THE 1953-54 FOOD SITUATION IN THE SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 194
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 3, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 12, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT 64...
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THE 1953-54 FOOD SITUATION 50X1
IN THE SOVIET BLOC 50)t: D"
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE 1953-54 FOOD SITUATION IN llih SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 58
(ORB Project 21.147)
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORE and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject.to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report describes the 1953-54 food situation in the USSR,
the European Satellites) and Communist China with comparisons of
selected postwar and prewar years. The conventional method is em-
ployed in measuring the food supply and consumption situation within
each country through the use of a "food balance:" The balances are
made for certain specified foodstuffs taken as indicators and show the
broad use categories (net trade, waste, seed, industrial uses, stocks,
and the like) which are subtracted from the total to derive as a re-
sidual the average daily quantity of the specified food available for
per capita consumption in terns of kilograms and total aergy consump-
tion in terms of calories.
Food balances are of use primarily in comparing the year-to-year
fluctuations in the availability of food within a given country. The
food balances indicate the national average daily food available for
consumption per capita. Although valuable as a tool in measuring the
standard of living and economic progress, the food balance has defi-
nite disadvantages. The great disparities that exist in consumption
levels between population groups are obscured by averages. In addi-
tion, the food "consumed" is based upon food available to the producer
at the source level and the non-self-suppliers at the wholesale level.
After retail sale the extent to which food is wasted, misused, or fed
to animals by the non-self-suppliers is unknown.
This report should be considered as a preliminary and tentative
analysis of the 1953-54 food situation in the Soviet Bloc. In par-
ticular the estimates of changes in stocks and the estimates of total
gross availability of grain for use as food in the USSR should be
considered tentative. Lack of information makes impossible any direct
estimate of current consumption. It has been necessary, therefore, to
use historical consumption information, evaluated in the light of cur-
rent conditions and Soviet policies, to derive an estimate of consump-
tion of grain for food during 1953-54. The estimate of changes in
stocks is a product of the consumption estimate.
The Chinese Communist food balances are based upon the population
estimates accepted as of 30 June 1954. Research had been completed
before those population estimates were revised. Although the revi-
sions do not materially alter the conclusions of the text) they do have
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_ _ _ _ _
some significant effect upon individual estimates. For example) the
comparison of prewar and postwar per capita caloric availability shown
on page 36 indicates a smaller drop in average food availability than
would be indicated if the revised population estimates had been used.
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None of the data in this report represents measured or weighed quan-
tities. They are at best estimates based upon all available information
and as such may deviate at least plus or minus 5 percent.
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
II. USSR
A. Food Availabilities
Page
1
6
7
7
1. Production
7
2. Trade
8
3. Changes in Stocks
9
B.
Food Consumption
10
C.
Pattern of Food Consumption
11
D.
Food Requirements
13
E.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
14
1. Capabilities
14
2. Vulnerabilities
15
3. Intentions
16
III.
European Satellites
16
A.
Food Availabilities
16'
1. Production
16
2. Trade
18
3. .Changes in Stocks
22
B.
Food Consumption
23
C.
Quality and Variety of Diet
27
D.
Food Requirements
29
E.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
31
1. Capabilities
31
2. Vulnerabilities
31
3. Intentions
32
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Page
IV. Communist China 32
A. Food Availability 33
1. Production 33
2. Trade 34
3. Changes in Stocks 35
B. Food Consumption 36
C. Quality and Variety of Diet 38
D. Food Requirements 41
E. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions 43
1. Capabilities 43
2. Vulnerabilities 44
3. Intentions 44
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables 45
Appendix B. Methodology 129
Tables
1. Index of Caloric Consumption in the USSR, 1938-390 1952-530
and 1953-54
10
2. Percentage Distribution of Calories in the USSR, by
Category of Foodstuffs, 1938-39, 1952-53, and 1953-54 . . . 11
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3. Calories per Capita for Selected Categories of Foods in the
USSR, 1938-39) 1952-53, and 1953-54
4. Recommended Consumption Rates for Selected Foods in the
USSR, Compared with 1953-54 Consumption
5. Index of Livestock Numbers and. Production of Food Crops in
the European Satellites, Prewar and 1948-53
Page
12
15
17
6. Estimated European Satellite Net Trade in Selected
Agricultural Commodities, Prewar, 1952-53, and Preliminary
1953-54 20
7. Daily per Capita Caloric Consumption in the European
Satellites, 1953-54 24
8. Index of Daily per Capita Food Consumption in the European
Satellites, 1948-49 and 1951-52 through 1953-54 24
9. Percentage Contribution of Selected Foods to Total Caloric
Consumption in the European Satellites, Prewar, 1952-530
and l953-54 28
10. Caloric Contributions of Selected Foods to the Chinese
Communist Diet, Prewar, 1952-53, and 1953-54 38
11. Trends in the Consumption of Selected Foods in Communist
China, 1952-53 and 1953-54 39
12. USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year 1938-39 47
13, USSR: EstiMate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year 1952-53 49
14. USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year 1953-54 51
15. Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1933-37 Average 53
16. Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1952-53
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17. Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
18. Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1933-37 Average
19. Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1952-53
20. Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
21. Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food
Year 1933-37 Average
Supplies, Consumption
22. Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food
Year 1952-53
Supplies, Consumption
23. Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food
Year 1953-54
Supplies, Consumption
24. East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies) Consumption Year
1935-38 Average
25. East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1952-53
26. East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
27. Hungary: Estimate of Food Supplies,
1933-37 Average
28. Hungary: Estimate of Food Supplies,
1952-53
Consumption Year
Consumption Year
29. Hungary: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
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.30. Poland: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1934-38 Average
31. Poland: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1952-53
32. Poland: Estimate of Food Supplies) Consumption Year
1953-54
33. Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1933-37 Average.
34, Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1952-53
35. Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
36. China: Estimate of Food Supplies) Consumption Year,
Prewar Average
37. China: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consutption Year
1952-53
38. China: Estimate of Food Supplies, Consumption Year
1953-54
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(ORR Project 21.147)
THE 1953-54 FOOD SITUATION IN Ihh SOVIET BLOC*
Summary
The estimated availability of food during the 1953-54 consumption
year for each of the countries in the Soviet Bloc was still below
prewar levels. ? The availability of food for human consumption**
during the period 1 July 1953 through 30 June 1954, in terms of cal-
ories per capita per day, ranged from a low of 1,645 in Albania to a
high of 2,783 in Poland. .The per caPita caloric intake in the USSR
was 2;598. Because of the wide variation in the availability of food
within the Soviet Bloc, a summary of the food situation for each of
the three major geographical areas (the USSR, the European Satellites,
and Communist China) is given separately.
The availability of food in the USSR during the 'Year 1 July 1953
through 30 June 1954, estimated Sat 2,598 calories per capita per day,
was slightly lower than that of the previous year and about 6 percent
below the prewar level. This decrease of the caloric intake for 1954
Is the result of a lower 1953 production of the two most important
food categories in the Soviet diet -- grain and potatoes.
AltheUgh there Was a 13-Percent drop in 1953 production of grain,
a commodity that contributes two-thirds of the calories to the diet,
the effect of this-decrease on food consumption of grain products was
modified by a probable release -of 4.5 million metric tons*** of grain
reserves. The availability of the so-called "quality" foods -- those
foods such as meat, fats, oils, milk, fish) and sugar, that provide
only about 20 percent of the total calories -- rose only slightly
above the previous year's availability.
The pattern of the Soviet diet has remained about the same since
prerevolutionary years. This pattern is one of a high-carbohydrate
diet of starchy foods, .grain and potatoes, and some of the world's
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORB is of 1 October 1954 (except as noted in the
Foreword).
4* The specified foods employed in making the balances normally ac-
count for an estimated 95 percent of the total calories. Statistics
indicated have not been adjusted to 100 percent.
*** Tonnages throughout this report are given in metric tons.
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lowest consumption rates of protein and fatty foods. The, requirements
for a better balanced diet, high in proportion of "quality" foods --
proteins and fats -- rise as a nation's economy becomes industrialized
and the population urbanized. The rapid industrial developments with-
in the USSR have not been accompanied by improvement in. the quality
of the diet. This deficiency hinders labor productivity and underlies
the recent emphasis on consumer welfare in general and food production
In particular.
The "new course" initiated in 1953 and the policies attendant on
it will probably result in an over-all increase in the next 2 or 3
? years of food production. This increase may not be accompanied by a
change in the composition of the diet and) barring an unusually
favorable combination of weather and other factors, will probably not
be great enough to raise per capita consumption, in terms of calories,
above the 1938-39 level.
Some attempt has been made to improve the quality of the diet by
imports of meat and other such foods. But the caloric equivalent of
these imports was largely offset by exports of starchy foods -- grain
and potatoes. It is consistent with Soviet policy that the USSR con-
tinues to export grain and is at the same time forced to withdraw
grain from reserves for domestic consumption. The export policy de-
pends upon political and economic considerations that usually circum-
vent restrictions arising from current production and utilization.
In its attempt to increase availability of grain, the USSR is
taking a risk in trying to expand grain production in the areas of
submarginal precipitation during the next 2 years. These areas have
a record of almost complete crop failure in 2 out of 5 years. There
Is always the possibility of general drought in the traditional crop
areas which, if severe enough, would reduce seriously the availability
of food for human consumption.
The estimated availability of food for human consumption in the
-European Satellites during 1953-54,. In terms of calories per capita)
shows a slight increase over 1952-53 levels but, except in Poland, is
still below prewar levels. The daily per capita Caloric intake in
1953-54 ranged from a low in Albania of 11644 to a high in Poland of
2,784, and the prewar average ranged from 1,757 in Albania to 2,813
In East Germany. This continued low level of consumption can be at-
tributed to an increasing population and a lag in agricultural pro-
duction.
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In 1953) bread grain and potato production showed no increase
over 1952, and in Poland and East Germany there was a reduction in
bread grain production. The low production has forced Poland and
Hungary) which are normally exporters of grain, to be net importers
of bread grain in 1953-54 in order to maintain previous levels of
bread consumption.
Of the quality foods (animal products, sugar) and vegetable
oils), less meat and animal fat were produced in 1953 than in 1952.
These two commodities were in short supply throughout the European
Satellites in 1952-53, and this situation is expected to continue
throughout 1953-54.
Total caloric intake in the European Satellites has decreased
as compared with prewar levels, and at the same time the percentage
of calories derived from animal products has also decreased. This
Situation has developed as a result of a sizable increase in both the
urban and industrial labor force since the prewar period. Normally)
this phenomenon is accampanied by an increase in the demand for more
animal proteins and fat in the diet.
Satellite governments) realizing the adverse effects that inade-
quate food supplies and an increased economic demand for quality foods
were having upon the labor productivity of the worker, announced the
"new Course" in the summer and fall of 1953. This program has placed a
major emphasis on increasing agricultural production, particularly of
animal products) to raise the diet standards of the worker. To date,
the Satellites have not been successful in implementing their programs
by increasing food supplies to non-self-suppliers. This is especially
true of animal products, which are estimated to be in shorter supply
this year than in 1952-53. There is no reason to believe that without
large imports of meat the Satellite governments will be successful
during the next 2 or 3 years in fulfilling the demands of the worker
for animal products.
The analysis of the 1953-54 food situation in the European Sat-
ellites reveals nd, positive indication of intentions. In view of the
unfavorable food situation in most of the Satellites, it is believed
that their capabilities have been reduced as a result of inability
to increase significantly food availabilities to the industrial labor
force and build up state reserves of food. Of the Satellites, East
Germany and Czechoslovakia are the most vulnerable from the point of
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view of food supplies. Both are dependent upon bread grain and meat
imports as an important source of supply for the industrial popula-
tion. Interruption of these imports would create a major supply
problem for the respective governments.
In 1953-541 the gross output of food in Communist China decreased
slightly from the 1952-53 output. Gross output in 1952-53 was, in
turn, slightly less than the prewar average but was the peak produc-
tion under the Chinese Communists.
In the prewar period, China was a net importer of food grains and
a major exporter of vegetable oilseeds, largely soYbeens. In the
postwar period) China has reversed its position as regards food
grains and has become a net exporter. It has continued to be a major
exporter of oil seeds) but after falling in World War II, oilseed
exports have not regained their prewar level. In 1953-54, Communist
China was a net exporter of food which amounted to roughly 3 percent
of the national average diet -- about 56 calories pet capita per day.
For Communist China the export of foodStuffs is an important means.
of acquiring capital for its industrialization program. Since the
national diet is relatively low, however, the export of food has
aroused some resentment. Domestic propaganda has attempted to min-
imize the importance of food exports to the USSR.
Very little is definitely known about the effect on food eyaila-;
bility of the Chinese Communists' efforts to stockpile grain. While
they have indicated that they hope to stockpile between 16 And 20
million tons of grain by the end of 1957) to date they have apparently
made little progress toward this goal. Withdrawal of grain from the
general supply, therefore) has apparently not been of sufficient mag-
nitude to alter the level of food availability to a notable degree.
In 1953-54 the Chinese Communists were at a traditionally low con-
sumption level, with a diet composed in large part of plant foods. The
uneven incidence of poor crop conditions in different parts of the
country) the governmental procurement and control of foodstuffs, and.
the possibility of excessive exports of certain specific food items
probably combined to make the food situation for the individual con-
sumer more difficult than is reflected by the food balance average.
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The comparison, however) betWeen different periods will not indicate
that 1953-54 was an exceptionally bad year. With the slightly lower
total production in 1953 the level of caloric availability was about
the same because of a slight shift to the production of higher calorie
foods:,
Index of Calories:
Year per Capita per Day
Prewar 100
1952-53 97
1953-54 97
The average level of food availability in Communist China) al-
though apparently sufficient on an average basis) tends to obscure
the periodid incidence of spring famines in local areas. Partly to
conserve food and partly to gain greater control over the food supply
for political purposes, the Chinese Communiats have undertaken cer-
tain of the marketing functions for the greater. portion of the
grains. With this effort, the government has also? intrOduced in
!elected cities rationing of certain major foodstuffs.
The variety and palatability of the Chinese Communist diet does
not come up to Western standards. Grains contribute over 70 percent
of the total calories; animal prOducts contribute about 5 percent; and
potatoes, vegetables, oilseeds, and miscellaneous 'floods make up the.
balance. Requirementa for food are increasing. Failure of the gov-
ernment to meet increased food requirements will have adverse effects
upon the economic program. The government has been urging the peasant
to increase production, but plans and goals for Increases in output
tend to be unrealistic in terms of what can reasonably be expected.
The government goal for the First Five Year Plan is a production in-
crease of 30 percent over 1952. In two 5-year plans, they hope to
raise agricultural production by roughly 70 percent. The achieveMent
of a 6-percent increase in production by the end of 1957 would be a
major accomplishment. The 10-year goal is even more unrealistic.
The analysis of the Chinese Communist food situation in 1953-54
reveals no positive indications of intentions. The government's
capabilities have not been altered to any degree by the food situa-
tion. In carrying on the Korean conflict the Chinese Communists
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proved capable of waging a relatively small war while at the same
time increasing their export of foodstuffs. In the case of a major
conflict the disruption of internal food movements would intensify
food shortages in deficit areas. Although this is a possible vul-
nerability, it does not mean that it would affect the government's
capabilities to wage a short war; control over the food supply
allows the government to direct food to the military at the expense
of the civilian population. The food situation in Communist China
would improve somewhat if exports of food were curtailed or stopped
either by the government or by Free World embargo.
I. Introduction.
The production of food in the USSR and the European Satellites
occupies over half of the labor force and provides the people with
only a modest diet. To provide even a less adequate diet requires the
efforts of over 75 percent of Communist China's labor force. In the
US only 16 percent of the labor force works in agriculture.
The failure of the countries in the Soviet Bloc to solve the food
problem has given food supply a central position in government policy.
This was stressed in the summer and fall of 1953 when the USSR and the
European Satellites announced their "new course" which emphasized the
need to improve both the quantity and variety of food production. Some
of the Satellite governments have admitted that food shortages were
adversely affecting industrial expansion and labor productivity.
In this report, an attempt is made to analyze the problem of 1953-54
food consumption as it is related to individual countries within the
Soviet Bloc. Food balances are used as a means of bringing together
a large part of the agricultural data of a country so that a detailed
examination and appraisal of the food and agricultural situation can
be accomplished. The specified foods employed in making the balances
normally account for an estimated 95 percent of the total calories
consumed for the USSR and the European Satellites, and the percentage
Is probably higher for China.
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The scope of the report is limited to the examination and analysis
of the available food supply of each of the Soviet Bloc countries with
regard to domestic production) trade, and stocks. It includes an ex-
amination of the consumption patterns of the various countries for
1953-54 and draws comparisons with selected postwar and prewar years.
Comparisons with prewar years are not intended to suggest any judg-
ment on either adequacy ot desirability of the food consumption levels)
although consumption levels in China and Southeastern Europe were gen-
erally considered inadequate in prewar days. These comparisons are
made because they provide a convenient measure by which the agricultural
developments in the Soviet Bloc may be appraised.
The calorie is used as an over-all indication of the average quan-
tity of food consumed. It is a measure of the energy value. Un-
fortunately the calorie does not measure the quality of the diet; high
calorie levels are) however, generally associated with high consumption
of the more desirable foods -- those containing a relatively high pro-
portion of animal proteins and fats.
USSR.
A. Food Availabilities.
1. Production.
In the USSR there was a drop in the daily diet between the
1952-53 and 1953-54 consumption years of approximately 100 calories
per capita. This drop is the reflection of a production decrease of
.the two most important foodstuffs in the Soviet diet, grain and po-
tatoes. Production of these two commodities, which make up 75 percent
of the current caloric intake,* dropped in 1953 about 12 and 5 percent)
respectively, below that of 1952. The fact that there was not a more
stringent reduction in the caloric intake of grain products can be
attributed to an estimated withdrawal from reserves of about )i..5 mil-
lion tons of grains to supplement the production of 1953. Grain pro-
duction in 1952 did rise above prewar levels, but in 1953 it fell
9 percent below that of 1938. Potato production in both years re-
mained below the prewar figure.**
* The foods listed in the balances are estimated to comprise about
95 percent of the total calories in the present-day diet. Minor foods
for which production estimates are unavailable include eggs, vegetables,
and honey; alcoholic beverages make up the remaining percentage. Thus
percentages expressed in the report are based upon the caloric intake
after an adjustment upward to indicate total intake.
** 1933-37 potato production was utilized as the prewar base.
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Among the so-called "quality" foods,* only meat showed a slight
production decline in 1953. The other commodities edged upward over
1952 levels by margins of 1 to 3 percent for milk and fish and of 9
and 10 percent for sugar and fats and oils.** In comparison to prewar
levels, meat production remained at the same level, and the produc-
tion of the other important protein supplement, fish, rose more than
50 percent. The output of the higheenergy or "morale" categories --
fats and oils and sugar -- were up 19 and 13 percent, respectively.
2. Trade.
The food value of Soviet exports for the 1953-54 trade year,
in terms of calories, will be offset by the caloric equivalent of
the foodstuffs imported. The traditional exports of grain, together
with a net export of butter and slaughter fats, will be slightly
more than offset, in terms of calories, by imports of foods such as
meat, fish, sugar, vegetable oils, oilseeds, and potatoes.
The net export of the bulks and starchy foods, grain and po-
tatoes, is equivalent to a daily intake of 93 calories per capita.
This is balanced by a 94-ca1or1e-per-capita equivalent of imports of
the more desirable quality food. Nearly the same pattern was also
true for the 1952-53 trade year. Since, in either case, the imports
or exports amounted to only 3 or 4 percent of the daily calorie in-
take the most important factor was a net addition to total supply of
protein and high-energy food. For the prewar year the trade was
all one way, resulting in an export-per-capita equivalent of 108
calories for each day.
The fact that the USSR continues to export grain and at the
same time is forced to utilize grain reserves for domestic consump-
tion is consistent with Soviet policy. The Soviet export policy,
entirely controlled by the government, revolves around considerations
of political and economic factors that usually circumvent natural
restrictions arising from current production and utilization.
* Those foods that provide an important proportion of the proteins
and fats in the diet but only about 20 percent of the calories -- for
example, sugar, meat, fats and oils, milk, and fish.
** 'Caloric equivalent for fats and oils.
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_ _ _ _ _ _
3. Changes in Stocks.
Since the immediate postwar years the USSR has carried on a
food reserve program designed to provide adequate quantities, especially
of grain, to withstand any natural calamity during peacetime and to
supplement a probable decreased production during wartime.
On the basis of known Soviet food-storage practices, it is
concluded that over the years the USSR has added to this reserve of
grain -- and to a lesser extent of other staples --_probably up to a
level that could supply half of one year's food requirements for grain.*
For the first time since this postwar program began, it is believed that
during the 1953-54 consumption year the USSR has been forced to with-
draw reserves of grain in order to supplement current production. After
adding an estimated 2 million tons during the 1952-53 year, the USSR
will probably withdraw about 4.5 million tons of grain during the
current year to bolster per capita consumption.*
It should not be assumed from this conclusion that in the past
Soviet grain production has been adequate to fulfill all requirements
and leave a residual that could be set aside as reserves. Grain
availabilities since the war have not been close to satisfying all
utilization requirements; rather they have fulfilled only the minimum
needs. Because of priority allocations the reserve fund was the re-
cipient of any "surplus" above these arbitrary standards of both human
and animal consumption of grain. The current year has seen a disparity
between production and requirements which indicates that priorities
will demand a total supply that will cover these minimum needs even if
reserve withdrawals are necessary.***
* Grain, the staple of the Soviet diet, is the only important com-
mosplity in the diet that readily lends itself to storage, although even
grain must be "refreshened" in storage by substituting new grain for
stored grain, which -- in turn -- is put into regular marketing channels.
** A hint that a reserve withdrawal is under way during the current
consumption year was given in a decree on the grain problem published
in early March. 1/ It was stated that there was a "disproportion"
between quantities of grain obtained by the government and the
quantities utilized.
*** See Methodology, Appendix B.
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The program for stockpiling foods other than grains is
believed not to have been affected to the same extent, and there
probably were small amounts of other foods set aside amounting to no
more than 2 to 3 percent of current production.
B. Food Consumption.
Daily caloric intake in the USSR for the 1953-54 consumption
year is estimated to be 2,598 calories (range of error, plus or minus
5 percent). This level of intake is approximately 100 calories below
the level of the previoUs year and 200 calories, or 6 percent, below
the prewar level. An index of caloric consumption in the USSR,
1938-39, 1952-53, and 1953-54, is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Index of Caloric Consumption in the USSR
1938-39) 1952-531 and 1953-54
Year
Index
1938-39
100
1952-53
98
1953-54
94
Although the index gives a pattern of consumption in com-
parison to the prewar period, it must be remembered that there have
been rather significant changes over this period in both actual con-
sumption and requirements for consumption among the various cate-
gories of consumers. Not only have there been changes in sex and age
distribution of the population, but also the ratio of urban to rural
population has changed, implying lower requirements of starchy foods
(potatoes and grain). This has been partially offset by a population
movement from civilian to military life. The growing urban popula-
tion indicates increasing demands for fats and oils, meat, and sugar.
There is now evidence that the government has carried on a
policy that has created a greater differential between rural and urban
consumption of these quality foods in order to sustain or to increase
consumption by urban workers. Data given in last September's
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agricultural decrees and in Khrushchev's 2/ report suggest that in
postwar years the government has been able to procure a greater
proportion of total production of meat) milk, and the like) from the
producing rural regions.
This proportionate increase for the urban worker in procure-
ments from a production base that has remained nearly constant or has
decreased is larger than the attendant population shift from rural to
urban classification and would naturally result in adverse effects on
the rural consumer.
C. Pattern of Food Consumption.
At the present time the pattern of consumption is nearly the
same as it was in the prewar period and has not changed significantly
since the prerevolutionary years. The percentage distribution of
calories in the USSR) by category of foodstuffs, 1938-39, 1952-53, and
1953-54) is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Percentage Distribution of Calories in the USSR
by Category of Foodstuffs
1938-39, 1952-53, and 1953-54
Food
1938-39
1952-53
i953-54
Grain
64
65
64
Potatoes
10
12
11
Milk
8
4
5
Fats and Oils
5
6
7
Meat and Fish
4
4
4
Sugar
4
4
4
. Other Foods
5
5.
5
Total
100 100 100
For the 3 years shown In Table 2) the heavy caloric and
starchy foods, grain and potatoes) are clustered around the three-
Ouarter mark of total consumption. Grain and products alone, in-
cluding groats and pulses, accounted for nearly two-thirds of the
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calories. This level approximates the estimated 67 percent during
1925-27* for the same category and the estimated 63-percent intake of
the peasants before the Revolution. 11-/
In absolute terms) consumed calories from grain products have
declined since 1938-39, but among the quality foods only fats and oils
have shown any substantial increase in caloric availability. The
rather sharp decrease in whole-milk consumption more than offset any
gains in the other quality food categories. Calories per capita for
selected categories of foods in the USSR are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Calories per Capita for Selected Categories of Foods
in the USSR
1938-39) 1952-531 and 1953-54
1938-39 1952-53 1953-54
Change Change
Calories Calories from Calories from
Food Consumed Consumed 1938-39 Consumed 1938-39
Grains
1,859
1,843
-15
1,735
-124
Potatoes
285
325
+40
305
+ 20
Milk
221
128
-92
127
-1 93
Fats and Oils
159
169
+10
200
+ 41
Meat and Fish
112
110
- 2
106
- 6
Sugar
119
111
-9
. 125
+ 5
Other 2/
144
141
-3
136
- 8
Total
2,899
2,827
-72
2,724
-175
a. Foods not shown in the balances (see Appendix A) represent
an estitated 5 percent of the total caloric intake.
* Based on daily consumption during the months of October and .
February. 3/
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D. Food Requirements.
As far as the Soviet government is concerned,the 1953-54 con-
sumption year is a deficit year wherein current production was unable
to sustain even the inferior consumption pattern of the prewar and post-
war years, much less to improve the pattern by increasing the propor-
tion of protein and fat-rich foods. This apparent deficit in production
resulted in the withdrawal from stocks of about 4.5 million tons of
grain to be consumed directly as grain products.* This in itself is a
good indicator of the present lack of flexibility in food supplies:
To carry on with the present dietary pattern in the face of a 1.5-per-
cent annual population growth and to Meet established nonfood utiliza-
tion levels, it will be necessary to regain in 1954 the 1952 level of
grain production. As a result of the new acreage expansion schemes and
a change in acreage patterns, grain production during the next 2 crop
years, assuming average weather conditions, will probably be able to
(1) keep pace with the direct food needs of a growing population (at
perhaps a.230 to 235 kilograms per capita level of grain consumption
compared to 215 kilograms in 1953-54), (2) allow for a gradual re-
plenishing of stocks, and (3) allow for exports in the 2- to 3-mil-
lion-ton range but only for a limited increase in grain allocated to
feeding of livestock. These capabilities will stand only if the
present framework of utilization priorities stays in effect. For in-
stance, under the new program with its emphasis on more animal pro- 6
ducts in the diet there remains a possibility that stockpiling of
grains will be curtailed in favor of allocating greater quantities of
grain to livestock feeding. A less likely event would be the curtail-
ment of trade in grain.
Potato production through an acreage increase will probably
be raised enough to allow for consumption at the prewar intake of
calories from this source and also for a marked increase in the use
of potatoes as feed for livestock.
As far as the quality foods are concerned, it is not believed
that there will be a significant enoughchange in per capita
availability during the next 2 years to change greatly the present
pattern of consumption. If, under the present program, there are in-
creased outputs of these products on a per capita basisi there may
not be an increase in caloric consumption, because of a posgible re-
duction in high-caloric grain products.
* See Wthodology, Appendix B.
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The keynote of all the new-course publicity has been "to
secure the creation in our country of an abundance of foodstuffs in
the next 2 or 3 years
Although general goals have been given for some agricultural
raw materials and for some processed foods) we have not been told
what level of consumption would fulfill Malenkov's "abundance" re-
quirements.
As an interesting sidelight it may be of interest to give the
consumption criteria set by the Moscow Institute of Nutrition for a
worker not engaged in strenuous work. The recommended daily diet
calculated on a yearly intake of kilograms for 5 food categories gives
a not very surprising result when compared to estimated average con-
sumption rates for 1953-54. As expected, if the average present diet
were to change to the recommended diet) there would be leas amounts of
grain and potatoes required for direct consumption)* but a tripling
of consumption would be necessary for the quality foods of meat, milk)
and sugar. Needless to say, this pattern of consumption will not be
attained in the immediate future. In terms of quality) even this
pattern is below the present US average diet. The recommended diet
includes about twice the US average of potatoes and grain products
but some 10 percent less milk and sugar products. Recommended con-
sumption rates for selected foods, compared with 1953-54 consumption)
are shown in Table 4.**
E. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
1. Capabilities.
The lowered per capita calorie intake during the 1953-54
consumption year has not been serious enough to deter possible Soviet
military action. Given favorable weather conditions) Soviet agri-
culture should be able to improve the quality of the national diet
within the next 2 years and to raise the per capita calorie intake.
Until that happens, however, the general dissatisfaction of the
Soviet consumer with the quality.and the quantity of his food will
continue to hinder A rise in labor productivity.
* But of course a much greater per capita production of grain for
conversion into meat, fats, and dairy products.
** Table 4 follows on p. 15.
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Table 4
Recommended Consumption Rates for Selected Foods
in the USSR
Compared with 1953-54 Consumption 2/
Food
Grain Products (in-
Recommended
per Capita
Consumption
(Kilograms)
1953-54
Estimated'
Consumption
(Kilograms)
Difference in
Consumption
Levels
(Percent)
cluding Pulses)
150
215
- 3o
Potatoes
no
159
- 31
Sugar
37-
12
3o8
Meat and Meat Products
73
19
+ 384
Milk
183
77
-238
a. Slaughter fats for 1953-54 were added to estimated meat
consumption, since the recommended level of meat consumption
probably includes slaughter fats. Since this recommended diet
is for a category of worker that at present undoubtedly is con-
suming considerably less grain and potatoes and somewhat more
sugar and meat than the average for the country as a whole, the
comparisons are only rough approximations. The above does not
nullify the discrepancy, since the recommended consumption rates
would be close to probable reccamendations for other categories
of consumers.
2. Vulnerabilities.
An apparent vulnerability of the rood situation in the USSR
Is the dependence of the urban population on the rural areas. Supply
channels are inadequate even under peacetime conditions, and under war-
time conditions they would be less effective.
A possible vulnerability exists in the expansion.of grain
production during the next 2 years in areas of submarginal precipitation.
These areas have a record of almost complete failure in 2 out of 5
years'. In addition, a serious general drought in the traditional crop
areas might increase such a vulnerability to major proportions.
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3. Intentions.
There are no definite indications of intentions implicit
in the 1953-54 food balance. The apparent concern of the Soviet
government for consumer welfare is probably a reflection of a
general effort to strength the economy and cannot be interpreted as
an indication of military intentions.
III. European Satellites.*
The following discussion concerning the current food situation
in the European Satellites will treat, so far as possible, the area
as a whole. Where the situation in a specific country warrants in-
dividual treatment, this will be given. In discussing commodity pro-
duction and food availabilities, the Satellites will be divided into
the northern** and southern groups, where applicable.
A. Food Availabilities.
1. Production.
Except in Albania and Bulgaria the postwar production of
food crops and livestock in the European Satellites has continually
lagged below prewar levels. As shown in Table 1,**Hee the only year
in which agricultural production approached prewar levels was 1951.
This was primarily the result of excellent weather conditions which
increased the yield of food crops. In the following year (1952) how-
ever, adverse weather conditions caused a shortfall in the production
of coarse grains, sugar beets, potatoes, and oilseeds. In addition,
a shortage of fodder forced excessive slaughtering of livestock at
lighter weights. Although the excessive slaughtering of livestock
temporarily increased meat supplies, cattle and hog numbers were some-
what depleted in Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. An index of livestock
numbers and production of food crops in the European Satellites, pre-
war and 1948-53,is shown in Table 5.xxxxxx
* Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Rumania.
** Including Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Poland.
*** Including Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania.
xxxx Statistical data contained in this section, unless otherwise
noted, have been derived from Appendix A, Tables 15 to 24.
xxxxx P. 10, above.
*xxxxx Table 5 follows on p. 17.
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Table 5
Index of Livestock Numbers and Production of Food Crops
in the European Satellites 2/
Prewar and 1948-53 7./
1950 =
100 12/
Country
Prewar 2/
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Albania
95
100
99
100
105
97
99
Bulgaria
100
104
101
100
106
95
99
Czechoslovakia
110
83
88
100
100
98
95
East Germany
118
' 81
86
100
108
109
100
-Hungary
109
93
101
100
111
-95
81
Poland
120
81
96
100
92
95
.86
Rumania
130
106
99
100
114
95
95
a, Commodities included are bread grains, coarse grains,
rice) potatoes, cattle) hogs, horses) and sheep.
b. Constant price weights for 1950 were used to determine
index.
c. 1935-39 average.
During the 1952-53 crop year* adverse growing conditions)
combined with the effects of government socialization policies, re-
duced the 1953 harvest of bread grains and potatoes. Bread grain pro-
duction in Poland and East Germany was significantly reduced from 1952
and prewar levels as a result of a reduction in acreage caused by
adverse seeding conditions and abandonment of land by peasants. Sugar
beet and oilseed crop production was greater than in 1952 but still
not up to 1951 and prewar levels. In addition, the short fodder crop
In 1952 meant that meat animals (hogs and cattle) were carried over -
at lighter weights with a resultant reduction in animal -productivity
of meat and fats. The European Satellites) taken as an area, showed
a reduction in gross per capita production of bread grains as follows
(kilograms): prewar) 263; 1952, 214; and 1953) 205. Y
* 1 July to 30 June.
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The European Satellites are being faced with the problem
of trying to increase, and in some areas even to maintain, food con-
sumption levels with a decreasing agricultural production and an in-
creasing population. This fact is what prompted the Satellite govern-
ments to announce the new course, with emphasis on raising the level
of agricultural production.
2. Trade.*
a. Net Trade.
The area which now comprises the European Satellites
historicnily was a net exporter of agricultural products. Since
1949, however, Czechoslovakia and East Germany have been net importers
of grains, meats, and animal fats, and the other Satellites have de-
creased exports.
In 1953-54, for the first time since 1947) Poland
was a net importer of bread grains and Hungary a net importer of
fodder grains. As shown in Table 2) the European Satellite group is
now a net importer of grains, the major export commodity of prewar
days.
' Exports of meat from the European Satellites have
stayed at a relatively high level, considering that meat production
and consumption are still below prewar levels. Animal fat imports in
1953-54 show a sharp increase over previous levels -- primarily as a
result of the new course. This is also true of vegetable oil imports.
Animal fats, meat) and vegetable oils have all been in short supply
throughout the area.
Sugar has been the one agricultural commodity which
has been consistently exported. It is a true surplus commodity, and
exports have run as high as 1 million tons a year. Approximately
950,000 tons will probably be exported during 1953-54. This is the
only food in which every Satellite is self-sufficient and, with the
exception of Albania) a net exporter.
* See Table 2, p. 11, above.
** 1 July to 30 June.
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b. Importance.
The role of trade in determining food availabilities
to the populace of the European Satellites is relatively important.
This has always been true (even in the prewar period) in the case of
meat, animal fats, and vegetable oils and, since the war, even with
grains. Estimated European Satellite net trade in selected agri-
cultural products, prewar, 1952-53, and preliminary 1953-54, is shown
in Table 6.*
Trade) whether import or export, has the greatest in-
fluence on the urban worker, the non-self-supplier. Communist policies
have been aimed at the expansion of industry. In economies heavily
weighted by agriculture such as prevail in the European Satellites) the
foreign exchange for purchasing capital equipment has had to come from
exports of agricultural commodities. This has resulted in forced ex-
ports of foodstuffs and in the case of East Germany and Czechoslovakia
has resulted in a decrease in traditional food imports -- meat, animal
fats) and vegetable oils. As a result, this trade policy has con-
tributed to food shortages among the non-self-suppliers.
The European Satellites, faced with an expanded in-
dustrial force compared with prewar years and a decrease in agri-
cultural production, particularly animal products) must increase
imports in order to (1) maintain food consumption levels and (2) in-
crease consumption to prewar) or higher) levels. Also) because of the
adverse effect that government policies -- collectivization; compulsory
delivery quotas) prices paid to farmers -- have had on the incentive
of a peasant to market his produce) the governments are forced to re-
strict exports and) in some instances, to increase imports of foodstuffs
to guarantee to the industrial worker an adequate supply. Despite
estimated increases in the imports of animal fats and vegetable oils
in 1953-54 over 1952-53, the quantities will still not be adequate to
supplement indigenous supplies to the extent of providing the needed
increase in consumption of these foods.
The ability of the Satellite governments to increase
significantly both the quality and quantity of the worker's diet over
the next 2 years, as stated in the new course) Will depend largely on
trade. It is not believed that during this period the desired increase
of high animal protein foods in the worker's diet will or can result
solely from indigenous production.
* Table 6 follows on p. 20.
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Table 6
Estimated European Satellite Net Trade in Selected Agricultural Commodities
Prewar, 1952-53, and Preliminary 1953-54
Thousand Metric Tons
Commodity -
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East
Germany a/*
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total
Bread Grains
Prewar
+ 1 b/
-135
+ 18
-565
-585
-1,135
-235
-2,636
1952-53
+118 ?
-115
+747
+206
- 65
- 133
-185
+ 573
1953-54
4. 90
-257
+550 .
+110
- 65
4. 475
-289
4. 614
Other Grains
Prewar
+ 14
-153
+ 55
-140
- 2
- 525
-364
-1,103
1952-53
+ 3
-40
+143
+421
0
- 132
-95
+ 300
1953-54
0
- 75
+216
+535
+ 67
- 215
- 26
+ 502
Sugar
Prewar
+ 4
- 1
-217
-400
-23
-410.47
-1,040
1952-53
0
- 5
-205
-312
-20
- 181
-34
- 757
1953-54
0
- 5
-176
-300
-40
- 398
-30
- 949
Meat
Prewar
0
- 5
+15
+8o
- 205
-25
- 175
1952-53
0
0
0
+22
0
- 120
-40
- 138
1953-54
Negligible
- 15
+ 20
+ 12
- 15
- 120
- 40
- 158
Footnotes for Table 6 follow on p. 21.
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Table 6
Estimated European Satellite Net Trade in Selected Agricultural Commodities
Prewar, 1952-53, and Preliminary 1953-54
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons
East
Commodity
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Germany 94/
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total
Animal Fats s/
Prewar
0
-1
.46
+140
-24
-30
-5
+26
1952-53
0
0
.5
+10
? 5
-25
0
- 5
1953-54
.1
0
.10
? 8o
+5
0
0
496
Vegetable Oil
Prewar
.6
-10
+91
+215
4- IF
+85
+15
.406
1952-53
.3
0
410
4 30
0
.25
rio
78
1953-54
+2
0
+49
+102
0
+20
? 8
.181
Fish
Prewar
0
? 1
+18
.25
0
0
4.5
?149
1952-53
0
0
4.50
+ 55
N.A.
N.A.
0
+110
1953-54
0
0
+50
455
N.A.
-20
0
.90
a. East German commodity deliveries to Soviet Occupation Forces are considered as an export.
b. (+) denotes import; and (-) denotes export.
c. Including slaughter fats and butter.
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3. Changes in Stocks.
Stocks or state reserves of foodstuffs as used in the
food balance are those stocks of food that are kept for strategic pur-
poses -- military, economic, or political. Normal inventories and
channel stocks are not considered; these stocks are assumed to be held
at relatively the same level from year to year.
Statements made by Satellite officials indicate that a
state reserve system for foodstuffs exists in each of the Satellites
except Albania. With the exception of East Germany, however, actual
quantities of specific foods contained in state reserves are unknown.
As a result, estimates of additions or releases..of foods from state re-
serves are based primarily on general statements made by Satellite
officials and on the availability of a particular commodity after all
known uses have been deducted. Commodities normally stored are grains,
butter, lard, meat, pulses, sugar, and vegetable oils.
The program of state reserves inaugurated, about 1951 in
the Satellites 2/ is believed to have contributed to shortages of
foodstuffs, especially animal products, in the cities. The addition
to state reserves receives top priority in the distribution of pro-
cured produce. In the summer of 1953, because of the food shortage in
several Satellites and the desire of the governments to appease worker
discontent, releases from state reserves occurred in East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, and Rumania. Information available for East Germany,
however, indicates that the state reserves were to be replenished from
the 1953 harvest. This is also probably true in the other Satellites.
Because of the shortfall in the 1953 food production, it has been
estimated that net releases of food from the state reserves during
1953-54 will occur in East Germany (grain and meat) and Poland (sugar).
It is estimated that in the other Satellites releases and additions
to stocks will probably cancel out.
Except for grain the estimated quantities of foods in
Satellite state reserves are relativelyinsignificantin their effect
on the total food supply. The reserves are intended primarily for
military use in time of emergency and for spot distribution within
the industrial workers sector in times of shortages.
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B. Food Consumption.
Food consumption levels. in the European Satellites in 1953-54
may be compared in tWo. ways:" (1).tomparison of aggregate Satellite
figures with those of prewar and earlier postwar years or (2) com-
parison of each individual country 'figure with prewar and postwar
levels. The latter method is used, because an average consumption per
capita computed on the basis of total European Satellite population
suffers from the'defetts of averages even more than the estimated
average for any one.country. .
The comparisons given in most of the ?table's which follow
compare 1953-54 with. prewar. This does not imply a judgment of the
adequacy or quality of the prewar levels, but is made solely as a
convenient measure,61:the progress or lack of progress made by the
Satellites under ComMunist domination.
It should be noted, however) that comparison for any given
country with its prewar level may be misleading; by the, nature of the
aVer'age, it is-possible for the caloric intake of many sectors of the
.population to increase and yet for the daily. aveiage calOric intake
to fall. This is .Particularly true in Satellite countries where large
areas of land:yere distributed .under land reform, for example, Poland,
Rumania, Wingary, and East Germany. With a larger number of milli
land owners, the average agricultural worker eats 'a larger share of
his production than previously, because of an increased economic de-'
mend and availability, with a resultant increase in his food con-
sumption.
The estimated daily per capita .food Consumption, measured in
calories, during 1953-4 ranged Eram a low in Albania of 1,644 to a
high in Poland of 2,784. The other Satellites fall into the range of
2,300 to 2,1400 calories per day. The daily per capita food consump-
tion in Great -Britain is 3400 calorie and'in'the US it is 3,200
calories. lc/ The daily per capita caloric consumption in the
European:Satellites, 1953-51c is.shown-it-Table 7.*--
Only Albania and East Germany show a 1953-54 gain of as much
as 10 percent over the low level of food: consumption for the European
Satellites in 1952-53. Poland is an exception primariajr-because the
agricultural area supports approximately 5.5 million less people than
* Table 7 follows on.p. 24.
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Table 7
Daily per Capita Caloric Consumption.
In the European Satellites
1953-54
Country
Calories
Albania
1,644
Bulgaria
2,347
Czechoslovakia
2,358
East Germany
2)362
Hungary '
2,375
Poland
2)784
Rumania
2,158
?
it did before the war. In years of shortfalls in crop production, by
reducing exports of grain and substituting grain for other foods, the
Polish government has been able to maintain more nearly prewar- calorie
intake. There has been a change in the quality of the diet) however)
which will be discussed below. An index of daily per capita food
consumption in the European Satellites, 1948-49 and 1951-52 through
1953-54, is shown in Table 8.
Table 8
Index of Daily per Capita Food Consumption
in the European Satellites
1948-49 and 1951-52 through 1953-54
Prewar = 100 2.1*
Country
1948-49
1951-52
1952-53
' 1953-54.
Albania
N.A.
92
84
94
.Bulgaria
102
99
90
96
Czechoslovakia
102
101
90
94
East Germany
80
86.
75
84
Hungary
100
'96
88
90
* Footnotes for Table 8 follow on p. 25.
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Table .8
Tnaex of Daily per Capita Food CoOsumption
in the European Satellites
1948-49 and-1951-52 through 1953-54
(Continued)
PreWar = 100 ft./
? Country 1948-49 1951-52 1952-53 1953-54
Poland
98
99
98
100
Rumania
97
97
, 80
83
?
a. 1935-39 average.
Despite a slight increase in the per capita consumption of food
in 1953-54 over 1952-530 the caloric intake for the European Satellites
is still below the prewar level. Also, as shown in Table 8, except for
East Germany Wad Poland, the 1953-54 consumption is below the l9'8+9
level. It has been estimated. that by 1948-49 all of the Satellites,
with the possible exception of East Germany, had very nearly regained
prewar food consumption levels following the adverse effects of World
War II on agricultural production.
It was about 1949 that most of the Satellite governments in-
augurated. their long-range economic plans, with emphasis on industri-
alization and socialization of agriculture. One phase of the plans
promised the people an increase in their standard of living (food
consumption being a major share of such an increase). This phase of
the plan has met with failure (see Table 8) as is confirmed by the in-
auguration of the new course in the fall of 1953 by the various
Satellites. About the only favorable accomplishment of the Satellite
governments, with reference to the postwar food supply as compared
with the prewar, is that distribution between various sectors of the
population has become more nearly equal, particularly with the improved
status of those previously unemployed and of formerly landless
peasants. 11/
The East Germans and Rumanians, as in 1952-53, are again ex-
periencing a greater shortage of foods than are people in the other
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Satellites.* These two Satellites are also the only ones which have
not discontinued the coupon rationing system for staple foods -- the
other Satellites are using prices as a lever for rationing foods.
Although the 1953-54 daily per capita caloric intake is slightly
greater than in 1952-53, it is still 15 percent below the prewar rate
In both Rumania and East Germany.
East Germany is again faced with a shortage of potatoes and
pulses. 12/ PrOduetion'of these commodities in 1953 was not much
better than in 1952, and the peasants are not fulfilling delivery
quotas. Ab a'result Of the announcement of the new course in East
Germany) the farmer apparently has gained courage to resist com-
pulsory delivery quotas.** Deliveries of.grains) meat, potatoes, and
dairy products are lagging. 151 This has created much concern in
government citclea, 1g for it reduces the ability of the government
to control adequately distribution and prices of foodstuffs purchased
by the industrial labor force. Meat and fat shortages may became more
severe in East Germany, if some of the Satellites do not fulfill trade
agreements. .
Large cities in Rumania were reported 11/ to have had shortages
of meat, dairy products,. and cooking oil as early as October 1953.
There is no reason to believe that any improvement can be expected .
before next :fall. A corn crop failure in 1952 forced excessive
slaughtering of meat animals in the fall of 1952) and animals &laugh-
tered.in the fall of 1953 were at lighter weights. The peaaant, in
order to fatten his hogs, must carry them for approximately a year
before they attain marketable weight. This would mean fewer hogs
brought to market during the 1953-.54 consumption year and a resultant
decrease in meat consumption.
The main objective of the new course is to raise living
standards. Increases in the consumption of animnl products are con-
templated as a part dr the food contribution to raising living
standards. .No significant improvement, however, will occur during.
1953-54 in meat supplies) and in most countries a decrease in per
capita consumption of meat and animal fats will take place. Also) as
a result of deratidning).the worker is.now.paying a higher price
* Albania is not considered; some sector of the population is
annually fated With food shortages.
** There is evidence which indicates peasant resistance to delivery
quotas also in Czechoslovakia 11/ and Hungary.112/
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for his food, which may well increase his cost of living and his dis-
satisfaction with the regime.
C. Quality and Variety of Diet.
1. Distribution of Total Calories Consumed.
The European Satellites have always been large consumers
of bulky carbohydrate foods -- cereals and potatoes. During 1953-54,
in such underdeveloped countries as Albania, Bulgaria, and Rumania,
cereals and potatoes contributed approximately 85 percent of the total
calories consumed. In the more highly industrialized countries of
East Germany and Czechoslovakia, cereals and potatoes made up 62 per-
cent and 63 percent, respectively, of the total calories. consumed in
1953-54. The percentage contribution of selected foods to total
caloric intake in the European Satellites, 1952-53 and 195354, is
shown in Table 9.*
Sugar plays a relatively small role in the Satellite diet. .
Only in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary is more than 7 per-
cent of the total calories consumed contributed by sugar.
Meat) a high-protein food desirable for industrial
workers, is'one measure of the quality of an individual!s diet. .De-
spite, however, a sizable postwar increase in the Satellitedndustrial
labor forces, only in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary does
meat contribute 5 percent or more of the diet. Czechoslovakia shows
the highest contribution -- 8 percent. Adding milk and animal fats
to the meat percentage for Czechoslovakia, a total of 22 percent of
the total calories was contributed by animal products. This is the
highest percentage of any European Satellite in 1953-54. In Western
Europe** the contribution of 'animal products in 1950-51 ranged
between 28 and 35 percent of caloric consumption. 1L3/
The proportion of the diet made up by fats and oils in
calorie consumption ranks. next to cereals and potatoes. The smallest
proportion is in Bulgaria, Rumania, Poland, andy4lbania, where fats
and oils contribute less than 10 percent of the caloric intake. East
* Table 9 follows on p. 28.
** Including Austria, West Germany, France, and the Netherlands.
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Table 9
Percentage Contribution of Selected Foods to Total Caloric Consumption
in the European Satellites
Prewar, 1952-53, and 1953-54
Foods
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Cereals
Prewar 21
81
83
51
38
62
50
82
1952-53
87
83
54 '
52
67
57
81
1953-54
86
86
53
50
65
58
82
Sugar
Prewar 2/
3
2
9
9
6
2
1952-53
2
2
7
7
8
6
1
1953-54
- 3
2
10
7
9
6
2
Potatoes
Prewar El
Negligible 12/
1 :
11
15
9
22
1952-53
Negligible
Negligible
11
13
4
19
2
1953-54
Negligible
1
10
12
6
20
2
Mnat .
-
?Dewar Lt./
3
5
6
10
6
6
4
1952-53
2
I.
10
lo
6
5
5
1953-54
2
3
8
7
5
4
2
Fats and Oils
Prewar 2/
13
8
14
20
13
9 '
5
1952-53
9
7
11
II
10
8
6
1953-54
9
6
12
18
11
7
6
a. 1935-38 average
b. Less than 0.5 percent.
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Germany has the largest share of calories consumed by fats and oils,
18 percent of the caloric intake.
2. Trends.
Cereals and potatoes make up a greater share of the
calories in 1953-54 than in the prewar period. This has been true
since World War II. During a war and in immediate postwar years, it
Is normally expected that reduced consumption of fats and livestock
products and their substitutes, where supplies are available, will be
made up by increased consumption of cereals and potatoes. After 7 or
8 years of postwar recovery a return to prewar consumption ratios
would normally have occurred. Western Europe returned to prewar
levels by 1949-50, but the European Satellites have yet to attain
their prewar standards.
The general trend in the European Satellites has been to
substitute cereals for quality foods. Before World War II, cereals
accounted for 38 percent of the East German diet; they now account
for 50 percent. This increase in cereals makes up for the loss of
potatoes and animal products in the diet. The decline in palatability
has been accompanied, not only in East Germany but everywhere, by a
decline in the energy value .of the total food consumed.
No significant improvement in the quality of the diet in
the European Satellites can be expected for the next few years under
present agricultural policies. Animal productivity will continue low
because 61' the short fodder supply and lack of improvement in the
breeding stock. In addition, more production incentives than pre-
sently exist will have to be introduced in order to encourage the
peasant to increase his capital investment in livestock.
D. Food Requirements.
In most of the European Satellites the economic demand for
practically all types of foods has increased since the prewar
period. This increase has been a result of reduced unemployment,
increased urbanization and industrialization, and land reforms. The
foods in most demand are animal products and vegetables.
Increases in industrial employment 12/ over prewar levels
throughout the Satellites have greatly increased the demand for animal
.products; the living standards of employed industrial workers in
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these countries are muchligher than the liVing 'standards of the un-
employed and agricultural population, from which 'Manpower for in-
dustrial expansion was recruited. 22/
The. demand for animal products has not been satisfied; the
output of animal prodpota is beloW Prewar levels and as in-
dicated in the food balances -- per Capita consumption is also
below prewar levels. Thus, maintenance-of a balancebetween demand -
for and supply of animal products, anA alSo other fOodg,",in years of '
bad harvests is a key problem of the Satellite governments 'in their.
industrializationprogram.
The new course as introduced throughout EaSterh Europe
recognizes the importance of meeting consumer demands for food-
stUffs. 21/ As a result the lag in agricultural PrbdUction has
affected the rate of. industrial expansion. To improve the supply
of animal prOducts; the major emPhasis.forthe net-2'yeare has been
placed upon increasing investment in the field of animal husbandry '
and in related fields.
.... ? ,
The Satellite plans can for anHincrease in animil numbers
and animal productivity commensurate with, br.slightly better than,
prewar levels by the end of 1955. Should this be acadiMplished,
which is considered highly unlikely, the demand for antmal.products
would still not be met adequately,, for economic requireMents have in-
creased significantly 'over the preWar level2 . ?
In addition tO-animal'produets, Sugar, cerealg, and potatoes
have not always been in adequate supply. In years of a-short '
harvest, stocks have not been large enough to Permit the Satellite
governments to'meet requirements'. As a country becomes more urbanized,
larger stocks must be carried from year to year to soften the effects
of a shortfall in crop production. In the European Satellitea? how-
ever, the shortage of storage facilities and low level of agricultural
production has prevented adequate accumulation of civilian regerves.
The Satellite governments Will be unable to satisfy from in-
,
digenous'production the demands of urban workers for animal products
during the next 2 years. Czechoslovakia and East Germany maY',
through imports, show the greatest progress if they are sincere in
implementing their new course. . ? .
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E. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions..
.1.' .Capabilities.
The food situation in the European Satellites has worsened ?
during the past 3 years as a result of decreased agricultural produc- -
tion. As a result the food supply of the industrial worker has shown
no improvement and. is thought to have deteriorated.' Government pro-
curement-And.marketing systems have not functioned efficiently, and
the city dweller has been subjected to shortages and high prices of
foods. Dissatisfaction of the workers has contributed to a lag in
industrial productivity.
?
Under present government policies, no immediate improvement
in the food supply is likely. The military capabilities of the Satel-
lites have been affected by dissatisfied industrial workers and peas-,
ants and by a decrease in the productivity of agriculture. The new
course is an attempt to eliminate this dissatisfaction. ?
? 2. 'Vulnerabilities.
In Eastern Europe, weather is very unreliable,- and agri-
cultural planning.is'precarious. It isnot unusual to have one bad -
harvest outof every three. In times of a shortfall-in production,
the urban population has been the one to suffer.. With the. increase. ?
in urbanization of most of the Satellites and a lower proportionate
Increase in stocks) the control of food supplies-is-made difficult:
The peasant has been a continual thorn in the side of the Satellite
governments, and his cooperation in time of war: could not be-relied-
upon.
' Czechoslovakia -and East Germany are now.importing.meat,
animal- fats', and vegetable oils from the West. This has been done :
because indigenous production and Soviet Bloc imports cannot satisfy
the demands-ofthe industrial labor force. In sddition, both of --
these countries are importing large quantities of- grain from the -
Bloc If cut off from Western imports the food supply to-the labor -
force would be seriously reduced and, in turn, would adversely
affect labor productivity and Industrial production.
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3. Intentions.
The only positive indication of a Satellite intention to
wage war) as interpreted from food balances, would be sizable additions
to state reserves of foodstuffs. There is no evidence of such addi-
tions in 1953-54.
Three out of the past 4 years* have produced below-normal
harvests which restricted additions to state reserves and actually
forced some releases to satisfy partially non-self-supplier require-
ments.
The new course, which has increased investments in the
food industry and agriculture at the exPense of heavy industry and in-
dustries more directly related to capabilities to wage war, could be
Interpreted as a sign of negative intentions.
IV. Communist China.
Communist China is the largest of the Soviet Bloc countries, in
terms of population) and is second largest in terms of area.** Although
it is an agricultural country, its level of food consumption has always
been relatively low by Western standards.*** Even by the standsrds Of
the Soviet Bloc countries, China's food intake is low. In the Soviet
Bloc) only Albania has a lower ingestion of total calories.
Basically, the Chinese diet is composed of plant foods.. Grains
are the largest component of the diet, both in absolute weight and in
their contribution to total calories.
Regionally, the Chinese Communist diet varies according to the
type of grain that can best be grown in a particular area. While
China can be divided into several regions, it is sufficient to re-
cognize two major agricultural zones, 22/ the rice zone -- ill which
is grown the largest grain crop of China -- and the wheat zone -- in
which is grown the second largest grain crop. The dividing line be-
tween these agricultural zones is moughly the 32nd parallel. To the
* 1951 was normal or above for postwar. '
** In this report, China includes the 22 provinces of China proper
and the area formerly called Manchuria. It excludes the Autonomous
Regions of Tibet and Mongolia.
*** In terms of total calories ingested.
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south of this parallel is grown the bulk of the rice crop and to the
north the bulk of the wheat.
A. Food Availability.
1. Production.
The 1953 food production in Communist China was affected
by adverse weather. The winter crops, especislly wheat, suffered from
severe frost and hailstorms, 21/ The planting of summer crops in
North China was delayed by a spring drought. EL/ South of the Yangtze,
a wet spring delayed 'the transplanting of rice and led to the rotting
of young plants.
?
At the close of the crop year, however, production was
apparently not impaired to the degree the sPring reports might have
Indicated. Although yields of both rite and wheat were lower than -in
the previous year, the area sown to these crops was greater than in
the previous year. On balance the total production of these crops was
slightly greater (0.5 percent) than in 1952.
As the acreage of grains Other than rice and wheat Is not
known to have been expanded, the adverse weather of 1953 probably would
have its greatest impact on these other grains. The production of
other grains in 1953 has been shown as declining about 6 percent from
the 1952 level. This estimated decline is supported) in part, .by the
Communist announcement that in the North China Administrative Region
the decline in total grain output from 1952 to 1953 was 7 percent.
The food balance tables* show that grains contribute
approximately three-quarters of the total calories. It is apparent,
therefore, that conclusions about grain production are most in-
fluential in any assessmentof general food availability. On balance
the total grain productiOn in Communist China in 1953 was About 2 per-
cent lower than in 1952. The production of oilseeds and their -
derivative oils in 1953 increased significantly (7 percent) over the
1952 level. Potato Production alsb increased, and animal products
were in slightly greater supply.
In sum, the food production of Communist China, pn a_
gross weight basis, was about equal in 1953 tothe production of Med.
* See Appendix A.
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in 1952. This statement, of course, applies to those foods shown on
the food balance -- which does not include all foods. Only those foods
are included for which data are available or for which statistical con-
vention will support inclusion.
2. Trade.
A large proportion of the volume of Communist China's ex-
ports is in food items.* Formerly a net importer of grains, it has
now reversed that position to become a net exporter. In 1953-54, how-
ever, grain exports-played only a? small role) in a quantitative sense,
in affecting indigenous consumption. The 1953-54 grain exports
amounted to 22 calories per capita per day, roughly 1 percent of the
final caloric intake per capita per day.
Communist China's other major export crop is oilseeds. In
the prewar era the-oilseeds exported amounted to 47 calories per capita
per day, more than 2 percent of the final caloric intake-per capita
per day. _Production of oilseeds in 1953-54 was about 96 percent of the-
prewar level) and exports were likewise lower in 1953-54.** In 1953-54,
exports of oilseeds amounted to 33 calories per capita per day., less
than 2 percent of the final caloric intake per .capita per day.
Except for the grains and oilseeds the exports of all other
foods are unimportantas far as food availability is concerned. They
amount to about 1 calorie per capita per day.
Even less important are imports of food. The only net.In-
port shown on the food balances is sugar. This import adds less than
one-half a calorie per day to the-average.Chinese Communist diet.
When all exports are added, it is found that in 1953-54
Communist China exported about 56 calories per capita per day. This
would amount to-roughly 3 percent of the caloric intake per capita
per day.
4
These estimates indicate that exports of food are rel-
atively unimportant insofar as total food.availabilities in Communist -
China are concerned. In another sense, these exports are quite
* On the basis of weight rather than of value.
** Exports of the derivative oils are higher in 1953-54 than in the
prewar period.
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important. .China must export in order to obtain iMports of capital
goods. ,With a total export volume of between 3.85 and 4.85 million
tons; food exports are a substantial component by weight, representing
more than half of the total.* 2?./ It is probably true also that in
Chine food exports are of some importance as a psychological factor.
Exports of food, even where quantitatively small in terms of the total
diet, are likely to arouse resentment when the total diet is nct a
liberal one. There are indications in Chinese Communist propaganda
that attempts are being made to minimize the importance of exports of
food to the USSR. 22/
3. Changes in Stocks.
Very little is known about food stocks in Communist China.
Oa the food balances the assumption has been made that movements-into
and out of stocks have canceled from year to year. This assumption
is probably in error, but where the magnitude of net stock movements
are unknown it is probably better to .use this assumption than to
assign arbitrary quantities to Year-to-year net movements. This con-
clusion is based on the .probability that the error Incurred under the
assumption will be less than the assigning of an incorrect sign (plus
or minus) to net stock movements. In any case the magnitude of the
error under the assumption involved should not be large in terms of
total production.
A few statements are possible about certain factors 4n -
the possible stock position of' communist China .on a yearto-year
basis. Let it be assumed that takes ranged between 15 and 20 per-
cent on a gross average basis and that this tax was largely collected
in grain../ In 1952-53 this would work out as a tax collection of
from 16.8 to 22.4 million tons of grain. In 1953-54 the comparable
figures are 16.5 and 22.0 million tons. Over and. above these levels,
there was an unknown amount of procurement purchasing by the govern-
ment. 22/
* These are 1952-53 data.- It -is probably true that exports of food
commodities are not as important a part of total exports when
measured in value as opposed to weight. Agtidultural commodities
shipped in international trade are generally bulk items of relatively'
low value per unit of weight. -
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There are indications that the Chinese Communists plan
to stockpile about 16 to 20 million tons of grain by 1957. 22/
This agrees roughly with the calculations of 1 year's tax collection
and does not appear to be an unattainable goal. To stockpile 16 to
20 million tons of grain in the period from 1952 to 1957 would in-
dicate an average net addition to stocks Of from 3.2 to 4.0 million
tons per year.
It is doubtful, however, that the Communists have
succeeded in withdrawing these quantities from either the 1952 or
1953 crops. This conclusion is based on several fragments of
evidence -- spring famine reports in 1953 indicate that the govern-
ment chose to ship relief grains to famine areas 21/; a statement in
the Jen-Men Jih-Pao that "despite the past three years of 'bumper'
harvests, the reserves are not large enough to cope with natural dis-
asters" 22/; and the fact that the state is now, responsible for the
marketing of grain to supply same 200 million people.* 22/ None of
these statements is conclusive, but they do support the presumption
that there is only a narrow margin between the demandS upon the state
and the total supply available to the state.
B. Food Consumption.
The natiOnai average per
China in 1953-54** fell slightly
sufficiently to affect a rounded
The relationships of these three
capita caloric intake in Communist
from the 1952-53 level but not
index based on prewar caloric intake.
periods are aS.follows:
Index of Calories per Capita per Day
Prewar Food Balance
100
1952-53 Food Balance
97
1953-54 Food Balance
97
* That is, the urban population, farmers producing industrial crops,
forestry, and -- to some extent -- the population engaged in animal -
husbandry.
** Research on the 1953-54 food balanCe in Communist China was com-
pleted on 15 June 1954 and is based on the population estimate then
accepted.
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With a slightly lower total production in 1953 the level of
caloric availability was essentially stable as a result of a alight
shift towards the production of higher .calorie foods.
In .1953-5b the average Chinese Communist was at the usual rel-
atively low level of food consumption. The food situation for in-
dividual consumers may have been worse than is reflected by the food
balance average. This could be attributed to poor crop areas, govern-
mental procurement and control of food supplies) and perhaps excessive
exportation of certain specific items.*
Spring famine in different areas of Communist China is not
uncommon. Reportedly) 1952 was the best crop year since the Communists
came to power. Yet in the spring of 1953 there were spotty widespread
food shortages that in some areas were severe enough to warrant the
appellation of the term "famine conditions.** 22/
In 1954) spring famines appeared worse and more extensive
than would seem justified by the slight differences in the average .
food availabilities of the 2 years.*** 3.?/ Mere is reason to believe
that the situation appeared worse in the winter and spring of 1953-54
because of an important governmental shift iniood policy. On 19
November 1953 the Government Administrative Council passed a pro-
visional meastire for the governmental control of grain marketing. 21/
Under this measure) private grain merchants. were prohibited from
handling grain except as strictly controlled sales agents for the
state. 2?/ As part of this food control policy, rationing was in-
troduced in many cities in the late fall of 1953.**** 12/ Food
shortages in the spring of 1954 thus appear worse than in the spring
of 1953 because of at least three factors -- slightly lower crop
production in 1953 associated with uneven incidence of crop failures,
a tougher government policy in the control and conservation of food-
stuffs, and the supply lags and inefficiencies associated with state
marketing.
* Peanuts, for example; shortages of cooking oil were reported as
early as December 1953. 111/
** Estimates were made that 15 million people were bailly affected
In 6 provinces, 6 million seriously.
*** Estimates indicate that perhaps 10 percent of the rural popula-
tion was affected by severe food shortages (35 to 40 million people).
4HORF Harbin, Peiping, Tientsin,
Shanghai) and Canton.
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C; ?Quality 'arid Variety of Diet.
The Chinese diet Is-largely made up of plant .foods; grains con'
tribute over 70 percent of the total calories. The adequacy of this
diet in -texts of- nutrition is .difficult to. evaluate . It would seem
evident that the -energy. intake (at about 2,000 visible calories).is too
low for optimum functioning, even allowing for lower body weights-and
basal.metabolisms . ? Protein deficiencies are-probably important and)
in 'the early .years of' life, a. factor in increasing mortality in .
children. 10/ Calcium is probably the most crucia.1 deficiency among -
the minerals, and. vitamin deficiencies are probably important. The
latter would be especially important in urban populations where the
grains .are more highly refined and opportunities for producing vege-
tables in private gardens are limited. ?
? ..
Caloric contributions of selected foods to the Chinese
Communist diet) prewar) 1952-53, 'and 1953-54, are shown in Table 10.
Trends in the consumption of selected foods' in Communist China,
1952-53 and 1953-54, are shown in Table 11.! . ,
?
Table 10 .
Caloric Contributions. of _Selected Foods .
? to the Chinese Communist Diet .
. Prewar, 1952-53) and 1953-54
Percentages of Total-.Calories.
Food
?
. Prewar
? - ?
2952-53
1953-54'
-Wheat .
16.0
- 15.6.
15.5
- ' ? Other Grains
23.6%
.24.7
23.4
Rice
35.1
33.0
33.5
? Total All Grains ?
?? ?.7.2:1
. 72.4
Potatoes
- ? 3.4 --
- 5.5
5.6
Oilseeds
. 5:2
5.5
6.0..
Meat) Eggs, Fish 2/*
. 3.9 .
3.7
,. 3.7.
* Footnote for Table 10 follows on .p. 39. ..
* Table fl foLlows on p. 39.
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Table 10
Calorie Contributions of Selected Foods
to the Chinese Coraraunist Diet
Prewar, 1952-53, and 1953-54
(Continued)
Percentages of Total Calories
' Food Prewar 1952-53 1953-54
Fats and Oils 5.6 5.2 5.4
Other 7.2 6.8 ' 6.9
Total Other Than Grains 25.3 26.7 27.6
Total Calories 100.0 100.0 100.0
a. Excluding fat and fat cuts of pork, which are listed
with fats and oils.
Table 11
Trends in the Consumption of Selected Foods
in Communist China
1952-53 and 1953-54 .
Changes in Calories from Prewar
1952-53 1953-54
Prewar ,
(Total Total Net Total Net
Food Calories) Calories Change Calories Change
Wheat '
330
312
-18
309
.-21
Other Grains
486
495
4:9
465
-21
Rice
721
660
-61
665
-56
Total All Grains
1,537
1,467
-70
1,439
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Table 11
.Trends in the Consumption of Selected Foods
in Communist China ?
1952-53 and 1953-54
(Continued)
Changes in Calories from Prewar
Food
Prewar
(Total
Calories)
1952-53
1953-54
Total
Calories
Net
Change
Total
Calories
. --
Net
Change
Potatoes
70
110
+40
112
+42
Oilseeds
106
110
+ 4
120
+14
Meat, Eggs, Fishy
80
74
-6
86
-6
Fats and Oils
116
104
-12
125
- 9
Other Foods
148
136
-12
136
-12
Total Foods Other
Than Grains
520
534
+14
549
?22
Total All
Calories
2,057
2,001
.L5J_
1,988
-69
a. Excluding fat and fat cuts of pork, which are listed with fats
and oils.
There are no outstanding trends in Communist China in the diet
as between the different time periods. The grains contributed fewer
calories to the total diet in 1952-53 and 1953-54 than in the prewar
days, and potatoes contributed a larger proportion of calories over
the same period. Insofar as this has occurred, it represents a
deterioration in the Chinese diet. Oilseeds, on the other hand, have
'became relatively more important. This represents a dietary improve-
ment, as the oilseeds are important carriers of proteins as well as
fats. There has been, however, a cmFill decline in total energy in-
take, and this is probably more important than its absolute size
might indicate; the general average is low/ and the average for the
whole of Communist China probably covers up regions where even qmpill
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declines place the inhabitants below the subsistence level. The
periodic spring famines in China are proof of this.
D. Food Requirements.
Food requirements in Communist China are difficult to define
because food requirements are relative and may be defined in either an
economic (demand) or physical (necessary levels of energy intake) con-
text.
- It is probably true that inCommunist China requirements will
increase with greater industrialization and urbanization. These in-
creased requirements will involve necessary increases in the absolute
levels of energy intake and probably greater shifts towards the more
favored foods, animal products and vegetables. This has been the ex-
perience of a large number of countries during the period of industri-
alization and economic growth. Ili The increases in requirements are
spoken of as being necessary because the government must allow at
least some of the benefits of economic growth to go to consumers.
Two factors make this necessary: (1) the consumption standards of
the industrial worker must be kept at a level sufficiently above that
of the rural mass to induce .a rural-urban flow and thus assure the
necessary labor force for the industrialization process, and (2) at
leatt a reasonable level of interest and efficiency among the
urbanized workers must be maintained. No effort has been made to k
quantify this view of requirements; to do so would be unjustified.
The range of degrees of application open to the Chinese Communists
is too broad, and the resources for their application are dependent
upon random variables such as weather.
Any conclusions about necessary increases in physical require-
ments associated with industrialization must be approached with
caution. As a matter of judgment) it is probable that the level of
energy intake should increase with the occupational shift of farm
labor to industry if the degree of efficiency in the new occupation
is to be as great As in the previous occupation.
There is a certain amount of evidence to support this assump-
tion. In North Korea, a country on a genernlly lower food standard
than Communist China, the official rations are scaled to occupational
classifications. LIE/ The sample shown below is probably dictated in
part by the economic considerations already mentioned. Considering
the differential between classes 1 and 2 and class 4, however, it -
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appears likely that physiological necessity can be credited with some
influence in establishing the scale. Official per capita per day
grain ration in North Korea:
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Mine Workers
Heavy Laborers) Doctors, Policemen
School Teachers, College Students
Clerical Workers
900 Grams
800 Grams
700 Grams
600 Grams
The 1953-54 food balance for Communiat China shows that
about 410 grams of grain 'are available per person per day as food.
In China, with a higher food standard than North Korea, it would
appear likely that miners and industrial laborers probably get about
1 kilogram of grains per day. This would be slightly more than twice
.the Chinese average. As more of the general population of China is
shifted into industrial classifications, these requirements, which
are in part at least physical ones, will apparently increase.
To this point any increase in over-all food requirements as
a result of population growth has been ignored. It is obvious that
a population increase without a concurrent increase in production or
a shift in the external trade position will lead to a deterioration
in the general average diet.
The failure of the Chinese Communist regime to meet its in-
creased food requirements will have adverse affects on its economic
program. Meeting increased requirements out of the present export
surplus will create the problem of payment for capital imports.
Lowering the: consumption of the peasants for the benefit of the urban
population can be carried only to a certain degree as a solution to
this problem. The limit to this process is reached when the losses
in agricultural production are greater than the? gains from reducing
peasant consumption. In short, this particular problem will be ex-
tremely difficult for the Chinese Communist regime to solve.
The Chinese Communists, of course, recognize that food pro-
duction increases are the desirable solution to their problem. LI/
To date, however, their agricultural plans and goals have had little
correlation with what might be expected to be accomplished. The
Chinese Communists claim that food production in 1952 was 160 mil-
lion tons. IS The First Five Year Plan (1953-57) goal, for the crop
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year of 1957, is food production 30 percent in excess of the 1952 out-
put, or 208 million tons. L2/ They also hope that after two Five Year
Plans, "or a little longer than that," to attain or approach the goal
of the annual production of from 275 to 300 million tons of food.
The achievement of a 6-percent increase in production by the end of
1957 would be a major accomplishment.* The Five Year Plan target
appears exceptionally unrealistic.
What little is available on year-to-year goals indicates the
same optimism in planning. In 1953 the goals announced in February
were to increase grain output by 109 percent over 1952. LiL3/ By
September this goal of grain output had been adjusted downward to
2
106 percent of 1952. 4 According to the food balance estimates,
grain production in 1953 was 98 percent of 1952.
E. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
1. Capabilities.
In Korea the Chinese Communists have demonstrated their
capability to carry on a localized conflict with food supplies now
available to them. It is generally agreed that the war unfavorably
affected the rate of their industrial program. They were 'capable,
however, of absolute increases in the export of foodstuffs con-
current with the Korean conflict. The food balance in 1953-54
indicates that approximately the same level of capability is
available to them as far as food is concerned. With a normal crop
year in 1954 and the willingness to accept some check in the rate
of industrial development, the general food situation indicates the
capacity to carry out a conflict at least an extensive as that in
Korea on those perimeters of the country where transport is not
the limiting factor.
* This general bench mark of a 6-percent increase over the Five
Year Plan period is based on Jasny's estimate of growth in Soviet
agricultural production from the end of the New Economic Policy
(1928) to the end of two Five Year Plans in the USSR. Jasny esti-
mates an average increase in gross agricultural production of 12 per-
cent over the decade 1928-38. 1E/ Any analogy between China and the
USSR over different time periods must be regarded with reserve. But,
If anything, careful weighting of the various dissimilar factors in
the two countries leads to the judgment that the rate of growth in
production in the USSR is greater than China is likely to achieve.
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- 2. ? Vulnerabilities.
In the event of hostile action the food level of the
average Chinese Communist is such that the interdiction of internal
food movements would result in local shortages) or more likely, local
famines. This does not mean, however, that such concurrences would
affect the capability to wage war. The control over the nation's
supply of food is such that the government can divert food to military
end uses at the expense of the population. The ultimate effects of a
policy of ignoring population distress over food shortages are un-
known. The apparently low level of strategic stockpiles coupled with
the relatively low average food availability in China indicates that
a disastrous crop year through either natural or man-created causes
would represent a considerable setback to the Chinese Communist cap-
abilities,
The interdiction of food imports by hostile aetion, either
by economic sanctions or by naval blockade, will not affect the food
position adversely. Insofar as hostile Western action might decrease
Chinese exports of grains and oilseeds, it would tend to improve levels
of food availability in Communist China.
3. Intentions.
In the Chinese Communist balances there are no definable
indications of intentions. The Chinese have programmed stockpiles of
grain for a number of eventualities. There is no evidence of extreme
stockpiling efforts that might indicate that the Chinese Communists
are planning major military activity.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
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Table 12
GEM: Esti:mate: of Pool Supplieo
Consumption Tear 1938-39
(Population: 192,300,CCO)50/
Thounand Metric Tons (Except Where noted)
1
2
3
5.
6
7
8
9 10
11 12 13
14
Utilization 0 _/
Supply
Nonfood Uses
Fool availabilities
?
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade s/
Changes
Retraction
Total
(+Import)
in
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total Rate
Net
Kilograma
Calories Calories
Ccecodity
Production
(-Export)
Stocks V
Supply
Waste
Feed
trial
Petal
Gross 12trse,S
Fcol
per Year
per Day Fer Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
33,100
- 81g
+1,COD
31,230
7,103
570
.4c0
8,070
23,160 85
19,696
102.4
982
3.500
RY0
19,300
-
? 400
18,840
4,000
hco
4,400
14,440 85
32,274
63.8
596
3,410
Subtotal
52,4C0 ticr-
iN
+ 1.
50,070 50,070
na um
2.M
800
12,1470
332?_co
1,9E0
166.2
1,578
Barley
8,900
8,2C0
1,603
5,600
503
7,720
500 65
325
1.7
3.6
3,320
Oats
15,700
- 80
15,620
3,700
11,720
15,420
2C0 45
90
0.5
5
3,850
Corn
4,000
- 290
3,710
300
1,610
1,000
8co 93
744
3.9
38
3,600
Other 2/
7,600
? 500
7,100
1,500
500
5,100 90
4,590
23.9
223
3,1110
Total Grainsej2
6,C0 at - 2. 2t/
+
4. la81,2?M
18.L03...
20. /
Za, g/ taiin 4a,L.00 2.7./
214122
121:2
'a
2,207 0/ - 50 22/
Sugar (Refined)
2,157
2,167
2,167
11.2
119
3,870
Potatoes
73,838 s/
73,838
23,000
21,0036L3/
1,300 Elf 45,300
28,538
28,538
148.4
285
TOO
Meat
Beef sal Veal
1,422
1,422
1,422
1,422
7.4
29
1,450
Pork
1,614
1,614
1,614
1,614
8.4
69
3,CCO
Footnotes for Table 12 follow on p. 48.
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Table 12
USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
' Consumption Year 1938-39
(Population: 192,300,000) 50/
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization W
Nonfood Uses Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade a/ Changes Extraction Total
(+Import) in Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories ,
Commodity Production (-Export) Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent) Food per Year per Day per Kilogram 2/
Meat
(Continued)
Mutton and Goat 429 429 .429 429 2.2 6 1,070
Total Meat 3,465 y 3 465 3 465 18.0 lo4
' Fats and Oils 2./
Butter 250 5 245 245 245 1.3 26 7,160
Slaughter Fats 515 86 86 429 429 2.2 47 7,800
Edible Vegetable Oils 858 - 20 838 308 308 530 530 2.8 68 8,1140
Marine Oil 3 3 3 9,020
Vegetable Oilseeds 5,608 997 leo 4,4261 5,158 450 450 2.3 18 2,8140
Total Fats and oils 8.6 la
Fish (landed Weight) 1,600hi 448 448 1,152 1,152 6.o 8 500
6V
8114 (Whole) 28,816 y 2,600 ?2/ - 2,600 25,800 25,800 134.2 221 600
Total Calories Per
Day 2,755
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Methodology ,Appendix B.
c. Trade statistics for individual grains for Soviet (prewar boundaries) and adjusted to postwar boundaries. .
d. Does not include carry-over or channel stacks, thus should be classified as state reserves. (+) denotes addition to state reserves and ded.uction from total supply; (-) denotes
deduction from state reserves and addition to total supply. '
e. Includes millet, buckwheat, rice, spelt, meslin, and pulses. Although pulses (legumes) are not conventionally included in grain statistics, the Soviet practice is to include
pulses such as peas, lentils, and broad beans.
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Table 13
USSR: Estimate of Focd Supplies a/e
Commotion Year 1952-53
(Population: 210,800,000)S6
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2
3
11
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.1 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization 12/
Nonfood Uses
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade 9j
Changes
Extraction
Total
ComeolitY
Production
(+Import)
(-Export)
in. ,
Stocks 2/
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Peed
Indus-
trial
Total
Total
Gross
Rate
(Percent)
Net
Food
Kilograms
per Year
Calories
per Day
Calories c,,,
per Kilogram W
Grains
Wheat
38,800
- 1,800
+1,600
35,400
7,903
1,600
SOO
12:?gg
17g:1;
982
3,500
RIfe
22,1C0
? 200
21,503
3,703
400
r/::
11;:
t:13g
656
3,410
Subtotal
gain
- 2,200
? 1,800
56,900
3.1 60o
1 6co
M
14 3.00
42 boo
36,380
172.6
1,638
Barley
7,603
- 700
6,9co
1,200
4,503
700
6,400
5co
65.0
325
1.5
14
3,320
Onto
14,300
- 103
14,200
3,000
11,000
14,003
200
45.0
SO
0.4
4
3,850
Corn
3,030
- 100
2,900
230
1,100
1,000
2,300
603
93.0
558
2.6
26
3,600
Other
6,000
? 200
5,800
1,3C0
500
4,000
90.0
3,620
171
160
3,410
Total Grains
Eq222 ES 1-.L222
II12221/
22,222
arm
24222
-/-.1/.2-00 12/
4422 itass
1E11
1 843
Sugar (Refined)
2,300 2/
+ 113
? 200 2/
2,213
2,213
10.5
1.1.1
3,870
Potatoes
69,700 2/
a 200 2/
69,900
21,500
11,000
1,700
34,203
35,700
35,700
169.4
325
Meat
Beef and Veal
1,615
120
2/
1,735
1,735
1,735
8.2
33
1,1150
* Footnotes for Table 13 follow on p. 50.
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Table 13
USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 210,800,000)/
(continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
3 It 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Utilization 12/
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade a/ Changes EMtraction Total
(+Import) in , Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Moan= Calories Calories
Commodity Production (-Export) Stocks IN Supply Waste Feed ' trial Total Gross (Percent) Food per Year per Bay per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
1
Pork
1,275
+
120
24
1,395
1,395
1,395
6.6
54
3,000
Mutton and. Goat
645
+
60
2/
705
705
705
3.3
10
1,070
Total Neat
3,639 12/
+
300
ii.31
3,835
3,835
18.2
22
Fats and Oils 71/
?
Butter
379
+
10
369
369
369
1.8
35
7,160
gla?chter Fats
465
+
45
+
10
500
73
73
427
427
2.0
43
7,800
Edible Vegetable Oils
1,033
+
78
+
25
1,086
430
430
656
656
3.1
75
8,840
Marine Oil
40
+
23
63
12
12
51
51
0.2
5
9,020
Vegetable Oilseeds
5,527
+
750
24
6,277
660
me
5,017
5,907
300
300
1.4
11
2,840
?
Total Fats and Oils
169
Fish (Landed Weight)
2,380
+
40
24
2,420
670
670
1,750
8.3
LI
500
Milk (Whole)
5/
18,300 a
1,950
16,350
77.6
128
600
-
Total Calories
per Day
2,683
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Methodology, Appendix B.
c. I I Intra-Soviet Bloc trade is not considered complete.
d. Estimated. ?
e. Unknown quantity believed to be set aside as reserves.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 14
USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies 5/0.
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 214,200,000)7s
Thoussol Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Ccenolity
1
2
3
b
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13
lb
SuPPlY
Utilization 12/
Phenol
Uses
Food Availabilities
Production
Net Trade b/
(+Import)
(-Export)
Changes
in ?
Stacks 2/
Total
Supply
Seed aol
Foote
Feed
Indus-
trial
Total
Total
Gross
Extraction
Rate
(PerS.
85.0
85.0
65.0
45.0
93.0
90.0
80.0
Total
net
Food
Per Capita (net)
Kilograms
per Year
Calories
per Day
Calories ?a,
per Kilogram sr
Grains
Wheat
Rye
Subtotal
Barley
Oats
Com
Other
Total Grains
Sugar (Refined)
Potatoes
Heat
Beef and Veal
34,700
18,7C0
53,400
-1,5C0
- 3C0
,- 1 SOO
+3,000
? 3320
1/m202
+ 200
+1,000
+ 203
Pi
cJ
36,203
18,700
54,900
8,100
3,603
11,700
1,500
1,500
503
500
1,000
10,100
4,100
14 200
26,103
14,600
83,70)
22,185
12,410
)4,595
103.6
57.9
161.5
993
541
1,534
3,500
3,410
3,320
3.850
3.600
3,810
3.870
?CO
1.450
6,700
11;903
2,600
6,1001o5
80,700 Thi
600
: ico
100
iiiim..sny
+ 220
+ MO
+ 110
6,300
11,8c0
3,500
6,000
is=
2,520
66,600
1,510
1,400
3,1303
300
1,800
aLL03
21,230
3.700
8,600
1,600
6co
lai(LCO
700 5)8c0 500
11,600 200
1,C00 2,900 600
2,000 8,000
2.in La 'SOO
2,520
1,800 32,500 34,100
1,510
325
90
558
3,600
?12a
2,520
34,100
1.5
0.4
2.6
16 .8
182.8
14
4
26
157
2,500 12/
66,400 .12/
1,400
9,503
11.8
159.2
7.0
..2a22a
125
305
28
Footnotes for Table 14 follow on p. 52,
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Table 14
USSR: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 214,200,000) 73/
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9
10
11 12 13 \ 14
suuul3r
Utilization 191
Nonfood Uses
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade LW Changes
Extraction
Total
Conmodity
Production
rmporl in Total
Stocks 2/ Supply
Seed and Indus-
Waste Feed trial
Total
Total Gross
Rate
(Percent)
Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Food per Year per Day per Kilogram 11.11
Meat
(Continued)
Perk
1,360
+ 110 24 1,470
1,470
6.9 57 3,000
Mutton and Goat
665
+ 60 V 725
725
3.4 10 1,070
'Total Meat
3,425 b/
+ 280 Itn
3,705
Ill a
Fats and Oils
Butter ty
two
20 + 10 370
370
1.7 33 7,160
Slaughter Fats
475
5 + 14 456
58
58 398
1.9 41 7,800
Edible Vegetable Oils
1,246
' + 315 + 25 1,536
630
630 906
4.2 102 8,84o
Marine oil
41
+ 63 + 1 103
12
12 91
0.4 10 9,020
Vegetable Oilseeds
5,929
+ 907 V 6,916
817 75 5,646
6,538 381
1.8 14 2,040
Total Fats and Oils
10.0 200
Fish (Landed Weight)
2,450 h/
+ 60 2,510
690
690 1,820
8.5 12 500
Milk (Whole)
18,303 12/
_18,3oo
2,000
16,500
77.0 . 127 600
Total Calories per
DAY
2,598
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Methodology, Appendix B.
c. Unknown quantity believed to be set aside as reserves.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 15
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies ni.
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 1,000,000) Is/
Thousand Metric Tens (Except Where Noted)
1
2
b
5
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
13'
14
Utilization
selialY
Nonfood Uses 2/
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade
Thanges
Extraction
Total
(.Import)
in
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Rate
Net
Kilograms
Calories
Calories .
City
Production
-Export
.,
Stocks
Sa
Waste
Feed
trial
Total Gross
???
(Percent) IL/
Food
per Year
per Day
per Kilogram 713/
Grain
Wbeet
45.0
+ 1.0
46.0
8.4
0.5
8.9 37.1
'90
33.4
33.4
320
3,500
RYe
4.0
4.0
0.7
Negligible
0.7 3-3
90
3.0
3.0
28
3,410
Subtotal
922
? 1.0
'0.0
21
AL2
2j. 40.4
36.4
3i2l
348
Barley
6.0
6.0
1.0
5.0
6.o
Oats
10.0
10.0
1.8
8.2
10.0
Corn
127.0
.11.0
138.0
7.3
12.7
20.0 118.0
90
166.2
106.2
1,0117
3,600
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
143.0
+11.0
154.0
10.1
S 118.0
106.2
106.2
1,047
Rice
e 3.2
3.2
.?22
3.2
3.2
3.2
32
3,600
Total Grains
192.0
-.15.2
207.2
124
26.4
!...2,6. 161.6
11215./
L4.3.1
Sugar (Refined)
e 4.4
4.4
h.h
,1_214
h.h
h.h si
47
3,870
Potatoes
2.0
2.0
0.7
0.7 1.3
1.3
1.7 a
2
700
Meat
Beef and Veal
3.9
3-9
3-9
3.9
15
1,450
? Footnotes for Table 15 follow on p. 5i.
?
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 15
Albania: Estimate of Foal Supplies si
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 1,000,000) b/-
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
9
lo
11 12 13 14
Utilization
Supply
Nonfood. Uses Si
Food. Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade
Changes
Extraction
Total
Commodity
Production
(+Import)
(-Export)
in ,
Stocks V
Total
Supply
Seed and.
Waste
Indus-
Feed trial
Total
Total
Gross
Rate,
(Percent) L7/
Met Kilograms Calories Calories n,
Food per Year per Day per Kilogram -W7
-
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
0.7
0.7
0.7 0.7 6 3,coo
Matt= and Goat
7.9
7.9
7.9 7.9 23 1,070
Total at
12.5 WU/
12.5
12.5 12.5 44
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
1.3
1.3
1.3 1.3 26 7,160
Slaughter Fats
?7W
0.7
0.7 0.7 15 7,800
Vegetable Oils
2.3
4- 6.0
8.3
0.2
0.2
8.1 8.1 196 8,840
Total pats and oils
4.3 8iy
. 6.o .131/
10.3
0.2
0.2 ES/
10.1 10.1 al
Total Calories per
DEW 1,757
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included..
b. 1 January 1938.
c. See Methodology, Appendix B.
d. noes not include commercial channel stocks. (+) denotes addition to stocks or deduction fraa total supply, and (-) denotes release eras stocks or addition to total
supply.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 15
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies n/
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 1,000,C00) bi
(Continued)
e. See YetbcdoloEy, Appendix B.
f. Residual.
g. See Methodology, Appendix B.
h. Estimates of meat production are made for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter cold average veighta, with as allovance being made
for slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter fats.
The estimates of livestock slaughtered are generally arrived at on the Danis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginning of the
period are added to the estimated crops of young animals to obtain the total supply. From this are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period, and the esti.
mated death losses. The remising numbers are the estimated total livestock slaughtered.
To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the manner explained above, available current information is used as yell as information for the sem country and for
other countries for earlier periods.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 16
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies iL/*
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 1,280,000)
12/ PS
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2 3
14
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Si
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Import)r
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Rate ,
Net
Kilograms
Calories Calories
Commodity
Production
,
(-Export) Stocks
Supply
Waste
Feed
trial
Total
Gross
(Percent) 91
Food
per Year
per Day per Kilogram 22/
Grains if
Wheat
71.0
+117.3 +67.1
121.2
19.1
0.7
19.8
101.4
90
91.3
71.3
684 3,500
Rye
3.0
+ 1.0
4.0
0.8
Negligible
0.8
3.2
90
2.9
2.3
22 3,410
Subtotal
74.0
+118.3 +67.1
125.2
19.9
o.7
20.6
104.6
94.2
73.6
705
Barley
7.0
7.0
2.1
4.9
7.0
Oats
9.0
9.0
2.2
6.8
9.0
Corn
95.0
+ 2.7
97.7
6.8
9.8
16.6
81.1
90
73.0
57.0
562 3,600
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
1211.0
+ 2.7
113.7
11:1
21.5
32.6
81.1
73.0
57-0
562
Bice
3.0
3.0
0.5
0.5
2.5
65
1.6
1.2
12 3,600
Total Grains
188.0 87/
+121.0 tal
2141_=2
31.5
22.2
53.7
188.2
168.8
131.8
1.I.U2
Sugar (Refined)
4.3 8A/
4.3
4.3
4.3
3.4 a
36 3,870
potatoes
2.5 W
2.5
1.7
1.7 12/
0.8
0.8
o.6i
1 700
Haat
Beef and Veal
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.2
9 I,450
Footnotes for Table 16 follow on p. 57.
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Table 16
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies W
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 1,280,000).Y .133/
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except. Where Noted)
1 2 3 b 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
suPP1Y
Utilisation
lb
Nonfood Uses 2/ Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
r in , , Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate , Net Kilograms Calories Calories et,
Cccmcdity Production (-Export)Stocks g Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent) 2/ Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
Pork 0.6 o.6 o.6 0.5 4 3,000
Mutton and Goat 5.5 5.5 5.5 h.3 13 1,070
Total Neat Q299/ 2?2 2,2 Lsi 26
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 14 7,160
Slaughter Fats 0.3 V 0.3 0.3 0.3
Vegetable Oils 3.1 ,1/ ? 2.6 6.2. 0.2 0.2 6.o 6.o 4.7 114 8,840
Total Fate and Oils LI 2?/ + 2.6 II/ aj2,2 LI 2,2 L2 it2 5 .4 128
Total Calories
per Dy ki470
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. 1 January 1953.
c. See Methodology, Appendix S.
d. Does not include ccemercial channel stocks. (r) denotes addition to stocks or deduction from total. supply and (-) denotes release from stacks or addition to total
supply.
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50X1
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Table 16'
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies W
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 1,280,000) b/ 22/
(Continued)
f. In Albania, for many years e cereal requirement, especially wheat, for the urban population has been met mostly from Imports mri ly because of the difficulty of
collection from the producers and of transportation from producers to the consuming urban dwellers. For this reason, it is assumed here that the indigenous production of
wheat is entirely consumed by the rural population.
The imports of grain, which in 1952-53 consisted entirely of wheat,weredistributed (it is assumed) to the urban population at a rate to maintain them at the prewar con-
sumption level. The remainder of the imported grain (it is assumed) was put into stocks.
Net cereal food requirements for the rurel_popblation in terms of thousand tons according to indigenous production amount to 132.5 thousand tons. Of this anamint,net
wheat requirements equal 55.1 thousand tons (71.0 - 19.8% 90).
Net cereal food requirements for urban population In texts of thousand tons according to imports amount to 32.5 thousand tons and are composed entirely of wheat.
It is nasnmed that urban population would be maintained at average prewar calorit levels (1,427) for grain.
This prewar caloric level is convertgd to a wheat base (all urban cereal consumption of urban population was imported wheat) in texts of kilograms of wheat flour per
capita per year.
121-0th--cal
'365 . 141
350 .8 or 149 kilograms per year. ?
TO determine wheat requirements of urban population it is necessary to ascertain the number of urban dwellers on 1 January 1953.
Prewar: 8_6/ Total population 1,003,097 100 percent
Rural population 86E1.397 87 percent
Urban population 134,700 13 percent
1953 urban population determined by the percent Increase of nonagricultural labor force in 1953 over that of 19148 (taken as prewar) and that percent added
to the percent that urban population represented Of total prewar population.
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Table 16
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies at
Consumption Year 1952.53
(Population: 1,280,CCO) bJ 21/
(Continued)
Year Total. Population
Percent
Nonagricultural labor Percent Change
1948 1,175,000 58,000 4.9
1953 1,280,000 136,0G0 10.6 +5.7
Percent prewar urban population - 13 percent
Percent increase of 1953 urban
labor force over 1948 6 percent
Percent 1953 urban population of
total 19 percent
Total January 1953 population (1,280,000) x 19 percent (percent urban dwellers or 1953 total population) equals 243,200 persona.
wheat flour requirements for urban population:
149 kilograms of wheat flour per person per year times 243,203 persona equals 36,237 tons of flour.
Total wheat flour requirements:
Rural requirement? 55,100 tons
Urban requirements 36,200 tons
Total requirements 91,300 tens
Kilograms per capita per year:
91,300 tons . 71.3 kilograms
1,280,CCO
8. Residual.
h. Wrote of 200 tons (5 percent or total production); seed ascertained by applying a seeding rate of 1,500 kilograms 'per hectare to an acreage of 1,000 hectares.
1. Estimates of meat production are mode for each category of livestock. Mese estimates are based on estimated slaughter and average weights, with an allowance being mad
for slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. The latter are shown separate on the balance under slaughter fats.
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Table 16
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-55
(Population: 1,280,000)
(Continued)
The estimates of livestock slaughteredare generally arrived at on the basis ofabalance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginningo the
period are added to the estimated crops of young animals to obtain the total supply. From this is subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the esti-
mated death losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total livestock slaughtered.
To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the manner explained above, available current information is used as well as information for the same country and for
other countries for earlier periods.
J. Includes 500 tons of oilseeds in oil equivalents consumed as seed.
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Thble 17
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies aJ
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 1,300,0130)
Thousand Patric Tans (Except Where Noted
1
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
9 10
II
12
13
14
Utilization
&IPA),
nonfood Uses Ei
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Pet)
Net Trade
Changes
Extraction
Total
(..1m
la
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total Rate ,
net
Kilograms
Calories
Calories n4,
Commodity
Production
(-Export
Stocks 4/
Sung),
Waste
Feed trial
Total
Grose (Percent) Ei
Food
per Year
per Day
per Kilogram4/
Grains
Wheat
103.0
+90.5
+70.4
123.1
20.7
1.0
21.7
101.4 90
91-3
70.2
673
3,500
Rye
3.3
3.3
0.8
negligible
o.8
2.5 90
2.2
1.7
16
3,410
Subtotal
106.1
490.5
-al
126.4
21.5
1.0
M2
211
11.:2
Barley
8.5
8.5
2.2
6.3
8.5
Oats
9.5
9.5
2.2
7.3
9.5
Corn
125.0
125.0
7.7
12.5
20.2
104.8 98
94.3
72.5
715
3,600
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
141.0
143.0
12.1
26.1
104.8
EL2
El
Rice
6.0
-14.0
0.5
0.5
3.5 65
2.3
1.8
18
3,603
?
Total Grains
al E./
4904
+70.4
273.4
313L1..
27.1
61.2
212.2
la.a.
146.2
1,422
=
Sugar (Refined)_
5.0 fi
5.0
5.0
14.5 g/
48
3,870
Potatoes
? 3.6W
3.6
2.0
2.0 Ai
1.6
1.6
L28/
2
700
Meat
Beef and Veal
2.6
Negligible
2.5
2.5
1.9
8
1,650
* Footnotes for Table 17 follow on p. 62.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 17
Albania: Estimate of For Supplies a/.
Consumption Year 953-54
(Population: 1,300,000) y
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2 3
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13 14
Utilization
Supply
Nonfood Uses 2/
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Import) in
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Rate
Net
Kilograms
Calories Calories
,41
Commodity Production
a,
(-Export) Stocks -/
Supply
Waste
Feed trial
Total
Gross
(Percent) V
Food
per Year
per Day per Kilogram
Y=7
Meat
(Continued)
Pork - 0.6
Negligible
0.6
0.6
0.5.
3,000
Mutton and Goat 5.2
Negligible
5.1
5.1
3.9
11 1,070
Total Heat 8.4 100/,
-0.2 101/
8.2
8.2
6.3 g?/
LI
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery) 0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7
14 7,160
Slaughter Fats 0.3 102/
t. 0.5 Negligible
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.4
9 7,800
Vegetable Oils 5.0 EJ
+ 2.0 Negligible
7.0
0.2
0.2
6.8
5.2
126 8,840
Total Fats and Oils 6.2
+ 2.5 LOS. Negligible
8-7
0.5
8.2
LI
11'2
_ Total Calories
per Day
l.6
Preliminary.
1 January 1954 revised population estimate from a midyear to a 1 January base.
See Methodology, Appendix B.
Does not include commercial channel stocks. (+) denotes addition to:I-stocks Or deduction from total supply and (-) denotes release from stocks or addition to total supply. .
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S-E-C-R-E-T ?
'Table 17
Albania: Estimate of Food Supplies 2/
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 1,300,000) 12/
(Continued)
tons x 37.3 Percent 99 . 5,900 tons refined 50X1
g. Residual. bUX1
h. Acreage (1,C00 hectares x yield 38.8 centners per hectare). 3,600 tons.
i. Waste of 200 tons (5 percent of total production); seed ascertained by applying a needing rate of 1,500 kilograms per hectare to an acreage of 1,200 hectares
(1,500 x 1,200 . 1,800 tons).
3. Estimates of meat production are made for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter and average weights, with an allowance being
made for slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter fats.
The estimates of livestock slaughtered were generally derived on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginning of the
period are added to the estimated crop of young animals to obtain the total supply. Prom this are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the
estimated death losses. The remaining rashers are the estiated total livestock slaughtered.
To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the canner explained above, available current information was used as well as information for the same country
and for other countries for earlier periods.
k. Includes 500 tons of oilseeds in oil equivalents consumed as seed.
? ,3co
value
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Table 18
Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies W*
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average 105/
(Population: 6,550,000) LOy
1
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 ? 14
Supply
Commodity
Grains
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Avallabilities
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
r
mportl in Total. Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Production ?
-Ex rt Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross ipstsnli Food per Year per Day per Kilogram 107/
Per Capita (Net)
Wheat
1,555
-120
1,435
275
25
25
325
1,110
ao
ass
135.6
1,300
3,500
Rye
280
-15
265
55
10
10
75
190
80
152
23.2
3,410
Subtotal
1,835
-135
I Too
330
35
35
400
L3so_
1 o4o
158.8
1 ::77
Barley
348
r1.5
303
50
225
15
290
13
65
8
1.2
11
3,320
Oats
133
130
25
105
130
Corn
1,012
-120
910
Go
550
25
635
275
85
234
35.7
355
3,630
Other (Except Rice)
147
145
30
5
35
110
80
88
13.4
125
3,410
Subtotal
L640
-152
1 488
165
885
40
1,090
388
330
50.3
'121
Rice
u.
- 1
10
1
1
9
9
1.4
14
3,600
Total Grains
3,486
LIE-
12
920
72
142.1.
,
1,707
1,3p
210.5
2,022
Sugar
Sugar (Refined)
25.
24
24
3.7
-
39
3,870
Potatoes
113
- 1
112
35
10
45
67
10.2
20
700
Meat
Beef and Veal
47
44
44
6.7
27
1,450
* Footnote? for Table 18 follow on p.65.
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. S-E-C-R-E-T
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Table 18
Bulgaria: Estimate of Pond Supplies ei
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average 1
(Population: 6,560,000)106
(continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except When Noted)
Cco=dity
1
2
3 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
ih
SuP1312
Utilization
nonfood Uses
Food Availabilities
Production
Net Trade
11.-FotT=P?11
Changes
in Total Seed rad Lulus- Total
Stocks Supply Waste. Feed trial Total Cross
Per Capita (Net)
adraction Total
Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories
(Percent) Food per Year per Day per Magma =-4.,
)tat
(Continued)
Pork
58.
56
56 8.5
70
3,000
Mitten and Goat
68
68
h8 7.3
21
1,070
Total *et
la
:2
Dia
148
112
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
11
11
11 1.7
33
7,160
Slaughter Fats
22
- 1
28 3 3
25 3.8
81
7,803
Vegetable Oils
ho
-10
30 8 8
22 3.4
82
8,840
Total Pats and Oils
Bo
-11
ii. D.
L2
12k
Fish (landed Weight)
3
+. 1
6
4 o.6
1
5c0
Milk (Whole)454
12/iaj
454 100 262 342
112 17.1
28
6G0
Total Calories
per Day
2424
?a---
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Prewar overage" sham- ohm,' total milk nreduction figure as an aggregate composed of milk from cove sheep end goats. This balance shove only milk
production frco cove, it WAS found
that milk from cattle represented 55 percent of total, or 454,000 tons. This percent factor was then applied to the figure for feed. The industrial use figure
van ascertained by multiplying the milk equivalent factor for butter (22 kilograms of milk is equivalent to 1 kilogram of butter) by the number of kilograms of
butter.
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Table 19
Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies e/*
Consumption Year 1952-53
(population: 7,480,000) h/
Thou-and Metric Tons (Except When Noted)
Cm=olity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
13
14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 2/
Food Avadlabilities
.
Production
Net Trade
(+Import)
(-Export)
Changes
in
Stocks
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Feed
Indus-
trial
Total
Total Gross
Extraction
Rate ,
(Percent) 112/
Per Capita (Net)
Total.
Net Kilograms
Food per Year o
P:3t.-ots per 2t.ori:: 11.-2/-
Grains
Wheat
Rye
Subtotal 2/
Barley
Oats
Corn
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
Rica
Total Grains 2/
Sugar (Refined)
Potatoes
Meat
Beef and Veal
1,755
238
.1,993
-144
- 1
-145
N.A.
1,611
237
1 848
315
49
364
54
26
45
136 D.
2
2,2
28
8
36
250
7
216
2
90
581
9
28
8
26
15
11
26
62
34]5- 1,Mi
Ilk 1.412
85
85
65
85
Co
65
1,054 140.9
146 19.5
2...2co 3.62.4
d/
116/
182
11:35::
3,500
3,410
020
333;46310
. 3,6C0
3,870
mo
1,450
342
104
440
59
945
23
2 961 112/
- 1
- 29
- 39
-2.--
331
103
413
39
22?.
22
2,776
_
319 12
M3
272 14 1
13 46
707 399
2 W
1,145 1, 651
8 1.1
1m 3.6m
37 4.9
165 22.0
10
159
46
215
17
1,785
- 1
-185
13 1.7
1 378 184.1
36 114/ /
62 11
42
- 5
31
62
42
39 .c./
31 4.1
.23 3.1
42 5.6
=.===
43
6
22
Footnotes for Table 19 follow on p.67.
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Table 19
adgaria: Eatinate of Food Supplies di.
Consumption Year 1052-53
(Population: 7,4E0,000) 12/
(continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
3 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 5/ Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Mctraetion Total
,
(+Impel in Total Beni and Total Rate no/ Net Kilograms, Calories Calories
City Production (- rt StocksSupply Waste Feed Indus-
trial Total Cross (Percent)--J Food per Year 21 per Day per Kling:rem MI/
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
Patton and Goat
Total Meat
53
32
In_ fi 1.17/
53
32
a.
N
In
4:13.
U2/
58
13
21
3,C00
1,070
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
9
9
9
9
1.2
24
7,160
Slaughter Fats
16
118/
16
3
3 13
13
1.7
36
7,800
Vegetable ous
39 d
39
8
8 31
N.
4.1
99
8,840
Total Fats and Oils
64
119/
64
11
ii 1_22/ _a
a
is g
1.22
Fish (Landed Weight)
5 I/
5
Negligible di
5
0.7 1/
1
500
Milk (Whole)
670
670
147
190
345 1/ 325
325
43.4 di
71
600
Total Calories
per Day
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Revised population estimates from a midyear to a 1 Jaradtry base.
C. See Fethoiology, Appendix B.
d. Residual.
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Table 19
Bulgaria: Estimate of Food Supplies g/
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 7,480,000) b/
(Continued)
Nonfood uses:
Seed: 15,800 (1953 hectares 115/) x 1,500 kilograms per hectare
(seeding rate) =
23,700
tons.
Waste: 10 percent of production (62,003 tons)
=
6,200
tons.
Total Seed and Waste
=
29,500
tons.
Feed: Residual.
Industrial: None.
f. Eitimates of meat production are made for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter and avenge weights, with an allowance being made for
slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter fats.
The estimates of livestock slaughtered are generally arrived at on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginning of the period
are added to the estimated crops of young animals to obtain the total supply. From this are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the estimated death
losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total livestock slaughtered. '
TO arrive at the estimates of meat production in the manner explained above, available current information is used as well as information for the same country and for other
countries for earlier periods.
g. Includes 10,000 tors of oilseeds in oil equivalent consumed as seed.
h. Estimate is based on the following information: 1948 fish catch estimated at from 4,000 to 5,000 tone 1214 and 1951 Catch estimated at 4,000 tone.
i. Fish waste calculated as 5 percent of total production.
J.- Nonfood uses:
Feed figure obtained by multiplying same percentage factor as that for prewar (22 percent) times production for 1952-53.
Industrial use Of milk determined by obtaining milk equivalent of butter (22 kilograms of milk is equivalent to 1 kilogram of butter -- 9 kilograms x 22 196 kilograms of
milk).,
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 20
Bulgaria: Estimate of Pied Supplies W.
Consumption Year 1953:54 bi
(Population: 7,595,000)
Thounani Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
I.
2
3
1.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13 14
Utilization
Supply
Nonfood Uses 4/
Food Availabillties
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade
Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Imports)
in
Total
Seed ani
Indus-
Total
Rate
Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Commodity
Production
(-Exports)
Stocks
Suiplay
Waste
Feed
trial
Total
Cross
(Percent) la/
Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
Eft
1,905
252
-231
- 26
1,67 4
226
320
50
30
9
30
9
68
1,254
158
85
85
1,100 144.8
134 19.6
11.15!! 33:45C1?0
Subtotal
2,157
1,900
1M
n
14
1 452
1,234 152.4
Barley
403.
.t.M
-23
378
56
295
15
366
12
65
8 1.1 9
Oats
124
124
27
97
124
Corn
744
-52
892
54
296
la
361
331
85
261 37.0 368 33:632030
Other (Except Rice)
60
60
11
2
1347
eo
38 5.0 47 3,410
Subtotal
1,329
z_11
1,254
148
26
M
3.n I2.n 424
Rice
Total GrainsUa
24
12 /
24
l
3

22
1?
3

21

65

14 1.8 20
002 3,600
l 2, .
i ?
Sugar (Rex tiled )
58 e/ 126/
- 5 V
.15 5/
38
38 5.0W 53 3,870
Potatoes
90 -1/ EFS
90
30
9
39,/
Si
51 6.7 m/ 13 700
Meat
Beef and Veal.
32
- 5
27
27 3.6 16 1,450
Pork
Mutton aril Ocet
Total Peat
38
ze
5?3 li LE/
- 5
- 5
La
33
23
til
33 4.3 33 3,000
23 3.0 9 1,070
83 '10.9-W
Footnotes for Table 20 follow on p. 70.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
Table 20
Bulgaria! Estimate of Food Supplies a/a
Consumption Year 1953-54 12/ ?
(Population: 7,595,000) M./
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses . Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Charges Extraction Total
(+Imports) in Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate, Net Kilograms Calories Calories ?
Commodity Production 1-Exports) Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent) 212/ Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Fats and Oils
Sutter (Creamery) 9 9
Slaughter Fats 11 11 3
Vegetable oils 1489/ 38 7
Total Fats and Oils 68 131/ 2.9? 10 I..2V
Fish (Landed Weight) 5 n/ Negligible 5 Negligible 2/
Milk (Whole) 670 ? 670 147 ? 198
Total Calories per
Cay
9
1.2
20
7,160
3 .
8
1.1
21
7,800
7
31
4.1
97
8,840
10
48
6.4 V
138
- 5
0.7 W
1
500
352/
325
'.2.8W
71
600
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Preliminary.
c. 1 January 1954, revised population estimate from a Laid-year to a 1 January base.
d. See Methodology, Appendix B.
e. I Estimates that sugar production will be 65,000 tons on the basis of 33,000 hec-
tares and a ceet yield of 130.5 centners/hectare and an extraction rate of 15.1 percent- -
f. Although no trade figures have been reported for 1954, it is estimated that trade will at least equal the 1952-53 level. 'Therefore, the estimate for trade is a net export of
5,030 tons.
g. Residual. Does not include commercial channel stocks. (.) denotes addition to stocks or deduction from total supply and (-) denotes release from stocks or addition to total
supply.
h. Per capita consumption is an estimate based on the assumption that more sugar was made available for domestic condonation in 1953-54 than was made available in 1951-52. ?
i. I I Since acreage plans have been mmlntained at the same level for the past few years, an 87.2 per-
cent fulfillment would result in an average for 1553 of approximately 15,800 hectares. Yields are estimated to be about the same as the postwar (1947-51) average, 57 centners per
hectare. A 1953-54 production would become, therefore, a quantity of around 90,000 tons.
J. Nonfood uses:
Seed and Waste: It is estimated that enough seed was set aside to sow 18,103 hectares with a seeding rate of 15,000 hectares. Waste would amount to 2,707 tons based on a
factor of 3 percent of production. Seed and waste together would amount to 29,900 tons.
Feed: This figure is estimated at the same level as in 1952,since there is no great change in hog numbers.
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Table 20
Bulgaria: COtizmite of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Tear 1553-545
(Population: 7,555,000) c
(Continued)
k. Residual.
1. Estimates of meat production are rade for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter and average velghta, with an allowance being made for
slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter feta.
The estimates of livestock slaughtered generally arrived at on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginning of the period are added
to the estimated crops of young animals to obtain the total supply. Fr as this are subtcracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period, and the estimated death losses. The re-
maining numbers are the estiented total livestock slaughtered.
To arrive at the estimates of meat production In the canner explained above, available current Information is used as vett as information for the tare country and for other
countries for earlier pericdn.
m. Indludes 10,000 tons of oilseeds in oil equivalent consumed OS seed.'
n. Estimate is based on the following information: 1048 fish catch estimated at between 4,000 and 5,000 tens LW, and 1551 catch esttsated at 4,000 tans. II/
o. Fish waste calculated as 5 percent of total production.
p. nonfood uses:
Peed figure obtained by multiplying same percentage factor as that for prewar (22 percent) tires production for 1952-53.
Industrial use of milk deternined by obtaining milk equivalent of butter (22 kllOgrans of milk is equivalent to 1 kilogram of butter): 9 x 22 - 193 kilogram) of milk.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 21
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies Wm
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 15,103,000)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
2
3
1i
5
6
7
8
9
lo
11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses
Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade
Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Imports)
12/
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Net
Kilograms
Calories Calories
Commodity
Production
(-Exports)
Stocks
Supply
Waste
Feed
trial
Total
Gross
(Percent)
Food
per Year
per Lay 2.15, per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,589
- 20
1,569
206
196
lo
412
1,157
76.3
883
58.5
583 3,640
Rye
1,634
+ 38
1,672
3.99
85
20
300
1,372
70.0
960
63.6
6o8 3,490
Subtotal
3,223
+18
3 241
401
281
30
712
2,529
1 843
122.1
1,191
Barley
1,100
- 50
1,050
130
595
280
1,005
45
60.0
27
1.8
16 3,320
.Oats
1,200
1,180
155
1,005
0
1,160
20
60.0 -
12
' 0.8
8 3,860
Corn
270
+125
395
111
321
20
355
40
80.0
32
2.1
21 3,630
Other (Except Rice)
13
13
1
2
0
3
10
70.0
7
0.5
5 3,490
Subtotal
2,583
+55 .
2,638
192
1,923
300
2,521
115
78
22
Rice (Milled)
+61
61
1
1
6o
60
4.o
' 39 3,603
Total Grains
5,806
+134
zalLa
701
zat
330
3.236
--
aa21
141
131.2
1-22
Sugar (Refined)
567
-217
350
12
18
30
320
320
21.2
225 3,870
Potatoes
9,700
9,700
2,242
4,658
600
7,500
2,200
2,200
145.7
279 700
Meat
Beef and Veal .
204
204
204
204
204
13.5
54 1,450
Pork
179
+ 15
194
194
194
194
12.8
105 3,000
Mutton and Goat
5
Negligible
5
5
5
5
0.3
1 1,070
Total Meat
388
+15
40313-.?2
Lga.
403
26.6
160
Footnotes for Table 21 follow on p. 73.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 21
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies 1/
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 15,100,000)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Notecil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 lk
Utilization
SuPP1T Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Per Capita (net)
iii:ItT7m1:044/ Changes Extraction Total
Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories , Calories
Commodity Production (-Exports Stocks li Supply Waste Feed trial Total Cross (Percent) Food per Year per Day 135L per Kilogram
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
74
7h
74
74
4.9
96
7,160
Slaughter rata
72
4-30
Ice
6
6 96
96
6.4
137
7,800
Vegetable Oils
9
. 915/
loo
. 30
30 70111
72
101:
8,840
Whale Oil
i 16
16
10
10 6
10
9,020
Total Fats and
Oils
155
.137
M
46
46 246
246
IAU
351
Fish(Itualed Weight)
. 3
+i8
21
21
21
1.4
2
500
Milk (Whole)
4,500
4,500
1150 2,150
2,600 1,9C0
1,930
125.8
214
620
Total Calories
24alw.
per Day
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Does not include channel stooks which are not applicable in prewar.
e. Includes 75,000 tons, oil equivalent, of imported oilseeds.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 22
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies a/*
Consumption Year 1952-53 b/
(Population: 12,700,000) E/
2
5
6
7
9
10
Thousand Metric Tons (Except where Noted)
12
13
3.4
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 1/
Food Availabilities
Cosznodity
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade E/ Changes Extraction Total
. (+Import) in Total, Seed and Indus- Total Rate , Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Production (-Export) Stocks !/' Supply W Waste Feed. trial Total Gross I// (Percent) 1( Food per Year A/ per Day y 2,3!/ per Kilogram
Grains 1/
Wheat
Rye
Subtotal
Barley
Oats
Corn
Other (Except Rice) a/
Subtotal
Rice
Total Grains
Sugar (Refined) d/
Potatoes
Meat a/
Beef and Veal
Pork
Mutton and Goat
Total Meat
1,416 138/ +634
1,131 139/ - +113
2,547 +747
+647
+ 5
+652
1,403
1,239
2 642
182
150
332
131
122
15
268
600
1,662
196
100
296
633
823
314
820
10
20
la
213
5
218
248
270
388
270
658
1,027
945
334
2 306
1,015
69
1,984
80
ao
60
60
80
812
775
1,587
63.9
61.0 140/
124.9
613
570
1,183
3,500
3,410
3,320
3,860
3,410
3,870
700
1,450
3,000
1,070
1,067 141. - 7
960 i43/
224 1251 +150
2,251 ?11?3
+652
1,060
960
374
2,394
33
15
40
88
2 072
20
9'
32
61
1.
1.6 148/
0.7 Iri4/
2.5 146/
h811.7/
-129.8 129.8
15
7
23
L;.2
228
164
240
514
170
226
I. 798 A/11
5 036
2 116
Zaa
2,902
171
263
10
444 .
434 .A9/ -205
4,506 150/ - 17
190 2/
292
10
492
+32
4-19
+29
+1.8
197
4,489
171
263
10
444
970
197
1,587
171
263
10
444
197
1,587
171
263
10
444
15.5
125.0
13.5
20.7
0.8
35.0
Footnotes for Table 22 follow on p.75.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 22
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies W
Consumption Year 1952-53 12/
(Population: 12,700,000) W
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted!
1
2 3 II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 lb
SuPPIP
Utilization
Nonfood Uses g Food Avallabillties
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade a/ Changes ? Extraction Total
(.Import) in '_, Total. , Seed and Indus- Total , Rate ., Net Kilograms Calories , Calories
Coity Production - t) Stook.' if Supply El Waste Feed trial Total Cross W. (Percent) 1/ Food per Year Al Ay.n/co r Kilogram
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery) 63 14./ Negligible 63 63 63 5.0 98 7,160
Slaughter Fats W 55 1_,?1 4 5 15 Negligible 6o 10 154/ 50 50 3-9 83 7,1bo
Vegetable Oils 53 . 10 Negligible 63 3Of 30 33 33 2.6 63 8,840
Total Fats and Oils M. 4- 15 Negligible 186 40 32_ 266 146 11_-1 244
Fish(landed Weight) W 2411 5 4.50 55 Negligible Negligible 55 55 4-3 Al 6 500
Milk (Whole) y 2,900 2,93o 377 1,386 1,763 1,137 1,137 89-5 a 152 620
Total Calories per
Coy
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Consumption year includes the period from 1 July 1952 to 30 June 1953 and include, production from the 1951-52 crop and the 1952-53 trade.
c. Population revised from midyear base to 1 January 1953.
d. See Method? ?a, Appendix 3.
e. Except as indicated, knave or estimated trade data are compiled1 and scot are estimated on basis of trade agreements. Intra-Soviet Bloc trade Th incomplete.
1
no
f. quantities do t include cha nnel stocks. Posit ve (+) figure represents addition, to stocks and/or d from
eduction total supply; negative (-) figure denotes release from stank., and/or addl.-
50X1
50X1
tion to total supply.
g. Total supply equals production plus or minim net trade and change in stocks.
h. Total gross (Column 9) is the amount available for human consumption and differs from total supply (Colutn 4) by the amzsmt assigned to nonfood users.
I Pvtrartin rata. raorrsents the percent of grains used for Osman consumption. The remainder is assumed to be used as animal feed.
1 1 , ?
k. Calories per day are derived from multiplying kilograms per person per year Dy The :moult oz calories per kilogram and dividing by b nvnban or dawn in the year.
ch Other grains category is composed of corn and other grain mixtures. Corn rakes up the bulk of This category.
n. Thimmed carcass weight. See Methodology, Appendix 3, for production determination.
o. Includes 6,030 tons of horsemeat.
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cnii
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Table 23
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies d/*
Consumption Year 1953-54 t2/
(Population: 12,820,000) s/
Thousand Petrie Tons (Except Where Noted)
2
3 4
5
6 7
8
9
10
12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 1/
Food Availnbilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade s/
Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Import)
in Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Nate
Net
Kilograms
Calories
Calories
Commodity
Production
(-Export)
Stocks !,/ Supply M/
Waste
Feed
trial
Total
Gross 12/
(Percent)
158/
Food
per Year
per Day .,)/ 159/
per Kilogram
Grains 4/
Wheat
1,380 1-2/
+450
+415 1,415
185
156
10
391
1,024
80
819
6.9 A/
613
3,500
Rye
1,122 .31./
+100--
- 1,222
150 .
73
. 20 .
243
? 979Eo
_
783
61.1 W
571
3,410
Subtotal
2,502
+550 ?
-?12 2,637
335
ga2
la
634
Lim
1,602
125.0 3p2/
1 184
Barley
1,129 443/
+216
' 1,345
131
895
282
1,308
37
6o
22
1.7 W
15
3,320
Oats
1,013 /.
1,013
122
876
998
15
60
9
0.7 1E/
7
3,860
Corn
Other (Except Rice) I/
219 125/
219
15
159
5
179
40
so
32
2.5 A/
3
3,410
Subtotal
2 361 . -
+216
2,5-71
268
1,930
287
2,485
2g
al
4-9
L?5.
+25
Rice
25
25
65
16
1.2
12
3,600
Total Grains
4,863
+791
+415 5,239
603
2,199
II/5.4_13_2-
at-2,7
1,681
131.1
1 241
Suipu? (Refined) 4/ 1?W
607
-176
+159 272
272
272
21.2
225
3,870
Potatoes AL/
5,069
5,061
1,767
1,387
304
3,458
1,603
1,603
.
125.0
240
700
Neat 4/
-
Beef and Veal
144
+ 10
154
154
154
12.0
48
1,450
Pork
193
+ 10
203
203
203
15.8
130
3,000
Netton and Goat
9
9
9
9
0.7
2
1,070
Total Neat
31.4_
16-
Ifi'
lik
28.5
3.80
* Footnotes for Table 23 f011Ow on P. 77.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 23
Czechoslovakia: Esti:cats of Food Supplies W
Consumption Year 1953-54 bJ
(Population: 12,820,000) W
(Continued).
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where noted)
C=mcdity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.1 12 13 14
Utilization
Supply
Nonfood Uses EV
Food Avenel)!thief'
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade W Changes Extraction Total
(+Impart), Total , .0
Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calorie? Calories
Production (-Export) Stocks .E/ Supply Et Waste Feed trial Total Cross hi (Percent) W , Food per Year per Cay ,3/ )12/ per-Kilogram
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery) 55168/. 5 'IS 60 6o
Slaughter Pats W 54 122/ + 2 ;1./ 52 10 a/ 10 42
Vegetable oils 52 + 49 a9./ . 3 aj 98 35.j/ 35 63
Whale Oil i 5 5 5
Total Fats ani Oils 161 ./.._52 r_t_6/ al 112 LI a
Fish (landed Weight) 2/ 5 + 50 55 Negligible Negligible 55
Milk (Whole) W 2,900 2,900 377 1,210 1,587 1,313
60 4.7 92 7,160
ho 3.3 71 7,800
63 4.9 33.5. 8,880
5 0.4 3.0 9,020
im
55 4.3
1,313 102.4
6 500
174 620
Total Calories per
2,358
Coy
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included
b. Consumption year includes the period from 1 July 1953 to 30 June 1954 and includes production from the 1952-53 crops end 1953-54 trade.
c. Population revised from midyear base to 1 January 1954.
d. See Methodology, Appendix B.
e. Known or estimated trade is compiled l so= is 'estimated on basis of trade agreements. Intra-Soviet Bloc trade is incomplete-
1. Quantities do not include channel stocks.
Lion to total supply.
itive (+) figures represent additions to stocks and/or deductions from total supply; negative (-) figures denote release from
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50X1
stocks end/or Sat- 50X1
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 23
Czechoslovakia: Estimate of Food Supplies .a/
Consumption Year 1953-51 12/
(Population: 12,820,C0u) si
(Continued)
g. Total supply equals production plus or minus net trade and change in stocks.
b. Total gross (Column 9) is the amount available for human consumption and differs from total supply (Column k) by the amount assigned to nonfood users.
1. Extraction rate refers to grains only and represents the percent of grains used for human consumption. Column 11 represents this amount. Grains not used for human consumption (residue of
Column 9) are assumed to be used as antral feed, although not show on the balance.
J. Calories per day are derived from multiplying kilograms per person per year by the amount of calories per kilogram and dividing by the number of days in the year.
k. Per capita grain consumption is based on 1952-53 food balance. See Methodology, Appendix B.
1. Other grains category is composed mostly of corn but contains other grain mixtures. ?
m. There are not sufficient available data to Justify a change from the production, trade, and consumption pattern that was shown on the 1952-53 food balance.
.S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
Table 24
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies Ws
Consumption Year 1935-38AverageSW
(Population: 16,000,000)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilisation
Nonfood Uses Food Avellabillties
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Chsrams Extraction Total
(.Import) in Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories,
Commodity Production (-Export) Stocks Sus& Waste Feed trial Total Cross 1Per....it Food per Year per Ray per Kilogram
Groins
Wheat
RYe
Subtotal
Barley
Oats
Corn
Other (Except Rice) h/
Subtotal
Rice (Mined)
Total Grains
Sugar (Refined) 4/
Potatoes
Meat 4/
Fats and Oils
Rutter
1,590
2,132
3a22
-350
-215
:2?2
-50
-155
.25
-leo
1,240
1,917
1,12/
1,028
1,535
65
208
2,816
162
230
12
95
165
2
60
m
3,100
45d
1194
222
615
1,339
53
148
2,155
i'e
3
18
21
303
1
10
3112,
a
925
210
742
25g
1,013
1,505
65
208
2,791
1,030
1,1/5
2,205
75
75
65
65
E
1,654
.
'51.?
W3.4
'*Ba
527
1,009
3,640
3,450
3,320
3,860
3,580
3,870
700
2,409
7,160
1,078
1,690
W
208
2/21?.
Tit
785
14,225
615
105
15
30
11.2
40
2,290
10
20
40
1124
385
3,600
695
130
o.6
1.3
2.5
022
24.1 -
225.o
43.4
8.1
5
14
25
liM
256 "
432
286
159
+40
a22
-WO
-600
+ 80
.1- 25
40
iall
385
13,625
695
130
2f,
6,000
,..2,A4
10,025
385
3,600
695
130
Footnotes for Table 2 follow on p. 80.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S:-E-C-R-E-T
Table 24
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies e,
Consumption Year 1935-38 Average 177/
(Population: 16,000,000) ?
(Continued) -
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
(i-Import) in Total Seed =1 . ? IndAm- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories 0,
Production (-Export) Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross Food per Year per Day per Kilogram 17u,
Pats and Oils
(Continued)
Slaughter Fats
140
+ 15
155
15
15
140
140
8.8
188
7,800
Vegetable Oils
20
+215
235
85
85
150
150
9.4
228
8,840
Total.Fata and Oils
265
+255
_22
loo100
420
420
26.3
575
Fish (Landed Weight)
150
a 25
- 175
___
175
10.9
15
500
Milk (Whole)
4,900
-100
5,000
475
2,680
3,155
1,845
1,845
115.3
198
620
Total Calories per
Day
aL212
A. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. NMslin only.
c. 90 percent of ray value.
d. Beef, veal, pork, goat, and mutton. -
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/04/03: CIA-RDP79R01141A000500080002-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 25
East Cerzroxy: Estimate of Food Supplies n/.
Consumption Year 1952-53
(population: 3.8,05o,coo)
Ihrnmand Metric Tons (Sxcept Where Noted)
2
-3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
Utilization
supply
Nonfood Uses 12/
Food evailabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade pi
Changes
Extraction
Total.
(,Import)
in
Total
Seed ard
Total
Rate.
Net
Kilogron
Calories
Calories
Commodity
Production
(-Snort)
j
Stocks 4/
Saaz
Waste
Feed Industrial
Total
Cross
IFEpppli_
Food
per Year
per fay
per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,053
+142 9_/
+no r./
1,095
82
5
119
976
85
830
46.0 Ei
? 441
3,500
RI,
2,223
- es
+ 136 fj/
2,201
271
556
15
842
1,355
85
1,155
64.0 El
598
3,410
Subtotal1/.-
+206
+1136 LEL il
irth
3.5.1
20
gsam
a
2.2,t2 id2.?W
1,039
Barley
581
+299
-55
935
58
789
6o
907
28
65
18
1.0
9
3,323
ceta
1,084
.7-b
- 45 IL3y
1,203
131
1,002
10
1,143
6o
6o
36
2.0
21
3,860
Other (83(cept Rico)
293
.b8
341
34
265
299
k2
86
36
2.0
19
3,410
Subtotal
1,958
+421
-no
2,479
r
2,349
12
5A.::i
112
Rice
.22_3
.2,._
Ibtal Crates
5,234 It/
11E1
.86
5.12,
it
2,644
-
22
1,,a32
1.1.1_56
in
2.1_2 la/
1,068
-
Sugar (Refined)
km y
-312
- 83 it/
238
238
238
13.2
140
3,870
Potatoes
10,1623.28/
9,862
3,872
2,933
530 at
7,335
2,527
2,527
140.0
268
703
Meats
Beef and Veal
n6 .
+ 4
130
130
130
7.2
29
1,450
* Footnotes for Table 25 follow on p. 82.
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Table 25
Past Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1552-53
(Population: 18,050,000)
(Continued)
Thousand )4atric Tons (Except mere Noted)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 115
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 12/
Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade 2/
Changes
Extraction
Total
(+Import)
in d1Total
Seed and
Total
Rate
Net
Kilograms
Calories
Calories
Commodity
Production
(-Export)
Stocks s/
Supply
Waste
Feed
Industrial
Total
Grose
(percent)
Food
per Year
per Day
per Kilogram
Feat 1/
(Continued)
Pork
403
+8
1511
417.
41.7
22.8
187
3,000
Mutton and Goat
27
27
27
27
1.5
I.
1,070
Total /tat
j_g_ y
+ 12 V
2L8
268
20
W
220
Fats and Oils
.E2
Butter (Creamery)
71 3
+,14
+ 72/
78
78
78
4.3
84
7,160
Slaughter Feta
109
- 4
+ 10 2/
95
152/
15
So
8o
4.4
194
7,800
Edible Vegetable Oils
52 122/
. 30
. 18 2/
64
30 IS
30
34
- 34
1.9
46
8,84o
Total Fats and Oils
232
-L, 2/
-15 2/at
l_t2
112
1.E
12g
10.6
2A
Fish panded Weight)
30222/
+ 55 g/
55
4
4
81
81
4.5
6
503
Milk (whole)
3,400 12/
- 6 r/
3,394
340
1,562
1,902
1,492
1,492
83.0
141
620
Total Calories per
.24-18
A. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Methodology, Appendix B.
c. Net trade has been calculated. Intra-Soviet Bloc trade is not conaidered complete.
d. Does not include carry-over or channel stocks,- could be classified as state reserves. (+) denotes addition to state reserves and deduction from total supply while (-) denotes
deduction from state reserves and addition to total supply. Government deliveries to Soviet occupation troops considered as an East German export.
e. Imported 468,030 tons 179/ of wheat and delivered an estimated 324,000 tons ,..L.012/ to Soviet occupation forces.
S. Residual.
g. Prewar ratio of wheat and rye consumed of total breadgrain used.
h. Difference between total grain consmbed and estimated consumption of coarse grains.
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I.. Includes 160,000 tore of Soviet deliveries. 186/
j. Includes estimated 200,000 tons for Soviet tMp requirements.
k. Tr sham under "Pats and Oils." See Mathodolcaz, Appestat B, for derivation of met productions end slaughter fat.
1. Estimated imports at one-third beef and veal and two-thirds cork. I 50X1
n. OVA I
It is believed that additions and releases from state reserves during 1952-53 cancelled out.
n. Compares with the average per capita consumption of 31.2 kilogram) derived by taking the gest German of-ficial figure of 97.5 kilograms and the West German estimates of 25 kilo-
grams per capital 50X1 f 4
OVA I
p. Includes estimated USSTI occupation requirements of 16,000 tons of butter, 6,000 tons of lard, 198/ and 2 000 tons of vegetable on. 159/
q. Fifteen thousand tens deducted for Soviet occupation forces -- determined as an average of date 50X1
r. gnat Germ= deliveries to the USS13,1
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Table 25
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies 5/
Consumption Tear 1952-53
(population: 18,050,000)
(Continued)
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Table 26
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies Ey*
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 17,900,000)
Thousand &trio Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2
3
14
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 11
Food
Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade 2./
Changes
Extraction
Total
Commodity
Production
(+Import
(-Export)
in ,
Stocks
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Feed
Industrial
Total
Total 2/
Gross
Rate
(ptran)._
Net
rood
Kilograms
per Year
Calories
per Day '
Calories nn.
per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
646
+110
- 49 II
805
100
19
5
124
681
85
579
32.3
310
3,500
Rye
1,944
_ 92 fi
2,036
279
194
15
4138
1,548
85
1,316
73.5
687
3,410
Subtotal
2 590
+110
-141
2 841
379
213
20
612
2 229
1,895
105.8
M
Barley
598
+465
- 47 il
1,110
58
864
6o
982
128122/
65
4.6
42
Oats
1,297
+ 70
- 11 fi
1,378
116
1,172
10
1,298
80 /
6o
12
2.7
29
1:(E
Other (Except Rice)
283
283
34
34
249
85
212
11.8
110
3,410
Subtotal
2 178
+535
- 58
LEI
208
2 036
12
g,
Liu
31.3
343
19.1
181
Rice
Total Grains
4,768207/
+645
-199
5,612
587
2.249
22
2,2t
2 686
2,218
iv9 Bi
1.
Sugar (Refined)
675208/
-300
+ Bo ff,/
..
295
16.5
174
3,870
Potatoes
10,400
-10,200
2,892?--
4,200
500
7,592
2,608
2,608
145.7
279
700
Meat
-Beef and Veal
132
? 4
136
136
136
7.6
30
1,450
* Footnotes for Table 26 follow on p. 85.
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Table 26
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies Si
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 17,500,000)
(Coatinned)
Thou/Lend Metric TOM (Extent Where Noted)
Comsatity
1 2 3 1. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilisation
nonfood Sees Y Foal Availabllities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade si Changes Extraction Total
(+Import) in , Total Seed ani Total si Rate Set /Magnum Calories Calories
Production (-Extort) Stocks Supply Waste Feed Industrial Total _Gross (Percent) Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
271
6
- 7 3q:/
2136
286
286
16.0
132
3,030
/tattoo and Coat
24
24
24
24
1.3
?
1,070
Total Meat
?ZLbJ
tin
1446
446
446
166
Fate and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
70 i/
+ 15210/
if
114
114
114
6.1
126
7,160
Slaughter Fats
&7/
.367
123
31212/
31
92
92
5.4
109
7,800.
Vegetable 01.11 ,
56 mi
+102 2.1_ai
.22/
158
25 225/
25
133
133
7.4
179
8,840
Ibtal Pats and Oils
RI
.182
1/
g
g
112
112
18?9
h14
Fish (Leafed Weight)
54 Y
? 55
_122
109
5
5
104
104
5.8
8
500
Milk (Whole)
3,6C0
- 6
3,394
310 1,562
1,902
1,492
1,492
83.4
142
620
Total Calories per
lay
2,362
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Vetbodology, Appendix B.
C. Trade data based primarily upon trade- agreements and projection of 1952-53 trade %there justified. Intra-Soviet Bloc trade considered incomplete. I
East German deliveries of foodstuffs to Soviet occupation troops treated an an export. 1952-53 mquirements projected for 1953-54. See 1952-53 food balance
for quantities.
d. Does not include commercial channel stocks; (4) denotes addition to stocks or deduction from total supply and (-) denotes release from stocks or addition to total supply.
e. Unless otherwise indicated Column 9 is a residual of column 4 minus Column 8
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cnyl
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Table 26
East Germany: Estimate of Food Supplies 2/
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 17,900,000)
(Continued)
g. Estianted that net quantity of sugar released from state reserves in 1952-53 (see 1952-53 balance) will be replaced from the 1953 sugar production.
h. Imports of meat estimated same as 1952-53, 70,000 tons, as are Soviet occupation requisitions (possibly there has been a slight reduction).
I. Rounded and carried the same as 1952-53, since there was no change in milk production.
J. It was assumed that additions and releases from state reserves would cancel out.
k. Based upon actual last half of 1953 fish catch and planned catch for first half of 19541
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Table 27
Bangsry: Esti:ate of Food Supplies ep,.
Consumption Year 1933-37 average
(Population: 8,942:000)
_
Tormseni Yetric To (Except Where Noted)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13
14
1
stroplY
Utilization
Nonfood Uses
Pool km1labilitles
production
?
Net Trade
(+Taport)
(- rtl
Chmbms
in12,
Stocks
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Feed Industrial
Total
Total
Cross
Extraction:.
Rate
(Percent)
Per Capita (net)
Total
Net Kilogram Calories,
Food per per Gay E/
Calories
per Kilogram
3,640
3,490
3,323
3:632:
3,603
3,790
1,66o
Comeedity
Grains
Wheat
Are
Subtotal
Barley
Oats
Corn
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
'Mee
Total Grains
Sugar (Refined)
Potatoes
Meat
Beef and Veal
2,206
Ter
-504
-81
a
- 17
-9
+ 27
- 3
-2
+ 20
467
1,702
646
2,348
345
115
460
93
ho
110
1
241
M
_ 11004/
25
15
40
500
230
1,928
4
2.
2
2
9
75
811 84
86
60
372
130
M
599
270
2,113
5
met
1,330
516
1 846
75
75
65
85
598 111.6 1,113
387 43-3 414
L.3?5 154.9 1 527
2m
631
279
2,136
8
31054
614
270
2,163
5
3,052
15
50
a
20
1,931
10 1.1 3.2
43 LB 48
22 2,2 g
20 2.2 22
1,458 163.0 la,
la
33
5,420
2,702
la
113
2,135
75
- 23
- 60
-15
90
2,075
60
515 9J
975
93
1,1G0
6o.
50 10.1 107
1,100 123.0 236
6.12 6.7 27
* Footnotes for Table 27 follow on P. 88.
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Table 27
'Imagery: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 8,942,000)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric TODD (Except Where Noted)
1
2 '3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses
Food Avnilabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes
Extraction
Total
Commodity
Production
+Impor in ,
(-Export)Stocks ?./
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Feed
Industrial
Total
Total
Gross
Rate
(Percent)
Net
Pond
Kilograms
pe
Calories., Calories
per per Day E/ per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
Mutton and Goat
195
10
-20
I/
175
10
175
10
175
10
19.6
1.1
161 3,000
3 1,070
Total Meat
280
LJ.5.
245
245
245
27.4
191
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
20
- 4
16
16
16
1.8
35 7,160
Slaughter Fats
138
- 20
128
10
10
108
108
12.1
259 7,800
Vegetable Oils
12
+ 4
16
I.
4
12
12
1.3
31 8,840
Whale 011
+ 4
4
I.
4
0.4
10 9,020
Total Pats and Oils
1E.
- 16ialit
14
140
140
?15.6
3.3i
0.8
Fish (Landed Weight)
7
7
7
7
1 500
Milk (whole)
1,700
1,700
150
700
850
850
850
95.1
156 600
Total Calories per
Dv
2,633
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Does not include channel stocks.
c. Calculated from calories per kilogram
consumed per day.
d. Seed only.
e. Feed and waste.
f. Less than 500 tons.
Kilograms consumed per year multiplied by calories-per kilogram and then divided by 365 gives calories
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Table 28
Hungary: Estizete of Feed Supplies V40
Consumption Year 1952-53 bJ
(Population: 9,415,000) El
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
9
7.0
12
13
14
Utilization
Nonfood Uses I/
Pond Availabi.litles
Production
Net Trade 5/
t:IcP?Irl)
Menges
in
Stocks if
Total ,
Supply W
Seed and
Waste
Feed Industrial
Total
Total.,
Cross W
Extraction
Rate. , , .,
(Percent) 1/ _222/
Total
Net
Peed
Per Capita (Net)
Mogen=
per Year
perCalori try ,j2/2
1,157
336
1,491
rinorloies
per
3,503
3,410
3,320
3,630
3.6W
3,600
3,873
703
1,460
Craitti V
Wheat
Rye
Subtotal
Barley
Oats
Con
Other (Except Bice)
Subtotal
Rice
Total Crain
Sugar (Refined)
Potatoes
Neat Ei
Eeef and Veal
1,764 ??1,/
567 -m.
2,311
41
-14
:a
*20
1,713
553
2 266
316
113
96
h6
105
5
M
6
43k
0 21'
41
_22 2
6 58 9
183
1,038 50
1,67952
1,778 63.
ig
5.,E
563
229
1,193
5
LYE
6
2 526
319
L.1:
85
85
65
8520
85
65
1,136
339
1,475
120.7
36.0
156.7
272,9 g
1,215 f
22 ?/
2.
578
229
1,215
22
2. 2 044
15
22
17
2'1.
31
1 821
10
It
ill
20
1,538h
1.1
7.:c5)
- MI
4.6
2.1
21-12f 2/
44.5 E/t/
4.7
7.0
IA
64
21
37 22 j8
4.1412 2:/
37
' 4,167
177 22/
982 gE/
55
157
1,002
64
129 20
583
157
419 DI/
h4
1::
419
44
177
85
Footnotes for Table 28 follow on p.50.
?
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Table 28
Hungary: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1552-53 Is/
(Population: 9,415.000) a/
(Continued)
Thousand attric Tons (Except Where Noted/
1
2
3
Is
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 4/
Food
Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade a/
Changes
Extraction
Total
Commodity
Production
(+Import)
(-Export)
in,
Stocks .47
Total ,
Supply Pi
Seed and
Waste
Feed
Industrial
Total
Gives 9/
Rate ?
(Percent) 11 23/8
Net
Food
Kilograms
per Year
Calorie;
per Day 23/ 2/
Calories
per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
183
-37
148
148
368
154
129
3,0)3
Mutton and Goat
6
6
6
6
o.6
2
1,070
Total Meat
246,235/
-48
th
198
2.2
21.0 21//
122
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery)
15 238/
15
15
15
1.6
31
7,160
Slaughter Fats g
65
+ 5 231/
70
1049]
10
60
6o
6.4
137
7,800
Vegetable Oils
39 ?AI/
39
922/
9
30
30
3.2
78
8,8240
Total Fats and Oils
+5 + 5
124322
2.2
3a 2,
m
11.2
246
Fish (landed Weight) 9/
Milk (Whole) 243/
4
1,100
4
1,100
143
330
4
473
4
627
4
627
0.4
66.6
1
109
500
Soo-
Total. Calories per
Day
a.
Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. The consumption year includes the period from 1 July 1952 to 30 June 1953 and includes production from the 1951-52 crop and'1952 -53 trade.
c Population revised from midyear base to 1 January 1953.
See Methodology, Appendix B.
Known or estimated trade data are compiled and scme are estimated on the basis of trade agreements. Intra-Soviet Bloc trade is incomplete.
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Table 26
MlegorY: Rattan? of Pccd Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-53 hj
(Population: 9.E15.000) sf
(Continued)
f. Chianti es &a not thclt4e channel stocks. Positive (4.) figures represent additions to stocks and/or deduction from total supply, nega ve (-) figures denote release from stocks and/or
additions to total supply.
E. Total suPPIP equals production plus or minus net trade and change in stmts.
h. Total gross (Column 9) is the amount available for boom consumption and differs from totalomply (Column 4) by the amount assigned to nonfood uses.
I. Extraction rate represents the percent of grains used for Moan consumption, or it represents the proportion of flour.obtainable from a. given quantity of grain. The reminder is assumed
to be used as anima feed.
J. Calories per day are derived from multiplying kilogram per person per year by the amount of calories per kilogram and dividing by the number of days in the year. 50X1
1. Revised trade figure indicates Hungarian sugar net exports of 20.000 tons
not exported were consumed and not diverted to stocks =voiding 157,000 tons for ccesumption
likewise increases per capita avallabilities of suEarl
1
1 1
n. Fish cokes up only a negligible part of the fiUngarian diet. Pre/Emma:dry bits of idformation indicate production somewhat below rawer levels.
It appears mre likely that the 3b,CCO tone
This increased allocation for consumption
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Table 29
litimpary! Estimate of Food Supplies n/a
Consumption Year 1953-54 hi -
(Populatica., 9,815,000) 5(
Commodity
Grains W
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
2 3 5 5 6 7 8 9 lo 11 12 73
14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Si 2?-6-1 ;hod krallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade ti Changes attraction Total
in " Total _, Seed and To Rate Net Kilogram Calories Calories "
Production i:lernprrt) Stocks if Supply 5/ Waste Feed f.tral- Total cppotili (repent) tsit Food per Year per Day per Kilogram ed
Wheat
Rye
Subtotal.
Barley
Oats
Corn
Other (Except Rice)
Subtotal
Rice
Total Grains
Sugar (Refined)
Potatoes 1/ ,
Meat
Beef erd Veal
1,862919/
569 75j0/
.?a
587251/
276 __.../
1,768 ge
25 /
2,656
-65
-65
-15
-12
- 20
.100
.67
a2
- 24 1//
. 3 .
.16
1,797
569
2,366
350
L14
564
97
- 48
133
5
283
5
/2i
485
58 2
41
a2
451 9
230
1,510 50
102
2.a19 22
am a
290 20
410 1,387
155 514
s&2 1,801
8a
SOW
65
95
80 h/
65
1,13.0
331
1,441
316.7
34.8
151,2
1.1
1".;
t51/
2.2
161.1
1,119
325
1 WI
33:459310
:::::
3,410
3,600
3,870
703
1,450
572
? 278
1,748
125
LEI
. 37
5.).6
557 15
. 278
1,693 55
107 18
2,635 88
5 32
la .L.?n
1981
795 653655
10
n
71
21
Lau
193
41
10
49
14
22
1,112
221
132
17
TT Mj
22j/
298 257/
1,445
46
138
1,448
41
20.8
68.6
. 4.3
* Footnotes for Table 29 fella", on P. 93.
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Table 28
Hungary: Sett:ate of Fool Supplies
gotengption Year 1953-5i it
(Popalation: 9,514602)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tans (Except where noted)
0:?celItY
5 6 7 a 9
U. 12 13
&maw
Utilisation
Nonfood Uses V 221/6 Peed Availabillties
Per Cigna (Net)
het Trade 2/ Changes Extraction Total
(?Leport) in, Total , Seed 001 Indus- Total Site Net Ellograint Calories Calories
Production (-Export) Stocks E/ Supply Hi Waste Teed trial Total cross ,ipercent) OW Vuod Per Tear Per Cerr per niwgrei?
Mat
(Continued)
Pork 1.2h
Platten end Goat 5
-10
11.14
5
IA
5
tals
5
12.0
04
9?
3,010
1,000
Total Am
S
16o
160
160
16.8
121
Fats and Oils
Butter (Creamery) 1426S
14
lit
14
1.5
29
7,163
Slaughter Pats iti Mr
? 5
49
lc 2t2/
to
39
39
LI
88
7,8C0
Vegetable Oils 68 L63/
69
15 Mt
15
53
53
5.6
136
8,840
Total rats and Oils 126
-?E
Lu
106
n8
11.2
MI
Fish (Landed Wiest) S 4
4
Negligible
h
4
0.4
1
5C0
milk (Whole) W 1,103
1,100
143
308
1/451
61/49
618
68.2
1126c0
Total Calorie. Per
Day
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
S. Consiticn year Lasludes the period from 1 July 1953 to 30 Nine 1954 and include* reduction free the 1952-53 crop and also 1953-54 trade.
c. Population revised from mid-year base to 1 January 1954.
d. See Methodology, Appendix B.
I intra-Soviet Bloc trade Is incomplete, aid its reliability
a.
Is questionable.
r. Quantities do not include channel stocks. Positive (? I figured; represent adrittleas to flocks and/or deductions =a total 'imply; negative (-) figures denote release troa stocks
rod/or additions to total supply.
g. .Total supply equals production plus or ntma net trade and change in stocks.
h. Total gross (Col= 9) is the =int available for =an etiesumptien and differs tom total supply (Col= is) by the 1.91.1.1rt assigned to nonfood epee.
I. Extraction rata refers to prairie only and represents the percent of grains used for Innin consumption (in the fora of flour). Coluna U represents this amoint. That portion of
grain net need far 20=1 consumption (residue of cobra 9) is assumed to be used as angel feed, althOugh it is net drain an the balance.
3. Calories per day are derived free catiplying macrame per person per year by the meter of calories per kilogram acel dividing by the member of days in the year. 21s_yl
k. See Mothodoloff, Appendix B.
1. ihrier the International Sugar Agretents aingarY gas allocated an extort quota of 40,C00 tars. 21/4 MO WES bag now been skipped. The p=aining
16,000 tons are carried in stocks. There is no further itectet Warren= Intimating other ahipmenta of sugar frig a:neon, although In past years Hungary has furnished Chita with
e about 12,000 tons. The =punt of anger available for ecmarciptloo is the difference betreen production and contemplated exports.
m. Available inforhatida does not Justify any change In fish from the 1952-53 food buleece.
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Table 30
Poland: a/* Estimate of Food Supplies b/
Consumption Year 1934-38 Average !lig
(Population, 32,000,000)
Commodity
1
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
I. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Net Trade Changes
(+Import) in Total, Seed and
Production (-Export) Stocks Supply S/ Waste Feed
Per Capita (Net)
Extraction Total
Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories Le,
Irial- Total 0112t (Percent) Foodza_r per Day per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,965
- 85
1,880
300
65
15
380
1,500
75
1,125
35.2
351
3,640
Nye
6,850
-1,050
5,800
1,100
750
50
1,900
3,900
79
3,080
96.2
920
3,490
Subtotal
8,815
-1,135
7,680
l,
815 815
22
2 28o
5,40o
45205
131.4
1,271
Barley
1,630
- 295
1,335
200
Goo
125
925
410
60
246
7.7
73
3,460
Oats
2,830
- 300
2,530
370
2,145
2,515
15
50
8
0.2
2
3,850
Corn
60
+ 25
85
5
6o
10
75
10
8o
8
0.2
2
3,630
Other (Except Rice)
495
495
55
305
360
135
73
98
3.1
30
3,490
Subtotal
5,015
- 570
4,445
630
32142
132
1212_
22
36o
11.2
12
Rice (Milled)
+ 45
45
45
45
1.4
14
3,600
Total Grains
13,830
-1,660
3.2,170,
2,030
iz.1
203
6,155
6,015
4 610
144.0
1,392
Sugar (Refined)
9:0
- 410
490
493
15.3
162
3,870
Potatoes
38,000
- 933
37,070
11,100
13,470
2,500
27,070
10,000
10,000
312.5
599
703
Meat
Beef and Veal
325
- 45
280
280
280
8.8
35
1,450
Footnotes for Table 30 follow on p.95.
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Table 30
Poland: 5/ Estimate of Food Supplies
Consumption Year 1934-38 Average
(Population: 32,000,000)
(Continued)
Commodity
1.
Thousand Metric Tons (EMeept lazere Soteill
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.3 14
Utilization'
Supply
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total ?
jj
v/mport in Total _ , Seed and Indus-s- Total Nate Net KilOgre=9 Calories Calories 26
Production (-Export)Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Cross (Percent) Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Neat
(Continued)
Pork
625
-i60
465
465
465
14.5
119
Loco
mitten and Goat
15
15
15
15
0.5
1
1,070
Total Mat
a
a
/2
23.8
122
.Pate and 01.113
n.a
ito
Butter
170
- 15
155
155
155
4.8
94
7,10
Slaughter Fats
200
- 15
185
30
30
155
155.
4.8
103
7,800
Vegetable Oils
30
a 85
115
30
30
85
85
2.7
65
8.840
Total Fats and Oils
400.?ia
1251
60
60
112
122
12.1
262
,
Fish (landed weight)
150
150
150
150
4.7
6
500
Milk (Whole)
10,200
- 300
9,900
1,300
4,9:0 st
6,200
3,71:0
3,700
115.6
3.96
620
Total Calories per ray
2,772
a. 1946 boundaries.
b. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
C. Does not include channel stocks, quantities being added to or released from state reserves, and unaccounted for quantities.
d. For butter only, cheese shown in whole milk equivalent'.
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Table 31
Poland.: Estimate of Food Supplies apt
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 26,035,000)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1
2 3 4 ? 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Supply
Utilisation
Nonfood Uses 12/ Food kvailabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
(+ISTort) in_, Total. Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories _en,
Production (-Snort) Stocks E/ Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent)L0 Food per Year per Day poF Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,631
-73
1,558
333
33
15
3131
1,177
80
942
36.2
347
3,500
Rye
5,730
-60
5,67o
1,069
796
50
1,915
3,755
80
3,004
115.4
1,078
3,410
Subtotal
7,361
;111
7,228
1,402
L2
2,296
6,932
3.?th 151.6
1,425
Barley
1,220
- 68
1,152
196
410
100
706
446
70
312 12.0
109
3,320
Oats
2,378
-1,6
2,332
378
1,932
2,310
22
60
13
0.5
5
3,860
Other (bccept Rice)
305
-18
287
58
209
10
277
10
80
8
0.3
28
3,410
Subtotal
3 903
-132
1L-71
2,551
110
I.D....1
ill
DI
17.8
142
Rice
Total Grains
ll,
;_2?5,
lam
.?.12
2,9$4
ii&
la
2,22
5.1110
11,32
164.4
1/.41
-
591 270/
410
410
15.7
Sugar (Refined) il/
-181.0
410
166
- 3,870
Potatoes
23,660 Ell/
23,655
8,749
6,246
1,503
16,495
7,169
7,160
275.0
527
Meat e/
Beef and Veal
15151
5
146
Negligible
146
146
5.6 ill
1,450
Footnotes for Table 31 follow on n-97.
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Table 31
Poland: Eatimte of Food Supplies 2/
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 26,035,000)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1
2
3
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14
suPPli
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 72/
Food AvailabilitIes
Production
Net Trade
(+Laport)
(-Export
Changes
in
Stocks
Total
Supply
Seed andIndus-
Waste
Feed
trial
Total
Total
Gross
Extraction
Rate
(Percent) `1./
Total
Net
Food
Per Capita (Net)
Kilograms
per Year
Calories
per Day
Calories
per Kilograms 268/
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
'Patton end Goat
Total Peat
Feta and Oils
Butter fil
Slaughter Pats ?15/
Vegetable 011e
Whale Oil
Total Fats and Oils
Fish (Landed Weight)
Milk (Whole)
508 i //
7W
02 Ir./
65u/
186
51
n
BS ay
3,710
_115
-120
N.A.
386
7
7
.5.12
58
168
76
m
86
3,710
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
4 ?22/
370
20
30
2
1,430 1/
20
30
2
4
1,800
386
7
2/2
58
148
46
Ag
82
1,910
366
7
212
58
148
46
m
82
1,510
14.8 //
0.3 1/
2sia y
2.2W
5.7W
1.8W
2:1.
3.1
73.4
120
1.-1!.2
43
122
44
M
b
125
3,coo
1,070
7,160
7,830
7,840
500
620
- 7
-18
.25
U.A.
N.A.
Total Calories per ray
LA:t2
a. Alcoholic beverages are not Secluded.
b. See Methodology, Appendix B.
c. State reserves only; does not include comaercial elumniel stacks: (-) denotes release from reserves and addition to supply (Column 4); (t) denotes addition to reserves
and a deduction ( -) from total supply.
d. Calculated at 93 percent of raw value.
e. Trimzed carcass weight, not including slaughter rats.
g. Creamery butter.
I. Used for butter.
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Table 32 ?
Poland: Estimate of Food Supplies Ws
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population:
26,550,000)
Thousand Metric Tons (Ebmept Where Noted)
1
2
3
2.
5
6 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Utilization
Supply
Nonfood Uses W
Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade
Mange&
Extraction
Total
(+Import)
in
Total
Seed and
Indus-
Total
Rate__,
Net
Kilogrmns
Calories
Calories
Commodity
production
(-Export)
,
Stocks V
Supply
Waste
Feed trial
Total
Gross
(Percent) U..9/
Food
per Year
per Day
per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,664
+175
1,839
310
37 15
362
1,477
80
1,182
44.5
427
3,500
Rye
5,279
+300
5,579
1,046
739 65
1,850
3,729
Bo
2,983
112.4
1,050
3,410
Subtotal
6,943
+475
7,418
1,356
M Bo
2,212
5,206
4,165
156.9
1,477
Barley
1,179
-95
1,084
194
340 94
628
456
70
319
12.0 242/109
3,320
Oats
2,093
-120
1,973
365
1,586
1,951
22
60
13
0.5
5
3,860
Other (Except Rice)
284
284
57
117 10
184
100
so
80
3.0 2/
28
3,410
Subtotal
3,556
2.12.
1,141
616
2,041 104
2,763
21
412
2..L2
142
Rice
Total Grains
26,499 286/
+260
Ls) /a
lim
21212 164
2'212
Leta
10.21
172.4
11112
Sugar (Refined) ei
Potatoes
765 y
27,200 7/
-398
-58
425
27,200
9,280
8,184 2,000
425
19,464 7,736
425
7,736
16.0
291.4
170
559
3,870
700
Meat
Beef and Veal
126
- 5
121
3/
121
4.6
1B
1,450
Footnotes for Table 32 follow on p.99-
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Table 32
Poland: Estimate of Food Supplies W
Consumption Year 1953-54
(Population: 26,550,000)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Cocrodity
1
2 3 1. 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 1.2 13 14
Utilization
&wily nonfood Uses .?./
Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Extraction Total
Net Trade Changes
(+Import in , Total Seed an! Indus-
Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Production (-Export)Stocks' Ei Supply Waste Feed trial Total Cross (Percent) SY/ Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Peat
(Continued)
Pork
403 f/
-115
2138
g/
288
288
10.8
89
3.000
?Litton and Coat
7 r/7
W
7
7
0.3
1
1.070
Total ?eat
22k1/
-120
416
gi
416
416
13.7
108
Feta and Oils28Y3
Butter (Creamery)
55
55
55
55
2.1
41
7,160
Slaughter Fats
146 hi
+ 1
145
20
20
125
125
It.
100
7,800
Vegetable 0115
59
? 23
a 2
77
23
23
54
53
2.0
103
8,840
Total Pats ard Oils
260
+20
i:
DI
11
11
ga
233
8.8
Pisa (Landed Weight)
90
-L'?/
70
It/
4
66
66
2.5
3
500
Milk (Whole)
3,710
3.710
370
1,210
1.563
2,130
2,130
80.2
136
620
Total Calories per Day
2,784
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. See Methodology, Appendix B.
e. State reserves only, does not include commercial channel stocks: (-) denotes release from reserves and addition (1.) to total supply; (+) denotes addition to reserves and a
deduction (-) from total supply (Column 4).
d. Polish goverment has indicated a need for 1 million tons of vheat 211 ; hoverer, known commitmenta total only 175,000 tons.
e. Calculated at 90 percent of rev value.
P. Trimmed carcass might; exclude aLaughter fats. See Yethodology, Appendix B.
g. Waste estizated at its,, than 5 percent and range in error on production hould compermate for this loss.
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Table 33
Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies ap.
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average 290/
(Population: 15,200 000) 2911C
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1 2 3 4 5 6 '7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes . Extraction Total ?
(i-Import) in Total Seed and Indus- Total Rate Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Production (-Export) Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent) Food per Year per Day per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
2,325
-235
2,090
510
25
15
550
1,540
75
1,155
76.0
758
3,640
Rye
155
155
35
5
40
115
Bo
92
6.1
57
3,410
Subtotal
2 48o
-235
2,245
212
30
1.2
890
1,655
1,247
82.1
81-2
Barley
690
-85
605
155
8400
20
575
30
65
20
1.3
12
3,320
Oats
585
- 11
574
125
449
574
Corn
3,900
-260
3,640
270
1,000
45
1,315
2,325
85
1,976
130
1,292
3,630
Other (Except Rice)
60
- 10
50
10
20
30
20
Bo
16
1.1
10
3,410
Subtotal
5,235
-366
4 869
560
1,868
L
2,494
2,375
20 12
132.4
!131
Rice.
+12
12
12
_z_
12
o.8
8
3,600
Total Grains
7,715
-589
7,126
1,105
1899
82
3 684
4 o42
215.3
2 138
Sugar (Refined)
68
. 7
75
.3,271
75
4.9
52
3,870
Potatoes
1,300
1,300
325
175
500
800
52.6
101
Po
Meat
Beef and Veal
95
- lo
85
85
5.6
22
1,450
* Footnote for Table 33 follows on p.101.
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Table 33
Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies e
Consumption Year 1933-37 Average
(Population: 15,2C0$C00)
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Toms (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 lb
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Ora'abilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
}
+Irorssrti in Total Seed and Total Rate Net Kilogram Calories Calories
Production rt stocks Supply Waste Peed trial Total Cross .(ESs.:Lit Food per Year per Otv per Kilogram
Moat
(Continued)
Pork
150
-15
135
135
8.9
73
3,000
Patton end Goat
50
50
50
0.3
10
1,070
Total Meat
ML.2
M
ga
122
Fats and Oils
10
10
10
0.7
14
7,160
Butter (Creamery)
Slaughter Fats
45
- 5
4o
5
5
35
2.3
49
7,1100
Vegetable Oils
25
+ 15
ho
5
5
35
2.3
56
8,8.40
Ibtal Pats and 011a
Bo
+10
22
10
10
8o
2?2
112
Fish (landed weig)t)
10
4- 5
15
15
1.0
1
500
Milk (Innis)
1,600
1,600
336
251
551
645
55-9
92
600
.Total Calories per Dv
2 609
a. Alcoholic cotto c verages are not included.
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Table 34
Rumania: Estizate of Food Supplies aie
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 16,805,C00) hi
Thousand metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
Commodity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U 12
13
14
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses 8/
Food Avallabillties
Production
Net Trade
(+Import)
(-Export)
Changes
in
Stocks A/
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Feed
Indus-
trial
Total
Total
Gross
Extraction
Rate
(Percent) 293L
Total
Net -
Food
Per Capita (Net)
Kilograms
per Year
Calories
per Day
Calories
per Kilogram
Grains
Wheat
1,966
-174
-273
2,065
488
20
15
523
1,542
85
1,311
78.0
748
3,500
112e
106
-II
95
30
30
65
85
55
3.3
3]
3,410
Subtotal
2 072
-185
,E2
2,I60
Et
20
15
553
1,807
1,366
61.3
112
Barley
259
257
172
39
20
231
26
65
17
1.0
9
3,320
Oats
301
- 1
300
98
202
300
Corn
2,088
- 92
2,076
241
147
45
433
1,643
90
1,479
88.0
868
3,600
Other (Except Rice)
38
38
11
6
17
21
80
17
1.0
9
3,410
Subtotal
2,686
n22.
2 671
522
394
65
211
1,690
1,513
90.0
886
Rice
22 295/
Negligible
22
2
2
20
65
13
0.8
8
3,600
Total Grains
4,780
-280
-353
4,853
1 042
414
80
1,53633.?Er
2.892
172 8/
LID
Sugar (Refined)
74
-34
40
40
2.1 W
25
3,870
Potatoes
653 Mi
653
306
41
5
352!/
301
301
17.9w
34
700
Neat
Beef and Veal
105
85
85
5.1
20
1,450
I' Footnotes for Table 34 follow on p. 103.
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Table 34
Rumania: Estimate .of Food Supplies iv
Consumption Tear 1952-53
(Population: 16,605,003) bJ
(Continued)
Thousand Petrie Tons (Except Where Noted)
1 2 3 Ii 3 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14
Utilization
Nonfood Uses .9./ Food Availabilitles
Commodity
Net Trade Changes
r-aporti in
Production rt Stocks 9./
Total
Supply
Seed and
Waste
Teed
Indus-
trial
Total
Total
Cross
Extraction Total
Rate Net
(Percent) 2Y Food
Per Capita (Net)
Kilogram Calories
per Teatper Day
Calories
per Kilogram
Meat
(Continued)
Pork
128 - 20
108
1o8
6.4
53
3,000
!tattoo and float
46
46
1,6
2.7
8
1,070
Total Mat
E2 M2/1/..10 1/
an
1.3.2
3.4.2 ei
Si
Pats and Oils
Butter
11
11
11
11
0.7
14
7,160
Slaughter Fats
ha
40
5
5
35
35
2.1
45
7,600
Vegetable Otis
59 I/ #10
69
10
10
59
59
3.5
85
8,840
Total Fats and Oils
no # 3.0 pi/
3.2o
id
il
la
1226a
9./
141.
Fish (Landed Weight)
.3a/
23
20
1
1
19
19
1.1
2
500
Milk (tie)
1,780
1,780
427
242
669
1,11.1
1,113.
66.1
109
600
Total Calories per Day
2 068
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. 1 January 1953, revised population estirate?frco a mid-year to a 1 January bane.
c. See Methodology, Appendix B.
d. Data not include carercial channel stocks. (a) denotes addition to stock or deduction fro= total supply and (-) denotes release from stocks or addition to total supply.
e. Residual.
I. Nonfood uses:
Seed : Seeding rate (1,500 kilogram per hectare) x hectares (160,030 hectares) 240,1.00 tons.
Waste : 10 percent of production or 65,300 tons.
Seed and Waste : 240,030 plus 65,303 305,703 tone.
Peed R.sidual
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Table 34
Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-53
(Population: 16,805,000) 12/
(Continued)
h. Estimates of meat production are made for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter and average weights, with an allowance being made for
slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter fats. The estimates of livestock slaughtered are generally arrived at on the basis of a
balance sheet for livestock numbers. The livestock numbers at the beginning of the period are added to the estimated crops of young animals to obtain the total supply. Prom this
are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the estimated death losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total, livestock slaughtered. TO arrive at
the estimates of meat production in the manner explained, available current information is used as well as information for the same country and for other countries for earlier
periods.
I. This estimate is probably low.
J. Includes 10,000 tons of oilseeds consumed as seeds but shown here in oil equivalents.
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Table 55
Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies lie
Consumption Year 1563-54 k/
(Population: 17,012,000) Ei
Commodity
1
2 3 4 5 6 7. 8
SuPP3Y
Thousand ',tide Pona (Except Where Noted)
9 10 II 12 . 13 14
Utilization
nonfood Uses Si rood AvaLiabilities
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
(+Deport) in Total Seed ezzi Indus- 1htal Rate / Net Kilogram Calories
Calories
Production (- t) Stocks Supply Waste Peed trial Total Gross (Percent) / Food per Year per fay per Kllogram
Grains
Wheat
2,191
-279
1,912
1.91.
24
13
511
1,381
85
1,174 69.0
662
3,500
Rye
126
-10
116
31
1
32
84
05
71 4.2
39
3,410
Subtotal
2,117
2.
M
M
a
gl
1,1.65
1,1165
1,245 71.2
121
Earley
390
-a
-20
370
106
218
20
344
26
65
17 1.0
9
5,320
Oats
420
420
102
318
420
Corn
2,570
- 6
2,564
256
260
49
561
2,003
50
1,903 105.0
1,045
5,6co
Other (Except Rice)
45
45
11
11
22
21
SO
17 1.0
? 9
3,410
Subtotal
120.
- 26
1221
111
?21a
1,347
2,050
1,837 108.0
1,2a
Rice
26
26
3
3
23
65
15 0.9
10
5,600
Total Oraina
2,..221/
;Ea
visi.
la%
ij.
1,914
il.(5-4
mg lea 4/
1 74,
54
Sugar (Refined)
117
- 30 s/
Si
07 5-1 f/
3,870
Potatoes
,Vi
eoo
Boo
310
42
7
359W
441 25.9w
50
700
Meat
Beef and Veal
66
-10
56
56 3.3
13
1,490
Footnotes for Table 35 follow on p. 106.
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? Table 35
Rumania: Estimate of Food Supplies 2/
Consumption Year 1953-54h/
(Population: 17,012,000) 2/
(Continued)
1
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
2 3 1. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses g Food Availabilities
Coity
Meat
(Continued)
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
(+Import) in Total Seed and Total Rate, Net Kilograms Calories Calories
Production (-Export) Stocks Supply Waste Feed trial Total Gross (Percent) 2/ Food per Year per Day per Kilograms 3?61
Park
Mutton and Goat
74
44
-25
- 5
49
39
49
39
2.9
24
7
3,000
1,070
Total Meats
184 1/ p_2/
- ho
444
144
8.5 fi
44
Fats and Oils
.,il
Butter
10
10
10
0.6
12
7,160
Slaughter Fats
Vegetable Oils
20
69 k/
4- 8
23
77
5
10
5
10
15
67
0.9
3.9
19
94
7,800
8,840
Total Fats and Oils
22 2-11/
4. 8 312/
3.07
2.-212
323.- /
5.4 gj
125
Fish (Landed Weight)
20 1/
Negligible
20
1 W
1
19
1.1 f/
2
500
Milk (Whole)
1,780
1,780
427
220
647 2/
1,133
66.6 I"
109
600
Total Calories per Day
2,158
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Preliminary.
c. 1 January 1954, revised population estimate from a mid-year to a 1 January base.
d. See Methodology, Appendix B.
e. No trade reports are available at the present time. It is estimated that trade win continue at about the same level as that for the last few years.
f. Residual.
g. Acreage vas estimated on the basis of seed-available from the 1952 harvest. Allocation of 240,000 tons umnild,at the seeding rate of 1,500 kilograms per hectare, saw an area of
160,000 hectares. Yield is estimated above 1952 but below 1951, or approximately 50 centners per hectare (160,300 hectares x 50 c/ha . 800,000 tons).
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Table 35
Pannania? Eatimate of Pood Supplies W
Consumption Tear 1953-54 y
(Population: 17,012,000) d
(Continued)
h. Nonfood uses:
Seed and Waste: Since no planned acreage figure wan found for 195b, it is estimated that the Rumanians will try to Increase acreage to at least the 1952 level of around
153,000 hectares. On the basis of a 1,500 kilograms per hectare needing rate, this would require an allocation of 270,000 tons. Waste was estimated at
5 percent of production (800,000 x 5 percent ? 60,000 tons). Seed and pante ? 310,000 tons.
Peed : Estimated to be the etume as 1952, since there was no change indicated in livestock members 41,500 tons.
Industrial : Ito reports received, figure estimated at around the 1951-52 - 1552-53 average ? 7,cco tons.
i. Estimates of meat production are rade for each category of livestock. These estimates are based on estimated slaughter and average weights, with an allowance being rade for
slaughter fats, fat cuts, and baton. The latter are shown on the balance under slaughter fats. The estientes of livestock slaughtered are generally arrived at on the beide of a
balance sheet for livestmek umbers. The livestock lumbers at the beginning of the period are added to the estimated crops of young anirala to obtain the total supply. Pram thin
are subtracted the livestock members at the end of the period, and the estimated death losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total livestock slaughtered. To arrive at
the estimate:: of meat production in the manner explained, available current information is used an well an information for the same country and for other countries for earlier
periods.
J. This estimate is probably law.
k. Inched, 10,000 tons of oilseeds as a a
1. This estimate is lower than the FAO estimate for 1951 but is believed to be mare in line with FAO estimate of per capita consumption
:a. Fish waste is calculated at 5 percent of production.
n. Nonfood uses: ?
Peed : Calculated at 2it percent of total production, factor taken frau prewar food balance for Rumania.
Industrial: Piepre is the =ilk equivalent of butter. 10 kilograms of butter tires factor (22 kilogram of milk for each kilogram of butter) equals 220 kilograms of
milk equivalent.
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Table 36
Mira; enthate at Food &applies sia
Consumption Year, newer Average '2/
(Population; 480,000)
Thousand Patric Tone (Race t There Noted
Commodity
2
5
6
7
8
9
10 U
12 13
awns
?Ciliation
Nonfood Use.
Food Andlabilities
Production
Ne.t.Trede
Total ,
Supply V
23,053
7.870
err
8,583
P,X
10,857
1,060
47.065
2,169
534
Seed and
Waste .t/
2,883
954
llk
696
564
780
121
3...321
2.785
270
3.041
?tea/
217
2,755
28)
1044
5613
142
1,659
6,808
7,J
trial fi
456
553.
124
197
111
1,326
666
.3..a
156
268
Total W
3,556
6,250
334
1,522.
1,769
365
3,767
787
13,286
Crotell
19,867
3,620
5k3
6,669
7,923
1.215
7,090
273
aim
83:064
Ertractim Total
Rate Net a
(Percent) rood .1/
85 Si 4/ 16.547
eo 2,896
50fl 272
100 6,669
93 7.131
93 1,094
91 353/ 6,381
PC 1/ 2115
2? 861
Per Capita (Net)
KI1orre:as. ,
per Year H
9,47
6.03
0.57
13.89
14.86
2.28
13.29
0.65
2,31
1.4623
/.L.
m9.21
Calorie!, calories,
per Day -11 per Mows,
330 3,40
55 3,320
6 3,850
135 3.560
11,0 3?430
21. 3.380
125 3,430
4 3,440
/86
665 3,590
56 3,590
M
1,211
33rj
Chr ture
_ ,
Stocks E/
Crain
lexest
22.503 IV/
7.871 AV
151
0,696 W
9,078
580
11,066
1,095 3f
41,068/San.
? 555
- 1
- k
' 113
- 36
otter 22220
Parley
Data
Cern
toilet
Proeoallet
Kaoliang
M1sealarecus angina
9o8104a1 Other
" . Grains .
Rice
Ran:: %Tenter)
snAatal nee
Total Gnu..
16,246 355/ az,/
0,269 -0M/
50.71551
Ilk 221
? 819
15203 j3i
20,521
,
7'1; fly 3L,!g:
31111
:9,555
14a,
V Footnotes for Table 36 fellow on P?110.
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Table 36 ?
Mfrs: Cagiest* or rota AgaiHeti
Coorovt1ca Tear, Prayer be,
(20.2.6.03. 120,007,0:0)
(26.516054)
Tteousand Motele Tees (.2zess4 laterm Pl2te41
Ccenct
5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ottligation
13 [Marco' Uses
Peat gvailablItairet
Pew Cepits (Net)
raarsetten Seta
Se,G./wort
z:zpy Canoes
Total Stott enl Total Mato set Mora Calorie. planes&
Prot/salon ti_ tostl _q Mute et re_g_t_11/ tx,Sidl. abut Oross PerLse Lot PSI/ per Tear V on MP V on 2/1001?.? nli
Potatoes
&met Potatoes 18,525 St
Whets Potatoes 3.6E0nt... - 35
Total Potatoes a .11
Cute Savo hco j2/ ? Op
Ran .2 Oilseed.
Vegetable otleards 16.199 g -2.250
Bead Means 3.30 - 55
Plaid Pose '3.150 . .
Fruits ant Vegetables
ey g
Meat
beef sal Veal 619
Zerrela 1,36
Part 3,873
Pasterns sal latb
last
Posit'', Meat
total Meat 1,6_!
-35
15,525
2,N
3.705
506
2,66b
10.951
10,561
22.194
970
M25
267
211
1,356
2.2E7
2,267
142
9
700
1.1s1_M
1./M.
1..Z2
1.361
Elm
11.2213
13.
jj32
1.050
1.050
1.050
229
23
3212/0
1,7,03a/
600
8,2k1
10,851
5.055
5.095
10.61
326
363
3.2n
635
67
. t9t
2.779
2.719
5.79
55
315
3,197
*19
797
191
LIM
1.553
1,7133
3.71
35
3*5
55-c0
35
622
622
1.30
6
1,593
106
tr_a6
3,516
476
3,846
0.91
8.01
I
41
1,5903.eas
167
167
157
0.35
1,800
159
159
159
0.33
1
1,230
402
102
102
0.81
5
2,050
5,632
3.612
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Tthie 36
Mire: Estimate or tool Supplies W
Consumption roor, Prayer Average oJ
Deptistsom hao,000.co3)
(Continued)
SupPli
Thou and ottpit Than (Ewe t re Noted)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Uttliosti
Nonfood Mee Food svausbilities
Cowedity
Eggs
Fish
Fats sal Oils
Vegetable Oils
Pork Pat
Total Pau and
Oils 2 692
Thiel Calories
Per Capita (Net)
net Tiede cb.ge.
traction Total
Carrert Ex Total ?, Seed an4 Total, Rate Net , Kiloppees? Calm-tee
(-ort) Stocks , Supply Le/ Waste 5' Peed Ti trial 88 Total Y Cross 2/ (Petcent) Food it per Year per Day LI pKil
er ogrCalorie.am
756 W, - 130 626 f886 626 1.30 1,510
3,C00 - 53 1E/ 3,053 3,053 3,053 6.36 11 6230
1,650331/ W - 110
l'?3222il
per Day
1,540 197 197 1,343 1,343 9.86 69
1,032 1,032 1,032 2.15 48
giM 1.21UIr112 Kam 116
8,840
8,iso
?. Alcoholic bererages are rot fielded.
b. The term 'prewar' le used in heading this food teletee for China became of the pertienlar statistical limitations of ti, data. wore World Per II the statistical reportiag of Chin.
end Mmehuria yea separate. In order to rill the fool balance matrix, it was necessary to draw upon differing nee Parted/ and to use averages. Thus, data for China proper (22 provinces)
are amortises of' the period 1931-37. mor.toorron data aro averages or the period 1935-38. Certain exceptions are moo to Pane generalinatices. These exception vill be noted as they
occur. Therefore The Chinese wprevar# food balance is a corposite giving representative or avenge Food situation in the prewar period. -
e. mese are inannteletd data for stock adjustmenta. ConsequentlY, stock change. are mewed to canna/ fnto year to year.
d. Protection plus or odium net trade:
Hectares Seeding Rate Seed
Commodity (Tboussads1 f
%Moan= per Hectare) ,,, Allowmwe
Wheat 21,287 105 2.235
Harley 6, 105 708
Oats 1,036 85 88
Corn 6,217 70 435
Millet 8,217 35 288
Provo-millet 1,617 1 40 65
K?011ang8.342 gy, 55 459
Ries (Zion-0/utcnous) 18,146 ..e. 75 1,361
Rice (Glutenous) 1,941g 50 136
[treed Beane 3,169 105 333
Field Pees ? 3.588 SO 323
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_ _ _ _ _ _
Table $5
China: stirsts of mad flappllea
Cone.ptIon Tear, Prewar Anna y
(25.1atice: 693,203.000
(ccetimea)
leireallannan .
Potatoes - meet and nate an taken is a ratio of prabeetion. This ratio Is tetchy 16 percent. Ey/
Waste for the nine are taken as retie* Of total predaetlel.
TOT the cennelitles Listed In the eines table, the ratio Is 3 percent. XV
f. Peed ellpeucee er. takes am melee of protection. These reticle ere es fallow* fur Use writes acenailUes Mi
That ? 1 pane. In Clara; in annetris included alth
Deasy -- 33 percent.
tata--8 percept.
Ccell -- 12 percent In this., in Mmeharie 1.10.10:104 with icdostriel.
mijet -- 10 pa.. In Mira: in lanctoria include% vith Lretnetrlal.
Rnolleas -- 15 per.. In this.; In Pancheria tszebaita with teliatrIal.
Itimeallaneouo grail* -- Inaba:tea Nth Letestrtal.
Riew (both ippee) allow.. tar thee.
brood beers -- no aflamee thr race.
nail eau -- 25 Paratht-
itatoe. -- patent.
Tel:steal* alle?sde -- 6 percent at wean; re feel allewsa ter tat Otter oil....
? I. Industrial ellen.. are taken ratios To, pied. ties. with elet eac.th. ? Then settee ?T. ee 201.10.? Or the nig.. 55.?54555" 32/
*ant -- 2 ;trent in Cara: 6 mean In ibrebsrla inelelea feel.
Parley -- 7 percent.
Corn -- 2 remelt In Mira; 31 patent in latretrorta Inc Is.. feel.
mint -- 2 Percent in Chi.: 16 Went Sn //hacthrta laden farad.
entee-atnet -- 7 percent.
/ha.. ? 12 percent In thins; le Meeent in pancharls sauces fnd.
Itlarellexeco grains -- 60 percent.
RI. (fonglutenous) -- 1 pereent in Mehl os allomee for Names.
Aloe (Cluterics) -- 6 rerth11.
14.4 bees -- 2 recent In this.; no antiwar. far 14tatetrarta.
71611 pram -- 6 percent.
Potato. -- 5 percent.
ttsetabi. ails.-- thee wheal" far netting perphtee.
Vegetable ailhae -- this lute le the tventitrthl cubs, is the only item that is ree1hm1. enttion of etinet etentute ear. used In enjunction with seed end rata el
feed es dedietime frn the total cabs to arrive at' ireestrial etanaretta.
I. With the eneptIos of oilseeds (noted In S atom) tns can is the en OX eleappehremes credited to flee me ant, not, end irdnatrial nee.
I. 205.1 .11,17 (Cauca I) viee my of reef tar= CB (eel= 6)-
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Table 35
China: Attest. of Food Supplies
Consomption Year, Prase Average fp
(p......
.:
(0...0
I. ar camera on on ate.c art..extraction es Eras is care ed e .
Ir. Metric toes (In thoweinda ) thorn is col= U as being available for fond 11, divided by population to place data an beats of knaveaa per year (Colman 12).
1. rtilogrers per year (Came 12) multiplied by calories per kilogram (Caws, 15), soft the resultind product aindos by 365 days. The resulting quotients are calories re day
(Cul= 13).
Is. Calorie. Per Ellththi are takes f".:, .t.zdari ...".? 3.11/ In certain them adYmithents were mde ler condi:A.ca peculiar to Chins end for the particular makeup or the chino rood
balance. These are shorn halos in detail where smh has occurred.
Calories
per Siloam Coceottity
Yettcdologicel Caerents
VISO
That
Soft rheat/flaurbelim extraction
3.320
Barley
Whole seed except hulls
3,850
Oath
Oatmeal, rolled mt.
3,560
Corn
Crain or shale Neal
3.430
Millet
Pastan
3.380
toilet
Pres.
3.0.3.3
raoliang -
Seth ea (oxtail millet
3,a0
miscallaneaus Grains
This classification cantata moth
barley sad oats. but -the
Watt. Is bucket:mat. The calories
pa 100 gram of buckwheat is med.
3,590
Rica
Die waded, ordamillod. Wrboiled?
irdlales both glutenous end con.
stamens rice
970
Potatoes
Sweet
700
Potatoes
Thite
3,870
Sager
Cane, refined
3,630
%metal.
?
Extraction
011sath IA/
SieSt
Bate
Calories
Product
0,096
&et sat apply
335
1,372.160
Soybean
(Mole seed)
do (so.
Pet000ho
S
qdh
67 - (612)
556
134,152
Sesame
35
does not apply
575
20,090
Miscellanea. .
35
doe. at apply
elk
9,950
Total . ,
8378
1 f36,3,a
- 3,630 calreith pa Meath
3,550 Brood Detail Belle
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4
S-E=C-R-E-T,
tub. $
Ms: !Ottani., of Mad Supplies
Coarsoptlan Tear, yrs.. ver*C?
(ropalat ion: bed,023,003)
(mmunised)
Calarlae
per Madsen Com= Methodological Pante
3.450 nue Beans /km
VD frau aid "tenth''. celnileted average per CaPita ea,
emptied per day la given ne 1511.13 .
ard the calories per day es
36. ip,/ Tide sea Teta& to
calor ee per 100 WM. Mat la,
35 ? 1511S ? 23.)
1.590 Beef end Peal. *late* enrage at bee note es
thin including kidney fat mad
val carcasses. thin Inoludfsg
fra Warta, VeSt Proteet
Beef la I 636
Veil 137 1 137
total 793
weighted nenes tia - 1.850
1,590 Buffalo Assad to be Gana beef and nil
claselficaucd
2,050 Part Tanned neat bests -- dread of cal-
culation pat Caseata.
thin, niPles areas
arum, 'Man" carcass 3,960
Total 6.660
6 660 - 3.330 alarles per lablegran tee-
-Sr tanned basis.
Fat cuts are ealealated to be 230.6 Ltr.
cent of total careen valet.
all port fat 8,160 calories per
rm. 20.6 x 8,353 . iao calories
CI perk fat la every lalagran of =-
trim:esti mat.
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Table 36
China: Estivate of read Supplies
COnesoptiou Year, Prewar Average r,
(Poptattioa: 483,000,03)
(conted)
Calories
rr Mores Comadity Methodological Cant.
2,050 Pork 3.333 ealoria? per kLlogram of un-
(Confirmed) tamed meat
1,620 calories of pork fate per
kilogram of untrimmed meat.
1.650 calories in 794 exam or
crionon t, that Is. 1,003
grass slime 206 grams
Perk fat ? 794 gram.
Therefore: in 1.003 grams of
trimmed meat -- there are
2,080 calories.
1,EICO Mutton end Iamb Average of: thin young
carcasses 1.193
settles
carcasses 2,410
24-00
!arories per
Magna
12:050233 0saitses seat
C6ritrereing, Percentage*
araeliverealghnottbaniminis 1,030
? tbin
dree eni ed antra
tese
Weighted average [Maravo poultry chickens,
dressed, net draw 1,22E) calories per
Ms -
Pucks sod sees,, dressed, not dravn.
2.050 caloric, per kilogram
Weights -- chickera 2, evoke end geese 1.
1,220 x 2 ? 2.440 ? 2,050 ? 4.493 1,500 calories
2 per /a3r,-
? drablgrMrbarta.
1,500 'alone, per Idler= undrave teals.
1952-53 *might of poultry on drawn taste,
To255pfre antnuelnera. basis -- 205,030 ? a 393,200 toms.
350,203 0 1,500 e 5,853 0 108 oylerior,
5,853 105 calorie.. 265 ? 3,0o more= ? 2,550
calorie, per kilogram on a draw heals.
1,510
884
1316
relge
Fish
Vegetable oils
Palk f at
related ammo (In ehall)
km Calories1,M,TpLt
Fbn 1,440 2
Dank 1,640 1
Total
4.520 - 1,510 calories per
3
? Unspecified, rend
Pere
' All fat Including fah cuts
Predunt
2,853
1,640
MAW..
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Table
Cann Minato of Pont &Wain
namnoo ran , Penn ma p V
o /
(PatnaIan 1153,01:0,003)
(Cchteten
. liar. .
O. Averan gate gatortan 1941% ter neatIs
P. Anna sillet yeetactico 1031-$ for Heactertallf
2. hypronrothe beset cla tie nacos Opee of gran this CleaLfttalen.
e. Anna nes pecnt-tion 1035-39 tor Narceris. my
a NO data far Mira ea Mociert. we nage hen entree of per hen reetsethe .
In orte to etre nen panatten ea fences feta, vat we 15 peen of oaten per net Iva
slaughtered. 3:0/ Carens night pee oral se 1(0 palates (tens len to Chtne ant 133 Inters (arse elan la Matta ea Sionead? 172/ tor ttirtalt.. 15 inson as
=tors pa nor sets altered. Caner vilest per anal eat pe lanes (tessael valet). /72/
a. Preatactico Le en a tairradheat bast., that L. ere. eight ere fat cute. 1 1 la order to Ana
airooteet pneetithe the folleeng netts ewe teat 1C0 percent of Eaten ante Lig In aos. In. snood mit or 55 MODS on cunt al la
alseChrta tla tomes sot we 50 Inane per caress. M./
a. I n war to mare eat yreattIon the elleng factors we eel n meet of =Pe per ten not
siamottosso, ma Qs teen eclat pee tiara vas 15 knoran.
o. Paltry eat navies tax, men. are aloes. Per both E. ? .........., p peen of mete per re we anetterel. 211 Par lesents, ? yen of 1.9 Mega of
eSt we nand .it pailtep embers nth:a ? trealmenetare af,. Poe Can chinas ere anted to yine 1 Illopreo, ra, eke 2 ktleges, GM nen 3 kilOgnal of
St. Ses/ ittstaction is slam co a dooms basis.
x. i?Sall en nanleet. Oaken ? Cdna. SO senout limn sot TO eggs on lent nth the average valet per ea beta ID ?my To Neenta its sae factors an applad
pn
aea an sonn Milt --y. M/ theta ion soot. TO portent Ian". 50 egg. se layer, ara eerie angst on en. 52 oleo.
y. Ea la an eetain of feta ants le eatrattletteette to near( pretence.
s. Oilmen gang for al en non en detnetta fen talleeeds one the tantala eann. The name prepartlen Of the alleat nab of cassis vas ealtuasea by the
ninunate annum ran to at vegetable oil yeattlea. The tannin rates are at talon to erventages, Mi one -- .atato a Fess 23. leaned 28. me. lb ?10
cottonseed 10. Itnehtten -- ream 10.5. sat pane ta to.
a. Pork fat, fat cots, eat been. zry Pletbadalea tho nee .. non to nactat? a.
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Table 37
China: Estimate of Food Supplies a/*
Consumption Year 1952-53 h
(Population: 480,000,000i/
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Rifled)
1 2
3 I. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Availabilities
Commodity Production
Per Capita (Net)
Net Trade Changes Extraction Total
(+Import in Total Seed and , Indus- , Total., Rate 4j2/4 Net Kilograms Calories Calories 2/
, ,
(-Export) Stocks Supply Si Waste f/ Feed 8/ trial )2/ Total 1/ Gross 1/ (percent)is/ Food 1/ per Year E/ per Day riL per Kilogram law
Grains
Wheat
Other Grains
Barley
bats
Corn
Millet
Proso-Millet
Kaoliang
Miscellaneous Grains
Subtotal Other
Grains
Rice
Rice (Nonglutenous)
Rice (Glutenous)
Subtotal Rice
Total Grains
22,4811.0__,V
6,997 43.8/
61141.19/814
10,783 120
9,964_21/
1,392 422/
10,730 7aA/ -
1,300 424/ p/
41,980
- 100
200
- 620
22,381
6,997
10,563
9,764
1,392
10,530
1,300
41 360
3,256
881
107
886
579
103
771
144
3,471
. 217
2,449
204
791
622
125
932
5,093
482
490
1,431
744
97
1,571
780
5,113
3,955
3,820
33.1
3,108
1,945
325
3,244
924
13,677
18,426
3,177
503
7,455
7,819
1,067
7,286
376 .
27,683
85
80
50
100_
90
90
90
80
74
70
15,662
2,542
252
7,455
7,037
960
6,557
301
25 104
32.63
5.30
0.52
15.53
14.66
2.00
13.66
0.63
52.30
312
48
5
151
138
19
128
6
495
628
32
660
1,467
3,490
3,320
3,850
3,560
3,430
3,380
3,430
3,440
33;559090
45,207 14.2/
2,519 /'
47 726
- 570
- 570
41;:179
47,156.
2,770
154
2 924
w12
445
151
596
6 191
3,215
305
3,520
41,422
2,214 .
43,636
30,652
3:::::
63.86
3.23
67.09
112,187
,
-0-1
.
ata
21,151
89,746
72,569
,
152.02
=
_j13.0897
* Footnotes for Table 37 follow on p.118.
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Table 37
China: Mitt:ate of Food Supplies 1/
Constoption Year 1952-53 3/
(Population: 48),[00,cco
(Continued)
11mussed Metric Tons (accept Vire Noted)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Utilization
814004
Nonfood Uses
Pool Availabilitieo
Net Trade
Changes
attraction
Total
Per Capita (Net)
(+Topart
ti
in
Total
Seed .o4,
Indus-
Total
0444
Net
NI:logo=
Calcudes,
Calories SI
Cc:cocdity
Prtduetion(-Export) 3
Stoc ks
,
Supply 9/
Waste c./
Peed 6/
,
trial 121
,
Total ;J
Coles Al
,
(Percent N Food
per Year W
per Coy W
per Kilogram tint
Potatoes
Street Potatoes
31,859 kat
31,859
5,017
6.372
1,593
13,062
18,797
18.797
39.16
104
590
White Potatoes
2, 362 s/
2,362
614
165
142
921
1,441
1,441
3.00
6
700
Total Potatoes
34,221
ILM
6,537
1,735
13,983
23,236
20,238
42.16
110
Cane sugar
375 lag/
? 66 E/
441
441
441
0.92
10
3,970
Pulses, and Oilseeds
Vegetable Oilseeds
16,475 2/
-1,2C0 t/
15,275
1,955
534
7,693
10,182
5
5,093
10.61
1.10
3,630
3,1578W
3.478
468
70
538
2,
63..r8
58
3,450
Bross Beans
Yield Peas
2,972 !,132/
2,972
381
743
178
1,302
1,640
1,670
33
3,450
Fruits and Vegetables
j yj
55.00
35
230
Meat 441/ yi
Beef and Veal
62153/
- 5
619
619
619
1.30
6
1,590
Buffalo
355 3/
355
355
355
0.74
3
1,590
Pork
3,500 Z/
-73 27
3,427
3.427
3,427
7.14
41
2,080
mutton tug Iamb
131 La/
- 4
127
127
127
0.26
1
1,800
Cost
122 a/./
122
122
122
0.25
1
1,230
Poultry
285 la/
- 7
278
278
278
0.58
3
2,050
Total Meat
4,928
4,928
4,928
10.27
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Table 37
China: Estimate of Food Supplies 2/
Consumption Year 1952-53 III
(Population: 10,000,000)
(continued)
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
1
2 3 1. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12.
Supply
Utilization
Nonfood Uses Food Avallabilities
Per Capita (Bet)
Net Tradeli Changes Extraction Total
(+Impol in Total Seed aM Total Rate SS, , Net ,, Kilograms , Calories, Calories 2/ ,
Cmsmdity Production (-Export), Stocks 4/ Sunni.), S/ Waste 1,7 Feed 8/ trial LW Total 1/ Gross Al/ (PercentrgFoodY per Year 8/ per Day E/ per ICllogram OS
Eggs
645 cc
50
595
595
595
1.24
5
1,510
Fish
4,000 1114/ s4/
9
3,991
3,991
3,991
8.51
14
620
Fats and Oils
Vegetable Oils
1,542 sei
86 !Li
1,456
220
220
1,236
1,236
2.57
62
8,840
Pork Fat
908 ggi
908
908
905
1.89
42
8,160
Total Fats and
Oils
22150
- 86
2,164
220
220
2 144
2 1/1417i.
Total Calories
per Div
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. In order to achieve a practical degree of inter-year comparability between the various food balances, certain procedures were followed in working out the postwar balances. No =kit -
timal commodities were added to the postwar balances. Where there were little or no data on commodities which appeared in the prewar balance, the postwar food balance matrix was filled by
the prewar statistics. This procedure, in effect, assumes constants for unknowns and allows Changes in known data to be reflected in the balance. Particular cases of procedure are
specifically noted In the methodology as they occur.
c. The precise breakdown of China's exports is an extremely difficult problem. Certain general safeguards an to total volume can be utilized. Although individual items are noted sub-
sequently, the supporting evidence per item is not as strong as the total. It is believed that while knowledge of the facts? might change the individual components mamas up the total agp-1
cultural exports, the level of the total would not be materially affected. In terms of an accurate food balance, this fact is significant. This can be illustrated by a hypothetical exmple.
Assume that a million tons of corn were shipped instead of a million tons of wheat. Whet, then, in terms of calories per day per capita would this assumed error in the type of Commodity
exported mean in the food balance? The answer to this question is shown in the following calculation:
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5?E?C ?R?E?T
Table 37
China: Estimate ofnodSupplies at
Consumption leer. 1952-53 bJ
(Ponulation: 480,000,003
(Continued)
- Total
Ccercslity Quantity Calories
Corn 1 Million Tons 3;560 x-109
Wheat 1 Million Tons 3,1193 x 109
Total Difference 70 x 109
Difference per capita per year + 70 x 109 . 145.8 calories
bdOxlO6
Difference per capita per day + 0.1. calorie
At a food intake of 2,000 calories per capita per day the above hypothetical error in the composition of exports would amount to ea error of 0.0002 percent in the daily food intake. The
physical volume of .exports ie eaticated to be between 3.85 million and 4.65 pillion tans. Pori exports for 1952-53 as shown on the fool balance amount to 2.72 million toms. Prima
ifar/e three data appear unexceptionable in relation to the rericara total when nonfood ec'icii3lural products, minerals, and coal are to be added.d.

I I
See footnote c, Table 36.
e. Production plus or minus met trade.
f. Allocation for geed based on 1953-54 acreages where available; where 1553-54 acreages were not available, 1952-53 acreages were used.
?
CO=CdIty (Thousand)
Hectares
Seeding Rate
(K1-10grans per Hectare) 'AV
Seed
Allowance
Wheat 25,126
Barley
Oate
Con
Millet
Promo-MIllet
Kaollang
Rice (Nonalutenous) 18,851
Rice (Glutenous)
Broad Hans
Field Peas
Vegetable Ontario1S2/
Soybeans
Peanuts1,500
Rapeseed
Became
Miscellaneous
Cottonseed
Total
i
6,393
978 0
118,,,,t617 ?3./
1,522 AD4
,
3,467 4
3,246
8,850
6,oco
1,coo
N.A.
3,901
105
105
85
70
35
40
55
75
70
105
93
103
93
30
35
R.A.
so
2,638
671
83
0
61.
449
1,414
va
304
2E2
865
135
leo
35
1
195
3.,431.
? 119 ?
$ ?E?C ?R?E?T
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Table 37 ?
China: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-53 .1,/
(Population: 480,0400,080
(Continued)
Miscellaneous grains, 121,000 tons aflowed for seed and waste.at. Potatoes, seed, and waste are taken as a ratio of total production. This ratio is roughly lb percent. 412/
the grains are taken as ratios of total production. For the commodities listed above, this ratio is 3 percent.
g. See footnote f, Table 36.
h. See footnote g, Table 36.
i. See footnote h, Table 36.
1. See footnote i Table 96.
1. See footnote J, Table 36.
m. See footnote k, Table 36.
n. See footnote 1, Table 36.
o. See footnote m, Table 36, with the following exceptions:
Oilseeds Weighted Average 1952-53
Calories
per Kilograis Type - Weight 415/ Calories Product
380 Soybeans 4,000 335 9,342,000
? Peanuts 1,000 546 546,000
Sesame 80 574 45,920
Miscellaneous 13 284 3,692
Total . 5,093 1,995,692
Weight average . 1,935,612 . 380
5,093
p. This is based on production levels of 1950 and 1951. Data for the 1952-53 year on this classification are not available, so the latest known estimate is carried.
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Table 37
China: Estimate of Food Supplies Li/
Consumption Year 1952-53 y
(population: lie.otcco,coo
(Continued)
q. As reported. 1$?q, e figure to that for sweet potatoes in Manchuria. Prewar food balances show only potatoes for Minchuria. It is known, however, that white potatoes are
grown in China. 7%-iFamount of white potatoes reported for China and potatoes for Manchuria in the prewar period is roughly approximate to the reported sweet potato production in
Manchuria. L.:12/ Therefore, the Muechurian sweet potato production has been credited as white potatoes as a rough approximation of the proportion of white potatoes to total potato produc-
tion.
I I
s. Major classification of oilseeds.i Includes soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, cottonseed, and miscellaneous oil grains (sunflower and mustard). 50X1
t. Oil-processing year (end of first quarter 1952 to end of first quarter 1953). I I Total evert:: are on estimate
based on known shipments expanded to allow for shipments not reportedI 1 50X1
u. Data for China are the most recent available. Is.W This is added to the prewar Manchurian production, as in Manchuria the prover data are the only data available.
v. FAO data for China and Manchuria are averaged to secure estimate of per capita consumption. No postwar estimates of fruit and vegetable consumption are lumen, so theme data are
carried into the 1952-53 food balance.
v. All meat classifications are estimated by the sane general methodology. Livestock numbers for prover form basis for present numbers estimates. LW/ 1952-53 estimates of ambers are
adjustments of base figures rade on evaluations of general statements of changes, claims for certain areas, and trends in previous years. Silk
x. For percent slaughter and carcass weight', China and Manchuriairespectively, nee Table 36.
y. Trimmed meat basis. Percent slaughter and carcass weight, see footnote u, Table 36.
z. No adjustment made for differences between trimmed-meat production figure and carcass weight with fat for export.
as. For percent slaughter and carcass weights, see footnote v Table 36.
bb. For percent slaughter and carcass weights of the various POultry classifications, see footnote v, Table 36.
cc. For percent layers and number of eggo per layer, nee footnote x, Table 36.
dd. This is an estimate of total catch in contradistinction to fishery production. 50X1
1 1
ee. Thin is a derivative production figure from the industrial utilization (Column 7) of vegetable oilseeds. Establishment of the allocation of oilseeds to industrial utilization rests on 5OX1
the relevant methodologyi I The various proportions of the different kinds of oilseeds that are included under the industrial
utilization column were multiplied by the appropriate extraction rates to get vegetable oil production. These extraction rates and the proportions making up the data under oilseeds for 50X1
industrial use are as follows:
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Table 37
China: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1952-53 3/
(Population: 48o,coo,coo
(Continued)
Type
Supply
for 011
Extraction Rate
(Percent) 442/
Oil
Production
Soybeans
China
Manchuria
Peanuts
1,520
759
10
10.5
158
eo
China
834.5
25
209
Manchuria
U.S
, lio
5
Rapeseed
2,667
28
741
Sesame
611
37
226
Cottonseed
1,230
10
123
Total
7,693
1,542
7,693 shown in industrial
column for oilseeds
1,542 derivative data
shorn as vegetable oils
ff. Based on cumulative totals given on processing capacity existing in Manchbria. LOS
For methodology and appropriate weight factors, see footnote as, Table 36.
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Table 38
China: Estimate of rood Styptics Ws
Corstszption Year 1953-,bb/
(Population: 103,00,000J
Thousand Metric Tens (Except Where Noted)
Como
tits
2
11 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 1.2 13
SupplY
Utilisation
Seafood Uses Feed Ava
Per Capita (Ret)
Ex
net Trade eij Changes traction Total
014:art In Total, Seed aan;, Total, Rath , set_ icileersas_, calories_, calories
Production ( -zrwr t , Stocks SuPall rf Waste f/ Feed fi trial W Total 1/ Grecs 21/ (Percent)Y Food Y per Tear 'W per Dm, W per Kilogram 'Mt
Grains
Wheat
22,325 1227,/
100
22,225
3,308
217
879
6,004 18,2a
88
15,11138
32?27
309
3,1490
Other Grains
Bartel
6,686 2/
6,646
870
2,326
465
3,661 2,585
83
2,388
4.07
45
3,320
Osta
81112/
ea
lo?
208
331 503
50
252
0.52
5
3,850
Coro
9,8E ti
?9,,M
860
726
1,313
2,899 6,893
ice
6,893
3.4.36
160
3,560
Millet
9,1 W
- 1C0
563
585
709
1,857 7,185
93
6,146
13.47
127
3,430
Primo-Millet
1,392 W
1,392
103
125
97
325 1,067
90
560
6 262
2.00
19
3.3E0
10,150 9/100

10,050
753
853
1,488
3,092 6,958
90
13.05
123
3,1130
301
Miscellaneous Grains
1,303 W
1,3C0
14
783
924 376
83
0.83
6
3,880
Subtotal Other
19.1.1
..M:"/
aso
4,819
4 850
13,069 25,967
23.522
89.00
89.00
M2
_.19,2
Rice
nee (lTonSleteMetis)
45,663Li/b6
. MO
811,883
2,784
451
3,235 41,788
78
30,894
68.36
633
3.550
Rice (Glutenous)
2,536
2,536
158
152
306 2.230
70
1,56.1
3.25
32
3.590
Subtotal Rice
48,199 ii,/
67.519
!Lt
1,3,978 loil 41.878
32,455
67.61
Total Caton
109,860
:122?2
10. ja
W...449
zisg
igZ
20.01h mum
e _
?..J.,
n
L a
Potatoes
_
Sweet Potatoes
32,8752/
32,1475
5,196
6,495
1,624
13,315 19,160
19,160
39.92
106
970
White Potatoes
2,3622/
2,362
6111
165
128
921 1,441
1,841
34:0
6
703
Total Potatoes;41,.//.3
abil13/
,to
6,660
1,766
3.8,23623 6.01.
2-9A-31-ii,W4
132
_i_
e
root/miss for Table 38 follow on p. 128.
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Table 38
Chine: Estimate of Food Supplies !V
Consumption Year 1953-54 bi
(Population: 4M3,003,OCOT
(Continued)
2
3 4 6
Thousand Metric Tons (Except Where Noted)
10 U. 12 -13 14
Utilization
Supply nonfood Uses
Food Availsbilities
Commodity Production
Net Trade ei Changes
(.Import) in
(-Export) Stocks 2/
Per Capita (Net)
Extraction Total
Supply
iiSaseeddeenfj Feed is/ deli:go/a 127. pedal Tore ?, Rate , net , Kilogxeme_,
12/ (PercentW Food It per Year W
Calories, Calories 2/
per Dey 2, per Kilogram
. Cane Sugar 383yJ+
Pulses and Oilseeds
75
458
458
'
458
0.96
10
3,670
Vegetable oilseeds 17,570
j/ ts/
-1,525 L92/
16,045
2,003
501
8,061
?
3.0,565
5,480
5,480
11.42
120
3,820
Broad Beaus 3,478
a/
3,478
468
70
538
2,940
2,940
6.12
58
3,450
Field Peas 2,972
2,972
381
743
178
1,302
1,670
1,670
3.48
33
3,450
Fruits and Vegetables st/
55.00
35
230
Meat1?7:2/
BeefandVeal 631
ge
5
632
632
632
1.32
6
1,593
Buffalo 360
gist
360
360
360
0.79
3
1,59)
Pork 3,570
WI/
93
3,480
3,480
3,480
7.25
43.
2,080
Coat 124
124
124
124
0.26
1
1,230
Mutton and lath 134
ft?5
129
129
0.27)
1,8C0
Poultry Meat 250
,TY
: 7
283
283
283
0.59
3.
2,050
Total bleat 52_11.1
- 107
5,008
5 coo
5,0)8
10.41
55
Eggs 658
50
608
6o9
608
1.27
5
1,510
Fish 4,coo
psi
- 9
3,991
3,991
3,991
8.31
14
620
Fats and Oils
Vegetable oils 1,575.-
5
- ? 162 S
1,413
11+3
1,273
1,273
2.65
64.
8,84o
Pork Fat 925
925
925
925
1.93
43
8,160
Total Fate Oild
Oils 2,91)
-- 16e
2,338
3.4o
2,198
4.58
Total Calories.
per Be)
1.087
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Table 38
Odra: Estimate of Pond Supplies 2/
Consumption Tear 1953-54bJ
(Population: 1:80,000,000
(Continued)
a. Alcoholic beverages are not included.
b. Sec footnote b, Table 37.
c. The significance, as far as the food balance is concerned, of the total phyeieal volt= of trade as opposed to the precise composition of that volume has been shown. See footnote
et. Table 37. mere is no Imown basis for assuming that Chinais total volt= of trade in 1953-54 will Change greatly. What indications are available paint to Chinese efforts to increase
the level of their trade.lija/ This is consistent with their ;mem desire to proceed with industrialization as rapidly as possible. There are reasons to believe that the canosition of
exports has changed to a certain degree in the 1953-54 year as corMared to the 1952-53 year. it appear* in 1953-51; as if China were trying to thereon its exports of higher value agri-
cultural products in place of value-bulk commodities. A case in point would be Increases in the shipment of park and citrus fruits.likS This belief is reinforced by the /acvledge that
1953 was a generally poorer year, crop-vise, than 1952. (See total all grain figure in Table 37.) Cm the basis of lack of positive evidence, end in accordance with the above reasons,
the physical Tolima Of exports is estimated to be be b million tons the seme as the 1952-53 volxme. hb Food exports for 1953-54 as shown on the food balance
amount to 2.92 edition tons, up sligotly from 1952-53 Composition of exports shows a decrease of
grain exports an] an increase in the exports of pork, oilseeds, and vegetable oils. This is consistent with the. reasoning
6. See [mimic 0, Table 36.
e. Production plus or rdnus net trade.
f. Allocation for seed based on 1953-54 acreages where available; where 1953-54 acreages were not available, 1952-53 acreages were used. See W, Appendix B, 1952-53 Food Balance for
actual seed allowances for all crops except peanuts.
Hectares Seeding gate Seed
Commodity (Thousand / Sittleantna Per Hectare) "at allawante
Peanuts 1,650 50 149
The peanut 'acreage for Chine and Manchuria has been expanded 10 percent. This is the sole crop on the 1953-54 food balance for which such an assumption has been cede. In the case of
peanuts, three factors appeared to Indicate strongly tint scrag, expansion was a likely prospect in 1954. Pint, the 1952 rad 1953 acreages of peanuts were dove from prover and postwar
levels. These levered acreages of Planate are expected to be Menden in 195/4 to levels that appear 'roma in a historic sense. Second, shortages of peanut oil have appeared widespread
througeout Chins in 1953. Ls2/ Etccreme shortages should act to encourage the Chinese Communist government to attempt to Increase production. Third, the recent Chinese-ganat trade agree-
cent epeeifically mentioned peanuts, which indicates erghasis on this crap as an ?Wort item.
g. See footnote f, Table 36, for all Ped factors except soybeans. Peed allowance for soybeans has been reduced On 5 Percent in 1953-54 because Of the generally poorer spring wheat
crep.lin/ Since the wheat and soybean areas are, to a consideable extent, the sane, it is aseemed that sone soybeans ;an:all) SALMI to feed were used ter =men Ceneuuntion.
h. See footnote g, Table 36.
I. See footnote h, Table 36.
.1. See footnote 1, Table 16.
k. Pot all notations I
1. See footnote 1, Table Mr,.
es. See footnote k, Table JO.
n. See footnote 1, Table 36..
see Table 36.
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Table 38
China: Estimate of Food Supplies
Consumption Year 1953-54 ly
(Population: 480,000,000
(Continued)
o. See footnote m, Table 36, with the exception of the following:
Oilseeds Weighted Average 1952-53
Calories
per Kilogram
Type
Weient IS
Calories
Product
3,820
Soybeans
4,250
335
1,423,750
Peanuts
1,175
546
641,550
Sesare
50
574
28,700
Miscellaneous
5
284
1,420
Total
5,48o
2,095,420
Weighted average . 2,0952420 . 3 820
5,480
p. Estimate. Latest available production figures a adjusted to reflect 1953 crop conditions. at yield was reported down about 6 percent in 1952. LI52/ Therefore, barley yield was
lowered 5 percent to reflect generally poorer crop conditions. Acreages were maintained at lest known levels. 460/
q. Acreage, yield, and production carried at 1952 levels.Itql
r. Estimate. 1952 date a adjusted to reflect 1953 crop conditions. !Tolerate to severe drought was indicated in 1953 for various corn-growing areas. Acreage was maintained at 1952 '
level for lack of basis to estimate changes, but yields were decreased by about 8 percent.
a. Estimate. 1952 data-/ adjusted to reflect 1953 crop conditions. Igeneral grain production in Northeast Chine was down about 7 percent, 1.4 million bons. Liai
This decrease was subtracted from millet and kaoliaog on the basis of their relative 1952 output -- after the estimated corn output decrease for the northeast had been considered. The net
decrease in the production of millet and kaollang totaled 1.1 million tons.
t. Acreage, yield, and production carried at 1952 levels. a
U. See footnote P. Table 37.
v. There was a paucity of information on actual quantities of other grains being exported from China in 1953-54. Because of increased exports of other items and the indications on the
total level of china exports, the other grains credited as being exported were reduced about 50 percent from 1952-53.
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Table 38
China: Estimate of Food Supplies g
c===ption rear 1953-5h 12/
(Population: hao,coo,ox))
(Coortinsed)
v. Esti.mte. Linear projection of average increases in production over the peat rev yeare._/
x. Carried 1952 lerel. Bee footnote q, Table 37.
y. Estimate based on the astamption that the rebuilding of the industry and growth of processing capacity valid. contizeie ? a/ The Chireee Consist gover=ent bas granted subsidies
Tod ?laced emphasis on the 'reduction of cane. h70/
an. Soybeans, peanuts, =one, cottonseed, reported; the Snoe of the oilseeds adjusted to trend shown by known items. See Table 37.
bb. 011 processing year (end of first quarter 1952 to end of first quarter 195I). Based an emulative totals 1 el Total exports are an stimate based on Imam ship-
ments expended to allow for shiments not reportedl CCD
See footnote u, Table 37.
Carried the sane as the 1952-53 Food Balance, as no mare recent inforretion is available. flf
See footnote ?, Table 37?
ff See footnote w, Table 37.
For percent slaughter sad careens weights, China ard Muichuria, see footnote v, Table 37.
It. Whored meat basis. Percent slaughter and carcass weights, see footnote r, Table 37.
it. For percent slaughter en, carrels weights, see footnote x, Table 37.
jj. For percent slaughter and caroms weights. of the various poultry classifications, see footnote y, Table 37.
kk. For percent layers and numbers of eggs per layer, set footnote an, Table 37.
U. Carried at the a= level as 1952-53.
rm. This is a derivative production figure from the industrial utilisation (Cal= 7) of vegetable oilseed. Establishment of the allocation of oils.= to lixtustrial utilisation rests
on the relevant metholologyl I The Teri= proportion? of the different Mods of oilseeds that are included under the industrial utilization col,
were multiplied by the appropriate extraction rates to get vegetable oil production. These extraction rates and the proportions nating up the data under oilseeds for industrial use an
as follows:
SupPlY
for Oil
Extraction 4tie
(Percent) 12.W.
Oil
Production
Soybeans
China
China
yanchuria
1,870
851..5
10.4 ?
12.3 ?
195
105
Peanuts
China
7k0?5
25.0
185
!bade:rift
10.5
h0.0
4
Rapeseed
2,586
28.0
836
Snare
329
37.0
122
Miscellaneous
3
33.0
1
Cottonseed
1,267.5
10.0
127
Total
8,061 shown in irdnstrial col = for oilseeds. 1,575 derivative figure
shove as vegetable oils.
* In the 1952-53 year the extraction rates on soybeans for Chins and
Manchuria were respectively 10.0 and 10.5 percent. IndicatiOns Point
to a higher level of casertial procurement which means the extraction
rate should average higher in 1953-51.?
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Table 38
China: Estimate of Food Supplies a/
Consumption Year 1953-54 b/
(Population: liflo,cco,c033
(Continued) '
nn. Based on I (mown shortages of cooking Was in China, _uj and on processing capacity in Manchuria. 7 /
on. For methodology and appropriate weight factors, see footnote dd, Table 37. -
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
The basic data for this report were collected in the form of food
balance sheets as a means of determining the food position of the
various Soviet Bloc countries -- that is, a statement for each food of
the total supplies combined with an analysis of the use made of the
aggregate.. The technique employed in the accompanying food balance
tables is that developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations.
Total supplies are derived as follows: production plus idports
minus exports plus or minus change in stocks. In order to arrive at
a figure of the net amount available for human consumption, all non- .
food usage must be excluded. This generally falls into the categories
of (1) livestock feed, (2) seed, (3) waste, and (4) industrial or
manufacturing. Then the resultant total of nonfood uSes subtracted
from total suNdy equals gross food available for human consumption.
The following is a brief explanation of what each column of
Tables 12 through 38 in Appendix A represents:
Production (Column 1) -- The figures in this column show the
total national production of all foodstuffs, including estimates of
home--grown supplies which do not enter commercial channels: ?
Net Trade :(Column 2) -- These figures are added to or deducted
from production to ascertain total supply (Column 4).
Change:3 in Stocks (Column 3) -- These figures pertain to re-
leases or additions to state reserves. Unless allowed for, stock
changes will overstate or understate the total available for consump-
tion.
Total Supply (Column 4) -- These figures show the amoUnt of
food available for all purposes. They are derived by statistical
calculation, from left to right, Columns 1 through 3.
. .
Seed and Waste (Column 5) -- Quantities used for seed are based
on customary seeding rates and the area sown. Waste data represent
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estimated losses in marketing channels from the farm to the retail
stage, but do not include household waste.
Feed (Column 6) -- This column shows the quantities fed to
livestock, for the period under review, of all commodities which are
usable as human food.
Industrial (Column 7) -- This column shows the amounts of food-
stuffs, usable for human consumption, which are either processed for
nonfood purposes or, as in the case of milk processed into butter,
appear elsewhere in the food balance as processed products.
Total (Column 8) -- Total of Columns 5, 6, and 7.
Total Gross (Column 9) -- The figures recorded in this column
are the balance of the available food supply shown in Column 4 after
the figure appearing in Column 8 has been deducted. This represents
the gross quantities of food available for human consumption.
Extraction Rate (Column 10) -- Extraction rates apply to cereals
and are used to effect a conversion of grain to flour and paddy rice
to milled rice.
Total Net Food (Column 11) -- This column represents the net
quantities of food available for human consumption after the applica-
tion of extraction rates.
Kilograms per Year (Column 12) -- This column gives the quantity
(per capita average) of various foods that are available for consump-
tion. It is derived by dividing Column 11 by the total population.
It is not to be inferred that all the commodities represented are con-
sumed in the indicated form; for example, flour is consumed as bread,
noodles, and the like; sugar is used in processed foods;, and oil may
be partly or entirely consumed in the form of margarine.
Calories per Day (Column 13) -- This column represents the
amount of energy in a given food and is derived as follows: calories
per day Column 14 x Column 12
365 days
Calories per Kilogram (Column 14) -- The factors used are those
devised for international use by FAO.
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The number of different factors, differing in some cases from
year to year, used in the calculation of the food balances necessi-
tates the inclusion of a section called "statistical notes." Sta-
tistical notes have been included for the USSR and the European
Satellites, by country and year, as follows:
A. USSR, 1938-39.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed.
1938 Acreage Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Million (Centners per (Million Metric
Crop Hectares) Hectare) Tons)
Wheat
43.7
1.4
6.1
Rye
24.4
1.4
3.4
Barley
10.7
1.2
1.3
Oats
19.8
1.6
3.2
Corn
3.8
0.5
0.2
Other
10.8
1.2
1.3
Total
15.5
b. Waste -- Calculated at 3 percent of total production
for each grain.
c. Feed -- A feeding allocation of 20 million tons is
derived. Jasny's investigations1119/ in reconstructing prewar grain
utilization patterns give the best available analysis and are drawn
upon for estimating adjusted estimates (postwar boundaries).
Jasny indicates a use of 18 million tons for calendar
year 1938 for the prewar territory.
* See Table 120 p. 47, above.
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This level of feeding indicated feeding rates at
93 percent of the 1925-28 rate, which,adjusted to postwar boundaries,
gives a use of 21.7 million tonslfor calendar year 1938. Because the
1938 crop (prewar boundaries) was more than 20 percent less than the
record high crop of 1937, feeding rates undoubtedly fell off during
the second half of 1938 and the first half of 1939. It is estimated
that feeding rates were not reduced accordingly but did fall off to
the rate of 86 percent of the 1925-28 levels or for an adjusted total
of 20 million tons.
d. Industrial -- Utilization of grain for industrial
purposes is largely in the production of alcohol and beer. The pro-
duction of ethyl alcohol in 1938 was 243.8 million gallons, of which
153.6 million gallons (63 percent) was produced from grain. One ton
of corn will produce 32 decaliters of alcohol (2.642 gallons per
decaliter). A use of 1.8 million tons of corn equivalent is indicated.
Although other grains do not have as high a starch content, it is
assumed here that rye and wheat for approximation purposes are equi-
valent. Thus, of 1.8 million tons, a million tons of corn is estimated
as used and 400,600 tons of wheat and 400,000 tops of rye. Barley for
malt (used with grains) is 8 percent of the weight of grain and 2.5 per-
cent of the weight of potatoes. The use of barley for malt in produc-
tion of alcohol was 177,000 tons. 480/
Barley for beer production in 1940 (11.2 million
hectoliters 1#8l/at 35 hectoliters per ton of barley) is indicated to
be 320,000 tons. Total industrial use of barley of 497,000 tons is
rounded to 500,000 tons.
e. Food -- Estimated at 230 kilogramg. Jasny has revised
his 1938 (calendar year; prewar boundaries) estimate of per capita
consumption from 245 to 235 kilograms. 482/ Because of the reduced
crop of 1938 and because of a presumed, awareness by Soviet officials
that grain reserves were needed, the 1938-39 per capita consumption
of grain is estimated at 230 kilograms. Adjusting to postwar
boundaries may even tend to reduce it further because of the fact
that the acquired territories were peopled by heavy potato eaters,
implying a lower grain intake.
f. Extraction Rate -- The extraction rates used for the
prewar balance may possibly be too low for rye and wheat. The same
extraction rates are used for the postwar years. Whatever error
there is, using the indicated extractions for 1938-39, will probably
be relatively offset by using the same rates for the 2 postwar years.
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2. Potatoes.
a. Production -- The average production of potatoes for
1933-37 was used in place of 1938 production. Because of poor
weather conditions, potato yields in 1938 were unusually low; thus a
more realistic base was used to represent prewar production.
b. Seed and Waste -- Seed calculated by using a seeding
rate of 1,750 kilograms per hectare on an acreage of 8.9 million
hectares (1938 acreage which is assumed for 1939). Total seed was
15,575,000 tons. Waste is estimated at 10 percent of production oi
7,383,000 tons. Total seed and waste of 22,958,000 tons rounded to
23 million tons.
c. Feed -- Use of potatoes for livestock feeding during
the late 1930's may have returned to the levels of 1924-28. The
average feed for those years was approximately 28 percent of the
crop. 4j,/ The evidence that a lower proportion of the crop may have
been used for livestock feeding in the late 1930's (prewar boundaries)
is balanced by a higher proportion of the crop used for feeding in the
acquired territories. Assuming a 28?percent feeding rateta use of
20.675 million tons is indicated (rounded to 21 million tons).
d. Industrial -- In 1937, 16 percent jj of the alco-
hol production came from the use of potatoes as raw materials. In
1940 the proportion was 15 percent. The 1938 production of ethyl
alcohol was 243.8 million gallons. To manufacture the 36.6 million
gallons of alcohol, 1.3 million tons of potatoes is required (1 ton
of potatoes will produce 27.5 gallons of alcohol).
3. Meat.
The 1938 meat production (prewar boundaries) of 3.3 million
tons 485/ was adjusted to postwar boundaries, giving a total meat
production of nearly 4 million tons. Since slaughter fats are included
under the fats and oils balance, a net meat production of 3.465 million
tons is indicated.
4. Fish,
a. Production -- The 1938 catch of 1.6 million tons was
arrived at by adding the catch of the three Baltic states, 40,000
tons, to the Soviet catch of 1.560 million tons. 1142?J
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b. Waste -- A 62-percent yield of product weight from
the total catch has been estimated.
5. Whole Milk.
a. Production -- the Soviet production of milk for 1938
of 26 million tons 487/ was adjusted for postwar boundaries for a
total production of?T.102 million tons. Of this, 5.750 million
tons were utilized for butter production (shown under fats and oils
balance).
b. Feed and Waste -- An allowance of 7.5 percent of
total production 1_4!?/ for feed and waste is assumed (2.558 million
tons rounded to 2T6 ?million tons).
B. USSR 1952-53.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed.
Acreage Seeding Rate ;Total Seed
(Million (Centners per (Million Metric
Crop Hectares) Hectare) Tons)
Wheat
48.2
1.4
6.8
Rye
22.0
1.4
3.1
Barley
8.2
1.2
1.0
Oats
16.1
1.6
2.6
Corn
2.8
0.5
0.1
Other
9.3
1.2
1.1
Total
14.7
b. Waste -- Calculated at 3 percent of total production
for each grain.
* See Table 131 p. 49, above.
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Numbers
(Million
Type of Livestock Head)
Horses 15.3
Hogs 28.5
Cattle 56.6
Sheep and Goats 109.9
Poultry ' 265.0
Total
Annual
Consumption
(Kilograms per
Head)
502
237
61 -
3
2
Total
Consumption
(Million Metric
Tons)
7.7
6.7
3.5
0.3
0.5
18.7
d. Industrial-- Utilization of grain for industrial
purposes is primarily in the production of alcohol and beer.
The composition of the 1.9 million tons (rounded
from 1.880 million tons 01/ for general grains other than barley) is
estimated as follows: corn) 1 million tons; wheat, 500,000 tons;
rye, 500,000 tons.
Besides the use of 200,000 tons of barley (as a malt)
for ethyl alcohol production (rounded from 192,700 tons) 1?92/ barley
is used for beer production.
Beer production of 15.9 million hectoliters 493/ con-
verted into barley (yield of 35 hectoliters of beer per ton of barley)
gives a total of 454)000 tons of barley (rounded to 500,000 tons).
This gives a total industrial use of barley of 700,000 tons.
e. Food -- It is estimated that the gross availability
of grain for direct consumption by the population of 210.8 million
.was approximately 230 kilograms per capita (228.2 when calculated).
Assuming the estimated annual increment to reserves of 2 million
tons and feeding rates up to 1925-28 levels, the balance of 48.1
million tons is left for food (with seed, waste, and industrial
use within narrow limits). Taking into account all factors (see
grain methodology statement for 1953-54),it is believed utiliza-
tion of grain for direct consumption was within the range of 225 to
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_ _ ? _ _ _
240 kilograms per capita. If the higher consumption rate is used, it
is believed that the adjustment in the balance of 2.5 million tons
should come in allocation of grain for feeding livestock.
2. . Sugar.
a. Production -- 1952 production of refined sugar (from
the 1952 sugar beet estimated at 2.3 million tons. The
following methodology was used:
Processed
Yield Production Production
Acreage (Centners (Million
(Million per Metric
Hectares) Hectares) Tons)
Raw Refined
Sugar Sugar
(Million Sugar (Million (Million
Metric. Content. .Metric Metric
Tons) (Percent)-22221 ,
1.50 147
22.0 20.8 12.5 2.6 2.3
N.S. Khrushchev gave beet production 494/ for 1952 as 22 million tons
(believed to be a "barn," or net, production statistic). Sugar beet.
acreage in 1953 was "increased"11.22/ an unknown amount over 1952.
This increase is estimated to be no more than 50,000 to 100,000
hectares. (For derivation of 1953 acreage, see Table. 3.*) A yield
of 147 centners per hectare is indicated.
As a result of poor post-harvesting weather conditions,
it is estimated that 10 percent of the beets were lost between the
farm and processing 'factory. These same conditions delayed processing,
thus reducing the sugar, content to an estimated 12.5 percent.
The 20.8 million tons of beets actually processed
produced 2.6 million tons of raw sugar. .Refined sugar production of
2.3 million tons is 90 percent of raw production.
b. Changes in Stocks.-- In with line with known re-
policies of the USSR, a certain portion of the available supply was
set aside as reserves. .An estimated 200,000 tons, approximately 8
percent of the current year's supply, was thus allocated.
* P. 12, above.
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3. Potatoes.
based upon
_
a. Production -- The figures. on production of potatoes are
an acreage of 8.2 million hectares
and an estimated yield of 85 centners
per hectare.
b. Trade -- The 200,000 tons under trade, represent the
quantity allocated to Soviet occupation troops in East Germany from
Indigenous production.
c. Seed and Waste -- Seed is calculated from a seeding
rate of 1.750 kilograms per hectare on an acreage Of 8.3 Million
hectares of 14,525,000 tons. .Waste is estimated at 10 percent of pro-
ductionjor 6,970,000 tons. (Total of 21,495,000' tens'is rounded to
21.5 million tons.) . _
?
d. Feed -- Use of potatoes for livestock feed is estimated
as 16 percent of production (11.152 million tons rounded to 11 million
tons).
e. Tndustrial -- Potatoes account for an-estimated 15 per-
cent of industrial ethyl alcohol production. L1?21/. In 1952, out of
total ethyl alcohol of 304 million gallons, potatoes were used as the
raw material in the production of 45.6 million gallons., (One ton of
potatoes will produce 27.5 gallons of alcohol.) 498/ The tile of 1.7
million tons of potatoes,is.indicated.
4. Meat.
Production -- Estimates of meat production are made for
each category of livestock. These estimates are based on number .,
of animals slaughtered and average slaughter weights, with an
allowance being made for slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. .(These
are shown separately as slaughter fats.)
The estimates of livestock slaughter are generally ar-
rived at on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers..
To obtain the total supply, the livestock numbers at the beginning
of the period are added to the estimated crop of young animals. From
this are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period
and the estimated death losses. The remaining numbers are the esti-
mated total livestock slaughtered.
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To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the
manner explained above, available current information is used as well
as information for the same country and for other countries for
earlier petiods.
5. Fish.
Waste -- A 62-percent yield of.product.from the total
catch has been estimated. The reSulting waste of 666,000 tons has been
rounded to 670,000 tons.
6. Whole Milk.
a. Production -- Production of milk for 1952-53 is esti-
mated at 18.3 million tons (excluding 7.7 million tons utilized for '
butter production). The total production of 26 million tons was esti-
mated by assuming cow numbers to be 24.3 million with an average milk
yield-of 1,070 liters per cow. - ?
b. Feed and Waste -- An allowance of 7.5 percent of
total production 49g/ for feed and waste is assumed.
C. USSR, 1953-54.*
1. Grains.
a. Changes in Stocks -- The 4.5-million-ton withdrawal-from
reserves is estimated on the basis of the relation of estimates of total
gross supply for both nonfood and food uses to the estimate of pro-
duction (see f, below). That reserves of grain exist in the USSR is
an assumption based on known Soviet grain storage practices. Although
no firm estimate of total reserves at the end of the 1952-53 consump-
tion year can be made, it is probable that reserves were not less
than 20 million tons.
* See Table 14, p. 51) above.
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b. Seed.
Estimated
1954 Acreage Seeding Rate
(Million (Centners per
_gE22_ Hectares) Hectare)
Wheat 50.5 1.4
Rye 22.0 1.4
Barley 10.0 1.2
Oats 16.1 1.6
Corn 3.8 0.5
Other 10.2 1.2
Total Seed
(Million Metric
Tons)
7.1
3.1
1.2
2.6
0.2
1.2
Total 15.4
c. Waste -- Calculated at 3 percent of total production
for each grain.
d. Feed -- Feeding rates for individual categories of
livestock were calculated at approximately 80 percent of actual feed-
ing rates for 1925-28. 500/
Hunters
(Million
Type of Livestock Head)
Horses 15.5
Hogs 29.6
Cattle 57.7
Sheep and Goats 112.1
Poultry 275.0
Total
. Annual
Consumption
(Kilograms per
?
Head)
Ipoo
200 ?
50
.3
2
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Total
Consumption ?
(Million Metric
Tons)
6.2
5.9
2.9
0.3
o.6
15.9
(Rounded to 16.0)
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e. Industrial -- Utilization of grain for industrial
purposes is primarily in tile production of alcohol and beer.
Production of alcohol for 1953 is estimated in the
referenced study to be 7 percent above 1952, or 326 million gallons.
The estimated utilization of grain in 1952 (using the.postwar input
factor of 53 percent of alcohol produced from grain) is given as '
1.88 million tons of grain (other than barley) and 193,000 tons of
barley (used for malt). Adding 7 percent to these 1952 data protides
estimates for 1953:' 2.011 million tons of grain other than barley,'
(rounded to 2 million tons) and 206,000 tons of barley (rounded to
200,000 tons). The composition of the general grain category is
estimated as follows: corn, 1 million tons; wheat, 500,000 tons; and
rye, 500,000 tons.
Besides the use of 200,000 tons 'of barley for ethyl
alcohol production; barley is used for beer production.
Beer production for 1953 was '18 million hectoliters. 22a/
With an estimated yield of 35 hectoliters Of beer per ton of barley;
514,000 tons (rounded to 500,000 tons) were used for the production of
beer. This gives a total industrial use of barley of 700,000 tons.
f. Food -- The estimate of the gross availability of
grain for direct consumption by a population of 214.2 million is
based on the cOnclusion that-ihe minimum per capita consumption
of grain in 1953-54 is 215 kilograms. This figure is derived from
Jasny's detailed studies of the historical production-consumption
grain pattern in the USSR. 503/
Jasny has estimated direct grain consumption for a
series of years from prerevolutionary to post-World War II periods.
The Jasny series shows that the average annual per capita: eonsumptiph
of grain for food from the 1909-10 consumption year (1 August to
31 July) through the 1913-14 consumption year was 260 kilograms and
that the per capita consumption during the 1927-28 year was 251 kilo-
grams. His figure for the 1932 calendar year is 209 kilograms. It
was in the latter half of 1932 that disastrous famine conditions
began, and it is likely that per capita consumption during the
1932-33 consumption year dropped to about 200 kilograms. During the
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period from 1933-34 through 1936-37, average annual per capita con-
sumption was 230 kilograms. The Jasny per capita estimates for the
calendar years. 1938, 1950i and 1951 are 235, 225, and 225 kilograms,
respectively.
Although the per capita consumption rates for years
before 1928 are useful as bases of comparison and lend support to the
generAlly'accepted conclusion that hational diet patterns change very
slowly, the per capita consumption rates after. the initiation of the
Five Year Plans in 1928 are more useful in estimating current con- ?
sumption. It is significant that in 1932, a year during half of which
extreme famine conditions prevailed, the per-capita consumption -
dropped no lower than 209 kilOgrams and that in 1938, a year of high
availability of grain for food use,, per capita consumption rose no
higher than 235 kilograms. The relatively small difference between'
the extremesestablishes fairly firmly the possible range of per..
capita consumption. The Jasny estimates of 225 kilograms for 1950
arid 1951 are consiatent with this range.
The historical pattern indicates that althOugh per
capita consumption is not specifically determined by production, there
is a relationship -- lower production results in lower per capita
consUmiption, but not in a mathematical ratio. Consequently, it can
be assumed that because production of grain in 1953 was lower than it
was in 1950 and 1951, per capita consumption could not have been
higher than 225 kilograms.
The selection of a piobable minimum 1953-54 per capita
consumption figure of 215 kilograms was determined by a number of
factors. The 1953.-54 -grain production' slump 'was not great enough,
certainly, tolcreate faMine conditionth comparable to thoseof 1932
which reduced per capita consumption to 209 kilograms. It is logical
to assume that the Soviet government, committed to a policy of con-
sumer benefits, would not permit per capita consumption to drop below
a reasonable minimum consistent with the historical diet of the Soviet
people -- even though the maiiiienance'otthat minimum might require
withdrawal from reserves:
Additional faotors support the conclusion that the
probable "Minimum is 215 kilograms: These factors include reports of
EmbasSY Moscow observers and Other-rum-Soviet observers of urban.
bread Supplies aM to a lesser extent of rural bread supplies;
limited price reductions In breed products; scattered reports of ' ?
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work-day payments in kind to the peasants; movement of population from
rural to urban areas; the availability. of other foods; and the new
course policies adopted by the post-Stalin government -- the unlimited
sale of wheat and rye flour to the public and a constant supply of
bread to the urban populace.
Assuming the minimum estimate to be accurate, total
gross grain availability for consumption as food is 46 million tons.
Relation of this figure to the estimates of total nonfood uses, produc-
tion, and net trade indicates that about 4.5 million tons of grain
were withdrawn from reserves. Although the ranges of error in the
estimates of production, trade, and nonfood uses of grain would make
it possible that no grain whatever was withdrawn from reserves, the
evidence indicates that the 4.5-million-ton withdrawal is a minimum.
If the higher per capita availability of 225 kilograms were assumed,
withdrawal from reserves would be about 6.6 million tons -- not con-
sidering ranges of error. Ranges of error could lower the figure to,
about 2 million tons or could raise it to about 10 million tons.
2. Sugar.
a. .Production 1953 production of refined sugar (from
the 1953 sugar beet crop) estimated at 2.3 million tons. The 1017
loWing methodology was used:
Acreage
(Million
Hectares)
Yield Production
(Centners (Million
per Metric
jiscta_sl'e Tons)
1.57 142
Processed
Production
(Million
Metric
Tons)
Raw Refined
Sugar Sugar
Sugar (Million (Million
Content Metric Metric
(Percent) Tons) Tons)
22.3 21.6 13.0 2.8 2.5
The 1953 acreage was estimated on the basis of a 28-per-
cent increase over 1940 given by N.S. Khrushchev. 504/ Acreage in 1940
was 10225,000. 505/ An acreage of 1.57 million hectares is indicated
for 1953 (rounded from 1,568,000). The annual plan fulfillment report
Issued by the Central Statistical Administration 506/ indicated an
"Increase" in the production of sugar beets for 1953. This increase
Is estimated to be minor (on the orderof 0.3 million tons). (For the
derivation of the 1952 base, see footnotes to Table 13.) A beet yield
of 142 centners per hectare is indicated.
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- Because of favorable harvesting and post-harvesting
weather conditions, a loss of only 3 percent is estimated to have
occurred between the farm and processing plants. Also because of
favorable conditions, the sugar content of the beets at the time of
processing is estimated at 13 percent. Refined sugar production is
90 percent of raw production.
b. Changes in Stocks -- In line with known reserve
policies of the USSR-, a certain portion of the available supply was
set aside as reserves. An estimated 200,000 tons, approximately
7 percent of the current year's supply, was thus allocated.
3. Potatoes.
'a. Production -- Production of potatoes.ia based upon
an acreage of 8.3 million hectares. 50X1
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- ? b. Trade -- The 200,000 tons under trade represents the
quantity allocated to Soviet occupation troops in East Germany from
indigenous production.
c. Seed and Waste -- Seed is calculated on a seeding
rate of 1,750 kilograms per hectare on an acreage of 8:3 Million
hectares -- 14,525 million tons. Waste is estimated at 10 percent of
production, 6.64 million tons. The total of 21.165 million tons is.
rounded.to 21.2 million tons.
. .
d. Feed -- Use of.potatoes for livestock feed is esti-
mated as 14 percent of production (tounded to'9.5 million tons);
The last series of known data pertaining to feed use o1potatoes
(1925-28) showed a feed utilization averaging 28 percent of produc-
tion. 0.018/ Because of priority in allocation which would teari human
consumption needs would be first fulfilled, it is estimated that
livestock feeding allocations have been reduced proportionately.
the quantity of potatoes
fed to livestock had decreased by 50 percent per head in comparison
with 1940. .Since the heavY potato-consuming categories, such as
hogs, are only slightly above prewar (1 January 1941) and the other
potato-consuming category, cattle, is only slightly above 1940, it
Is estimated that total feed utilization for 1953-54 was 9.5 million
tons, about 45 percent of 1938-39 allocations.
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e. Industrial Potatoes account for an estimated
15 percent of the industrial ethyl alcohol production. 510/ .
In 1951) out of total ethyl production of 326 million
gallons, potatoes were used as the raw-material in the production of
48.9 million gallons. (One ton of potatoes will produce 27.5 gal-
lons of alcohol.) The use of 1.8 million tons of potatoes is indicated.
4. Meat.*
5. Fish.
a. Production flail catch is assumed?to'have in-
creased.in proportion to the reported increase (3 percent) in in-
dustrial production of fish. 511/ .
b. Waste -- A-62 percent yield of produtt weight from
the total catch has been estimated. The resulting 686,00o tons has
been rounded to 690,000 tons.
6. Whole Milk.
a. Production -- Production of milk (other than
utilized for butter production) for 1953-54 is estimated at 18.5
million tons. The estimate is arrived at by assuming cow numbers
to be 24.8 million and an average milk yield of 1,070 liters per
cow (production of 26.536 million tons rounded to 26,5 Million
tons). Milk utilized for butter production (8 million tons of
milk) has been removed from total tilk'production.of 26.5 million
tons. This part of milk production appears as butter under "Edible
Fats and Oils" in the balance.
b. Feed and Waste -- An alloWance of 7.5 percent of
total production 522/ for feed and waste is assumed (1.988 million
tons rounded to 2 million tons).
See 1952-53 methodology for Table 13, p. 137, above.
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D. Albania, 1933-37 (Grains and Potatoes);
1. Seed. and Waste.
a. Seed.
Acreage Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Thousand (Kilograms per (Thousand Metric
Crop Hectares) 5231 ? Hectare) Tons)
Wheat
39.4
180
7a
Rye
3.1
180
.0.6
Barley
5.2
155
0.8
Oats
9.9
155
1.5
Corn
86.9
40
3.5
Rice
Negligible
16o
Negligible
Potatoes
0.35
1,500
0.5
b. Waste.
Production Amount
(Thousand Metric Waste (Thousand Metric
Cs Tons) (Percent) Tons)
Wheat
45.o
3
1.3
Rye
4.o'
3
0.1
Barley
6.0
3
0.2
Oats
10.0
3
0.3
Corn
127.0
3
3.8
Potatoes
2.0
10
0.2
* See Table 15, p. 53, above.
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Seed and Waste.
Crop
Seed
Waste
Total
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat
7.1 1.3 8.4
Rye
0.6
0.1
0.7
Barley
0.8
0.2
1.0
Oats
1.5
0.3
1.8
Corn -
3.5
3.8
7.3
Potatoes
0.5
0.2
0.7
2. Feed.
Very little grain is used for fodder in Albania -- probably
10 percent of corn and 90 percent of barley and oats.5111/ Approximately
1 percent of wheat and rye are also shown.
3. Industrial.
None.
4. Food.
?
Residuals.
5. Changes in Stocks.
None.
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E. Albania, 1952-53 (Grains).*
1. Seed and. Waste.
a. Seed.
Acreage Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Thousand, (Kilograms per (Thousand Metric
Crop Hectares) -5/ Hectare) Tons)
Wheat
98.0
180
17.6
Rye
4.0
180
0.7
Barley
12.0
155
1.9
Oats
12.0
155
1.9
Corn
97.0
ho
3.9
Rice
2.3
'160
o.4
b. Waste.
Crop
Production
(Thousand M9tric
Tons) /Mt
Waste
(Percent)
Amount
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
71.0
3'.
2.1
Rye
3.0
3
0.1
Barley
7.0
3
0.2
Oats
9.0
3.
0.3
Corn
95.0
3
2.9
Rice
3.0
3
0.1
* See Table 16, p. 56, above.
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c. Seed and Waste.
Seed Waste Total
Crop
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat
17.6
2.1
19.1
Rye
0.7
0.1
0.8
Barley
1.9
0.2
2.1
Oats
1.9
0.3
2.2
Corn
3.9
2.9
6.8
Rice
o.4
0.1
0.5
2. Feed.
Very little grain is used for fodder in Albania --
probably 10 percent of corn and 90 percent of barley and oats. 2..1/
Approximately 1 percent of wheat and. rye is also shown.
3. Industrial.
None except for slaughter fats and vegetable oils.
. Food.
,Residual for all grains but wheat.
Changes in Stocks.
Wheat is residual.
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F. Albania., 1953-54 (Grains).*
1. Seed and Waste.
a. Seed. '
Acreage Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Thousand) (Kilograms per (Thousand Metric
s:2p_ Hectares) 5:18/ Hectare) Tons)
Wheat 98.0 180 17.6
Rye 4.o 18o 0.7
Barley 12.0 155 1.9
Oats 12.0 155 1.9
Corn 97.0 4o 3.9
Rice 2.3 16o 0.4
b. Waste.
Production Amount
(Thousand. Metric Waste , (Thousand Metric
ts ?Tons) 519/ (Percent) Tons) .
Wheat
103.0
3
3.1
Rye
3.3
3
o,.1
Barley
8.5
3
0.3 .
Oats
9.5
3
0.3
Corn
125.0
3
?
3.8
Rice
4.o
3
0.1
* See Table 17, p. 61, above.
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c. Seed and Waste.
Crop
Seed
Waste
' Total
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat
17.6
3.1
20.7
Rye
0.7
0.1
o.8
Barley
1.9
0.3
2.2
Oats
1.9
0.3
2.2
Corn
3.9
3.8
7.7
Rice
0.4
0.1
0.5
2. Feed.
Very little grain is used for fodder in Albania
probably 10 percent of total corn production and 90 percent of
barley and oats. 520/ Approximately 1 percent of wheat and rye
production is also shown.
3. Industrial.
None except for slaughter fats and vegetable oils.
/4. Food.
Residual for all grains except wheat. The total net
wheat available for food is taken to be the same as in 1952-53 balance.
5. Changes in Stocks.
Wheat is residual.
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G. Bulgaria, 1952-53 (Grains).*
1. Seed and Waste.
a. Seed.
_2122_
Acreage
(Thousand
Hectares)
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
Total Seed
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
1,500
175
262.5
Rye
240
175
42.0
Barley
295
150
44.2
Oats
155
150
23.2
Corn
800
4o
32.0
Other
60
160
9.6
Rice
10
185
1.8
b.
Waste.
Waste
Amount.
(Thousand Metric
Production
(Thousand Metric
?2E2E_
Tons)
(Percent)
Tons)
Wheat
1,755
3
52.7
Rye
238
3
7.1
Barley
342
3
10.3
Oats
104
.3
3.1
Corn
44o
3
13.2
Other
59
3
1.8
Rice
23
3
0.7
* See Table 19, p. 66, above.
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c. Seed and Waste.
Crop
Seed
Waste
Total
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat
262.5
52.7
315.2
Rye
42.0
7.1
49.1
Barley
44.2
10.3
54.5
Oats
23.2
3.1
26.3
Corn
32.0
13.2
45.2
Other
9.6
1.8
11.4
Rice
1.8
0.7
2.5
2. Feed.
a. Wheat and Rye -- Same percent of production as that
found in the prewar food balance of Bulgaria.
b. Barley, Oats, Corn, and Other -- Residual.
3. Industrial.
For all categories of cereals -- same percent of production
as that found in the prewar food balance of Bulgaria.
4. .Food.
a. Wheat, Rye, and Rice -- Residual.
5. phanges in Stocks.
None.
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H. Bulgaria, 1953-54 (Grains).*
1. Seed and Waste.
a. Seed.
Acreage , Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Thousand ,d ? (Kilograms per (Thousand Metric
CropHectares) 2ga./ ? Hectare) Ton's)
Wheat
1,500
175
262.5
Rye
240
? .
175
42.0
Barley
295
150
44.2
Oats
155
150
23.2
Corn
800
4o
32.o
Other
60
160
9.6
Rice
10
185
1.8
.b. Waste.
.
Production
(Thousand_Me.4ric
. Tons) 521/
Waste
(Percent)
? Mount
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
.s1.22._
Wheat
1,905
3
57.2
Rye
252
3.
7.6
Barley
4o1
3
12.0
Oats
124
3
3.7
Corn
744
3
22.3
Other
60
3
1.8
Rice
24
3
0.7
* See Table 20, p. 69, above.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
c. Seed and Waste.
Seed Waste
Total
Crop
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat
262.5
57.2
319.7
Rye
42.0
7.6
49.6
Barley
44.2
12.0
56.2
Oats
23.2
3.7
26.9
Corn
32.0
22.3
54.3
Other
9.6
1.8
11.4
Rice
1.8
0.7
2.5
. Feed.
a. Wheat and Rye -- Same
found in the prewar food balance.
b. Barley, Oats, and Corn -- Residual.
c. Other -- Same as 1952-53 food balance.
3. Industrial.
a. Wheat and Rye - Same percent
found in the prewar food balance.
b. Barley, Oats, Corn and Other
percent of production As that
balance.
of production as that
-- Same as 1952-53 food
11... Food.
a. Wheat and Rye -- Residual.
b. Barley and Oats -- Same as prewar food balance.
c. Corn and Other -- Same as 1948-49 food balance. EY
5. Changes in Stocks.
None.
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? ? ? ? ?
I. Czechoslovakia, 1952-53.*
1. Grains and Potatoes.
a. Seed and Waste.
(1) Seed.
Crop
Acreage
(Thousand
Hectares)
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
.
Total Seed
(Metric Tons)
Wheat
780
180
140,400
Rye
645
180
116,100
Barley
645
150
96,750 '
Oats
610
150
91,500
Corn and Miktures
135
60
8,100
Potatoes ,
577
2,100
1,211,700 ,.
'
(2) Waste.
Crop
Production
.(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Waste
SODth
Amount
?(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
1,416
3
41.4
Rye
1,131
3
33.7
Barley
1,067
3
33.9
Oats
960
3
30.4
Other
224
3 '
6.6
Potatoes
4,506
10
450.6
b. Feed.
?
Wheat -- Carried the same as prewar, 196,000 tons.
Large imports of wheat probably account for less government pressure
on peasants for compulsory deliveries. With less, fodder grains for
livestock feed, it is believed that more wheat was fed on the farms
than in previous years. (See prewar balance.**)
* See Table 22, p. 74, above.
** See Table 21, p. 72, above.
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Ey! -- Carried the same as 1948-49 food balance,
100,000 tons. 525/ There is an indication that with the shift from
rye to wheat as the main grain in the diet, a larger amount of rye
is being fed to livestock than prewar. This will likely continue un-
til the adjustment in acreage and production of wheat and rye is
affected.
Barley, Oats, Other Grains, and Potatoes -- Residual.
Total supply minus seed and waste and industrial uses equals feed.
balance).
c. Industrial.
Wheat and Rye -- Carried the sante as prewar (see prewar
Barley -- Carried as 20 percent of production. In a
normal year, approximately 25 percent of the barley is used for indus-
trial uses (see prewar and 1953-5)4 food balance) J, 1) c, below). It is
estimated that probably 5 percent more barley was diverted into feed
channels because of fodder shortages.
Oats -- No known industrial uses.
Other (Corn and Mixtures) -- Carried aS 5,000 tons. 22Y
Potatoes -- 270,000 tons based on 6 percent of produc-
tion, the same as prewar (see prewar balance).
d. Food. 527/
e. 1Changes in Stocks'.
Changes in stocks for wheat and rye represent a residual
and are assumed to have been channeled into stockpile reServes.
2. Sugar.
a. Net Trade.*
* See Table 22, p. 75) footnote el above.
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_ ? _ _
b. Changes in Stocks.
With production, trade, and per capita consumption
given, changes in stocks are a calculated residual.
C. Consumption.*
3. Meat.
(See J, 4, below.)
4. Fats and Oils.
a. Butter -- Production and per capita consumption re-
vised in accordance with source cited.
b. Vegetable Oils -- Production and per capita consumption
revised in accordance with source cited.
c. Slaughter Fats -- (See J, 4, below.)
5. Fish.
per capita consumption of fish
and fishery products has been increasing since the war. During 1948,
per capita consumption amounted to 4.2 kilograms) compared to a pre-
War level of 1.4 kilograms. Increased consumption was made possible
by increased production and larger imports. At the rate of increase
of fish from prewar to 1948, plus increased imports, it is estimated
that during 1952-53 production amounted to 5)000 tons and imports
accounted for an additional 50,000 tons. This is in contrast to the
4,500 tons of fish produced in 1948 and approximately 47,000 tons
Imported in 1948, according to source 222/. This assumes increased
population and substitution of fish for meat. A waste factor of 5
percent is used to obtain waste of landed catch.
? 6. Milk.
During 1952-53, 2 million milk cows producing an average
of 1,450 kilograms of milk produced 2.9 million tons of milk, which
was utilized as follows:
* See Table 22, p. 75, footnote i, above.
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For feed (13 percent,
For butter at 22 kilograms of milk per kilogram of butter
Consumed as fluid milk
Total
J. Czechoslovakia) 1953-54.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed and Waste.
(1) Seed.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Crop
Acreage 2/
(Thousand
Hectares)
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
377)000 tons
1)386,000 tons
1,136,000 tons
2,900)000 tons
Total Seed
(Metric Tons)
Wheat
800 b/
180
144,000
Rye
645 ?
180
116)100
Barley
645
150
96,750
Oats
610
150
91)500
Corn and Mixtures
135
6o
8)100
a. Area carried the same in 1953-54 as in 1952-53, except wheat.
b. In line with governmental announced increases in the wheat
area) estimated wheat acreage is increased from 780)000 hectares
in 1953 to 800,000 hectares in 1953-54. This puts the area in
line with the estimated area for 1950-51 and 1951-52.
(2) Waste.
Crop
Production
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Waste
(Percent)
Amount
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
1,380
3
41.4
Rye
1)122
3
33.7
Barley
1)129-
3
33.9
Oats .
1,013
3
30.4
Corn and Mixtures
215
3
6.6
See Table 23) p. 76, above.
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b. Feed.
Wheat -- In view of continued large imports of wheat
during 1953 and larger amounts scheduled for import in 1954, the amount,
used for feeding is estimated to remain about the same as 1952-53 --
196,000 tons.
Rye, Barley, Oats, and Other -- Residual. 1953-54 feed
grain situation was slightly better than in 1952-53. This resulted
from increased production of barley and oats. This increased produc-
tion more than compensated for the drop in rye and "other grains" used
for feed.
C. Industrial.
Wheat and Rye -- Carried same as 1952-53 food balance.
Barley -- Barley production for 1953 was more nearly nor-
mal providing more fodder grains as well as being adequate to permit chan-
neling of 25 percent (average for normal crop) into industrial channels.
Oats -- No known industrial uses.
Other (Corn and Mixtures) -- Carried the same as 1952-53
food balance.
d. Food -- Per capita consumption ofbread grains and
coarse grains is carried the same as for the 1952-53 food balance.
Allowance for population increase is reflected in a larger consumption
of wheat and rye, with only minor increases in consumption of the
coarse grains. With an estimated smaller production of wheat and rye
in 1953 than 1952, accompanied by smaller imports than the previous
year, some of the imported wheat was channeled into consumption,
leaving less for stockpiling. A comparison of trade (Column 2) and
changes in stocks (Column 3) for 1952-53 and 1953-54 food balances in-
dicates a less' favorable over-all wheat situation in Czechoslovakia
In 1953-54 than 1952-58. This situation is admitted by inference by
j. Earls, Minister of Finance, in announcing the 1954 budget. He said
that "In 1954 we intend to import 25 percent more grain than' in 1953."
Wheat is the predominant grain import. There does not appear to be
sufficient evidence to indicate any significant increase in the con-
sumption of wheat and rye during the latter half of 1953. Pronounce-
ments of increased consumer goods under the new course have had
little effect on increased food consumption, as availability of food,
especially breadgrains, has depended on domestic production. Further-
more, there is a question of how much consumption of breadgrains
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would increase in Czechoslovakia if the people could have all the
wheat and rye they wanted. In short, there seems to be a saturation
point beyond which wheat and rye consumption would not increase,
especially if with this increase, or as a result of this increase)
supplemental dietal elements could be consumed. Historically, as now,
cereal grains have constituted about 50 percent of the diet. A
blanket promise, therefore, of increasing consumer goods would tend
more toward an increased consumption of supplemental foods in preference
to cereals. On the other hand, a total decrease in available food
would see cereal consumption varying less than the supplemental food
items.
2. Sugar.
a. Production -- Sugar beet production was 17 percent
above that of 1952. 532/ Thus, 117 percent of 3.648 million tons
(1952 production) gives 1953 production as 4.268 million tons. Sugar
content (extraction rate) for 1953 was 20 percent above the 1952 ex-
traction rate, 533/ which was 13.2 percent; thus, the 1953 extraction
rate is 15.8. 15.8 percent of 4.268 million tons equals 674)344 tons
of raw sugar. Refined sugar is 90 percent of raw sugar; thus, refined
sugar production for 1953 is 606,910 tons. This production is con-
siderably above that of 1952 but somewhat smaller than that of 1951
and is slightly larger than the prewar production.
b. Trade -- Trade data in- 50X1
dicate exports amounting to 176)000 tons to date. Under the Inter-
national Sugar Conference, Czechoslovakia was allocated 250)000 tons
(refined sugar) (275)000 tons raw sugar) to the world market. 534/
Intra-Soviet Bloc trade, however) is not included in this figure.
Czechoslovakia has exported 85)000 tons to the USSR. This) added
to 250,000 tons, equals 335)000 tons marked for export from the
1953 crop. The amount assigned to stocks is 159,000 tons, which
Is the difference betWeen the amount granted for export by the Inter-
national Sugar Agreement and the amount already exported to the West
(91)000 tons).
c. Consumption -- From a production of 607,000 tons and
total exports of 176,000 and stocks of 159,000 tons, a residue of
272,000 tons is available for consumption. This amount is equal to
21.2 kilograms of sugar per capita.
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3. Potatoes.
,
a. Production -- Potato acreage is estimated at 576,700
hectares for 1953. 222/ Yields for 1953 were announced to-be 17 per-
cent above those of 1952. 536/ Thus 75.1 dentners per hectare
(1952 yield) increased by 17 percent' gives yields of 87.9 centners
per hectare. Productionitherefore, is 5,069,100 tons.
,b. Trade.-1 Czechoslovakia .is not a heavy exporter of
potatoes. Early fall exports (1953) amounted to 8,000 tons. 23/./ In
fact) there have been numeroUs references in the Czechoslovak press
during the Vast winter to a pOtato shortage-. '
c. Nonfood Uses..
Seed and WaSte -- It Is anticipated that CzechoOlovakia
will'attetpt td regain 1952 'acreage,which was 600,000 tons'. Seeding
rate is 2,100 kilograms per hectare; 600,000 x 2,100 =21,260,000 tons:
Waste is calculated at 10 percent ofproduction, 506,900 tons. Total .
seed and waste is 1,767,000 tons. . .
? Feed -- This figure is a residual which represents the
amount left for feed after apportioning production to seed and waste.
and industrial and human consumption.
Industrial -- Uses are based on a prewar allocation of
6 percent of production: 5,069,000 times 0.06 equals 304,000 tons.
d. Food -- It is estimated that in spite of a substan-
tial increase in production in 1953 and 1952, per capita potato
consumption did not exceed that of 1952-53. It is possible'that
1953-54 consumption of potatoes may not have-been as ugh- as the pre-
vious years. NuMerous press announcements during the 1953-54 winter
admitted a definite shortage of potatoes. Furthermore, compulsory
delivery quotas were reduced 32 and 22 percent respectively, for
cooperative and independent farmers. 50 The government's program
of bulk purchase of potatoes lagged considerably in the fall of 1953.
Numerous appeals were made to farmers, both collective and independent.
This situation, coupled with reduced quotas plus farmers' reluctance
to part with potatoes in the light of a general fodder shortage,
provides the conclusion that farmers may have consumed large amounts
of potatoes, compared to the urban population. It was not until late
spring of 1954 that farmers began placing their old stock of potatoes
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on the market. The Czechoslovak government's program for increasing
livestock has placed an even greater demand on potatoes for feed.
Ordinarily) in years of normal production, the bulk of potatoes goes
for livestock feed) but when a short crop occurs the amount set aside
for human.consumption has priority.
4. Meat.
Estimates of meat production are made for each category of
livestock. These estimates are based on number of animals. slaughtered
and on average weights, with allowances being made for slaughter fats)
fat cuts, and bacon, which are carried under the category of slaughter
fats. Thus) estimated meat production is on a trimmed-carcass weight.
The estimates of livestock slaughter are generally arrived at on the
basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. To obtain the total
supplythe livestock numbers at the beginning of the period are added
to the estimated crop of young animals. From this figure are sub-
tracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the esti-
mated death losses. - The remaining figure represents the estimated
total slaughter. To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the
manner explained above, available current information is used, as well
as information for the same country and for other countries for earlier
periods:
5. Fats and Oils.*
6. Milk.
Production is carried the same as 1952-53 food balance.
-Allocation for feed is the same as 1952-53. Amount used for butter)
22 kilograms milk per kilogram of butter) equals 1)210)000 tons.
Feed equals 377)000 tonsi fluid consumption -- 1.313 million tons;
total -- 2.9 million tons.
* See Table 23) p. 77) above.
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K. East Germany, 1952-53.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed.
Acreage Seeding Rate Total Seed
(Thousand (Kilograms per (Thousand Metric
Crop Hectares) Hectare) Tons)
Wheat
275
180
50
Rye
1,200
170
204
Barley
272
150
41
Oats
709
140
99
Other
149
170
25
b. Waste -- Calculated at 3 percent of total production
for each grain..
c. Industrial.
Wheat -- Equals prewar rounded.
Rye -- Equals prewar rounded.
Barley -- Equals 10 percent of production and is rounded
to 60, based on source
Oats -- Equals 1948-49 data.used. 22/
d. Feed.
Wheat -- Calculated from prewar balance at 3 percent
of total production.
Rye -- Calculated from prewar balance at 23 percent
and raised to 25 percent of total production in view of coarse grain
shortage.
Barley, Oats, and Other -- Residual.
* See Table 25, p. 81, above.
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2. Sugar.
Production estimate based upon an acreage of 218,000 hec-
tares with a yield of 180.4 centners per hectare. Sugar beet produc-
tion 3,932)700 tons. Sugar extraction rate of 13.7 percent applied
and 90 percent of the raw value gives refined sugar production of
470,000 tons.
3. Potatoes.
Seeding rate equals 1,800 kilograms per hectare; area
sown equals 740,000 hectares. Seed equals 1,800 kilograms plus
740,000 hectares equals 1,332,000 metric tons. Waste equals esti-
mated 25 percent of total production, greater than normal due to
unseasonal snow and freezing weather in fall of 1952.
4. Meat and Slaughter Fats.
. Estimates of meat production are made for each category of
livestock. These estimates are based on number of animals slaughtered
and average slaughter weights, with an allowance being made for
slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon. (These are shown separately as
slaughter fats.) The estimates of livestock slaughter are generally
arrived at on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. To
obtain the total supply, the livestock numbers at the beginning of the
period are added to the estimated.crop of young animals. From this ,
are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the
estimated death losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total
livestock slaughtered. To afrive at the estimates of meat production
In the manner explained above, available current information is used,
as well as information for the same country and for other countries
for earlier peridds.-
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L. East Germany, 1953-54.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed and Waste.
Acreage a/
(Thousand
Crop Hectares)
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
Total
Seed and
Waste 12/ Waste
Total Seed (Thousand (Thousand
(Thousand Metric Metric Metric
Tons) Tons) Tons)
Wheat
450
180
81
19
100
Rye
1,300
170
221
58
279
Barley
264
150
40
18
58
Oats
553
140
77
39
116
Other
152
170
26
8
34
a. 1951-52 area used.
b. Calculated at 3 percent of total production for
each grain.
b. Feed.
Wheat -- 3 percent of production.
c. Industrial.
Cereals -- Same as 1952-53.
Rye -- 10 percent of production reduced from 1952-53
level because of the short wheat and rye harvest and competition for
bread use.
Barley -- Residual.
Oats -- Residual.
2. Potatoes.
a. Production -- 10.4 million tons. 740,000 hectares
times 140 centners per hectare equals 10.4 million tons. Planted acreage
* See Table 26, p. 84, above.
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in 1952 was 827)000 hectares and) according to source 541/, a shortage
of seed potatoes to plant approximately 10 percent of the area, or
approximately 83,000 hectares, yields the following figures: 827)000
hectares minus 83)000 hectares leaves 744,000 hectares as 1953 planted
area; estimated 1953 harvested area is 740,000 hectares.
b.. Yield -- 140 centners per hectare estimated on basis
of source 542/.
c. Seed and Waste.
Seed -- 740)000 hectares times 1,800 kilograms per
hectare equals 1.332 million tons.
Waste -- Calculated at 15 percent of production, or
1.560 million tons.
Seed and Waste -- Equals 2.892 million tons.
d. Feed -- Feeding rate for hogs is estimated at 800 kilo-
grams per hog per year. Normal feeding rate is 1,000 kilograms, but
because of the short crop) the rate is reduced. 1954 hog numbers are
estimated at 5.25 million. Therefore) 5.25 million times 800 kilograms
equals 4.2 million tons.
e. Industrial -- Estimated on the basis of the average
fOr 1951-52 and 1952-53.
3. Meat.
Production.*
U. Fish.
Waste -- Assumed to be 5 Percent of total supply.
5. Milk.
Production -- No change in numbers of cows over 1952-53;
therefore, no change in milk production expected. Utilization -- same
as 1952-53.
* See 1952-53 methodology, p. 164, above.
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M. Hungary, 1952-53.*
1. Grains and Potatoes.
a. Seed.
Acreage Seeding Rate
(Thousand (Kilograms per Total Seed
Crop Hectare) (Metric Tons)
Wheat
1,302
175
227,850
Rye .
482
175
84,350
Barley
445
150
66,750
Oats
230
150
341500
Corn
1)105
40
445200
Rice
16
180
2,560
Other
25
160
4,000
Potatoes
240
11400
336,000
b. Waste.
Crop
Production
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Waste
(Percent)
Amount
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
1,704
5
88.2
Rye
567
5
28.4
Barley
579
5
29.0
Oats
229
5
11.5
Corn
1,215
5
60.8
Rice
37
5
3.7
Other
22
5
1.1
Potatoes
982
5
98.2 ,
* See Table 28, p. 89, above.
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c. Feed.
Wheat, Rye, Barley, Corn, Other Grains, and Potatoes --
Residual. Hungary's subsistence agriculture and its industrialization
are manifest in the nature of consumption of agricultural products.
Except for the amount of grains set aside for seed, essentially all
of it is consumed in the form of food for human consumption or is used
for animal feed. During prewar years, when Hungary had a substantial
surplus of grains, particularly wheat) very small amounts were di-
verted into industrial channels. The pattern of consumption has been
man versus animal since prewar times, and despite Hungary's increased
industrial advancement during the past few years, there does not ap-
pear to be sufficient evidence to indicate an appreciable change in
the pattern of consumption. Percentagewise, it does not appear that
the utilization of potatoes has varied appreciably since prewar.
d. Industrial -- On the basis of the statement above)
Industrial uses of grains for 1952-53 require such small amounts as to
be insignificant when compared with other channels of consumption. In
view of the lack of information suggesting any variation in the amount
of wheat and barley used for industrial purposes, the prewar indus-
trial use of 2)000 and 9,000 tons for wheat and barley, respectively)
are carried for 1952-53. The amount of corn used for industrial pur-
poses during 1948-49 shows a decline from prewar. In view of sub-
stantial reductions in the productilon of corn during the postwar period
and the Hungarian government's program of increasing a fodder base to
support a program of increasing livestock, it is reasonable to accept
the lower postwar figure of 50)000 tons as the amount of corn allocated
to industrial uses.
e. Food.
Wheat, Rye, and Other Grains -- (Assumes a 5-percent
increase in extraction rate) -- BeVised production figures for wheat
are based on official statistics of area in wheat.
The bulk of this difference is attributed to a
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change in acreage of wheat. Wheat and rye make up essentially all the
grains used in the Hungarian diet, and of the breadgrains, wheat con-
stitutes 77 percent. Since prewar, the cleavage between wheat and rye
as food has increased. Since prewar, rye consumption as food has been
maintained at from 70 to 71 percent of total production. Wheat, on the
other hand -- since the amount consumed as food has increased over the
years while at the same time production has been declining -- has in-
creased in importance as a food grain. Because of this, variations in
production reflect more on the supply of wheat than on that of rye as a
food item. Although some wheat may have been diverted from trade, and
possibly feed channels, to food in 1952-53 (as a result of revised esti-
mates), it is believed that available wheat amounted to only 95 percent
of the annual per capita availabilities Hence, 50X1
per capita consumption is dropped from 127 kilograms to 120.6 kilo-
grams. It is quite probable that the urban dwellers felt this cut in
wheat consumption more than the farmers. Farmers probably consumed
about as much wheat as in previous years, and it is anticipated that
about the same proportion of.wheat was fed to livestock, since there was
a very short crop of corn produced in 1952. Although above-normal live-
stock slaughter occurred, there was not enough feed to fulfill adequately
all demands. The government's continuous vigorous campaign during the
summer and fall of 1952 to fulfill compulsory wheat delivery quotas
further indicates the critical wheat shortage. Although sufficient data
are not available to indicate any release from wheat stocks to bolster
the short food supply, it is highly unlikely that any wheat went into
storage (change in stocks) from the 1952 crop. In fact, soxi
sizable quantities of wheat were 50X1
lent to Hungary by the USSR. 546/ This amount is not reflected in any
trade data, since Hungary appeared to be a net exporter of wheat during
1952-53. There was little, if any, change in the per capita avail-
ability of rye, and no change is justified for the yearly per capita
consumption of other grains, except rice. With a reduced acreage of
rice, the amount available for food was smeller -- but only to a very
small extent.
2. Meat.
Estimates of meat production are made for each category of
livestock. These estimates are based on number of animals slaughtered
and on average weights with allowances being made for slaughter fats,
fat cuts, and bacon, which are carried under the Category of slaughter
fats. Thus, estimated meat production is on a trimmed-carcass Weight.
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The estimates of livestock slaughter are generally
arrived at on the basis of a balance'shdet for livestock numbers. To
-obtain the total supply, the livestock numbers at the beginning of
the period are added to the estimated crop of young animls. From
this figure are subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the
period and the estimated death losses. The remaining figure rep-
resents the estimsted total slaughter.
To arrive at the estimates of meat production in the
manner explained above, available current information is used) as
well as information for the same country and for other countries for
earlier periods.
3. Milk.
During 1952-53, 875,000 milk cows producing an average of
1,250 kilograms of milk produced 1.1 million tons of milk, which was
utilized as follows: 13 percent for feed sox1
143,000 tons; amount used for butter at 22 kilograms 50X1
milk per kilogram of butter, 330)000 tons; total, 473,000 tons. Con-
sumed as fluid milk and cheese in terms of fluid milk, 627,000 tons;
total milk equals 1.1 million tons.
N. Hungary, 1953-54.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed.
Crop
Acreage
(Thousand Hectares)
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
Total Seed
(Metric Tons)
Wheat
1,468
'75
256,900
Rye
490
175
85,750
Barley
450
150
67)500
Oats
230 (same as 1952-53)
150
34,500
Corn
1,105 (same as 1952-53)
4o
44,200
Rice
20
180
3,600
Other
25 (same as 1952-53)
160
4,000
See Table 29) p. 92) above.
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_ ? ? ?
b. Waste.
Production Amount
(Thousand Metric Waste (Thousand Metric
Crop ? Tons) IEST-tiza Tons)
Wheat
1,862
5
93.1
Rye
569
5
28.5
Barley
587
5
29.4
Oats
276
5
13.8
Corn
1,768
5
88.4
Rice
37
5
1.9
.Other
25
5
1.3
c. Feed.
Wheat and Rye -- Because of the similarity in produc-
tion and utilization, the amount of these grains used for feed in
1953-54 is carried the same as 1952-53.
Barley, Corn, Oats, and Other -- The amount of each
grain allocated to feed represents a residual which is left for feed
after other higher priority ones have been satisfied. The supply of
grains for feed was strengthened considerably by substantial shipments
of barley and rye from Argentina during 1953-54. This activity bears
out the government's plan of measuring its livestock base.
d. Industrial.
Wheat, Barley, and Corn -- There being no evidence of
substantial changes in the industrial uses of these grains during
1952-53, their utilization is carried the same as for 1952-53. The
other grains enumerated in the food balance had no significant in-
dustrial use during 1953-54.
e. Food -- With an exceptionally small food grain
production in 1952, it was estimated that an increase of 5 percent
In the extraction rate was necessary to obtain sufficient flour
from grains utilized for food. Evidence of this action was apparent
from the lower quality bread with accompanying discoloration. Shortly
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after the announcement of the new course, white as *ell as lighter
colored bread appeared on the market, a possible indication among other
promises that more higher quality bread would be made available. For
the 1953-54 food balance, therefore, the conventional extraction rate
of 80 is used for wheat, rye, and "other grains." The extraction rates
for corn and barley remain at 85 and 65 percent, respectively. A
larger grain production in 1953-54 makes the change in extraction rate
more realistic. Hungary allegedly owes substantial quantities of
grain -- mostly wheat -- to the USSR, but to date there have been no
indications of repayments. It does not appear as though the 1953-54
grain crop was sufficiently large to pay the bill from domestic produc-
tion. Hungary has tried vigorously but in vain to obtain stocks of
wheat from several Free World countries, including the US. It is
believed, therefore, that Hungary was about self-sufficient in grains
on about the same level as 1952-53, but below standard when compared
-bp prewar. Barley and "other grains" are maintained at the same level
of consumption as 1952-53. With increased yields of corn in 1953, and
accompanying smaller consumption of wheat and rye, it appears as
though the pattern of consumption of grains as food somewhat paralleled
that of prewar. Corn consumption for-food is carried about the same as
prewar (the difference is in the rounding).
2. Potatoes.
a. Production -- seed shortage 50X1
for the 1953 planting .of potatoes. On the basis of seed avail-
ability from 1952 of 33 ,000 tons at a seeding rate of 1400 kile-
grams per hectare, 1953-54 acreage should be about 240,000 hectares.
This acreage does not appear unreasonable in view of' the government's
new program to increase potato acreage to 250,300 hectares by
1956. 5145/ The 1953-54 yield is estimated to be about the same as
the postwar average (1947-51) of 60.2 centners per hectare; 240,000
hectares times 60.2 equals 1.445 million tons.
b. Trade -- The only available.trade data to date
indicate imports of 3,000 tons -- probably for seed.
c. Seed and Waste -- Seed requirements are baged on .
seeding rate of 1,400 kilograms per hectare. 1953 acreage is esth
mated at 240,000 hectares; the 1956 plan is .for 250,300 hectares.
This increase in acreage, prorated over 3 years, equals 10,300 total
increase -- 3,433 hectares per year beginning with 1954:
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240,000
' + 3,433
1954 area = 243,433 x 1,400 = 340,806 tons of seed.
1,445,000 tons x 10 percent waste = 144,500 tons.
Seed and Waste = 485,306 tons.
d. Feed -- Under average crop conditions, Hungary feeds
from 20 to 25 percent of potato production to livestock. This was true
prewar and, in instances of average or near production, in postwar
years. Potatoes were a scarce item on the market during the 1953-54
winter -- primarily the result of four conditions: the new course de-
creased compulsory deliveries, peasant farmers were very reluctant to
move their potatoes to market because of uncertainties following
economic and political upheaval during the year, the government's re-
newed effort to increase livestock was taxing to the limit all avail-
able livestock feed, and the severe cold and long winter required more
feed than usual for livestock. Considering these conditions, it
appears reasonable that at least 20 percent of the total production
of potatoes was utilized as livestock feed for 1953-54. This amounts
to 290,000 tons.
e. Industrial -- Carried the same as 1952-53 --.20,000
tons.
f. Food -- In line with factors discussed above under
Feed, the amount of potatoes used for food is a residual amounting to
633,000 tons, providing a per capita consumption of 68.6 kilograms,
which is an increase of 54.2 percent above 1952-53.
3. Meat.
Production -- See 1952-53 methodology statement.*
4. Milk.
Production -- Carried the same as 1952-53. 875,000 milk
cows producing at the rate of 1,250 kilograms equals 1.1 million .tons..
Milk utilization:
* P. 169, above.
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13 percent for feed
Amount used for butter at 22 kilograms
mak per kilogram butter
Consumed as fluid milk (including amount
for cheese)
Total
O. Poland, 1952-53.*
1. Grains.
a. Seed.
Metric Tons
50X1
143,000 50X1
308,000
649,000
1,100,000
Acreage Seeding Rate
(Thousand (KilograMs per Total Seed
Crop Hectares) Hectare) (Metric Tons)
Wheat
1,400
180
252,000
Rye
4,600
170
782,000
Barley
900
150'
135,000
Oats
1,730
150
259,000
Other
305
140
43,000 (rounded)
b. Waste -- Calculated at 5 percent of total production
for each grain.
Wheat -- 81,500
Rye -- 286,500
Barley -- 61)000
Oats -- 118)900
Other -- 15,300
* See TaV1e 31, p. 96, above.
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c. Feed.
Wheat -- Estimated at 2 percent of production.
-- Residual after deducting all other uses from
total supply.
Barley -- Residual; prewar balance indicates 62 kilo-
grams of barley per hog. It is believed that postwar feeding rate for
barley has been less; because of the short potato crop, however, more
barley was probably fed in 1952-53 than normally.
62 kilograms x 7,573,000 hogs = 469,000 tons (prewar base)
410,000 tons (residual), or 5 kilograms per head.
Oats -- Residual.
Other -- Residual.
d. Industrial.
Wheat and Rye -- Same as prewar.
Barley -- Prewar factor of 8 percent of total produc-
tion used and result rounded to 1,000 tons.
Other -- Prewar quantity of 10,000 tons used.
2. Potatoes.
a: 'Seed and Waste -- Seeding rate 2,000 kilograms per hec-
tare times 2.6 million hectares equals 5.2 million tons; waste --.15 per-
cent times total production equals 3.549 million tons; seed and waste --
8.749 million tons.
b. Feed -- Residual.
C. Industrial -- Estimate, reduced from normal uses of
2 to 2.5 million tons because of the shortfall in potato production
and the needs for human and livestock consumption.
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3. Meat and Slaughter Fats.
Estimates of meat production are made for each category of
livestock. These estimates are based on number of animals slaughtered
and average slaughter weights, with an allowance being made for slaughter
fats, fat cuts, and bacon. (These are shown separately as slaughter
fats.) The estimates of livestock slaughter are generally arrived at
on the basis of a balance sheet for livestock numbers. To obtain the
total supply, the livestock numbers at the beginning of the period are
added to the estimated crop of young animals. From this figure are
subtracted the livestock numbers at the end of the period and the esti-
mated death losses. The remaining numbers are the estimated total
livestock slaughtered. To arrive at the estimates of meat production
In the manner explained above, available current information is used,
as well as information for the same country and for other countries far
earlier periods.
4. Fish.
Waste -- Calculated at an estimated 5 percent of production
and rounded.
5. milk.
Number of Cows
(1 January 1953)
(Thousand Head)
2,970
Estimated
Yield
per Cow
(Kilograms
Total
Production Feed a] Butter
(Thousand (Thousand (Thousand
Metric Metric Metric
Tons) Tons) Tons)
1,250 3,710 370 1,430
a. 10 percent of total production. 5_a/
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? P. Poland, 1953-54.*
1. Grains.
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Total Seed
a.
Seed.
Acreage
(Thousand
Hectares)
Hectare)
(Metric Tons)
_2E22_
Wheat
1,400
180
252,000
Rye
41600
170
782,000
Barley
900
150
135,000
Oats
1,730
150
295;000
Other
305
140
420700
b. Waste -7 Calculated at 5 percent of total production
for each grain..
Wheat -- 58,000
Rye 26,000
Barley -- 59,000
Oats -- 105,000
Other.-- 14,000
c. Feed.
Wheat -- Assumed to be 2 percent: of total Supply.
Rye -- Using 1952-53 food balance factor of 14 percent
of total production. Prewar was 10 percent, and in view of land re-
form and shortage of both fodder grains and potatoes, it is likely
that a larger percentage of rye production is now being fed to livestock.
Barley -- Residual, after deducting all other utiliza-
tion from total supply,
Oats -- Residual, after deducting all other utilization
from total supply..
* See Table 32, p. 98, above.
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Other -- Residual, after deducting all other utiliza-
tion from total supply.
d. Industrial.
Wheat -- Same as prewar balance.
Rye -- Same as prewar balance.
Barley -- 8 percent of total production (based on pre-.
war balance).
Other -- Same as prewar.
2. Sugar.
sugar beet production was 16 per- 50X1
cent larger than 1952. This percentage was applied to last year's
sugar beet estimate of 4.378 million tons and results in 5.079 million
tons; applying an estimated sugar extraction rate of 16.7 to sugar
beet production gives approximately 850,000 metric tons of raw sugar
or 765,000 tons of refined sugar. '
3. Potatoes.
a. Seed and Waste -- Seeding rate of 2,000 kilograms per
hectare times 2.6 million hectares equals 5.2 million tons. Waste,
estimated at 15 percent of total production, equals 4.08 million tons.
Seed and waste equals 9.28 million tons.
b. Feed.
Normal feeding rate for swine is 1,000 to 1,500 kilo-
grams per hog. 1 January 1954 numbers estimated at 6:82 million head
times estimated feeding rate of 1,200 kilograms per hog equals 8.184
million tons.
C. Industrial.
Postwar average of 2 million tons used.
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4. Meat and Slaughter Fats.*
5. Milk.
a. Production -- No change in numbers of cows as of 1
January 1954.*
b. Utilization (Thousand Metric Tons):
Feed Butter Available Whole Milk Total
370 a/ 1,210 hi 2)130 3)710
a. Approximately 10 percent of production (FAO,
1947-48 balance).
b.
soxl
Factor -- 22 kilograms of 50X1
milk equals 1 kilogram of butter. .
6. Fish.
.Waste Calculated at 5 percent of total production
Q. Rumania) 1952-53 (Grains).**
1. Seed and Waste.
a. Seed.
Crop
Acreage
(Thousand
Hectares) 556/
*Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
Total Seed
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
2)382
180
428.8
Rye
150
i80
27.0
Barley
610
155
94.6
Oats
575
155
89.1
Corn
3,570
50
178.5
Other
60
160
9.6
Rice
9
185
1.7
* See 1952-53 methodology, p. 176, above.
** See Table 34, p. 1020 above:
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b.
Waste.
Waste
Amount
(Thousand Metric
Production
(Thousand Metric
Crop
Tons) 557/
(Percent)
Tons) ?
1
Wheat
1,966
3
58.9
Rye
106
3
3.2
Barley
259
3
7.8
Oats
301
3
9.0
Corn
2,088
3
62.6
Other
38
3
1.1
Rice '
c.
22
Seed and Waste.
3
0.7
Crop
Seed
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Waste
Thousand Metric
.Tons)
Total
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
428.8
58.9
487.7
Rye
27.0
3.2
30.2
Barley
94.6
7.8
172.4
Oats
89.1
9.0
'
98.1
Corn
178.5
62.6
241.1
Other
9.6
1.1
10.7
Rice
1.7
0.7
2.4
2. Feed.
Wheat -- One percent of production.
Rye -- None.
Barley, Oats, Corn, and Other -- Residual.
Rice -- None.
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_ _ _ _ _ _
3. Industrial.
All grains are held at the same level as prewar balance
for Rumania.
4. Food.
Wheat and Rye The 1952 harvest of breadgrains was hurt
by drought. It is felt that per capita breadgrain consumption would
certainly not be above prewar and should possibly be below. It is
shown as prewar here. Rye is a residual figure. Wheat figure is found
by subtracting rye from total breadgrain.
Barley, Oats, Corn, and Other. 558/
5. Changes in Stocks.
Wheat and corn -- These are residual figures, the amounts
needed to provide a per capita figure at a prewar level. Since 1951-52
was an excellent year, it is felt that sufficient stocks were on hand
to meet this need.
R. Rumania, 1953-54 (Grains).*
1. Seed and Waste.
a. Seed.
Crop
Acreage
(Thousand
Hectares) 222/
Seeding Rate
(Kilograms per
Hectare)
Total Seed
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Wheat
2,382
180
428.8
Rye
150
180
27.0
Barley
610
155
94.6
Oats
575
155
89.1
Corn
3,570
50
178.5
Other
60
160
9.6
Rice
9
185
1.7
See Table 35, p. 105, above.
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b. Waste.
Production Amount
(Thousand Meric Waste (Thousand Metric
CropTons) 560/ (Percent) Tons)
Wheat 2,191 3 65.7
Rye 126 3 3.8
Barley 390 3 11.7
Oats 420 . 3 12.6
Corn 2,570 3 77.1
Other 43 3 1.3
Rice 26 3 0.8
C. Seed and Waste.
2. Peed.
Seed Waste Total
Crop (Thousand Metric Tons)
Wheat 428.8 65.7 494.5
Rye 27.0 3.8 30.8
Barley 94.6 11.7 106.3
Oats 89.1 12.6 101.7
Corn 178.5 77.1 255.6
Other 9.6 1.3 10.9
Rice 1.7 0.8 2.5
Wheat and Rye -- Same percent of domestic production as
that in prewar food balance (wheat 1.1 percent; rye,0.6 percent).
Barley, Oats, Corn and Other -- Residual.
Rice -- None.
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3. Industrial.
Wheat and Rye -- Same percent of production as that found
In the prewarlood balance (wheat 0.6 percent; rye, none).
4. Food.
Wheat and Rye -- Residual.
_
Barley -- Same as prewar food balance.
Oats -- None.
Corn -- In view of the 20-percent increase in production
over last year, it is felt that per capita consumption would increase
relatively the same on the basis that less breadgrains were available
than in 1952-53 and also that the Rumanians would eat their produc-
tion rather than feed it to livestock.
Other -- Same figure as prewar food balance.
Rice -- Residual.
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