ECONOMIC MAGNITUDE OF SOVIET ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS 1956-62

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 17, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 1, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET,
Economic Intelligence Report
N? 101
ECONOMIC MAGNITUDE
OF SOVIET ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1956-62
CIA/RR ER 62-38
November 1962
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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-----ECRETs
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
ECONOMIC MAGNITUDE
OF SOVIET ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1956-62
CIA/RR ER 62-38
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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FOREWORD
Presented in this report is an estimate of the economic magnitude of
electronic research and development in the USSR. The estimate is pro-
vided primarily in order to supply a quantitative frame of reference for
the assessment of the substantive content of Soviet electronic research
and development. In addition, the estimate may be useful in measuring
the priority of this activity in terms of input requirements for man-
power and materials.
Also in this report is compared the economic effort expended in the
USSR on electronic research and development with that in the US during
1956-62.
Although estimates of the expenditures on Soviet electronic research
and development were derived for each individual year during the period
covered in this report, the estimates for the base year (1957) and for
the entire period (1956-62) merit greater confidence than the estimates
for the other individual years.
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Definitions of Terms
A. General
Page
1
3
3
1. Electronics
3
2. Electronic Research and Development (R and D) ? ?
3
3. Substantive Categories of Electronic R and D . ? ?
3
a. R and D in Basic Electronics
3
b. R and D in Electronic Techniques
3
c. R and D in Electronic Parts and Components . .
4
d. R and D in Electronic Functional Elements ? ?
e. R and D in Electronic End Equipment and Sys-
4
tems
4
B.
Economic Terms
5
1. Labor Force Engaged in Electronic R and D ? ? ? ?
5
2. Expenditures on Electronic R and D
5
3. Facilities Used in Electronic R and D
5
4. Military Electronic R and D
6
II.
Size of the Labor Force and Expenditures
6
III.
Categories of Electronic Research and Development ? ? ? ?
8
A.
Allocation of Expenditures
8
B.
Allocation of the Labor Force
9
C.
Expenditures on Facilities for Electronic Research and
Development
10
IV.
Comparison of the Economic Magnitude of Soviet and US
Electronic Research and Development
10
A.
Expenditures
10
B.
Labor Force
13
V.
Conclusions and Prospects
15
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Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
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Appendixes
Methodology
Facilities Engaged in Electronic Research and
Development in the USSR
Allocation of Substantive Activities in Elec-
tronic Research and Development in the USSR
Page
19
29
39
Tables
1. Allocation of Employees Engaged in Soviet Electronic Re-
search and Development, 1961
2. Comparison of Soviet and US Expenditures for Electronic
Research and Development, 1956-62
3. Comparison of Soviet and US Labor Forces Engaged in
Electronic Research and Development, 1956-62
4. Estimated Wage Bill for Scientists, Engineers, and Tech-
nicians in Soviet Electronic Research and Development,
1957
5. Estimated Total Expenditures for Soviet Electronic Re-
search and Development, 1957
6. Estimated Total Value of Facilities Engaged in Soviet
Electronic Research and Development, 1957
Estimated Average Annual Rate of Growth of the Labor Force
Employed in Soviet Electronic Research and Development,
1956-62
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Charts
Figure 1. Estimated Labor Force Employed in Soviet
Electronic Research and Development,
1956-62
Figure 2. Estimated Soviet Expenditures on Elec-
tronic Research and Development,
1956-62
Figure 3. Estimated Allocation of Soviet Expendi-
tures on Electronic Research and De-
velopment, 1956-62
Figure 4. Estimated Allocation of Soviet Expendi-
tures on Military Electronic Research
and Development, 1956-62
Figure 5. Comparison of Estimated Expenditures by
the USSR and the US on Electronic Re-
search and Development, 1956-62 . .
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ECONOMIC MAGNITUDE OF SOVIET ETRCTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT*
1956-62
Summary
Soviet expenditures for electronic research and development (R and D)
are nearly as large as those in the US, and they are increasing as rap-
idly. A comparison of the two programs in 1961 may be summarized as
follows:
Total expenditures for
electronic R and D
Expenditures for military
electronic R and D
Total employment in elec-
tronic R and D
Scientists and engineers
employed in electronic
R and D
USSR
US
$2.2 billion** $2.8 billion
$1.6 billion $2.0 billion
218,000 persons 124,000 persons
80,000 persons 83,000 persons
Estimated expenditures on Soviet electronic R and D have increased at an
average annual rate of 15 percent since 1956. During the same period,
about 52,000 scientists and engineers and about 90,000 technicians were
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best judg-
ment of this Office as of 1 November 1962.
** For Soviet R and D, ruble values (old rubles) and dollar values are
in 1955 prices. For US R and D, dollar values are in current prices.
Because ruble prices for electronic R and D have not been affected by
inflation, there is no problem of divergence between the two series for
individual years. A deflator for US R and D prices is not available,
because the product mix is continually changing and is quite complex.
The ruble-dollar ratios used in this report are as follows: for
electronic R and D, 4.9 to 1; for equipment, 10 to 1; and for building
construction, 6 to 1. These ratios all are based on studies for the
respective categories.
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added to the Soviet labor force engaged in electronic R and D -- an aver-
age annual increment of about 8,700 scientists and engineers and about
15,000 technicians.
Since 1956, Soviet expenditures for military electronic R and D have
been about 72 percent of the total expenditures for electronic R and D.
In the US, comparable expenditures exceed 80 percent of the total. It
is estimated that, in 1961, 54,200 scientists and engineers, or about
70 percent of the total engaged in Soviet electronic R and D, were al-
located to military electronic R and D.
The estimated allocation of expenditures on Soviet electronic R and D
to the various categories of electronic R and D are as follows for the
period since 1956: basic electronics, 18 percent; techniques, 5 percent;
components, 14 percent; functional elements, 4 percent; and electronic
end equipment and systems, 59 percent. The share of electronic R and D
allocated to basic electronics (which involves phenomena basic to all
electronic R and D) appears to be smaller in the USSR than in the US,
where the percentage probably is about 25 percent. This ratio of allo-
cations could be important in determining the relative rates of growth
of electronic technology in the two countries in the future. The spe-
cific activities receiving the most attention in Soviet electronic
R and D include electromagnetic wave propagation, automation, semicon-
ductors, Measuring instruments, radar, guided missile electronics, and
computers.
The estimated Soviet outlay for facilities used in electronic R and D
since 1956 is $331 million, and approximately 61 percent of this amount
was allocated to military electronic R and D. The total undepreciated
value of the facilities used in Soviet electronic R and D in 1961 was
about $720 million.
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I. Definitions of Terms
A. General
1. Electronics
Electronics is the science and technology that deals pri-
marily with devices that collect, process, and transmit information in
the form of electrical (and electromagnetic) signals and either control
machines or present the processed information to human beings for their
direct use.
2. Electronic Research and Development (R and D)
Electronic research is an activity of exploration and dis-
covery leading to new information; its end product is usually a published
report or monograph. Electronic development differs in that its end prod-
uct is a material device or product. In the US, expenditures for tests
and evaluations are usually distinguished from those for R and D. In
this report, however, expenditures for testing and evaluating a product
under development are included in the estimated expenditures for R and D
and, although not specifically identified, are included with expenditures
for labor and materials (primarily those allocated to electronic systems
and end equipment).
3. Substantive Categories of Electronic R and D
a. R and D in Basic Electronics
R and D in basic electronics is that electronic R and D
which yields information of broad utility -- that is, information that
is applicable to many specific projects rather than that required to
solve a problem peculiar to one project. Subject areas comprehended by
R and D in basic electronics include electron emission, electron optics,
electromagnetic propagation, information theory, network theory, solid
state theory, interaction of radiation and material, gases and plasmas,
physical effects (electrical), properties of materials, environmental
effects, system theory, human factors, signal detection, reliability
theory, electronic measurements, and magnetohydrodynamics.
b. R and D in Electronic Techniques
R and D in electronic techniques includes elements of
electronic R and D such as mechanical design, printed circuitry, minia-
turization and subminiaturization, molecular electronics, bionics, con-
struction, automation, heat-transfer design, maintenance and repair
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methods, assembly, inspection techniques, reliability, and tropicalization.
In general, R and D in electronic techniques is concerned with the methods
of producing electronic devices and the method of utilizing electronic
devices or subsystems in nonelectronic systems.
c. R and D in Electronic Parts and Components
R and D in electronic parts and components is the area of
electronic R and D which develops and improves the various elements that
are combined to construct electronic devices. Electronic parts and com-
ponents are made up of electronic tubes, semiconductors, electromechanical
devices, magnetic devices, piezoelectric devices, capacitors, inductors,
resistors, waveguides and transmission cables, switches, connectors, fre-
quency-control devices, electronic materials,* miscellaneous hardware,
batteries, thermoelectric devices, delay lines, and the like.
d. R and D in Electronic Functional Elements
R and D in electronic functional elements is concerned
with electronic units that perform specific electronic functions such as
acquisition of an electronic signal, modification of an electronic signal,
generation of a carrier for an electronic signal, and the conversion of
an electronic signal into a nonelectronic form for display, recording, or
control actuation. Specific electronic functions included in this cate-
gory are amplification, transmission, generation, modulation, demodula-
tion, power supply, waveform control, signal attenuation, logical opera-
tions, coding and decoding, recording, signal display, signal analysis,
transduction, counting, calibration, filtering, function generation,
radiation of electromagnetic waves, frequency control, voltage and cur-
rent regulation, and signal delay.
e. R and D in Electronic End Equipment and Systems
R and D in electronic end equipment and systems is the
end product of electronic R and D. In this area the results of work
in the other four categories of electronic R and D are combined to pro-
duce electronic end equipment such as radar sets, computers, direction
finders, display units, and communications units. The electronic end
equipment in turn is combined into electronic systems or incorporated
into nonelectronic systems. R and D in electronic systems examines,
develops, and improves the interaction or interdependence among the
elements that make up the system. Electronic systems include systems
* The term electronic materials includes special forms of certain mate-
rials that are used to fabricate electronic components, although such
materials do not themselves perform electronic functions. Examples are
ceramics, tantalum, barium titanite, tungsten, gallium arsenide, cobalt,
and phosphors.
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for communications, detection and location, countermeasures, data proc-
essing, simulation, testing instrumentation, guidance, research instru-
mentation, medical diagnosis, fire control, and general control.
B. Economic Terms
1. Labor Force Engaged in Electronic R and D
The labor force engaged in electronic R and D consists of
scientists, engineers, technicians, and management personnel who are con-
cerned with research on electronic phenomena and the development of elec-
tronic equipment and should be interpreted in this report to mean direct
labor force. Not included in this definition are persons in the indirect
labor force, who are engaged in such duties as accounting, maintenance,
custodial work, filing, and general logistic support. Only the size of
the direct labor force itself is estimated in this report in terms of the
number of workers, although a cost allocation is made for indirect labor.
Scientists, engineers, and technicians are included in the
labor force on the basis of the position occupied and not on the basis
of formal schooling or the academic degree attained. Several scientific
and engineering disciplines are represented in the labor force, includ-
ing mathematics, physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and electronic and me-
chanical engineering. Technicians are primarily machinists, mechanics,
draftsmen, and persons engaged in electronic assembly and testing.
2. Expenditures on Electronic R and D
Expenditures on electronic R and D denote the economic value
attached to the various physical inputs to the activities that comprise
electronic R and D. These expenditures are expressed in this report in
either rubles or US dollars.* Expenditures on electronic R and D have
two components -- direct labor and overhead. Overhead expenditures are
expressed as a percentage of expenditures for direct labor and consist
of expenditures for depreciation of equipment) depreciation of build-
ings, indirect labor, and materials. Overhead expenditures, therefore,
include all costs of performing electronic R and D other than the cost
of the direct labor force.
3. Facilities Used in Electronic R and D
The facilities used in electronic R and D consist of the
buildings and equipment of the research institutes, educational institu-
tions, plant laboratories, and design bureaus that are performing elec-
tronic R and D in the USSR. In this report the term building applies
* See the second footnote on p. 1, above.
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strictly to the edifice itself and the term equipment to all other physi-
cal components, ranging from central heating and airconditioning to volt-
meters, oscilloscopes, and lathes. The term facilities does not include
the electronic prototypes and associated facilities at field installations
such as Mytishchi or Sary Shagan. Expenditures on these prototypes are
included as expenditures on labor and material.
4. Military Electronic R and D
Military electronic R and D is that part of the total elec-
tronic R and D effort which is performed for the primary benefit of the
military establishment. (Nonmilitary electronic R and D consists almost
entirely of industrial electronics, including civil communications equip-
ment, rather than consumer electronics such as radio and television broad-
cast receivers. In this report, therefore, the term industrial elec-
tronics will be used interchangeably with nonmilitary electronics.)
II. Size of the Labor Force and Expenditures
The estimated labor force employed in Soviet electronic R and D
during 1956-62 is shown in the following tabulation (see the chart,
Figure 1*):
Thousand Persons
Scientists and
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
engineers
39.5
45.5
52.3
60.1
69.2
79.5
91.4
Technicians
68.9
79.2
91.1
104.7
120.4
138.5
159.3
Total**
108.4
124.6
143.4
164.8
189.6
218.0
250.7
During this period, about 52,000 scientists and engineers and about
90,000 technicians were added to the labor force, or an average annual
increment of about 8,700 scientists and engineers and about 15,000 tech-
nicians.
Approximately 70 percent of the scientists and engineers are esti-
mated to have been employed primarily in military electronic R and D
during the period. A slightly higher proportion of the technicians,
about 72 percent, is estimated to be primarily engaged in military elec-
tronic R and D.
* Following\p. 6.
** Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown.
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ESTIMATED LABOR
ELECTRONIC RESEARCH
Approved for Release 2013/06/17:
1956-62
Figure
250.7
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FORCE EMPLOYED IN SOVIET
AND DEVELOPMENT,
THOUSAND EMPLOYEES
218.0
Scientists and Engineers
189.6
Technicians
164.8
91.4
143.4
79.5
124.6
69.2
108.4
60.1
52.3
45.5
39.5
68.9
79.2
91.1
104.7
120.4
138.5
159.3
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962
Components may not add to totals because of rounding.
5.3
ESTIMATED SOVIET EXPENDITURES
ON ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1956-62
BILLION /955 RUBLES
1-7 Total
Military
3.8
6.1
4.4
7.0
5.0
8.1
5.8
9.3
6.7
10.7
7.7
2.3
Figure 2
8.9
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962
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Soviet expenditures on electronic R and D for the period 1956-62 are
estimated to have been as follows (see the chart, Figure 2*):
Billion 1955 Rubles
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962
Expenditures 5.3 6.1 7.0 8.1 9.3 10.7 12.3
The USSR, therefore, is estimated to have allocated 2.3 times as much
economic effort to electronic R and D in 1962 as in 1956. The esti-
mated average annual rate of growth of Soviet expenditures on elec-
tronic R and D was 15 percent during 1957-62. It should be noted that
because of the methodology employed** all statements concerning the
rate of growth of Soviet expenditures on electronic R and D also are
applicable to the rate of growth of the labor force employed in Soviet
electronic R and D.
Soviet expenditures on military electronic R and D are estimated to
have comprised about 72 percent of expenditures on Soviet electronic
R and D in each year of the estimate period. On this basis, estimated
expenditures on Soviet military electronic R and D are as follows:
Billion 1255 Rubles
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962
Expenditures 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.8 6.7 7.7 8.9
The total Soviet expenditures on electronic R and D and the Soviet
expenditures on military electronic R and D are shown in US dollars***
in the following tabulation:
Billion 1955 us $
1956
1957
1958 1960
1961
1962
Total
1.1
1.2
1.4
,1959
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
Military
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Following p. 6.
See Appendix A, 3,
For the derivation
Appendix A, pp. 19
a, p. 24, below.
of the ruble-dollar ratio for electronic R and D,
through 28, below.
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Annual Soviet expenditures per scientist and engineer engaged in
electronic R and D during 1956-62 are estimated to have been 134,000
rubles, or $27,400. Annual Soviet expenditures per employee in the
labor force engaged in electronic R and D are estimated to have been
49,000 rubles, or $10,000 during the same period.
III. Categories* of Electronic Research and Development
A. Allocation of ExpenditureS
Soviet expenditures on electronic R and D are estimated to
have been allocated during the period 1956-62 to the various cate-
gories of electronic R and D in the following proportions (see the
chart, Figure 3**):
Value in 1961
Categories Percent Billion Billion
of Electronic R and D of Ruble Values 1955 Rubles 1955 US Dollars
Basic electronics 18 1.9 0.4
Techniques 5 0.5 0.1
Components 14 1.5 0.3
Functional elements 4 0.4 0.1
Electronic end equip-
ment and systems 59 6.4 1.3
Total 100 10.7 2.2'
The military portion of Soviet expenditures during the same period on
electronic R and D was allocated as follows (see the chart, Figure 4**):
Value in 1961
Categories
of Military Percent Billion Billion
Electronic R and D of Ruble Values 1955 Rubles 1955 us Dollars
Basic electronics lo 0.8 0.2
Techniques 3 0.2 Negl.
Components 13 1.0 0.2.
Functional elements 4 0.3 0.1
Electronic end equip-
ment and systems 70 5.4 1.1
Total 100 1.1 1.6
* See I, A, 3, p. 3, above.
** Following p. 8.
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ESTIMATED ALLOCATION OF SOVIET EXPENDITURES
ON ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1956-62
Functional
Elements
ESTIMATED ALLOCATION OF SOVIET EXPENDITURES
ON MILITARY ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1956-62
36660 10-62
Techniques
Functional
Elements
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Figure 3
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The observed differences in allocation between the total and the
military portion of Soviet expenditures on electronic R and D are ex-
plained by the proportion of the total expenditures in each category of
electronic R and D devoted to military electronic R and D. The propor-
tions devoted to military electronic R and D are basic electronics, 42
percent; techniques, 40 percent; components, 67 percent; functional elec-
ments, 75 percent; and electronic end equipment and systems, 84 percent.
The proportion of the total expenditures devoted to military electronics
is 72 percent.
B. Allocation of the Labor Force
In 1961, employees engaged in electronic R and D are estimated
to have been allocated to the various categories of electronic R and D
as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Allocation of Employees Engaged
in Soviet Electronic Research and Development
1961
Thousand Persons
Categories
of Electronic R and D
Scientists
and Engineers
Technicians
Total
Total
Military
Total
Military
Total
Military
Basic electronics
20.7
8.1
20.8
8.1
41.5
16.2
Techniques
4.0
1.1
7.9
2.1
11.9
3.2
Components
10.8
7.3
21.6
14.6
32.4
21.9
Functional elements
3.4
2.3
6.8
4.5
10.2
6.8
Electronic end equip-
ment and systems
40.6
35.4
81.4
70.9
122.0
106.3
Total
1212
54.2
138.5
100.2
218.0
154.4
It is apparent that both military and industrial electronic
R and D are oriented strongly toward electronic end equipment and sys-
tems. Basic electronic R and D is in second place in the total alloca-
tion of personnel, and only third in the ranking of military electronic
R and D. Components, of course, receive a great deal of attention. The
apparently small allocations of manpower to techniques and functional
elements may be due to some extent to the lack of detail in the available
information. R and D in these two categories could well be hidden in the
categories of components and electronic end equipment and systems.
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C. Expenditures on Facilities for Electronic Research and Development
The estimated Soviet outlays for facilities during 1956-62 totaled
2.7 billion rubles, or $331 million.* The annual expenditures were esti-
mated as follows:
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
Total
Billion 1955 Rubles
0.3
0.3
O. 4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
2.7
Million 1955 Dollars
37
37
49
49
49
49
61
331
The estimated average annual rate of growth is about 8 to 9 percent,
with the result that expenditures in 1962 for facilities will be about
two-thirds higher than those in 1956.
During the period of the estimate the value of the inventory of
facilities, neglecting depreciation allowances, grew from 3.8 billion
rubles to 6.5 billion rubles, or about 70 percent. The undepreciated
value of the inventory of facilities in 1961 was about $720 million.
About 60 percent of the value of the inventory of facilities was allo-
cated to Soviet military electronic R and D during 1956-62.
Forty-five percent of the value of the inventory of facilities
was estimated to be in buildings and 55 percent in equipment.
IV. Comparison of the Economic Magnitude of Soviet and US Electronic
Research and Development
A. Expenditures
A direct comparison of expenditures by the USSR and the US on
the total electronic R and D and on military electronic R and D for
1956-62 is shown in Table 2** (see the chart, Figure 5xxx). This com-
parison shows that Soviet expenditures on both total and military elec-
tronic R and D were significantly less than those of the US during the
same time period, even with the recognition that current US dollars are
worth less than 1955 us dollars. Nevertheless, Soviet expenditures are
relatively large, and if the apparent trend continues, Soviet expendi-
tures will become an increasing proportion of US expenditures, although
at a modest rate.
**
***
See the second footnote on p. 1, above.
Table 2 follows on p. 11.
Following p. 10.
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1.4
COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES
BY THE USSR AND THE US
ON ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1956-62
.0 e
US?Billion Current US Dollars
ni USSR?Billion 1955 US Dollars
0.8
1.6
0.9
1.9
1.5
.4
.0
2.2
1.2
2.5
2.0
1.9
.4
2.8
2.3
2.2
.6
3.1
Figure 5
2.5 2.5
.8
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961
36662 10-62
1962
GROUP 1
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Table 2
Comparison of Soviet and US Expenditures for Electronic Research and Development
1956-62
Year
Total Expenditures
Military Expenditures
USSR
(Billion 1955
US
$) (Billion Current $)
USSR
as a Percent
of US
USSR
(Billion 1955
US
$) (Billion Current $)
USSR
as a Percent
of US
1956
1.1
1.4
79
0.8
1.1
73
1957
1.2
1.6
75
0.9
1.3
69
1958
1.4
1.9
74
1.0
1.5
67
1959
1.6
2.2
73
1.2
1.8
67
1960
1.9
2.5
76
1.4
2.0
70
1961
2.2
2.8
79
1.6
2.3
70
1962
2.5
3.1
81
1.8
2.5
72
Total
1956-62
11.9
15.5
77
8.7
12.5
70
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In 1960 and 1961, US expenditures on electronic R and D were about
20 percent of the total US expenditures on all types of R and D. 1/* A
similar figure for the USSR was 28 percent, based on published figures
for scientific research. 2/ It is believed, however, that the comparative
figures used for the total expenditures on Soviet R and D of all types,
called "appropriations for science," exclude the cost of much military
and some industrial R and D. For this reason the share of the total
Soviet R and D allocated to electronic R and D may well be considerably
less than 28 percent.
This assumption seems to be borne out by other comparisons. The
number of scientists and engineers estimated to have been employed in
Soviet electronic R and D in 1960 is only about 13 percent of the total
number of Soviet "specialists with higher education" employed in "scien-
tific and scientific-research establishments" and "in technical planning,
designing, and geological prospecting organizations" on 1 December 1960. 2/
This comparison, however, probably understates the percentage of all sci-
entists and engineers in Soviet R and D who are engaged in electronic
R and D, for the figure used to represent all scientists and engineers in
Soviet R and D apparently includes many "specialists with higher educa-
tion" who are not employed in R and D activities.
Another comparison indicates that the scientists and engineers
estimated to have been employed in Soviet electronic R and D in 1960 were
about 20 percent of the number of scientific personnel in the USSR on
1 October 1960. ).?/ The Soviet definition of scientific personnel is as
follows:
Scientific personnel include: academicians,
active and corresponding members of all acade-
mies; all persons with a degree of doctor of
science, master of science or with the rank of
professor, docent, associate professor, senior
scientist and junior scientist, regardless of
the place and nature of their work, as well as
persons engaged in scientific-research work in
scientific institutions and scientific-
kedagogical work in higher institutions of
learning regardless of whether they have aca-
demic degrees or title.** 2/
The Soviet definition of scientific personnel, therefore, appa-
rently includes not only the scientists and engineers engaged in Soviet
** The underlining is by the author of this report.
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R and D but others who spend full time in other activities. Therefore,
the above mentioned 20 percent of Soviet scientific personnel identified
as scientists and engineers in Soviet electronic R and D may be under-
stated also. This apparent understatement, however, may be more than
compensated for by the number of Soviet scientists and engineers who are
employed in R and D at facilities that are not included in the Soviet
term "scientific institutions," such as plant laboratories and design
bureaus. On balance the figure of 20 percent seems to be a reasonable
estimate of the proportion of the total Soviet scientific and engineer-
ing personnel in R and D who are engaged in electronic R and D.
The percentage of electronic R and D allocated to basic elec-
tronics appears to be less in the USSR, about 18 percent, than in the
US, where the proportion probably is about 25 percent. g Absolute ex-
penditures for basic electronics in 1961, consequently, are estimated
to have been $700 million in the US and about Wo million in the USSR.
During 1956-62 the total Soviet expenditures on electronic
R and D were equal to about 28 percent of the total value of the output
of the Soviet electronics industry, 2/ and the expenditures were grow-
ing at about the same rate as the value of the output. In the US the
total expenditures on electronic R and D were about 24 percent of the
total value of the output of electronics, and expenditures on electronic
R and D were growing faster than the value of the output of electronics. g
The US electronics industry, however, was growing at a significantly lower
rate than that of the USSR during the period of the estimate.
B. Labor Force
A direct comparison of the Soviet and US labor forces employed
in electronic R and D during 1956-62, as shown in Table 3,* indicates
that the number of scientists and engineers engaged in electronic R and D
is about equal in the two countries during the period of the estimate but
that the USSR uses many more -- more than three times as many -- techni-
cians in electronic R and D than does the US. The US added 53,000 scien-
tists and engineers but only 26,000 technicians during 1957-62, whereas
the USSR added 52,000 scientists and engineers and 90,000 technicians.
The rather startling difference between the comparison of ex-
penditures and the comparison of labor forces can be accounted for by
the vastly different relative prices of the inputs to electronic R and D
in the two countries and the methodological assumption that the relation-
ship of expenditures on labor and other inputs was the same in the two
countries.** Thus the ruble estimate derived by this methodology, when
converted to US dollars by estimated ruble-dollar ratios, results in
Table 3 follows on p. 14.
** See Appendix A, 3, a, p. 24, below.
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Table 3
Comparison of Soviet and US Labor Forces Engaged in Electronic Research and Development
1956-62
Scientists and Engineers
Technicians Total Labor Force
Year
Thousand Persons
USSR
as a Percent
of US
Thousand Persons
USSR
as a Percent
of US
Thousand. Persons 2/
USSR
as a Percent
of US
USSR
US
USSR
US
USSR
US
1956
39.5
40.0
99
68.9
20.0
344
108.4
60.0
181
1957
45.5
46.9
97
79.2
23.5
337
124.6
70.4
177
1958
52.3
56.6
92
91.1
28.3
332
143.4
84.9
169
1959
60.1
65.8
91
104.7
32.9
318
164.8
98.7
167
1960
69.2
73.8
94
120.4
36.9
326
189.6
110.7
171
1961
79.5
82.8
96
138.5
41.4
335
218.0
124.2
176
1962
91.4
92.9
98
159.3
46.5
343
250.7
139.4
180
a. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown.
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fewer dollars than would have been the case if the Soviet labor input had
been valued directly in dollars and the US overhead factors had been ap-
plied directly to the estimated Soviet labor cost to obtain the total
dollar expenditures by the USSR on electronic R and D. In effect, the
choice of the former methodology means that the USSR is estimated to as-
sociate fewer physical overhead inputs with its scientists, engineers,
and technicians than does the US.
Although there is no direct evidence that bears on this relation-
ship between labor force and other inputs to electronic R and D in the
USSR, it is evident that the wage bill of the relatively large number of
technicians used in Soviet electronic R and D is partly substituted for
costs that are normally included in costs of material inputs in the US.
For example, Soviet technicians might be required to construct a partic-
ular test apparatus in the laboratory from component parts, whereas the
counterpart US program probably would purchase the test apparatus from
a supplier of scientific equipment. Althouel the total costs might be
comparable, the allocation of costs to labor and materials would be
greatly different. In this example the wage bill of the Soviet techni-
cians who constructed the apparatus would be allocated, of course, to
the labor cost of electronic R and D. The labor cost of the US person-
nel who constructed the counterpart apparatus, on the other hand, would
be allocated to the material cost of electronic R and D because the ap-
paratus was constructed by personnel not allocated to electronic R and D.
V. Conclusions and Prospects
The major conclusions of this report are that Soviet expenditures on
electronic R and D are relatively large, apparently support a comprehen-
sive program, and are growing at least as rapidly as those in the US.
These conclusions are stated in relation to US expenditures on electronic
R and D, which are used as the standard of measure. But Soviet elec-
tronic R and D also is estimated to be large and growing rapidly in rela-
tion to the Soviet electronic industry in terms of magnitude of expendi-
tures, number of highly trained personnel, and investment in plant and
equipment required. In addition, expenditures on Soviet electronic
R and D represent a significant share of the total expenditures on all
R and D performed in the USSR.
Other things being equal, therefore, relatively rapid progress in
electronic technology probably will be forthcoming in the USSR to the
extent that substantial economic support contributes to such progress.
Experience in the US has shown, however, that substantial economic sup-
port in itself does not guarantee rapid technical progress. 211/ The
primary reason for this apparent discrepancy, apart from the competence
of personnel, is the tremendous amount of unintentional duplication in
electronic R and D. Although objective measurement is not possible, the
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magnitude of such duplication of electronic R and D in the US is esti-
mated to be between 30 and 85 percent of all electronic R and D per-
formed. Another reason for a slowing of technological innovation in
the face of impressive investment in R and D is the failure of indus-
try and science to be aware of and use the latest technology.
These factors may or may not be present in the Soviet electronic
R and D effort, but because they appear to be basic problems, they are
likely to be present to a great degree. The USSR has recently reorganized
its R and D effort to achieve a greater cooperation between the creators
of technology and the users of technology, but there is no evidence con-
cerning the amount of unintentional duplication of electronic R and D.
One might speculate that such duplication might be less in the USSR than
it is in the US because of the Soviet emphasis on central planning, in
particular the planning of scientific research by the State Committee
for Coordination of Scientific Research. Bureaucracy can be a formidable
hurdle in any country, however, and many times it is almost as quick, al-
though usually more expensive in the short run, to undertake a particular
research task as it is to locate the results of a previous effort that is
similar or identical to the one contemplated.
As examination of the problems in the advancement of electronic tech-
nology through R and D in the US indicates that the basic factor leading
to duplication and nonadoption of new technology is simply the lack of
communication among those creating and using electronic technology. Al-
though it is beyond the scope of this report to investigate this problem,
it is noted that creating and maintaining an effective means of communi-
cation in a large organization is a very complex and difficult undertaking.
To the extent that the USSR is able to overcome the communication problem
in electronic R and D, the rate of growth of technical achievement in this
field has a greater probability of approaching the rate of growth of eco-
nomic inputs.
The fact that the USSR is spending significantly less on basic elec-
tronics than the US could be important in determining the relative future
rates of growth of electronic technology in the two countries. It should
be pointed out that basic electronics includes research on the methods of
measuring the physical parameters significant to electronics, such as fre-
quency, phase and amplitude of electronic signals, electrical and magnetic
properties of materials at radio frequencies, capacitance, inductance,
resistance, impedance, and others. It is fundamental to the satisfactory
performance of all types of electronic R and D to have the capability of
performing these measurements satisfactorily.
The US spends more, absolutely and relatively, on military electronic
R and D than does the USSR, although the Soviet expenditures on military
electronic R and D may be increasing more rapidly. This lead in expendi-
tures probably means, subject to the reservations discussed above, that
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the US will maintain its lead in military electronic technology in most
areas for the indefinite future. The allocation of Soviet expenditures
on electronic 'R and D to the military sector, however, may have been
understated because of Soviet secrecy on military information. Actually
the numbers of scientists and engineers allocated to military electronic
R and D in the USSR and the US appear to be fairly similar.
The pattern of allocation of Soviet electronic R and D to substantive
activities within categories of electronic R and D is difficult to evalu-
ate without more detailed information, but there appears to be no signifi-
cant deviation from the pattern followed in the US. Perhaps the USSR is
concentrating a bit more on electromagnetic propagation, acoustics as
applied to underwater detection, warning, and tracking systems, radar,
and computers than is the US. The US, on the other hand, probably is
emphasizing communications, command and control systems, miniaturization
and molecular electronics, laser research, and reliability more than is
the USSR. Automation, semiconductors, magnetic materials, and guided
missile and space electronics are strongly emphasized in both countries.
These judgments are tentative in that magnitude cannot be precisely
measured and emphasis changes over time more rapidly than indications
of Change become apparent in both the US and the USSR.
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APPENDIX A
MElHODOLOGY
1. Outline of Procedure
A study of facilities engaged in Soviet electronic R and D was made
to establish a base-year estimate for the physical dimensions of build-
ings, for the size of the labor force, and for the allocation of the
labor force to various categories of electronic R and D activities as
indicated by the substantive content of the activities. Soviet wage
rates and US analog factors were applied to the estimated labor force to
obtain estimates of the total expenditures on electronic R and D and the
allocation of these expenditures in the base year. The estimated value
of facilities in the base year was derived by applying Soviet construc-
tion costs and US analog factors concerning relationships between build-
ing costs and equipment costs to the estimate of the physical dimensions
of buildings at Soviet electronic R and D facilities. A distinction be-
tween military and industrial electronic R and D activity was made on
the basis of information analyzed during the study of facilities.
The base-year estimates of the size of the labor force and of the
value of electronic R and D were extrapolated backward and forward over
the period of the estimate to form time series based on a rate of growth
derived from a sample of electronic R and D facilities that afforded
estimates of the rates of growth of their respective labor forces. The
allocation of the labor force and the value of R and D to the various
categories of electronic R and D activities and the division between mil-
itary and industrial electronic R and D estimated for the base year were
assumed to remain constant in every year during the period of the estimate.
The value of electronic R and D facilities estimated for the base
year was extrapolated backward and forward over the period of the estimate
at a rate of growth based on information concerning planned Soviet invest-
ment in electronic R and D during 1959-65.
2. Soviet Electronic Research and Development in 1957
a. Analysis of Facilities
Analysis* was made of 124 facilities used by the USSR to conduct
electronic R and D, including scientific research institutes, educational
* For a summary of the results of the analysis see Appendix B.
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institutions, design bureaus, and laboratories in manufacturing plants.
Identification of these facilities was made on the basis of the sub-
stantive content of the activities carried on at the facilities.*
Estimates of the size of the labor force and of the physical
dimensions of the buildings in a base year were available for the number
of facilities shown in the following tabulation, and an allocation of
labor force to categories of electronic R and D by substantive content
of the activities was made for each facility, as follows:
Number of Facilities
Classification
of Facility
Total
Estimates Available
Labor Force
Dimensions
of Buildings
Numbered institutes
28
15
9
Institutes of the
Academies of Science
24
11
2
Other research insti-
tutes
24
15
6
Educational institutions
30
16
3
Design bureaus and
plant laboratories
18
14
3
Total
124
11
23
The estimates of the physical dimensions of buildings were
translated into ruble costs of the buildings using Soviet cost factors.**
Within each class of facility a factor expressing the ruble cost of
building per employee was computed and used to complete estimates for
those facilities that lacked only one of the two types of estimates --
building cost and size of labor force. From this expanded set of esti-
mates, the arithmetic means of the labor force and the cost of buildings
were computed for each class of facility and used to estimate the size
of the labor force and the cost of buildings for those facilities that
lacked independent estimates of both labor force and cost of buildings.
* For a listing of the activities that form the substantive content
of electronic R and D, see Appendix C.
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After this procedure, each of the 124 facilities examined had an
estimated labor force, an estimated cost of buildings, and an allocation
of labor force to the categories of electronic R and D in a base year.
By totaling these figures, estimates of the aggregate labor force, the
aggregate cost of buildings, and the allocation of the aggregate labor
force to categories of,electronic R and D were obtained for a base year.
The base year associated with these aggregate estimates was ob-
tained by taking the arithmetic mean of the base years of all facilities
weighted by the estimated labor force of each facility. The weighted
average year was computed to be 1957. In this base year the total labor
force employed in Soviet electronic R and D was estimated to be 124,600
employees and the total value of buildings 2 billion rubles. The esti-
mated allocation of the labor force to categories of electronic R and D
is summarized in Table 4.*
The estimates thus obtained were divided into military and in-
dustrial electronic R and D by allocating each facility entirely to one
or the other on the basis of subordination, substantive content of ac-
tivity, and/or relationships with other facilities known to be devoted
to military or industrial activities. A facility was presumed to be
industrial until evidence indicated it to be primarily military. On
this basis, 71 facilities were estimated to be devoted to military elec-
tronic R and D. The estimated labor force and the allocation of the
labor force to categories of electronic R and D in 1957 are also shown
in Table 4.
b. Value of Soviet Electronic Research and Development in 1957
The estimated wage bill for Soviet electronic R and D in 1957
also is shown in Table 4. The procedure illustrated in this table is
simply to separate the total estimated labor force into scientists and
engineers and technicians by the appropriate Soviet factors; to apply
Soviet wage rates to the resulting subtotals; and to add the ruble prod-
ucts to obtain the total wage bill for Soviet electronic R and D and the
wage bill for military electronic R and D in 1957.
As shown in Table 5,** the value of Soviet electronic R and D in
1957 was derived from the above wage bill by applying the overhead fac-
tors that obtain in electronic R and D in the US. Again the military por-
tion of the total Soviet electronic R and D was calculated separately.***
**
***
Table 4 follows on p. 22.
Table 5 follows on p. 23.
Text continued on p. 24.
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Table 4
Estimated Wage Bill for Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians
in Soviet Electronic Research and Development
1957
Category of Electronic
Research and Development
Labor Force 2/
(Thousand
Persons)
Total
Wage Bill 2/
(Million
1955 Rubles)
Ratio
of Scientists
or Engineers
to Technicians )2/
Scientists and Engineers
Technicians
Thousand
Persons
Annual
Wage Rate 2/
(Thousand
1955 Rubles)
Wage Bill
(Million
1955 Rubles)
Thousand
Persons
Annual
Wage Rate 2/
(Thousand
1955 Rubles)
Wage Bill
(Million
1955 Rubles)
Basic electronics
23.7
545.6
1 to 1
11.9
30
355.8
11.9
16
189.8
Of which:
Military
9.3
214.0
1 to 1
4.7
30
139.6
4.7
16
74.4
Techniques
6.8
1440.7
1 to 2
2.3
30
68.0
4.5
16
72.7
Of which:
Military
1.8
38.0
1 to 2
0.6
30
18.4
1.2
16
19.6
Components
18.5
382.3
1 to 2
6.2
30
184.9
12.3
16
197.5
Of which:
Military
12.5
258.3
1 to 2
4.2
30
124.9
8.3
16
133.4
Functional elements
5.9
121.4
1 to 2
2.0
30
58.7
3.9
16
62.7
Of which:
Military
3.9
80.5
1 to 2
1.3
30
38.9
2.6
16
41.6
Electronic end equipment
and systems
69.7
1,441.0
1 to 2
23.2
30
696.7
46.5
16
744.3
Of which:
Military
60.8
1,255.4
1 to 2
20.2
30
607.0
40.5
16
648.4
Total
124.6
alli:g2
45.5
1 364.1
79.2
1,266.9
Of which:
Military
88.3
1,846.2
31.0
928.8
57.3
917.5
a. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals Shown.
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Table 5
Estimated Total Expenditures
for Soviet Electronic Research and Development
1957
Expenditures
Overhead
Category of Electronic Research
and Development
Wage Bill
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Factor 2/
(Percent)
Expenditure
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Total
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Total
Military
Total
Military
Total
Military
Total
Military
Basic electronics
545.6
214.0
100
100
545.6
214.0
1,091.1
428.0
Techniques
140.7
38.0
100
100
140.7
38.0
281.3
76.0
Components
382.3
258.3
125
125
477.9
322.9
860.3
581.1
Functional elements
121.4
80.5
125
125
151.7
100.6
273.1
181.1
Electronic end equipment
and systems
1,441.0
1,255.4
150
150
2,161.5
1,883.1
3,602.5
3,138.6
Total 12/
2,631.0
l,86.2
3,477.4
2,558.6
6 108.4
4,404.9
a. 12/. Wage bill multiplied by the overhead factor equals the overhead expenditures.
b. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown.
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c. Value of Facilities in 1957
As shown below in Table 6,* the total value of facilities employed
in Soviet electronic R and D in 1957 and the value of facilities employed
in Soviet military electronic R and D in 1957 were derived from the esti-
mated value of buildings in these facilities using US analog information
concerning the relationships between the value of buildings and the value
of equipment. The value of facilities is shown at original cost -- that
is, without allowances for depreciation.
3. Soviet Electronic Research and Development, 1956-62
a.
Value of Soviet Electronic Research and Development, 1956-62
It was estimated
electronic R and D would
force employed by Soviet
almost identical for the
on electronic R and D in
described R and D in the
industry. 11/
that the rate of growth
be the same as the rate
electronic R and D, for
labor force employed in
the US during 1957-59.
communication equipment
of the value of Soviet
of growth of the labor
the rates of growth were
and for the expenditures
The US data specifically
and electronic components
To establish the rate of growth of the labor force employed by
Soviet electronic R and D, a sample of 22 electronic R and D facilities
was available for which the labor force could be established independently
for 2 or more years. The average annual rate of growth of the labor force
was computed for each of these facilities, and the span of years between
labor force estimates for each facility was determined. This information
is contained in Table 7.**
The growth was about 15 percent (computed using both the geometric
and median values), and a median span of years from about 1955 to 1959 was
selected to move the base-year estimates (1957) for the labor force and,
consequently, expenditures throughout the period 1956-62. A weighted
mean was not used as the measure of central tendency, because the use of
the estimates of the labor force as weights would give excess weight to
time periods that largely predate the base year, 1957, and would conse-
quently distort the rate of growth during 1956-62. In addition, the
large dispersion of the population of the sample dictated the use of the
median or a geometric measure to avoid excessive influence of the higher
extremes.
* Table 6 follows on p. 25.
** Table 7 follows on p. 26.
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Table 6
Estimated Total Value of Facilities
Engaged in Soviet Electronic Research and Development
1957
Value
Equipment
Category of Electronic
Research and Development
Buildings
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Factor 2/
(Percent)
Cost
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Total 12/
(Million 1955 Rubles)
Total
Military
Total
Military
Total
Military
Total
Military
Basic electronics
506.0
167.0
150
150
758.9
250.6
1,264.9
417.6
Techniques
113.8
32.7
150
150
170.7
49.0
284.5
81.7
Components
289.7
177.0
125
125
362.1
221.3
651.8
398.3
Functional elements
89.1
52.1
125
125
111.4
65.2
200.5
117.3
Electronic end equipment
and systems
975.6
818.2
100
100
975.6
818.2
1,951.2
1,636.3
Total 2/
1,974.1
1,214.7.0
,
2,378.7
l,1.01..2
4,352.9
2,651.2
a. 1_/. Value of the buildings multiplied by the equipment factor equal the equipment cost.
b. At the original cost -- that is, excluding allowances for depreciation.
c. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown.
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Table 7
Estimated Average Annual Rate of Growth of the Labor Force Employed
in Soviet Electronic Research and Development
1956-62
Facilities 21 Comprising the Sample
Number
Designation
Initial
Terminal
Span of Years
Average Annual Rate of Growth
Year
Labor Force
Year
Ls:.1,1or Force
55
Radar Manufacturing and Testing Plant
1951
400
1956
500
5
4.6
42
Institute of crystallography
1959
400
1961
450
2
6.1
13
NII 380 hi
1957
1,500
1961
2,000
4
7.5
37
Institute of Semiconductors
1957
4o0
1960
500
3
7.7
17
NII 2
1952
800
1955
1,000
3
7.7
21
NII 20
1950
2,000
1957
3,500
7
8.3
3
NII 11
1946
300
1951
450
5
8.5
50
Institute of Geomagnetics, Ionospherics,
and Radiowave Propagation
1957
300
1960
400
3
10.1
66
Central Scientific Research Institute of
Communications
1956
500
1959
700
3
11.9
48
Physics Institute imeni P.N. Lebedev
1958
1,200
1962
2,000
4
13.6
80
Polytechnic Institute imeni V.I. Lenin
1955
250
1960
500
5
14.9
9
NII 49
1953
2,000
1958
4,000
5
14.9
56
State Optical Institute imeni Vavilov
1952
700
1959
2,000
7
16.2
15
NII 619
1954
600
1957
1,000
3
18.6
2
NII 160
1950
600
1957
2,000
7
18.8
44
Institute of Physical Problems imeni
S.I. Vavilov
1956
300
1961
750
5
20.1
33
Institute of Physics
1958
400
1960
600
2
22.5
54
Institute of Automation
1960
2,000
1965
6,000
5
24.6
62
Leningradskoye Saosse Institute
1948
1,000
1954
5,000
6
30.8
38
Institute of Silicate Chemistry
1958
400
1960
750
2
36.9
25
NII 778
1952
1,000
1954
2,000
2
41.4
65
Central Scientific Research Institute of
Cartography, Aerial Photography, and
Geodesy
1954
100
1958
600
4
56.5
Medians
1954-55
1959
5
14.9
a. For a complete identification of facilities, see Appendix B. The key number in this table refers to the number of the facility in the complete listing in
Appendix B.
b. Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut (NII) -- Scientific Research Institute.
C. Based on a Soviet plan index.
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b. Value of Facilities, 1956-62
The estimated value of facilities for Soviet electronic R and D
for 1957 was extrapolated back to 1956 and forward to 1962 at an average
annual rate of 8 to 9 percent. This percentage was selected because it
approximates the rate of growth implied by a plan figure for investment
in electronic R and D facilities during the period 1959-65 (3.0 billion
to 3.5 billion comparable rubles). 12/
4. US Electronic Research and Development, 1956-62
a. Value of US Electronic Research and Development
The series for US expenditures on electronic R and D is based
on estimates by components of the US Government for the years 1956, lg
1959, 17/ and 1962. 18/ The figure given for 50X1
1962 was increased by 11.8 percent to make it comparable with the figures
given for 1956 and 1959. The figure of 11.8 percent was derived from the
relationship existing in 1959 between electronic R and D performed by pri-
vate industry and that performed by all sources of electronic R and D. 12/
The figure in the original estimate for 1962 represented only the elec-
tronic R and D performed by industry.
The expenditures for the years 1957, 1958, 1960, and 1961 were
estimated by interpolation between the figures given for the years 1956,
1959, and 1962. The series for expenditures for military electronic
R and D was estimated by taking 81 percent of the total electronic R and D
in each year. This percentage is the one reported by a US Government
study for the year 1959. 20/
5. Ruble-Dollar Ratio
The aggregate ruble-dollar ratio used to convert 1955 rubles to 1955
US dollars was constructed by developing a ruble-dollar ratio for each
category of electronic R and D. By taking their weighted arithmetic
mean, these ratios were used to compute the aggregate ruble-dollar ratio.
Expenditures within each category were allocated to labor, depreciation
of equipment, depreciation of buildings, and materials. Expenditures
for direct labor were determined by an analysis of the facilities. Ex-
penditures for the depreciation of equipment were calculated by assuming
a 5-year life for equipment, thus allocating one-fifth of the value of
equipment as expenditures for depreciation of equipment. Similarly,
expenditures for buildings were calculated by assuming a 20-year life
for buildings and allocating one-twentieth of the value of buildings as
expenditures for depreciation of buildings. The remaining expenditures
were estimated to be divided between indirect labor and materials in the
ratio of one part of indirect labor expenditures to two parts of mate-
rials expenditure.
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The resulting allocation of expenditures based on the estimated ex-
penditures for 1957 are as follows:
Category
of Electronic
R and D
Percent
Direct
Labor
Indirect
Labor
Depreciation
of Equipment
Depreciation
of Buildings
Materials
Basic elec-
tronics
50
10
15
3
22
Techniques
50
13
12
3
22
Components
44
14
8
3
31
Functional
elements
44
14
8
3
31
Electronic
end equip-
ment and
systems
40
18
6
2
34
The percentages calculated for the individual categories were weighted
by the following ruble-dollar ratios in order to obtain a ruble-dollar
ratio representative of aggregate expenditures on electronic R and D:
Input to Electronic R and D
Labor (direct and indirect)
Equipment
Materials
Buildings
1955 Ruble
Ruble-Dollar Weight
1955 us $
2.0*
10.0**
9.0**
6.0***
The aggregate ruble-dollar ratio derived from the above procedure was
4.9 1955 rubles per 1.0 1955 us dollar. This ratio was used for all con-
versions from rubles to dollars of aggregate estimates of Soviet expendi-
tures on electronic R and D. The ruble-dollar ratios derived for the
categories of electronic R and D were
4.88; techniques, 4.68; components, 4.
electronic end equipment and systems,
by the estimated expenditures on each
1957 to obtain the aggregate ratio of
**
***
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as follows: basic electronics,
92; functional elements, 4.92; and
4.94. These ratios were weielted
category of electronic R and D in
4.9.
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APPENDDC B
FACILITIES ENGAGED IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE USSR
Number
Facility Estimated
City Designation Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Numbered Institutes
1
Bolshevo
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (guided missile electronics [GM]) 50X1
2
Fryazino
2,000
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 10 percent (magnetic materials)
Techniques: 10 percent (vacuum techniques)
Components: 65 percent (electron tubes and semiconductors)
Functional Elements: 15 percent (measuring instruments)
3
Gor'kiy
450
1951
Military
Components: 10 percent (crystals)
Functional Elements: 4o percent (parametric and paramagnetic amplifiers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (GM and navigational equipment)
4
Kaliningrad
1,000
1951
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM)
5
Kunsevo
500
1952
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar and GM)
6
Leningrad
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (underwater electronics)
7
Leningrad
1,700
1957
Military
Components: 25 percent (electron tubes)
Functional Elements: 75 percent (microwave lines and transmitters)
8
Leningrad
1,500
1956
Military
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (magnetic materials)
Techniques: 20 percent (tropicalization)
Components: 20 percent (semiconductors)
Functional Elements: 20 percent (amplifiers and measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (underwater electronics)
9
Leningrad
4,000
1958
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar and GM)
10
Leningrad
1,700
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (carrier frequency techniques and acoustics)
11
Leningrad
1,500
1960
Military
Components: 100 percent (electron tubes and semiconductors)
12
Leningrad
1,700
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 30 percent (propagation, antenna design, and gyroscopy)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 70 percent (GM, computers, fire control sys-
tems, and navigational equipment)
13
Leningrad
2,000
1961
Military
Techniques: 10 percent (vacuum techniques)
Components: 10 percent (electron tubes)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 70 percent (GM, military TV, and radar)
* Nauchno-Issledovatel skiy Institut (NII) -- Scientific Research Institute.
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Facility Estimated
Number City Designation Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Numbered Institutes
2,500
1953
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (underwater electronics) 50X1
(Continued)
14 Leningrad
15 Leningrad
1,000
1957
Military
Functional Elements: 20 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 80 percent (navigational equipment and elec-
tronic countermeasures [ECM])
16 Leningrad
1,500
1958
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (photofacsimile apparatus)
17 Marfino
1,000
1955
Military
Components: 50 percent (electron tubes)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (secure telephone systems)
18 Moscow
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (wire communications equipment)
19 Moscow
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM, infrared devices, radar, and
navigation equipment)
20 Moscow
1,700
1957
Military
Components: 100 percent (electron tubes)
21 Moscow
3,500
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, radio communications, and
military TV)
22 "Moscow
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM)
23 Moscow
1,700
1957
Military
Components: 100 percent (semiconductors)
24 Moscow
200
1950
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, ECM, and GM)
25 Moscow
2,000
1954
Military
Components: 10 percent (gyros)
Functional Elements: 20 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 70 percent (GM, radar, and telemetry equip-
ment)
26 Novosibirsk
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
27 Novosibirsk
2,000
1958
Military
Components: 100 percent (electron tubes)
28 Pushkin?
1,700
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radio relay equipment)
Institutes of the Acad-
Institute
of Radio Physics 750
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (propagation, plasmas, magnetics, radio astronomy,
emies of Science
29 Khar'kov
and Electronics
physics of solids, and radio spectroscopy)
30 Khar'kov Physical-Technical Institute 500
1960
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (crystallography)
of the Ukraine
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Number
City
Institutes of the Acad-
emies of Science
(Continued)
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Khar'kov
Kiev
Kiev
Kiev
Kiev
Kiev
Leningrad
Leningrad
Leningrad
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Physical-Technical Institute
of Low Temperature
Institute of Electrical Engi-
neering
Institute of Physics
Institute of Radio Engineering
Problems
Computer Center
Semiconductor Institute
Institute of Semiconductors
Institute of Silicate Chem-
istry
Physical-Technical Institute
Acoustics Institute
Computer Center
Institute of Crystallography
Institute of Mathematics
imeni Steklov
750
750
600
750
750
750
500
750
1,000
750
750
450
750
1961
1961
1960
1961
1961
1961
1960
1960
1960
1961
1961
1961
1961
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Military
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (magnetic materials, crystallography, and low-
temperature work)
Techniques: 30 percent (automation)
Components: 30 percent (radio components and batteries)
Functional Elements: 40 percent (paramagnetic and parametric amplifiers)
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (physics of solids, nuclear physics, and high-vacuum
techniques)
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (wireless transmission of power, rock crushing with
radio frequencies, ultrasonic medical instruments, X-ray photography, and polymeri-
zation of plastics using radio frequencies)
Techniques: 50 percent (automation)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (computers)
Components: 100 percent (semiconductors)
Basic Electronics: 30 percent (crystallography, infrared [IR], magnetic material,
and photoelectrics)
Techniques: 20 percent (frequency standards and miniaturization)
Components: 50 percent (semiconductors)
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (investigation of silicon for semiconductors)
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (dielectrics, crystallography, IR, maser, oscillo-
graphy, optics, photoelectrics, and ultraviolet radiation)
Techniques: 10 percent (miniaturization)
Components: 20 percent (electron tubes, semiconductors, and batteries)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (space electronics)
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (acoustics and ultrasonics)
Techniques: 10 percent (frequency standards)
Components: 20 percent (waveguides, transducers, and cables)
Functional Elements: 20 percent (oceanographic acoustical instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (computers)
Basic Electronics: 80 percent (crystallography, IN, nuclear physics, pulse tech-
niques, synthetic mica and quartz, fine wires, and thin layers)
Functional Elements: 20 percent (transmitters and receivers)
Techniques: 50 percent (machine translation)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (computers)
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Number
City
Institutes of the Acad-
emies of Science
(Continued)
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
44
Moscow
Institute of Physical Problems
imeni S.I. Vavilov
750
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (low temperature work and oscillography)
45
Moscow
Institute of Precision Me-
chanics and Computing Tech-
niques
400
1960
Military
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (magnetic materials)
Components: 20 percent (antennas)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 60 percent (computers for machine transla-
tion, electron microscopes, and GM computers)
46
Moscow
Institute of Radio Engineering
and Electronics
800
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (cathode emission, electrodynamics, propagation,
masers, scatter, plasma, and pulse techniques)
Techniques: 10 percent (coding and reliability of components)
Components: 20 percent (semiconductors, electron tubes, waveguides, antennas,
radio components, and cables)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments; transmitters, and re-
ceivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 10 percent (direction-finding equipment;
space electronics, and telecommunications equipment)
47
Moscow
Laboratory of Information
750
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 10 percent (impedence measuring)
Transmission Systems
Techniques: 20 percent (telegraph message coding and carrier techniques)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (relay circuits)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 60 percent (automatic telephone system
equipment and multiplexing equipment)
48
Moscow
Physics Institute imeni P.N.
Lebedev
2,000
1962
Military
Basic Electronics: 70 percent (acoustics, crystallography, dielectrics, IN,
scatter, low temperature, maser, laser, optics, radio astronomy, propagation, and
spectroscopy)
Components: 15 percent (antennas, batteries, radio components, and semiconductors)
Functional Elements: 5 percent (paramagnetic and parametric amplifiers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 10 percent (microwave equipment; navigational
equipment, and underwater electronics)
49
Moscow
Radio Technical Institute
750
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 10 percent (electronically controlled fusion)
Components: 10 percent (wide-band double-cone transformers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 80 percent (hi-speed electronic computer)
50
Moscow Oblast
Institute of Geomagnetics,
Ionospherics? and Radiowave
400
1960
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (ionospheric and tropospheric investigations, radio
astronomy, and magnetic materials)
Propagation
51
Novosibirsk
Institute of Radio Physics
and Electronics
750
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (plasma and propagation)
52
Sverdlovsk
Institute of the Physics of
750
1961
Industrial
Components: 100 percent (semiconductors)
Metals
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Number
City
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Other Research Insti-
Unidentified Institute
2,000
1955
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (fire-control systems)
tutes
Baku
53
54
Kiev
Institute of Automation
2,000
1960
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (telemechanics)
Techniques: 60 percent (automation)
Components: 10 percent (semiconductors)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 10 percent (telemetry equipment)
55
Kuchino
Radar Manufacturing and Test-
ing Plant
500
1956
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (clandestine devices)
56
Leningrad
State Optical Institute imeni
2,000
1959
Military
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (optics, IR, and oscillography)
Vavilov
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (IR devices and optical devices)
57
Leningrad
Central Scientific Research
900
1959
Industrial
Techniques: 50 percent (code switching)
Institute of City and Rural
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (telecommunications equipment)
Telephones
58
Leningrad
"Forest Institute"
900
1959
Industrial
Components: 40 percent (electron tubes)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 60 percent (TV equipment)
59
Leningrad
Institute of Electromedhanics
900
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (optics and photoelectrics)
Techniques: 30 percent (automation)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 10 percent (direction-finding equipment)
60
Leningrad
Scientific Institute of Marine
Communication
400
1952
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (communications equipment, radar,
and sonar)
61
Leningrad
Scientific Research Institute
of Radio Broadcast Reception
and Acoustics
600
1957
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (acoustics, magnetic material, thermoelectrics, and
ultrasonics)
Components: 30 percent (radio components and semiconductors)
Functional Elements: 20 percent (measuring instruments, receivers, and trans-
mitters)
62
Moscow
Leningradskoye Shosse Insti-
tute
5,000
1954
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM)
63
Moscow
Unidentified Institute
2,000
1955
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (fire-control systems)
64
Moscow
All Union Electrical Engi-
neering Institute imeni V.I.
500
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 40 percent (magnetic materials and vacuum techniques)
Techniques: 30 percent (automation and printed and synthetic circuits)
Lenin
Components: 10 percent (silicon power rectifiers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (space electronics)
65
Moscow
Central Scientific Research
600
1958
Industrial
Functional Elements: 100 percent (measuring instruments)
Institute of Cartography,
Aerial Photography, and
Geodesy
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Number
City
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Other Research Insti-
tutes (Continued)
66
Moscow
Central Scientific Research
Institute of Communications
700
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (acoustics, microwave, propagation, communications
theory, radio noise, automatic control theory, reliability, and oscillography)
Techniques: 10 percent (automation)
Components: 20 percent (antennas, waveguides, cables, and radio components)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments, transmitters, and receivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 10 percent (telecommunications equipment and
closed-circuit TV)
67
Moscow
Institute of Automatics and
800
1960
Military
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (theory of automatic control)
Telemedhanics
Techniques: 10 percent (automation)
Components: 10 percent (antennas)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 30 percent (computers and GM)
68
Moscow
Metallurgical Institute imeni
1,300
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 30 percent (crystallography)
Baykov
Techniques: 40 percent (automation)
Components: 30 percent (semiconductors)
69
Moscow
Power Engineering Institute
imeni Krzhizhanovskiy
700
1961
Military
Basic Electronics: 40 percent (ball-lightning phenomena)
Components: 40 percent (electron tubes and semiconductors)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (computers)
70
Moscow
Scientific Research Institute
for Computer Manufacture
900
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (magnetic materials)
Techniques: 20 percent (automation)
Components: 20 percent (radio components)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 40 percent (computers)
71
Moscow
Scientific Research Institute
of TV
900
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 10 percent (optics)
Functional Elements: 30 percent (measuring instruments, transmitters, and receivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 60 percent (TV equipment)
72
Moscow
Scientific Research Institute
of the Cable Industry
500
1960
Industrial
Components: 100 percent (waveguides and cables)
73
Mytishchi
Scientific Research Experi-
mental Institute of Communi-
cations of the Ground Forces
600
1948
Military
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (scatter, pulse techniques, and propagation)
Techniques: 10 percent (tropicalization)
Components: 40 percent (antennas, batteries, radio components, and electron tubes)
Functional Elements: 5 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 25 percent (telecommunications equipment,
buoys, recorders, radiosondes, and radar)
74
Novosibirsk
Unidentified Institute
2,000
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
75
Novosibirsk
Scientific Research Institute
of High Frequency Telephony
900
1959
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (propagation)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (telephone equipment)
76
Tomsk
Siberian Physical-Technical
Institute
1,500
1960
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (dielectrics, physics of the solid state, nuclear
physics, propagation, IR, and scatter)
Components: 20 percent (waveguides and semiconductors)
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Number
City
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Educational Institu-
tions
77
Gor'kiy
Polytechnic Institute imeni
500
1957
Industrial
Components: 100 percent (electron tubes)
A.A. Zhdanov
78
Gor'kiy.?
Gor'kiy State University
500
1957
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (propagation)
79
Khar'kov
Artillery Radio Engineering
500
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM and EMC)
Academy imeni Marshal Govorov
80
Kharkov
Polytechnic Institute imeni
V.I. Lenin
500
1960
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (scatter, meteor trails, radio astronomy, and
oscillographs)
81
Khar'kov
State University imeni A.M.
Gor'kiy
200
1955
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 70 percent (oscillography, propagation, ultrasonics, and milli-
meter and submillimeter bands)
Components: 20 percent (electron tubes, cables, and waveguides)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (electron microscopes)
82
Kiev
Order of Lenin State Univer-
sity imeni T.G. Shevshenko
150
1954
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 70 percent (acoustics, dielectrics, luminescence, magnetic
materials, physics of the solid state, 1R, propagation, and thermoelectrics)
Techniques: 15 percent (automation, correlation techniques, and reliability of
components)
Components: 10 percent (radio components and semiconductors)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 5 percent (computers)
83
Kiev
Order of Lenin Polytechnic
Institute
500
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 60 percent (crystallography, dielectrics, pulse techniques,
isotopes, thermoelectrics, physics of the solid state, and molecular electronics)
Techniques: 10 percent (automation and radio broadcasting)
Components: 15 percent (semiconductors)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 15 percent (computers)
84
Leningrad
Red Banner Air Force Engi-
neering Academy imeni A.F.
500
1957
Military
Components: 50 percent (semiconductors and gyros)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (ECM)
Mothayskiy
85
Leningrad
Military Red Banner Academy
of Communications imeni
500
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 4o percent (scatter, microwave, and propagation)
Components: 20 percent (antennas and transmission lines)
Budenny
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 4o percent (radar and telebommunications)
86
Leningrad
Electrotechnical Institute of
Communications imeni M.A.
Bandh-Bruyevich
100
1958
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 4o percent (microwave, photoelectrics, pulse techniques, and
propagation)
Components: 10 percent (antennas and radio components)
Functional Elements: 25 percent (paramagnetic and parametric amplifiers, measuring
instruments, transmitters, and receivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 25 percent (computers and TV equipment)
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Year
Facility Estimated of Labor Force Estimated
Number City Designation Labor Force Estimate Allocation Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
Educational Institu-
tions (Continued)
87
88
Leningrad
Leningrad
Institute of Aviation
Instrument Building
Institute of Electrical
Engineering imeni V.I. Lenin
800
250
1949
1960
Military
Military
Basic Electronics: 30 percent (oscillography and pulse techniques)
Components: 10 percent (electron tubes)
Functional Elements: 30 percent (transmitters and receivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 30 percent (radar and navigational equipment)
Basic Electronics: 30 percent (dielectrics, physics of the solid state, and photo-
electrics)
Components: 30 percent (semiconductors and cables)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 4o percent (guidance and control equipment)
89
Leningrad
Institute of Electrical
500
1957
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (automatics and telemechanics)
Engineering for Signaling
and Communications
90
Leningrad
Institute of Precision Me-
chanics and Optics
500
1957
Military
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (oscillography and optics)
Techniques: 20 percent (automation)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 30 percent (GM and computers)
91
Leningrad
Polytechnical Institute imeni
M.I. Kalinin
1,000
1961
Military
Basic Electronics: 35 percent (dielectrics, nuclear physics, photoelectrics, and
oscillography)
Techniques: 15 percent (reliability of components)
Components: 20 percent (electron tubes and semiconductors)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (paramagnetic and parametric amplifiers and measur-
ing instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (radar and GM)
92
Leningrad
Leningrad State University
imeni A.A. Zhdanov
1,000
1954
Military
Basic Electronics: 60 percent (acoustics, microwave, propagation, and ultrasonics)
Components: 20 percent (electron tubes)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (radar)
93
Lvov
Polytechnical Institute
300
1954
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 70 percent (dielectrics and ceramics)
Functional Elements: 30 percent (measuring instruments)
94
Moscow
Air Force Engineering Acad-
emy imeni N.E. Zhukovskiy
500
1957
Military
Electronic Mad Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, direction-finding equip-
ment, and GM)
95
Moscow
Military Artillery Engineer-
ing Academy imeni F.E.
500
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (GM)
Dzerzhinskiy
96
Moscow
Aviation Institute imeni
300
1958
Military
Basic Electronics: 4o percent (propagation and pulse techniques)
S. Ordzhonikidze Techniques: 10 percent (automation)
Components: 4o percent (antennas, radio components, waveguides? and cables)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments)
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Number City
Educational Institu-
tions (Continued)
Facility
Designation
Estimated
Labor Force
Year
of Labor Force
Estimate
Estimated
Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
97
98
99
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Electrical Engineering Insti-100
tute of Communications
Electrotechnical Technicum 500
imeni L.B. Krasin
Higher Technical School imeni 40o
1958
1957
1955
Military
Military
Military
Functional Elements: 50 percent (transmitters and receivers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (TV equipment)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (ultrasonics)
N.Ye. Bauman
Techniques: 30 percent (automation)
Functional Elements: 10 percent (measuring instruments)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 40 percent (computers)
100
Moscow
Power Engineering Institute 1,000
1960
Military
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (laser research)
Techniques: 30 percent (automation)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (computers and GM)
101
Moscow
Moscow State University imeni 1,000
1958
Military
Basic Electronics: 20 percent (crystallography)
V.M. Lomonosov
Components: 50 percent (semiconductors and antennas)
Functional Elements: 15 percent (masers)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 15 percent (computers)
102
Odessa
Electrical Engineering Insti-500
tute of Communications
1957
Industrial
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (telecommunications equipment)
103
Saratov
State University imeni N.G.
100
1958
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (optics, oscillography, magnetics, and luminescence)
Chernyshevskiy
Components: 50 percent (semiconductors and electron tubes)
104
Sverdlovsk
Ural State University imeni
A.M. Gor'kiy
500
1957
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (magnetics, materials, and crystallography)
105
Tomsk
Polytechnical Institute
imeni S.M. Kirova
200
1958
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (propagation)
106
Tomsk
State University imeni V.V.
Kuybyshev
500
1957
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 100 percent (propagation, luminescence, dielectrics, photo-
electrics, IS, and physics of the solid state)
Design Bureaus and
Plant Laboratories
107
Kazan
1,500
1949
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, underwater electronics,
and intercept receivers)
108
Krasnogorsk
3,000
1959
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (IR devices and optics)
109
Leningrad
400
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, radio communications, and
GM)
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Facility
Number City Designation
Desi Bureaus and
Plant Laboratories
(Continued)
Year
Estimated of Labor Force Estimated
Labor Force Estimate Allocation
Estimated Type of Electronic Research and Development
110
Leningrad
1,000
1955
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar, GM, underwater elec-
tronics, and mobile microwave [R-400])
50X1
111
Leningrad
900
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (navigational equipment, under-
water electronics, direction-finding equipment, and beacons)
112
Moscow
600
1961
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (materials for electron tubes)
Components: 30 percent (electron tubes)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 20 percent (IR devices)
113
Moscow
900
1957
Industrial
Techniques: 100 percent (standardization and coordination of specifications)
114
Moscow
1,000
1958
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
115
Moscow
800
1956
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (computers)
116
Moscow
500
1955
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (military radio and GM)
117
Penza
"SAM" Plant, Laboratory of
1,500
1960
Industrial
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (computers)
118
Riga "VEF" Plant, Laboratory of 1,000
1959
Industrial
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radio, TV equipment, wire dif-
fusion equipment, and telephones and telegraph)
119
Riga
Radio Plant imeni Popov, 100
Laboratory of
1949
Industrial
Basic Electronics: 50 percent (communications theory and radio noise)
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 50 percent (broadcast radio and TV receivers)
120
Saratov
600
1956
Industrial
Components: 100 percent (electron tubes)
50X1
121
Saratov
900
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
122
Sverdlovsk
300
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radio and TV equipment)
123
Taganrog
900
1957
Military
Electronic End Equipment and Systems: 100 percent (radar)
124
Vil'nyus
300
1957
Military
FUnctional Elements: 100 percent (measuring instruments for radar)
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APPENDIX C
ALLOCATION OF SUBSTANTIVE ACTIVITIES
IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE USSR
Although it is not feasible to estimate the number of scientists,
engineers, and technicians working in each substantive activity of
Soviet electronic R and D, it is possible to rank the various substan-
tive activities within each category of electronic R and D by estimat-
ing the number of research facilities participating in each activity.
The terms used to describe the substantive activities are those found
in the various sources reporting the activities. These terms are not
altogether mutually exclusive and probably do not completely exhaust
the substantive content that could be included in each category of
electronic R and D. Nevertheless, the following estimated allocation
is believed to indicate the main thrust of Soviet substantive activi-
ties in electronic R and D during 1956-62.
1. Basic Electronics
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 17
Magnetic Materials 14
Physics of Solids 11
Dielectrics 10
Crystallography 10
Acoustics 9
Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation 9
Oscillography 9
Ionospheric and Tropospheric
Investigation (for scatter
techniques)
9
Photoelectrics
8
Nuclear Physics (for electronic
applications only)
8
Carrier Frequency Techniques
7
Optics
7
Pulse Techniques
7
Radio Spectroscopy
Ultrasonics
6
Plasmas (magnetohydrodynamics)
4
Radio Astronomy (for electronic
applications only) L.
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1. Basic Electronics
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Continued)
Maser and Laser Research 4
Theory of Automatics and Tele-
mechanics (automatic control) 4
Theory of Communications
Low-Temperature Investigations 3
Radio Noise 3
Luminescence 3
Thermoelectrics 3
High-Vacuum Techniques 2
Polymerization of Plastic Using
Radio Waves 2
Materials for Electron Tubes 2
Theory and Design of Antennas 1
Gyroscopy 1
Wireless Transmission of Power 1
Rock Crushing with Radiofrequencies 1
X-Ray Photography 1
Synthetic Mica and Quartz 1
Fine Wires 1
Thin Films 1
Impedence Measuring 1
Meteor Trails 1
Ball Lightning 1
Cathode Emission 1
Electrodynamics 1
Isotopes 1
Reliability 1
b. Ranking of Military Substantive Number of Facilities
Activities Participating
Electromagnetic Wave
Propagation 6
Dielectrics 6
Oscillography 5
Magnetic Materials
Photoelectrics 4
Acoustics 4
Optics
Infrared and Ultraviolet
Radiation
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1. Basic Electronics
b. Ranking of Military Substantive Number of Facilities
Activities (Continued) Participating
Pulse Techniques 4
Crystallography 4
Carrier Frequency Techniques 3
Ionospheric and Tropospheric
Investigations (for scatter
techniques) 3
Physics of Solids 3
Radio Spectroscopy 3
Maser and Laser Research 3
Nuclear Physics (for electronic
applications only) 2
Ultrasonics 2
Theory and Design of Antennas 1
Gyros copy 1
Radio Astronomy (for elec-
tronic applications only) 1
Low-Temperature Investigations 1
High-Vacuum Techniques 1
Theory of Automatics and Tele-
mechanics (automatic control) 1
Ball Lightning 1
Thermoelectrics 1
Isotopes 1
2. Techniques
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Automation 15
Reliability of Components 3
Miniaturization (and subminiaturiza-
tion?) 2
Vacuum Techniques 2
Tropicalization 2
Code Switching 2
Frequency Standards 1
Machine Translation 1
Coding of Telegraph Messages 1
Use of High-Voltage Lines for Tele-
phone and Telegraph Carrier 1
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2. Techniques
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
(Continued)
Standardization and Coordination
of Specifications 1
Correlation Techniques
Printed and Synthetic Circuits
(molecular electronics?) 1
b. Ranking of Military Substantive Number of Facilities
Activities Participating
Automation 9
Tropicalization 2
Vacuum Techniques 2
Miniaturization 1
Reliability of Components 1
Printed and Synthetic Circuits 1
3. Components
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Semiconductors 23
Electron Tubes 21
Antennas 11
Passive Components (resistors,
capacitors, and coils) 11
Waveguides 8
Transmission Cable 8
Batteries 4
Crystals 1
Transducers 1
Transformers 1
Gyros 1
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3. Components (Continued)
b. Ranking of Military Substantive Number of Facilities
Activities Participating
Semiconductors
Electron Tubes
Antennas
Passive Components
Transmission Cable
Batteries
Wave guides
Crystals
Gyros
4. Functional Elements
13
12
7
3
3
3
1
1
1
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Measuring Instruments 18
Amplifiers (including parametric
and paramagnetic) 7
Transmitters 6
Receivers 6
Maser Devices 1
Relay Circuits 1
Electron Microscopes (electronic
components) 1
Oceanographic Acoustical Instru-
mentation 1
b. Ranking of Military Substantive Number of Facilities
Activities Participating
Measuring Instruments 10
Amplifiers 6
Transmitters 1
Receivers 1
Maser Devices 1
Oceanographic Acoustical
Instrumentation 1
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Electronic End Equipment and Systems
Number of Facilities
a. Ranking of All Substantive Activities Participating
Radar 26
Guided Missile Electronics 23
Computers 17
Radio Communications Equipment 12
Television Equipment 10
Navigational Equipment 8
Wire Communications End Equipment
and Systems
8
Underwater Electronics
7
Translation Machines
7
Infrared Devices
4
Radio Relay Equipment
4
Electronic Countermeasures
4
Direction-Finding Equipment
4
Multiplexing Equipment
3
Space Electronic End Equipment
and Systems
3
Telemetry Equipment
2
Fire-Control Systems
2
Secure Colimiunications Systems
1
Photofacsimile Equipment
1
Clandestine Devices
1
Optical Devices
1
Sonobuoys
1
Radiosondes
1
Radiotelescopes
1
Recording Equipment
1
b. Ranking of Military Substantive
Activities
Number of Facilities
Participating
Radar
26
Guided Missile Electronics
23
Computers
10
Radio Communications Equipment
10
Navigational Equipment
8
Underwater Electronics
7
Infrared Devices
4
Television Equipment
4
Radio Relay Equipment
4
Electronic Countermeasures
4
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5. Electronic End Equipment and Systems
Number of Facilities
Participating
b. Ranking of Military Substantive
Activities (Continued)
Direction-Finding Equipment
11.
Space Electronics
3
Translation Machines
3
Multiplexing Equipment
2
Fire-Control Systems
2
Secure Communications Systems
1
Wire Communications
1
Photofacsimile Equipment
1
Telemetry Equipment
1
Clandestine Devices
1
Optical Devices
1
Sonobuoys
1
Radiosondes
1
Recording Equipment
1
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