SOVIET HYDROLOGIC PLANNING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 3, 2014
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: October 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE
STUDY
SOVIET HYDROLOGIC
PLANNING
As TECHNICAL SERVICE INTELLIGENCE DOCUMENT
Ku-19 Full-
STAT
STAT
STAT
11?00..
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
OCTOBER 1959
204789
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?
" 4 "
This document was compiled by the Army Map Service
and has been approved by the Chief of Engineers
for dissemination within the Corps of Engineers.,
This document has not been reviewed by the Office
of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligences
and therefore does not necessarily represent
agreed Department, of the Army intelligence.
-
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R
STAT
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ABSTRACT
1. This report is an analysis of the hydrologic planning in the
U.S.S.R.. for development of water resources, r...s related to the over-
all economic, strategic, and political objectives of Soviet policy?
2. The study examines the hydrologic features of the U.S.S.R?
and the planning and construction programs for water resource develop-
ment in relation to the general development policies of the Soviet
Union. The two major plans for water resource development, the
Great Volga Development and the Davydov Plan are analyzed, and the
present and possible future trends are evaluated.
vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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:'',V: r ' 'I '') :.i !l's'114:. ? t,i4 ! .; , , !:. 1:7, ?j
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PREFACEo Ocoee ocia oboe ea eeeee?e? 009 9 9 9 9 0 0000000000000000000000000 -0.0.e0 o? '
ABSTRACT ............t1t...,ligq.............. 0000000 . 000 o r:e.c.???AV.--ofte- Vii
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AREA OF S T UP Y .: .: 0: 0: .: o, e. o. o ? o?199?cree?esee?oee te?????e?e'e 000000 '?e?000e??b'
yr:, ?----r----,::-i T ?, l'i' :;, ,.: ?
LISTOF TABLES 0000 000 0 00000 000 0.0000000000
IST OF PLkTES;; 000 ----- -
tttte,e,???e9?eceetesteoeco 000000000000 ittoodiporovo"
SECTION*Ii--NTEabfic TON
,I . b, , ? . , 0 ? ? ... ? , . . a .. - , , ,. .5,F+i?I ) - ' - .:
ABBREVIAITONS... ............. 00000 eciiii4414iee.::::11/14) oo .?1;1-::'
..,..,..),...".-, ,......m..,,........,.,,J..,..... oo
. . ,. 4......+ ? . 4 .1t. i .ar, ? 4 .0)11 ? ?0?00,1 ', , I W
PURPOSE4AND 'SCOPE: 04: :0000000000000000000000000000000?000000?00
Pg
3;01
1-02
2-01
2-02
2-03
2-64
3-03.
SECTION II. HYDROLOGICFEATURES OF TiE U.S.S.R.Vr-f,:!_,F?
0000 o
? 7..??
GENERAL::0000000e00000000.e.o.0.0.0.0.0.0.?.ett.o,eeeeliseeeveene 00000 meet-
DRAINACE PATTERN...;;;;;;;. ?0.000
0 ? 0.0 .?,0,0 ? .? ,0 0.0 0.0 ? ? 0 0 CCC 0 e?000
0000 ..0
Gthifira3.0000000000000?000C00000?0????0?CO6?0????0060?0?450ee
b0 Topography0 e e e 6,0,0 ,?,?,.? ? e,?0I00 ? e e ? ?'? 4.; ? -? 07
RIVERS; EURGPEAN
RIVERS; ASIATIC 130S0SOR00 0 0 0 0 000, 00.0.0 0 0 0 00?O 0 0 0 00.0 0 0 0 0 00.00 OOS 0 0 0
a. Arctic Ocean Drainage ............ 000000
b. Inland Sea Dra1nage.... 000000000000000000000000000041400000
c. Pacific Ocean Drainage. 0C0000000000000oC000O.00006CCIP0060C
000000000004000000
SECTION III. POLITICAL, STRATEGIC, AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
GENERAL0000000m0000 0000000000000000000000000000 00 0000000 0000?
3-02 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION PROBLEM
a. Limited Access to Ice-Free Oceans. 00000000000000
b. Rivers as Transportation Carriers. ?00 e CO 0??08,11, 00 0 tre OCCO
c. Waterway-Railroad Transportation.. o 00000
d. Pre-Soviet Waterway Development0 01/C000 ?0 00?0????00 00110000 0
3-03 SOVIET WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT POLICY
a. General... ........................... 0?0 6?0000000000
b. Navigation. 00 00 0 0 0?00 ?0 0 ?00 00 00 0 0 0? 0 00 OOOOOOOO 0?000
c. Hydroelectric 000 ? 00000? ?0?0?? 6?0000000
d. Reclama on and Flood Protection. 40000000 OOOOOOOOO 00000000
e. Hydraulic Centers... W(' CeO? 06 8 00000?0 0goS ?110 OOOOOOOOOOO
Le Technological Foundation. ..........??0??000000?60?0000?0
3-04 GROWTH OF HYDROLOGIC PLANNING. .0 00 8000 00 0 ?0?0 0 0 00 00 ?00 000 ?? ? ?0
4-01
4-02
SECTION Ills THE GREAT VOLGA DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL...........
MAJOR FEATURES.............
a. General... ...........
b. Locks and Dams. 00000000
o. Navigation Canals.... 06
d. Hydroelectric Powereeco
e. IrTigation.... 0400000.0
4-03 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS. 0000000
a. Conditions Prior to the
b. Proposed Changes. 000000
c. Present Conditions...
0000000t.00e00?00000esoseso?oO4e?0000060003?C
000000000000000COCe0000e000?0000e00
0 00 00 C000, ?00 00008 0 0?0?00?0000????? 0
5-01
SECTION Vs DAVYDOV PLAN
000000000000,00000000060 OOOOO 0000000
oceo0000000000080000000.000000000600
C06000000000000.04.006,00000?00000000
00000.0000O000000430?0 OOOOOO 000410e.oe
000o0oo00000004,0000000,0041?000?41000
Development. coefiees.eseo??004pelee?se
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GENERALOGOee eooe of)." ()ea eeesee?ocieeeeeesiteee cern, eeeeeeeeeeeeleo
a. Significance.. ............................................
1
3
3
7
8
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12
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17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
21
23.
Par
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4,170177171=reti?. - - -.. ?
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b. Utilization of Arctic Rivers
5-.4)2 MAJOR FEATURES
a. .General
b. Hydrology'
c. ,Major,Structures
5-03 POTENTIAL_BENEFI.75
a. General
b. Navigation
c. Hydropower
d. Irrigation
e. Others
Esm
, 21,
-21.
21
22
, 23
23':
23
23
23
4 ?3
SECTION VI: CURRENT PROGRAM
6-01
MAJOR OBJECTIVES
25
6-02
OB -IRTYSH DEVELOPMENT
25
6-03
EiNISEY-ANGARA DEVEDOEMENT
25
6-04
CURRENT STUDIES
26
BIBLIOGRAPHY
27
DISTRIBUTION LIST
53
2
1. Na
2. Hyd
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PLATES
. ir_
,xrsimmmmNggjgvwasmimispmmimammm.......I.
npriassified in Part - Sanitized COPY Approved for Release
1. Gene
2. Dis
3. Typi
4. Ske
5. Grea
6. Lock
7. Lock
8. Da
A.
1. General Map
2. Discharge Graph of Major Russian Rivers
3. Typical Hydraulic Center (Gidrouzel)
4. Sketch of the Great Volga Development
5. Great Volga Development, Profiles
6. Lock on the Moscow-Volga Canal
7. Lock on the Volga-Don Canal
8. Davydov Plan, Profiles
A. Obl-Irtysh Rivers, Aral-Caspian Seas
b. Yenisey-Angara-Amur Rivers, Lake Baikal
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SECUON I
INTRODUCITON
1-01 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
a. The purpose of this EIS is to analyze the hydrologic planning of the
U.S.S.R. for development of its water reiources9 as'rglated to
eceinomic strateeLc9 and political objectives of Soviet policy*
- b. The study examines the hydrologic features of the U.S.S-.R., and.the
2,planning and construction programs of water resource development since the
establishment of the Soviet regtmejin 1917. It appraises these programs in
relation -to general development policy and objectives and evaluates the
possible future trends of water resciure- Planning and its implemenfttiono
c. The study is babed:upOn nuMerous Soviet, French,:and-(lerMan books,
pamphlets,- and articles in Periodicals, the most important of which arci
listed in the bibliography'. Most of the sources were collected as a private
research Project over -the period 1953to 1958 by an individUal-member of the
Army Map Service.
1-02 ABBREVIATIONS
The abbreviations of dimensional terms used are as follows:
am centimeters
km kilometers (distance)
km2 square kilometers
kia3 cubic kilometers
Km kilometer (river location)
kw kilowatt
kw-hr kilowatt hours
rn meters
m3 square meters
cubic meters
11111 millimeters
m/km meters per kilometer
misec meters per second
pi-3/sec cubic meters per second
MSL mean sea level
5
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SECT/ON II r
w ? tr--
(1.
HYDROLOGIC FEATURES-OF-THE-11:5:P.R.
2-01 GENERAL
f
The.4:character of the drainage pattern of the rivers of .Russia, haa
always eierted a tremendous influence upon the political and economic
development of the country. The river drainage distribution of the ,whole,t1
Eurasian continent is its most distinctive characteristic, according - tb?the
geopolitical. theory on the influence of geographic features on the formation
of a natiOntis foreign policy. The Soviet' Union in the Ilheartland" of the
Eurasian continent occupies nearly 40% of the total area; the characterof
its rivers is described by the British geographer, Mackinder, as
r r r
Euro-Asia is characterized -by a very remarkable distri-
bution of river drainage. Throughout an immense portion
of the centre and north, the rivers have been practico31y
, useless for purposes of human cormnunication with the. outer
The Volga, the Oxus fArtiu?Daryp_7, and the Jaxaites
Daryg drain into salt lakeris the Ob, the Yenisey,
and the Lena into frozen oceans of the north. These are
si3EOf the.ireateatj rivers in the,world. -_, Thus-the., core-,
of tiii9 -isia is wh011y unpeneftrated by watipivays. frOm,
biLe oceans,. ? ?
DRAINAGE- PATTERN
^
:
a. General.. Soviet. riverspmayr,be gripped. in,.,three,categories according
to thel?O'dies of water -into whih tthey fl?w0 Soviet- rivers drain into
l)(' the -generalik'icebeip.nd-ZARCTIC-Agcea,4 ) (the inland CASPIAN arD4 -ARA,L, Peas,
and ) ' the ice-free Piptici0 and ,ATLANTIg' 'OceanS:_ (Plates 1 and 2). The, .rela-
tive size ofthe 'drainage '" ai4a$1fisy a ii.gfolloie ?
- ?-f I
`'-Draiiiage AreasMillionsf
Percent of 'Soviet TerritOry
:Bodies of Water
Ice*
= ; 1.1
_
4017
54
,-.00TIC Ocean
2-
?
23
CASPIAN and ARAL Seas
'
?'3;2 ?
158
'PACIFIC .,Ocean
.1.
ATLANTIC Ocean
. r J
"
(1).
? Following: 'are- thelie.an" yearly flow volues -and- the- lengths of
-the 'pi-lricitio.?1.
U. S g. ?,
,
j I "
ARCTIC OCEAN
PECHORA.
OB*-IRTYSH
3i
YENISEY ?
? LENA
!COMA
CASPIAN SEA
VOLGA
120
394
548
438
120
255
7
-
Leirigth.!.()om)
1,790
3,676 (OBI)
4,442 (IRTYSH)
3,354 (with ANGARA
_ and SELENGA)
14,270
2,690
32,688
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River
ARAL SEA
AMU DARYA
SYR DARYA
PACIFIC 'OCEAN
AMUR
BALTIC SEK-'
WESTERN EVINA
BLACK SEA.
DNIEPER'
DON "
,
Annual voldhe'
of flow (1cm3),
2
12.1.21,11-11.1on
1,404-
2,q1
.346'
111
,53
28
1,020
2,280
1,970
(2) Arctic' Ocean. The three largest Soviet:rivers, the OBILITRYSH,
musgr, and LENA, drain intocthe'ARCTIC. Their combined annual-flow is larger
than the totarannual flow of all the other Soviet rivers (see Plate 2). The
frozen condition of the ARCTIC Ocean and of the lower reaChes of the rivers
cuts off this drainage area from communication with open ice-freesioceans over
much of the year.
"
Inlind'Seas- Cas ian aneAral:', The VOLGA,River:and,Several
so-called "lost rivers" drain into the_CASPIAN:and:ARAL Seas.?The,ilOw of
-=,-these !"lost riversj"-au*ai-the'AMU_DARYA'and SYR :DARYA, is progressively;;.
'absorbed in the sand of'the-TURAN,steppes:and',deserts., The,elevationinvthis
area is as low as -86 m, MSL. Iti an 'eXtreMely' arid region with adverse
hydrologic balance because annual evaporation rates tend to exceed precipitation.
The dominant 14drologic'lfeatUre-ofthe'area is the CASPIAN Sei,Iiiisose;_pent
surface area of 371,800 km2 ranks it as the world's largest inland Sea. The
adverse hydrologic conditions, however, have resulted in a progressive lowering
of itsA.dvel,Since the middle of the 19th century. The vast hydraulic con-
struction' works built along the VOLGA inrecent years have failed to-arrest the
sinking of the CASPIAN, and in fact have actually accelerated its sinking.
ba Topography,. The topography of ,the U.S.S.R.,, in contrast to that of
Central 'and Western Europe, consists of large, relatively flat areas delimited
by mountain ranges, bisected by the URAL Mountains, and marked by some of the
world's largest depressions. The natural division of the U.S.S.R. by the URALS
intO_European and Asiatic areas also holdstriie in any discussion of drainate.
In this EIS, drainage of the two regions of 'the country will be treated separ-
ately within the breakdown into the three categories mentioned above
2-03 RIVERS EUROPEAN U.S.S.R.
The rivers of the European U.S.S.R. radiate from low hills northwest of
Moscow, The headwaters of all the major rivers in this area are -thus close
'together$ Whi'oh facilitates interconnection by means of canals The VOLGA
drains -the major part of the area and flows into the CASPIAN Sea, The DON,
DNIEPER, gand'ENIESTER drain into the BLACK Sea. Other major rivers include
the WESTERN-DVINA and NEVA, which flow westward into the BALTIC Sea; and the
NORTHERN DVINA and PECHORA, which flow northward into the ARCTIC Ocean.
2-04 RIVERS, ASIATIC U.S.S.R.
a. Arctic Ocean Drainage, The Siberian rivers that flaw northward to
the ARCTIC Ocean are marked by progressive eastward shifting of their beds as
-
8
-
a reaul.
result..
of snow
reaches
rivers.
frost ?
also, a-
the low,
along t
to 50
ice-bra-
of great
enormous
the rive
days a
.02.. ARC
the IRTY
800 km 1
Central-
Siberian,
River,
northern
At one t
YENISEY,
BAIKAL's
of the w?
The vol
and the .
It has 4"
b.
west int?
dissipate
area, the
C.
PACIFIC '
of the GO
but its
Its regi
rains.
snow. Ic
flooding
Sea of 04,
-ITRYSH,
is larger
). The
rivers
s over
-veral
_ ?
?
of;
'
adverse
preent
? The
lowering
con-
.rrest the
ng.
that of
?elimited
, -
- of the
the: . ,
srainage.
-d separ-
,
west of
?close
OLGA
DON,
!elude
d the
ard to
.beds as
a re6ult of the earth's rotation, Their high discharges are generally the
result of the heavy snowfall in the mountains of Southern Siberia. Melting
of snow cover and thawing of river ice occur-earlier in these headwater
reaches than in the north and create great spring floods in all Siberian
rivers. These spring flood conditions in the north are aggravated by perma-
frost conditions. (In Central and Eastern Siberia, floods occur in summer
also, as a result of very violent, sudden thunderstorms.) Inundation along
the lower reaches of the rivers covers vast areas. For example, floods
along the lower, reach of the YENISEY may rise 11 in and inundate areas up
to 50 km wide. Because the rivers have a 1- to 2-m ice cover in winter,
ice-breakup in the spring is violent and abrupt, resulting in the formation
of great ice jams that intensify flooding. When the ice jams break loose,
enormous blocks of ice are carried downstream with great erosive effect on
the riverbeds. The period of ice cover and breakup averages from 210 to 219
days a year, Descriptions of the most important rivers that drain into
the ARCTIC Ocean follow.
(1) Ob' -Irtysh System. the OB' River and its principal tributary,
the IRTYSH, empty into the ARCTIC Ocean through the OBSKAYA GUBA, a gulf
800 km long, 35 to 6o km wide, and 10 to 22 m deep. They originate in the
Central-Asiatic mountain chain at 4,000 m, MSL, and descend rapidly onto the
Siberian plain.
(2) Yenisey River, The YENISEY River system includes the SELENGA
River, Lake BAIKAL, and the ANGARA River, This system originates on the
northern slopes of the Central Asiatic plateau of Mongolia at 2,000 m, MSL.
At one time several MONGOLIAN lakes farther south also drained into the
YENISEY, but this communication has become clogged by moving sand, Lake
BAIKAL's surface area of 30,585 km2 ranks it among the largest inland lakes
of the world, It has an average depth of 810 in and a maximum depth of 1,742 m.
The volume is 23,000 km3 and the annual inflow, 55 km3.
(3) Lena River. The LENA has two main tributaries, the UILYUY
and the ALDAN, and flows into the LAPTEV Sea, an arm of the ARCTIC Ocean?
It has 45 branches flowing through a delta 210 in wide.
I.
4--
b. Inland Sea Drainage. The rivers in this area flow generally north- II_
west into the arid interior. Many are intermittent streams, and others
dissipate eventually in marshes or desert sands. The largest rivers in the
area, the AMU DARYA and SYR DARYAldrain into the ARAL Sea.
c. Pacific Ocean Drainage. The main Soviet river emptying into the
PACIFIC is the AMUR; one of its tributaries, the ARGUN, originates northeast
of the GOBI Desert in Outer Mongolia. Originally the system was much longer,
but its headwater branches have dried up because of severe desert conditions.
Its regime, particularly along its middle reaches, is influenced by monsoon
rains, The Winters in the region are cold, dry and almost entirely without
snow. Ice breakup on the river starts in March, and ice jams and associated
f3 coding are common occurrences. The AMUR empties through a gulf into the
Se, of OKHOTSK, an arm of th '1ACIFIC Ocean.
9
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37-r
,
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_
`POLITE.CAL,
-
3-01 'GENERAL
SECTION III
Ns? -
tRATed C 'AND' ECofioldC-BACicaROUtt _
The Vatitmess of Russia and itsrelative inacCesSibility to the ice-
-, .
free oceans of the world have, always exerted- a, tretheridoUs-influenee-,- -upon
strategic, and economic developments. The, utilization and ,develop-
merit of the rivers and their role as 'waterways have always been key factors
in these developments.
b. By 1917,, appreciable work in construction of. canals, for waterway
connections 'between the 'r,17.,er systems had been accomplished,, primarily; to
provide 'cormnunica:tion 1:?etieeen the VOLGA aver system and the BALTIC Sea. -?
Since '1917, Soviet authorities,, have emphasized. water -resource development as
an integral part of the -economic and :strategic program. ,Soviet plans and
programs for water resource. development are ,comprehensive ,and. involve navi-
gation, hydroelectric power, irrigation, drainage, and water supply,, ?-
3-02 TRANSPORTATION AND COMUNICAideN PROBLEM
a. Limited Access to Ice-free Oceans.
(1) Soviet territory, which occupies e. sizable part of two continents,
covers 22,400,000 km2 and extends 10,000 Ian from the BALTIC to the PACIFIC.
(By comparison, the United States covers only 7,400,000 km2 and extends )4.5,500 km
from the ATLANTIC to the PACIFIC.) This, great size makes transportation and
cOnuriuhications in the U.S.S;R..key elements affecting the entire economy0 The
lOw density of population, 'the remoteness of, the widely, scattered raw material
resonrees' from industrial centers9 and the limited' access to iCe-free- oceans
further complicate 'the traneportation 'problem.
-
(2) Limited access to the open seas has always been considered the
most serious disadvantage of Russia's geogra.phic 'location. Historically,
striving for better access to ice-free oceans has always, been a directing
force in fOreign policy. The 20N.year conflicts -with the Ottoman Empire .were
largely motivated by the struggle' for free access to ,the MEDITERRANE4N Sea.
through the DARDANELLES.; many of the perpetual ,differences with the British
Empire "weredue to the striving'for access t the INDIAN Ocean through the
PERSIAN Gulf. The Tsarist Navy and merchant marine were poorly developed
because of the control by other powers of the strategic narrows, such as the
DARDANELLES, GIBRALTAR, and the SKAGERRAK. The 'ARCTIC was the only ocean
freely available to 'Russia, but its adverse climatic and navigation conditions
restricted its usefulness. For eXample 3 "during thatusso-Japanese, War,
Russian Baltic Baltic Fleet had to travel 34,000 km around the CAPE pF GOOD ;HOPE' to
join with the 'Russian Pacific Fleet. This delay, plua, the similar difficulty
in logistic Support, was a major faetor in the disastrous defeat by the Japanese
fleet in 'the famous TSUSHIMA naval battle of May 1905, which eliminated Russia
as a naval power.
. ?
(3) A second solution to the. problem of access to ice-free seas - ?
?.
has been the intensive utilization of 'the large network of narigable ?riteri,c, ?
The factors involved in the use of -rivers as a primary means of transportation
are discussed more fully in the next paragraph,,
b. 'Rivers as Transportation Carriers.
(I) As a transportationmedium, rivers have played a vital role in
the economic development of the country, particularly in the penetration and
conquest of vast nregions Of Siberia? and, Central Asia where they have long
represented the only' pra:cticable. and'dependable means of mass transportation.
11
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MEM
(2) Rassia is well served by an extensive network of long navigable
rivers. Their headwaters are close together and the drainage divides are low,
facilitating connections by shallow canals or overland passages. River
velocities are low as a result of the slight gradient; barges must generally
be towed downstream as well as upstream. High spring floods, low summer stages9
and a long frozen period limit the navigation period to between 150 and 200
days annualli.-Ikrea,? even when frozen, the rivers are important for trans-
portatibn as they proV-ide'ideal sledgeways0 the taiga and .tundra regions of
Siberia are inieCessible except by rivers.
Waten_72. road Trans rtation.
A ?
(1) Although the construction of railroaas began in Russia in 1837,
their development as relatively slow because of. many factors; such as the,
tremendous diStances, low population density,, law industrial development,, .and
lack Of adequate Capital and skilled labor? The Soviet regime accelerated
railroad constrUction and, by greatly-increasing the utilization Of the rail-
ways, has established rail transport as the principal means of haulage at the
present time-. However, this intensive utilization of the country 0s relatively
sparse railtnetwork is recognized as a hindrance to economic growth, and Soviet
planners look to waterway-development as the best means of improving their
transportation system. (The role of highways in the transportation system of
the U.S.S.M, is relatively minor; roads serve mainly as feeders to railways
and waterways, and long track hauls are virtually unknowne)
(2) Much of the railroad construction was directed mainly at
Complementing the waterway system, the railroads commonly serving as links to
connect the waterways for long distance transportation. Such was the function
of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in the economic development of Siberia. 0rigin-
ally9 it merely Connected major waterway terminals on the Siberian rivers.
Alf- Th a through rail line was eventually developed at considerable cost, this
combined water-railroad system across Siberia still has an important function?
d. Pre.ZovietWateri,elontme.
?
(1) The importance of navigable rivers in Russian economic development
led to augmentation of the waterway system by means of canals to connect the
major navigable rivers and thus provide cross-communication between the seas
bordering Russia. The pre-Soviet government concentrated on this phase of
river resource development, primarily in European Russia?
(2) Although the VOLGA is the most important navigable waterway
of European U.S.S.R., its value was limited because its outlet is on an inland
sea, the CASPIAN. The Tsarist government built three major canals to provide
communication from the VOLGA to the BALTIC Sea, thus with the ATLANTIC. It
also built several secondary canals to connect rivers that drain into other
seas, particularly the BLACK Sea that also joins the ATLANTIC. These canals
(Plate l) are briefly-described below. (See Table 1 for their present status
as some have been abandoned and others rebuilt.)
(a) TISBNEVOLOTSUY Canal System (No. 1 on Plate 1 and Table 1):
863 km; built in 1703-091 connects the upper VOLGA to the BALTIC via the TVERTSA,
MSTA, and VOLKHOV Rivers and Lake LADOGA.
(b) IIKHVINSKIY Canal System (NO. 2): 654 km long; built
1802-17; connects the VOLGA with the BALTIC Sea via the MOLOGA and SYASg Rivers
and Lake LADOGA.
(c) MARIINSK Canal System (No. 3): 540 km; built 1811-13;
connects the VOLGA with the BALTIC Sea at LENINGRAD via the SHEKSNA River,
Lake BELOrE? Lake ONEGA, SVIR" River, Lake LADOGA, and NEVA River.
4.4
12
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btACK-ana'..B
.?
:Lrhot fbr t 1.17
connection-
BLACkd B
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S
the-(ARIINSK
,
connects,th,
3-03 SOVIET
vi gable
re low,
rally
^ stages9
200
trans-
? of
;
a. Ge
of water ness.
thelcase ,
even include
is thoroughl
discussion in
2) hydroelec
b. N
(1)
European U.S:,
constructing
inland seasl?
of the Europe
(2)
significante
development -o
connection 'to
vide a meani
Europe up the
BLACK, AZOV,
can carry mer
ton displacem
- (3)
the .DANUBE ih
Government re
free navigatib
est in the DAN
tures, such aS
countries. Wh
the proposed D
the Soviet Eu
interconnected
for peacetime -
ical support,
co
probably the m
policy. Prior
volved high da_
headwaters. T
? . .
-18379
the,
t ,and
ted
at the
tively
d Soviet
emr
tem of
ways
'0
s to
ction
Origin -
rs.
ost this
ction.
?
evelopment
t the!,
..seas,
-of,
ay
inland
*ride
It,
-Wier
apals
statue
Table 1):
e TVERTSA?
lt
g Rivers
f7.a.r
1
. uslay Canal No., 4),: built in 1804;:cPPnectse
BLACK-and BAiaRiSeaarvia the DNIEPER9 PRIPYAT.g and,NEMAN.RiVers
, , 0 ? 1 r?.--?
_ ?
_
C-olaCiion between the BLACK and BALtiC.Seas. - ?nk
(f). BEREZINA Canal (No. 6): built in. 1805J-connects the
BLAd'and BAIaTC Seas via the DNIEPER?-BEREZINA 'WESTERN DVINA7 Pivers.,,
? r- ? ' ? '
(g) 'ALEXANDER OF WURTTEMBERG Canal-System (No. 1):. connects-,
'th?f:i.ARIINSK Canal SYstem'with the .ARCrIC Ocean' via the NORTHERN DVINA Rivera:,
' '64:NERN8LYEKATERININSKIY Kari al (No. 9): built,in;.1.8223m-
connecis therKAMhdVY6HEGDA RiVers,;., '
? ?
(N0 5): another
,
? ' -
1) KET"IrKAS Canal (also known as the OW-YENISEYSKIY,Kenal)
(NO'.?26):1'built'in',1894; connects the OBI and YENISEY Rivers.
3-03 SOVIET WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT POLICY
a. General. The Soviets have emphasized comprehensive exploitation _
of water resources rather,than a single phase such as navigation, which was:,
the case prior to 1917. ,The hydrologic program is vast and comprehensive ,and,
-even includes the-influencing of the hydrologic cycle of nature. The program-,,
is thoronohlyintegrated_in all phases, but can be separated for purposes of
discussion into the following major elements: 1) inland navigation;
2)' hydroelectric power; and 3) reclamation and flood protection.
?I _
b. Navigation.
.11
(1) One goal is to make the whole inland waterway system of, ,
European U.S.S.R. suitable for deep.draft navigation, by improving rivers and
constructihg:large reservoirs (that in many cases approach the magnitude of
inland seas), and ultimately to provide a unification of the waterway systems,
of the European and Asiatic regions.
(2) The waterways development policy of the Soviet Union is a very
signifinantelement,of its international economic and military strategy. The
developkent Of the VOLGA River System for deep-draft navigation and its ,
connection'tothe BLACK Sea by the VOLGA-DON Canal (No. 15 on Plate 1) pro- '
vide a'ilibani of access from the interior of European U.S.S.R. to Central ,
Europe up the DANUBE. Thus the major Russian seas -- the WHITE, BALTIC,
BLACK, AZOV, and CASPIAN -- are to be interconnected byinland:waterways that
can carry merchant ships and naval craft of 4.5- to 5.0-m draft and 20,000-
ton displacement.
,
(3) This policy extends beyond the country's borders to incorporate
the-DANUBE into the Soviet Waterway system. After World War II, the Soviet
Government revoked the international status of that waterway and restricted
free navigation eights below VIENNA to the riparian countries. Soviet inter-
est in the DANUBE extends to the planning and construction of hydraulic struc-
tures-, such as the paopOsed Iron Gate dam and other projects in the Satellite,
Countries. When the RHINE-MAIN-DAME Canal is completed byWeSt Germany and
the proposed DANUBE-ODER-ELBE Canal is completed, Moscow, the major cities of
the Soviet European Satellites, and many Western European cities will be ,
Interconnected. by waterways,. The significance of these developments,-,
for peacetime commercial transportation and for wartime operations 'and
ical support, is evident.
c. Hydroelectric Power. The production of hydroelectric power is
probably the post important component of SoviAt'water resource development.
policy. Prior to 1927; most Russian hydroelectric power installations, in-
volvedhigh dams and high-head,turbines'and were located On mountainous
headwaters. They were relatiVely small and had limited production capabilities.
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This type is still being built in marginal regions, but the present trend is to
concentrate-len-Construction-of large run-of-river plants, emplOying_lowhead
turbines and relatively low flow-regulating dams. Many of the hydropower in-
stallations on the VOLGA project, for example, are patterned after the German
run-of-river plants on the RHINE and -DANUBE.
--d.- Reclamation and Flood Protection, Another major phase Of Soviet
water'-'reSource development policy is connected with the' reclamationof the vast
steppes and desert regions for large-scale agriculturCo forestation, industrial,
and population resettlement purposes. :Extensive irrigation anddrainage projects
are conceived for reclamation of agricultural land, followed by flood protection
and then by waterway development. In_mank instances, these irrigation and drainage
canals in large-land reclamation projects serve as navigation canals. The re-
verse is also true: many navigation canals have a secondary role as irrigation
canals. Flood control, as such, has received little attention in the Soviet
Union, as few settlements have been made in the flood plains ofrivers. The
large multi-purpose hydraulic centers described in the nekt paragraph inherently
have a limited flood control function.
e. Hydraulic Centers. Comprehensive water resource development is a
basic element of Soviet policy. Many hydraulic projects 'in the Soviet Union are
multiple-purpose projects, combining riverflow regulation, navigation, hydro-
power, and reclamation into hydraulic centers called Gidrouzel (Plates 1 and 3,
Table 2).- Their planning, location, and construction are fitted into, the overall
economic plan. Such planning and construction of large hydraulic centers has
had high priority-under the various Year Plans, Without regard;for the cost
in' manpowerand human sufferings
f. a23n212Tical Foundation. The planning and execution" ofan effective
program for developing the water resources of a vast territory like the U.S.S.R.
cannot be aCcomplished without an adequate reservoir of trained and skilled
manpowerc; The Soviet regime has instilled a high regard for technology -in its
people and has aggressively fostered the training of Scientists_and.engineers
and the-eipansion and improvement of technical educational and research facilities.
Scientific work in hydraulics, hydrology, and other disciplines relating to
water resources meets the highest standards of quality and is constantly pro-
gresaing into new and diversified fields.- The volume of basic and applied
research on these subjects and the resulting quantity of scientific books,
papers, and periodicals published are enormous. Thus, a finn and broad tech-
nological foundation now exists for comprehensive water resource, development
in the U.S.S.R. ,
3-04. GROWTH OF HYDROLOGIC -PLANNING
a. With their rise to power in 1917 the Soviets were afforded the
opportunity of putting their theories into practices among them was the devel-
opment:of water resources, a key element in Soviet doctrine. (Earlier?,when he
was in-exile, Ienin was greatly-impressed by the advanced technology of Germany
and was strongly influenced to ascribe 'great importance to the development, of
hydroelectric power.) 'The period 1917-28 was primarily one of basic planning
and_organizing,in preparation for future large-scale projects. However, some
construction was started to provide the nucleus for the future gigantic schemes.
In 1921, the first economic plan; known as ODELRO, was'introduced? which, '
involved the cone-traction of a-series of electric powerplants of limited
capacity. 'These were built with the'help of foreign engineers and imported
material. Among the larger hydraulic works of this period were the VOLKHOV
hydropower development and the SVIRISTROY hydropower cascade, on the SVIRg
River (No. 3, Plate 1) near LENINGRAD between Lake LADOGA and Lake ONEGA.
b. From 1928-39 considerable progress was made,in the developMent of
water resource policies. These years before World War II were dedicated
primarily to experimentation in technical education and training and to the
overall study-of-the' hydrologic and economic characteristics, of the water
resources.
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c. After World Warn the scope of hydrologic planning was expanded to
include the Central Asiatic and Siberian regions. The general survey of these
water resources made by Professor Davydov in 1945-48 revealed that water was
lacking for the proposed extensive reclamation and irrigation projects. This
study led to the formulation of a hydrologic policy based on the overall
management of water resources, known as the "Great Stalin Plan for the Trans-
formation of Nature." In 1948, this plan was incorporated into official
economic policy by decree. It provides for essential changes in the regime
of rivers by means of radical physical changes in the land surface and'
drainage pattern, transfer of streamflow between watersheds, crop rotations
and reforestation of arid areas. By 1955, the follow large hydraulic
projects (Plate 1) were either in operation or nearing completion:
(1) BALTIC-WHITE Sea (Stalin) Canal (No. 11 on Plate 1)
(2) Great DNIEPER Development:
(3)
(4)
ZAPOROZWYE Hydropower Center (No. 15)
KAKHOVKA Hydropower Canter (No. 16)
South UKRAINE Canal and Irrigation System (No. 17)
North CRIMEA Canal and Irrigation System (No. 18)
Great Volga Development
OBI -IRTYSH Hydropower Development
(a) USTI -KAMENOGORSK Power Development (No. 19)
(b) BUKHTAEMA Power Development (No. 20)
d. After 1956, the entire planning structure for water resource develop-
ment was reorganized; managerial control was transferred from the central
government to .regional authorities and local governments of the individual
Soviet republics. Serious deficiencies developed in the water supply needed to
carry out the ambitious schemes of the Sixth 5-Year Plan (1956-60), especially
for the agricultural reclamation projects. In the current 7-Year Plan (1959-65)
complete reappraisal and reorganization of the hydrologic planning and construc-
tion program have been made, and several large proposed projects have been '
abandoned. Although there is speculation in the West that large-scale -planning
in the U.S.S.R. has thus been abandoned, close study reveals that the hydraulic
construction program remains basically unchanged, but with different priorities
and a decentralized organization. Unlike the earlier 5-Year Plans, the current
7-Year Plan merely lists the hydraulic projects to be accomplished and, their
target dates, leaving the details to regional authorities in accordance with
current decentralization policies. Major emphasis continues to be placed on
the development of Asiatic U.S.S.R.
11
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?
I -01 GENERAL
- SECTION IV
r
THE GREATJOLGLDEVEDOPMENT
The _VOLGA is .important as a ,key_factor; Ln'the, economy of the European
U.S.S.R. ands:,thereforer the Great .Volga ,Development is, an -important phase of
the SOviets? overali, economic planning.:...-fThe, VOLGA has ;always played an
important .role; in ,the history of the -.country because_ of, its, strategic- location
and vast transportation capacity. Even when frozen in winter,- it provides an
ideal sledgeway to carry a great volume of traffic. Although only the fifth
largest river, in the U.S.S.R. the VOLGA: is the 3.argest river in Europe. It
is 3,688 kin long and drains an area of, 1,480;000, km; With ,its:more, than,
'1,9p0 tributaries', it ,forms a navigable waterway,.,syi3tem ,more than 20,000 km -
loiigel , The ,VOLGA.. flows ,southWard: through the, heart of European ?U.S.SOR -to the- ,
'CASPIAN. In'the last 800 km, the riverbed .is below, spa level; _ STALINGRAD,
one tennirial of the VOLGA-DON Canal, is -13.5 m3 MSL. The VOLGA enters the
CASPIAN through 80 major,branches in a delta; 170 km wide, with?an area of
134,000 km20 The l character of the riverbed is an outatandirig 'example, of; the -
influence of terrestrial rotation upon river formation, being marked by ,high
right banks and low, receding left banks:, which are marshy and subject to
flooding.
4-02 MAJOR FEATURES
a. General.
I I
I
I I
?-?
(1) In 1926 because of the serious inadequacy of the Soviet rail-
road system, a comprehensive study was made of the entire inland transportation
system, including an evaluation of the VOLGA,waterway- system as a transportation
carrier. It was estimated that the transPOrtation, capacity Of the-VOLGA-,atl
that time was equivalent to that of a 6-track railroad, but that by. proper
development it could be raised to that of a 40.4rack railroad. It was decided
to maintain the :VOLGA as the hub of the transportation'; system-west of the URALS
and to make it navigable for seagoing vessels, thus opening up the; interior of::
the area 'for access to ,the major Russian seas. .MOSCOW _was to. becomethe, great:
seaport in the U.S.S.R,, The Great ,Volga Development was also to iprovide,.
irrigation in the southern. region of the U.S.S,R. -
(2). The hydrologic aspects of the program, were entrusted to Professor
Riesenkanrpf, whose comprehensive plan of development was, adopted, and-5has
served as the basis for the subsequent development of the VOLGA Basin (see
Plates 1, )., and 5). His plan involved the construction of ,eight'onultiple-
purpose hydraulic centers, Gidrouzel (see Plate 1 and Tablec.2) toiraise,water:,
levels and retain excess spring flood flow behind huge dams. (A typical - -
Gidrouzel is illustrated in Plate 3.)
b. Locks and Dania.
_
(1) The dams planned by Riesenkampf were huge earth-fill structz.:..:.$;s
some a.s long as 13 kin but relatively low because of the very. low gradient of.
the VOLGA, which averages only 0.04 milon (Plate 5). The reServoirs created
by the dams approach the size of huge lakes. For example, that at KUYBYSHEV
covers 9,500 km2, extends 600 kra upstream from the dam, and 'holdts 3.8 lon3 of, --
water.
(2) Since the maximum draft of 11..5, :In was established for atandard,...?,:,?
commercial vessels, the ultimate project minimum depth was to,-be 5.0 --:...,
The minimtun dimensions of navigation facilities were based on the, 200-m- _
30-m_dimensions of VOLGA River boats. Lock Chainliers provided at ,dams, on:the,
VOLGA were to be 300 m long (290 m clear length), 30 in wide, with a 5.Q...m
minimum clearance over the upper sill, which has segment gates hinged at the
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bottom. The downstream miter gates reach considerable height in some cases because
of the high lift conditions. Locks, of the same type are used on the MOSCOW-VOLGA
Canal (see Plate6)-. Aetual'ConstrUationi-hOwever? has departed from Riesenkampf's
original plan, especially in the cage of the VOLGA-DON Canal whose locks are
smaller, (see Plate 7); this has restricted the usefulness of the system.
- co Navigation Canals. The major purpose of the Great Volga Development,
to establish a connection between major Russian seas- and make MOSCOW a great
seaport of the Soviet Union, was essentially-achieved by 1952 through reconstruction
of existing canals and construction of new canals. Among the new canals (Plates 1
and 5) are the following:
' (1)hit,TheBaltic-Tatalil(No. 11 on Plate 1) is a 227-km
waterway between POVENETS on Lake'ONEGA and BELOMORSK on the WHITE Sea. It. has
19 locks, overcoming an elevation difference of 75 nt,- and is navigable for 165
day a a yeir". '--It-WS-tonstructed-during 1931-1932 in the record time of 20 months
and 10 days, entirely by forced labor0-
(2) The Murmansk Canal (No. 12) crossing the KOLA Peninsula was a
project proposed in connection with the development of the BALTIC-WHITE Sea
(Stalin) Canal.
(3) E52222E=V21gE_Canal (No. 10) is a 128-km artificial waterway
between the VOLGA River., at IVAN'KOVO? and the MOSCOW River. The canal is 5.5 in
deep and overcomes a 47-m elevation difference by means of 11 locks. It was
completed in 1941.
(4) Vol a.-Don Canal (No. 15) is 101 km long, has 13 locks, and was
completed in-l952
'
T(5) The Mariinsk Cana1:S tem (No. 3) is being extensively reconstructed
to permit-passage-of boats of' . to 5.0-m draft,-usingsthe-previoUsly developed
SVIR'
d. Hydroelectric-Power.- The VOLGA River cascade of hydropoWer structures,
together with the development of the tributary river,' the KAMA, created the
largest hydroelectric power complex in the U.S.S.R., with an installed capacity
of 10-million kw and an annual output of 10-billion kw-hr. The KUYBYSHEV and
STALINGRAD powerplants are the two largest in the U.S.S.R. Under the new 7-Year
Plan, the capacity of the complex is to be increased by one million kw by 1965.
The VOLGA and-KAMA installation existing, under construction, and planned in
1956 are itemized on Table 2.
e. Irrigation.' In accordance with the Soviet policy for multiple-
purpote-river development, the Great *Volga Development included provision for
irrigation in the southern regions of the U.S.S.R., The hydraulic centers of
KUYBYSHEV, STATTNGRAD? and TSIMLIANSK (No. 6, 8, and 14 on _Plate 1 and Table 2)
were designed with a view of storing water for irrigation of large regions.
4-03 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
a. Conditions Prior to the Develo ment.
- ' The succees or of such a comprehensive river development
project as that'of'the VOLGA hinges largely upon the supply of water that will
be available (see Plate 2). In his investigations in 1927, Riesenkampf estimated
the average annual volume of flow of the VOLGA as 255 to 260 km3. Of this, 65%
was carried during the 3.-month spring snowmen period when floods occur. The
remaining 91nonths-was the period Of law and medium flaw during which the depth
of the' river was often insufficient. for-navigation even by-shallow-draft boats.
The considerable variation in the mean annual-flaw and in the spring flood
volume,is-shown in the following tabulation of data used in the design of the
KUYBYSHEV. Dam:- ?
18
"-tre
Annual Volume
of Flow (km3)
_ Spring Flood
Volume (km3)
Maximum
363
240
Mean
250
153
Minimmn
141
86
b. Proposed Changes.
cly *Recently changes in the original design of the Great Volga
Development have been proposed. In the beginning Riesenkampf had calculated
that an additional 44 km3 would be diverted to the VOLGA from other basins
to meet the water requirements of the project, as shown below. By the end
of 19559 however, the planned transfer of 30 km3 from the DON had been aban-
daiiidbecause of changes in the design of the VOLGA-DON Canal. Furthermore
since 1930 the annual flow gf the VOLGA itself has decreased sharply and has
averaged only 210 to 220 km).
(2) A proposed change in the plan is the diversion of 41 km3
annually from the PECHORA through the KAMA into the VOLGA. The tabulation
below shows that the water supply thus available would be 35 to 40 km3 less
that Riesenkampf's original estimate:
Estimated Annual Volume of Flow. km3
Original Plan
VOLGA River
255 to 260
Diversion from:
(]EGA. River
8
VYCHEGDA aver
6
DON River
30
PECHORA River
0 ? 0
Total
Proposed Change
210 to 220
8
000
fa?
299 to 304 259 to 269
c. Present Conditions
One important result of the decline of the VOLGA River flow volume
has been the continual sinking of the level of the CASPIAN Sea into which the
VOLGA discharges. Intensive studies made by the leading Soviet scientists
indicate that the Great Volga Development has not only failed to improve
the hydrologic balance of the CASPIAN Sea but has also accelerated its sinking;
many authorities maintain that the facilities installed on the VOLGA consume
at least as much water as they introduce from new sources.
19
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Ty,
SECTION V.
DAVYDOV PLAN -
5-01 GENERAL
a. Significance. The Davydov Plan is a plan for the comprehensive
development of the Arctic rivers and the diversion of surplus water tc
Soviet Central Asia and the CASPIAN Sea. According to Soviet scientific
literature dealing with the problem of the sinking of the CASPIAN, the basic
idea of the Davydov Plan is very much alive0 soviet oceanographers, such as
Apollov? Gyul, Shlyamin? and others, see in the execution of the plan the only
solution for the CASPIAN problem and, in general, for the water shortage
problem in Soviet Central Asia. Because of the importance of the problem in
future Soviet planning and the wide international. interest in the proposed
construction, which could affect the hydrometeorological balance of the whole
Eurasian land mass, the outline of the Davydov Plan is presented here?
b. Utilization of Arctic Rivers. According to Professor Davydov,
retention of the present CASPIAN Sea level is absolutely essential for
balanced climatic conditions of the southern U.S.S.R. and for the water
supply of Soviet Central Asia and Western Siberia. His plan for the exploit.
tationof Soviet water resources was preceded by a hydrologic survey of the
country, showing that previous Soviet water resource development plans had
not thoroughly evaluated the water needs for rehabilitating vast areas of the
Soviet Union, particularly in Central Asia, and had not given proper consider-
ation to the hydrometeorological changes that had taken place. When published
in 1948, the Davydov Plan was considered fantastic, impossible to execute.
Because of the extreme water shortage, however, one feature of the plan, the
TURKMEN Canal (No. 22 on Plate 1) was made part of the Fourth and Fifth 5-Year
Plans. This construction was started but later abandoned. Continuation of
this construction was not made part of the Sixth 5-Year Plan and the current
7-Year Plan.
5-02 MAJOR FEATURES
a. General.
(1) A major objective of the plan is the irrigation of the deserts
and steppes of the relatively sparsely populated area comprising the KAZAKH,
UZBEK, TURKMEN, KIRGIZ, and TADZHIK S.S.R.ts. This area is strategically
situated to accommodate industry and it also has abundant resources of oil,
gas, and metals, Its geographic location, between 350 and 500 N., provides
favorable climatic conditions for agriculture; the mean temperature averages
between -10? and 4440
(C.5.2 (14? and 390 F.), in January, and between 24? and
340 C. (750 and 95? Fin July. Intensive cultivation of cotton, rice,
and rubber, and other products having industrial uses would be possible if
substantial irrigation were provided. The main Obstacle to the full real-
ization of the economic potential of this area is its lack of an adequate
water supply.
( ) The two principal rivers, the AMU DARYA and SYR DARYA, together
carry 56 annually, nearly all of which the plan has allocated for irriga-
tion of 80,000 km2. It is estimated, however, that such a diversion would
eventually result in a progressive reduction of the surface area of the ARAL
Sea from its present 64,500 km2 to only 12,500 km2.
b. Hydrology.
(1) For the rghabilitation of the TURAN Depressions including
irrigation of 250,000 km% the plan would require a minimum of 180 km3
annuallye In addition, Davydov estimated that 56 km3 annually would be
needed to replenish the flou of the AMU DARYA and SYR DARYA and thus prevent
21
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-
the sinking of the ARAL Sea. Since the plan provides for a total net annual
diversion to this area of 315 km3, the remainder, 79 km3? could be utilized for
raising the level of the CASPIAN Sea.
(2) The hydrologic balance of the plan as calculated by Davydov
is as follows:
Source
Annual Diversion of Flow
(km3)
(m3/sec)
OB g River
315
10,000
YENISEY River
TOTAL
296
62.1
9_9400,
19900,
Utilization
BELOGORgYE Power Development (No. 30,
268
895oo
Transfer to ARAL and CASPIAN Sea
315
10;000
Evaporation and infiltration losses
28
TOTAL
611
,900
199400
--.c. galajatructures. The major structures (Plates 1, BA, and 8B) by
which Professor Davydov proposed to divert the flow of Siberian rivers, are
as follows
_
(l) Yenisey River Dam (No. 28 on Plate 1): to be built below the
junction with the PODKAIONNAYA TUNGUSKA River to raise the river level from
30 to 140 in above sea level.
(2) The Ketv-Kas Canal (C00-YENISEYSKIY Kenai) (No. 26): to be
reconstructed as a main waterway to carry 296 km3 annually (9,400 m3/Sec)
westward from the /ENISEY River and its tributaries, such, as the ANGARA which
originates in Lake BAIKAL. This canal was to be approximately 500 km long and
drop 35 i' through 4 locks to the level of the artificial sea to be created on
the 0139-River by the BELOGORtTE Dam.
(3) -BELOOORgYE Dara--(No. 30): the key structure of the entire
project, to be located on th, 10 River below the junction with the iRTYSH
River, at BELOGOR9/L It Wag7to be a gravity dam 100-km long whose crest was
to average 78 meters above -the present stage of the OBt River. The dam was to
create-an artificial 'sea with an impounded water area of 250,000 km2 and volume
of-4,500 km3 (See Plate 1). The southwest-tip of this sea would extend up the
TOBOL'River to UBAGAN-Lake, where the-TURGAY River forms a natural gateway to
the TURAN Area. The whole area is at present practically uninhabited and consists
mostly of marshes?,moors? and swampy forests. The project would require the
'=rerauting-of only one main transportation artery, the SVERDLOVSK-TYUMENg-OMSK
'section'of the 'Trans-Siberian Railroad. 'Numerous industrial centers are already
located or are planned on or near the shores of this proposed inland sea in the
heart-of Siberia,;'
(4) 'Lamy Canal (No. 25): to be cut through the elevated terrain
between the Siberian Plains and the TURAN Depression for a distance of 900 km.
This new canal, 45 to 75 in deep, would transfer water from the proposed "Siberian
Sea" towards the south. The major part of its flow would be distributed through
irrigation-canals throughout the entire arid land of West TURAN, while the
remainder would reach- the ARAL-Sea.
22
_
(5) Turkmen Canal (No. 22):- to carry surplus water from the ARAL
Sea to the CASPIAN. It was to be a canal 500-km long following the dry bed
of the UZBOY River, which once.,connected-the-two seas. The construction of
this project was abandoned in 1952.
5-03 POTENTIAL BENEFITS
a. General. The most important potential benefit of the Davydov Plan,
if completedvis the diversion of Arctic water into the CASPIAN Sea to solve
the problem of its sinking.
b. Navigation. The Davydov Plan would create asUNISEY-OBI-CASPIAN
Sea navigation system that, like parts of the VOLGA system, would be capable
of carrying seagoing vessels. The distance between the OW at BELOGORgYE,_:.
and the CASPIAN Sea is 4,000 km; 1,800 km of this length would be seas, lakes,
and reservoirs, 1,000 km would follow ancient river beds (such as the UZBOY?
the route of the TURKMEN Canal), and 1,200 km would be newly constructed
navigation canals.
c. liAlL?coi_mr. The Davydov Plan calls for exploitation in seven stages
of the hydropower potential of 12.6 million kw total capacity and 83 billion
kw-hr annual production.
d. Irrigation.. The plan provides for extensive pumping installations
by means of which agricultural land up to 200 in above sea level could be
irrigated. It is estimated that the water thus available for irrigation would
not only sustain 250,000 km2 of agricultural land, but also permit reforest-
ation of approximately 200,000 km of deserts.
e. Others. This great increase in cultivated and forested areas will
have some influence on the climate. Forests in the TURAN deserts would help to
protect the depressed areas of Soviet Central Asia against aridity. Some
increase in precipitation may result, thus adding to the water supply of the
ARAL-CASPIAN Depression and exercising considerable influence on the rivers
and streams of the area.
23
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't71;.?4r1:-V-
r-f74
Pas
*RA
- SECTION Vi
CURRENT PROGRAM
- ? ?
?
6-01 MAJOR OBJECTIVES
The current ,7-Year plan emphasizes the development of Asiatic U.S.S.R.
rather than of European U.S.S.R. This industrial and,_economic,development,
which began before World .War 119 is based mainly,on the accessibility of raw
materials: coal, iron, graphite, copper, silver, lead, molybdenum, wolfram,
uranium, and thorium. Mae problem of meeting the enormous power requirement
for industrial exploitation of the region is considerably simplified because
of Lake BAIKAL (with its huge water storage) and the giant Siberian rivers.
The development of the water resources is an essential feature of ,this over-
all plan.
6-02 OBI-IIMISH DEVELOPMENT
a. The IRTYSH River, already an important inland waterwayi-is to be
developed by the construction of the following multiple-purpose hydraulic
centers on its upper reaches:
?
(l) UST'-KAMENOGORSK (No. 19 on Plate 1), completed in 1953. Its
navigation lock provides a 40-m lift, which is the highest in the U.S.S.R.
(2) BUKHTARMA (No. 20), under construction.
(3) PAVIODAR (No. 21), proposed.
b. On the OBI River a multiple-purpose dam has been constructed at
NOVOSIBIRSK (No. 22). The reservoir covers an area of 1,071 km2, and stores
8.8 km3 of water at 19.6-m head. The total length of the dam, including
spillway and powerplant? is 4,830 m. The construction of other hydraulic
centers along the OBI, including one at KAMENI-NA-OBI, has been planned.
6-03 YENISEY-ANGARA DEVELOPMENT
a. This project is now being expedited with great vigor because of the
huge hydropower potentialities of the ANGARA River.
b. The ANGARA River, affluent of the YENISEY and effluent of Lake
BAIKAL, carries an average flow of 10744 0/Sec, and drops 360 m during its
total course of 1,853 km. Thus, it has an unusually high gradient (0.2 m/km)
and a very high velocity, and offers potential energy of 60 million kw.
Just below Lake BAIKAL, the sudden drop of 30 in made it possible to construct
a dam, whose backwater will raise Lake BAIKAL 1.0 to 1.5 m above its natural
level. This will provide an additional water storage of 34 km3 that may be
utilized for hydropower by the ANGARA cascade. This power potential will be
exploited by a series of six hydropower plants, as illustrated on Plate 8B.
These plants will have a combined installed capacity of 10,065,000 kw, which
is on a level with the Great VOIGA cascade. The largest will be BRATSK, with
an installed capacity of 3,200,000 kw, which is higher than either the
KUYBYSHEV or STALINGRAD powerplants on the VOLGA, now the two largest in the
U.S.S.R. The status of the ANGARA development is not entirely clear, although
it is known that the plant at IRKUTSK has been completed and the one at
BRATSK is still under construction.
c. At KRASNOYARSK on the YENISEY River, a huge hydraulic center (No. 23)
has been planned; it is to have a dam 118 m high and a storage reservoir of
2,130 km2 surface area and 77 km3 storage capacity, of which 32 km3 is to be
reserved for power production. The planned development is to have an instqlled
capacity of 4,000,000 kw, at 86-m head. the KRASNOYARSK hydraulic center will
be designed for combined operation with the ANGARA development. The best
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navigation facilities to overcome this high lift have not yet been selected, but
one plan calls for a ship elevator as being the most economical solution.
6-04 CURRENT STUDIES
With the attention of the Soviets turned eastward toward the rich water
resources of the giant Siberian rivers, at the same time extensive studies and
scientific research are in progress to determine the-fn-t-iire course of hydrologic
planning. Voluminous scientific literature in various geophysical disciplines
? ( oceanography, hydrometeorology, he liogeo graphy, and the-most recent,- " hello-
hydrometeorology, " concerning long-term weather prognosis) indicates that _a major
aim of future large hydrologic projects in the U.S.S.R. will be- to "abrrect the
failure of the Great Volga Development- to arrest the sinking of the CASPIAN. This
problem. of. the continuous . sinking of the CASPIAN is one of the main subjects of
research of leading Soviet scientists, as indicated by controversial discussions
appearing in publications of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The ultimate objective
of Soviet hydrologic planning continues to .be comprehensive- developinent of 'water
resources to fully exploit the vast hydropower potential, to provide a unified
waterway_ system across the Soviet Union, and to reclaim the Central Asiatic regions
where the natural "Granary" 'of the U.S.S.R. is located. For this th& Davydov Plan
appears to offer the only complete solution. The present water resource 'develop-
ment of the Siberian regions continues to conform with the general concepts of the
Davydov.Plan, although differing in some details. Future development may shift
in emphasis depending upon the progress of the 7-Year Plan and 'upon the Overall
economic and strategic policies of the Soviets.
26
tallf
aieft,
OW*
r-
'..JT.I.- .,.
, . I
-'
10 ''' ALEXANP101 i r i ? . B: e-: ?k. --Stalinslciy Plan, -PreobrazovaniYa:-Pri-ro-di -/-11, Deistvii
(The 'Staliri plan' for the transformation of nature . Moscow, 1952-0
t ? - -,...:;t4: :-),,?_,.:_ ,. ,.:-.. ,,...t :::, _..", , ;,` T.
:-2.1,-AP,OLLOY,,?EL:A;;',_, Kal?isko:,- More i Ego Bassyii (The,,Cappian sew and
_
. 'c(1ti basin). Moscow-Leningrad, : ----- -gra , --, . -..,',-T,
...
3. AUSTRIA. "Die WasSeratiasse Ob-Aralsee-Kaspisches Meer" -(The water-
w,ay ,cta?...?!, Aral, Sea' ....f Caspian .Sea).- Zeitschrift des- Osterreic.hischeris?r
Ingenienr- ini&-Archit,ekterr,Vereines9 vol. 95$ no.- 15=e6sf :3, August 19500
BIBLIOGRAPHY -.
,
140 EARANSKIY, N. N. Ekonomicheskaya Geografiya SOSOSORO Uchebnik dlya
klassa sredney. shkoli (Economic,- geography of, the text-' -
..:--bm000skeowfo9739th5.
the lastyear of high school). Ministry of_Edn-cation9.-
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BERG, L. S; - Natural- Regions- Of the" 143 ;S OR,;-? :;The- MacMillan Co. New
--Yo'rk, 19500 -
6. _BVENLER,. ,"Les,Travaux NydrauIiquesde -la- Plaine , de. Siberie;et la
Liaison avec la Her,. Caienne , travers ,le_Kazakstan,:4AUzbegie et
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way, connections with, the Caspian ,Sea. across- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,':
and Turkmen). Cours &Eau: et Energie, l9510 ? ,-, ?
70 DAVib 01 , 'K. 'Gidrografiya S.S.S.R.- (VOdy i Sus;z1), Chaste -Lai
(Hydrography of the U.S.S.R. (Waters and Dry Areas )- Part I-II)
Leningrad University Publishing House, ,Leningrad, ,19550,
,
8. DAVYDOV, M. "Svyazyvaniye mezhdu Vodami Oba 1. Aralskogo i Kaspiskogo
M9rya". (W,aterway ?connection between the Ob, Aral and Caspian -Sea). ?
Gidrotekhnicheskaye Stroitelestvo 19,49,;, ?:)-,!
90 "Liaison entre.,les,,Eaux de c1e0b, de leAral,et de- la:?Caapienne"
(Waterway connections between the. Aral and -Caspian),. La Hobille
Blanche, 1950.
' -
-
10. FICHELLE. do ra hie Ph si ue et Econonn. e -de leUnion des-Re- ub- .'''..
limes Sotialistes-Sovi tiques,:. PhysicalYand economic geography l of the
U.S-.S.R.). Pa:yot, Paris, 19460
A.
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11. FILIMONOV 2 N. A. ,, "Krasnoyar-skaya.:Gidroelektrostantsiya,":1 cNydroelec-
tric ` poWe r plant -at -Krasrioyarsk) .- ' Gidroteichnicheskoye Stroitele stvo 9
No. 12, December 1957, pp. 10-6.
,
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,:-:'1.::: 'AL: -
12. FRANCE 9 Lk OCIIMENTATION FRAN gAISE. , NOTES ,ET ETUDES DOCUMENTAIHES.
Les transports- fluviaux en leUnion- des R?oubli "nee-5ocialistes Sov-
Rtioues ,( River, transport , in-- the U.S.S-?-ft.). ? ? Secretary: General-, ,Doc.,rt??:'
umentation Directorate, .No. 2111, Paris, 10 December 1955.
-
13. GFSKULOV, Stalinskiye _Stroyki (Great Stalin works). Gov-
? ?..,? r
ernment 'Publishing House for Political" Literature, Mos-cOw; 1951.
140 "Ekonomictieskoye Znacheni' ye Problemy Perebroaki, Stoka ,Severnykh
Rek v Voigu i Kamu" (The economic significance of the problem to divert
the flow of the northern rivers into the Volga and Kama). Gidrotekhnika
i Melioratsiya, vol. .9; no. 9, September.,1957.
15. KABELAC OTAKAR W. "Europets Waterways: Key to Peace". America, vol.
LXXV, io 12, , 22 -June 191469 pp. 239-2141.
_
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27
? .
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
I.
3.6. . "Rivers Under Influence of Terrestrial Rotation". Journal
of the Waterways and Harbors Division. AmeriCan Society of Civil
tngineers, vol 83, no. WW1, April 1957; pp. 1208-1/1208-16..
_
17. LEBED, A., and YAKOVLEV, B. Transportnoye Znacheniye Gidrot,ekhnich-
. eskikh Sooruzhenii S.S.S.R. (The importance of hydrotechnical pro-
jects/for Soviet transportation). Institute for the Study Of the
? History and Culture of the U.S.S.R., Munich, 3954.
18. MACKINDER, SIR HAL7ORD JOIN. The Sco and Methods of Geography and
the) Geographical Pivot of History. Royal Geographical Society, Lon-
don, ]951.
? .
19. MIESCH,-M. "Hydrographie de 1.1Asie" (Hydrography of Asia). Geo-
? graphia,- no. 21-3$ June - August 1953.
20. MI1CHAILOV, A. V. Sudokhodnyye z (Navigation locks). :Govern-,
' ment Publishing House for?-Archltecture and Construction Literature,
Moscow, 1955.
21. :NIKOLAYEV,-I. -"Kenai Moskva-Volga" (Moscow-Volga canal). Gidro-
tekhnicheskoye Stroiter stvo, no. Li, November 1935: ,pp? 32-9.
22. PURL, "Die verkehrstechnische und kraftwirtschaftliche Er-
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resources in connection with the opening up of the Volga River).
Die Deutsche Wasserwirtschaft, 1935.
23. POLYAKOV, B. -V.. Gidrologicheskiye Analiz i Razchety (Hydro1.Ogical
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2/4. .RIABCPL[KOV, E. Volga-Don (Volga-Don). Government Publishing House
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-25?.? ? SALLER, H. -,"Die Entwicklung der inneren IdasserstrAssen der iSowjet
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_ : - Government Printing Office for Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1954.
27. SUKHANOV-LEVITSKEY. "Bratskaya Gidroelektrostantsiya" (Hydroelectric
? power plant at Bratsk).- Gidrotekhnicheskoye'Stroitell'stvo, no. 11,
_ Novembers 1957; pp. 47-60.-
28. UNITED NATIONS, STATISTICAL OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOC-
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U.S.S.R. KCfaTET PO 'UCHASTriU S.S.S.R. B MEZHDUNARODNYKH ENERGET-
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Preditavlennykh KOMi tetom po 'Uchastiyu S.S.S.R. v Mezhdunarodnykh
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28
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154:-
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33. WICKERT, G.- -"Die Entwicklund der russischen Binnenwasserstrassen"
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3
,
YEGOROV; AVO "NOvosibirskaya Gidroelektrostantsiya na r. Obi"
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,.29
)
1 I.
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F7177.V.7.-
TABLE 1
=--
NAVIGATION-CANALS- -
Serial
No. -41- CANAL
1. VYSIDIET/OLOTSKLY System
-IIKHVINSILTY System
MARIINSK,System-
.
4. OGINSKIY
STATUS
in operation prior to 1917; no
longer in use
_ -
in operation prior to 1917; no
longer in use
in operation prior to 1917; being
completely rebuilt
in operation prior to 1917; no
longer in use
5. DNIEPER-PRIPYAT' -BUG- in operation prior to 1917; entirely
VISTULA realined and rebuilt by 3950
6. BEREZINA
in operation prior to 1917; probably
no longer in use
7. SEVERO-DVINSKIY (formerly in operation prior to 1917; still
ALEXANDER OF WURTTEMBERG) in use
8. AUGUSTOVO in operation prior to 1917; probably
no longer in use
9. SEVERNO-YEKATERININSKIY in operation prior to 1917; no
longer in use
10. MOSCOW-VOLGA in operation
,
U. BALTIC-WI-UTE Sea (STALIN) in operation
12. MURMANSK proposed
13. DNIEPER-DON proposed
14. DNIEPER-OKA proposed
15. VOLGA-DON in operation
16. STALINGRAD** under construction until 1954
17. SOUTH UKRAINE** under construction
18. NORTH CRIMEA** under construction
19. DNIEPER-YUZHNIY BUG** proposed
20. DNIESTER-ODESSA proposed
21. MANYCH proposed
22? TURKMEN under construction until 1952
* Marked on Plate 1 by
1
** To be used primarily as irrigation canal
Serial
No. *
_
CANAL 1.? STATUS__
? '.'--7- .
23. KARA-KUM imder oonetruction
24. SOUTH SIBERIAN proposed
25. TURGAY .. proposed
26. KET -KAS
27. SIBERIAN Sea Development
28. BAIKAL-AMUR
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in operation prior to 3917; no
longer in use
- _
proposed
proposed'
31
? ??
Uti!
a
mat,
if
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, .. TABLE 2
HYDRAULIC CENTERS (GEDROUZEL)
SERIAL
viat
BASIN
NO.
*
NAME
VOLGk.
1.
IVANKOVO-
2.
UGLICH
3.
SHCHERBAKOV
4.
GOR, KIY
5,
ChTBOKSARY
6.
KUYBYSHEV
7.
SARATOV (BALAKOVO)
8.
STALINGRAD
9.
NIZHNE VOLZHSKAYA.
KAMA
10.
NIZHNE KAMSKAYA
11.
VOTK1NSK
12.
MOLOTOV (FERMI)
13.
SOLIKAMSK
DON
14.
115IMLYANSK
DNIEPER
15.
ZAPOROZHIM
16.
KAKHOVKA
INCELETS
17.
INGULE TS CASCADE
DNIESTER
18.
DUBOSSARY
IRTYSH
19.
USTI-KAMENOGORSK
20,
BUKHTARMA
21.
PAVLODAR
OB'
22.
NOVOSIBIRSK
STATUS
in operation
in operation
in operation
in operation
planned
in operation
under construction
under construction
proposed
planned
under construction
in operation
proposed
completed
completed
power and navigation phases
completed; irrigation phases
under construction
proposed
completed
completed
under construction
proposed
completed
* Marked on Plate 1 by 0
32
ttLViR SERIAL
BASIN
YENISEY
ANGARA
YENISEY
YENISEY
OBI
TURKMEN
CANAL
_
NO. *
NAME
STATUS
23.
KRASNOYAISK
planned
24.
rRKUTSK
completed
25.
BRATSK
under construction
26.
UST ?-ILIMSK
proposed
27.
BOGUCHANY
proposed
28.
PODKAMENNAYA TUNGUSKA
proposed
29.
NIZHNYAYA TUNGUSKA
proposed
30.
BELOGORt YE
proposed
31.
UZBOY I
proposed
32.
UZBOY II
proposed
33.
UZBOY III
proposed
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
33
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
.43.7e " "'I.-1cl 1 "Wr , ,,1?43 z:f
iiiIi..,:?. ' e? ,-!.
,;,.,:". u ? I, ., e-
,10.111111q.1111111ammgmEml
80 90 100 110 120 1304: 140 150 :60 "*".ie ? - '1?4:0
6; 3
a
Ana an M nus.nsit
Snusnenshov
Completed
Under Construction
Planned or Proposed
U.S.S.R. CANALS
Canalized River Canal No. El
g Completed
IMMI WM MN IMMi IMIMMMImenntin
W 1101:1C Under Construction
CM CM at CM CM MIC:
Planned or Proposed
: 6'*.tildOncrs cr. not non ens?
?
, , 't ? , d 1.., me U S G?...""'
--_- go
Sirt-Nr- :II' .......wwwwnismh
4.1.01
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
.p!P
UsT,ItimpaYa
1."
sykil
V!
.Severo?Yenletyskly
talso-Y.Ise I ?
?
N(thneudlns
sk.h
90 100 s
LEGEND
4
HYDRAULIC CENTERS
Structure No.
Reservoir Completed
0 Cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 0
200 400
Statute Mdes
400 500
lillometers
80?01dariel OM '44 neCelsOri!y those
sesogaieed by the U.S. Governmont
11162 1234 (Third Revision 3 581
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
600 32? 84?
108? 132?
DISCHARGE GRAPH OF MAJOR RUSSIAN RIVERS
NOTE: The width of a river symbol is proportional to average annual discharge.
The average annual volume of discharge is shown in km3 at mouth of each river.
PLATE 2
S.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
, .
RIME=
.41
TYPICAL HYDRAULIC CENTER (GIDROUZEL)
TS1MLYANSK ON THE DON
DOWNSTREAM VIEW OF POWER PLANT AND SPILLWAY
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
;.?
UGLICli
I
,.,? GA
fr
'
SKETCH OF THE GREAT VOLGA DEVELOPMENT
aggrak
;$54.AVIc1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
?:- t
?
.,,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
:AVOW ? ';---410/10"...114e65PelMV5IF firr~ar.rgertfkijuw-,,-Nssussw.,,, ? -
ON,
aft
?????
250.
200
150
Lu
(1) 150
2
LU
2 100
0
LL1 50
1.1.1
MOSCOW-VOLGA
CANAL
BALTIC-
_WHITE SEA
(STALIN)
CANAL
MARIINSK ?.;
CANAL >1-
MOSCOW
Rybioskoye
50
WHI E
SEA
_he
1/1
a.
=
4.
v1)
Lake Onega
BALTIC SEA
? Neva
< River
Lake
Ladoga
0.
,cL2
a)
0
>,
0)
0
8
KAMA-PECHORA
DAM SYSTEM
a)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
KILOMETERS (KAMA RIVER)
0
VOLGA-DON-I
CANAL
tOtn
7ti
River BLACK-AZOV SEAS
LEGEND
Dam Completed
Dam under
Construction
7
Dam Planned
.4.// ? or Proposed
Canal Locks
3600 3200 2800 2400 2000
KILOMETERS (VOLGA RIVER)
1600
1200
800
400
CASPIAN SEA
GREAT VOLGA
DEVELOPMENT
PROFILES
43
PLATE 5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
rti2EitZTZaidS,:kitig:47',
LOCK ON THE MOSCOW-VOLGA CANAL
Declassified in
Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
LOCK ON THE VOLGA-DON CANAL
47
PLATE 7
?WM ?7,TAIO,'
1-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
4.1
LOGORTE
NC
v)
cx
co
I
TE OF TURGAY
1
tn
X
v)
v)
0
Z
Cie
NC
eta
a
River
i
SIBERIAN
SEA 105m1-.
.
1
t--
Ain
ca
-.?
/
.
?A)ef/-
Tobol River
/
/
/ Aral
Sea 520m
/
I
0
co
.
A
NI
-131.1rty
...---
sh
z
a
(D
Ce
/,.---
o a
/ g` c
,AC ...
. Cl.
e.0
N .
l'ir11
---
>.
.
CASPIAb
SEA-28.3
n
le
0
A
,
DAVYDOV PLAN
PROFILES
0B9-IRTYSH RIVERS,
ARAL-CASPIAN SEAS
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
4 ' ;:11.???;-.-17.
-A- 4L=E'-_-,---?k? ?
-t. .. -1?...i ? ,4e-s?--
?,. ,- -----'?^1.
-14.4a''C'Y 4 Xj,,,,,,e1., % t
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
LEGEND
Dam Completed
Dam Planned or Proposed --
_
,r
Riv er
400 800
1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
KILOMETERS
3600 4000
4400 4800
, ?
-
? /C
5600 OCE?AN
DAWDOV PLAN
PROFILES
YENISEY-ANGARA-AMUR RIVERS,
LAKE BAIKAL
PLATE 8B -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2
T.
9
?4-4
Organization
1 ZP:i 4'
r04 1.1 b?
ENGINEER DISTRIBUTION LIST, EIS 245
Copies
Office, Chief of Engineers, Intelligence Division . OOOO 00000000000000 1
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Commandant, U. S. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir,
Virginia, ATT': Archives...
............................. OOOOOOOO 5
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ATTN: Engineer... ..................................... OOOOOOOOOO 1
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Commanding
Commanding General, Fourth United States Army, AT: Engineer.. :00. 1
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1
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_ ? 1
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ATTN: Chief, Intelligence and Mapping Branch... 5

USAREUR Engineer Intelligence Lenter00000000000000000000000000000000 1
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Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division, ATT}: Engineer O
Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, OOOO OCO 1
ATT: Engineer.... 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 1
Engineer, HQ., 2nd Logistical Command. .............................9 1
Engineer, III Corps, Fort Hood 1
Commanding Officer, 501st Engineer Detachment (Technical
Intelligence, Research) .................................... OOOOOO 1
Commanding Officer, 533rd Engineer Detachment (Technical
Intelligence, Research) 000000000000000000000000000000000000.00000 1
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Intelligence, Research) 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1
Commanding Officer, 561st Engineer Detachment (Technical
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Commanding Officer, United States Army Map Service, Far East 2
Commanding Officer, 30th Engineer Bn (Topo Survey) .......... OOOOO 000 1
Each Engineer Technical Attache Currently on Duty Cl each) 0000000000 6
Army Map Service Library. ........................................... 2
Army Map Service Depository
_......................................... 1
Army Map Service for Internal Distribution... 00000000000000000000000 J.
111) Additional copies available on request to Intelligence Division, OCE.
Engineer agencies or units can obtain by direct requests non-Engineer
agencies or units should channel request through ACSI/DA.
53
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/04/03: CIA-RDP81-01043R004100140005-2