COMBAT REGULATIONS FOR THE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY OF THE GROUND FORCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A030000300001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 103
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 6, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 20, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This maierial contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning
18, U.S.C. Sees. 793 and 791. the transmission or nvelation of which In any manner to an unauthorined panda is
S-E-C-R-E-T
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
USSR REPORT
Combat Regulations for the DATE DISTR.
Antiaircraft Artillery of
the Ground Forces NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
20
102
RD
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
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February 1963
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION.
SOURCE GRADINGS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
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Combat Regulations
of the Antiaircraft Artillery of the Ground Forces, published
by the USSRITinistry of Defense in Moscow in 1959. This
document carries the Soviet classification SECRET.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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NOTE: Several Soviet Army terms used 50X1-HUM
do not have precise English equivalents.
The following are some of these ferms and an explanation of 50X1-HUM
their treatment in translation:
a. SOYEDINENIYE refers to a corps, division, or brigade.
The components may be of a single arm or of various arms
and services. In this translation, SOYEDINENIYE has been
translated as "large unit".
b. CHAST designates a unit of regimental or smaller size
thaf-ri-idministratively self-contained and separately
numbered, e.g., a rifle regiment, the engineer battalion of
a rifle division, or a signal battalion. In this translation,
CHAST has been translated as "unit".
c. PODRAZDELENIYE refers to a subunit of a CHAST. It is a
unit which cannot be identified numerically except by refer-
ence to the unit of which it is a component, e.g., a battalion,
company, or platoon of a rifle regiment, a battalion or -
battery of an artillery regiment, or a company of an engineer
or signal battalion. In this translation, PODRAZDELENIYE
has been translated as "subunit".
d. OBYEDINENIYE refers to an army or front, and has been
translated as '1formation".
e. SILY I SREDSTVA refers to personnel and the equipment or
weapons associated with them, and has been translated as
"forces and means", "forces and equipment", or "forces and
weapons".
f. VOYSKA has been rendered as "troops", except in the
phrase SUEROPUTNYYE VOYSKA, which has been translated by
the conventional phrase ffiround forces".
g. KOMANDIR is generally used herein to refer to the officer
in command of a SOYEDINENIYE, CHAST, or PODRAZDELENIYE and
has been translated "commanding officer". NACHALNIK and
KOMANDUYUSHCHIY are used to identify the officer in command
of an OBYEDINEgIYE. Both words have been translated "com-
mander". When NACHALNIK is used to refer to the officer in
command of a combat arm , it has been translated "commander",
and when it relates to a service element, it has been trans-
lated as "chief".
h. SHTAB means both "staff" and "headquarters", and has
been translated according to the context.
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" SECRET
COMBAT REGULATIONS FOR THE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
OF THE GROUND FORCES
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF TBE USSR
MOSCOW 1959
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ORDER OF THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF GRQUND FORCES
No. 050
10 July 1959
Moscow
1. Put into effect the announced Combat Regulations for the Anti-
aircraft Artil1ery:of the Ground Forces.
2. Consider the 1953 Combat Regulations for the Antiaircraft
Artillery of the Ground Forces annulled.
Commander-in-Chief of Ground Forces
Marshal of the Soviet Union
A. Grechko
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The Combat Regulations of the Antiaircraft Artillery of the
Ground Forces develop the positions stated in the Field Regulations
for the,Combat Utilization of Tube and Missile Antiaircraft Artillery
and deftne the basic responsibilities of the commanding officers and
staffs of antiaircraft artillery groups, large units and units in
the organization of combat operations and the control of antiaircraft
artillery.
All instructions in the present Regulations which relate to the
operations of antiaircraft artillery apply also to antiaircraft
artillery large units (units) not included in the composition of groups
and performing independent combat tasks.
The instructions contained in the Regulations must be applied
in strict conformity with the develoVilag situation.
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Chapter 1
PRINCIPLES OF TBE COMBAT-UTILIZATION OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
1. The antiaircraft artillery of the antiair defense troops
of the Ground Forces represents the basic imintmeans of antiair defense.
It is capable of destroying the enemy's aircrift and cruise missiles
under any weather conditions and at any time of the day or night.
Antiaircraft artillery is intended:
? ? to provide cover from strikes by the air enemy for
troops in combat, during their movement and disposition
during a halt, for river crossings, control points and air-
fields, and for installations in the troop and operational
rear area;
to block off encircled enemy groupings from the air;
? to combat the enemy's airborne forces in the air
and when they jump (land);
? to prevent the enemy from conducting air reconnaissance.
While performing these tasks, antiaircraft artillery
Cooperates in the struggle of its awn aircraft for air superiority.
In exceptional cases, tube antiaircraft artillery can be
used for combat with the enemy on the ground, primarily against tanks
andl,in coastal areas0, for combat with his ships and his meanS for
effecting a landing.
2.. The antiaircraft artillery of the antiair defense troops
of the Ground FOrces consists of large units, units and subunits of
tube and missile antiaircraft artillery. It is sub-divided into or-
ganic antiaircraft artillery and the antiaircraft artillery of the
Reserve of the Supreme High Command.
Organic antiaircraft artillery is composed of antiaircraft
artillery large units, units and subunits which are organizationally
components of armies, and of combined arms large units, units and sub-
units. Organic antiaircraft artillery is sub-divided into army, corps,
division, regimental and battalion.
Antiaircraft artillery which is not a component of armies,
combined arms large units, units or subunits is made up of antiaircraft
artillery large units and units of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.
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3. Tube antiaircraft artillery, depending on the caliber of
its guns, is divided into:
-- small caliber (20 to 60 mm) alitiaircraft artillery;
-- medium caliber (over 60 and up to 100 mm) -antiatt
craft artillery.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is not divided by caliber.
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4. Small caliber antiaircraft artillery is intended for combat
with the air enemy operating at low (up to 1,000 meters) and medium (from
1,000 up to 4,000 meters) altitudes.
Meditpli Caliber antiaircraft artillery is intended disinly,fot-combat
with the air enemy operating LatAinediam (from 1,000 up to 4,000 m) and high
(4,000 to 12,000 meters) altitudes.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is intended for combat with
the air enemy operating at medium and high altitudes and in the stratosphere.
5. The antiaircraft artillery cover of troops and ihStallatiots is
organized in accordance with the decision of the combined arms commanding
officer.
Cover of troops and installations by antiaircraft artillery
must be continuous.
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Continuous cover of troops and installations is achieved by:
-- the timely concentration of antiaircraft artillery to
cover the main troopti groupings and important installations of
the troop ana operational rear area;
-- the establishment of a grouping of antiaircraft artillery
which provides the most reliable cover for troops and installations;
-- the constant preparedness of antiaircraft artillery to
repel strikes by the air enemy;
-- continuous reconnaissance of the air enemy, prompt noti-
fication and the rapid assignment of fire tasks to batteries;
constant knowledge of the air and grouna situation by
tne commanding officers and staffs of antiaircraft artillery groups
(large units, units, subunits);
-- firm, flexible and unbroken control of the combat opera-
tions of the antiaircraft artillery;
-- the timely opening
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-- continuous coordination with fighter aircraft, with
other antiair defense facilities and with the troops being
covered;
-- the organization of protection from nuclear weapons
and other means of mass deptruction;
-- uninterrupted materiel, technical and medical support
for antiaircraft artillery large units, units and subunits.
6.. The combat utilization of antiaircraft artillery is based
on massing it tOcomer.major groupings of troops and important installa-
tions, and on maneuver and coordination with fighter aircraft and other
means of antiair defense.
7. The maneuver of antiaircraft artillery consists of changing
its location, both at the front and in the interior, in order to create
an advantageous grouping for the performance of an allotted task. It
is carried out in accordance with a decision of the combined arms command-
ing officer.
1Iihe maneuver of antiaircraft artillery mast be uncomplicated
in its conception and must be effected in good time, rapidly, in a con-
cealed manner and unexpectedly for the enemy. During combat with the air
enemy, antiaircraft artillery makes extensive use of maneuvering fire,
which consists of the timely concentration or distribution of fire against
targets in accordance with their tactical importance0'and in the shift of
fire from one group of targets to another at the proper time.
Fire concentration consists of the simultaneOus: shelling
of 'a single air target by several antiaircraft artillery subunits, units,
large units or groups. The number of subunits, units, large units or
groups assigned to concentrate fire against a Single target depends an
the importance of the target, the quantity of antiaircraft artillery
available and the way it is grouped.
Fire distribution consists of the simultaneous or successive
shelling of several air targets, with only a part of the means of the anti-
aircraft artillery group large unit (unit) trained against each target.
The number of units (subunits) assigned to conduct fire against each tar-
get depends on the number of air.targets, on their echelonment and on the
fire capabilities of the antiaircraft artillery.
8. Coordination between antiaircraft artillery and fighter air-
craft and other means for antiair defense in repelling the blows of the air
enemy consists of the - ?ebordination of operations with regard to target,
place and time. It is organized by the combined arms commanding officer.
9. Depending on the air situation and the tasks to be performed
by antiaircraft artillery groups, Large units, units and subunits, two
degrees of combat readiness are established: readiness number one and
readiness number two.
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At the command post of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit) there is a complete fire crew ready to direct fire. The search
and target designation sets are witched on and carry out target location.
Gun laying (directing) sets and fire control Instruments are switched on.
Guns (launching mounts) and ammunition are prepared for firing. Personnel
are in place at the guns, instruments and radar sets ready to reconnoiter
targets and to direct fire.
The operational duty officer and the duty combat crew are
at the command post of the antiaircraft artillery group or large unit
(unit). The search and target designation sets are prepared for combat
operations. Thesets on duty carry out a search. The guivlaying (direct-
ipg).Sets, fire control instruments, guns, (launching mounts) and ammuni-
tion are prepared for firing; power supply sets are tested and warmed up.
Personnel are within the areas of the positions.
The transition from readiness number two to readiness number
one is effected by an instruction from the operational duty officer, with
an immediate report an this to the commanding officer and chief of staff
of the group (large unit, unit).
The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery group
(large unit, unit) establishes the time necessary for the transition to
readiness number one, on the basis of directions from the chief of the anti-
air defense troops, taking into account the possible speeds of flight of
the air enemy and the time necessary to switch on the radar stations and
fire control instruments.
10. Antiaircraft artillery fire which is carefully prepared
and which opens up unexpectedly on the air enemy is most effective and
inflicts the greatest losses on him.
Antiaircraft artillery fire achieves surprise through the
concealed concentration and deployment of antiaircraft artillery large
units, units and subunits, by the careful camouflage of their combat
formations and by constant readiness to open fire.
11. Depending on the situation, the width of the zone of opera-
tions, and the availability of antiaircraft artillery, cover for combined
arms large units (installations) can be effected by antiaircraft artil-
lery groups and by antiaircraft artillery large units (units) operating
independently.
Antiaircraft artillery of more than one unit which is
detailed to cover troops or an objective during the course of combat and
which is united by common control comprises an antiaircraft artillery
group.
As a rule, when there is a sufficient quantity of attached
antiaircraft artillery detailed to cover troops or installations,together
with the possibility of organizing centralized fire control and of ef-
fecting coordination df fire, division, corps, army and front antiair-
craft artillery groups are organized.
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In those instances when cover is carried out by an antiaircraft
artillery large unit (unit), it performs its tasks and functions in the same
way as the corresponding antiaircraft artillery group.
12. The composition of an antiaircraft artillery group depends
on the nature of the impending combat tasks, the importance of the installa-
tions being covered and the availability of antiaircraft artillery.
A division antiaircraft artillery group is made up of division
artillery and antiaircraft artillery attached to the division and is intended
to cover the main forces of the division. Small caliber antiaircraft artil-
lery is included in its composition, as a rule.
A corps antiaircraft artillery group is made up of the organic
corps artillery and of antiaircraft artillery attached to the corps and is
intended to strengthen the cover of the main grouping of the troops of the
corps, and also to cover reserves, control points and other important corps
installations. It consists?as a rule, of Triedium Caliber antiaircraft artillery.
Army antiaircraft artillery groups are made up of the army's
artillery and of attached antiaircraft artillery, and are intended to strengthen
the cover of the main grouping of troops,. and to cover artillery which is using
nuclear ammunition and other highly important installations of army significance.
An army antiaircraft artillery group; intended to strengthen
the cover of the main grouping of troops; is composed, data rUle, 5.1 medium
caliber antiaircraft artillery.
Army antiaircraft artillery groups. intended to rover the most
important installations of army significance. can be made up of antiaircraft
artillery of one or various calibers.
Front antiaircraft artillery groups are made up of the anti-
aircraft artillery of the .*serve of the Supreme High Command and are in-
tended to cover missile artillery, control points, troop loading and unload-
ing zones, major river crossings, regulating stations, front bases and other
major installations of front significance. They can be made up of antiair-
craft artillery of one or several 'calibers.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is, as a rule combined in in-
dependent and front antiaircraft artillery groups.
Regimental (battalion) antiaircraft artillery is not included
in the composition of antiaircraft artillery groups, but its disposition is
taken into account in the deployment of antiaircraft artillery groups in
combat formation.
13. Combined arms units operating along separate, independent
axes. may have units (subunits) of tube antiaircraft artillery attached to
them.
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14. Antiaircraft artillery groups are created by a decision
of the appropriate combined arms commanding officers (commanders), and
the commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery groups are appointed
by them also.
The responsibilities of the staff of an antiaircraft ar-
tillery group are carried out by the staff of the antiaircraft artillery
large unit (unit) whose commanding officer is appointed commanding of-
ficer of the group.
15. Antiaircraft artillery groups, large units, units and
subunits are deployed In combat formation for the performance of tasks
connected with the cover of troops and installations.
The combat formation of an antiaircraft artillery group
consists of the combat formations of the antiaircraft ? artillery. groups
(subunits), which are included in the composition of the group, and
of the command post; of the group.
The combat formation of
unit (unit) is composed of the combat
artillery units (subunits) and of the
(unit).
an antiaircraft artillery large
formations of the antiaircraft
command poet of the large unit
16. The combat formation of an antiaircraft artillery group
(large unit, unit) must conform with the tasks and grouping of the troops
being covered, or with the nature of the installations being covered,
and must ensure:
-- the best possible utilization of the antiaircraft
artillery units (subunits) in accordance with their com-
bat characteristics;
-- the repulse of strikes by the air enemy from any
direction;
-- the infliction of the greatest possible destruction
on the air enemy before he arrives at the probable- bomb
release line;
-- the capability to maneuver in accordance with the
situation;
convenience and continuity of control;
-- the repulse of an attack by the ground enemy, par-
ticularly by his tanks;
the least possible vulnerability to nuclear weapons
and other forms of mass destructionito artillery fire and to
strikes by the air enemy, together with the best possible
use of terrain.
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17 Large units, units and subunits of antiaircraft artillery
are deployed in combat formation in the operational zones of the troops
being covered or in their disposition areas, as Well as on the approaches
to theA.bstallatiOns_being covered.
18. The intervals (distances) between batteries of tube anti-
aircraft artillery in combat formation are established in accordance
with the dimensions of the area occupied by the troops ?installation),
being covered and the quantity of antiaircraft artillery detailed to
cover the-troops (installation). Here the possibility of minimizing
losses from nuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction lak
taken into account. The greatest intervals (distances) between batter-
ies of the same caliber must ensure fire coordination between the bat-
teries and should not exceed 3/4 of the radius of the flat zone of fire
of the guns at the extreme altitude for effective fire.
19. Intervals and distances between division antiaircraft
missile artillery should notexceed two maximumcourse parameters
of the target atthe extreme altitude for effective fire., at which
reliable destruction of the target is assured.
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Chapter 2
TUE CONTROL:. OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ART rtIggx
20. The 'contra- of an antiaircraft artillery grpup (large unit,
unit) embraces all activity by the commanding officer and the staff in
supervising the preparation and conduct of combat operations.
It includes:
-- the maintenance of constant combat readiness and of a
high state of morale and political consciousness in antiaircraft
artillery groups (large units, units and subunits);
-- the timely assignment of combat tasks together with
control of fire and maneuver;
-- the maintenance of uninterrupted coordination with
fighter aviation, with other antiair defense means, with ad-
jacent antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units) and
with the troops being covered;
-- comprehensive support of the combat operations of
antiaircraft artillery;
-- a continuous check on the execution of orders and
directives which have been issued.
21. The direction of antiaircraft artillery must ensure secrecy
for the preparation of combat operations, unexpectedness in the opening of
effective fire with antiaircraft artillery, the efficient exploitation of
its various calibers and systems, high maneuverability, and the implemen-
tation of measures, in good time, for protection against nuclear weapons
and other means of Mass destruction by the enemy.
Essential conditions which ensure successful direction
of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) are correct Under-
standing of the air and ground situation, anticipation of changes in these
and a high degree of operational effectiveness (operativnoati) in the work
of the commanding officers and staffs of the antiaircraft groups (large
units, units).
22. Direction of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit,
unit) must be uninterrupted, firm and flexible.
Unbroken direction is provided by uninterrupted communica-
tions with subordinate and seniormirmarides,by skilful organization of com-
mand posts and their movement in good time during combat by the rapid
transfer of control of antiaircraft artillery in case of necessity from
one point to another, and by prompt reports from lower to higher levels
and constant information from higher to lower levels and to adjacent units
about the air and ground situation.
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Firmness of directim consists of perseverance in implementing
an adopted decision in order to perform an asSigned combat task precisely
and thoroughly.
Flexibility of direction fsonsistt continuous familiarity
with the situation, particularly in the air, by prompt reactions to changes
in the situation, by the clarification of previously assigned tasks or by
the assignment of new tasks in response to these changes.
If there should be an abrupt change in the situation at a time
when it is impossible to receive directions in good time, the commanding
officer must assume responsibility and must carry out the maneuver of his
antiaircraft artillery and of its fire on his own initiative, and then re-
port on this to his immediate chief and inform adjacent units.
The commanding officer
unit, unit) must be familiar at all
needs of the antiaircraft artillery
and must use the forces and weapons
of their combat operations.
of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
times with the location, activity and
units and subunits subordinate to him
at his disposal to influence the course
23. The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit) bears full responsibility for the successful perforOlance of com-
bat tasks by subordinate units and subunits. He divides them personally and
through his staff, keeping his chief of staff informed of orders he ilea given
personally and letting him know of his ideas and intentions.
24. The chief of staff of an antiaircraft group (large unit, unit)
is the commanding officer's deputy. Only he has the authority to issue orders
in the name of the commanding officer.
The chief of staff is responsible for the maintenance of unin-
terrupted direction. He must always be ready to report to the comtanding
officer on the situation, at the latter's request or when the need arises,
and on the deductions and suggestions which he draws from it.
25. The direction of an antiaircraft artillerygrOup (large unit,
unit) is based on the decision of the commanding officer. In studying the
task he has receivedlthe commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) must grasp the plan of the combined arms commanding
officer and the place and role of his group (large unit, unit) in the anti-
air defense task to be performed.
Once he understands his task, the commanding officer of the
antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) decides which measures need
to be carried out immediately, calculates the time, and issues preliminary
orders in order to allow his subordinates the maximum time to prepare for
impending operations.
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In evaluating the situation, the commanding officer of an anti-
aircraft artillery group Olarge unit, unit) studies:
-- the position and possible nature of the ground enemy's
operations; the means of attack which the enemy may possibly
use from the air against troops (installations), the nature
and methods of the expected operations by the air enemy and
the possibility that he may use nuclear weapons and other
means of mass destruction;
-- the grouping of the troops (installations) which filu
to be covered, and its tasks;
-- the composition, condition and disposition of the group
(large unit, unit) and its materiel and technical support;
-- the tasks, methods and procedure for the operations
of fighter aviation, and the tasks of the adjacent artillery
groups (large units, units) and of other means of antiair
defense and the procedure for coordination with them;
-- the nature of the terrain and its influence on the
combat operations of the air enemy and on our own troops.
In addition, in evaluating the situation, the state of the weather,
the season of the year and the time of day or night, and the effect of these
on the operations of the enemy and of the antiaircraft artillery are taken
into account.
In studying the situation, the commanding officer of an anti-
aircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) determines the measures which
must be taken to remove any factors which make the performance of tasks
difficult, or to minimize their negative effect.
Having understood the task and evaluated the situation, the command-
ing officer of an antiaircraft artillery group, large unit (unit) usually notes
the combat formation on a map, determines the tasks for the subordinate units,
(subunits) and the procedure for the control of fire and maneuver and reports
on this to the chief of the antiaircefense troops (commanding officer of the
group).
26. When time is available, the commanding officer of the antiaircraft
artillery group (large unit, unit) organizes and conducts reconnaissance in
order to obtain, on the spot, more precise data on the situation or on the
combat formation shown on the map.
In the course of reconnaissance, the commanding officer defines in
greater detail the position of the troops (n.tallatiens) being covered, studies
the terrain and conditions for the deployment of units (subunits), determines
or makes more precise the places for command (commanders') posts and fire
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positions, studies
carrying out
command (commanders')
27. The
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routes and determines the nature, volume
the work of engineerj preparation of fire positions
posts.
commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery
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and procedure for
and of
group (large
unit, unit)assigns combat tasks to the commanders of subordinate units and
subunits through combat orders and combat instructions.
A combat order is delivered briefly, clearly and,
as a rule,
orally,and usually contains:
-- a brief assessment of the air enemy and, when necessary, of
:the:grounaenemy;
-- the assignment of the troops being covered (a description of
the installation);
the combat task of the antiaircraft artillery group (large unit,
unit);
-- the tasks of adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (large units,
units), areas of their closest firs positions and the locations of com-
mand posts;
-- the tasks of the fighter aviation large units (units) with which
coordination is being effected;
-- the combat tasks of subordinate units (s4bunits), with an indi-
cation of the areas in which they are to deploy in combat formation;
-- the readiness time of the units (subunits) and the order for the
conduct of fire;
-- the location of the command post. the time for its deployment
and the direction of its displacement.
A combat order can be given either on a map or on the spot. The
sequence in which it is presented depends in every case on the situation.
A combat order which is given orally should then be written down
or plotted on an annotated map and distributed to pubOdinate units (subunits).
Tasks for all types of support, and for political work, are brought
to the attention of subordinates by separate directives and combat instructions.
A combat instruction details only the cobabat tasks
and the data
necessary for the commander to whom it is addressed. When
necessary, in order
to ensure coordination, the procedure for fulfilling the tasks
assigned
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,ani those of adjacent units, can be indicated in the combat instruction.
28.. After assigning combat tasks to subordinatespthe commanding officer
of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit), must:
-- establish the order of deployment of the group, (large
unit, unit), and, if necessary, organize the regrouping of the
units (subunits);
-- organize fire control and determine the procedure fpr the
displacement (maneuver) of the group (large unit, unit);
-- organize coordination within the group (large unit, unit) and
define in greater .detail the procedure for coordination with fighter
aviation and other means of antiair defense, with adjacent antiair-
craft artillery groups (large units, units) and with the troops being
covered;
-- issue instructions on the organization of communications
with subordinate large units (units) and with those acting in coor-
dination and with fighter aviation;
-- organize combat and engineering support;
-- issue instructions on political work;
-- issue instructions on materiel, technical and medical sup-
port;
...check personally and through the staff on the readiness of
the group (large unit, unit) to fulfil the tasks assigned.
29. During combat, the commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) must:
-- direct the fire and maneuver of the group (large unit, unit);
maintain uninterrupted coordination with fighter aviation,
with radio counteraction units of the ant-Lair defense troops, with
adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units) and with
the troops being covered;
-- report to the chief of antiair defense troops (group commander)
on the performance of tasks and, also, when necessary, give his own
proposals for the further use of the group or large unit (unit).
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30. The
in addition
--
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staff of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
to its general responsibilities, must:
work out and put into effect measures for continuous
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unit, unit),
re-
connaissance of the air enemy, and gather, collate and study data
on the air enemy;
-- organize topographical preparation and the receipt of
meteorological data for antiaircraft artillery units and subunits;
-- plan the maneuver (displacement) of antiaircraft artillery
units and subunits, and exercise control over the way in which liltcy
dsc carried out.
-- ensure the maintenance of coordination with fighter avia-
tion, with the radio counteraction units (subunits) of the anti-
air defense troops, with adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups
(large units, units) and with the troops being covered;
-- develop and carry out measures to ensure uninterrupted con-
trol and the delivery of fire Of antiaircraft artillery, especially
when the enemy is using radio jamming;
- -- obtain in good time from the higher headquarters recogni-
tion signals and applications for flights by our own aircraft, dis-
seminate them to subunits and ensure the flight safety of our own
aircraft;
.check on the observance by the subordinate units (sub-
units) of the established degrees of combat readiness.t.
31. The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery group or
large unit (unit) directs the units (subunits) from the command post:
The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit) decides an the place for the command post, as a rule. In select-
ing the place for a command post, it is necessary to take into account the
situation and the possibility of providing unbroken communications with
subordinate units (subunits) and with units acting in coordination, as well
as with the senior QOMMAnder.
The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit) designates one of the command posts of the units included in the com-
position of the group (large unit) to assume control if it should become
impossible to direct from the group (large unit) command post.
A large unit (unit) rear area control point is organized to
direct the rear areas situatedin a place from which stable communications
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with the commander and staff, and unbroken direction of rear area subunits, can
be provided.
32. The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit), the chief of staff and also the necessary number of staff officers,
NCO's and enlisted men are usually at the command post.
Usually, at the rear area control point, there are the deputy com-
mander for the rears withthe functionaries directly subordinate to him, the
technical service, the artillery armament service, sections of the staffpand
personnel not included in the complement of the command post.
33. Antiaircraft artillery fire control consists of the performance of
measures and of activity by the commanding officers and staffs which are direct-
ed toward the fullest possible use of the capabilities of antiaircraft artillery
fire to inflict the greatest possible losses on the air enemy.
Antiaircraft artillery fire control includes:
an evaluation of the air situation according to intelligence
data;
-- the decision to open fire;
.. the carrying out of fire maneuvers;
-- coordination between antiaircraft artillery fire and the
operations of fighter aviation)
checking an the performance of fire tasks by the units
(subunits);
listing the results of delivery of fire and checking
an the expenditure of ammunition and on observance of rate of fire-,
34. A decision by the commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) to open fire consists of the selection of targets
for destruction and the assignment of fire missions to subordinate units
(subunits). A fire mission includes the target designation and the command
to open fire. ?
The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery unit (subunit),
after having received a fire mission, must ensure that fire is opened against
the designated target at the proper time. If communications with the command
post of the commanding officer Of the antiaircraft artillery group or large
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unit (unit) are disrupted, or when there is an abrupt change in the air
situation, the commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery unit (sub-
unit) selects a target independently and opens fire against it, taking into
consideration instructions which he has previously obtained.
35. Fire control of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit,
unit) can be centralized or decentralized, depending on the nature of the
operations of the troops being covered, the combit formation of the anti-
aircraft artillery group (large unit, unit).,the possibilities of organiz-
ing reconnaissance and target designation, and the nature of the air enemy's
operations.
36. Centralized fire control of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit) consists of the unification and realization by its commander of
all operations for the delivery of fire.
Centralized fire control of an antiaircraft artillery group
(large unit, unit) is used in all cases when the situation and the avail-
ability of control facilities permit. With centralized fire control the
commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit) can as-
sign fire missions to the batteries directly or through unit commanding
officers, depending on the distance at which air targets have been detected,
their speed and numbers and on the methods of transmitting target designa-
tions.
With centralized fire control, the responsibility for opening
fire at the proper time is not taken away from the commanding officers of
antiaircraft artillery units and subunits, and their initiative in the event
of a change in the air situation is not limited.
37. Decentralized fire control of an antiaircraft artillery group or
large unit (unit) means that all operations for the delivery of fire are,
carried out directly by the commanding officers 0 the units, (subunits) which
are included in the composition of the antiaircraft artillery grouper large
unit (unit).
With decentralized fire control, the commanding officer of an
antiaircraft artillery group or large unit (unit) is obliged to inform
commanding officers subordinate to him an the air situation.
38. In all cases, the commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group or large unit (unit) reports to the chief of the antiair defense troops
(commanding officer of the group, large unit) on the operations of enemy
aviation and on the results of fire delivery, and also keeps adjacent units
informed on the air situation.
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39. Coordination of antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units)
with fighter aviation, with the radio counteraction units (subunits) of the
ant iair defense troop4with adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (large
units, units, subunits) and with the troops being covered is maintained con-
tinuously by all commanding officers and staffs. Interrupted coordination
must be re-established immediately.
40. Coordination between antiaircraft artillery and fighter aviation
consists of :7,000rdimSt114;the fire of antiaircraft artillery and the opera-
tions of fighter aviation in repelling strikes by the air enemy. It is or-
ganized on the bas of directions by the seniorlammatirlpilAroarriel. 00,
as a rule, in a given zone by distributing the targets between fighter
aviatiol*and antiaircraft artillery, or by allocating times for the opera-
tions of each againit the same targets, taking into account the location
of the fighters being directed. in distributing targets, tube antiaircraft
artillery delivers its fire against targets which are not being attacked by
fighter aircraft. Fighter aircraft attack targets which are not being fired
upon by missile antiaircraft artillery. When times are allocated) action
against the same air targets is carried out consecutively by antiaircraft
artillery and fighter aviation.
The successful realization of coordination between antiaircraft
artillery and fighter aviation is achieved through:
knowledge by the offi s of antiaircraft artillery groups
(large units, units, subunits) Of the methods of operation of
? fighter aviation, of the altitudes and composition of groups and
types of fighters which are in the air duty zones, and of the
recognition signals of our own aircraft;
having the commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery
groups (large unit, units) continually informed about the takeoff,
flight plan, location and nature of operations by our own fighters'
? -- unity of understanding of the air situation at the control
points of antiaircraft artillery and fighter aviation.
41. Coordination between antiaircraft artillery and the radio counter-
action units (subunits) of the antiair defense troops consists of croordin,-
'Ation of the operations of the radiotechnical and radio communications
facilities of the antiaircraft artillery with operations of stations which
are jamming the enemy's radar bombsights, radio communications and radio
navigation facilities and in joint participation in measures for operational
camouflage.
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This is achieved by:
-- mutual agreement an the dispositionaftbe_radiotechnical
facilities of antiaircraft artillery-and,ofythe radio counteraction
units (subunits) of the antiair defense in-oterations in the same
area;
knowledge by the commanding officers and staffs of antiair-
craft artillery, groups (large Units, units) of the signals for the
beginning and ending of radio jamming;
-- reciprocal information on: air targets Which have been
detected;
synchronization of the times for the beginning and duration
of operations to neutralize the radar bomb eights of. the enemy's
aircraft with those at which the gun training (guiding) stations
of the antiaircraft artillery switch to automatic tracking.
42. Coordination between antiaircraft artillery groupsAlarge units,
units) consists of oFOorganating their fire to repel strikes by the air
enemy, and. is achieved by:
-- the organization of a unified system of reconnaissance
and target designation;
-- the provision of fire communications between adjacent
antiaircraft artillery subunits;
-- continual reciprocal exchange of data on the-air situation
and on the operations of our awn groups (large units, units, subunits).
43. Coordination between antiaircraft artillery and the troops being
covered consists of ,11nordinating the fire and maneuver of antiaircraft
artillery with the combat operations of the troops being covered. It is
achieved by sound knowledge of the combat tasks of the troops being covered,
and of the methods for their performance, by constant familiarity with the
situation, by attacking the most important air targets at the proper time
with antiaircraft artillery fire, by the availability of uninterrupted
communications and of continuous information and by checking on the per-
formance of the tasks assigned to the antiaircraft artillery.
44. Communications are the basic means for the direction of anti-
aircraft artillery and of its fire.
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artillery
communications:
command
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To ensure direction, the commanding officers
group (large unit(unit) and his staff must have
-- with the chief of the antiair defense troops
of the group, large unit);
of an antiaircraft
uninterrupted
(with the
with the commanding officers of subordinate units (subunits);
-- with fighter aviation;
with the commanding officers of adjacent antiaircraft artil-
lery groups, large units (units);
-- with the nearest antiair defense radar post, with the anti-
air defense post of the army, or with the main post of the antiair
defense_of the front;
-- with subunits of the artillery meteorological service;
-- with the rear control point of the large unit (anit).
45. Radio, radiorelay, wire, messenger and signal communications
means are used to ensure the direction of antiaircraft artillery. During
combat, the basic method of communications is radio.
?
Radio and messenger means are allottedfcr the establishment
of communications by the higher headquarters as well as by the r11.0.05::J of
subordinate and coordinating large units (units); wire communications are
allotted by the higher headquarters'.
r -
A communications reserve, including a variety of communications
facilities is established in order .to-ensure uninterrupted. communications.
46. The procedure for the use of meana,cf communication in combat
is established by the commanding officer (chief of-staff), depending on
the situation and the directions of the higher headquarters.
The observance of the rules for secure.c6ntro1 of troops
and a strict procedure for the limitation of the namber of persons using
technical means of communications are essential in all types of combat
activity of antiaircraft- artillery. .
47. In the antiaircraft artillery. pin. text radio transmission
is permitted for:
-- the transmission of data on the.air'enemy,7of target.
designations,
designations, of fire control commands and ,of, reports on the
fulfillment of fire missions;
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by the
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-- notification of the danger of nuclear and chemical attack
enemy;
-- the transmission of meteorological bulletins.
In a plain text transmittibp,the numbers and designations of
units, the functions and names of commanding officers and areas and points
of terrain must be encoded.
48. In organizing radio and radio-relay Communications, special
attention must be given to their protection against radio jamming set up
by the enemy.
The basic measures to protect radio and radiorelay communi-
cations from jamming are:
-- the allocation of reserve frequencies;
-- changing the type of operation (radiotelephone, radio-
telegraph);
-- reciprocal duplication of short wave and ultra-short wave
communications;
-- the use of a directional antenna.
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Chapter 3
TBE COMBAT AND ENGINEERING SUPPORT OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTTURRY
1. COMBAT SUPPORT
49. Combat support aims at preventing a sudden attack by
the enemy and at giving antiaircraft artillery the chance to join
battle and to conduct combat operations successfully in any and
all situations at the right time and in an organized manner.
The combat support of antiaircraft artillery includes:
-- antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance;
direct security and self-defense;
-- protection from nuclear weapons and other means of mass
destruction;
-- camouflage.
Combat support is organized by all commanding officers and
is carried out by antiaircraft artillery groups (large units,
units, subunit) continuously in any situation.
Antiaircraft Artillery Reconnaissance
50. Antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance, especially
reconnaissance of the air enemy) is one of the most important
measures in the combat support of antiaircraft artillery. It
must obtain information in good time on the air and ground
enemy, on the terrain, on the weather and on the area of
impending operations, which are necessary for:
-- correct and timely deployment of the antiaircraft
artillery group (large unit, unit) in combat formation;
-- preparation of fire;
-- the opening and delivery of effective fire in good time
against air targets;
-- the maneuver of antiaircraft artillery and of its fire.
51. The basic tasks of antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance
are:
-- the timely detection and identification of. the air enemy
and determination of the composition of the latter's targets,
formation, operational axis, altitude, range and airspeed;
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-- the provision of a targetAesignation on the air enemy to
the large units, units and subunits of the antiaircraft artillery.
itCOIMMIY.of.tbe_airfieldal, landing and takeoff sites of
the enemy which are within the detection range .6f radar stations,
determimetion of the nature and soUrceale radio jamming
set up, by the enemy;
_
observation of the operations Of the groun ,-enemy;
-- study of the nature and special .features' of an area with.
the aim of determining areas for possible deployment and. movement
(maneuver) and routes for antiaircraft artillery;:
-- study of the offensive techniques of theaireneMy -
against troops and installations, and of the type of maneuvers"
he employs to counter antiaircraft defenses.
-- to discover and study the enemy's new Means of air
attack.
Moreover, the subunits of antiaircraft'artillery'
reconnaissance are called upon to' observe the position and operations
ofoun own troops and aviation, and the regglte of antiaircraft
artillery fire. During the delivery Of nuclear strikes by, out
troops reconnaissance... must deterline.the.epicenters_(centers):-
and heights of the nuclear blasts, and?during'an enemy attack,
their yield as well.
52. The reciprocal exchange of data, obtained by antiaircraft
artillery reconnaissance and by reconnaissance by arms of?troops,
is effected bV:thg,othiMander2 of troops of antiair defense and the
respective AIKVIs.J of antiaircraft artillery groups (large units,
units).
53. Antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance is conducted
from command (commanding officers') posts and from fire positions
by antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance groups, and. by the
interrogation of capturedairmen, the study of documents and
the materials and armament of downedenemy aircraft and pilotless
means of -n air attack.
54. Reconnaissance against the air enemy is conducted
with the help of radar sets (radar reconnaissance) and optical
instruments((optical reconnaissance). Reconnaissance of the
air enemy must be carried out continuously and in all directions.
The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery group (large
unit, unit, subunit) is responsible for the timely detection of
the air enemy approaching from any direction.
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55. Radar reconnaissance of the air enemy is the basic
type of reconnaissance in the antiaircraft artillery and is
conducted with the help of reconnaissance and target designation
sets; in addition) it is carried out in the tube antiaircraft
artillery with target-tracking sets and in the missile anti-
aircraft artillery with guidance sets.
In tube antiaircraft artillery) reconnaissance and target
designatialsets are deployed in the areas of the command posts
of antiaircraft artillery groups) or at a distance which ensures
the prompt detection of the air enemy and continuous radio
communications with command (commanding officers') posts.
Target-tracking sets are used for reconnaissance of the
air enemy when a group search is being carried out, and also for
the detection of low-flying targets.
In missile antiaircraft artillery' reconnaissance and
target designation sets are deployed in the areas of: command
posts at a distance which ensures the transmission Of data on
air targets to the plan position repeaters.
Guidance sets are used. to determine the altitude and air
Speed of the '?targets which have been designated for '_fire by the
group (unit) commander) and also to determine _the number of
aircraft and groups in the targets) and the intervals and
distance between them.
56. Positions for radar sets must be ielicted'iith regard
for:
,
the best possible utilization Of the tactical-technical
operating data of the set;
the minimum amount of interference fromobjeats in the vicinity
which can be Observed on the screens of the indicatOr6):and which
complicate the search for andAtacking of air targets;
-- the avoidance of mutual interference in the operations of
adjacent sets.
The positions of radar sets are plotted On a plapandl.madelmore
precise during recopnaissance.
57. The chief of reconnaissance directSthe'Combatoperations
of reconnaissance and target designation sets in fl antiaircraft
artillery,grOup,(large Unit) Unit)...
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The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery group-
establishes the duty sequenceAsa4operating procedure for the
sets, based on the air situation and the availability of radar
sets; the staff of the antiaircraft artillery group plans the
operation of duty sets in accordance with the instructions of
higher headquarters.
A duty reconnaissance and target designation set usually
conducts all-round reconnaissance of the air enemy. When
several duty sets are available in an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit), they can be alIopted reconnaissance sectors,
in which case the necessity for a mutual overlap of the
reconnaissance sectors of adjacent sets must be taken into
account.
58. Optical reconnaissance against the air enemy is organized
and conducted independently of radar reconnaissance. It supple-
ments radar reconnaissance and makes it possible to establish
the number, affiliation and types of aircraft, as well as the
combat formations of the enemy's aircraft and the nature of their
operations.
59. In organizing reconnaissance against the air enemy,
theiliintiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit), in
accordance with the directions of the commanding officer and
higher headquartersImust:
-- inform units and subunits of reconnaissance tasks;
-- establish the methods and procedure for transmitting
and receiving target designations;
-- organize the receipt of data on the air enemy;
-- establish the procedure for switching ?nand operating
reconnaissance and target designation sets, and the procedure
for utilizing gun-laying (directing) stations for reconnaissance
against the air enemy;
-- determine the number of duty radar sets, the time and
procedure for their operation, and also, when necessary, their
reconnaissance sectors.
-- carry out organizational and technical measures for
combat with radio interference set up by the enemy.
-- organize optical reconnaissance against the air enemy
at command (commanding officersOplattsAnd fire4osi4ions;
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-- effect the exchange of reconnaissance data with adjacent
antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units), with fighter
aviation, with the radio counteractiOn_ units (subunits) of the
antiair defense troops, and with the troops_being.Ciorvered;
-- inform subordinate units (subunits) of the methods,
procedure and signals for recognizing our own aircraft;
-- check on the performance of the tasks of reconnaissance
against the air enemy;
-- collect, study, and collate intelligence data.
60. Reconnaissance against the ground enemy is aimed at
obtaining data necessary for the organization of troop cover
and for the organization of self-defense for the antiaircraft
artillery against a sudden attack by the ground enemy,
particularly by his tanks.
Reconnaissance against the ground enemy is carried out
through observation from the command posts and fire positions
of the antiaircraft artillery, and by antiaircraft artillery
reconnaissance groups.
In addition, information on the ground enemy is obtained
from the Qf of the large unit (unit) being covered, and.
from the radar posts of the antiair defense.
61. Terrain reconnaissance is carried out for the purpose
of selecting movement routes, locations for command (commanding
officers') posts, positions for radar setssfire positions, areas
for the concentration and disposition of antiaircraft artillery
groups, large units, units (subunits),and also for the purpose
of studying areas occupied by troops or objectives which are to
be covered by antiaircraft artillery. Reconnaissance should
show the presence of engineer obstacles, the defensive and
camouflage qualities of terrain, the nature and special features
of terrain configurations, natural obstacles and local features,
the condition of the soil, and of roads,and the extent to which
the terrain will affect the disposition and operations of the
antiaircraft artillery.
Reconnaissance of terrain is carried out personally by
the commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery groups (large
units, units, subunits) and by antiaircraft reconnaissance groups.
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GMrDFIT
62. Antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance groups are
dispatched from an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit,
unit, subunit) in accordance with the combat task and the
situation.
The composition and tasks of antiaircraft artillery
reconnaissance groups, the time for their dispatchrsites,
and the routes to be followed are determined by the commanding
officers of the antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit,
subunit) depending on the situation, the nature of combat
operations and of the terrain', and on the availability of
time and means.
Billeting officers may also be included in the composition
of an antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance group which is
dispatched for reconnaissance of disposition areas.
63. Topographic preparation of fire for antiaircraft
artillery is carried out for the purpose of obtaining
topographic data necessary for the precise orientation
and adjustment of instruments, radar sets, guns (launching
mounts) and the automatic control systems.
64. Topographic preparation is performed by the means
of the topographic subunits of antiaircraft artillery large
units and units, under the direction of the chief of staff.
If it is impossible for him to perform topographic work
in good time with his own means, the chief of staff of the
antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) submits a
request to the higher headquarters, in which he indicates the areas
of fire positiormand the sites for the control points of the anti-
aircraft artillery, the volume of topographic work and the order
and timing for their performance.
Topographic preparation is carried out, as a rule) on a
fully topographical basis, by tying in the centers of fire
positions and the locations of instruments, radar sets,
training points and landmarks with points an the national or
artillery control survey net.
In topographic preparation on a map (aerial photo), the
centers of fire positions, the locations of instruments, radar
sets, aiming points and landmarks are tied in with contour
points (terrain features) present at the locality and on the
map (aerial photo) with the help of instruments or by field
sketchings,
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Choice of the type of topographic preparation depends on
the situation and the time available.
65. Whatever the completeness and degree of precision of
topographic preparation, antiaircraft artillery must always be
ready to perform fire tasks.
As fire positions and commanding officers postsare selected
and occupied,the commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery
subunits must immediately determine their position on the map
(aerial photo) and prepare data for firing, without waiting for
the topographic subunits to complete their work.
66. Meteorological data needed for the preparation of fire
against air targets is obtained by tube antiaircraft artillery.
operating in combat formations of troops, from the artillery
meteorological stations of the ground artillery. Separate
subunits of the artillery meteorological service are detailed
to support army (front) antiaircraft artillery groups covering
installations in the operational rear, and are deployed in the
areas of operations of these groups.
? Antiaircraft meteorological bulletins are regularly sent
to antiaircraft artillery Units, down to and including the bat-
tery level.
67. In organizing the receipt of meteorological data the
staff Of an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) must:
clarify the procedure and times for the transmittal of
meteorological bulletins tb the higher headquarters;
7? detail communications means to receive meteorological
bulletins in the staff of the unit and organize their receipt
and recording;
-- establish a procedure for the transmittal of the
meteorological bulletins to the batteries;
-- check that the meteorological bulletins are promptly
transmitted to the batteries, and that correct use is made
of them.
68. Direct security and self-defense are organized for the
purpose of protecting antiaircraft artillery large units (units,
subunits) from unexpected attack by the enemy, and to ensure
that they have time and favorable conditions for joining combat
and for repelling an enemy attack.
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111
69.
by:
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ensured
Success in repelling an enemy ground and air attack is
-- the familiarity of the personnel with the ground and air
situation;
-- the organization of continuous all-round observation and
prompt warning;
-- the posting of separate field guards and of separate
sentry posts, the organization of patrolling, and the detailing
of observers on trucks while a march is in progress;
-- definition of the sequence of the operations of subunits
in repelling enemy tanks and infantry which have broken through
into the disposition areas of the antiaircraft artillery, or
which are attacking the latter during a march;
the detailing of duty units (subunits);
-- definition of the sequence of the operations of sub-
units in combat with enemy aircraft which are attacking the
antiaircraft artillery;
-- sound knowledge by the personnel of their responsi-
bilities in repelling an attack by the ground and air enemy;
-- the engineer preparation of fire positions, command
(commanding officers') posts and disposition areas;
-- by uninterrupted communications.
70. The following measures are envisaged for the repulse
of an attack by enemy tanks on antiaircraft artillery groups
(large units, units, subunits);
-- the preparation of fire by tube antiaircraft artillery
along axes endangered by tanks;
-- the use of natural obstacles and the creation of
barriers, in combination with a system of fire;
-- the organization of constant readiness by tube anti-
aircraft artillery for the opening of fire against tanks
attacking the antiaircraft artillery large unit (unit, sub-
unit);
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--the-a-rrangement of signals warning of the appearance of
enemy tanks.
Protection from Nuclear Weapons and Other Means of Mass Destruction
71. Protection from nuclear weapons and other means of mass
destruction is organized with the aim of preventing or of reducing
to a minimum the destruction of antiaircraft artillery by nuclear
weapons, ruAoxictu substances and bacteriological agents and of
Ilreserftg its combat effectiveness.
It includes:
-- alerting antiaircraft artillery to the danger of nuclear
or chemical attack, of radioactive contamination And of the use
by the enemy of bacteriological agents;
-- the conduct of radiation, chemical and bacteriological
reconnaissance;
-- the deconcentration and camouflage of antiaircraft
artillery, the periodic change of its disposition areas,
utilization of the protective characteristics of the terrain,.
the engineering preparation of positions and the preparation
of antinuclear and antichemical shelters;
-- the performance of sanitarybzgtenic and special preventive
measures;
-- the provision to antiaircraft artillery large units,
units and subunits of means of protection and the performance of
measures to protect them from contamination by poisonous and
radioactive substances and bacteriological agents;
-- the elimination of aftereffects of the enemy's use of
weapons of mass destruction.
72. Common signals for warning of the danger of atomic
and chemical attacks are established for alerting troops.
The signal warning of chemical attack is at the same time a
signal warning of radioactive contamination and of the enemy's
use of bacteriological agents.
73. Radiation, chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance
is organized for the purpose of providing 419.- commanding.officer
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gbal time the necessary data on the contamination of the terrain
and the air by radioactive and poisonous substances or by
bacteriological agents. It is conducted by observation posts
(observers), and also by antiaircraft artillery teochh4lasance
groups.
74. Engineering preparation of terrain is the basis for
the defense of antiaircraft artillery from the destructive
effect of nuclear weapons.
To protect personnel and combat equipment from destruction
by nuclear weapons, antiaircraft artillery large units (units,
subunits) first set up the simplest shelters, making extensive
use of the materials at hand to do so, and subsequently equip
installations which provide a higher degree of protection.
Shelters which are equipped for antichemical defense also
protect personnel from injury by radioactive substances and
bacteriological agents.
When antiaircraft artillery is located in populated places,
strongly constructed basement premises in buildings, local
dugouts and underground installations are also used as shelters
for personnel.
75. Protection from injury by radioactive and tazokic.
substances and bacteriological agents is provided by the skilful
and timely use of individual means of antichemical protectionsof
shelters equipped for antichemical defense:), and by examining
personnel for irradiation and contamination, and also by limiting
the period which personnel spendina contaminated area.
During prolonged operations by antiaircraft artillery units
(subunits) in a contaminated locality, it is necessary to
arrange for personnel to be rested by turns, to organize their
food kcal:lay and to provide periodic relief for units (subunits).
76. Elimination of the aftereffects of the enemy's use
of weapons of mass destruction includes:
-- the restoration of the disrupted control, combat
formation and combat readiness of antiaircraft artillery
groups (large units, units, and subunits);
-- rescue operations and measures for medical evacuation;
-- the rendering of immediate aid to those injured by
imicie,,v? substances and medical observation of personnel
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subjected
who have
limit;
--
antiaircraft
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tothe effects of bacteriological agents or of those
received a dose of radiation exceeding the permitted
the clearing and restoration of movement routes for
artillery and the extinguishing of fires;
--the restoration of engineer installations and barriers;
-- measures for isolation or restriction, or the organization
of quarantines, when the enemy has employed bacteriological agents;
-.the sanitary processing of personnel, the deactivation,
degassing, and disinfection of armament, of combat and their
equipment, of engineer installations, of uniforms and gear and
of the terrain.
-- the purification of water from radioactive and toxic
substances and bacteriological agents and the rendering fit for
consnmption of provisions;
-- a dosimeter check;.
-- the control of insects and other carriers of infectious
diseases.
77. The sanitary processing of personnel and the disinfection
of armament and of combat and other equipment is divided into
partial processing, which is done directly in the combat formations
of the units (subunits) while these continue to perform their combat
task, and complete processing, which is done by order of the senior
commander at special processing points or directly in the subunits,
using issue or locally available means.
Antiaircraft artillery units and subunits which have lost
their combat effectiveness as a result of the enemy's use of
weapons of mass destruction can be relieved and taken out of
combat to be put in order only on the orders of the senior commander.
Camouflage
78. Camouflage has as its aims the concealment of the
operations and the disposition of antiaircraft artillery from
any type of enemy reconnaissance and his deception with regard
to its grouping.
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Camouflage
-- by
of darkness
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is achieved:
exploiting the camouflage characteristics of terrain,
and of other conditions limiting visibility;
-- by the use of 7:organior:1 and locally available
camouflage means;
-- by taking measures for radio and counter_rada
camouflage and for light and sound camouflage;
-- by the construction of dummy positions and the
carrying out of decoy operations and feint movements in
accordance with the directives of the senior MAIM49der;
-- by the skillful performance of camouflage work', observance
of the requirements of camouflage and preservation of military
secrets by personnel.
79. The state of camouflage of antiaircraft artillery is
checked an by ground and air control photography from aircraft
(helicopters), by radar means and by night vision instruments.
2. Engineer Support
80.
Engineer support of antiaircraft artillery includes:
-- the preparation of fire positions, of radar stations
positions, of command (commanding officers') posts, of areas
for the disposition of means of traction and of the construction
of shelters for ammunition and other materiel;
the camouflage of engineer work and installations;
-- the laying and maintenance of approach roads to fire
positions;
the procurement and purification of water and the con-
struction .of water supply points and their protection against
contamination by radioactive and :tioxic-13 substances and
bacteriological agents.
81. Depending oh the situation, engineer preparation of
fire positions, of pdisitions for radar stations and of command
(commanding officers') posts can begin either before or after
the deplAyment
of the units (subunits) of antiaircraft
artillery.
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82. Priorities for carrying out engineer operations are
established by the commanding officer of an antiaircraft
artillery group (large unit, unit) in accordance with the
situation and the availability of forces and Oquiptent and.
time.
First priority is accorded, as a rule, to the carrying
out of:
-- the construction of shelters for personnel (niches,
covered slit trenches., dugout shelters);
-- the construction of trenches for radar sets, instruments,
guns (launch mounts), and supply stations;
-- the construction and preparation ofinstallations for
command (commanding officers') posts;
-- the construction of water supply points;
the laying and maintenance of approach roads to fire
positions and command posts;
-- the construction and preparation of the main installations
for medical points.
Second priority goes to:
-- completion of the construction of cover for personnel,
and for means of traction, ammUnition and other materiel; ,
-- the preparation of reserve fire positions.
Subsequently, the engineer preparation of positions i
developed and improved.
The camouflage of installations is carried out as soon as
the preparation of positions is begun and is carried out continuously
while engineer work is being performed.
In addition, dummy fire positions can be set up on instructions
from the senior tcdommander.
83. Engineer support for antiaircraft artillery must be so
organized that there is no disruption of the constant readiness
of antiaircraft artillery large units (units, subunits) to repel
strikes by the air enemy and no weakening of antiaircraft
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artillery
Measures
are carried
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cover for troops (installations).
for the engineer support of antiaircraft artillery
out by the forces and means of antiaircraft artillery
units and subunits. Mechanization of the more complex and
labor-consuming operations can be effected by specially detailed
subunits of engineering troops.
84. In organizing engineer work, the commanding officer of
an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) must:
-- determine the nature, volume, order and time for performing
the operation;
-- issue instructions to the commanding officers of sub-
ordinate units (subunits) on the performance of engineer work;
-- submit a request to the higher headquarters for the
allocation of subunits of engineer troops for the mechanization
of the more complex and labot-consuming operations, and for the
issue of materiel and parts for prefabricated installations;
-- check on the promptness of completion and the quality of
the engineer work being perfOrmed.
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Chapter 4
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTITTFRY COVER OF TROOPS DURING AN OFFENSIVE
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
85. The main purpose of antiaircraft artillery cover of
troops during an offensive is to repel or to reduce, to the
greatest possible extent, strikes by the air enemy against the
main grouping of troops during the preparation and course of
the offensive, and in this way to contribute to the successful
performance of their combat tasks.
86. During preparation for an offensive, antiaircraft
artillery should cover:
-- troops in unloading (disembarkation) areas on the march,
in concentration areas, while they are taking up an initial
position, and while they are in the initial position for the
offensive; in addition, during a breach of the enemy's prepared
defense from the march, antiaircraft artillery must also cover
troops while the latter are moving up to the main line of
resistance and deploying for the attack;
-- during an offensive, antiaircraft artillery should cover
troops of the main grouping, especially the units and large units
which are achieving the greatest success, the second echelon
during their movement toward and commitMenV, to combat, forward
detachments and troops who are repelling counterattacks (counter-
strikes) and those who are forcing water obstacles.
In addition, during the preparation for an offensive and
during its course, antiaircraft artillery covers control points,
airfields, river crossings:andinstallations in the operational
rear. area.
87. Antiaircraft artillery cover of troops in concentration
areas is effected, as a rule, by the organic tube antiaircraft
artillery of these troops and by missile antiaircraft artillery,
if it is deployed in these areas.
In cases of necessity, antiaircraft artillery can be allocated
QU instructionsItrOinthe seniorcomialanderfbr:the'.-cover bfHtrocips in
disposition areas.
88. The basic forces of antiaircraft artillery are used
to cover troops concentrated on the axis of the major strike.
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A part of the forces of antiaircraft artillery is used to cover
the most important installations of the rear area. Antiaircraft
artillery can be detailed ahead of time to cover divisions of the
second echelon in a disposition area. To strengthen the cover
for divisions of the second echelon being committed to battle,
the army (corps) antiaircraft artillery group, the antiaircraft
artillery ar the first echelon divisions into whose zone the
second echelon is being brought, and th iuiasil antiaircraft
artillery are called upon. When they are committed to battle,
the second echelon division must be reinforced with antiaircraft
artillery through appropriate regrouping by the latter.
Subunits (units) of tube antiaircraft artillery, chiefly
self-propelled2from the composition of divisional antiaircraft
artillery groupslare detailed to reinforce the cover of the
forward detachments of the divisions. The quantity of the anti-
aircraft artillery detailed is determined in relation to the
tasks and the composition of the forward detachment.
2. TBE ORGANIZATION OF THE COMBAT OPERATIONS OF ANTIAIRCRAFT
ARTTLLERY GROUPS (LARGE UNITS, UNITS)
89. The combat operations of an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) covering troops during an offensive.
are organized on the basis of a decision by the appropriate
combined-arms commanding officer and of the ant iair defense
plan.
Here, the following are taken into account:
-- the anticipated nature of the air enemy's operations
(the most probable objectives for his strikes, especially nuclear
targets, altitudes, directions from which strikes can be delivered,
the number of air targets and their composition) And the distance
of the probable bombing line:
the structure of the enemy's defense and the possible
nature of his operations;
-- the tasks of the troops being covered, the axis of the
main strike and the width of the zone of the offensive;
-- the grouping of the troops being covered before and
during the offensive;
-- the procedure for the commitment of the second echelon;
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-- the composition of the forward detachments and the lines
on which they are to be committed to battle.
-- the procedure for coordination with fighter aviation, with
the units (subunits) of radio counteraction of the antiair defense
troops, with adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (units) and
with the troops being covered.
In organizing combat operations by antiaircraft artillery
during the breaching of enemy defenses from the march, it is
also necessary to take into account the disposition of troops in
the concentration areas and the sequence in which they move for-
ward and deploy for combat.
90. In assigning combat tasks, the commanding officer of
an antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) reports the
latest data on the ground enemy and data an possible operations
by his aircraft and by his unpiloted means of attack; the tasks
of thetrinappbeing covered, their grouping, the sequence in
which they take up initial positions for the offensive4(the
sequence for moving forward and deploying troops to breach the
enemy defenses from the march)3 the sequence of troop operations in
the offensive and the tempo planned for their forward movement;
the task of the antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit);
the readiness time and the procedure for directing fires and
indicates:
-- areas for the fire positions of the batteries
(battalions);
the procedure for bringing the units and subunits of the
antiaircraft artillery to the departure area for the offensive;
-- the procedure for displacement: the number of antiair44
craft artillery units (subunits) whose displacement must be
!Elven first priority and the areas to which they are to go; the
number of units (subunits.) which are to be displaced:aimultaneously;
the routes-;for:_their diWiacement; the order of march and the
sequence of operation (Lane line missinj;
-- the sequence of operations of the antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) when a division? of the second echelon is
moved forward to the line of commitment to battle;
-- the procedure for covering the forward detachment of the
division;
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-- the place at which the command post is to be located,
the time for its deployment and the direction of its displace-
ment.
The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery unit
must also indicate the place at which the technical battalion
is to be located and the procedure for its displacement.
91. The staff of an antiaircraft artillery group, and of
a large unit (unit) plans the displacement of units (subunits)
on the basis of tasks assigned by the commanding officer of
the group, or large unit (unit), taking into account. the sequence
of the operations of the troops being covered according to their tasks and
the expettteid,crate.JaffidvinvzepAciremeat 7routtettk,4actAtagefOlaro.ugh mined
and other engineer obstacles in front of the enemy's rward
edge and in the depth of the enemy q defenael
and terrain conditions.
The sequence for the displacement of units (subunits) is
planned on a map. For small caliber antiaircraft artillery
subunits, which it is intended should be displaced along with
the troops being covered, the combine&arms units (subunits)
in whose combat (precombat) formations the antiaircraft
artillery units (subunits) being displaced are supposed to
proceed, are shownlas well as the places and sequenceb for
their movement.
The displacement of antiaircraft artillery groups which
are covering first echelon divisions is planned for the day
of combat.
The displacement of missile antiaircraft artillery is
planned with a view to covering the main grouping of troops
along the most important lines.
3. TBE DEPLOYMENT OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTTra-RRY fli CCNBAT FORMATION
92. The movement of antiaircraft artillery to the departure
area for an offensive from direct contact or to the lines of deployment of
troops while the enemy's defense is being breached from the march,
and its deployment in combat order, are carried out in accordance
with the instructions of the combined-arms cbtmander.
The deployment of antiaircraft artillery must be performed,
as a rule, at night, and concealed from the enemy, in order that
the greater part of its forces may be ready to cover the troops
of the main grouping by the time they begin to take up their
initial position for the offensive (the deployment of troops for
an attack from the march).
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93. Antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units) are
deployed in combat formation, taking into account the grouping of
troops being covered immediately before the offensive, as well as
the operations impending daring the offensive.
In order to increase the field of fire along the approaches
to the troops being covered,and to cover them from the beginning
of the offensive to the greatest possible depth from occupied
positions, the forward batteries approach as closely as possible
to the forward edge of the enemy defense.
Fire positions for batteries of antiaircraft artillery groups
(large units, units) of second echelon divisions are selected with
consideration to the routes on which they are brought up to the
line of commitment to battle::.
94. The disposition of command posts for antiaircraft
artillery groups (large units, units) before and during an
offensive must ensure the convenient direction of the group
(large unit, unit) for their commanding officers.
The disposition of reconnaissance and target designation
sets must provide maximum range of detection of the air enemy
so that target designation can be transmitted in good time to
the batteries both in the initial position and from the beginning
of an offensive vdthout.ctiguiging.V.Odition.
95. , In order to ensure concealment of the preparations for
an offensive while in the departure area (area of concentration),
radar reconnaissance of the air enemy is conducted with the same
quantity and types of radar sets and from the same positions
as were used by the troops which have been relieved. Previously
designated antiaircraft artille*,subunits.fire at the enemy's
aircraft. Here, the fire positions occupied by the antiaircraft
artillery units (subunits) of the troops relieved are used, and
the previous rate of fire is maintained.
96. The direction of antiaircraft artillery during pre-
paration for an offensive is carried out, as a rule, through
the use of wire communicationsland also through personal con-
tact between commanding officers.
Communications in the departure area are organized ahead
of time. They must be ready when the antiaircraft artillery
groups (large units, units) begin to deploy in combat formation.
The sequence of operation of the radio sets is established in
accordance with the instructions of the higher headquarters.
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4. OPERATIONS BY ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY DURING AN OFFENSIVE
97. When artillery preparation for an offensive begins,
previously established restrictions an the delivery of fire
and on the operation of the radar sets of divisions antiaircraft
artillery groups of the first echelon divisions, of the army
(corps) antiaircraft artillery groups and of missile antiaircraft
artillery are rescinded.
The division antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit)
of a second echelon division fires Observing the restrictions
imposed until the division begins to move up to the line of
commitment to battle.
98. Antiaircraft artillery cover of troops during an
offensive must be continuous. This is achieved through the
organized displacement of antiaircraft artillery groups (large
units, units) as the troops being covered move forward to the
entire depth of the tasks which they are performing.
The displacement of antiaircraft artillery groups (large
units, units).is carried out in such a way as to ensure that
the greatest possible amount of antiaircraft artillery can be
called upon to cover the main grouping of troops, particularly
when the enemy's defensive positions(Zones)tave been breached,
when secondary echelons are being committed to battle, and
when a counterattack (counter4W)) by the enemy is being
repulsed.
99. As a rule, tube antiaircraft artillery is displaced
in sequence, several batteries or regiments at a time, in order
to eneure that they are deployed in their_new fire positions by
the time the troops being covered begin combat for seizure of
the positions at which the greatest enemy resistance is
anticipated, and along the line of committtlate; to battle of
the second echelons.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is displaced by subunits or
units.
The quantity of antiairdraft artillery displaced simultaneously
depends ad the rate of advance of the troops being cavere4 an the
tactical importance of the lines and an their distance from one
another.
Batteries of self-propelled antiaircraft artillery follow
the troops being covered, In combat (precombat) formations, ready
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to open fire while dovintand during brief halts. Here, the
largest number of batteries operate in the combat formations of
the first echelon regiments.
100. The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group (large unit, unit) determines the sequence and the beginning
of the displacement of antiaircraft arti1l6ry units (subunits)
during the successive shift of fire positions in accordance
with the rate of the advance, the length of the routes to the
area designated for fire positions, terrain conditions, the
time needed for the evacuation of positions and for the deploy-
ment of the batteries in new fire positions, speed of movement
and other conditions.
The distance between the forward batteries of tube anti-
aircraft artillery at the time they are ready in their new fire
positions and the subunits of the first echelon battalions,
must be such as to permit the former to reper_strikes by the
air enemy against these subunits as well aSagainst.the main grouping
of the troops being covered, while for missile antiaircraft artillery,
this distance will depend an the prevailing situation.
During an advance, the fire positions for the batteries are
selOcted by antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance groups which
are dispatched ahead of time from each battery.
101. Antiaircraft artillery reconnaissance groups from the
batteries which are being displaced first begin to move to the
front lines of the enemy's defense during the period of artillery
preparation, and subsequently proceed to the areas designated
as fire positions, following the first echelon battalions, while
maintaining constant communications with the commanding officers
of the batteries. At the same time, antiaircraft artillery
reconnaissance groups are sent out from units to select locations
for a command post and positions for reconnaissance and target
designation sets.
102. Antiaircraft artillery subunits of the first echelon
regiments (battalions) are displaced directly within the combat
formations of the battalibns, destroying low-flYing targets.
Antiaircraft artillery subunits of the second echelon
regiments and battalions proceed as components of the precombat
or darCh formations of these regiments and battalions.
103. Reconnaissance and target designation sets are moved
by order of the group (large unit, unit) commanding officer in
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such a way that constant conduct of reconnaissance of the*ir
enemy, his timely detection and the transmittal of target
indications to the batteries are ensured.
In the case of an antiaircraft artillery unit which is not
a component of a groupoand which has only one reconnaissance and
'target indication set, the movement of the set is carried out in
accordance with the directives of the commanding Officer. While
the intelligence and target indication set is being moved, the
command post and subunits of this unit receive data on the air
enemy from the reconnaissance and target indication sets of
adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (units).
104. Depending on the situation, the commanding officers
of the Antiaircraft artillery batteries clarify the sequence and
order for the dispidacement of batteries, issue combat instructions
an the initiation of displacement and make their report an this
to the commanding officer of the antiaircraft group (large unit).
The displacement of antiaircraft artillery is carried out
over roads and cross-country routes prepared by the troops being
covered.
Antiaircraft artillery negotiates mines and other obstacles,
ruins and obstructions resulting from at001c explosions and
contaminated sectors of a locality, by proceeding through gaps
made by the advancing troops oro it:thel_zituation permits, through
detours.
105. When a regiment of the division's second echelon is
being committed to battle, the commanding officer of the division's
antiaircraft artillery group (unit) maneuvers the antiaircraft
artillery units (subunits) in order to strengthen the cover for
the division's second echelon along the line of its committent
to battle and during its subsequent operations.
106. Antiaircraft cover for a second echelon division
moving from a disposition area to the line of coMMtbileak% to battle
is provided by its antiaircraft artillery grouptuniteL and
by the antiaircraft subunits of the regiments and battalions.
Batteries of small caliber antiaircraft artillery proceed
as components of the columns of the division's main forces, ready
to direct fire while alloying and during brief stops, and to deploy:I
along the line of committhentt to battle'. -
Batteries of medium caliber antiaircraft artillery proceed
at the head of the division's main forces; ready ta-deplai'along
the line for its committhent't to battle.- In certain instances,
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batteries of medium caliber antiaircraft artillery can moved
out and deployed ahead of time along the line of comMitMent to
battle or along the route of movement of the divisions.? _
To ensure the timely deployment of antiaircraft:artillery
along the line of commitment to battle, the commanding Officer
of a division's antiaircraft artillery group (unit) issues
instructions for the movement of antiaircraft artillery
reconnaissance groups from the medium caliber antiaircraft
artillery units (sdbunits)? immediately behind t.44 division's
reconnaissance subunits.
107. When an army (corps) second-echelon division reaches
the line of commitment to battle, the antiaircraft artillery of
the army (corps) antiaircraft artillery group,, Which iS in fire
positions and the antiaircraft artillery of antiaircraft artillery
groups of the first echelon divisions, in whose zone the commitment
to action is taking place, are called on forcover.
A second echelon division can be reinforced by antiaircraft
artillery from the antiaircraft artillery groups covering the
troops of the first echelon. The reinforcement of a Second_
echelon division with antiaircraft artillery must be completed
before the troops reach the line of commitment to battle.
5. SPECIAL FEATURES 'OF THE ANTIAIRCRAFT
ARTTURRY COVER OF TROOPS IN A MEETING ENGAGEMENT
108. When a meeting engagement is foreseen, or during its
course, antiaircraft artillery covers the main grouping of troops
as well as the forward detachments and vanguards during movement
and deployment and during the fighting.
The basis of success in the combat operations of antiaircraft
artillery groups (large Units, units, subunits) are speed of
deployment and the maneuver of antiaircraft artillery, together
with broad initiative by all commanding officers and with their
ability to organize the direction of antiaircraft artillery in
a short time and to maintain it without a break.
Antiaircraft artillery operates as part Of previously-
established groups in anticipation of a meeting engagement
during the development of an offensive, during pursuit and
while troops are being brought up to conduct a counterattack
(counterstrike). When battle is joined, the composition of
these groups is clarified.
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As a rule, the decision to open fire is made independently
and directly by battery commanders, according to the situation.
109. In organizing combat operations by antiaircraft
artillery groups or large units (units) in a meeting engagement,
it is necessary to take into account the conditions under which
such an engagement can occur and the nature of the operations of
the troops being covered.
The organization of combat operations by antiaircraft
artillery groups and large units (units) must provide for
rapid transition from the cover of troops during movement to
their cover during deployment and during the course of the
meeting engagement.
When troop deployment begins, the tasks of groups,anoUlarge
units (units) are clarified; their deployment in combat formation
is carried out inaccordance with the situation and fire control
is organized.
110. The deployment of small caliber antiaircraft artillery
takes place at the same time as that of the large units, (units)
which it is covering.
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery is deployed to
cover the main forces of the division (army, corps) during
their deployment for combat.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is deployed to cover the
main forces of an army at the decision of the seniar,miabander.
6. ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS ENGAGED IN PITIOUIT
111, During a pursuit tube antiaircraft artillery proceeds
with the'coluMns of the large units (units)), in readiness for
operations against both the air and the ground enemy.
In addition, part of the antiaircraft artillery can be
attached to forward detachments and regiments.
Missile antiaircraft artillery proceeds behind the Main
forces and is deployed along the more important lines.
112. During a pursuit, centralized control of fire at the
level of an antiaircraft artillery group is organized along
separate lines both during the deployment for COmbat of the
main forces of the division (army, corps), and when they seize
and hold important lines (installations).
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113. Measures must be taken in good time to supply
antiaircraft artillery with munitions, fuel and lubricants
in anticipation of ,a pursuit of the enemy.
7. SPECIAL FEATURES OF TBE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
COVER OF TROOPS DURING COMBAT FORThE
ENCIRCLEMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF AN ENCIRCLED ENEMY
114. In combat for the encirclement and destruction of
an encircled enemy, antiaircraft artillery covers the groupings
of troops on the internal and external fronts of the encircle-
ment and also carries out a blockade of the enemy from the air
together with fighter aviation.
During combat for the encirclement and destruction of
an encircled enemy, th-aL-2 greater part of the antiaircraft artillery
is called upon to cover troops which are outflanking and turning
the enemy, and troops on the axes of possible enemy Counterattacks
(counterstrikes).
115. With the formation of an internal front of encirclement,
a blockaite of the enemy from the air is organized to prevent
air communications between the encircled grouping and the enemy's
other troops. The task of antiaircraft artillery in an air block-
ade of the enemy is the destruction of enemy transport planes,
helicopters and gliders.
116. The antiaircraft artillery covering the large units
(units) which are operating on the internal front of the encircle-
ment, In direct contact with the enemy, is used for the air
blockade of the encircled enemy.
In some cases, part of the antiaircraft artillery can be
allotted the special task Of blockading the enemy from the air.
117. For the coverage of troops operating on the internal
front of an encirclement, and for the organization of an air
blockade of the enemy,entiaircraft artillery groups and large
units (Units) are deployed in combat formation, in accordance
with the disposition of the main groupings of troops, the main
axes and flight altitudes of the enemy's transport aircraft
and helicopters, and the location of landing sites and airfields
in the encirclement area. Extensive movement of antiaircraft
artillery is employed in order to create. the most favorable
grouping.
118. In completing the encirclement and destruction of an
encircled enemy, the commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery
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groups and large units (units) must pay particular attention to
the organization of reconnaissance of low-flying air targets,
airfields and landing sites in the area of encirclement, to
precise coordination with fighter aviation, and to ensure the
safety of our awn aircraft'. They must be familiar with the
time, direction and altitude of flights of our own aircraft)
and with recognition signals, when the latter fly into the
area of the enemy's encircled grouping and out of it after
having executed their combat tasks.
8. SPECIAL FEATURES OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTTUR,RY IN THE
COVER OF TROOPS DURING AN OnIENSIVE
ENTAILING THE NEGOTIATION OF A WATER OBSTACLE
119. Depending upon the situation, the antiaircraft artillery
cover of troops during an offensive entailing the negotiation of
a water obstacle may occur when the latter is being forced
from the march, when its forcing has been planned for a short
period, or when there has been planned preparation.
120. When a water obstacle is forced on the march, anti-
aircraft artillery-.-provides cover from strikes by the air enemy
for forward detachments during operations tO seize.bridges
and river crossings, to take beachheads on the opposite shore
for pontoon-bridge and crossing-landing units (subunits) pro-
ceeding to the water obstacle, for the main forces of the
division (army, corps) as they approach the water obstacle
and,particularlyiduring the forcing and during operations on
the opposite shore, and also for crossings whichhave been
constructed and which are in operation.
121. While troops are approaching a water obstacle,
small caliber antiaircraft artillery proceed as components of
their columns.
Part of the forces of small caliber antiaircraft artillery
are used to cover pontoon bridge and crossing-landing units
(subunits) moving behind the forward detachments and at the
head of the columns of the main forces.
To cover the main forces of a division (army, corps)
during the forcing of a water obstacle and during the most
important crossings, a part of the medium caliber antiaircraft
artillery and of the missile antiaircraft artillery moves up
to the water obstacle behind the forward detachments.
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122. During the approach to a water obstacle, antiaircraft
artillery subunits (units) are deployed in combat formation.
Here the forward batteries dispose themselves as closely as
possible to the bank. A part of the medium caliber batteries
is deployed near the river crossings.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is deployed at such a
distance from the bank that tilv can provide cover for troops
while the latter are forcing the water obstacle and during
combat an the opposite bank.
123. Antiaircraft artillery is usually carried across
on self-propelled crossing means, on ferries, and over bridges,
according to the system being used forxrossing by the troops
being covered.
When forward detachments have seized crossing facilities
in good repairoand also when fords are available, a part of the
subunits of the tube antiaircraft artillery is put across
behind the forward detachments and is deployed on the
opposite bank.
124. In anticipation of the forced crossing of a water
obstacle during the course of an advance the commanding officer
of a division (army, corps) antiaircraft artillery group must:
-- ensure that100100Opthieforces of the antiaircraft
artillery is included in good time in the composition of the
forward detachment which he has been detailed to cover;
^ ensure that a large part of the antiaircraft artillery
is moved up to the water obstacle in goo4Otime and that it
crosses to the captured bridgeheads to cover troops during the
forcing of the obstacle and during operations on the opposite
shore;
-. provide for the creation of a combat formation of the
group which will provide cover for troops on both banks of the
water obstacle and for the crossings.
125. Ph P tasks of antiaircraft artillery in forcing a water
obstacle with brief or planned-preparation are:
-- to cover troops in the departure areas fottthe forced
crossing and to protect concentrated river crossing means from
strikes by the air egemy during the period of preparation for
the crossing;
-- when the forced crossing begins, to cover troops during
the crossing, during their seizure of bridgeheads and during
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their erection of bridge crossings;
-- after the seizure of the bridgehead, to cover troops
during their operations on the opposite bank and to cover the
bridge crossings.
126. During the forcing of a water Obstacle with brief
or planned preparation, the commanding officer of a division
(army, corps),antiaircraft artillery group must:
-- establish the group's combat formation with the aim of
covering the main grouping of troops up to the time the forced
crossing begins, during the crossing and during combat an the
opposite shore;
-- provide for a crossing by part of the tube antiaircraft
artillery forces to the opposite shore before the bridges are
erected, and the procedure for the use of the crossing means
assigned for this purpose;
-- establish the procedure for sending antiaircraft
artillery over bridge crossings.
127. lnAhe initial position for a forced crossing, anti-
aircraft artillery units (subunits) which are intended to cover
troops during the forcing and the crossing must be deployed as
close to the bank as possible.
128. The crossing of the antiaircraft artillery is carried
out in accordance with the procedure for the crossing of the
division (army, corps).
Subunits of the first echelon battalions and regiments cross
with their antiaircraft artillery subunits. Part of the small
caliber antiaircraft artillery of the division antiaircraft
artillery groups is sent across with the first echelons of the
divisions. Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery crosses in
accordance with the advance of the troops on the opposite bank.
129. When the first echelon divisions have performed their
immediate tasks, the greater part of their division antiaircraft
artillery groupsmust be put across.
When the troops have captured the enemy's first defense zone,
the whole of the division antiaircraft artillery groups of the
first echelon divisions and not lest than half of the army,_.
(corps) antiaircraft artillery group must be put across to the
opposite shore.
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aibtedinentiy antiaircraft artillery is put across in
accordance :with the situation and the tasks which have been
assigned. The division antiaircraft artillery of a second
echelon division is put across with the units of the division
which are being covered.
During the forcing of a river crossing, the cOmmand posts
of antiaircraft artillery groups (units) are disposed closer
to the water obstacle.
Reconnaissance and target etin*naciorn sets are put across
in such a way that the continuity of reconnaissance against
the air enemy is ensured.
9. SPECIAL FEMMES OF TBE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTTLUIRY
COVER OF AIRBORNE FORCES
131. Antiaircraft artillery cover of airborne landing
forces is effected:
-- in the departure area for an air landing;
-- during the flight to the landing area;
-- in the landing area and during the conduct of combat
operations in the enemy's rear area.
In the departure area for an air landing antiaircraft
artillery covers:
-- the airfields being used by military transport aviation;
-- the troops of the airborne landing force in disposition
areas while they are proceeding to the airfields and during loading
and landing.
In the landing area and while combat operations are being
conducted by a landing force in the enemy's rear area, antiair-
craft artillery covers:
-- the main grouping of troops of the landing force while
they are performing their combat task;
-- landing sites, during the landing (diSembarkation) of
troops and during the reception of cargoes and evacuation;
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objectives already seized by the landing force and
those which will be important for later use by advancing
troops (river crossings, airfields, road junctions, mountain
passes).
132. As a rule, antiaircraft artillery which is detailed
to cover the troops of an airborne landing force, and the air-
fields of military transport aviation in the departure Area
for a landing, is deployed ahead of time, before the approach
of the landing force troops and the arrival of military-transport
aircraft in the area.
133. Antiaircraft artillery subunits are deployed in
combat order, for the reliable cover of military transport
airfields and airborne force troops in disposition areas 2
during their loading (embarkation) an board aircraft
(helicopters) and during takeoff.
134. The antiaircraft artillery of the airborne force
is used, at the decision of the commanding officer of the
landing force, to cover troops in the departure area of the
air landing only before the latter begin to approach the
airfield for loading (embarkation) on the aircraft (helicopters).
The antiaircraft artillery can approach the airfield either
as components of the columns of troops being covered or independently.
Supplementary ammunition is issued in the departure area to
the antiaircraft artillery of a landing force for the delivery of
fire for an air landing.
While performing tasks to cover troops, the antiaircraft
artillery of a landing force prepares simultaneously for the
air landing and for combat operations in the enemy's rear area.
During preparation for an air landing and for combat operations
in the enemy's rear, the commanding officer of the antiaircraft
artillery unit (subunit) of an airborne landing force must:
evolve a plan of steps to be taken to prepare personnel,
combat equipment and materiel for the landing and ensure that it
is carried out;
-- carry out L reconnaissance of the routes which the subunits
will take to the airfield and the places on the airfield at which
they will be disposed before loading (embarkation) on the aircraft
(helicopters);
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-- inform the troops of the procedure for the loading of com-
bat equipment and ammunition and for boarding the aircraft
(helicopters);
-- establish the sequence of operations of the unit (subunit)
in the landing area and assign tasks to subordinates;
-- study the terrain in the landing area carefully an a
scale-model of the terrain (map, aerial photo) with the commanding
officers subordinate to him;
-- give information an the signals and procedures for the
assembly of subunits after the landing and the procedure for
their occupation of fire positions;
-- check on the readiness of subunits for the air landing
and ensure that they proceed 4the airfield in good time.
136. By an order from the senior chim4dtk9 antiaircraft
artillery of the troops over whose zone the flight of the airborne
landing force is made is called upon to cover the landing force
during its flight to the landing area together with the anti-
aircraft artillery disposed on the flanks of this zone.
137. The antiaircraft artillery cover of an airborne landing
force in the landing area and during its performance of combat
tasks, before contact is made with the advancing troops, is
usually effected by its own organic antiaircraft artillery, in
coordination with fighter aviation.
The amount of antiaircraft artillery detailed to reinforce
the cover of an airborne landing force in the enemy's rear area
is determined in accordance with the composition and tasks of
the airborne landing force, the anticipated actions of the
enemyyand the availability of means for the air landing.
138. Antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) of an air-
borne landing force land as component parts of their large
units (units), in the first wave, as a rule. An entire anti-
aircraft artillery unit isunlally transported from a single
airfield to a single landing area, which is chosen in the
vicinity of the area intended for fire positions. In individual
instances, an antiaircraft artillery unit can be landed by
batteries from several airfields and on different landing sites.
The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery unit, his
deputy and his staff are landed together with the subunits.
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officer
-- establish
of the landing
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a landing in the enemy's rear
of an antiaircraft artillery unit
communications with the
force and with his awn subunits;..
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area, the commanding
must:
Commanding officer
-- clarify the situation and the tasks of. the subunits;
-- organize the rapid assembly of the subunits after the
landing and their deployment in combat formation;
-- organize fire control and the maneuver of the subunits.
During the course of combat operations, particular attention
is devoted to timely delivery of ammunition to the subunits.
139. Subunits of antiaircraft artillery which have been
landed are immediately made ready to deliver fire, and they
proceed to the assembly areas and occupy the fire positions
assigned to the batteriesi or act according to the situation.
During operations in the enemy's rear,area, antiaircraft
artillery must-Jbe constantly reacly to repel the ground enemy.
10. SPECIAL FEATURES OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
COVER OF TROOPS DURING A JOINT OFFENSIVE WITS NAVAL LARGE UNITS
140. Antiaircraft artillery cover of troops during joint
operations with naval large units is carried out during:
-- the disembarkation of a naval landing force on an
enemy-occupied coast;
-- an offensive along a sea coast or along the bank of a
large river;
-- an offensive aimed at an approach to a sea coast (river
bank).
141. During operations by a division acting as a naval
landing force, organic and attached antiaircraft artillery
performs tasks in coordination with the antiaircraft artillery
of the navy, and covers troops in waiting areas., at embarkation
points, during the sea crossing, during disembarkation an the
shore, during the capture of a beachhead (important objective)
and during combat to extend (hold) it.
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142. Antiaircraft artillery carer of troops in waiting areas
before embarkation an ships (transpo4tS) is carried out in a normal
manner, while from the moment the order to embark (load) is
received, untril the completion of disembarkation (unloading), it
is carried out in accordance with the disembarkation plan of the
landing force.
143. Antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) detailed to
cover a landing force, embarking an ships (transports), are
loaded after the completion of the loading of the troops being
covered.
Antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) disembark together
with the large units (units) they are covering, in accordance
with the disembarkation plan of the landing force, so that the
establishment of the projected grouping of antiaircraft
artillery is ensured after their disembarkation.
The unit of fire of ammunition of the unit (subunit) is
loaded together with the guns; reserves of ammunition over and
above the unit of fire of the unit (subunit) are loaded an as
large a number of ships (transports) as possible.
144. Cover of the landing force from strikes by the air
enemy during the sea crossing is effected by the antiaircraft
artillery of ,the troops being transported, in ,coordination with
the antiaircraft'artillery of the ships of the fleet and with
fighter aviation. For thispurpose, Stall caliber and a part
of the medium caliber ahtiaircraft artillery are deployed an
the upper decks to deliver fire, at the order of the commanding
officer of the disembarkation detachment (captatOof ships,
transports). Fire sectOrs are indicated to the subunits, and
they are provided with ammunition over and above that which
is intended for operations on shore.
Antiaircraft artillery, participating in the cover of
ships (transports) during the sea crossing, delivers fire
Independently of the operations of fighter aircraft in repelling
low-flying targets and dive-bombers which are directly threatening
the ship (transport).
Antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) obtain data an the
air enemy from the ships' radar sets.
145. The procedure for disembarking antiaircraft artillery
units is determined by the disembarkation plat of the landing
force. As a rule, units which are included in the composition
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of division antiaircraft artillery groups disembark with the first
echelon regiments.
146. The commanding officer of an antiaitcraft artillery
group (unit) and his staff go ashore together with the units (sub-
units) disembarking in first priority.
After going ashore, the commanding officer of an antiaircraft
artillery group must:
?_.clarify the situation, the tasks of the units (sabunits)
on shore and the procedure for coordination between them;
? organize the rapid deployment in combat order of the units
(subunits) which have disembarked,in order to cover the troops on
the beachhead and those disembarking on the beach;
--organize fire control for the units (subunits) which have
landed and direct the disembarkation of the remaining units (sub-
units) of the antiaircraft artillery group (unit).
Antiaircraft artillery cover of troops after the completion
of disembarkation is organized along normal lines.
147. A part of the antiaircraft artillery from the complement
of the landing force can be detailed for antiaircraft artillery
cover of the disembarkation base. Antiaircraft artillery which
has been detailed becomes subordinate to the commanding officer
of the disembarkation base.
148. During a troop offensive along a sea coast or a
river bank0-or. from the interior of their own territory toward
the seacoast (river bank), antiaircraft artillery cover is
effected along general lines. In such instances, special attention
is devoted to the organization of coordination with naval antiair-
craft artillery.
Coordination between antiaircraft artillery groups (units)
and naval antiaircraft artillery consists of the synchronization
of fire to repel strikes by the air enemy and is achieved:
--by the creation of a unified system of reconnaissance
of the air enemy and by the establishment of a common procedure
for opening and delivering fire;
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-- by reciprocal information on the situation and on
operations;
-- establishing communications between the command posts
of the antiaircraft artillery groups (units) and the flags,
control points of the tepprx)ptiertenaTal ebnimeliders.
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Chapter 5
THE ANTIAIRCRAFT COVER OF TROOPS IN DEFENSE
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
149. The main aim of antiaircraft artillery cover of troops
in defense is to repel or to reduce the strikes of the air enemy
against the main grouping of the defending troops, to the great-
est possible extent, thus:helping to ensure that the defense is
firm and vigorous.
In organizing antiaircraft artillery cover when troops
go over to the defense because of enemy action, antiaircraft
artillery must regroup in accordance with its new tasks, with-
out interrupting combat with the air enemy.
The main forces of antiaircraft artillery are used to cover
troops defending areaS, an whose retention the stability of the
defense as a whole depends and for carrying out counterattacks
(counterstrikes).
150. Antiaircraft artillery in defense covers:
--forward detachments defending a security zone;
--troops defftding the first and second defense zones;
--troops of the secondary echelons (reserves) in disposition
areas, in movement, along lines of deployment and during the
delivery of counterattacks (counterstrikes);
--troops called upon to carry out counterpreparation;
--control points, airfields and the more important in-
stallations of the rear area.
In addition, antiaircraft artillery must be constantly
ready for combat with the enemy's air landing forces.
151. Antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units) in
defense are deployed in combat formation so that they can provide
cover for the main grouping of troops, and create conditions forthe
maneuver of antiaircraft artillery during combat and in combat
with airborne landing forces.
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152. Small caliber antiaircraft artillery is disposed within
the boundaries of the more important defense sectors (areas).
The depth of disposition of small caliber batteries , should, as
a rule, correspond to the depth of disposition of the troops
being covered and should ensure fire coordination between batteries.
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery is disposed in accordance
with the structure of the combat formation of the troops and the
importance of the defense sectors (areas)? Missile antiaircraft
artillery occupies fire positions in order to provide cover for
the main grouping of troops.
Antiaircraft artillery subunits of regiments and battalions
are disposed within the boundaries of battalion areas of defense,
in the immediate neighborhood of the installations being covered.
In sectors where forward positions are being established,
a part of the batteries can be deployed in temporary fire positions
in front ?)f the forward edge of the first defense zone.
153. Antiaircraft artillery is maneuvered from the depth
and from sectors which are not under attack, to reinforce the
antiaircraft artillery cover of large units funits) waging battle
along the axis of the enemy's main strike, and to reinforce the
cover of the second echelons and reserves as these move and carry
out counterattacks (counterstrikes).
For the movement of antiaircraft artillery, routes are
selected, fire positions are fitted out and approaches are
prepared ahead of time. To provide periodic relief of the
disposition areas and also in case of forced abandonment of
the primary fire positions, alternate fire positions are prepared.
The displacement of antiaircraft artillery to alternate fire'
positions is carried out on the authorization of the chief of
antiaircraft defense troops.
154. Roving subunits can be used in accordance with a plan
approved by the senior commander to confuse the enemy overthe
system of fire and, the number and disposition of the tube
antiaircraft artillery fire positions.,
When this is done, the following are indicated:
-- the number and composition of detailed roving subunits
listed by calibers and by the locations of fire positions;
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-- the tasks, sequence and timing of the operations
of the raving subunits;
-- the expenditure of ammunition.
Antiaircraft artillery subunits can be specially detailed
in some instances for combat w&th enemy aircraft outside the-sone
of fire of the antiaircraft artillery groups. In such cases, tem-
porary fire positions are prepared for them ahead of time.
2. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COMBAT OPERATIONS OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLIM
GROUPS (LbRag ImiTs, mars)
155. The combat operations of an antiaircraft artillery group
(large unit, unit) which is covering troops in defense are organized
on the basis of a decision of the appropriate combinedfarms command-
ing officer and on the antiair defense plan.
In this process, the following are taken into account:
-- the nature of anticipated operations by the air enemy
(the most probably objectivesibr his strikes, particularly his
nuclear strikes, the altitude and direction from which strikes
can be delivered, the number of airtargets and their composition,
the possible drop or landing areas for airborne landing forces)
and the distance of the probable bombing line;
--the tasks of the first echelon troops and the areas and
axes in and along which their main efforts are concentrated;
-- the tasks of the troops of the second echelons and re-
serves, the disposition areas, the axes for cOunterattacks (counter-
strikes) and the projected deployment zones;
-- the grouping of troops and the structure of the defense;
-- the procedure for coordination with fighter aviation, with
the radio counteraction units (subunits) of the antiairadaenee
troops, with adjacent antiaircraft artillery groups (units), and.
with the troops being covered;
--the possible nature of the operations of Pheugtodad:Aenemy.
156. In assigning combat tasks, the cOmmandingdficer of an
antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit) communicates the
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most recent data on the ground enemy and on possible operations
by the latterts aircraft and unpiloted means, the possible drop
(landing) zones of his airborne landing forces, the tasks of the
troops being covered, their grouping, the structure of the defense
and the sequence of operations when the enemy offensive commences;
the task of the antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit),
the readiness time and the sequence for the conduct of fire, and
indicates:
- the areas for the fire positions of the batterieS (battalions);
? the procedure for bringing the units and subunits up to the
fire positions;
- the sequence for the maneuver of antiaircraft artillery aimed
at reinforcing the cover for troops which are in defense along the
axis of the enemy's main strike, as well as for the second echelons
and reserves as these execute their counterattacks (counterstrikes);
- the procedure for the operation of the ,reconnaissance and
target designation sets;
- the site for the disposition of the command post and the
time for its deployment.
The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery unit also
indicates the site for the disposition of the technical battalion.
157.- On the basis of the tasks assigned by the commanding
officer, the staff of the antiaircraft artillery group plans and
prepares maneuvers. The commanding officers and staffs of antiair-
craft artillery groups which are detailed for a maneuver are called
upon to plan and prepare it.
In planning a maneuver, it is necessary to take into account:
the sequence of operations of the troops being covered; the structure
of the defense; the conditions of the terrain; the axes of counter-
attacks (counterstrikes) and the maneuvevsof the second :echelons and
reserves; the lines of deployment and the routes for movement to them,
and the composition of the antiaircraft artillery detailed for the
maneuver, the areas of its fire position and the movement routes of
the Units (subunits).
3. OPERATIONS BY ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY IN DEFENSE
158. Tube antiaircraft artillery which is deployed in the first
defense zone usually conducts fire against air targets without restrictions.
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Established -restrictions are observed in the fire of batteries and
the operations of the radar sets of the second echelon antiaircraft
artillery of an army (corps), if the disposition or the troops being
covered is not detected by the enemy. When divisions begin to move
out for counterattacks (counterstrikes) or to repel an Attack agAlnst
the second defense zone, when the main efforts Of the troops are con-
centrated On'holding it, the restrictions on the conduct of fire and
on the operations or the radar sets are removed
As a rule ;missile antiairdraft artillery covering troops in
defense conducts fire without restrictions.
159. Antiaircraft artillery subunits of the tube antiaircraft
artillery must be ready to conduct fire against enemy tanks. When
tanks penetrate into the area of fire positions the batteries destroy
them with their fire.
160. If the enemy should succeed in driving a wedge into the
defense, the coMmanding officer of a divisional antiaircraft artilleTy
group, on instructions from the senior commander, maneuvers the anti?.
aircraft artillery units (subunits) to the threatened axis in order to
reinforce the cover of the defending troops, and to cover the second
echelons and reserves as they carry out counterattacks (cOUnterttrikes).
161. Unl*s of,aLtprps (army) antiaircraft artillery group, and
antiaircraft aitillery of the first echelon divisions which are dis-
posed along the axis of a counterattack (counterstrike)pare called
upon to reinforce the cover of a second echelon division during the
execution of a counterattack (counterstrike).
162. Units (subunits) of tube antiaircraft artillery designated
to reinforce the cover of a second echelon division are moved to the
deployment line'bf_the division ahead of time and occupy fire positions
in order to cover it duringAts deployment and its execution,or a
counterattack (counterstrike).
163. The small caliber antiaircraft artillery of a second echelon
division proceeds as a comppent of the latteris columna and occupies
fire positions at the same time as the division is deploying in combat
formation. Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery moves out and deploys
in combat order ahead of time, so As to cover the main forces of the
division when they begin their deployment.
Missile antiaircraft artillery covers second echelon divisions
as they move to the line Ot deployment and during the execution of
counterattacks (counteritrikes) from occupied fire positions, as a rule.
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164. After the commander of an army (commanding officer of a
corps, division) has tmildn the decision-to make 4 counterstrike (counter-
attack) with second echelon forces, the commanding officers of anti-
aircraft artillery groups and large units (units) must:
--define the axis of the counterstrike (counterattack) and the
tasks and sequence for the movement of the Second echelon to the line
of deployment and for its deployment in combat formation;-
--define the tasks for cover:mf the second echilon as it moves to
the line of deploymentrand carries out the counterstrike (counterattack);
--allocate tasks to the antiaircraft artillery units (subunits);
--issue instructions on the organization of control and of communi-
cations;
In addition, the commanding officers of division antiaircraft
artillery groups and large units (units) of second echelon divisions
define the procedure, time and site for the resubordination of anti-
aircraft artillery.
4. SPECIAL FEATURES OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER
OF TROOPS IN TBE DEFENSE OF WATER OBSTACLES
165. In the defense of a water obstacle, the Main effort of
antiaircraft artillery are concentrated on covering those large
units (units) defending sectors which are the most suitable for a
forded crossing from strikes by the air enemviand on covering the
second echelons and reserves.
Antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units) ate deployed
in combat formation with consideration to the need to transfer the fire
zone to the approaches to the water Obstacle'. The distance of the
forward batteries from the water's edge depends an the width of the
water obstacle, the nature of the terrain an their own shore and the
operations of the enemy.
Subunits occupying islands can be reinforced with small caliber
antiaircraftaxtillery.
166. In organizing the combat operations of antiaircraft artillery
groups (large units units), Tecial attention is devoted to coordination
h
wit.the antiaircraft artillery of the ships-of the naval flotilla being
used at the water obstac16, and to preparation for combat with the
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enemy's airborne landing forces.
167. In the defense of a bridgehead, special attention is devoted
to the cover of the units (large units) of the first echelon of the
division (army, corps) which is defending the bridgehead, and to the
cover of the crossings. The quantity of antiaircrOft artillery at the
bridgehead and its combat formation depend on the tasks whichlkve
been allotted and an the dimensions of the bridgehead. Special attention
is devoted to the cover of troops defending the flanks of thebridge-
head.
A part of the medium caliber antiaircraft artillery must be
disposed on our bank, opposite the flanks of the bridgehead, for
combat withtn air enemy delivering strikes against the troops on
the bridgehead while flying along the water barrier.
During the defense of a bridgehead an army (corps) antiaircraft
artillery groupf.is usually charged with the task of reinforcing the
cover of troops defending the bridgehead, as well as with that of
covering the crossings. -
5. SPECIAL FRAMES OF THE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF
TROOPS IN THE DEFENSE m A SEACOAST
168. In the defense of a seacoast, antiaircraft artillery
provides cover 0Amithe strikes of the air enemy to those troops
who are defending naval basing areas, ports and sectors of the
seacoast which are suitable for a landing by enemy forces and ships
in the basing areas abd during operations in a coastal area which
is within the range of fire of antiaircraft artillery, and it combats
the enemy's airborne landing forces and his aircraft which are ad-
justing the fire of his shipboard artillery and laying minesln the
coastal waters.
169. The combat formation of medium caliber antiaircraft
artilItry and missile antiaircraft artillery is arranged in such
a way that the disposition areas of the main forces of the troops,
their routes for moving up, their deployment lines and the open
approaches from the sea are covered.
170. Tube antiaircraft artillery which is disposed directly
on the seacoast must be ready to conduct fire against enemy ships
and landing craft as they approach the shore. Antiaircraft artillery
performs these tasks from occupied fire positions.
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If the disembarkation of an enemy landing force is accompanied
by strikes by his aviation, the main 'forts of the antiaircraft
artillery are concentrated on combat with the air enemy.
171. All antiaircraft artillery must be prepared to combat
enemy airborne landing forces. For this, tube antiaircraft artillery
which is deployed on the coast must be prepared above all to combat
enemy landing forces disembarking from helicopters.
172. During the defense of a seacoast, it is to be anticipated
that antiaircraft artillery will be maneuvered to reinforce the cover
of large units (units) which are fighting along the main strike axis
of an enemy who has landed, to reinforce the cover of the second
echelons while these are making counterattacks (counterstrikes) and
to combat the enemy's airborne landing forces.
173. The grouping and maneuver of the antiaircraft artillery
of the Antiair defense troops ofr:the 4round :forces is tied in with
the grouping and maneuver of the troops of the antiaircraft artillery
of the Antiair defense of the dountry and of the navy, a unified
system of reconnaissance of the air enemy is establikhed and a common
procedure for opening and directing fire is created.
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Chapter 6
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS DURING WITHDRAWAL
174. During the withdrawal of troops, antiaircraft artillery
covers the main forces of the large units (units) carrying out the
withdrawal, and. the rear guards (rear guard supports). Particular
attention is given to the cover of troops during their passage through
defiles, bridges and other crossings, and across road junctions along
the withdrawal routes, and during their deployment at intermediate and
final lines (in a concentration area).
Antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) must be constantly ready
to repel the ground enemy.
175. Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery and missile antiair-
craft artillery deploys and covers troops withdrawing along the main
axis.
During a withdrawal at night, if enemy aviation is inactive, it
is advisable to withdraw units of medium caliber antiaircraft artillery.
ahead 'de time, with the task of covering troops at the approach of
dawn.
176. Self-propelled antiaircraft artillery covers withdrawing
troops, conducting fire while moving and during halts.. Medium caliber
antiaircraft artillery. Proceeds with the columns, ready to direct fire
during halts and from the beginning of troop deployment., Missile
antiaircraft artillery covers the troops as they deploy at the final
line (concentration area).
177. Radar reconnaissance of the air enemy is conducted by
reconnaissance and target designation sets deployed in the areas of
the fire positions of antiaircraft artillery units'. For this, some
of the sets can be sent an ahead of time and deployed in the areas
selected.
178. Antiaircraft artillery subunits (units) detailed as com-
ponents Of rear guards (rear guard supports) cover these at each
deployment line and during withdrawal from one line to another. .
We displacement of these subunits (units) is effected in accordance
with the operations of the rear guards (rear guard supports).
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Chapter 7
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS DURING COMBAT
IN ENCIRCLEMENT AND IN BREAKING OUT OF ENCIRCLEMENT
179. When the encirclement of troops being covered is
threatened, antiaircraft artillery performs the following tasks:
-- the cover of troops which ,are regrouping toward the threatened
axis;
? the cover of troops committed to action in order tolont the
encircling enemy;
^ combat with enemy airborne landing forces;
--the cover of landing fields (airfields) for aircraft and
helicopters.
180. During combat in encirclement, antiaircraft artillery covers
the main grouping of troops and landing fields (airfields) and also
resists an air blockade of the encircled troops in coordination with
fighter aviation. Tube antiaircraft artillery must be constantly
ready to maneuver in order to cover a grouping of trow created to
breach the front of encirclement and also to destroy keveral words
missine.
181. While the front of encirclement, is* being breached,
antiaircraft artillery covers the shock grouping which is executing
the breakthrough. In addition, in the course of a breakthrough,
antiaircraft artillery covers the troops detailed as screening forces
to prevent the enemy from closing the broken front of encirclement
and troops breaking out of the encirclement.
182. Antiaircraft artillery large units and units break out
of the encirclement together with the troops they are covering.
For antia?tcraft artillery large units (units, subunits) to break
out without their materiel is inadmissible.
Rear units and subunits of the antiaircraft artillery break out
of encirclement together with the rear units of the troops being
covered.
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183. Commanding officers of antiaircraft
artillery groups (large
units, units) must constantly take note of the availability of
ammunition, fuel and provisions, must reapportions and when possible,
replenish them.and also establish consumption
rates.
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Chapter 8
SPECIAL FEATURES OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COMBAT
OPERATIONS UNDER VARIOUS coprzioNs
041, During operations in a city, the commanding officers of
antiaircraft artillery groups (large units, units, subunits) must
carefully study the plan of the city and the nature of its construction
and decide on placesffor the possible disposition of fire positions,
radar sets, command posts and routes for displacement (Maneuver).
185. During an offensive in a city, antiaircraft artillery,
together with fighter aviation, must provide reliable cover for the
advancing troops from strikes by the air enemy, and must also
blockade the besieged garrison from the air.
During the course of an offensive in a city, a part of the
small caliber antiaircraft artillery subunits May be attached to
motorized4dldU*ryAtank) regiments. Part of the antiaircraft
artillery may detailed to comer bridges, communications centers
and other impOrtant installations.
A grouping of antiaircraft artillery is created because of the
need to destroy the air enemy at the approaches to the city during
a defensive operation in a city.
Fire cbntrol of antiaircraft artillery intended for the cover
of troops on the defensive in a city is centralized.
186. During operations in a city, the fire positions of anti-
aircraft artillery and positions for radar sets are located in
public squares and street crossings, in stadiums on river embank-
ments and in empty lots, in yards, vegetableqgardens and parks,
and in the courts of plants and factories.
Positions for reconnaissance and target designation sets are
so disposed as to reduce the screening effects of buildings'
If terrain conditions make it difficult for a small caliber
antiaircraft artillery battery to occupy 'a fire position, the battery
is disposed by platoons. When there is a limited number of fire
positions, two batteries can be disposed in each fire position.
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Careful reconnaissance of routes ar4pOttitions should precede
the displacement (maneuver) of Antiaircraft Artillery subunits.
The command posts, of antiaircraft artillerygroups,-(large units,
unite) should be disposed, as far as possibleinunaerground structures,
in'lbaseMents,":And in sediAjasement rooms of the con-
, ?
Structealudidings.
,
187.- Sacks filled with sand eM aoil d be+osed-by engineers
for the engineer preparationof fire positions TO batteries ?
dis-
posed in Places with Solid overhead covering.
- -
Undergroun&-Constructions, and the basement and semi-basement
floors of buildings are adapted to provide Anti-nuclear shelter for
_ .
personnel." -
. ,
188. During winter operations, special attention should be
devoted to the cover Of troops ,operatingon2themost important
deptors-and'aisposectat populated. points SA24 in.:woods, and also to
the Cover of'roaa junctions and routes on which troop maneuvers,
transport Of material means and evacuation can becarried out.
189. For operations by antiaircraft artillery in winter, it
is necessary:
to take measures to, ensure that the guns, instruments, and
radar sett And the supplyand itansport-ttations function reliably;
?to take measures to augment the roadability of wheel4and
caterpillar prite movers and other transport Means;
--to use ski-sled mounts for antiaircraft guns, instruments
and radar sets and skis for personnel during moVeMent;
take measures against freezing and to keep personnel
warm.
In order to camouflage antiaircraft artillery, materiel and
transport &e peattedthe-color of the local terrain, and. organize,.,
and'impr sed means of amouflage are used. Approaches to fire
.
positions and command posts are camouflaged. Personnel are given
camouflaga:-clothing.% After firing, the snow cover around gun
trenches is reneWea.
' During a snbwfall, a snowstorm or a fog, it is necessary to
strengthen localsecurity at Command (commanding officergLposts,
and- fire positions and to take measures against attack...Lline missin
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190. When road conditions are slushy, special attention is paid
to the careful reconnaissance of routes for the transfer of antiaircraft
artillery)of areas for fire positions and of places for the disposition
of command posts, to the adoption of means to give warning of possible
flooding Of fire positions and command (commanders') posts, and to
measures for increasing the roadability of antiaircraft artillery and
to the establishment of supplementary reserves of munitions, fuel and
lubricants.
191. During operations: in a forest, the distribution and grouping
of antiaircraft artillery along the axes of troop combat operations
ahead of time acquires great significance. Special attention is 'aid
to the coVOr of troops as they enter a forest and as they leave it, and
also to the cover of troops operating along roads, lanes through the
forest, in clearings and when they are negotiating defiles between
lakes or swamps.
192. In forest operations by antiaircraft artillery it is necessary:
-- to carry out a:Careful selection and preparation Ahead of time
: of Areas for fire positions and for positions for radar sets;
- to equip observation points 14 high trees and towers for the
conduct of -..optical reconnaissance;
, to reconnoiter and to designate routes for displacement
(maneuver) carefully;
to strengthen local security;
-- to take into account the possibility that a large number of
'timber obstructions may be created and forest fires May arise, from
nuclear explosions ia particularo.ad also that the Air and '.eri4ttin
may be contaminated for A longer period of time.
Fire positiOns Are selected in forest clearings,' aa the edges
of forests, and in cleared spaCes And Lancs. When-necessary, fire
and observation sectors are Cleared.
When a limited number of areas suitable .for the deployment of
antiaircraft Artillery in combat formation is available, severAI
batteries canbe disposed in groups abreduced:iatervale.._
,
193. DarOng operatioastatamoUntaias,.the initial distribution
and grouping of antiaircraft artillery aloag the Axes of troop
operations acquiresgreat importanceiLsince regrouping during the
course of combat is difficult.
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During operations in mountainous terrain to which access is
difficult, small caliber antiaircraft artillery is called upon, as
a rule, to cover the troops.
During operations in broad valleys and on plateaus, it is
'possible to call upon the tube antiaircraft artillery of all calibers,
as well as missile antiaircraft artillery.
194. During operations in mountainous terrain, antiaircraft
artillery gives first priority to the cover of troops operating in
valleys, an mountain plateaus, in gorged, mountiin passages and
passes, and to that of artillery, tanks and truck columns moving an
mountain roads.
In addition, antiaircraft artillery must ewer the more important
ravines and 'rod. junctions, and bridges anderossings over mountain rivers.
195. Dispersion of units (large units). being covered which are
operating an independent axe's; makes it' neeeesary to 'decentralize
antiaircraft artillery control. Under such conditions, there is no
creation of either a corps or an army antiaircraft artillery group
intended to strengthen the cover of the Mein grouping of troops.
' Similarly, no divisional antiaircraft artillery group is created
while a division -is operating onieverdl dispersed axes; under these
conditions, antiaircraft artillery is attached to units' operating
an the individual'axes:
A grouping of antiaircraft artillery is created in the same
way as it is Under normal circumstances to cover troops operating
in wide valleys or an tablelands.
196. 'During operations by antiaircraft artillery in mountains,
it is necessary:
.--to take a careful' election of fire positions, positions
for radar sett, and routes for displacement (maneuver);
' -.to select command posts with a view to the convenient
disposition reconnaissance and target designation tits;
--to; dispose antiaircraft- artilleryhatteriet'On'heights and,
, with a view .to thepossibility 'of 'directing fireageinstenemy4liitcraft
and helicOpters, along axes from which these may appear Suddenly.
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197. Combat formations of antiaircraft artillery groups. and
large units (units) are drawn up with consideration to the mountain
relief and. to those directions from which the sudden appearance of
the air enemy, particularly at low altitudes, is possible.
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery batteries occupy fire
positions in valleys, on mpuntain plateaus and also along roads.
Individual batteries can be stationed on heights.
Batteries of small caliber antiaircraft artilitity are disposed
along roads,' on heights an4 mountain slOpeSatveritsus levels in
readiness to fire against targets flying beloW the horizontaX401000fthe
guns. :Individual batteries can be disposed in valleys which permit
the hidden approach of aircraft at low altitudes..
For the safety of their Own troOps operating on the !lopes of
mounted= and. ridges, batteries are allocated forbidden fire Sectors.
198, PoSitions for reconnaissance and target designation sets
are selected in 'such a way that ihterference with their operation
is reduced to a minimum, particularly along the most important
ares, arid do that their zones of visibility overlap with those of
adjacent sets
Observers directing optical reconnaissance of the air enemy
are stationed on heights.
199. In assigning combat tasks and in determining periods of
readiness for antiaircraft artillery 'batteries in'mountains, account
should be taken of the need to carry out special operations to pre-
pare access routes, fire positions and command posts, which'require
the expenditure of a great deal of time.
200. During antiaircraft artillery operations in deserts and
steppes, it is necessary;
to survey the maneuver of antiaircraft artillery beforehand;
-- to organize reinforced observation of the air and ground enemy;
-- to carry out continual reconnaissance of :movement routes and
to mark them with durable and easily visible signs;
-- to organize increased local security and careful camouflage.
201. Special features of engineer support in deserts and steppes
are the carrying out of work to shore up steep-sided trenches and of
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other engineering installations, and their protection from sand drifts.
Because of the open nature of the terrain, special attention must be
devoted to the carrying out of camouflage operations in a short period
of time.
202. During operations in deserts and steppes, it is necessary
to provide for the transport of water and. fuel and to establish strict
control over the observance of expenditure norms. ,When a deep penetration
is made in desert or steppe country, increased reserves of materiel and
water should be set up ahead of time in the units and subunits.
Special attention must be given to the protection of arms and
transport against the harmful effect of sand and dust.
. 203. During antiaircraft artillery operations at night, particular
attention must be given to preparing antiaircraft :artillery units and
subunits to fire under conditions of darkness and to reinforce:.local
securitypand to the allocation to antiaircraft artillery subunits of
displacementaneuTering) routes which are as direct 84 'possible.
204. Night operations by antiaircraft artillery must be planned
in such a way that antiaircraft artillery units and subunits have
sufficient hours or daylight to clarify problem of.
and of communications, and also to prepare and organize combat-fterations.
205. Combat with enemy air landinik forces something for which
all antiaircraft artillery must be ready.
Combat by antiaircraft artillery,with enemy airborne landing forces
consists of destroying the latter in flight or as they are dropped
(landed).
206. As a rule, combat with enemY airborne. landing forces is
conducted by antiaircraft artillery from occupied fire positions.
The calling in, of antiaircraft artillery to combat enemy airborne-
landing forces which have been dropped (landed) outside its fire zone
occurs on instructions from the senior commander.
207. 0bservation of enemy airborne landing forces_in the air
and determination, of their,42,,,(landing) areas is carried out from
all antiaircraft artillery comMand (commanding,officers) posts and
fire positions. Information 6inhe detection.vf airborne landing
means, and on the drop (landing):fSite is immediately relayed to the
command post of the antiaircraftartillery group (large unit, unit)
commander and is communicated-itatexistcommanding officers of combined
arms large'units (units).
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Chapter 9
ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS IN MOVEMENT AND
DURING THEIR DISPOSITION IN PLACE
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS ON THE MARCH
Antiaircraft artillery covers troops on the march against
strikes by the air enemy during movement especially while they are
traversing defiles, road junctions, bridges :and other river crossings,
during deployment and. when:aoining battle, as; well as when they are
disposed during halts in areas for resting for a day (night) or for
a 24-hour periods and.in concentration areas.
Cover for troops on the march is effected by organic and attached
antiaircraft artillery. When necessary, antiaircraft artillery is de-
tailed to 'cover artillery units and units-of:special troops, as well
as rear-areaJdnitS4and installations,which,are not included as components
of the marching columns of combined arms large units (units) and which
are proceeding in independent columns.
Units and subunits which are designated for march security are
reinforced by antiaircraft artillery subunits.
209. Sgcceasfdlimictitircraft artillery, cover of troops on the
march is achieved by:
-- correct distribution of antiaircraft artillery'amongthe
march columns of the troops and within the columns;
-- reliably organized reconnaissance of the air enemy and
timely transmittal of data on the latter to the antiaircraft artillery;
-- constant readiness of the means of communications to direct
the antiaircraft artillery;
careful reconnaissance and preparation of areas of anti-
aircraft artillery deployment;
? constant readiness of the antiaircraft artillery to destroy
the, air enemy.
210. As .a rule, small caliber antiaircraft artillery proceeds
in the columns by batteries at intervals of 2-3 )215.8. Batteries
of self-propelled antiaircraft artillery may proceed
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in which case batteries at full strength must be displaced at the
heads of the columns of troops being covered.
While in the columns of troops being covered, subunits of self-
propelled antiaircraft artillery conduct fire while moving and during
short halts. Control of the fire of small caliber self-propelled
antiaircraft artillery during movement is effected by battery
(platoon) commanders.
Antiaircraft artillery batteries which are not self-propelled
proceed in readiness to conduct fire during halts.
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery may proceed as an independ-
ent column or in groups of batteries .at the head of the column of the
t.
main forcsuvcy
Missilt antiaircraft artillery proceeds with the main forces
along separate routes.
211. When columns stop for brief halts, small caliber antiaircraft
artillery is brought to combat footing, while remaining in the columns.
Personnel are disposed near the guns ready to conduct fire.
In areas of longer halts for rest periods of a day .(night) or
for 24 hours and in concentration areas, tube antiaircraft artillery
units and subunitt are deployed in combat order to cover the troops.
For this, the combat formation of the antiaircraft artillery units
and subunits must fabilitaWtheir inclusion as components in the
columns being covered at the moment the march resumes.
Missile antiaircraft artillery is deployed to cover troops
principally in their concentration areas and in 24-hour rest areas.
All missile antiaircraft artillery must be ready to cover troops
as they deploy and join battle.
212. Tube antiaircraft artillery can be deployed in combat
order to cover troops as they traverse populated points, road junctions,
defiles, bridges and river crossings.
Antiaircraft artillery units are deployed ahead of time at each
designated point, before the troops being covered approach. For this,
medium caliber antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) usually proceed
with the forward detachments or vanguards so that they can deploy in
combat formation before the main forces approach these sectors.
After the main forces have passed through the sectors being covered,
the antiaircraft artillery packs up and proceeds further to perform
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its next task.
213. The commanding officers of antiaircraft artillery large units
(units) detail part of the reconnaissance .and target ?designation sets
to organize radar reconnaissance of the air enemy-and determine their
operational procedure, in accordance with the directions of the senior
commander.
The places to which they should proceed, the tiles for the occupation
and evacuation of positions, and the procedure for further operations
are indicated to the 4ets detailed.
214. The commanding officers and staffs of antiaircraft artillery
large units (Units) usually move with their units (stibunita), maintaining
continuous communications with the corresponding antiair defense abstettid.ers.
2, ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS BEING MROSPORTED BY RAIL
215. During the transport of troops by rail, antiaircraft
artillery covers the troops in the waiting (assembly) areas, and at
stations or loading (unloading) areas; and also goverOtroop echelons
(trains) along the route being traveled.
216.. The antiaircraft artillery cover of troops in waiting
(assembly) areas, at stations tor in loading (unloading) areas is
effected by organic antiaircraft artillery. In addition, loading
(unloading) Stations can be covered by, antiaircraft artillery of the
Reserve of the Supreme High Command or by troops of the totiair
?oe
*fense of the bountry.
The antiaircraft artillery cover of military echelons with troops
is carried out by organic small caliber antiaircraft artillery subunits
of the troops being transported.
In some cases speciallmobile antiaircraft artillery subunits
Which are subordinate to the military communications organizations
can be used to cover troop echelons.
In addition, compopent units of antiaircraft artillery large units
being moved in the same direction as the troops (military cargoes) in
transit, can be callOd upon to cover troop echelons and military trains
carrying cargoes.
217. Commanding officers of large units (units) of troops in
transit and echelon commanders are responsible for the organization
of antiaircraft artillery cover foriftilitary echelons.
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The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery subunit which
is detailed to cover an echelon is subordinate to the echelon commander
from the time loading begins until the time it is completed.
218. The antiaircraft artillery cover of each military echelon
(train) is organized independently.
The requisite number of flatcars in the military echelon (train)
are detailed for the small caliber antiaircraft guns designated to
cover it. For this, the flat cars are placed at the head, in the
center and at the end of the train, or at the head and end.
The number of guns which are placed an each flat car depends an
the overall size of the guns and the dimensions of the flat car.
Usually, one gun is mounted an each flat car.
For convenience in the conduct of fire, flat cars carrying anti-
aircraft guns are located 8-12 axles away from the locompti'Ve and are
separated from covered cargloy not less than two four-axle flat cars.
Antiaircraft guns detailed to cover the echelon (train) must be
constantly ready to fire.
219. Antiaircraft artillery subunits are the last to be loaded
and the first to be unloaded, so that they are ready to fire during
the entire loading (dnloading) process. Subunits are not as a tale
loaded (unloaded) at thellame time.
In 'der to cover a station or a troop unloading area, part of
the antioiircraft artillery is transported with the first echelons
and deployed in combat order in the unloading area.
220. Reconnaissance of the air enemy along the travel route
and during halts is carried out by observation posts located at
the bead and tail of the military echelon (traiOrand also by
personnel of the antiaircraft gun crews on duty. In addition, in-
formation from antiair defense radar posts is used.
A duty radio set receiving *Lae length of the posts
is detailed for the reception of information from the antiair defense
radar posts.
221. In organizing the antiaircraft artillery cover of a
military echelon, wire communications, as well as signal communications
facilities, are set up:
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--between the echelon commander and the commanding officer of
the antiaircraft artillery subunit covering the echelon;
--between the commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery
subunit and the gun commanders;
--between observation posts and the commanding officer of the
antiaircraft artillery subunit.
3. ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTITIMRY COVER OF TROOPS BEING TRANSPORTED BY WATER
222. During troop transport by water, antiaircraft artillery
covers the troops in waiting (assembly) areas, in port (pier) areas
or in loading (unloading) areas, and vessels (towed cargoes, convoys)
along the route being traveled.
223. Antiaircraft artillery cover of troops in waiting (assembly)
areas; ports (piers); or in loading (unloading) areas is provided by
the organic antiaircraft artillery of these troops. in addition,
ports (piers), loading (unloading) areas can be covered by antiaircraft
artillery of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. antiaircraft
artillery of the Havy, Antiairllefinse Vroops of the tiountry).
Antiaircraft artillery cover of vessels (towed cargoes, convoys)
with troops is provided, as a rule, bythe organic antiaircraft artillery
of the troops in transit. During the transfer of troops by water in
the zone of operations of a naval fleet (flotilla) their cover may be
reinforced by shipboard antiaircraft artillery.''
The antiaircraft artillery cover of vess015 (towed cargoes, convoys)
proceeding along internal waterways is also effected by the antiair-
craft artillery bylvering ports, piers, bridges and individual sectors
of river communications.
224. The antiaircraft artillery cover of troops being transported
in a single vessel or in a single towed barge is organized independently
for each vessel (each towed barge).
Small caliber antiaircraft artillery is called on primarily to
cover ships (towed cargoes) from strikes by the air enemy. Depending
on the cargo capacity, and on the dimensions and stutdiness of the decks
of the vessels (barges), medium caliber antiaircraft artillery can also
be called upon for cover.
The antiaircraft artillery subunits of the troops being transported
which have been detailed to cover the vessels (towed cargoes), are
deployed on the upper decks, with the agreement of the captain (skipper)
of the vessel.
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In
aircraft
ccirering a towed cargo (convoy) the greater part of the
weapons detailed for cover is disposed:
anti-
, -- when barges are being towed astern.-,e0athetugboat? and an the
3,64,d and tail barges;
? when one or more barges are lined up side by side with tugboats,?
on the tugboapand on the outside barge of each set.
225. The loading (unloading) of antiaircraft artillery subunits
is done in such a way that they are prepared to conduct fire during the
entire process of loading (unloading) the troops (cargoes) being covered.
226. Reconnaissance of the air enemy along the route which the
vessel (towed cargo, convoy) is traveling is conducted by observation
posts on the vessels (barges) and by personnel of the duty crews.
With the agreement of the captain (skipper) of the vessel, the
reconnaissance and target designation sets of antiaircraftrprtillery
units can be deployed on the vessel (barge).
In addition, information from antiair defense radar posts and
the radar sets of ships of the naval fleet (flotilla) is used.
227. The commanding officer of the antiaircraft artillery unit
(subunit) which is covering the vessel (towed cargo, convoy) usually
stations himself close to the captain (skipper) of the vessel and the
echelon comma:m*0f. When a single vessel is being covered, communications
between the commandJng officer of the unit and subordinate Commanding
officers areJnaintained by telephone, while in covering a towed cargo
(convoy), communications with the commandingofficers of subunits on
the barges are by radio. In all instances, extensive use is made of
signal lapans of communications.
4. TBE ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF TROOPS DISPOSED 1N PLACE
228. The antiaircraft artillery cover of troops disposed in
place is effected by organic and attached tube antiaircraft artillery.
In addition, missile antiaircraft artillery can be called on in
accordance with the plan of the senior commander.
229. Deployment of antiaircraft artillery large units (units)
in combat order is done in such a way as to provide the most reliable
cover for the main forces.
Medium caliber antiaircraft artillery and missile antiaircraft
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artillery are usually deployed ahead of time so as to make it possible
to conduct fire against the air enemy beyond the probable bombing line
of the main grouping of troops being covered.
Small caliber antiaircraft artillery is deployed in the disposition
areas of the troops being covered.
230. During the disposition of troops in place in shelters or
hidden from enemy ground or air observation, the conduct of fire by
antiaircraft artillery or the operation of its radar sets may be
forbidden or limited.
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Chapter 10
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY COVER OF INSTALLATIONS IN TEE OPERATIONAL REAR
231. Antiaircraft artillery cover of installations in the
operational rear can be provided by front, ararmy antiaircraft artillery
groups 'end by antiaircraft artillery large units (units) which operate
independently.
7, The composition of an antiaircraft artillery group depends on the
importance of the installation being coveredoon ists dimensions and its
-.vulnerability to strikes from the air, on ihe anticipated operations of
the air enemy, and. on the availability and combat capabilities of other
means of antiair defense: detailed to cover ,the installation.
232. As a rule, small caliber antiaircraft artillery is used,
together with medium caliber antiaircraft artillery to cover installations.
In specific instances it can be used. independently to cover individual
installations against which enemy aircraft can operate successfully only
from low and medium altitudes and by dive bombing,
233. An antiaircraft artillery grouping to cover, an installation
in the operational rear is set up in accordance with the anticipated
nature of the air enemy's operations, the dimensions and configuration
of the installation, the importance of its vartous parte, the nature
of the terrain, and the availability of antiaircraft artillery. A
denser grouping is set up along the most probable operational axes of
the air enemy.
-?
231i, To cover-an installation in the opefttional rear with a
single antiaircraft artillery-Mit , batteries.-of,, thedium caliber anti-
aircraft, artillery are disposed aroundthe installation ,at a distance
of 3 to 5 km from it center. In order to increase the74ensitrof fire
along the most important axes, the intervals and distances between the
batteries can; be diminished. Small caliber airtiaircraft artillery is
deployed near the installation orinside*e b9undaries within ? which
thea latter is loidniport.
When4wo,br more units of medium caliber- antiaircriVt artillery
are, used to covertinstallations in the f' operational rear- - they are
situated. along, the probable bombing linep; ittaclIalso,--be4reezi it and. the
installation.
.An antiaircraft artillery grouping -1.15 944 up_ in such a -way as to
provide an ..oterlaP, in the fire zones of the st4tunite and in order to
ensure tba.t the target is hit before it reache the probable -bombing
line.
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235. Fortthe antiaircraft artillery cover of airfields, medium
caliber antiaircraft artillery and missile antiaircraft artillery are
so located that the air enemy can be hit at the approaches to the
airfields.
On an airfield, small -caliber antiaircraft artillery batteries
occupy fire positions in order to cover aircraft parking places,
control points, depots and. personnel-billetsgagainst strikes by the
air enemy, delivered. from low and medium altitudes and by dive bombing.
When an airborne landing force is dropped- (landed.) -directly on
or close to an airfield during an attack on -the airfield. by the ground
enemy, the disposition of tube antiaircraft Artillery-stibunits must
allow the conduct of fire against the landing force in the air and.
against ground targets. The procedure foit.the conduct of antiaircraft
artillery fire in these instances iii..cleteignect by the general defense
plan of the airfield.
236. In the antiaircraft artillery defense of mai road. and.
water communication sectors, unite of medium ant smallcaliber anti-
aircraft #tillery can be split down to 'battery level, in vhich case
fire control is decentralized..
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CHAPTER 11
THE MOVEMENT OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
237. Antiaircraft artillery large units (units) can
be moved as components of combined arms large units (units)
or independently, along one or several routes. . Anti-
aircraft artillery units (subunits) moving as components
of a column of combined arms large units (units) provide
cover for the troops from strikes by the air enemy at the
same time.
During independent movement, antiaircraft artillery
large units (units) can be moved in trucks, or transported
by rail, water or air. During this process:, the forces and
means of the antiaircraft artillery large units (units)
being transported organize cover from strikes by the air
enemy.
Whatever the means of transportpand no matter what
the situation, antiaircraft artillery large units (units)
must arrive at the designated area in good time and at
full combat readiness.
2. MARCHES
238. As a rule, marches by antiaircraft artillery large
units and units should be carried out at night or under
other conditions when visibility is limited. Irrespective
of the time and method of movement, special attention must
be paid to the organization of antinuclear, antichemical,
and antibacteriological defense, to camouflage and - at
the completion of a march - to antitank defense.
239. After receiving a march order, the commanding
officer of an antiaircraft artillery large unit (unit)
issues preliminary combat instructions on the preparation
for the march of subordinate units (subunits).
In organizing' the march, he must:
-- take into account the distance of the ground enemy
and the likelihood of an encounter with him;
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-- determine the length of the march and the time
necessary for its completion;
-- evaluate the movement routes from the point of view
of the possibility of an attack by enemy aircraft, and organize
reconnaissance of them;
-- determine the composition of the columns, the departure
lines (points), the lines at which the columns are to be
regulated, and the times at which these will be crossed.'
-- take note of the places at which there will be
long halts and the duration of these; of rest areas and
times and the concentration (deployment) area and of the
time of arrival;
-- give directions on measures for combat support;
-- take steps to have roads, bridges and river crossings
put in good repair;
-- issue directions for the commandant's service;
-- indicate the procedure for control and communi-
cations during the march.
240. An antiaircraft artillery large unit (antiaircraft
missile unit) can carry out a march in one or several route
columns.
When large units move in a single column, all the
units proceed along the same route, one after the other.
When an antiaircraft artillery large unit moves in
several route columns, the units usually proceed along
parallel routes. In this case, the distance between the
routes should be such as to make it impossible for
two columns moving in parallel to be destroyed by the
explosion of a single nuclear bomb (projectile) of medium
yield.
An antiaircraft artillery unit usually marches in a
single route column.
241. The route columns of antiaircraft artillery large
units are divided by length of column into unit route columns
and the latter into subunit route columns.
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The distances between unit columns are fixed in
accordance with the situation and for convenience of move-
ment. However, in all cases, they must be such as to make
it impossible for two columns moving one behind the other to
be destroyed by the explosion of a single nuclear bomb (pro-
jectile) and such that the overall length of the columns of
units and large units is as short as possible.
242. The assembly of more than one unit of antiaircraft
artillery at a single spot before a march begins is not per-
mitted. The starting point or line, the lines at which the
columnsare to be-regulatedland the time at which these will
be crossed, as well as the time and sites for halts, arein-
dicated to each unit.
243. According to the degree of effort and the speed
of movement, a march may be normal or forced.
The speed of movement of antiaircraft artillery large
units (units) on the march and the distance covered each
day depend on the tasks, the familiarity of personnel with
their work, the qualifications of the drivers , the type
of materiel, the means of traction, the condition of roads,
the weather, the season of the year and the time of day or
night, and,for a normal march, can average;
-- 15 to 20 km an hour at night and 20 .to 25 km. an hour
by day in trucks;
-- up to 15 km an hour at night and 15 to 20 km an hour
by day in caterpillar prime movers.
When antiaircraft artillery is moving as a component
of a combined arms large unit (unit), it travels at the
speed of the column it is covering.
A normal 24-hour march for antiaircraft artillery is:
-- 180 to 250 km in trucks;
-- 150 to 200 km in caterpillar prime movers.
300 to 350 km can be negotiated in trucks in a 24-hour
period during a forced march.
244. In order to conserve the men's strength, to check
on the technical condition of trucks and materiel, and to
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eliminate malfunctions, long and short halts and day (night)
and 24-hour rest periods are allocated.
Short halts lasting 20 to 30 minutes are allocated for
every 2 to 3 hours of movement. The first short halt is
allocated 1 or 2 hours after movement begins.
Long halts lasting 2 to 4 hours are usually allocated
at the beginning of the second half of a day's march. Long
halts are usually not given at night or dfiringamarch covering
a distance which is less than a normal day's march.
A day's (night's) rest period is usually allocated after
the completion of a: night's (day's) march.
A 24-hour rest period is allocated after three or four
days of marching.
The time columns begin to move is reckoned as being
the time they pass thedeparturepdinf(linlIV. Subsequently,
the movement of columns is regulated according to lines
or points. The lines at which columns are regulated are
allocated as follows; 2 to 3 hours for units, and 3 to 4
hours of movement for large units. -
The time at which regulating lines (start points) are
crossed is reckoned as being the time at which the heads of
the columns pass.
245. Antiaircraft artillery large units (units) on
the march must observe the established procedure. Movement
is carried out on the right side of the road. The left side
is used for oncoming traffic and for overtaking. Trucks
proceed in formation in the places designated for them.
Trucks are permitted to stop only on the right-hand shoulder
or to the right of the road. Overtaking of one column by
another takes place only with permission from the senior
commander.
246. Cover for antiaircraft artillery large unit and
unit columns on the march from enemy air strikes is organized
by their commanding officers.
Cover for the columns of missile antiaircraft artillery
units (subunits) is organized by the senior commander.
Antitank defense, as well as antinuclear, ,and antiphemical
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,
protection, is. organized in each column.. Observers are
designated for air observatiolvand to watch for the appear-
ance of enemy tanks.
?
For the local security of itcolumt,on the march, the.
commanding officer of an aptiaircraft=yartiUery large unit
(unit) dispatches advance, flankand rear,jpatrolS on motor-
cycles or in automobiles.
Flank patrols are dispatched According tO'the- availability
Of roadOsuitable_-for their Movement.
Patrols are dispatched to ,a distance which allows direct
visibility-fro* the, subunits whiclvtheyare covering and are
equipped with signal facilities,
247. On the basis of a directive from the commanding
officer and the higher headquarters, an antiaircraft artillery
large unit (unit) staff organizes a commandant's service on
the march to control traffic, to check on the observance .of
established traffic rules by the units (subunits).0.nd to c
check on the observance of camouflage measures.
248. Mobile means of communications are mainly used
for the control of units (subunits) on tie march. Radio
sets receive and are ready to transmit.- The duty radio set
(nutio receiver) in every column is detailed to operate on
the alert network.
249. When a march is to be carried out at night, the
itinerary must be reconnoitered during daylight. During a
march at night, all trucks move with dimmed headlights or
using night vision,instruments. Signs smelly visible in
darkness, are carried on the sides ofveizicles,. on the shields
and muzzle cowlings of guns, on the cover of instruments
and on the compartments of radar sets.
250. During a march in a forest, the intervals between
units (subunits) are reduced; lines for the regulation of the
columns are allocated more frequently. Column regulation
posts are set up at all road intersections, junctions and
on road sectors which are difficult to negotiate.
251. During a march in winter through deep snow and
at low temperatures, it is necessary to prepare the roads
and to take measures to prevent personnel from freezing,
to provide tracked and wheeled vehicles with: special attachments
to increase their roadability, and anti-freeze for radiatOrs.
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During movement in a-heavy frost, short halts, are
allocated more frequently, while long halts Are usually not
allocated at all, and arrangements for supplying the men with
hot food are made.
252. When organizing a march of antiaircraft artillery
large units (units) in mountains, it is necessary to take
into account the terrain profile of the route and to provide
units (subunits) with blocks and tackles, cables, winches
and other facilities for raising and lowering materiel.
Speed of movement drops considerably when mountain
passes are being negotiated and whenclimbing-?sorhdescending.
The intervals between guns (towed guns) and trucks increase.
Traffic control is reinforced along mountainous 'Sectors
of roads: additional traffic control posts are established
at narrow places, at sharp turns, andon mountain passes.
Measures are taken to slow down materiel and trucks
on steep slopes or descents. When neceSSary, crews with
caterpillar prime movers are dispatched beforehand to road
sectors with steep slopes or descents.
Halts are allocatedin accordance with the difficulty
of the route and with the availability A4 the area of con.
venient sectors fOr stopping! T _
253. In organizing a march in desert and steppe, the
length of a day's march is usually determined in accordance
with the availability of water sources and fuel supplies
along the route or with the possibaity of bringing up water
and fuel. Before beginning a march, it is necessary to possess
water reserves which are adequate until the nearest water
source or water supply point is reached.
3. THE TRANSPORT OF ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY
254. In making calculations for loading units in
echelons (on vessels), special attention must be given to
preservation of the organizational unity of units and sub-
units, so that the unit (subunit) being transported is in
complete combat readiness and has the proper quantity of
ammunition and fuel after unloading.
255. Units (subunits) arrive at the waiting areas at
the time which has been arranged, and from there they are
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for loading by instructions from
the echelon com-
manders. Before loading, units (subunits) should mainly be
brought to the waiting area at night. Measures should be
taken to decentralize and camouflage them, and also to pre-
pare shelters for them, even when the units are only to
remain in these areas for a brief period.
256. In order to protect an echelon from strikes by
the air enemy, a proportion of the antiaircraft guns are
set up on flat cars (vessel) in combat position.
For air observation, observation posts are set up and
wire communications are established to them.
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Chapter 12
THE SUPPLY OF WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION
257. The supply of weapons, ammunition and other
artillery equipment to antiaircraft artillery large units
(units, subunits) is carried out by the artillery weapons
service. The main tasks of the artillery armament service
in antiaircraft artillery are:
-- timely and uninterrupted supply to antiaircraft
artillery large units and units of artillery weapons,
ammunition and equipment;
-- to ensure that artillery weapons and ammunition
are constantly in readiness for combat use, to check on
their proper operation, storage, conservation, and
maintenance in units, subunits and artillery depots;
-- to maintain an inventory of artillery weapons,
ammunition and equipment;
-- to organize and carry out timely repair at weapons
and other artillery equipment;
-- to prepare artillery depots and the disposition
sites of artillery repair workshops against atomic and
chemical attack and to decentralize, shelter and camouflage
the weapons and ammunition in them;
-- to take measures to liquidate the effects of atomic
(chemical) attacks by the enemy in the disposition areas
of artillery depots and artillery repair shops;
-- to organize the collection and deactivation
(decontamination, disinfection) of contaminated weapons,
empty shell cases and packing cases on the battlefield,
andtheir evacuation to the rear area;
-- to study the utilization and operation of anti-
aircraft artillery equipment (our own and that of the enemy);
to study and draw conclusions from the operational ex-
perience of the artillery armament service under various
combat conditions;
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to study and draw conclusions from
experience in
the protection of artillery weapons and ammunition from
the effects of atomic weapons and other means of mass
destruction.
258. Artillery depots and artillery repair shops
are deployed in an antiaircraft artillery large unit (unit).
In antiaircraft artillery units which are covering
first echelon divisions, artillery depots and artillery
repair shops are deployed at a distance of up to 6 km from
the fire positions of the batteries during an offenSive
and of up to 10 km in defense, on instructions from the
unit commanding officer.
In antiaircraft artillery large units, artillery depots
and artillery repair shops are disposed up to 12 kms from
the fire positions of antiaircraft artillery subunits
during an offensive and up to 25 kms in defense. .
In antiaircraft artillery large units (units)
covering troops in disposition areas and installations in
the operational rear area, artillery depots and artillery
repair shops are disposed in operational areas of the
antiaircraft artillery large units (units) which are in-
dicated by the commanding officers of the largetnits (units).
259. An artillery depot shouldoas a rulelbe so located
as to take advantage of the natural features of the terrain
and decentralized as far as possible.
The security and defense of an artillery depot and
its protection from atomic weapons and other means of mass
destruction arecarried out, as a rule, by the forces and
means of the artillery depot itself. When necessary,
appropriate forces and means can be detailed to guard the
depot and to transport it along the travel route on in-
structions from the commanding officer of the large unit
(unit).
260. Artillery depots carry out the receipt,in-
ventory and storage of artillery weapons, ammunition and
equipment and their issue to units (subunits), accept from
them malfunctioning and surplus weapons and equipment and
empty shell cases and packing casesd,and also prepare sur-
plus weapons, and weapons due for repairs which cannot be
undertaken with local facilities, for dispatch to the rear.
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261. The requirement for and provision and expenditure
of ammunition is calculated in types of ammunition by in-
dividual units and by complete units of fire (in accordance
with the availability of weapons). The amount of ammunition
established for a single weapon unit as a unit for the
calculation of supply is called a complete unit of fire.
262. Mobile ammunition reserves in antiaircraft
artillery large units, units and subunits are divided
between expendable portions. and the emergency reserve,
which can be expended, as a rule, on the orders of the
senior commander, and in special cases, where delay isnot per-
missible, with the permission of the commanding officer
ot the antiaircraft artillery group (large unit, unit).
263. Supplementary reserves of ammunition, which are
set up in antiaircraft artillery large units, units and
subunits (at fire positions, in regimental and battalion
depots) over and above the mobile reserves carried by organic
transport, are laid out on the ground and are stored in
cellars, recesses, ditches and excavations.
The amounts of ammunition to be held as supplementary
reserves are established by the commanding officer of a
large unit (unit).
264. As a rule, ammunition is brought up to antiair-
craft artillery as follows:
-- from an army (front) artillery depot to a division
artillery depot, by the transport of the army (front);
-- from a division artillery depot to regimental
artillery depots, and also, in some instances, tothe fire
positions of the batteries themselves, by division transport;
-- from regimental artillery depots to battery fire
positions, by regimental transport.
As a rule, ammunition is brought up at night. When
it is necessary to deliver ammunition during daylight, it
is brought up by small groups of trucks or by individual
vehicles.
265. Ammunition is supplied to antiaircraft artillery
units and subunits operating as components of antiaircraft
artillery groups, on instructions from the commanding ?
officers of the large units (units) from which they have
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been detailed, by the transport of these large units (units).
266. An artillery depot must issue units (subunits)
with ammunition which is selected in accordance with the
powder content of the charges, the weight markings of the
shells, and types of fuses, according to the markings on
the ammunition cases.
267. Antiaircraft artillery large units. (units)
obtain artillery materiel, fire control instruments, radar
sets and other complex instruments directly from the army
(front) artillery depot, as a rule, sending their own
acceptance inspectors with transport means to fetch them.
Antiaircraft artillery large units of the Reserve of
the Supreme. High. Command attached to an army are only
supplied with ammunition from army artillery depots. They
obtain weapons and other artillery equipment from front
artillery depots.
268. Depending on the nature of the malfunction,
the repair of weapons is divided into minor, medium and
major repairs and is carried out as followsl-
-- minor repairs are done directly in the batteries
by the regular maintepance men of.the batteries or by
maintenance men detafted from the artillery repair shops-,
and also in regimental and division artillery repair
shops;
0_
medium repairs are done in army, front and partly
in division,ar%illery repair shops;
major repairs are done in front artillery repair
shops (Part154i- at central bases, in arsenals and in
industrial plants.
In cases when this is necessary, at the decision
of senior commanders, division artillery repair shops and
maintenange brines of the army artillery repair shop
make repairs diredtly in subunits.
269. Malfunctioning artillery weapons which.can-
not be repaired in, regimental or division artillery repair
shops, and all surplus artillery weapons aad equipment,
after being checkedfarsaRty and de-activation. (decontamin-
ation); are transported out of the troop disposition area
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and delivered
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to army (front) depots and
repair shops
270. Artillery weapons and equipment are evacuated
to the, rear by the transport of the higher large unit,,
.and by transportgojng to the rear for equipment or re-
turning kp the rr after, delivering equipment to the
troops.
271. Empty shell cases and empty artillery packing.
cases are subject to 'urgent and obligatory return to the
rear. ,The IOW of shell and: artillery packing cases for
any other thiwtheir properUrposes is-prohibited;
Organizing the collection of empty shell cases and
empty packing cages at,the.fire positions isAhe.duty. of
the commanding officers of Subunits and units, who are
responsible for keeping them and for delivering them
141tact..to artillery depota.-Hesponsibility for the timely
transport of empty shell cases from reginental and division
artillery depots toVikarear rests with the chief of artillery
armament of the unit (large unit).
Empty shell aases:and artillery packing cases which
have been exposed to contamination by radioactive (taxic)
substances, as well as bacteriological agents., are subject
to decontamination, deactivation, and disinfection, after
which they are sent to the rear.
272. The commanding officer of an antiaircraft
.artillery large unit (unit) is responsible for thetimely
Support of Onits (subunits) with artillery weapons,- ammu-
nition, and equipment, and for the condition of the weapons
and ammunition of the large unit (unit).
He must:
77- direct the artillery armament 'service of the
large unit (unit);
establish the, sequence, timing and volume of
,deliveries of ammunition to the units (subunits)and
the procedure for using transport to bring up ammunition;
-- watch over the purposeful and economical ex-
penditure of ammunition;
-- verify the observance by units (subunits) of the
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rules for the operation, storage and maintenance
of weapons
and other artillery equipment, as well as of ammunition;
-- establish the reasons for losses of weapons, and
ammunition and present materials and his own conclusions
on these to the senior commander;
.
-- organize the security and transport of ammunition
which cannot be carried by the organic transport of the
units (subunits), when fire positions are being changed;
-- organize a study of the employment and operation
of our own artillery equipment and of that of the enemy.
273. The commanding officer of an antiaircraft artillery
group carries out a check on the provision with ammunition
of the units (subunits) of the group and takes steps for
the timely replenishment of stocks of ammunition.
He must:
-- issue directives to the commanding officers of
antiaircraft artillery units (subunits) on the norms and
times for accumulating ammunition at artillery depots and
at the fire positions of batteries;
-- watch over the economical expenditure of ammunition
and its availability in the units (subunits) of the group;
-- when necessary, redistribute ammunition between
the units (subunits) of the group, based on the quantities
of ammunition which these have on hand and on the tasks
which have been assigned to them;
-- when fire positions are being changed, organize
control over the transport of ammunition to the new
positions.
274. The chief of artillery armament of an anti-
aircraft artillery large unit (unit) directs the supply
of artillery weapons, ammunition and equipment to units
(subunits).
He must:
--provide the units (subunits) with artillery weapons,
ammunition and equipment in good time;
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--
vision
equipment;
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maintain an inventory of the requirements
of weapons for units (subunits), ammunition
and pro-
and
-r direct the work of the artillery depot and of the
artillery repair shop, organize the reception, storage and
classification of ammunition according to the method of
operation of the projectiles, the powder content of the
charges, the weight marks of the projectiles and the type
of fusing device;
-- carry out a systematic check in the units and
subunits on the storage and conservation of artillery
weapons, ammunition and equipment.00n the technical state,
performance and course of repairs, and also on the state -
of inventory of the artillery weapons, ammunition and
equipment;
-- organize the collection of empty shell cases and
artillery packing cases and their transportation to artillery
depots;
-- present reports on the artillery weapons to the
senior chief of artillery armament at the established times;
-- study the employment and operation of antiaircraft
artillery equipment (our own and that of the enemy) and
also experience of the operation of the artillery weapons
service under various combat conditions, presenting
statements with his deductions and conclusions to the
senior chief of artillery armament.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1. Principles of the Combat Utilization
of Antiaircraft Artillery 5
Chapter 2 The Direction of Antiaircraft Artillery 12
Chapter 3 The Combat and Engineering Support of
Antiaircraft Artillery 24
1. Combat Support 24
Antiaircraft Artillery Reconnaissance 24
Direct Security and Self-Defense 30
Protection from Nuclear Weapons and Other
Means of Mass Destruction 32
Camouflage 34
2. Engineer Support 35
Chapter 4 Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops
During an Offensive 38
1. General Principles 38
2. The Organization of the Combat Operations of
Antiaircraft Artillery Groups (Large Units, 39
Units)
3. The Deployment of Antiaircraft Artillery in
Combat Formation 41
4. Operations by Antiaircraft Artillery During
an Offensive 43
5. Special Features of the Antiaircraft Artillery
Cover of Troops in a Meeting Engagement 46
6. Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops in
Engaged Pursuit 47
7. Special Features of the Antiaircraft Artillery
Cover of Troops During Combat for the Encircle-
ment and Destruction of an Encircled Enemy 48
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8. Special
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Features of Antiaircraft Artillery
Page
in
the Cover of Troops During an Offensive Entail-
ing the Negotiation of a Water Obstacle 49
9. Special Features of the Antiaircraft Artillery
Cover of Airborne Forces 52
10. Special Features of Antiaircraft Artillery Cover
of Troops During a Joint Offensive with Naval
Large Units 55
Chapter 5 The Antiaircraft Cover of Troops in
Defense 59
1. General Principles 59
2. The Organization of Combat Operations of Anti-
aircraft Artillery Groups (Large Units, Units) 61
3. Operations by Antiaircraft Artillery in Defense 62
4. Special Features of Antiaircraft Artillery Cover
of Troops in the Defense of Water Obstacles 64
5. Spedial Features of the Antiaircraft Artillery
Cover of Troops in the Defense of a Seacoast 65
Chapter 6 Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops
During Withdrawal 67
Chapter 7 Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops
During Combat in Encirclement and in
Breaking Out of Encirclement 68
Chapter 8 Special Features of Antiaircraft Artillery
Combat Operations Under Various Conditions 70
Chapter 9 Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops
in Movement and During their Disposition
in Place 76
1. Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops on the March
2. Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops Being
Transported by Rail 78
3. Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops Being
Transported by Water 80
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4. The Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of Troops
Disposed in Place
Chapter 10 Antiaircraft Artillery Cover of In-
stallations in the Operational Rear 83
Chapter 11 The Movement of Antiaircraft Artillery 85
1. General Principles 85
2. Marches 85
3. The Transport of Antiaircraft Artillery 90
Chapter 12 The Supply of Weapons and Ammunition 92
Under the supervision of Colonel N.M. Andriyenko
and editor P.V. Fesenko
Page
81
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