INTELLIGENCE; THE ACME OF SKILL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90-00530R000701680018-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 18
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

Af /1.
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There is great public interest in our nation's
intelligence system.
But intelligence work is secret and must
remain so. Within that limitation, however, we
have tried in this booklet to organize and
present information to answer basic questions.
We encourage anyone interested in obtain-
ing additional information about the CIA or
the Intelligence Community to write to:
Public Affairs
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
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Table of Contents
The Acme of Skill 2
"To find security without fighting is the acme
of skill."
Sun Tzu, Military Strategist
China, 400 BC
Introduction
An Intelligence Glossary
The Intelligence Cycle
United States Foreign Intelligence 8
"... the Agency, while responsible for coordi-
nating all U.S. foreign intelligence, is but one
element in a vast, multidimensional intelli-
gence system."
4 The President's Intelligence
5 Organization
6 The Intelligence Community
The Central Intelligence Agency
"The needs for intelligence increase as our
world becomes more complex. . . ."
Legislative Liaison
Central Intelligence Agency
10 Introduction
The Genesis of the Agency
12 Then and Now
Special Activities
Oversight
Conclusion
The Finished Product
The People and Their Jobs
A Miscellany
The Seal
The Headquarters Building
The Medals
A Chronology
People Often Ask
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"Intelligence is that high-quality
knowledge that decision makers
need to arrive at safe, effective
decisions."
Office Director
Central Intelligence Agency
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Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's principal
State Secretary, created an extensive intelli-
gence organization which sent agents to
foreign lands.
4
The art of intelligence is not new. It was
practiced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
of England (1558-1603).
Introduction
Intelligence is nothing new.
It is referred to in the Old Testa-
ment when God commands Moses to
send agents to "spy out the Land
of Canaan."
It is referred to, 400 years before
the birth of Christ, by the Chinese
military strategist Sun Tzu in his
book, "The Art of War," in which he
emphasized the importance of good
intelligence by noting that to "win 100
battles is not the acme of skill. To find
security without fighting is the acme
of skill."
It was used in the 13th century by
the Mongol leader Subotai in direct-
ing his forces to spectacular military
successes in their invasion of Europe.
Allen Welsh Dulles, for nine years
Director of Central Intelligence, wrote
in "The Craft of Intelligence" that
European rulers in the Middle Ages
"were not very well informed about
the Byzantine Empire and the Eastern
Slays; they knew even less of the
Moslem world; and they were almost
completely ignorant of anything that
went on in Central and East Asia."
In the 16th century, Sir Francis
Walsingham, principal State Secre-
tary to Queen Elizabeth I of England,
developed and sustained a network of
dozens of intelligence agents dispersed
to foreign lands. He recruited his
people from Cambridge and Oxford,
nurtured the art of espionage, and had
tools and techniques for making and
breaking codes. In a very real sense,
what Walsingham established in the
intelligence aspects of this service
foreshadowed the modern intelligence
organization.
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The point is that throughout re-
corded history, nations have survived
on more than armed might. They have
survived by their ability to gather,
evaluate, and understand information
about their world.
Another word for this evaluated
information is intelligence.
Simply put, intelligence is knowl-
edge and foreknowledge of the world
that surrounds us. The art of
delivering this knowledge and fore-
knowledge in a fashion that allows
decision makers, whether they be mili-
tary commanders or political leaders,
to arrive at proper decisions is an
elusive and frustrating one. It has less
to do with cloaks and daggers than
with the painstaking, generally te-
dious collection of facts, analysis of
facts, exercise of judgment and quick,
clear evaluation. Intelligence must be
rigorous, continuous, timely and,
above all else, must be useful. The
combination of informing and alerting
is what intelligence is all about. And in
the contemporary world?volatile,
complex, shifting from week to week,
day to day?that combination is an
absolute necessity as well as a growing
challenge. Without it, nations would
have to live on faith alone?or in
total darkness.
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The need for reliable, timely intelligence in-
creases as the world grows more complex. New
developments and new areas of concern require
constant attention.
An Intelligence Glossary
Agent?An individual, usually foreign, who
acts under the direction of an intelligence
agency or security service to obtain, or assist in
obtaining, information for intelligence or
counterintelligence purposes, and to perform
other intelligence functions.
Case Officer?A professional employee of an
intelligence organization who is responsible for
providing direction to an agent.
Clandestine?Secret or hidden, conducted
with secrecy by design.
Counterintelligence?Intelligence activity
intended to detect, counteract, and/or prevent
espionage and other foreign clandestine
intelligence activities, sabotage, international
terrorist activities or assassinations conducted
for or on be of foreign powers. Counter-
intelligence also refers to the information
derived from such activity.
Cover?The protective guise used by a person,
organization, or installation to prevent identkfi-
cation with clandestine operations.
Covert Action?A special activity conducted
abroad in support of United States foreign
policy objectives and executed so that the
role of the United States Government is not
apparent or acknowledged publicly. Covert
action is distinct from the intelligence-
gathering function.
Espionage?Intelligence activity directed to-
ward the acquisition of information through
clandestine means.
Intelligence Cycle?The process by which
information is acquired, converted into intelli-
gence, and made available to policymakers. It
usually consists offive steps: planning and
direction, collection, processing. production
and analysis, and dissemination.
National Foreign Intelligence?Intelligence
about a foreign power which responds to the
needs of the President, the National Security
Council, and others involved in the formula-
tion and execution of national security, foreign,
or economic policy of the United States.
Overt?Open or done without attempt to
conceal, as an "overt employee" of an
intelligence service.
Surveillance?The systematic observation or
monitoring of places, persons, or things by
visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other
means,for the purpose of gathering intelligence
information.
5
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The Intelligence Cycle
The process of creating reliable, ac-
curate foreign intelligence is dynamic
and never-ending. If a cycle can be
said to actually begin, the Intelligence
Cycle begins with questions?ques-
tions whose answers inevitably lead to
Planning and Direction:
more questions. So, for all intents and
purposes, there is no start and no
finish, just the process.
For the sake of description, it is
possible to break the process into five
steps. Taken together, these steps
The management of the entire intel-
ligence effort from the identification
of the need for data to the final
delivery of an intelligence product
to a customer.
The process is initiated by requests
or requirements for foreign intel-
ligence on certain subjects. These are
based on the ultimate needs of the
policymakers?the President, the
Congress, the National Security
Council, and leading officials of major
departments and agencies of Govern-
ment who depend on current informa-
tion as they participate in the formula-
tion of national policy.
Dissemination:
6
form the Intelligence Cycle. To be
aware of them is to have a foundation
for understanding how foreign intel-
ligence ultimately reaches the desks of
the President and other senior U.S.
decision makers.
Collection:
The distribution and handling of the
finished foreign intelligence. Often
this means getting the product to the
same policymakers whose needs and
requests triggered the Cycle in the
first place, but also involves distribu-
tion to other consumers both inside
and outside the Intelligence
Community.
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The gathering of the raw data from
which finished foreign intelligence
will be produced. This is done in
three ways:
1. From open sources such as
radio and television broadcasts, news-
papers, professional journals and
books or anything that is on the
airwaves or in public print.
2. By technical means?photog-
raphy and electronics which have
come to play an indispensable role in
modern intelligence by extending a
nation's sensory system, its eyes and
ears, to limits undreamed of not
long ago.
3. From human sources?from
agents and defectors who provide in-
formation obtained in no other way.
Processing:
The conversion of the vast amount of
information entering the system into a
form more suitable for the production
of finished intelligence. This may in-
clude language translations, technical
analysis, and sorting by subject mat-
ter. Information that does not go
directly to be analyzed is sorted and
made available through rapid com-
puter retrieval.
This step also refers to data reduc-
tion, the interpretation of information
stored on film and tape through the
use of highly refined photographic and
electronic processes.
Production and Analysis:
Perhaps the fulcrum of the process, for
here the conversion of basic informa-
tion into finished intelligence takes
place. This includes the integration,
evaluation, and analysis of all avail-
able data and the preparation of
a variety of intelligence products
or estimates which may be presented
as briefings, brief reports, or
lengthy studies.
Of course, the conversion is not a
simple process. The raw information
that is gathered is often fragmentary
and, at times, contradictory. Analysts,
who specialize in various subjects or
particular areas of the world, are
responsible for producing finished
intelligence. This is done by integra-
ting various pieces of data and
interpreting their meaning and
significance.
Subjects that analysts work with
are many and varied. They may con-
cern different countries, regions, prob-
lems, or personalities in a variety of
contexts?political, geographic, eco-
nomic, military, scientific, sociologi-
cal, or biographic. Current events,
capabilities, or probable developments
in the future may also be examined.
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firmed the presence of Soviet offensive
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The President
of the United States
Presidents Foreign
Intelligence
Advisory Board (PFIAB)
National Security Council
(NSC)
Senior Interagency
Group (SIG)
Interagency Groups
(IGs)
,?-?????"1 15.'11 44
10
Intelligence Oversight
Board (I0B)
The Intelligence
Community
The President's
Intelligence
Organization
A Presidential Executive Order as-
signs to the Director of Central Intelli-
gence the responsibility to act as the
primary adviser to the President and
the National Security Council on na-
tional foreign intelligence. To dis-
charge this and other assigned duties,
the Director is the appointed?with
the advice and consent of the Senate?
head of both the Central Intelligence
Agency and the Intelligence Commu-
nity. These, relationships and the
mechanisms established to sustain
them are discussed on the next page.
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President's Foreign Intelligence
Advisory Board (PFIAB)
The PFIAB is maintained within the
Executive Office of the President. Its
several members serve at the
pleasure of the President and are
appointed from among trustworthy
and distinguished citizens outside of
Government who are qualified on the
basis of achievement, experience, and
independence. They serve without
compensation. The Board continually
reviews the performance of all Govern-
ment agencies engaged in the collec-
tion, evaluation, or production of intel-
ligence or in the execution of
intelligence policy. It also assesses the
adequacy of management, personnel,
and organization in intelligence agen-
cies; and advises the President con-
cerning the objectives, conduct, and
coordination of the activities of these
agencies. The PFIAB is specifically
charged to make appropriate recom-
mendations for actions to improve and
enhance the performance of the intelli-
gence efforts of the United States; this
advice may be passed directly to the
Director of Central Intelligence, the
Central Intelligence Agency, or other
agencies engaged in intelligence
activities.
Intelligence Oversight Board
(I0B)
The President's Intelligence Oversight
Board functions within the White
House. The JOB consists of three
members from outside the government
who are appointed by the President.
One of these, who serves as chairman,
is also a member of the President's
Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.
The JOB is responsible for discovering
and reporting to the President any
intelligence activities that raise ques-
tions of propriety or legality in terms of
the Constitution, the laws of the U.S.,
or Presidential Executive Order. The
Board is also charged with reviewing
the internal guidelines and direction of
the Intelligence Community. The JOB
is a permanent, non-partisan body.
National Security Council (NSC)
The NSC was established by the
National Security Act of 1947 to ad-
vise the President with respect to the
integration of domestic, foreign, and
military policies relating to the
national security. The NSC is the
highest Executive Branch entity pro-
viding review of, guidance for, and
direction to the conduct of all national
foreign intelligence and counter-
intelligence activities. The statutory
members of the NSC are the
President, Vice President, the
Secretary of State, and the Secretary
of Defense. The Director of Central
Intelligence and the Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff participate as
advisers. The same 1947 Act also
established the CIA as an independent
agency subordinate to the NSC.
Senior Interagency
Group (SIG)
This committee of the NSC is com-
posed variously of the Director of
Central Intelligence, the Assistant to
the President for National Security
Affairs, the Deputy Secretary of
State, the Deputy Secretary of
Defense, the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, the Deputy Attorney
General, the Director of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, and the
Director of the National Security
Agency. The SIG chairman varies
according to the meeting agenda, e.g.,
the Director of Central Intelligence is
chairman when the body addresses
intelligence matters. The SIG (Intelli-
gence) is charged to advise and assist
the NSC in discharging its authority
and responsibility for intelligence
policy and intelligence matters. It
ensures that important intelligence
policy issues requiring interagency
attention receive full, prompt, and
systematic coordination. It also moni-
tors the execution of previously
approved policies and decisions.
Interagency Groups (IGs)
To assist the SIG (Intelligence),
Interagency Groups have been estab-
lished to consider individual policy
issues. Each IG consists of representa-
tives of the SIG members and, upon
invitation of the IG chairman, others
with specific responsibilities for
matters being considered. A represen-
tative of the Director of Central Intel-
ligence chairs meetings dealing with
national foreign intelligence. A repre-
sentative of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation chairs meetings dealing
with counterintelligence, except for
international terrorism, which is
divided between a State Department
representative for terrorism abroad
and an Attorney General representa-
tive for terrorism in the U.S. An
indeterminate number of IGs may be
designated by the SIG to address such
policy issues. The IGs, in turn, may
establish working groups as needed to
provide support to the approved
mechanisms of the NSC for such
matters.
The Intelligence Community
The concept of an Intelligence
Community is unique in the
Government in that it is composed for
the most part of elements which have
their primary institutional homes in
various departments and agencies of
the Executive Branch. Many of these
elements differ from each other in
significant ways. Together they
conduct the variety of activities that
add up to the entire U.S. national
foreign intelligence effort. What binds
these diverse components is their
common goal: to provide national
leaders with the most reliable and
accurate intelligence to serve as a
sound basis for making timely,
informed decisions.
It is the job of the Director of
Central Intelligence to make certain
that this goal is constantly and
successfully pursued. Members of the
Intelligence Community advise the
Director of Central Intelligence
through their representation on a
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The Intelligence Community
number of specialized committees that
deal With intelligence matters of com-
mon concern. Chief among these is the
National Foreign Intelligence Board,
which the Director chairs and which is
composed of the heads of Community
components and, as observers, heads
of the military intelligence services.
The Director of Central Intelligence
(DCI)
The DCI is the primary adviser to the
President and the National Security
Council on national intelligence
matters. He is the head of the Central
Intelligence Ageny and of such other
12
Department of Defense Elements
Departmental Intelligedee Elements
(Other than DOD)
staff elements as are required for the
discharge of his Intelligence Commu-
nity responsibilities.
An Executive Order gives the DCI
authority to develop the consolidated
National Foreign Intelligence
Program budget and to direct the
analytic and collection tasking of all
Intelligence Community elements.
In addition to staff elements of the
Office of the DCI, the Intelligence
Community consists of the Central
Intelligence Agency; the National Se-
curity Agency; the Defense Intelli-
gence Agency; the offices within the
Department of Defense responsible for
collection of specialized national
Independent Agency
foreign intelligence through recon-
naissance programs; the Bureau of
Intelligence and Research of the
Department of State; and the intelli-
gence elements of the military ser-
vices, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, and the Departments of
Treasury and Energy.
The DCI also serves as chairman
of the NSC's Senior Interagency
Group when it meets to consider
intelligence matters. This committee
establishes requirements and
priorities, relates these priorities to
resources, and reviews the intelligence
product for quality and
responsiveness.
STAT
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Intelligence Community Staff?pro-
vides primary staff support to the
Director of Central Intelligence in his
role as senior intelligence officer re-
sponsible for a coordinated intelli-
gence effort. The staff carefully co-
ordinates the collection activities of all
agencies and departmental elements
to minimize duplication and to ensure
coverage of major targets and to
assure that emphasis is placed on
topics of priority interest. It also moni-
tors the dissemination of collected
intelligence and consumer satisfac-
tion. The staff provides advice on all
matters pertaining to the National
Foreign Intelligence Program budget
prior to its presentation to Congress. It
develops the actual presentation for
Congress and monitors the implemen-
tation of the budget process.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)?
has primary responsibility for the
clandestine collection of foreign intel-
ligence, for conducting counterintelli-
gence abroad, and for the research and
development of technical collection
systems. CIA exploits new technology
for this purpose. Further, it is respon-
sible for the production of political,
military, economic, biographic, socio-
logical, and scientific and technical
intelligence to meet the needs of na-
tional policymakers. CIA also sup-
ports the Director of Central Intelli-
gence in his role as coordinator of the
Intelligence Community.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Defense Intelligence Agency ?satis-
fies the foreign intelligence and coun-
terintelligence requirements of the
Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, the Unified and Specified
Commands, Defense Department
components, and other authorized
agencies and provides the military
intelligence contribution to national
intelligence. It is also responsible for
coordinating the intelligence activities
of the military services and managing
the Defense Attache System, which
assigns military attaches to U.S. em-
bassies around the world.
National Security Agency ?is respon-
sible for the centralized coordination,
direction, and performance of highly
specialized technical operations in
support of U.S. Government activities
to protect U.S. communications and
produce foreign intelligence
information.
Army Intelligence ?provides special-
ized intelligence support to the Army
worldwide and to DOD. Responsibil-
ities include: the collection, produc-
tion, and dissemination of military
and military-related foreign intelli-
gence, including information on indi-
cations and warning, capabilities,
plans, and weapon systems and equip-
ment; the conduct of counterintelli-
gence activities and the production
and dissemination of counterintelli-
gence studies and reports; and the
development, procurement and man-
agement of tactical intelligence sys-
tems and equipment.
Naval Intelligence?works to fulfill
the intelligence, counterintelligence,
investigative and security requirements
and responsibilities of the Department
of the Navy. It also provides highly
specialized collection and analysis
related to the Naval environment.
Air Force Intelligence?conducts and
manages collection, processing, and
analysis, and dissemination activities
to meet worldwide Air Force arid
national intelligence needs. Among
the Services, the Air Force has the
largest intelligence program, and its
Foreign Technology Division is a lead-
ing national source of analysis of
foreign aircraft and missiles.
Marine Corps Intelligence?focuses on
providing responsive intelligence
support to Marine Corps tactical
commanders, primarily in the
amphibious warfare mission area, but
also across the full spectrum of Marine
Corps worldwide contingency missions.
Marine Corps intelligence coordinates
closely with and receives extensive
support from other Service, theater,
and national agencies but, particularly,
Naval Intelligence elements, both at
the Fleet and National levels.
Department of State ?the Depart-
ment of State's Bureau of Intelligence
and Research produces political and
some economic intelligence to meet
the State Department's needs. It also
coordinates State's relations with
other foreign intelligence operations,
disseminates reports received from
U.S. diplomatic and consular posts
abroad, and participates in the prep-
aration of National Intelligence
Estimates.
Department of Energy (DOE)?openly
collects political, economic and tech-
nical information concerning foreign
energy matters. While DOE does pro-
duce and disseminate some foreign
intelligence and provides technical
and analytical research capabilities to
other intelligence operations, it re-
mains primarily a consumer of
intelligence.
Department of Treasury?openly col-
lects foreign financial and monetary
information and assista the Depart-
ment of State in collecting economic
data. It produces analysis to support
the Secretary of the Treasury in carry-
ing out his responsibilities for U.S.
economic policy and assists in the
production of national intelligence for
the President and other senior U.S.
officials.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI)?has primary responsibility for
counterintelligence within the United
States. This includes the detection,
penetration, prevention and neutral-
ization, by lawful means, of espio-
nage, sabotage and other clandestine
intelligence activities directed against
the U.S. by hostile foreign intelligence
services. FBI works closely with the
Central Intelligence Agency which
has primary responsibility for counter-
intelligence outside the United States.
13
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". . information was available but was so
compartmented and so fragmented that there
was no individual or group of people respon-
sible for drawing what turned out to be a
logical conclusion. . . ."
Office Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Major General William J. Donovan was the
Director of the Office of Strategic Services, a
predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency.
16
Introduction
If the combination of informing and
alerting is a good working definition of
what intelligence is all about, that
combination was not working well for
the United States on the morning of
December 7, 1941. Certainly, the
nation had been involved in foreign
intelligence since its birth?George
Washington wrote in July 1777, that
"the necessity of procuring good intel-
ligence is apparent and need not be
further urged"?but it was only after
the shocking surprise attack at Pearl
Harbor, which caught the United
States unprepared, that the need for a
centrally coordinated national intel-
ligence service came into sharp
public focus.
In the leisurely, seemingly inno-
cent years between World Wars?
indeed, traditionally?the U.S. oper-
ated with only departmental intelli-
gence. Under this system, individual
departments like War, Navy, and
State as well as the Office of the
President, produced their own intelli-
gence. But there was little coordina-
tion among them. Almost jealously,
each guarded its own area. Thus, the
bits and pieces that might have been
brought together to warn of an im-
pending attack in the Pacific were
never fitted together. They remained
essentially uncoordinated.
Six months later; in June 1942,
President Roosevelt signed Executive
Order 9182 establishing the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS). William J.
Donovan, a New York lawyer who had
won the Medal of Honor as a Colonel
in World War I, was named its
Director. Under his guidance, OSS
collected information abroad, con-
ducted secret operations against ene-
my powers, and produced intelligence
reports on enemy strengths, capabili-
ties, and intentions.
It was a forerunner of the Central
Intelligence Agency.
The Genesis of the Central
Intelligence Agency
The War ended in 1945 and so did the
OSS. On the first of October that
year, by Executive Order 9621, Presi-
dent Harry S Truman disbanded OSS
and allowed its functions to be
absorbed by the Department of War
and State. Even during the height of
the global conflict, Donovan's orga-
nization never received complete juris-
diction over all foreign intelligence
activities. The FBI had been responsi-
ble,for intelligence work in Latin
America since the 1930's and the
military services administered their
own areas of responsibility all through
World War II.
Now, however, with the memory of
Pearl Harbor still fresh, the need for a
post-war centralized intelligence sys-
tem was fully recognized. In fact,
Donovan had already submitted a
proposal which called for separating
the military's intelligence services
from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It also
called for the creation of a new orga-
nization, having direct Presidential
supervision, which would coordinate
the intelligence services of several
departments. This new agency would
conduct "operations abroad" but
would have "no police or law enforce-
ment functions, either at home or
abroad."
The plan drew great debate. In
response, President Truman set up the
Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in
January 1946. It was directed to
coordinate existing departmental
intelligence, supplementing but not
supplanting their services. This was to
be carried out under the direction of
the National Intelligence Authority
(NIA).
Twenty months later, NIA and its
operating component, CIG were de-
activated and under the provisions of
the National Security Act of 1947?
the same statute that provided for a
Secretary of Defense and created a
separate U.S. Air Force and defined
the role of today's Joint Chiefs of
Staff?the National Security Council
and the Central Intelligence Agency
were established.
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On July 26, 1947 President Harry S Truman
signed the National Security Act of 1947 which
established the Central Intelligence Agency.
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' ?
4.. ? "4"?.
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Then and Now
The Central Intelligence Agency is
charged with a dual responsibility. It
must coordinate the numerous intelli-
gence efforts of the U.S. Government
as well as collect, evaluate, analyze,
produce, and disseminate foreign
intelligence. That responsibility has
remained unchanged since 1947.
But the world in which it must be
discharged has not.
When the Central Intelligence
Agency came into being, the world
was, in many ways, a simpler place.
The U.S. was preeminent among na-
tions, the only atomic power on earth.
The primary product of intelligence,
then, had to do with the military
activities and political intentions of
the Soviet Union?and a little bit
about those of its satellites.
Today, however, things are not
so simple.
The U.S. is no longer the world's
only nuclear power. In addition, there
are now more than 150 independent
nations on earth. This country has
important contacts with almost all of
them. These contacts are far more
political and economic than military.
Consequently, the focus of collection
and analysis has shifted from a singu-
lar concentration on the military
prowess of one country to a broader
interest in all areas of international
relations. And although understand-
ing Soviet military strength is still the
Agency's number one priority, its tra-
ditional areas of concern have ex-
panded to confront the problems of
such things as terrorism, drug traf-
ficking, world energy, and world grain
production.
These ever growing areas of inter-
est represent a significant change in
the Central Intelligence Agency. They
also focus attention on the need to
gather more and more data. And this,
in turn, points to another significant
change in intelligence. Where once the
human agent was the basic collector of
data, a technological revolution in the
past two decades has generated tech-
In its early years, the Central Intelligence
Agency's primary concern was with Soviet
military activities and political intentions.
The world has changed. No longer is the
United States the only atomic power on earth
as it was when this test was run in 1946. Today,
many nations have atomic capabilities.
. . it's a different world. A multinational,
multipower, multiauthority world. . . . There
has been an enormous shift in the focal power
centers. It is no longer a case of monolithic
communism. There are many communisms . . .
there is no single free world, but there is a
world split into many parts ... there is not one
Third World, but there are many Third
Worlds. . . ."
National Intelligence Officer
'In 1947 there was really only one credible
force in opposition to the military might of
the United States and that was the Soviet
Union. . . intelligence at that point was to
know the nature of that threat and to maxi-
mize, obviously, the military capability of the
United States."
Legislative Liaison
Central Intelligence Agency
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Although agents are still an important part of
the collection process, the Agency, now more
than ever before, depends on technological
means to gather information. Much of this
technology is developed by the Agency.
"I believe that the analyst is at the center of the
intelligence process, and I would like to believe
the most important part of the intelligence
process, because this is the one place, that is
the desk of the working analyst, where every
piece of paper must come in order for the
agency to make a judgment about the
intentions of another country or to make a
considered judgment about events that have
some interest for the U.S. policymaker."
Senior Analyst,
Central Intelligence Agency
20
nical systems capable of producing
prodigious quantities of information.
These systems include devices to inter-
cept communications signals and
other electronic signals for analysis.
Cameras are of great importance?
miniature cameras carried by agents,
large cameras aboard high flying air-
craft and reconnaissance satellites.
And yet the human agent remains
vital. If the photographs and signals
that technical means gather speak of
what people have built or what they
are saying, only the human agent can
deliver what they are thinking. To be
effective, these two elements must
work as a team, meshing and comple-
menting each other, one filling in
where the other misses.
The point is that today's Central
Intelligence Agency receives volumi-
nous amounts of information each
day?more than ever before on more
subjects than ever before. It is the
challenge of the analyst to sort it all
out, to keep what is germane and
discard what is not, to piece together
from what is left a useful picture
which can help policymakers and deci-
sion makers do their job. That volume
of information, reflecting the enor-
mous increase in areas of interest is,
perhaps, the greatest change in the
Central Intelligence Agency from
then to now.
Special Activities
"Special activities" are clandestine
activities conducted abroad to influ-
ence opinions and events in support of
U.S. foreign policy objectives. These
activities are conducted in such a
manner that the role of the U.S.
Government is not apparent. "Special
activities" are distinct from
diplomatic and intelligence collection
functions and include "covert action."
In selected situations, they can provide
the United States with a useful foreign
policy option between diplomacy and
military action.
An Executive Order authorizes
only the Central Intelligence Agency
in peacetime to conduct "special
activities" approved by the President
and to carry out such activities
consistent with applicable law. Today,
the controls on such activities are
more stringent than ever before. In
addition to Presidential approval, all
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Central Intelligence Agency "special
activities" require review by the Na-
tional Security Council and notifica-
tion to designated committees of
Congress.
Oversight
In the past the tendency was to think
of the Central Intelligence Agency as
operating entirely on its own without
supervision of its activities. Perhaps
this tendency grew from the fact that
much of the Agency's work must be
kept secret, thus making total public
oversight an impossibility.
Though total public oversight is
indeed an impossibility, several safe-
guards exist which control Central
Intelligence Agency actions. They
provide each citizen, or members of
the Intelligence Community, an
avenue through which concerns, com-
plaints or questions can be brought to
light and examined.
The first of these safeguards is in
the White House. The President and
Vice President take an active and
daily interest in intelligence efforts.
The Director of Central Intelligence
meets with them regularly to keep
them informed.
The second is the Intelligence
Oversight Board, whose three mem-
bers are appointed by the President
from the public sector and report
directly to him. Created in 1976, the
Board will hear anyone, from within
or outside of the Federal Government,
and will promise that person anonym-
ity. It will look at each issue raised and
determine whether or not it warrants
action. It then reports its findings to
the President.
The third safeguard is congres-
sional. The Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence and the House Perma-
nent Select Committee on Intelligence
have primary responsibility for
overseeing all intelligence activities.
The House and Senate Appropriations
Committees review intelligence activi-
ties to assure they are cost effective.
These four committees exercise a
true oversight function by scrutinizing
the Central Intelligence Agency's
work on a continuing basis and pro-
viding advice and guidance when
appropriate. The Agency reports to
them in considerable detail and
is completely responsive to their re-
quests for information regarding
intelligence activities.
Conclusion
The Central Intelligence Agency is an
intelligence organization working pri-
marily abroad on behalf of the U.S.
Government. It collects, analyzes and
disseminates foreign intelligence. It
has no law enforcement powers.
And its budget is carefully scrutinized
by the Office of Management and
Budget and by four committees of
Congress, even if it is not made public.
While its failures are often trumpeted,
its successes seldom receive fanfare
because they usually must remain
secret. The Central Intelligence
Agency has changed mightily since its
inception. Today it walks a new and
fine line between an openness in gov-
ernment Americans have come to
expect and the secrecy that intel-
ligence, by its very nature, demands.
The Central Intelligence Agency's
Finished Product
Collection, processing and analysis all are
directed at one goal?producing accurate, reli-
able intelligence. That is the Central Intelli-
gence Agency's finished product and it comes in
several types, each of which must be presented
in aform that is most useful to the intelligence
customer. For example, there is current intelli-
gence, which takes the form of daily publica-
tions and bulletins or briefings that inform the
policymaker about current developments and
gives estimates of how these developments will
affect the situation in the near term.
Another form is the National Intelligence
Estimate, a longer and more in-depth look at a
specific international situation that presents
judgments on future developments and what
they might mean for the United States. Such
estimates are most often produced as a coordi-
nated product of the Intelligence Community.
A third form offinished intelligence is found in
long research studies which may take months
to complete.
Who are the customers who get this finished
product?
They are the same people who ask to have it
produced. At the very top of this list is the
President. He is, of course, the Central Intelli-
gence Agency's most important customer. But
there are others: Cabinet members and the
President's National Security Adviser and the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. In fact, every elected or
appointed official in the national Government,
including members of Congress, is a potential
customer for some part of the intelligence
product.
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The People of the Central
Intelligence Agency and
Their Jobs
In a complex and ever-shifting world,
policymakers must have a knowledge
of a wide range of subjects. As it is the
purpose of intelligence to provide in-
formation about those subjects, it
must employ the services of
professionals with specialized back-
grounds running the gamut from poli-
tics and economics to the sciences and
military strategy to geography and
just about any other discipline.
Agency professionals whose job is
to deal with these subjects on a day-to-
day basis are highly trained and edu-
cated. The majority of professionals
entering the Central Intelligence
Agency have Bachelor's degrees, and
many hold Master's degrees and
Ph.D's. In fact, there are more Ph.D's
employed by the Central Intelligence
Agency than by any other government
agency.
In its constant pursuit of informa-
tion, the Central Intelligence Agency
is very much like a university. And,
like a university, it has a place for
people with a wide range of specialties.
For example, historians, political
scientists, area specialists and lin-
guists find producing current intelli-
gence and working with people over-
seas challenging assignments. Others
produce biographic studies or trans-
late foreign language documents. En-
gineers and scientists work on the
intricate and difficult task of assessing
developments in foreign weapons
systems or devote themselves to im-
proving the Agency's technical
collection methods. Economists and
students of international finance study
subjects as disparate as future
population trends, crop forecasting, or
the movement of petrodollars.
Cartographers and geographers can
prepare specialized reports and maps
concerned primarily with the
environmental characteristics of
foreign areas. Accountants, business
administrators, lawyers and computer
specialists apply their training in the
demanding work of managing the
Agency itself.
The intelligence process is not a simple one. To
function properly and efficiently, it requires
people skilled in a variety of disciplines.
These jobs?and others?are per-
formed by the people of the Central
Intelligence Agency. It is these people
who give the Agency the sense of
purpose, the dedication, and the
commitment for which it is famous.
23
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A Miscellany
The Seal
Section 2 of the Central Intelligence
Agency Act of 1949 provided for a
Seal of Office for the Central Intel-
ligence Agency. The design of the seal
was approved and set forth on Feb-
ruary 17, 1950 in President Harry S
Truman's Executive Order 10111. In
this Order, the seal is described in
heraldic terms as follows: the Shield?
its argent compass rose of 16 points
gules; the Crest?on a wreath argent
and gules an American Eagle's head
erased proper; below the Shield, on a
gold scroll, the inscription, "United
States of America," in red letters and
encircling the Shield and Crest at the
top the inscription, "Central Intel-
ligence Agency" in white letters. All
on a circular blue background with a
narrow gold edge.
The interpretation of the seal?
which is characteristic of the Agency
itself?is simple and direct. The
American Eagle is the national bird
and is the symbol of strength and
alertness. The radiating spokes of the
compass rose depict the convergence
of intelligence data from all areas of
the world to a central point.
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The Headquarters Building
Located about eight miles from
downtown Washington, D.C., the
headquarters building and grounds
presently occupied by the Central
Intelligence Agency were envisioned
by former Director Allen W. Dulles.
His concept, projecting the at-
mosphere of a college campus, was
designed in the mid-1950's by the
New York firm of Harrison and
Abramovitz?designers of the United
Nations building.
Construction began in October
1957 and was completed in November
1'963. President Dwight D. Eisenhower
laid the building's cornerstone on
November 3, 1959.
The Central Intelligence Agency
Headquarters, actually commissioned
by President Harry S Truman, con-
sists of 1,000,000 square feet. When
combined, the building and the
grounds surrounding it total 219
acres. Concrete and Georgia marble
make up the main lobby and corridor.
Along the south corridor are messages
of gratitude and approbation to the
Central Intelligence Agency from
Presidents Truman, Eisenhower,
Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford
and Carter.
A Biblical verse, which character-
izes the intelligence mission in a free
society, is etched into the south wall of
the central lobby. It reads:
And ye shall know the truth and the
truth shall make you free.
John VIII-XXXII
Opposite, on the north wall of the
central lobby, is a bas-relief bust of
Allen Welsh Dulles who was Director
of the Central Intelligence Agency for
nine years. The building was erected
during his period in office.
Engraved in the same wall are
memorial stars, each honoring a Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency employee
whose life was lost in the service of our
country. For security reasons the
names of many of these dedicated
Americans can never be revealed.
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war' 11 ?
,
The Library
The Central Intelligence Agency's re-
search library, open only to Agency
personnel, boasts 60,000 catalogued
titles, 102,000 volumes, and 1,700
newspaper and journal subscriptions.
It actively participates in interlibrary
loans with other libraries in the United
States. Emphasis here is on basic and
current information about foreign
countries including a selection of for-
eign newspapers, diplomatic lists, dic-
tionaries and encyclopedias.
The Medals
The Central Intelligence Agency rec-
ognizes the heroism and exemplary
performance of its employees with
uniquely designed medals. These are:
Distinguished Intelligence Cross:
awarded for a voluntary act or acts of
exceptional heroism involving accep-
tance of existing dangers with con-
spicuous fortitude and exemplary
courage.
Career Intelligence Medal: awarded
for cumulative record of service which
reflects exceptional achievement.
26
!LIR
Distinguished Intelligence Medal:
awarded for performance of outstand-
ing services or for achievement of a
distinctly exceptional nature in a duty
or responsibility.
Intelligence Commendation Medal:
awarded for especially commend-
able service or for acts which result
in important contributions.
Intelligence Star: awarded for volun-
tary act or acts of courage performed
under hazardous conditions or for
outstanding achievements or services
rendered with distinction under condi-
tions of grave risk.
Exceptional Service Medallion:
awarded for injury or death resulting
from service in an area of hazard.
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Intelligence Medal of Merit: awarded
for the performance of especially mer-
itorious service or for an act or
achievement conspicuously above nor-
mal duties.
A Central Intelligence Agency
Chronology
11 July 1941
President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes
position of Coordinator of Information
(C01) and designates as Coordinator
William J. ("Wild Bill') Donovan. He was
an Army colonel and much decorated hero
in World War I. As a civilian, Donovan
thus becomes head of this country's first
central intelligence organization.
13 June 1942
President Roosevelt by Executive Order
9182 transforms COI into Office of Strate-
gic Services (OSS) with Donovan as Direc-
tor. Donovan becomes Brigadier General in
1943 and Major General in 1944.
18 November 1944
Donovan submits to President Roosevelt a
plan for permanent peacetime central intel-
ligence service. This is ultimately embodied
in legislation establishing the Central Intel-
ligence Agency (CIA).
1 October 1945
By Executive Order 9621, President Harry
S Truman abolishes OSS but assigns some
of its functions and personnel to State and
War Departments.
22 January 1946
By Presidential letter President Truman
establishes Central Intelligence Group
(CIG) to operate under direction of
National Intelligence Authority (NIA).
Rear Admiral Sidney W. Souers, USNR, is
appointed first Director of Central Intelli-
gence (DCI). OSS elements assigned to
State and War Departments are eventually
transferred to CIG.
26 July 1947
President Truman signs National Security
Act of 1947 which establishes, among other
things, the National Security Council
(NSC) and Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) as replacements for NIA and CIG
respectively. For CIA, the Act becomes
effective 18 September 1947.
20 June 1949
Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 is
enacted by Congress. It supplements the
1947 Act by specifying fiscal and adminis-
trative authorities.
4 August 1955
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs bill
authorizing $46 million construction of
CIA headquarters building.
3 November 1959
President Eisenhower presides at laying of
cornerstone of CIA headquarters building
in Langley, Virginia.
20 September 1961
First employees begin to move into new
headquarters from various offices in Wash-
ington, D.C. area.
4 January 1975
President Gerald R. Ford signs Executive
Order 11828 creating "Commission on CIA
Activities Within the United States."
Chaired by Vice President Nelson
Rockefeller, Commission submits its report
on CIA domestic activities to President on 6
June 1975.
27 January 1975
U.S. Senate establishes "Senate Select
Committee to Study Government Opera-
tions With Respect to Intelligence Activi-
ties" under chairmanship of Senator Frank
Church (D., Idaho). Church Committee in-
vestigates nation's intelligence activities for
15 months and is disestablished upon sub-
mission of its final report 26 April 1976.
19 February 1975
House establishes "House Select Commit-
tee on Intelligence" to investigate allega-
tions of "illegal or improper" activities of
federal intelligence agencies here and
abroad. First chairman is Representative
Lucien Nedzi (D., Michigan), who is later
replaced by Representative Otis G. Pike (D.,
New York). On 19 January 1976, two days
before the Committee is scheduled to con-
clude its activities, House votes to withhold
public dissemination of Committee's final
report.
19 February 1976
President Ford signs Executive Order
11905 which sets intelligence policy and
guidelines and establishes an intelligence
oversight mechanism.
19 May 1976
Senate establishes permanent "Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence" (SSCI)
under chairmanship of Senator Daniel K.
Inouye (D., Hawaii) to carry out oversight
of nation's intelligence organizations.
14 July 1977
House of Representatives establishes
"House Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence." Chaired by Representative
Edward P. Boland (D., Massachusetts), it
differs from the SSCI by having oversight
jurisdiction over CIA but shares with
several other House committees legislative
oversight authority over all other intelli-
gence agencies.
4 August 1977
President Jimmy Carter announces reor-
ganization of Intelligence Community, cre-
ating a high level committee chaired by
DCI to set priorities for collecting and
producing intelligence, and giving DCI full
control of budget and operational tasking of
intelligence collection.
24 January 1978
President Carter signs Executive Order
12036 which reshapes the intelligence struc-
ture and provides explicit guidance on all
facets of intelligence activities.
20 October 1981
President Reagan reconstitutes the Pres-
ident's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
and names 19 distinguished private citizens
to serve on it.
4 December 1981
President Reagan signs Executive Order
12333, which clarifies E. 0. 12036, and
Executive Order 12334, reestablishing the
Intelligence Oversight Board.
23 June 1982
President Reagan signs Public Law 97-200,
the Intelligence Identities Protection Act,
imposing criminal penalties on those who
reveal the names of covert intelligence
personnel.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/13: CIA-RDP90-00530R000701680018-6
People Often Ask
Who watches the Central Intelligence
Agency?
Two committees of Congress (Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence and
House Permanent Select Committee
on Intelligence) have been established
for the sole purpose of overseeing
activities of the Intelligence Commu-
nity. We are also closely monitored by
the Appropriations Committees of
both Houses. In addition, the Presi-
dent has established an independent
Intelligence Oversight Board, which
reports only to him on any alleged
impropriety or illegality.
What kind of people work in the
Central Intelligence Agency?
We carefully select well qualified
people in nearly all fields of study.
Scientists, engineers, economists, lin-
guists, mathematicians and computer
specialists are but a few of the dis-
ciplines continually in demand. Some
are specialists?physical and social
scientists, doctors of medicine, law-
yers, etc.?but many are generalists,
people who have demonstrated their
qualifications to hold the many varied
positions that make up the bulk of the
domestic and overseas staffs.
Who spies for the Central
Intelligence Agency?
Intelligence officers, commonly called
case officers, with the assistance of
local persons abroad collect the in-
formation our country needs to
support our nation's policymakers.
Those persons who agree to assist our
case officers are called agents. Our
employees who analyze the collected
information and produce intelligence
are called analysts.
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How many people work for the
Central Intelligence Agency?
That figure is never made public
because it would tell other nations the
scope of our intelligence operation.
But again, those people in govern-
ment who need to know have that
information and closely monitor the
number of staff positions allocated to
the Agency.
What is covert action?
Covert action is a special activity
conducted abroad in support of United
States foreign policy objectives and
executed so that the role of the United
States Government is not apparent or
acknowledged publicly. Covert action
is distinct from the intelligence-gath-
ering function. Covert action often
gives the United States a foreign
policy option between diplomatic and
military action.
Who at the Central Intelligence
Agency decides to undertake
a covert action?
The Agency does not undertake a
covert action without approval. First
a covert action is considered by the
National Security Council and recom-
mended to the President. After
receiving written approval by the
President, the Director of Central
Intelligence initiates the action and
must then report it to seven commit-
tees of Congress.
What is the Central Intelligence
Agency doing about spies from other
countries in the United States?
Counterintelligence?that is, identify-
ing unfriendly foreign intelligence ser-
vices which are trying to obtain secrets
from the United States?within the
U.S. is the job of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation. Counterintelligence
in foreign countries is assigned to the
Central Intelligence Agency. Of
course, the FBI and CIA work closely
in this activity and constantly ex-
change information.
Can we be arrested by the Central
Intelligence Agency?
Absolutely not. The Central Intel-
ligence Agency has no police, law
enforcement, subpoena powers or
internal security functions, either in-
side the United States or overseas.
Why won't you release your budget?
Because it would provide other coun-
tries of the world the advantage of
knowing how much effort we are
putting into various intelligence activi-
ties. The Intelligence budget is well
known to, and daily scrutinized by,
appropriate government officials?
including the Office of Manage-
ment and Budget and four committees
of Congress.
Why does the Central Intelligence
Agency make estimates of things
like foreign oil production or future
grain yields?
When the Agency began in 1947 our
country was primarily interested in
the military activities of the Soviet
Union and the Communist Bloc.
Today we must be informed on the
activities of the more than 150 nations
of the world about such things as oil
production, grain harvests, weather,
and population. Current knowledge
about anything that can affect
world events helps our leaders make
better decisions.
Does the Central Intelligence Agency
give tours of its headquarters building
in Langley, Virginia?
No. The idea was considered and
tested but logistical problems and
security considerations demonstrated
it is just not possible.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/13: CIA-RDP90-00530R000701680018-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/13 : CIA-RDP90-00530R000701680018-6
Interior of the headquarters building.
Works of art grace the building's entire first
floor. Selected and hung by the Central
Intelligence Agency Fine Arts Commission,
the majority of the collection is abstract
with an emphasis on color studies. These
were loaned to the Agency by Vincent
Melzac.
How To Obtain Publications and
Maps Available to the Public
? To obtain individual publications and se-
lected maps, full or tailored subscriptions:
(for documents published after 1 Febru-
ary 1979)
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
Telephone:
NTIS Order Desk 703-487-4650;
Subscription Desk 703-487-4630
? Hard copy, microfiche, or microfilm
service
? Use NTIS document number when
ordering ,
? Subscription and Deposit Account ser-
vice offered
? American Express, VISA,
MasterCard, check or money order
accepted
? Rush handling available
? To obtain individual current publications as
well as those published before February
1979:
Library of Congress
Photoduplication Service
Washington, D.C. 20540
Telephone: [phone]
? Xeroxed copies, microfiche, or micro-
film service
? Use Title of Document when ordering
? Check or money order accepted
? To subscribe to all CIA publications:
Document Expediting Project (DOCEX)
Exchange and Gifts Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Telephone: [phone]
? Annual fee is $225 for subscription
service
To obtain Selected Maps and Atlases:
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
? MasterCard, VISA, check, or money
order accepted
? Use GPO stock number when ordering
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/13: CIA-RDP90-00530R000701680018-6