bunsen burner mantle was suspended when it was found that the
Coleman gasolene mantle could be pampted pumped up so that it could run
for nine hours continuously without appreciable diminuation in brightness.
It was decided that in the time available the Coleman lamp would be the
easiest thing to work with since it is already relatively wind proof and
fire proof.
tracks -
as sources.
filters were
On Sunday night,
and I went out again to the
this time with only the carbide lamp and the Coleman lamp
Instead of the XRX-30 filter,
available and the 60 was used
instead of in front of the lamp. Both the
lamp were visible but the carbide lamp had
A magnesium flare was rather dim from this
was still visible. All these sources were
a 2" square of XRX-60 and 55
in front of the telescope
Coleman light and the carbide
a large reflector behind it.
one mile distance but it
viewed txmm with screens on
STAT
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-4
both ends so that they should be equivalent to a 3.6 mile distance.
When I went to the place five miles away, the yard lights were so
placed that it was difficult to see exactly which was John's light.
I thought that I mistook it but was able to see when a light went off
and called in the radio that I presumed that the light was turned off.
This happened at the exact moment that John had turned out the light
so it looks like the Coleman lamp is easily visible for a five mile
distance. The walkie-talkies were still not working well.
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/
?
OPERATION DIOGENES
Summary Report
by
STAT
This report covers the work accomplished in the past week
and a half and shows what we have done.
The problem is the following. We wish to build
Cl
1210/Flamp, which will radiate only in the near infrared so that they
can be viewed with a sniperscope. These lamps are to be used as
airplane beacons and their properties should be as follows:
The first lamp should be visible for five miles when the
background is black; should be light, portable, carry its own power,
simple to operate and assemble. The second type of lamp should be
perhaps brighter and give a flashing signal to an observer five
miles away.
The first problem is to find the visible brightness of
a source which is necessary to give the required brightness on the
screen. Calculations show that one lumen of filtereddiation
should yield one lumen of light on the fluorescent screen. There-
fore, if we have any lamp whose candle power is such that it can
be seen with the naked eye at five miles, it should be possible to
use this lamp with a filter in front of it and the sniperscope
and thus observe it. This presumes that the background radiation
level of the sniperscope is as low as the radiation from the outside.
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Tousey seems to show1 that we should be able to see a nine
was
candle power lamp at five miles. The safety factors which um= put
in the calculations is about a factor of three. If we use a cylindrical
lens in front of the source to restrict its angular size by a factor
of five, we might gain this factor of five in brightness and this
would reduce the brightness required. A lot of lamps have been
obtained as well as some sniperscopes and they are being assembled
as follows.
The first source used was an
bulb operating on a flasher. This bulb was in a container around
Which was a cylindrical lens and in front of the lens si XRX filter
was placed. This battery was operated off two large six-volt
headlight
Will Burgess dry cell batteries mit but could also be operated off a
storage battery. In series with the lamp was an electric flasher
of the type used on automobiles which is put in series with the
lamp and draws bbout 8/10 of an ampere when the light is not in
operation.
As a general rule we should not plan to use a battery-
operated headlight for this purpose. There are at present available
exactly this kind of equipment which have
#is much too heavy for the power obtained from it. A storage
battery is not an efficient way to carry power. However, this
flashing light is a very good standafd by which we can make
eove0),
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3
measurements on these lamps These These are the lamps which are now under
consideration. The first type of lamp is a mantle lamp. It would
use a Weisbach type mantle and could perhaps run on butane, gasoline,
acetylene, or kerosene. We have obtained a gasoline lantern which
has to be pumped up, a kerosene mantle lamp manufactured by the
Aladdin Company, a butane blowtorch which goes under the tradename
of reppo, and all these have been put in working order. The
simplest and most reliable one of these sources is the Aladdin
kerosene mantle lamp which works on a wick. The Coleman lantern
must be pumped up to give a bright source and it will not stay bright
for more than a couple of hours at a time. The butane burner seems
to work fine, also, but there is a problem here of life.
In addition we have considered the use of acetylene lamps
an
either as maximmiga acetylene lamp itself or as a carbide lamp which
will deliver the acetylene. We have obtained a 4000 candle power
floodlight for use in construction projects which uses about one
cubic foot per hour of acetylene from a. Presto.4.ght tank. We also
have obtained a small carbide lamp manufactured by the Just-Right
Company which also should be tested.
Snipers copes have been obtained by
from Washington. The first night-time experiments were made
Friday night, January 18. For these experiments the following
sources were available.
STAT
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A flashing 21 candle power headlight with and without a
filter.
A Goleman gasoline mantle lamp
An acetylene floodlight.
This is
were separated by
what happened that evening.
about 9/10 of a mile on the
and I
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road running into
The only means we had of signaling to each other
STAT
was by flashlight, using a prearranged code. The experimental
conditions were not ideal since there was some background, particu-
larly to him since he could not see my flashes, and an automobile
coming down the road made accurate observation impossible. It was
possible to view all the sources which were then available even
when the infrared filter was put in front of the telescope. In
addition, it WAS possible to view the sources when a screen
transmitting 30 percent of the incident radiation was placed in
front of the telescope. Further experiments carried on later
showed that it was possible to see both the Coleman lamp and the
tungsten lamp, when a 30 percent transmitting screen was placed in
front of both the lamp and the telescope, and the filter was also
in place in front of the telescope. These results were encouraging
but obviously further field tests must be tried and the conditions
should be better. For example, if we are to go to longer distances
vi to-r4,,
we must find a straight path of fabr,miles-O? threem les. Then,
1"
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5
we should have walkie-talkie radios since visible flashlight signaling
becomes more hazardous and more time-consuming.
sources should be available for test. Fourthly,
little disturbed as possible, anyway.
It was with this in mind that we went down t
to see
Thirdly, more
we should be as
obtain use of any straight regions of track which went for long
distances Telephone calls made it obvious that personal appeals
were necessary and so we went in to see the District Engineer on
Monday, January 21. While the District Engineer,
STAT
STAT
did STAT
not speak to us personally, we spoke to his assistani who went in
to speak to him and
passed the buck down to the General
STAT
Manager's office. Accordingly, the assistant, who obviously was
unhappy about even doing this but didn't have the guts to say no,
brought us down to the General Manager's office. The General
Manager's secretary also didn't want to take the responsibility
for making a decision one way or the other and said there probably
wasn't that much track anywhere, which the District Engineer's
assistant agreed fervently. So he said he would take us back and
show us the track layout and we would see what was available.
-0.4megrgck to the District Engineer's office we saw that there was
no track between : but when the assistant went SI-AT
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6 ?
out one of the draftsmen who was not in on this said that Amory-
branch there was a very long
STAT
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s...) I I
tangent and
es
ure enough there is a four
eer7
-mile stretch from
line.
? I I (reallY-14-14011-6/branch
When the District Engineer's assistant came back he was most unhappy
that we had found this but was still polite and said, "Ch. You
don't want to use a branch line, anyway'.'. But, since we had to go
back to the General Manager's office, we did so and when his secretary
asked I said that there seemed to be an ideal place and could we
please speak to the General Manager. The General Manager, Mr.
was very cordial. I uped all my titles, pulled all the secrecy
stops out, teadizz'aitatimpsyli+-snat how it would help the 'Armed
Services, waved the American flag in front of his face a few times,
and got his permission to do this. John and I signed general
releases and we have the whole-hearted cooperation, at least on the
. I think it would
upper echelon, of the
be nice if you were to write a letter to , General Manager,
thanking him for his cooperation.
We also purchased a carbide lamp after looking all over
town and some more mantles and chimneys for the kerosene lamp that
was available. The kerosene lamp ran for eight hours yesterday
without adjustment of wick. The only thing wrong with it is that
the chimney is overly long and perhaps fragile. We would do well
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to design something better. Perhaps this length of chimney is
necessary. We are running life tests on the carbide lamp and it
seems to give a good light although no where near as steady as
the kerosene mantle lamp.
The weather at present does not imik bode well for field
tests and the walkie-talkies will be coming in tomorrow. The
first night available with good weather John and I will go out to
Framingham with the walkie-talkies and the equipment and continue
the tests.
Incidentally, the kerosene lamp holds about 900 ccs and
when full should run a little longer than twelve hours in my
estimation.
January 22, 1952
kvs
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
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The next thing that should be mentioned is the way to
get these things flashing. Since we have eliminated from consideration
any electric means of getting our power, we are left with a mechanical
switch of one kind or another. It seems fairly obvious that the flow
of fuel cannot be easily interupted and still get yourself a good
flasher, so this means that there must be some means of shuttering
the beam in one way or another. The beam should still be able to
radiate in 2,pr radians, however, and so we restrict ourselves to
something that must rotate cylindrically. This can be a shutter
with holes cut in it or a set of lenses. If we have a shutter with
holes cut in it then all we do is change the intensity of the light
without increasing in brightness. This shutter might run from
convection currents coming out of the kerosene lamp. These are
pretty strong. The other possibility is to have a series of lenses
going around the km cylinder and these lenses rotate. This
possibility means that the plastic lenses, perhaps even
plastic lenses, lenses, will be necessary since the weight that has to be
rotated becomes pretty large. 2n In addition, complications will
occur, it seems to me, da if these things are to run in 'rift all
kinds of weather.
Another suggestion was to get a one rpm clock motor which
runs on one and a half volt dry cell and use this to do the turning.
This kind of positive feed will be very helpful. The additional
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
weight should not be very much. The only question is whether the
power involved is enough to be meaningful.
Filters
We have been thinking about XRX filters to do this job
but there is no real reason why such an efficient filter is
necessary. The filter that we have has pretty poor transmission
where we want it and we might like to get something a good deal
better even though the visible cut-off might not be so great.
Experiments done today show that the Aladdin mantle
lamp is rather sensitive to an electric fan, which is not
surprising, but perhaps shielding on this device can be more
effective. The carbide lamp also runs pretty steadily without
appreciable change in brightness. Further work shows that almost
the whole length of the chimney is necessary for good operation
of the Aladdin lamp.
DZR/kvs
1/22/52
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
ut1ieuitit1on6 01 neticons
Memorannum to
_
This is a summary' Of the work I have done over the past day an:' a half.
STAT
I.Calculation of efficiency of image tubes
The only information easily at hand is that in the NDRC book on these
Devices. They define "conversion" as-the ratio of thenumber of lumens
emitted by the fluorescent screen to thenumber of lumens falling on the
cathode. Since the ht falling on thecathode contains irir_edikas-
well as visible*Ii0.t this conversion factor can be greater than one.
The conversion factor is measured with a lamp of color temperature 2870 K.
The conversion factors for the 1P25 low voltage tube runs about 0.64.
Measured value run from 0.25 to 1.5 lumens per lumen. For theMA-4
tube theuseful conversion factor is said to be 5 to $ times that of the
1R25.
It shou d be noted that this conversion factor is for an unfiltered
light source. The photocathode response is cut lap a factor 1/3, if a
Wratten filter is put in front of the2870 K source. We can say then
as a reasonable apprthximation to the Truth
1 lumen filtered 2870 radiation yields 1 lumen of light from the
fluorescent screen. SAFETY MICTOR
*2
distance
Therefore if we know the x?x?k?i?tx at which we can see a tungsten
lamp, this will be the same distance at which we will see a filtered
tungsten lam of this color temperature.
IIDistance at which we can see an uncollimated lamp. SAFETY
KnN)1, Tousey and Hulbert show in theJOSA 1946 that an illtmination of
10 foot candles aan be seen in starlight and 10-8 at moonlight levels. FACTOR
Thes measurements were made with a steady source and not with a flashing
source as is contemplated here.
We ill say we would like a source which will five an illtmination of 1.5
- 10 footcandles at 30,000 feet.
III. Candlepower of lamp necessary
The candlepoer of a lamp is obtained by taking the illtmination and
multiplying it by the square of the distance.
1: Er2
I is 10-8 x 9 x 108 = tx2 9 candle
Wmxxxx
Use of eylindrical lens
Since the light is to be restricted to a horizontal hutx plane we
can gain a factor on thebare lamp by putting a cylingrical lens in front
of it. We should gain a factor of 5 or ten by this move. If
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14 : CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1
we -ard conservative and say we gain by a factor 4.5 we need a.lamp
of intrinsic aandle power in all directions:
I of 2 candles
Power reauired to run a two candle power lamp for 12 hours.
A lamp giving of 2 candles per stearadian gives off about 25 lumens.
A good value for most lamps is 10-15 lumens per watt. A lamp of 2.5
watts should give enough light for thepurpose. To run this for 12
hours we would need a 30 watt hour battery. From a six volt battery
this would mean 5 ampere hours. The small willard batteries are said
to give 20 ampere hours. They would be sufficient.
iAFETY
ACTOR 2
?
1.5
Relative Efficiencly of Gas heatin-, and a Tungsten source.
It should be possible to heat a refractory oxide to about 1590 c and
use the heat from thegas to rotate a shutter in front of the source.
A cylindrical lens is possible here.
Since the source is cooler than the tungsten latp, and in addition ?has
an emmissi-vity of about 0.5 in the region in question we have a loss of
a great delal of the e ficiency of the system. We lose at least a factor
of 5 from the black body curve and we also lose a factor of 2 from the
emissivity. The source will then have to have about 10 times the area of
the tungsten source. We need therefore a hot ceramic which will radiate
25 watts. If we assume that we can keep the ceramic at this temperature with
1% efficiency then we need 2500 watts from the flame or 30KW-hr of power
for 12 holirs of operation. This would require about 2.5 Kg of kerosene
since kerosene gives 13 kw-hr/kg
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/14: CIA-RDP78-03153A001800030029-1