TRUMP-CONN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP94-00798R000200140025-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 87
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 19, 2012
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: September 14, 1979
• Content Type: MEMO

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AN ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE
OF THE
FBIS DAILY REPORT
by
Conn-Trump
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FOREMIRMYStrIMIPSENCt
P.O. Box 2604
Washington, D. C. 20013
14 September 1979
MEMORANDUM FOR: Bureau Chiefs
FROM:
Chief, Operations Group
SUBJECT: Trump-Conn Report
1. For the first time in FBIS history we asked two consultants
from the journalism world to take a look at how we do business on the
Daily Report. The review of editorial procedures was conducted by
Christopher Trump, Assistant Dean of the Columbia School of Journalism,
and Stephen Conn, a free lance writer and former N.Y. Times corres-
pondent, now a consultant at Columbia. Their report is attached.
2. Nhny of their observations and recommendations may not ring
true to you, but keep in mind they had only two weeks at Headquarters
and three days at Panama to gather their data. I think you will find
the report interesting in any case as a look at FBIS from the
"outside," a "journalistic" look at our editorial work.
3. I have asked the Chief, DRD to evaluate the report and make
appropriate recommendations by 15 November. Please ask all of your
editors to read this report and forward comments to C/DRD by
15 October. Similarly, you should of course comment.
4. The report is not classified, but because there are numerous
references to our parent agency, you should take care in handling it
at the bureau.
Attachment:
Trump-Conn Report
AI mu pNiv
AVATRATIVE-INTFRR.1.,. L.
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nuitiimailifilIVE.liiitIMIL UM.' 'JULY
14 September 1979
MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Daily Reporting Division
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Alice:
Chief, Operations Group
Trump-Conn Report
1. Please evaluate each recommendation contained in the Trump-
Conn Report and report to me by memorandum, by 15 November, what the
DRD recommends in terms of implementing or not implementing.
2. I request that where possible cost estimates be included
with those programs you believe should be implemented.
3. All editors and other appropriate DRD personnel should read
the report and comment to you.
Attachment:
Five copies of Trump-Conn Report
ItiMESTRATIVEINIM LINLY
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MEMORANDUM FOR: Director, FBIS
SUBJECT
Trump-Conn Report
7 September 1979
Don and Jerry:
1. Attached is the Trump-Conn report. It is an interesting
outsiders' view of the Daily Report and how we do business. Some
of the ideas are naive, some are old hat, some have already been
implemented (but presumably they wanted to affirm that they approved
of them). Some are also worth serious consideration.
2. Mbst significant are the recommendations as to how we
publish the Daily Report, such as:
+ Establish a true Managing Editor;
+ Divorce the role of true editors (judgmental) from
copy readers (preparing copy for the printer);
+ Establish a separate desk where substantive editing
would be handled;
+ Stagger shifts to avoid typing bottlenecks;
+ Perk up the "editing environment."
3. There is much food for thought. I recommend as a starter,
that Daily Report management be tasked to comment on the recommendations
and came up with a plan for implementing the more significant ideas.
I believe every editor, as well as bureau chief, be asked to read the
report and forward comments to C/DRD.
4. The last chapter, "Summation," stands pretty well alone
and you may wish to forward it to DDS&T.
Attachment
Trump-Conn Report
cc: Chief, DRD
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STAT
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Chief, Operations Group
Foreign Broadcast Information Service
P.O. Box 2604
Washington, D.C. 20013
Dear
August 28, 1979
Attached is our Report of findings and recommendations based on our
study of the FBIS operations in Rosslyn and Panama. We hope that you find
at least some of our suggestions feasible and beneficial to your organization's
mission.
As we mention in our Report, we found this to be an extremely fulfilling
undertaking for us and were impressed not only with the quality of the
individuals working on the Daily Report but with the product as well. We feel
strongly that if sone of the attached findings and recommendations could be'
implemented, not only would the Daily Report benefit but so too would the
performance, morale, pride in product and acceptance by consumers, which is
already high.
Please let us know if there is more we can do to be helpful, for example,
in connection with the FBIS overseas editors' conference in October. In
several areas, such as recruitment and training by professional journalists,
we both hate had extensive experience. Consequently, we would be more than
happy to work with FBIS in the future here or anywhere else that you and
your colleagues think we milt be of assistance.
We found this assignment challenging and stimulating. We welcome a continuing
association, both on a personal and professional level, with the many members
of your organization without shove cooperation and help this report would not
have been possible.
Please extend our thanks and appreciation to them all. Many contributed to our
final Report by making themselves readily available and discussing FBIS's
strong and weak points with complete frankness. The blame or credit for the
final product, of course, rests with us alone.
Sincerely,
STAT
cji. 4LP
Christopher G. Trump
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STAT
STAT
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AN ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE
OF THE
FBIS DAILY REPORT
by
Stephen R. Conn
and
Christopher G. Trump
August 1979
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 1
II. Recruitment and Training 6
III. Utilization of Editors: At
Headquarters and in the Field 14
IV. The Book 31
V. Communication and Coordination 41
VI. Prospect for Automation 46
VII. The Consumer View 50
VIII. Summation: Major Findings and
Recommendations 59
Appendix
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In a period covering nearly two weeks in the Rosslyn (Va.)
headquarters and three days at the Panama Bureau, we observed
first hand the operation of the Foreign Broadcast Information
Service (FBIS) and the production of its Daily Report.
While we conclude that the production of such a comprehensive
and professional product is indeed a "daily miracle," we also
feel there is considerable room for improvement, both in the
utilization of personnel and in the Daily Report itself. It
should be noted that the Daily Report receives uniformly high
ratings among consumers, both here and abroad. It is indis-
pensable to the work of many and in some instances, such as
in the case of analysts of the Soviet bloc and the People's
Republic of China, it is often the primary if not the sole
source of information.
It became apparent that the main attraction for editors work-
ing for FBIS is an overseas assignment. In the words of one
editor, "In the entire editorial operation the worst job any-
one could be assigned to is the Daily Report. Anyone going
from the field to Washington dreads this." Yet the majority
of those being rotated back from field duty will go to the
Daily Report.
It is our contention that by improving the quality of the
Daily Report and making the work of editors on the publication
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more challenging and more of an editorial function rather
than merely one of punctuation and capitalization, a vast
improvement in morale of stateside editors and in the qual-
ity of the Daily Report will result.
The basic problem is that editors on the Daily Report are
not being challenged and consequently have little or no
pride in their product. This results in boredom, restless-
ness, and discouragement. The main objective for the edi-
tors becomes one of getting back overseas as soon as possi-
ble rather than one of turning out the best professional
product.
There are evident problems at headquarters, which directly
affect the performance of the editors and the quality of the
Daily Report. They include such dilemmas as: What should be
done with editors who have rotated back to headquarters?
What can be done to improve the strained relationship between
editors and analysts so that they work together harmoniously
and productively? What can be done, not only to recruit the
best possible personnel, but also to retain them once they
join FBIS? What can be done to restore the esprit de corps
of bygone days that we heard spoken of repeatedly? What can
be done to make the Daily Report a more professional looking
publication, while still preserving its primary function of
providing consumers with all the information necessary for
them to fulfill their missions? What can be done to challenge
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and stimulate editors in their work, primarily in headquar-
ters, but also in the field bureaus?
There are other questions that must be answered and we shall
make recommendations here as well. They include: Where
should the primary editing be done, in the field or at head-
quarters? How many levels of editing should there be? What,
if anything should be done about indexing and cross referenc-
ing? What can be done to improve communication between the
field and headquarters? What can be done to improve communi-
cation between management and the editorial operation? What
effect will automation have on the editorial operation and
the final product? How can recruitment and training be
improved? What, if any, additional training should be re-
quired of editors? How can the delivery time of the Daily
Report to consumers be cut so that the information is more
timely and useful? How can the copy flow be improved? What
can be done to improve a situation where, regrettably, the
number of typists available and production plant limitations
dictate the number of pages in the Daily Report? What
devices can be employed to improve morale, the sense of pro-
fessional fulfillment and engender both a spirit of coopera-
tion and friendly competition among Daily Report editors?
How can the image of this totally overt objective and pub-
licly available product of the Central Intelligence Agency
be improved?
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These are among the important questions we hope to answer in
the sections that follow. Our recommendations are based not
only on our
also on our combined
Christopher G. Trump
periods of observation in Rosslyn and Panama but
experience with related situations.
is a contributing editor of Atlas World
been a dean at the Columbia Graduate
since 1965, working extensively in such
Press Review and has
School of Journalism
areas as admissions and curriculum development. Stephen R.
Conn, a former by-line correspondent for The New York Times,
part of whose military service [Army Intelligence] was as
the youngest officer in charge of the Information Office of
the U.S. Army Intelligence Center, is a communications con-
sultant and free-lance writer.
We consider the most significant areas of concern to be:
1) the utilization of editors at headquarters and in the
field and 2) the appearance, content and production of the
Daily Report. Consequently we will concentrate our report
in these areas. But we shall also discuss such topics as
recruitment and training and the views of consumers regard-
ing the Daily Report.
It should be apparent that while we were quite impressed
with the personnel and the product, we feel there is room
for improvement in terms of both. Even if FBIS were attract-
ing the best possible candidates under the present arrange-
ment, these individuals are not being challenged, utilized
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or trained in the optimum manner. Through proper training
and utilization both they and the final product, the Daily
Report, will benefit and consequently, so will FBIS's cli-
entele here and abroad.
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CHAPTER II RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
It strikes us that the principal need FBIS faces is the
recruitment of editors for overseas assignments, the Daily
Report and the wire service. The two-page flyer dated
August 24, 1973 tends to dilute this urgency by also citing
the "punditry" jobs available for those who would like to
be analysts and the linguist positions open to those who
know foreign languages. Frankly, that is not where the shoe
hurts.
Given the rotational imperative, which at one time may have
been an attractive option to new employees, the dominant
objective of FBIS recruitment should be for editors. The
flyer should be discarded in favor of a brochure which hon-
estly spells out what an FBIS editor is expected to do; that
the assignments overseas largely mean living, not traveling
abroad and that Bahrain and Abidjan are as much on the sched-
ule as Vienna and London. We note the recent UPI report
that the CIA had advertised in The Washington Post for a few
good people: "One in a thousand maybe. You're a bright,
self-reliant, self-motivated person we need to help us gather
information. .
Assuming some of the figures that were
shared with us are reasonably on the mark, this means that
ads such as this will garner 90,000 applications annually
for some 1,600 CIA jobs. FBIS is in competition for the best
of these applicants with other agency units. It ought
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aggressively to pursue them and a brochure that presents an
honest description of work with the wire room, the Daily
Report and overseas monitoring stations might make a dent in
the rather large attrition rate that appears to hamstring
the operation at present.
Consider: We learn that average annual turnover of FBIS
editors is 10-12, but that last year it was 20. This is a
rather horrendous attrition of close to 25% of all editors.
It may become a fact of life unless efforts are made to face
the facts candidly: Overseas assignments are no longer as
desirable because young people have already junketed around
the world on cheap flights in their college days, tax lia-
bilities and inflation have eroded fiscal rewards and two-
career families find it impossible to cope with rotation.
A brochure, coupled by personal follow-up consultation with
fairly young editors (the believability quotient for such
peer counseling is rather high, as we have found in our re-
cruitment efforts at the Columbia Graduate School of Jour-
nalism) will do much to target candidates with a greater
likelihood of staying on.
The other side of the coin is that FBIS, too, wants more
than just a bright person, probably with an advanced degree,
who thinks that travel is a marvelous way to spend a career.
The August 1973 memo leads with the line that "FBIS editors
are journalists as well as intelligence officers. . ? ?
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Given this statement, a recruiting effort should be made for
broadly educated persons with a potential for journalism.
Work on a school newspaper, at the least, should figure
strongly into such a background. The quality of the program
pursued by the applicant should be reviewed as carefully as
the grades received. In addition it would be well to request
letters of reference, which when coupled with a personal
interview, would probe the applicants' breadth of view, curi-
osity, persistence, resourcefulness and initiative. The
final criterion is also the most elusive one: Motivation.
The most highly educated person is essentially worthless as
an editor if the pressures of the job, the constant rotation
and the daily deadlines are incompatible with that individ-
ual's mindset. One question that should be probed of all is
the one UPI asks its candidates for a job: Would you be
willing to live and work anywhere? Any hesitation should be
noted immediately -- a missed cue at this point means time,
energy and dollars expended on training a potential washout.
The final hurdle, the editor test currently in use for appli-
cants, is well structured and provides an excellent basis
for making a final decision. However, since the nature of
journalism is working under pressure, we would urge that the
time limits be cut in half to 15-15-30 minutes.
To sum up: Recruitment should be made a high-priority objec-
tive, with a brochure, programmed visitation to campuses and
other central locations for interviews and a rigorous review
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of all qualifications before an offer is made. Given the
current high attrition rate, this should be a permanent
effort for the foreseeable future, since some of those fin-
ally selected will not make it based on health and security
screening.
There are many potentially outstanding journalists -- in our
better schools, news organizations and elsewhere -- who would
be excited by the prospect of challenging editing work, serv-
ing the nation, overseas duty, excellent security (government
service offers that) with good retirement benefits and the
opportunity to use their skills, languages, studies and other
professional and academic training.
As one FBIS executive told us, "I got tired of being a starv-
ing wire service reporter." People should not be forced to
leave the profession they love because they can't make ends
meet. FBIS offers professional fulfillment, security and
good pay for those who stick with it and perform. Based on
current federal pay scales, FBIS is highly competitive in
the journalistic marketplace.
Our review left us with the impression that training is not
as intensively programmed as it might be. We would urge the
"cabin boy routine" used by the Norwegian merchant marine:
no young recruit who aspires to an officer's position can do
so without first serving as a cabin boy. For FBIS this means
that all new editors would begin their careers in Washington
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learning copy editing on the Daily Report, while at the same
time learning editing -- that skill which involves not only
learning the FBIS editorial handbook (with testing along the
way to measure progress!), diplomatic and cabinet lists, the
GPO style book but also what news judgment is all about. An
editor should be so trained that a blooper such as ". .
reported by (?nodding) Carter" would be impossible.
One young editor noted that within a year he had no less
than five supervisors responsible for his training. While
that may be fine to teach one to roll with a variety of
punches, it is ruinous from the standpoint of a structured
training program. Each new editor should be under the wing
of a single mentor, who would work with him or her consis-
tently and make a progress report to management.
In addition, news judgment should be taught by professional
editors. For example, editors from the foreign desks of
The Washington Post and Star could offer a course of instruc-
tion meeting once a week, conceivably in the evening. The
experience of learning from such professionals is without
parallel and has become institutionalized at Columbia. All
of our editing courses are taught by newsmen drawn as adjunct
instructors from New York's media.
Once this phase of the training has been completed, the new
editor should be exposed to the wire service, which offers
more of the pace and excitement that will be confronted in
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the field. At the same time all new editors should be
enrolled in at least one State Department FIS course and
should develop a relationship of understanding with AG, as
we shall discuss in Chapter V.
In our judgment the present practice of sending new editors
to TDY for three months' training in Panama or Okinawa is an
excellent one it is the logical culmination of the inten-
sive training in Washington. The three-month tour is good
as a target; but based on our investigation, it should be
flexible -- some are ready for a full tour immediately,
others may need a return to headquarters before being moved
again to the field.
The essence of our recommendation is that FBIS editors be
treated as the professionals they are. This mindset should
be reflected in how they are recruited and trained and in
the development of their further careers at FBIS. For this
reason we strongly urge that no editor returned from the
field be put to work on the Daily Report as a copy marker,
capitalizer, word counter and proof reader. These initial
"cabin boy" functions are a misuse of their talents, the
much more important work they could be doing for FBIS and,
in the final analysis, the high salary they are paid. In a
later chapter we shall make recommendations as to how the
copy editing of the book should be professionalized, albeit
with a lower level of personnel.
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The primary personnel need of FBIS, as we see it, is for
editors. Training on a programmed basis is essential to mak-
ing them the best possible editors to serve the mission, and
most importantly -- there must be a progressive increase
in responsibilities and duties to retain the ?n and work
satisfaction of these editors. In the best of worlds they
are the FBIS elite -- generalists in a world of specialists,
savvy in a broad area, able to fix priorities quickly and to
be cool under pressure. Duty in Washington should not be
structured as a stay in purgatory, as appears to be the case
now.
Those returned from their first tour should be employed in
training new editors at the Daily Report desks, revising the
recruitment brochure, visiting colleges and other centers
foy recruitment and meeting with applicants, taking another
ir
7TS course and continuing structured meetings with analysts.
In addition it might be helpful if these editors could begin
exercising some of the judgmental work on the book -- doing
excerpts, condensations, cross references and placement of
items.
More senior editors would of course be employed as Daily
Report book editors and branch chiefs. In addition they
would supervise the training and carry on substantive revi-
sions of such major works as the editorial handbook. Also,
editors on this level should each week prepare a critique
for field offices of what it was that was sent in, how much
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revision it needed; what was right with the copy and what
was wrong. Apparently this was once common practice, but
it has fallen into disuse.
Finally, thought might be given to an eccentric rotational
mode, discussed at greater length in the next chapter.
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CHAPTER III UTILIZATION OF EDITORS: AT HEADQUARTERS AND
IN THE FIELD
The use of editors, both in headquarters and in the 13 over-
seas bureaus, is in our opinion at the heart of FBIS's prob-
lems. The best recruitment and training procedures are for
nought if the individuals are not challenged and their tal-
ents and capabilities used in the best and most productive
manner. We found this most pronounced at headquarters.
Indeed the term "editors" is a misnomer. The headquarters
function is not an editorial one. It is, in the words of
one, merely "changing a word here and a word there, checking
spelling and punctuation." As someone in the Panama Bureau
put it, "The worst job anyone in FBIS could be assigned to
is the Daily Report. Anyone going from the field to
Washington dreads this. They dread the silly pencil marks."
We feel that the drudgery at headquarters is one of the
prime reasons for the high attrition rate, a loss of 12 out
of 80 editors per year, with 20 lost in 1978. One solution
to making the work for book editors more interesting is of
course to make the Daily Reports more interesting and we'll
deal with this in the next chapter.
In this section we will consider how to use the editors to
maximum effect once they have been recruited and trained.
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A. Editors at Headquarters
Managing Editor
We recommend a managing editor, executive editor, or editor-
in-chief to oversee and coordinate the work of the editors
and the production of the Daily Report. This person would
decide style based on the Style Book and GPO manual and
would supervise the training of newly hired editors. The
individual would also play a key role at the daily morning
editorial meetings and would determine what is published in
each book and the number of pages allotted to each. In con-
junction with the branch chiefs, he would also be the coun-
terpart of the Chief of the AG section. The Managing Editor
would also determine the general priorities of stories.
While on the topic we should like to call attention to
several glaring misnomers used by FBIS. At present the
"managing editor's" spot is vacant. While there is a chief
of the managing editor's staff, the individual is actually
the head of the typing pool. Editors at headquarters are
called "information officers," but in fact are copy markers.
Better to call them editors and have them perform editorial
functions. The teletype operator is called a "communica-
tor." We want individuals to have titles that accurately
reflect their duties and duties that accurately reflect
their talents and capabilities.
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Branch Chiefs
The duties of the branch chiefs should be expanded to
include training of new editors. With new formats for the
Daily Report, the branch chiefs will have greater latitude
in layout, story selection and placement, makeup and general
appearance of the books. In the succeeding chapter we rec-
ommend such innovations as editorial cartoons, boxes, sub-
heads and a summary at the beginning of each country sec-
tion. This will provide the branch chiefs as well as the
book chiefs and the individual editors with greater oppor-
tunity to function as true editors and exercise editorial
judgment.
One of the major reasons for a reluctance to return to head-
quarters from the field is a lack of a challenge and suffi-
cient work. With a new format and greater emphasis on for-
malized training for new editors the branch chiefs will have
plenty to do and simultaneously will be relieved of such
trivia as copy marking. The branch chiefs, with their exten-
sive knowledge of the requirements for editors in the field
and at headquarters, can be valuable participants in the re-
cruiting of FBIS editors and should be part of the interview
process for new editors.
Book Chiefs
They should perform many of the functions of the branch
chiefs with regard to layout, story selection, makeup and
general editorial duties. There is a need for more querying
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of information from and suggestions to the field. Individ-
ual editors should have the authority to take part in this
two-way communication with field editors, with such communi-
cations going through the book chiefs. As in any major
newspaper operation, which is what the FBIS Daily Report
production should be, coordination should come from the
executive or managing editor. But the individual editors
should have the authority and indeed should be encouraged
to communicate directly with the field and with analysts in
AG and elsewhere.
Editors
Editing should continue to be done primarily in the field.
That still leaves a critical editing function in headquar-
ters. As one analyst observed, "Good editing at headquar-
ters is looking for the little mistakes that the editor or
the monitor in the field would make." And the analyst adds
that editors who have not been trained to look for such
errors will only repeat their mistakes in the field. People
abroad do err, often because they don't see the big picture
as editors at headquarters might. Consequently, editors in
Washington have the final responsibility for assuring that
both the sense and the context of news items are accurate.
One observer complained that all too often garbled passages
in the Daily Report are labeled "indistinct" by the editor.
Editors must be trained to query the field rather than taking
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the "indistinct," or easy, route. There is the danger that
this passive approach to editing will also be repeated later
overseas.
But with the increased duties and responsibilities and oppor-
tunities for innovation there should not only be enough for
the editors in headquarters to do, but the nature of the work
should also change dramatically from what it is now -- that
of capitalizing, checking spelling and punctuating -- to the
more challenging and interesting tasks of putting stories
and events in perspective, cross referencing, indexing, add-
ing editorial notes and in the case of minor straight news
stories, rewriting.
Morale
All indications are that morale is at something of a nadir.
In the words of one employee, "In the old days (1966, 1967)
there was a pride in the product. That just doesn't exist
any longer." Where editors now may be "clock watchers," in
the words of one, "they used to come in at 6 A.M. and stay
until 5 or 6 or until the job was finished."
The decline in morale can be attributed largely to the lack
of challenge in the work. Our observation of the editing
process revealed it to be largely mechanical, primarily
punctuating, capitalizing and pushing the copy that came in
from the field through as fast as possible with very little
editing, cutting, revising, rewriting and a minimum of querying.
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We realize that most consumers want the major copy exactly
as it was transmitted, but in the case of some minor stories
(see attached non-edited and edited copy of story on pro-
cessing of secondary raw materials in East Germany) some
editing and rewriting would be helpful. This would also
enable a greater number of stories to be included in the
books.
The work at headquarters is by its nature tedious. Editors
have to proof their own copy, a rarity in the news business.
Doing so is not only demoralizing, but also a misuse of
their talent.
To have pride in one's product, one has to have participated
in creating it. There is little or no creativity involved
in the work at headquarters, aside from the selection of
stories to run in the book and the sequence in which to run
them.
Staggering Hours
To avoid long periods of non-productivity, maintain constant
and up-to-the-minute copy flow, avoid a rush to meet daily
deadlines and assure that typists have material to be typed
when they arrive in the morning, we would suggest staggered
hours for editors. For example, some editors might remain
beyond 3 or 4 P.M. to sort incoming copy so that typists
arriving at 8 A.M. the following day would be able to begin
work.
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Rotation
A key problem is what to do with editors who return to head-
quarters from the field. These experienced individuals must
not be put "on the treadmill awaiting another overseas
assignment," as one editor put it. They must not be reas-
signed to jobs that they have already performed. Rather
they must
These
level
ing, a
ters.
be given increased
could include, besides
of responsibility with
and challenging responsibilities.
the normal promotion to a higher
accompanying increase in GS rat-
greater range of duties than
Among these would be helping
now
exists at headquar-
to recruit new editors
by visiting college and university campuses, training new
recruits, working with editors being sent to the field, par-
ticularly with those being stationed at the bureau where the
recently returned editor has served, helping to update and
revise style manuals and performing editorial functions that
are demanded in the production of a genuine editorial product.
We also recommend an eccentric rotation of editors, with per-
haps 60-70 percent overseas and 30-40 percent at home at any
given time. The managing editor would be an individual with
extensive book and field experience who would serve as M.E.
for an extended period, thus giving stability and continuity
to Daily Report production.
When rotating to the field, editors should be sent to areas
of specialization. They should have preparation for the
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bureau to which they're being assigned by having served on
the book of the area, taken courses, such as FSI at the
Department of State and language training at Langley and
thus having acquired a basic knowledge of the area, its his-
tory, culture, mores, traditions, language, etc. While a
good editor will go anywhere his publication wishes to send
him, choice and qualifications rather than chance should be
the guiding principle in assignments.
Our conviction that additional area training and work on the
book to which an editor will be deployed would be helpful is
supported by comments such as the following:
"Sometimes a new editor in the field will make a change [in
copy] and an analyst at headquarters will think there's a
new policy."
"The Daily Reports are remarkably good . . . given the quali-
fications of the personnel," implying that the background and
training of the editors are limited.
"There is too much moving around among books. I know of one
person who had been with three different books in four months."
This constant moving around and deployment of individuals to
areas with which they have little or no familiarity can re-
sult in editing errors, errors of fact and books that do not
reflect the accuracy and dependability and authority for
which FBIS has become known.
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The rotation among books and overseas appears to be one of
the main causes of the often tense relationship between
editors and analysts. As one observer said: "The feeling
among the analysts is what the hell do the editors know
about the area?"
The limited knowledge of the book editors on the particular
countries can sometimes lead to embarrassing editing, accord-
ing to one analyst, who illustrated with a recent report of
Moshe Dayan meeting in Alexandria with "Rais," which an edi-
tor in the field translated as "Israelis." But "Rais" is
Arabic for "Chief," which was the manner in which Nasser
used to be referred to and is now sometimes used to refer to
Sadat. So the Report had Dayan meeting in Alexandria with
the Israelis, which is ridiculous.
Morning Editorial Meetings
We feel the morning meetings would be more productive if
there were a greater exchange among editors of story ideas
and developments in their areas, particularly as they might
affect each other's books. We'd also like to see the stories
put in better perspective.
As preparation the editors should have read The New York
Times and Washington Post prior to coming to the meeting
and listened to a recent morning newscast. Last-minute
developments can change the importance of a story and even
date it. This should be part of the effort to make the
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Daily Report as current as possible. We also urge that the
Daily Report for the previous day be available for critique
and reference at the meetings.
We recommend that a senior analyst attend the morning meet-
ings to help provide guidance regarding AG's needs and facil-
itate the determination of editorial selection and priori-
ties. This is also an opportunity for the branch chiefs to
coordinate their efforts, leading to a more equitable dis-
tribution of pages
different parts of
referencing, avoid
in perspective and
the better.
and relating of events to each other in
the world. It will also aid in cross
duplication of items, help to put events
generally affect editorial judgments for
The editorial meetings also provide the setting for the
competition we'd like to see among the books. And this is
where the chief of the Daily Report could decide, based on
the relative merits of the stories discussed, how many pages
should be alloted to each book. This would encourage edi-
tors to dig up good stories, ferret for news in their
areas, and generate copy that will help make a superior pro-
duct and one that is even more useful -- and indispensable
-- to consumers.
One of the highlights of the editorial meetings should occur
when the page allotments are announced by the chief of the
Daily Report. This should be strictly an editorial decision
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based solely on the importance of the news and not the
number of typists available to produce copy on any given
day.
Environment
All areas of the editing operation, not just the wire room
(the busiest editorial facility in headquarters), should hum
with the activity of a big city newsroom. There should be
constantly ringing phones, editors seeking additional infor-
mation from analysts, consumers and the field. The editor-
ial operation is now much too passive. Pride must be engen-
dered in the importance of the headquarters operation as a
world news center.
B. Editors in the Field
Qualifications
FBIS editors are hired primarily for assignment to the field.
Their recruitment and training should be undertaken with that
in mind. Consequently, FBIS should be looking for individ-
uals who are "hungry for journalism," hard working, self-
starters, eager to get the proverbial scoop or big story,
and eager to beat the competition. They should have good
general liberal arts backgrounds and a thirst for current
events. A fluency or near fluency in the language of the
area to which they may be eventually assigned would be help-
ful but not necessary. This would be most beneficial regard-
ing life in the particular country and deriving the maximum
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from living among the native population and absorbing the
culture, history, tradition, mores and whatever else the
country may offer. Editors who are to serve abroad should
also exhibit flexibility and versatility, be cool under
pressure, be able to supervise and work well with people,
be able to establish priorities and be able to adapt easily
to new and strange environments.
Duties
Since the primary editing is done in the field bureaus, edi-
tors serving abroad should have received thorough training
at headquarters from seasoned FBIS editors who have served
in the field and adjunct editors from news organizations in
the Washington area. All editors should have training on
the wire in headquarters prior to field service, and during
their TDY stints in the field they should be exposed to
every situation they will encounter when assigned abroad.
Field editors and monitors should work very closely on
stories, particularly with regard to assessing their impor-
tance, putting items in perspective, and selecting stories
for transmittal back to headquarters in order to assure that
the best items are being transmitted. With a total of
300,000 words filed from the field daily and just above
200,000 words published, it is important that the priority
items are filed. To best assure this, coordination among
monitor, editor and bureau chief is mandatory. A field
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editor's primary responsibility is to assure that the
monitor is faithful to the original material.
In addition to the most accurate translations possible, the
headlines must correctly reflect the stories. Subheads may
be left for editors at headquarters, who do the final selec-
tion of stories to run in the books, the packaging and the
final checks.
We observed the Panama bureau during an obvious lull, but
we feel that based on what we observed the bureaus probably
have more than enough editors and monitors. One of our rec-
ommendations is to have "flying squads" of editors at the
ready in headquarters, to be dispatched to any bureau in the
event of an emergency or particularly big story development.
These editors should be ready to react swiftly -- without a
lot of red tape -- to requests for aid from the field. The
potential saving in a slot or two might more than offset the
increased travel budget, while the excitement of being "on
call" may very well appeal to certain editors who in fact do
prefer to travel more than live in any one place for too
long a time.
One of the veteran monitors in Panama acknowledged that 4 to
5 monitors per shift would probably be adequate, rather than
the customary 6 to 7. Obviously, in addition to monitoring
of radio and TV broadcasts in the bureaus, monitors could
review more of the area's newspapers as sources of news and
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other developments. Monitors also could be kept in reserve
since the bureaus seem to resemble a "fire department" in
many respects, waiting for the big story to break.
Just as at headquarters, editors must develop good sources
of stories, similar to the manner in which a professional
journalist develops reliable news sources. It's also impor-
tant to maintain contact with consumers, not only to keep
abreast of their needs but also to keep them as potential
news and information sources.
It was pointed out to us in Panama that the biggest differ-
ence between editors in the field and those at headquarters
is that "the raw copy is here. A lot of editors in Washington
would fall on their face if they had to handle copy in the
field." This, according to the speaker, is a result of the
new editors in Washington not being taught really how to
edit. Another recommendation would be to have the editors
in headquarters handle raw copy as an exercise during their
formal training.
An interesting project for the Panama editors, which we would
hope the other bureaus have adopted, is a periodic survey of
radio and TV stations evaluating them for accuracy, their
editorial and political slants, their programming, hours of
broadcast, frequency of newscasts, reliability of newscast-
ers, etc. This is helpful in assessing the credibility of
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various stations and their commentators. The survey should
also be extended to newspapers and magazines. This would
not only be a tremendous help to editors in the field in
evaluating their sources but would also provide similar
service to consumers here and abroad and to the FBIS editors
and analysts in Washington.
A number of interviewees felt a greater need for negative
FYI's from the field. As has often been said, the most im-
portant thing a person can tell you is what he does not
tell you.
As a result of better and more comprehensive training on
the editorial and substantive levels at headquarters, edi-
tors in the field will be more qualified to perform the
duties of a foreign correspondent, which are to keep on top
of all the news in his or her area, have reliable sources
available at all times and not be surprised by sudden events.
In summation, regarding the use of editors at headquarters
and abroad, we recommend:
1) Hiring persons with a potential for professional journal-
ism and having all new editors (regardless of background or
professional qualifications) start at the lowest editorial
rung and work their way up.
2) Improved training as detailed in chapter two.
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3) Experienced editors working as mentors on a one-to-one
basis with new editors.
4) Mastery by all editors of the style book and GPO manual.
5) Encouragement of editors at home to query field editors,
analysts, sources and other experts in their area when ques-
tions exist, so that the Daily Report is as accurate as
possible.
6) Relieving editors at headquarters of proofreading, free-
ing them for more creative work.
7) Using editors who have been rotated back to headquarters
for more important editorial roles than those they had prior
to going overseas, such as training, supervision, produc-
tion of a "News in the Week in Review," for each of the
books, which puts the week's events in historical perspec-
tive (see the following chapter).
8) Where possible, rotation of editors to the area of the
book on which they have worked. In addition, a longer per-
iod of service on a book would benefit both the editor and
the editorial product.
9) Staggered hours for editors and staggered deadlines for
copy to improve copy flow and facilitate typing.
10) Greater interchange at editorial meetings so that each
branch chief will be apprised, knowledgeable and appreciative
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of the others' editorial needs, with full participation
daily by a senior staff member from AG.
11) Greater cultivation of sources both in the field and at
headquarters to help facilitate obtaining the best and most
accurate material for the Daily Report.
12) Training of all editors on the wire before overseas
assignment.
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CHAPTER IV THE BOOK
The overall impression of our analysis of the Daily Report
is that it is indeed a daily miracle, the synthesis of hun-
dreds of millions of words of news monitored worldwide annu-
ally and turned out five times weekly in 8 books a day num-
bering some 400 pages of type, for an annual total of more
than 50 million words. These are mind-boggling figures,
made all the more remarkable by the fact that the Daily
Report is the product of some 80-90 editors in a hand-hewn
operation -- not counting the two envelope stuffers at the
end of the line in Langley. It is by any measure an impres-
sive accomplishment -- journalistic because it is news and
because it is printed.
Yet we would submit there is much that can be improved.
Because it is primarily archival material for use by the
intelligence community, there is little that can be done
with the material to transform it into a journalistic pro-
duct in the accepted, mass circulation sense of the term.
Therefore editors working on the book suffer from restric-
tions that make them feel more as "paper shufflers" or
"funnels" than as editors who truly shape their output.
Over and over again we heard the expressed desire of editors:
"We want to take pride in our work." How to achieve this?
It seems to us that the recently created joint publications
review committee is an excellent step in the right direction
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to begin to grapple with this issue. The presence of AG
within FBIS has the merit of keeping the editors on the mark
-- attuned, if you will, to the needs of the intelligence
community. The drawback is that AG's concern is solely with
communist propaganda. Page after page in the editorial
handbook is concerned with mandatory texting. While we are
not in a position to quibble with that which is mandated, it
would seem that some of the larger forest is being ignored
for the shrubs and brambles in the foreground. For example,
B.81 mandates that all "Soviet appointments down to the
USSR oblast first secretaries . . ." be published. Not
denying the importance of this, would it not be just as
helpful if the daily appointment schedule of the Japanese
prime minister were also published? (A point mentioned by
a consumer.)
On another level, there are enormous forces at work in the
world that go well beyond communist leadership polemics.
What we are saying is that the Daily Report seems to be
mired in a plethora of minutiae -- page after page of textu-
al material which, while faithfully recorded, translated
and printed, misses some of the larger issues in the world.
While not detracting from the nuances that might be extrac-
ted from four versions of a 15,000-word Politburo member's
speech, we submit that other voices bearing messages of
ominous dimensions are being broadcast and printed in the
world and may not be receiving acequate coverage by the
Daily Report.
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Consider the Third World, largely ignored by the established
media. FBIS really affords the most significant flow of
information from this part of the world, yet these particu-
lar books are the smallest in scope. Ought that situation
be reexamined? Egypt built the Aswan to feed an additional
4 million mouths, yet had a population gain of 10 million by
the time the dam was completed. At its present rate of re-
production, in 100 years Mexico's population will exceed
that of the entire world today. In nine years the worldwide
catch of fish has remained stagnant while population has
increased 13%. In 25 years land under cultivation globally
has declined 24% per capita. It is issues such as these,
often ignored by editors, that trigger events that later
seem to have hit from the blue. Not to belabor the point,
it would seem that new ways might be found to make the
published Daily Report a more comprehensive, less repetitive
product while at the same time meeting the needs of AG with
special wire supplements.
Editors in the field together with the Daily Report staff
in Washington could play a key role in enhancing the sub-
stance of the book, and through this very process improv-
ing enormously the quality of the product. But management
must take the lead (through such forums as the publications
review committee) in forging an effective liaison with AG --
in casting a broad net for coverage, through increased
cruising, translation of additional daily newspapers on a
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more immediate basis and broader exercise of editorial
judgment.
A quality product in terms of substance is one that indeed
serves as the eyes and ears of the world. It would cover
completely broadcasts and press reports of closed societies,
such as the Soviet Union and China, but shift gears in pro-
viding more reaction and editorial analysis from open soci-
eties, such as western Europe and Japan. Finally, a very
large effort should be made to expand coverage in Africa,
the Arab world and Latin America. Again, management must
provide the impetus. If signals from Honduras and El Salvador
are too weak to pick up in Panama, then steps should be taken
to cover these nations gripped in social unrest with monitors
on the site (as was done in the sixties when the Dominican
Republic was in turmoil) or by asking embassies to forward
selected press clippings on a rush basis for review and pos-
sible translation. If there is a Panamanian reaction to the
Bolivian election debacle, this should be run, not ignored
because Bolivia is in Asuncion's area of coverage.
We strongly urge a "News of the Week in Review" section for
each book as a means of stitching together seemingly unre-
lated events in various parts of the world. Such a section
done weekly on a "space available" basis would provide a
handy, pull-out index section for consumers. It would be a
challenge to the best editors to synthesize and build bridges
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between their books that appeared in a five- or seven-day
span. It might encourage consumers to glance through a few
pages of such solid data for the larger picture they might
derive from such exposure. The best journalists are gener-
alists -- aware of all that is taking place. The review sec-
tion would strongly make this point as well, better serving
consumers.
A better book will inevitably mean a healthier mindset on
the part of the editors as they approach their work. With
accurate, carefuly edited material coming in from the field,
editors in Washington can then concentrate on selection and
placement, on editorial notations and much more extensive
cross referencing. The latter is something the reports are
deficient in. To achieve it may mean that the morning edi-
torial meeting will have to take place a bit later and
involve a much more substantial discussion of what is going
into the books. Given the 420-page limitation daily for all
eight books, cross referencing could well mean the differ-
ence between repetition and deletion of other material, or
tightening the copy and being able to run something more than
the 50-60% of the wire copy flow that is run at present.
The most obvious problem with the Daily Report is that there
seem to be insufficient hands to type the pages. The fact
that the daily editorial meeting awaits word on how many typ-
ists may have shown up is absurd on the face of it and
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demands immediate attention by management. No newspaper
worthy of the name could survive if the daily editorial meet-
ing depended on the pressmen to come in and say that only 20
pages could be run that day because too few printers showed
up for work. In examining the June schedule of page requests
and the number of typists appearing for work on each day of
the month we note that in all cases the number of pages re-
quested exceeded the limit placed on the books by Langley --
ranging from 490 to 562. Only on two occasions were 20 typ-
ists on hand and on one occasion only 9. On the Monday when
562 pages were requested only 13 typists were available. It
is a credit to the managing editor's staff that 342 pages
were typed and that for most of the month close to 400 pages
were typed daily.
In our view management should correct this situation by
either moving to an all in-house capability or farming the
entire operation out. Budgetary constraints may preclude
bringing the in-house complement back to the 1972 level of
37 typists. But the present arrangement of half the typists
on the 11th floor and half in the Kelly pool in the lobby
area leads to confusion and worse. Each half of the opera-
tion in effect counts on the other, with frustration on both
sides when targets cannot be met. Our recommendation is to
contract out the entire typing operation, calling for bids
that require daily typing of 400 pages within a specified
period of time. It might be a tall order for a smaller
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community, but certainly in Washington it is not beyond the
realm of probability. Given the fact that the material
should be edited carefully before it is in the hands of the
typists, the contract should also include proofing.
Following this move, the managing editor's staff -- as the
title implies -- could devote itself to the copy editing of
the book. This function, as distinct from manuscript edit-
ing, involves word counts, capitalization and copy marking.
We were impressed with the performance of the part-time con-
tract editors we observed and had a chance to interview.
They are persons of intelligence and dedication. To recruit
more like them would finally free book editors of the dismal
chores of knitting and tatting and which, in effect, keep
them too busy to be concerned with the overall quality of
the Daily Report. This description of copy editing is not
meant to demean the function, but simply to acknowledge that
it is different work -- just as the copy desk of The New York
Daily News is different from the national desk, which selects
and edits stories from a judgmental standpoint before they
are passed on to the copy desk for final editing and word
count.
Further, such a professionalization would tap a new pool of
talent -- persons interested in the world about them, in the
FBIS mission, but not necessarily in travel abroad. Such
individuals could provide an element of stability and
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continuity to the editing of a book simply because they
could remain with it for an extended period of time. And
such experience will have a remarkable effect on the final
product, in addition to freeing the book editors for more
important work.
This recommendation would institutionalize what necessity
has apparently already mandated. At the time we made our
inspection the editor with the longest tenure in residence
was a contract employee with 1 1/2 years experience. One
such person for each book would be an excellent way to put
the recommendation to a test. It should be noted that fis-
cal exigency forced us to use part-time staffers at Columbia
Journalism, and on the whole we found that there are well-
qualified people out there eager to work in an interesting
environment.
In fact, once stability has been brought to the vital pro-
cess of the copy editing, typing and proofing, the managing
editor can devote time and attention to the appearance of
the book. In part, book editors will contribute to this
effort by providing maps and cartoons. Given the intrinsic
worth of many political cartoons (recall some of the best of
Krokodil) and the clarity afforded by maps, their use would
provide much more than visual impact. We are not calling
for a New Yorker magazine. But in keeping with the archival
role of the Daily Report, surely judiciously selected
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visuals would enhance its worth as well as its appearance
(see appendix for cartoon used in Atlas World Press Review) .
In our view the book would be greatly improved if a two-
column format were used. The technical difficulties posed
by present typewriters appear to have been resolved by the
QYX units under consideration. Both from the standpoint of
readability and aesthetics, the two-column would lift the
product from the level of a tenants' newsletter. For the
same reason we recommend that upper-lower case typing be
continued, but that the micro-elite typeface be replaced by
something more readable, such as letter Gothic 12 -- a
crisp, clear, sans serif type that lends itself well to the
15% photographic reduction of pages contemplated for future
issues. We append a copy of a Daily Report page in two-
column prepared by the managing editor's staff on an IBM
electronic typewriter. Even though the type is standard
size, there was no loss of wordage from the original. In-
deed, we have added a sub-head to improve readability. We
recommend that reports in the future have boldface heads and
sub-heads, to distinguish them clearly from the copy that
that has been faithfully translated. We also suggest that
italics be used for the key word indexing code (see section
on automation) . Finally, the use of boxes for briefs, cross
references and editorial notations would break up the pages
and lead the reader's eye to items of importance.
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The cover seems to have undergone a change since we first
embarked on this project. Graphically the move from the
rather fuzzy, cross-hatched type to a boldface format was
a good one. While cost may preclude any changes in the
rather anemic color scheme used to differentiate the books,
we suggest that a logo stylizing the geographic areas of the
various books be considered.
Granted, many satisfied consumers of the Daily Report told
us that they would read it even if printed on plain brown
wrapping paper. But there is no denying that all who have
a hand in its production will take a greater pride and find
more joy in working on a product that each day is not only
readable but also pleasing to the eye. Some consumers were
adamant in keeping the full-page format because that is how
their files were set up. It is our hope that the eventual
introduction of an indexing system (see chapter on automa-
tion) will make it possible to retrieve full texts on display
terminals and, if desired, in hard copy, thereby obviating
the need for clipping and manual storage.
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CHAPTER V COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION
We saw evidence of a greater need for communication and
coordination both in headquarters and in the field.
A. AG/Editor Relationship
Analysts should not be viewed as Molochs to whom young edi-
tors are fed, but as the principal consumers of the Daily
Report. There seems to be an uneasy relationship between
analysts and editors, which has an adverse effect on the
final product. In a sense, as will be noted in the next
chapter, AG is not -- as was mentioned to us half-facetiously
-- "the equivalent of the New York Public Library telling The
New York Tines what to print," but rather more like the pub-
lisher of The New York Times. The liaison between editors
and analysts ought to be much closer.
In the words of one editor, "The editors think the analysts
are dictatorial and arrogant and the analysts think that
editors are ignorant." These judgments stem largely from
the fact that analysts are experts in their areas and edi-
tors tend to be generalists with little area expertise. We
have already recommended additional area and language train-
ing for editors. Beyond that we endorse the concept of
"taking an analyst to lunch."
One of the most confident editors we interviewed literally
took an analyst to lunch now and then, mainly because long
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experience on the Daily Report in Washington had built up
a level of confidence that helped make for such meetings on
equal terms. It is an ideal we would like to recommend as
an objective -- as something to be built into the training
program.
On major newspapers, i.e., The New York Times and The
Washington Post, each foreign correspondent generally has
counterpart on the foreign copy desk who edits his copy,
queries and TWX's him and in this sense works together with
the reporter on the story. This is the sort of relationship
we'd recommend for FBIS. The book editors should work with
specific analysts on a regular and continuing basis to
assure accuracy and also to be certain that proper judgment
is exercised in story selection and play in the book.
a
There should be frequent briefings of editors by analysts
and closer continuous contacts between the two. Conversely
when an editor rotates back to headquarters from an overseas
assignment, he should brief the appropriate analysts on recent
developments in the area. One reason for the infrequent con-
sulting among editors and analysts seems to be the fact that
editors would feel intimidated as a result of their lack of
expertise and knowledge. A closer working relationship
between both would help to eliminate this. We also observed
that analysts often request specific information after the
fact: they want material that has not been published in the
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Daily Report. It would help if analysts were more aggressive
in alerting editors to some of the material they need ahead
of time.
One editor told of the time that AG wanted all the speeches
of each member of the Soviet Politburo as reported by TASS,
Pravda, Izvestia and the provincial papers. This came to 14
speeches from four sources and all the speeches were at least
10,000 words long. The Daily Report was unable to meet this
request since the editors had not received sufficient advance
notice from AG. "We need better liaison with the AG so that
we can plan in advance for something like this," the editor
said, "and it must be done over several days."
Most analysts at Langley do not know how to reach editors
at FBIS. One of the reasons for this must be the relative
anonymity of the editors. As one observer noted, "I know
who all the analysts are. But I don't think I know the name
of one editor on the Middle East Book." This problem can be
eliminated through a closer working relationship between
editors and analysts.
B. Management Supervision
One editor complained of a lack of contact with management
and suggested that morale might be improved if occasionally
a top FBIS manager strolled through the Daily Report area
and spoke briefly with the editors. "Basically the people
in the Daily Reports are ignored by the higher ups," aaid
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this editor. "I've seen a lot of editors come and go because
they feel ignored and frustrated."
As a corollary to this a "Winners and Sinners"-type publi-
cation published on a regular basis and praising good edit-
ing would improve esprit. Editors would be identified by
name for good work, while lapses would be identified by
example. At the discretion of book editors we would also
suggest running the initials of the individuals in the field
(monitor and editor) and at headquarters (editor) at the con-
clusion of certain items in the Daily Report. In this way
people will feel their work is being recognized and they are
receiving credit for their efforts.
Just as on many major newspapers the publisher sits in as an
observer on editorial meetings, we would recommend that man-
agement occasionally attend the morning editorial meetings.
This would be part of the process of assuring editors that
their efforts were central to the mission of FBIS.
Much duplication could be avoided if headquarters informed
the field ahead of time concerning the type of items they
are interested in. As one field editor commented, "If they
told us never to send certain things, then we wouldn't."
This would of course eliminate a lot of duplication and unnec-
essary work and make for better quality control.
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C. Relations with Consumers
A closer relationship of editors with the consumers is
necessary so that both their needs are better served. As
one observer said, "The editors must be up to date with the
current thinking in a country," and to assure this frequent
contact with the consumers is needed. There should be a
greater two-way communication so that editors and consumers
are better aware of each other's needs. In the field moni-
tors might be detached periodically to review the publica-
tions available to the embassy for information. The train-
ing program for new editors should include briefings on the
lateral consumers regarding the kind of information that is
most important to them. This would help editors in their
selection and play of stories in the field.
Just as foreign correspondents develop their sources among
government and other officials, so must the editors in the
field develop sources and contacts, so that they rely not
only on radio, television, magazines and newspapers, but
also primary sources. This would also help editors to evalu-
ate more effectively the material they receive from the moni-
tors and would ultimately guarantee better and more accurate
reporting in the Daily Report.
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CHAPTER VI PROSPECT FOR AUTOMATION
The gross numbers tell the story -- millions of words
annually -- FBIS is a natural for automation. Management
saw this opportunity when it attempted the switch to RAPID
(Radio and Press Information Dissemination) in 1975. That
the move proved abortive in no way detracts from the legiti-
macy of the concept. In essence it was simplicity itself:
incoming copy would be captured and placed in storage. The
wire editor would get the incoming messages by priority --
with headlines on menu -- and call up material on a screen
for review and further transmission to consumers. The field
would have a code to switch the material to the appropriate
desk, which would make selections, place them in the proper
sequence, edit, cross reference and make up the pages. The
results on tape would then be fed electronically to Langley.
Automation would eliminate communicator and typing positions,
thereby making editors directly responsible for the material
in the Daily Report and freeing them of the onerous chore of
proofreading. At the time it was felt that the $1.75 million
investment for automation would be amortized over 6-7 years
through personnel savings.
There is no doubt in our minds that automation will prove a
boon to the Daily Report. Of the 6-7 million words monitored
and read daily in the field, 300,000+ are fed to FBIS in
Washington. Of these, 30,000 or so are re-transmitted to
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50 prime consumers and 200,000 are synthesized by Daily
Report editors for daily publication. Consider all of the
typing and re-typing that is done on a single story: a
monitor types the translation of a broadcast, it is handed
to the editor in the field who reads and edits it, the
field communicator types it for transmission to Washington,
where it may be re-typed by a communicator for a direct feed
to prime consumers and also tapped by an editor for inclu-
sion in a book, which means re-typing on a page proof for
reproduction by Landley after it has been proofed at head-
quarters.
Automation means that any given item is typed only once.
With the story on tape it can be retrieved either on a
screen or in hard copy. An editor in the field can make
corrections, punch a button and be assured that the correc-
ted copy is speeding on its way to Washington. No further
proofing is required.
It is our recommendation that a feasibility study be con-
ducted to launch an automated system in the field, pre-
ferably at two training centers -- Panama and Okinawa. Not
only are the technical facilities available, but trainees on
TDY could also begin to familiarize themselves with the new tech-
nology. A prototype VDT we saw in Panama is an excellent
beginning upon which to build.
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In Washington FBIS should make the move to automation one
book at a time, using a six-station ATEX VDT system (this
would be compatible with equipment at Langley and our own
assessment that ATEX is at or near the top of the field).
While automation eliminates mechanical functions, such as
typing and pagination, it does represent a psychological
hurdle for persons used to working with hard copy and pencil.
But there is a certain inevitability to its adoption univer-
sally -- at present 60% of the nation's newspapers have
automated their newsrooms. The new technology is obviously
the wave of the future.
One of the priceless fringe benefits of automation would be
the reality of a full-text index. If each article in the
Daily Report were slugged with three key words, a computer
could easily provide access to the stories in a variety of
modes -- alphabetically, chronologically, topically, etc.
Our investigation showed that one of the most advanced
indexing systems in the country is at The Boston Globe, pre-
sided over by George M. Collins, librarian. He allowed that
his system was not sophisticated -- he said that was nothing
more than a code word for adulterated -- rather, it was
simple. He noted that The New York Times had paid $ 3 1/2 mil-
lion for an information system that yielded only abstracts,
while The Globe's $82,000 system delivered full text.
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Collins said that The Globe hadn't clipped a paper in two
years and yet could instantly retrieve any story it wanted,
based on editors' computer notations of headline, date, page
and column. He has indexed his system with words, not sym-
bols, simply because one should be able to find things in
the way one thinks. Old newspaper librarians, he noted,
ran morgues in a way as to make them indecipherable, thereby
insuring their jobs for all eternity. He has a staff of
three persons classifying all stories with three key words
to make them retrievable in any logical mode of request.
Collins is justifiably proud of his system and invites visits
from interested parties.
While we have not seen his system, it strikes us as remark-
ably close to the SAFE (Support for Analysts' File Environ-
ment) now at FBIS headquarters. Again, we can only point the
way in this area, but do so by strongly urging that both
automation in producing the Daily Report -- starting slowly
on a limited scale -- and in compiling an index be put on
management's agenda.
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CHAPTER VII THE CONSUMER VIEW
The Daily Report is widely praised for its indispensability,
utility, accuracy and comprehensiveness by consumers here
and abroad, and among officials at other government agencies,
scholars, journalists and analysts. While consumer com-
plaints are quite rare, there are some reservations and rec-
ommendations for improvement.
A. Analysts
There is the general suspicion among analysts that the edi-
tors merely mark copy and know little of substance about the
area on which they work. We have already discussed how this
situation can be remedied through training, study and a
closer editor/analyst working relationship. The AG general-
ly wants everything, particularly regarding communist poli-
tics and polemics. Here editing is at a minimum. However,
other items in the book can be intelligently edited without
changing their meaning and substance. AG's need for "every-
thing from the communist world" would be satisfied by get-
ting it discards rapidly.
One analyst complained, "Things that are supposed to be in
mandatory texting simply aren't in the Daily Report . .
I was horrified." But according to AG, mandatory texting
comprises no more than 15% of the Daily Report, even in the
communist countries. Other analyst comments included:
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"The Daily Reports could be a bit brighter . . . the print
is terrible."
Recommendation: See Chapter 4 on the Daily Report for
suggestions on improvements of the Report's appearance.
"We want it to be an archive. And we want it to be right.
And the words must be spelled right."
Recommendation: More extensive formal training, fre-
quent querying, contact with consumers, editors in field,
reference to GPO manual, style book, lists of officials.
"The editing should be done in the field. God help us if it
is done here."
Recommendation: Most of editing to be done in field.
But headquarters must be the final check and the site
where non-mandatory text copy is prepared.
"I don't trust the summaries of texts. I need the whole
text."
Recommendation: Aside from mandatory texting, full
texts tend to be soporific and preclude publication of
other material. We recommend intelligent editing and
a speedy transmission of discards to AG.
2. State Department
The State Department analysts agreed that for free press
countries, it was much more important to publish analytical
pieces. In the case of the communist countries, the Daily
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Report is indispensable as a result of limited sources in
the country. "It's hard to see how we could do without it,"
said the China analyst. And he added, "When you're dealing
with a controlled press, you look for the nuances. It's
important for us to be as close to the exact words and
phrases as possible."
The State Department analysts were unanimous in thinking an
index would be invaluable. They also agreed that in agencies
such as the Departments of Commerce and the Treasury, the
Daily Report was even more valuable since these organizations
did not have access to classified material.
They all favored a brighter format, with two columns, heads
that stand out from the copy, sub-heads, political cartoons
and charts. All felt that the editors could do more to
alert the consumers to major stories, speeches and texts that
were upcoming. They felt there was a need for the editors
and consumers to consult more frequently and bemoaning the
plight of the editors in the current system, one analyst
said: "I wonder how the editors just don't lose their minds.
They just pass paper along and there's absolutely no crea-
tivity in their work."
In urging indexing of the articles, it was suggested that the
use of three key words at the conclusion of each entry would
provide for the best and most accurate retrieval. This would
also help eliminate clipping for filing purposes.
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Matthew Nimetz, Counselor to the State Department, would
not want to see translations tampered with since he sees the
value in keeping the original flavor and tone. He stressed
the importance of "completeness, immediacy and accuracy" and
urged that the Daily Report not be held up for better edit-
ing. Nimetz felt that certain countries, such as those in
Western Europe, Latin America, the Third World and the Free
World, were not getting their fair share of FBIS
"The communist countries are predictable and one
said.
"The Third
World and democratic countries
coverage.
line," he
have vary-
ing viewpoints in their media and these should be monitored
and reported on. He illustrated with the Lopez Portillo
speech in which the Mexican President castigated President
Carter and the United States for not having better relations
with his country. "This came as a complete shock to Ameri-
cans and shouldn't have. If we had done a better job of
monitoring the Mexican press and radio and TV, we would have
expected such a speech." He also cited the Nicaraguan situ-
ation as another instance where better monitoring and report-
ing could have alerted us to developments. The conclusion
is that in the Free and Third World countries, the Daily
Report should be alert to reporting dissenting voices.
B. Voice of America
R. Peter Straus, Director -- Straus is very high on the FBIS
wire and the Daily Report, commenting that not a week goes
by that three or four items from FBIS are not used as news
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items or as leads for pursuing stories. He said the Daily
Report was mentioned regularly in the morning daily news
meeting at the VOA. He felt the VOA would not be the place
for FBIS were consideration given to transfering it from the
Agency; but if such a move were to be contemplated, he
thought that INR at State would be an ideal place for it.
Straus believed that since FBIS was a primary source of news
it should not be boiled down or edited out of shape.
William Wade, senior news analyst, VOA -- Wade thought that
FBIS gave a feel for what the opposition was saying and pro-
vided him with a sense of audience for his broadcasts. The
Soviet and China books consequently were most important to
him and he explained he discerned from them a sense of
Soviet befuddlement on the SALT II treaty Senate debate and
could then assemble a broadcast to explain how the process
worked here. He said the books were most helpful in his
broadcasts to primary audiences, those that were politically
and economically deprived. He said about the Report,
"They're so voluminous that I sometimes wonder if a daily
summary would be helpful." He referred to the two-page
summary the BBC would lead with, giving a flavor of what was
to come. And like others with whom we spoke, he felt that
perhaps a summary at the beginning of each country's section
in the Daily Report might be helpful in speeding up the read-
ing and information gathering process.
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C. Journalists
William Beecher, Chief Diplomatic Correspondent, Boston
Globe -- He consults it at the State Department when he has
time. He's much in favor of a short description of what
each article contains. This summary would come at the begin-
ning of the country coverage in the Daily Report. Said
Beecher, "A summary sounds like a small thing but it would
be a big step editorially."
Eric Pace, The New York Times -- He was one of the few jour-
nalists who belittled the Daily Report's value to journal-
ists, saying that he had his own sources at the highest
levels of government when he was overseas (Iran, Egypt,
Lebanon) and didn't need to get the "propaganda line." He
felt,as did many other consumers, that the Report should be
delivered much faster than is now the case and half face-
tiously suggested: "Tell the CIA to hire trucks and deliver
the Reports under the door of correspondents every hour on
the hour. Then it would really be valuable."
Jay Mathews, China Correspondent, The Washington Post -- He
has the Daily Report sent directly to Hong Kong and finds it
"invaluable." He thought FBIS should have an index. He said
a big problem was that the Daily Report arrived two to three
weeks late and for late breaking stories he relied on the BBC
"green sheet," which is only five days late. He asked why
the Report couldn't be air mailed and would like to see the
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wire feed made available from the FBIS station. He said
The Post and three or four other newspapers "would pay any-
thing" for a direct feed.
Peter Osnos, foreign editor, The Washington Post -- He said
the Daily Report was "a steady, consistent source of primary
material" and he had never felt that it omitted something of
importance or that it had been incomplete in its coverage.
He felt it should be "simple to read and as easy to digest
as possible." In terms of editing he said, "readability
should not be the criterion if in the end you lose in accu-
racy." As an example he cited a TASS report that had
Gromyko accuse the United States of a "cheap maneuver."
Osnos, who was in Moscow at the time, said that the original
was closer to "shady maneuver." These nuances in language,
as others have pointed out, can be critical. Osnos recom-
mended that such changes in language be made only if the
editor had the original copy and understood the language.
D. U.S. Embassy in Panama
Ambler Moss, U.S. Ambassador to Panama -- "I'm a great fan
of FBIS. We use it regularly at the embassy. When I re-
ported to Washington about preparations for the Panama
treaties I relied heavily on FBIS. A lot of our reporting
came right out of FBIS. The Daily Report saves us a tremen-
dous amount of work." Moss said he saw all the Daily Reports
and as we spoke he said, "I have anFBIS report in front of
me right now." It was a report on the jurisdictional
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regulations dealing with the upcoming October 1 transfer of
the Canal and it was quite complicated, according to Moss,
who said, "Thank heavens FBIS translated them for us." He
said that the Daily Report arrived a bit late for some pur-
poses and like other consumers he would like to see its
delivery speeded up, if possible, but he said the lateral
feeds (which are invaluable to the embassy's work) arrived
on time. He said that the embassy would occasionally indi-
cate to FBIS things they should cover for the embassy and he
said, "We haven't got the time or personnel to cover these
ourselves. I don't know how we'd do some of these things
without the Daily Report and FBIS."
Ruth Hansen and Jim Murphy, political officers -- Like most
other consumers, they felt that the Daily Report should be
raw data and should not be tampered with. They were sur-
prised that more people didn't read the Daily Report and
that in an effort to get the people at the State Department
to use the book more a colleague was writing messages to
State, "referring to such and such an item in FBIS." They
also noted heavy readership by congressional staffs, with
many Report items triggering queries from representatives
and senators.
Both felt that the layout and format of the books could be
improved and Murphy called it "deadly." When we suggested
that perhaps a monitor could assist at the embassy to provide
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58
additional monitoring of newspapers and magazines, they
thought this might be quite helpful. "We'd be lost without
FBIS," Hansen said at one point. This approximately sums up
the feeling of many consumers.
From the point of view of the consumers we would make the
following recommendations:
1) Much speedier delivery of the books.
2) Take pains to guarantee precise and accurate transla-
tion.
3) Guarantee further accuracy by queries, frequent checks
between headquarters and the field, closer working rela-
tionships between editors and analysts in headquarters.
4) Improve the appearance of the books by going to two
columns, headlines, sub-heads, boxes, political cartoons
and more imaginative makeup.
5) Give representation to dissenting media in the books,
particularly of the Western and Third Worlds.
6) Index the articles for easy retrieval.
7) Have a more clearly defined and accurate Table of
Contents.
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59
CHAPTER VIII SUMMATION: MAJOR FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Daily Report is both unique and impressive. To its
users it is archival, authoritative and fast. To our knowl-
edge there is no other publication like it anywhere that
shares with readers on a daily basis what the world is saying
and writing.
It is the only publicly circulated daily publication by the
CIA -- as such it is a standard bearer that at its best re-
flects the vital service that complete and immediate intelli-
gence gathering provides the nation. Although not authorized
to peruse the National Intelligence Daily, we were able to
see its cover from a distance. It struck us that the FBIS
Daily Report was -- from a visual aspect -- but a pale
shadow. Is this the way it should be? Somehow it seemed as
though the Agency were wearing its best suit in the yard
and lounging clothes in going out. Both in terms of its
intrinsic worth, its broader circulation and the psychology
of putting one's best foot forward in public, we would urge
a dressing up of the Daily Report.
But by far more importantly, we feel that a massive recommit-
ment should be made to the Daily Report as a substantive
record. While it enjoys a high credit rating among consum-
ers, there is a feeling that was expressed to us that the
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60
Daily Report could be running more on fewer pages. One
consumer remarked: "Send us more of everything, but we pre-
fer 10 pages of good stuff to 20 pages of fluff."
This brought us to grips with the basic problems faced by
the Daily Report:
*management
*rotation and constant turnover of
editors
*quality control
In our view all are interrelated. Management must make a
commitment to the Daily Report in terms of both fighting for
an adequate budget and in occasionally strolling through the
newsroom to let editors know that their work mattered and
that their product was paramount to the mission of FBIS. In
turn, management commitment to a comprehensive recruitment
and training program would bring in and nurture editors who
would contribute to the production of a quality book. Too
often this last aspect is diluted by using editors and even
branch chiefs in copy editing roles simply because no one has
spelled out the difference between an editor who judges the
substance of the material -- a full-time job -- and a copy
editor who finishes the material for the printer -- also a
full-time job.
Consequently, the major complaints we heard from editors were
that there was no challenge in the Daily Report, that the
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61
staff was too small and that there was too great a volume.
We also heard from management that there was too little to
do for the editors, that the real job was out in the field,
and that at least copy editing kept them busy while back in
Washington. Indeed, one person asked us: If editors didn't
edit, count words and proof copy, what else would we do with
them here?
As apoint of beginning, we believe that editors are the back-
bone of the Daily Report and should be employed in a judg-
mental capacity. To the extent that the field provides the
immediacy of contact with news sources, we not only assure
that this is the ideal role for them, we would urge that
primary editing responsibility for all copy be in the field.
However, we do see the merit in rotation back to headquar-
ters, not only because it provides the book with expert edi-
tors who can bring their experience in the field to bear on
the product, but also because the sustenance at the wellhead
(to say nothing of assessment for promotion) could not be
achieved by remaining constantly in the field. We believe
that a more intelligently applied rotational system -- one
that would also consider the wishes of the editors -- might
evolve an eccentric system that would permit longer tours
overseas and shorter ones in Washington, the reverse for those
few who would prefer to stay longer at headquarters (probably
less than 10%, based on our interviews).
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62
Daily Report manuscript editors (as differentiated from copy
editors) should be recruited in a systematic way for the
immediate future, given the massive attrition rate in 1978.
As a first step a brochure should be prepared that spells
out the mission of the Daily Report and FBIS; the role of
the editor in both its positive and negative aspects.
Despite the fact that overseas rotation has lost some of its
appeal and fiscal reward, we would submit that there are
still recent graduates out there who would leap at the oppor-
tunity -- to say nothing of their staying if the editorial
role were indeed developed along the lines others in FBIS
have suggested and which we are recommending.
Persons selected should have a broad liberal arts education,
knowledge of a foreign language, a keen interest in the
world about them and a nose for news. Some journalistic
experience either on campus or professionally would there-
fore be desirable. Recruitment should be an "outreach"
operation for the foreseeable future. Campuses should be
visited, preferably by recent journeymen editors who relate
well on a peer basis. The role of the Daily Report should
be stressed -- that it is overt, credible and important --
a service to other journalists, scholars, planners and
policy makers.
The editing test currently in use by the Daily Report is a
good one if set to a tighter time limit. All new editors
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63
should have one experienced editor as a mentor, preferably
for the first year. They should be trained in copy editing,
news sources, reference checks and source books; they should
be exposed to an intensive course in editing, as opposed to
copy editing, by professional adjunct instructors drawn from
Washington area daily newspapers. The stress in this pro-
gram should be on news values and judgment. Once editors
have proved proficient -- and we urge some sort of testing
mechanism -- then they should be trained by the wire service
staff. The present policy of sending fledgling editors over-
seas on TDY to Panama or Okinawa is a good one and should be
continued.
Editors back from the field should not be returned to copy
editing. This is not only a misuse of their talents, but
rather stultifying for a professional who has so much more
to offer. The Daily Report needs editors who can distill,
make editorial notations, make intelligent queries to the
field, critique material sent from the field, make cross
references, consult with consumers and train new editors.
FBIS ought not to use such talent in marking copy, figuring
out capital letters, counting words and proofing. These
chores should be taken over by a second tier of profession-
als -- albeit at a lower salary level -- who do not rotate
overseas. By remaining for a longer period on one book
pursuing a specific set of copy editing functions, these
copy editors will impart a quality to the book that will
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64
complement the qualitative improvement brought to it by
editors who are devoting full time and attention to the
substance of the material.
Additionally, the managing editor should be freed of having
to worry about how many typists show up and concentrate on
the overall style and appearance of the book (just as the
Daily Report chief is concerned with the overall substan-
tive quality of the book). We recommend that all typing be
placed under contract to free the staff from the burden of
having to cope with vagaries of no-shows to dictate the scope
of the book. Further, once automation is in place, such a
contract will be easier to shed than a permanent staff with-
in the organization.
On the matter of substance, a primary goal should be to use
as much of the material sent in by the field as possible,
if not in its entire length, then with editorial notations
and cross referencing. Some thought should be given to
establishing a separate editors' desk, where this substan-
tive editing could be accomplished. This might involve
staggering the times of editors coming in, so that a group
could be at work in the afternoon preparing copy for the
following day's books. At present the copy flow is all
jammed into one period of the day, which necessarily leads
to bottlenecks. It is essential that AG be involved in the
daily editorial meetings so that mandatory texting can be
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65
sorted out. Management should actively encourage judgment
and substantial editing of the remaining copy. Editors
should be adept at writing good, accurate heads; compact sum-
maries of stories that deserve such treatment and in placing
material within the books that will better serve the needs
of consumers. A very close relationship should prevail be-
tween editors and analysts in the same areas. Editors should
be able to alert analysts to upcoming news, just as the lat-
ter can alert editors to areas they would like to see
covered.
The editing environment on the llth floor of FBIS desper-
ately needs perking up. The newsroom should hum with the
same excitement as the wire room, with editors at work on
the substantive end of the book, copy editors on the prepar-
ation of copy for the typists and the managing editor a vis-
ible presence to put the whole product together. Also,
editors at headquarters should be concerned with critiquing
reports sent from the field, while management should re-
institute the "winners and sinners" flyer that once served
as a psychological boost to editors of the Daily Report.
Automation is something that is inevitable for the Daily
Report. We believe the first steps should be taken in the
field, with a gradual introduction at headquarters, one book
at a time. Automation offers the prospect of more material
being processed quickly, without the inordinate delays of
constant re-typing and proofing. This time around care
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66
should be taken not to dismantle a proven operation until
all of the components of the new system are in place and
functioning smoothly.
In the course of our investigation it was clear to us that
much of what we have recommended in this report has been
considered at one time or another. On the basis of our
interviews, observations and personal experience we have
prepared a critique that we hope is both constructive and
workable. There are constraints -- budget, personnel,
tradition -- that may work against its usefulness. But the
very fact that we were invited to undertake this assignment
makes us hopeful that the Daily Report will continue to be
at the cutting edge of reporting in a world of change, with
a renewed perception of the issues and news that must be
covered and the wisdom to recruit and utilize the talent to
do the job.
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Appendix
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APPENDIX' a
ChapteV II RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
CIA_ Ad: We're Looking for a Few Good People
WASHINGTON ? (UPI) ? The Central Intelli- the CIA's more covert posts.
gence Agency may try to keep its activities secret, but "There aren't many of you. One in a thousand,
has a more open approach to recruiting its agents. maybe. You're a bright, seif-reliant, self-motivated per-
The CIA Sunday took out a large display ad in The son we need to help us gather information and put to-
Washington Post in the "professional opporttinities" gether a meaningful picture of what's happening in the
section of the classified ads, seeking applications from world," the ad said.'
"special men and women who still have a spirit of ad- "You can rely on yoUr wits, your initiatve. and
venture." . your skills. And, in return, e7yyy recognition, oos;!ions
-
Reminding everyone that the agency is an "equal of responsib,lity. life in foreign places, plus knowing
opportunity" employer, the ad uses the slogan. "It's that you belong to a very small, very special roup of
time for us to know more about each other," and its people doing a vital meaningful job in the face of chal-
lettering is on the background of an eagle, lenges and possible hardship." it continued.
The ad did not specify what jobs the agency was The ad spejties it is looking onfy for colic g gr,;(tu-
looking to fill, IrO'in; wording apeared aimed at at- ates who are American. citiens and have forcign Ian-
tracting applicants who might be interested ia some of guage aptitude.
------
?
?
?
lb
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APPENDIX b
Chapter IV THE BOOR
The use of cartoons could add both a visual and substantive
dimension to the DailT Report, as the attached article in
The Wall Street Journal illustrates.
Tighter editing of non?m,ndatory text material would make
passible the inclusion of more copy in the books and greater
readability of the material. We include one East German
broadcast, which had been edited at Headquarters and which
we refined further. Non?political, non?polemical material
should lend itself to such editing. The article on micro?
chips in the latest issue of Atlas World Press Review is
34 column inches distilled from 124 column inches in Die Zeit.
Again, the essence of this essentially technical report was
recorded in infinitely less space. Note the three?column
type (very readable) and the judicious use of a cartoon.
The sample two?column page could be enhanced with boldface
heads and sub?heads. The three key words for indexing are
circled in red.
One possible use of a logo on the front page of the Daily Report
is also attached.
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THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, THURSDAY, AUGUST 23, 1979
Chinese Cartoons:
Less Politics,
More Fairy Tales
By BARRY KRAMER
SHANGHAI?Try to imagine this: U.S.
government officials are so angered by the
animated-cartoon antics of Mickey Mouse
that they punish the Walt Disney studio
artists by sending them all to the country-
side for three years to raise pigs.
That gives some idea what happened at
? Shanghai Animated Film Studio, China's
sole cartoon movie production facility,
when China was run by radicals now
known and reviled collectively as the Gang
of Four.
Today, the studio is back in business,
turning out cartoons that make fun of the
Gang of Four or that retell ancient Chinese
folktales, which were forbidden as "poi-
sonous weeds" during the radical years.
But it will be many years before the studio
regains the skills of the early 1960s when it
made some of the world's most beautiful
animated features.
Ho Yuwen, the studio president, talks
calmly of the three years she spent on a
farm commune near Shanghai growing
rice and vegetables and tending hogs. "I
wasn't very good at farming when I went
there, so I actually learned something,"
says the soft-spoken Mrs. Ho.
Today, a tour of the studio finds artists
busy on a full-length cartoon feature based
on a Ming dynasty fairy tale called
"Monkey God Wreaks Havoc in the Under-
sea Crystal Palace." It will be China's first
wide-screen animated cartoon when fin-
ished in October.
* * *
At their drawing desks, artists grimace
in front of mirrors to catch the proper fa-
cial expressions for the characters they
draw. Other staff members paint colors on
individual clear plastic "cells," each to be
photographed in sequence to produce ani-
mation.
It wasn't always so. The studio began in
1947 as a propaganda mill in Communist-
controlled Manchuria turning out simple
cartoons against Chiang Kai-shek's Nation-
alist government. After the Communist '
victory, the studio moved to Shanghai in
1950. At first, it produced black and white
children's cartoons using traditional fables
to instill basic themes such as bravery and
hard work, but with few political over-
tones, Mrs. Ho says.
But in the late 1960s, with the advent of
the Great Cultural Revolution, traditional
fables were outlawed. "Everything we
made had to stress the class struggle and
so-called reality," says Mrs. Ho. As a re-
sult, the cartoons were very dull and peo-
1.4
The cartoon studio; of course, wasn't
alone. During the Cultural Revolution, all
of China's traditional arts suffered from
the radical rigidity enforced by Jiang Qing
(Chiang Ching), the wife of Mao Tse-tung.
For seven years, from 1965 to 1972, not
a single foot of film emerged from the
Shanghai Animated Film Studio. Aside
from the three years on the farm, four
more years were spent in "political discus-
sions." Recalls Mrs. Ho, "The only thing
we did every day was hold meetings and
(self) criticisms."
Now the studio staff is getting revenge.
Last year, they turned out a highly amus-
ing color cartoon full of symbolism famil-
iar to every Chinese, which attacks the
Gang of Four with the same viciousness
the Gang once reserved for the cartoon stu-
dio and other artists.
The film, called "One Night in an Art
Gallery," portrays the know-nothing activi-
ties of a hat (the Gang is accused of put-
ting "hats," or labels, on everyone) and a
club (representing dictatorship in the cul-
tural field). The hat and club are shown
slinging mud and ink over art works in a
children's art gallery, only to have the pic-
tures restored by the children and animals
in the paintings, which come to life at
night.
* * *
At film's end, with the defeat of the club
and the hat, flowers bloom until they fill
the screen. Any Chinese knows the symbol-
ism of that: China's current leaders have
urged their countrymen to let "a hundred
flowers bloom, and a hundred schools of
thought contend." But they'll need more
than animated cartoons to convince
China's masses, for most know about the
previous "hundred flowers" campaign of
the late 1950s when Chinese who expressed
their opinions were later punished.
Mrs. Ho blames the Gang of Four pe-
riod for lasting damage at her studio.
"Neither the quantity nor the quality of our
films has regained previous high levels,"
she admits.
Many Chinese who have seen the latest
cartoons agree with Mrs. Ho's assessment.
"The pictures from the early 1960s were
much better," confides an official from the
Foreign Ministry.
As if to point that out, Mrs. Ho guides
some foreign visitors into a darkened thea-
ter where a 1963 production of the Shang-
hai Animated Film Studio flickers onto the
screen.
The cartoon, a- simple children's story
about tadpoles who try to find their frog
mother, isn't a literary classic. But the art-
work makes it a film classic, for it brings
to life one of China's most brilliant art
forms, ink-brush painting.
The studio artists in those less-political
,days, copied faithfully the delicate ink-
brush painting techniques of Qi Baishi (Chi
Pal-Shill, a famous contemporary artist
whose works use a minimum number of
brush strokes to portray animals and
plants in traditional Chinese style. Tradi-
tional Chinese music ? not the martial
strains so associated with the China of the
past decade?provides appropriate accom-
paniment to what must be a memorable
animated cartoon for anyone.
It also provides a goal for the studio's
artists as they emerge from years of
limbo, along with the rest of China's artists
and performers.
Mr. Kramer is a Wall Street Journal re-
porter based in Hong Kong.
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The utilization of secondary raw materials is of concern not
only to a country deficient in raw materials, but to all nations.
Thus Sweden and Finland increasingly are using scrap wood despite
rich forest resources. In Great Britain and West Germany more
than 40% of the paper and cardboard is made from scrap paper.
These are but two minor examples. The more a nation is indus-
trializted the greater its need for raw materials. We face the
question with worn out or even obsolete machines or consumer goods:
Discard or recycle? It is easily answered: Why smelt expensive ore fo:
steel when 1,000 tons of less costly scrap will yield the same
result as pt000 tons of Imported ore and 500 tons of imported
coke. Annually our economy accumulates 70 million-tons of nearly
400 types of such raw material. Thus the directive of the ninth
SED Congress to increase the use of secondary raw materials by
30% by 1980 makes a lot of economic common sense. It seems to
me that using an important resource that is already available
in large quantities is vital to increasing production of high-
quality machines and modern consumer goods. Its importance cannot
be underrated in view of the steep price increases in raw materials,
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It is important to initiate scientific research to best recycle
such material. New processing plants must be built and collection
points established to collect the goods uselessly scattered about
This
our homes. 214116-weekend the Berlin personnel of the scrap
;aaterial trade and their colleagues in the metal ocessing
combine set an example for all of us in the proper utliszation
of this part of the people's property.
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? ? 4
Die Zeit
June 8,. 1979
C
' omputerfirmen stellen ihn gem n in ihren
Empfangshalleu zur Schau ? den Siegeszug
der Mikrominiaturisierung, der drastischen
Verkleinertnig .von, elektronischse Bauj1en und
ilages' Infeigiirkw ite flini'n'rrierferir.:1,21e Mk-
apparaten in einem einzigen Bauelement. ?
Das erste Schaustiick ist gewohnlich em n schuh-
kartongroges Gewirr aus Drahten und allerlei
Schaltelementen, besteckt mit klobigen Glas-
kolben, mit Elektronenrobren; es ist em n Teil eines
Rechenwerks aus einem Computer der friihen
filnfziger Jahre. Daneben liegt ein Brettchen,
kaum gr8fler alt eine Postkarte, mit vielen klei-
nen auf drei Drahten stehenden Metallhiitchen,
Transistoren, darauf, aullerdem sieht man
Widerstande und Kondensatoren; das gleiche
Rechenaggregat so, wie es vor knapp zwanzig
Jahren aussah. Der nachste, wesentlich von der
Raumfahrt beflOgelte Verkleinerungsschritt
fiihrtc zum ?Modul". Ein Block so grog wie emn
Stack Wilrfelzucker erbrachte gegen Ende der
sechziger Jahre die gleiche Leistung wie seine
beiden Vorginger. Flier rind keine Einzelteile
mebr zu erkennen; sic wurclen zu einem Quader
aus Kunststoff vergossen. ,
. . , - ? ? . ":'?-,:*,?*4 ",:S1/4:1':'
Wundersan2or. Winzhng. ! Pi, -???,%1 ??
N
Am Ende der ausgestellten Erfolgsstreckeliegt
las Pendant aus der Zeit zu Beginn unseres
Jahrzehnts. Es ist nur noch unter der Lupe zu
erkennen, ein Siliziumplattchen, vier Millimeter
im Quadrat, im Fachjargon Chip (Splitter) ge.
nannt, mit einer hineingeatzten ultrafemen Struk-
tur und aufgedampften Metalleitungen, gegen
die sich em n Menschenhaar wie em n dickes Tau
ausnimmt.
. 8
Dad dieser Winzling soviel wie der 4Q0 000mal
SQ grofle Schuhkarton mit den R8hren vollbrin-
? gen kann, ist 'angst kein Wunder mehi. Battler
kaufeti heute fUr wenige Pfennige so ein, Rechers-
chip hp Elcktronikladen.
Pie wahre 'Revolution der Verkleinenings-
technik hat sich in unseren Tagen in den Splittern
manifestiert, deran Fahigkeiten noch vor zwanzig
Jahren nur em n Gerat besall, das den Platz eines
Grofiraumbiiros beanspruchte, eine ,,zentrale
krozefleinheit", das Herz eines Computers. Das
and .die in jiingster Zeit mehr gescholtenen als
gelohten Mikroprozessoren.
,
Per Mikroprozessor ist der vielseitigste Appa-
rat, den die Technik je hervorgebracht hat; zu-
dem ist er billig, veil er aus dem Material besteht,
des die Erde am reichhaltigsten hergibt, ans dem
Qrundstof,f des Sandes und der Sleine. Utld er in
so klein, clall er problemlos in unzlIslige?seriite
eingebaut werden kann, wo er die Steuerung
Ubernimmt, die his dahin Menschen ? eher
schlecht alt recht ? vorzuneluneh batten. Ober-
dies yerbraucht er kaum Energies alfeufalls ein
paar Watt. '
,
, .
Deism, die mit ihm umgehen, ist keineswegs
unheimlicb, was schon die eher liebevollen Spitz-
namen verraten, die ihm Ingenieure gegeben
haben: ?Mikroprotz" wird er genannt, gelegent-
lich auch ?Mops" oder ?Mike".
Di; wissenscbaftliche Herkunft des Mikro-
prozessors geht auf die Entdeckung der Halb-
leitersubstanzen zuriick, Materialien, die elek-
trischen Strom nur in eine Richtung flieBen las-
sen. Ihre folgenreiche Erforschung wurde 1956 mit
dem Nobelpreis fur Physik an die Amerikaner
Walter Brattain, John Bardeen und William
kkinen L
'4114%.44, illototoklet,*?.
t
. I.. ? ? ?
hockley gevriirdigt. Halbleiter laisen sich z?
Funktionselernenten kombinieren, .die im
trischen Strom wie Tore wirken. Sie kOmien rn;
Hilfe elektriicher Signale geoffnet und geschlo
sen werden; mithin se:440 sie eine Steuerur..
des Stromflusses, wie bis dahln ,nur mit cL
ElektronFnriihre an bewerk.stelligen war. Dies,:.
steuerbare Halbleiter in der Transistor, der v
zuvor noch kehje techniSche Erfindung in
gen Jahren in alle' Haushalte Einzug hick, n,
dem Transistorradio.-Bald,-vierin auch nicht p-
ink raseh, drang. est. 'els retelbmer SfhaltIr in
'CiantaitertiClAilit eipo, '
Schritte'lvoliliairten idann
Techmker, die', die Materialicumbinationen
Transistoren gelQ741114bypntbett..hus stette..
baren elektroniselien Toren zusammenfiigten ?
und dies auf'immer kleineren Raum, zu ?int
grierten Schaltungen" wie sie bald genannt wu,'
den. Das. waren die dips-, die zuninhst nur zet
zwanzig 'oder hundert Transistorfunktionen a ?
tiben konnten mid heute, auf einem in Millimete.
gemessenen Raum, die Titigkeit eines S) t:'
aus Tausenden von Transistoren
Welch, ,1Logik".nennen sit die 1 -
genieure ,diese Aitten7rt ist fraglos
fend. ?
?
Salem- integrierte Schaitkreise. nicht in KIe'-
gesite wie Artnbanduhren oder Flak-Ges.chc
eingebaut werden sollen, werden dies& Chips ?
leichteren Hanclhabung zuliebe ? zwischen
Lingliche Kunststoffplittchen geklebr. Die
tungen sind an den beiden Lingsseiten berzu?
gefiihrt und nach unten abgeknickt? sehen sl ?
vie kleine Insekten ans.. Zwei de'r Beim: r;
Anschliisse fir. die Stromversorgung des winzi-
Gerits. Es hekonunt ganze fiin,f 'Volt Spannun?-
Die iibrigen Metallstiftchen sind ?Einginge. ir!
Ausginge, ziinftig inputs. und outputs genanr. ?.
Mehr ist im Prinzip nicht, damn. Im Prinzi
namlich tun alit integrierten Schaltkreise das-
selbe: le nachdem an welchen ihrer Einganes-
balite ethe..58:VolOparihung angelegt lit und
welchen nicht, lassen sie an ihren Ausgangsbeioen
nach bestimmten Regeln zurn Teil Spannung unu
zum Teil keine Spannung erscheinen. Die Logi",.
gent= die Aussagelogik, kennt auch nur we
Zustinde, awahr" und ?falschw, und Logik trci-
ban, bedeutet letztlich auch nur, einem beliebigen
Muster aus diesen heiden Zustinden nach be-
stimnsten Regeln ein anderes, ebenfalls aus den
beiden Wahrheiuwerten bestehendes Muster zu-
ordnen.
Einer der einfachsten integrierten Schaltkreise,
cuss schwarzes .Insekt"s so grog wie eine Biiro-
klammer mit 14 Beinchen daran, enthalt sechs
?Inverter". Zu jedem gehort em n Eingang und em
Auwang. Seine Titigkeit ist ?Neinsagen": Wenn
der tingang Spannung bekommt, liegt am Aus-
gang keine Spannung an. Wenn jedoch der
Eusgang nicht mit Spannung versorgt wird, er-
Un
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The /Microchip
Revolution
The coming era of microelectronics
RICHARD GAUL
D1EAZEIT
THOMAS VON RANDOW
*-l* Vir Ili* ? ii;*
;L., 1.1\
1.7.1";;;;2 ? .r4 4.....g7FF7,79. 4421
ie .1.:
44141011
-, -r;:Nti -**1 . , p
00- 00
Wide World
Computer chi p?"to *ignore it is to insure stagnation."
Richard Gaul is Economics Editor and
Thomas von Randow is a reporter for the liberal
weekly "Die Zeit" of Hamburg, from which
this is adapted.
proponents of microelectronic won-
ders see them as the engines of
economic growth in the coming de-
cades. Others see them as the precursors of
unemployment for millions of workers.
The debate in the 1980s over these seem-
ingly irreconcilable views may be as ve-
hement as that over nuclear power.
Miniature electronic circuits do more
at ever lower costs. There seems to be no
end to their use wherever something is
guided, measured, or regulated. They can
transmit information instantly, accurate-
ly, and cheaply, and their product re-
liability is astounding ? the electronic
watch is one example. Or consider the old
calculating machine: bulky, plugged into
a wall outlet, noisy, and capable of basic
arithmetic only. Microelectronics made
possible pocket calculators capable of
incredibly complex operations.
Computer companies love to set up dis-
plays in their lobbies in which the first
item is a component the size of a part of a
computer of the early 1950s. Next to it is a
postcard-size plate, which represents the
state of computers twenty years ago. Next
is a block of plastic no bigger than a sugar
cube, which does as much as the original
computer did. Finally we come to the
present, a silicon chip visible only under a
magnifying glass.
? This tiny component is the most ver-
satile unit ever produced by science, ca-
pable of doing what a machine a mere
generation ago could do only if it filled a
fair-sized room. It is inexpensive because
its main ingredient is silicon. It uses only a
few watts of electrical power. Simply
stated, it performs assignments in logic,
answering basic questions with either yes
or no. That, in principle, is all there is to
the new technology.
The latest advance is the microproces-
sor. The size of a Chiclet, it can perform
the most complex operations in logic. It is
24 Atlas World Press Review/September 1979
the nerve center for storage units, pro-
cessing on command data it has received
into the form desired by the user. The
commands can be stored so that they can
automatically run a sewing machine.
The microprocessor is at the center of
the minicomputer, which is the size of a
typewriter and costs about $1,000. It can
perform infinitely more than the legend-
ary Univac computer, which occupied the
entire floor of a building. Almost daily,
new uses are being developed, and en-
gineers continue to speed up its operation.
As the capacity and miniaturization of
computers have improved since World
War II, their use has soared. Until the
early 1970s, the rationale was that there
were no workers to fill the jobs which
microcomputers ostensibly eliminated.
Today, with some 900,000 unemployed in
Germany, this argument no longer is
valid. Now computers are seen as a means
of improving the nation's. competitive
position in world trade, of speed ing up the
flow of information, and of rescuing prod-
ucts threatened with extinction by out-
moded methods of manufacture.
Manufacturers claim that the new tech-
nology will not lead to the loss of jobs, but
rather to new jobs based on new uses.
Microelectronics already provides essen-
tial components in television sets, tape
recorders, record players, and household
appliances. ,Waiting in the wings are
many innoviiions, such as an electronic
hOme in which all appliances can be
controlled from:a console, with a small
computer for proKi-amming their use.
In the automobile of the future, micro-
electronic equipment will regulate fuel,
emissions, and lights. A warning system
will alert drivers when they are too close to
another vehicle. Hans L. Merkl, head of
Robert Bosch Co., Germany's largest
manufacturer of electrical components for
cars, says, "In the second half of the 1980s,
every car with an internal combustion
engine will be equipped with an electron-
ic steering mechanism."
Electronic units will insure a more
uniform flow of traffic, regulating traffic
lights and advising drivers of congested
areas ahead, with a quick advisory on
alternate routes. The same technology
can help make public transportation, such
as buses, more responsive to passenger
needs, thus making them more com-
petitive with automobiles.
Bank customers already encounter
computerized "tellers" that can identify a
customer by his voice and complete sim-
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pie transactions. In stores, an electronic
device can "read" the price of a product
so that the cashier no longer has to record
the sale manually. Soon the customer
won't even go to the store, but will shop
from his home by way of an electronic
terminal. His television will display mer-
chandise and he will order by phone.
Computers have also invaded offices,
not as secret machines in some remote
room, but as video display terminals.
Nixdorf, a German computer firm, offers
a unit that can "understand" 250 spoken
commands. Experts predict that within
ten years computers will be able to absorb
whole sentences spoken in a normal tone
of voice and give spoken responses. Al-
ready they are able to translate simple
foreign texts.
These computers will be able to absorb
letters, speed them on their way elec-
tronically, and deliver them orally at their
destination. They can serve as simul-
taneous translators in conversation. The
future is likely to be without paper, with
information stored on tapes and trans-
mitted from one picture screen to another.
File cabinets will disappear, data will be
retrieved with the push of a button.
True, the new technology has made
some jobs obsolete. The German watch
industry employed 32,000 in 1970; by
1977 that number had dwindled to
18,000. Cogs and springs have been re-
placed by silicon chips not much larger
than a pinhead and imprinted with the
works of a watch. Without this new tech-
nology, it might be argued, the German
watch industry would have disappeared
entirely, with the loss of all its jobs.
Advocates of the new technology claim
that to ignore it is to insure economic
stagnation.
The biggest fears over job obsolescence
do not focus on assembly lines, but on
"Disappearance
of several million
office jobs. .."
11111111111?1111111111MIMIIIIIMMIN=M11.10111
clerical and administrative personnel.
Computers are viewed as their nemesis.
Union leaders talk of the disappearance of
"several million" office jobs?a figure
that management disputes. But the realis-
tic prospect is that someday fully auto-
mated systems will turn out products
without human intervention.
IBM in Europe is moving rapidly in
that direction. New orders are run
through a central computer in Great
26 Atlas World Press Review/September 1979
Frankfurter Rundschau/Franklurt
Britain, which calculates how many parts
are needed from various facilities. These
data are fed into a computer in Mainz,
Germany, which registers the current
inventory of parts and, if necessary, orders
new ones through another computer at
the parts factory in Boblingen. This com-
puter schedules and then activates a fully
automatic assembly line to make the
required parts. Manpower is involved
only in a control function, to see that the
automated equipment maintains its per-
fect record of keeping the flow of parts to
the right place when they are needed.
Another employment worry?and one
of the most dramatic aspects of micro-
electronics ? is in the greatly reduced
number of parts in a given piece of
equipment. A mechanical cash register
contains 28,000 parts; an electronic unit
has 6,000. National Cash Register in
Augsburg reduced its workforce from
8,300 in 1970 to 3,700 in 1977. Producers
of electronic parts often discover that they
can easily assemble the final product, be it
an appliance or a gadget, themselves.
The real danger for the 1 980s is not that
there will be too many workers, but that
too few will have the necessary qualifica-
tions. What is needed is a program of
continuing education for all workers.
Werner Andexser, a prominent indus-
trialist, says, "We can no longer cram all
learning into one period.
Remarkably, as microelectronics prod-
ucts grow smaller their cost falls. In 1960 a
trahsistor cost 54 cents; today it costs .0005
cents. By the same standard a Volkswagen
beetle which cost A2,717 at that time
would cost only $2.72 today. The market
in the Western world seems limitless, with
the small size of the components practical-
ly eliminating transportation costs.
The U.S. dominates the field, manu-
facturing half the chips made each year;
Western Europe and Japan make up the
balance. The Soviet bloc lags far behind,
though it is gaining.
German industry attributes U.S.
leadership to the enormous American in-
vestment in military and space hardware.
To remain competitive, companies such
as Bosch, Siemens, and Nixdorf have
signed cooperative agreements with U.S.
companies?and, says one executive,
"Today we Germans are fully competi-
tive." So is Japan, which apparently
surpasses Europe in computers and leisure
appliances. The future lies with indus-
tries that are willing to commit their
products to the electonics revolution. NI
(JUne 8)
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I. 6 Jul 79
SIHANOUK WANTS TO ATTEND GENEVAC
REFUGEE MEETING
OW051228 Paris AFP in English 1215
GMT 5 Jul 79 OW
[Text] Beijing, July 5 (AFP)--Former
Kampuchan head of state Prince
Norodom Sihanouk wants to take part
in the Geneva conference of refugees
and speak on behalf of the "genuine
Khmer people and country." Prince
Sihanouk made the statement today in
a telegram to AFP's Beijing bureau C_KAMCUCHEA SIHANOUK REFUGEES
T
TERRITORIESAMPITIMANS DEShKTIN6 SRV FORCES AND
Pyongyang, where he is spending the
from the North Korean capital of
summer.
7 LPRC INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSE
OUTHEAST ASIA & PACIFIC
On June 20 Prince Sihanouk called
on the nonalined countries to save
Kampuchea from extinction by taking
some of the Kampuchean refugees now
in Thailand. He "begged" Thailand
on June 25 not to expel his compa-
triots back to their own country
where they would face certain death
and promised Thailand he was doing
everything possible to get the ne-
cessary international aid to keep
the refugees temporarily in Thai-
"The immense majority of Kampuchean
men and women living outside the
country have just designated me as
their sole representative to speak
and act in the world in the name of
the genuine Khmer people and coun-
try." "To begin with, these com-
patriots are going to ask the forth-
coming international conference on
Indochinese refugees to allow me to
speak in Geneva, the telegram said.
Urges Thai Acceptance of Refugeesl:
The prince's reference to the "gen-
uine Khmer people and coutry" is an
allusion to his rejection of both
the ousted Khmer Rouge regime of Pol
Pot and its supporters now waging a
guerrilla war, and the pro-Vietnamese
Heng Samrin regime now in power in
Phnom Penh. Referring to the trail
the Heng Samrin regime has said it
would hold judge the former Kampu-
chean monarch, Prince Sihanouk said
sarcastically: "I am delighted to
learn that the Heng Samrin regime,
lackey of Hanoi, has decided to judge
me."
Prince Sihanouk, and his wife,
Princess Monique, are in North Korea
as guests of North Korean President
Kim II-song.
0W050918 Beijing XINHUA in English
0705 GMT 5 Jul 79 OW
[Text] Beijing, July 5 (XINHUA)--
Many Kampuchean people in enemy
occupied areas and members of the
security force armed by Vietnam have
gone to the liberated areas since
early June because they could not
endure the Tyrannical rule of Viet-
namese aggressor troops, announced
Radio Democratic Kampuchea.
Over 1,000 people and members of the
security forces in Santuk County,
Kompong Thom Province, rose in revolt
on June 15, turning their guns
against the Vietnamese aggressors.
They killed or wounded over 50 Viet-
namese invaders, raided an enemy
warehouse and, taking their weapons
with them, joined the guerrillas in
fighting against the Vietnamese
aggressors. On June 20, 13 members
of the security force in Prek Prasap
County, Kratie Province, killed ten
Vitnamese invaders and then went to
the liberated areas to the warm wel-
come of the revolutionary army.
Members of three "village committees"
in Thmar Puok, Battanbang, set up
forcibly by the Vietnamese aggres-
sors, led 150 residents to the lib-
erated areas on June 5.
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FBIS-MEA-79-137
Monday
16 July 1979
Vol V No 137
FBIS
D Hy Rep .r
MIDDLE EAST &
---- NORTH AFRICA
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP94-00798R000200140025-3
Appendix c
Chpater VI AUTOMATION
The individuals most helpful to us in the formulation
of this chapter were:
1. Wiliam Wilt, editor of "Overview" for Newsday
(Long Island) and the person charged with long?
range planning for the newspaper. He can be reached
at [phone]. Etmlay has an Atex system.
Wilt suggests further advice can be gained from
that firm's vice president, Richard Ying, phone:
[phone].
2, George M. Collins, The Boston Globe's librarian,
can be reached at [phone]. He recommends
Richard Giering of Info?Tex, Dayton, Ohio, as an
expert on indexing -- [phone].
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