SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS IN BULGARIA, RUMANIA, AND ALBANIA

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 29, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 11, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS
IN BULGARIA, RUMANIA, AND ALBANIA
CIA/RR 57
11 April 1955
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains Information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person Is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS
IN BULGARIA, RUMANIA, AND ALBANIA
CIA/RR 57
(on Project 26.200)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
'Summary
Page
1
I.
Bulgaria
5
A.
Introduction
5
B.
Coal
5
1.
General
5
2.
Organization
7
3.
Production
7
L.
Foreign Trade
8
5.
Stocks
11
6.
Consumption
11
7.
Reserves
12
8.
Deposits
13
9.
Technology
14
10.
Labor
15
C.
Fuel Briquettes
3.6
D.
Coke
17
1.
Production
17
.
2..
Imports
17
3.
Consumption
17
E.
Fuelwood
17
1.
Production
17
2.
Consumption
18
F.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
18
1.
Capabilities
18
2.
Vulnerabilities
18
3.
Intentions
18
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_ _ ? _ _ _
II.-.Rumania
Page
19
A.
Introduction
C
19
B.
Coal
19
1. General
'19
2. Supply
22
3. Consumption
25
4. Deposits) Reserves) and Quality
27
5. Technology
28
C.
D.
Fuel Briquettes
Coke
31
32
1.
General
32
2.
SUpply
33
3.,
Consumption
35
E.
Fuelwood
35
1.
General
35
2.
Supply
3.6
3.
Consumption
37
4.
Reserves
37
F.
Peat
37
1.
General
37
2.
Supply
38
3.
Consumption
38
?4.
Deposits, Reserves and Quality
38
5.
Technology
38
G.
Manufactured Gas
38
H.
Capabilities) Vulnerabilities) and Intentions
39
1.
Capabilities
39
2.
Vulnerabilities
39
3.
Intentions
4o
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III. Albania
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A. Introduction
B. Coal
Page
40
40
1. Production ? 41
2. Trade 44
3. Consumption 44
4. Reserves 45
C. Coke 45
D. Fuelwood 45
E. Stockpiles 46
F. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions 46
1. Capabilities
2. Vulnerabilities
3. Intentions
46
47
47
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables 49
55
59
61 50X1
Appendix B. Coal Deposits in Bulgaria '
Appendix C. Coal Mines in Albania
Apf)endix D. Methodology
Tables
1. Estimated Balance of Sources of Primary Energy Produced
In Bulgaria, 1954
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2.
3.
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria, 1950-54 and
1957
Estimated Consumption of ,Coal in Bulgaria by Major
Page
9
Consuming Sector, 1950-54
12
4.
Estimated Reserves of-Coal in Bulgaria, 1947
13
5.
Estimated Balance of Sources of Primary Energy Produced in
Rumania, 1954
20
6.
Estimated Production of Coal in Rumania, 1950-55
23
A
7.
Estimated Consumption of Coal Produced in Rumania, 1953
26
8.
Estimated Balance of Sources of Primary Energy Produced in
Albania, 1954
42
9.
Estimated Production of Lignite in Albania, 1950-55 .
43
10.
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria, 1936-54 and
1957
49
11.
Estimated Production of Coal in Rumania, 1936-55
52
12.
Estimated Production of Lignite in Albania, 1936-55 .
53
Map
Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania: Coal Deposits
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CIA/RR 57 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORB Project 26.200)
SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS
IN BULGARIA, RUMANIA, AND ALBANIA*
Summary
Bulgaria.
Coal is the major source of primary energy in Bulgaria. In 1954,
coal furnished about 81 percent of the total energy supply. Fuelwood
furnished approximately 17 percent, and petroleum and hydroelectric
power combined furnished approximately 2 percent.
The postwar trend of Bulgarian economy from agricultural to in-
dustrial is reflected in the increased annual coal production, which
gained each year from a postwar low of 3.5 million metric tons** in
1946 to a high of 8.8 million tons in 1954. A goal of 14 million tons
has been planned for 1957, but it is estimated that production will
fall short of this amount by approximately 3 million tons.
Bulgaria is a net exporter of coal but on a very small scale, and
Imports of coal have been negligible. About 34 percent of the total
coal produced currently is consumed by the railroads, 25 percent by
thermal electric power plants, and 2 percent in the manufacture of
briquettes. The remaining 39 percent includes exports and local con-
sumption by cement, brick, coke, and other miscellaneous industries
and by home consumers.
Reserves of coal are adequate, and volume of production is con-
sidered to be limited only by available operating mine capacity.
Although Soviet mining methods and equipment have been introduced,
they are being used only on a very limited scale, and technical
difficulties and extremely high labor turnover will delay the attain-
ment of further substantial production increases.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 7 February 1955.
** Throughout this report, tonnages are given in metric tons.
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The growth of fuelwood production has almost paralleled, that of
coal production. From an estimated 3 million cubic meters (Cu m) in
1946, production rose to an estimated 7.25 million cubic meters in
1954. Fuelwood is used primarily for space heating. Imports and ex-
ports of fuelwood are believed to be negligible. Production of other
solid fuels of minor importance include gas coke -- less than 20,000
tons annually -- and fuel briquettes -- approximately 225,000 tons in
1953.
Rumania.
Coal represented about 15.5 percent of the total energy produced
from primary sources in Rumania in 1954. Because of large exports of
petroleum, however, coal accounted for about 27 percent-of the total
Indigenous energy consumed in Rumania in that year.
The solid fuels industry of Rumania has acquired prominence since
World War II. In establishing extremely high 1955 goals for. electric
power, metallurgical, and other industries, the Five Year Plan
(1951-55) placed great emphasis upon substantial increases, in the.
supply of solid fuels from indigenous sources. This added emphasis
on the supply of coal and coke is reflected in production increases,
which -- although significant -- are too small to meet 1955 goals-with-
out drastic improvement.
Production of coal in Rumania has increased from about 2 million
tons in 1946 to about 5 million tons in 1954. Nationalization of the
mines and the introduction of Soviet equipment, mining methods, and
labor practices contributed substantially to this increase. There is
every .indication, however, that even with Soviet assistance, 1955 pro-
duction will fall short of the 8.5-million-ton goal planned for that
year by 2 million or 3 million tons.
Rumania is self-sufficient in all types of coal. except hard coal.*
It is especially short of coking coal, and for. much of this coal it
must depend upon other sources of supply, principally Poland and the
USSR. Hard coal reserves (anthracite and bituminous coals combined)
total 31 million tons -- sufficient for about-60 years at the current
rate of extraction. Reserves of brown coal and lignite combined total
* In this report the term hard coal is used in the. European sense and
includes both anthracite and bituminous coals.
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2.8 billion tons sufficient at the current rate'of production'for
several hundred years.
Railroads are estimated to consume about 60 percent of the in-
digenous production of coal in Rumania; thermal electric power
stations, 13.7 percent; ferrous metals industries, 5.6 percent; home
use, 6.1 percent; and other industries, 14.6 percent.
Supply of indigenous coals for coking quality, and facilities for
coking it, are insufficient for the metallurgical coke needs of
Rumania's iron and steel industry. New coking facilities are under
construction. In the interim, additional supplies of coking coal
and metallurgical coke are being imported from Poland and the,USSR.
The Five Year Plan envisages the making of metallurgical coke out of
low-grade indigenous coals, but accomplishment of this seems to be
extremely doubtful.
Production, consumption, and reserves of fuelwood have decreased
since the end of the war. Production in 1954 is estimated at 7 mil-
lion cu m, whereas it had been 12 million cu in in 1946. Fuelwood is
still an important domestic fuel, although use of natural gas and coal
has increased since the war.
Estimated production of fuel briquettes for 1953 is 260,000 tons,
probably used entirely for domestic purposes.
Albania.
In 1954, solid fuels furnished about 57.1 percent of the total
energy produced from primary sources in Albania. Of this amount,
fuelwood accounted for 39.6 percent and lignite for 17.5 percent.
Petroleum is the chief primary source of energy, supplying 42.7 per-
cent of the total, whereas hydroelectric power supplied only 0.2 per-
cent.
All coal produced in Albania is believed to be lignite. Since
1938, when only 4,000 tons were produced, production has increased
to 303,000 tons in 1954. In the Plan for 1955 a goal of 4o4,000 tons
was set.
Because of poor transportation facilities, lignite production is
cOnsumed'almost wholly in the areas of production. No quantitative
breakdown of consumers by type is possible, but small industrial -
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plants,:railroad locomotives, thermal electric power plants,* and
household uses accounted for most of the production in 1954:
Small tonnages of hard coal and coke are imported from Poland.
The bulk of these imports is consumed in the vicinity of the ports
of Durres and Vlone.
Albania has reserves of lignite sufficient to support further
Increases in production, but any major increase would probably re-
quire the importation of mining machinery, principally from the
USSR.
Fuelwood.production in 1954 is estimated at 1.85 million
cubic meters -- equivalent to about 344,000 tons in terms of standard
fuel equivalent. It is believed that reserves are sufficient to
maintain this rate of production for many years. It is consumed
largely for space heating, for household heat, and for heat and power
in stall industrial plants in the rural districts back from the
coastal plain.
* About 28 percent of the indigenous and imported coal supply in
1953 was used by thermal electric power plants.
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I. Bulgaria.
A. Introduction.
The major source of primary energy in Bulgaria in 1954 was
coal, which furnished approximately 81 percent of the total supply of
primary energy. Fuelwood furnished 17 percent of the total, and
hydroelectric power furnished an estimated 1 percent. Bulgaria has a
small production of petroleum or natural gas and must import petroleum
products. There are peat deposits and several large oil shale deposits
in the country, but no Production has been reported, and it is assumed
that none has occurred. The estimated balance of sources of primary
energy in Bulgaria, 1954, is given In Table 1.*
Four types ,of coal are produced in Bulgaria. Two of them, re-
ferred to in this report as anthracite and bituminous coal, may be
classified together as hard'coal. The other two typed are brown coal
and lignite, sometimes referred to together as brown coals -- as they
.are in East Germany -- and at other times mentioned independently.
B. Coal.
1. General.
.Production of coal in Bulgaria was at the 2-Million-ton
level in 1938. It is believed that during World War II the Germans
fbrced Bulgaria to supply.considerable coal to other countries under
their.dOtination. Production rose to slightly more .11an.4.million tons
In 1943 -- the peak production until 1947. ?
The relatively low level of production of coal in the past re-
flects, to a considerable degree, the low status of Bulgarian indus-
trialization.
Bulgaria has a population of about 7 million, and the economy
has always been predominantly agricultural. .Great efforts ,were made,
however, to Industrialize during the: 1949-53 and 1954-58 Five Year Plans.
Coatis vital to the program and, because production .has been lagging
behind demand, has received considerable attention from the government.
Table 1 follows on p.. 6..
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Table 1
Estimated Balance of Sources of Primary Energy Produced in Bulgaria a/
1954
Production Standard Fuel Percent
Equivalent 12/ of
Source of Energy Unit Amount Thousand Metric Tons) Total
Coal
,
Hard Thousand metric tons 440 2/ 44o 5.6
Brown Thousand metric tons 8,364 1/ 5,943 75.3
Petroleum Thousand metric tons 50 2/ 71 0.9
Fuelwood Thousand cubic meters 7,250 I/ 1,346 17.0
Hydroelectric power Million kilowatt-hours 800 51 98 1.2
Total
7,898 100.0
a. All energy balances in this report were developed by converting the units of pro-
duction of each fuel to kilocalories, and then to tons of standard fuel equivalent on the
basis of 7 million kilocalories per ton of standard fuel (or, as it is more commonly ex-
pressed, 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram).
b. Standard fuel equivalent of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
c. Average heat value of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
d. Average estimated heat value of 5,500 kilocalories per kilogram for brown coal and
3,500 kilocalories per kilogram for lignite. It is estimated that approximately 70 per-
cent of total coal produced was brown coal, and 25 percent of total coal produced was
lignite.
e. Average heat value of 10,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
f. Average heat value of 1.3 million kilocalories per cu m.
g. Average heat value of 86o kilocalories per kilowatt-hour and an estimated hydro-
electric power production of approximately 42 percent of total kilowatt-hour production
in 1953. - 6 -
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2. Organization.
During World War II, all mining operations in Bulgaria were
controlled by the government., although not all of the concessions were
state-owned. The largest mines, the Pernik (now called Dimitrovo)
brown coal mines, however, were awned and operated by the state as were
the lignite mines of Bobov Dol and three of the anthracite 'mines. All
other mines were privately owned. 1/*
There is little information avathble about the organiza-
tion of the coal mining industry ifi Bulgaria since World War II. It
Is believed that the entire industry is nationalized and controlled
by the Ministry of Heavy Industry; that production and management di-
rectives are handed down from a central planning board which operates
under close Soviet supervision; and that key positions are, as is usual
in Satellite nations, held by strong Communist party members.
3. Production.
Al]. the anthracite and bituminous coal produced in Bul-
garia originates in the area northwest and west of Sofia, with the
exception' of same bituminous coal which is produced in the Balkan
Basin. The highest pre-World War II production of anthracite and bi-
tuminous coal was attained in 1939, when approximately 6,0oo and
158,000 tons, respectivelyt were produced, 2/ It is estimated that
In 1954 the production of anthracite coal was 57,000 tons and of bi-
tuminous coal, 383,000 tons.
The most important area of production of brown coal is in
the vicinity of Sofia at Dimitrovo. Other areas of production are
south and northwest of Sofia, near Bobov Dol and Vrushka Chuka, re-
spectively; the Balkan Basin, near Nikolaeva; the Maritsa River
Valley (sometimes referred to as the Marbas), near Dimitrovgrad and
Merichleri; and the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, near the port of
Burgas (Cherno More Mine). The pre-World War II peak production of
brown coal and lignite in Bulgaria was 2.1 million tons, of which the
Dimitrovo mines produced about 82 percent, 1.7 million tons. 2/ During
World War II, production of brown coal and lignite continued to rise
and reached its highest level in 1943, when an estimated 3.9 million
tons were produced. About 80 percent of this quantity was Dimitrovo
brown coal.
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Since World War II the production of coal has steadily
increased, except in 1946 when a slight regression occurred -- 3.5
million tons in 1946 compared with 3.6 million tons in 1945. Under
the impetus of the Two Year Plan (1947-48) considerable progress was
made) but in neither year was the Plan fulfilled.
Under the First Five Year Plan) emphasis in the coal in-
dustry was placed mainly on the development of a new lignite area and
the continued mechanization of the Dimitrovo Basin, which produces
brown coal. Production of coal rose rapidly, and official statements
claimed the achievement of the originally planned 1953 goals by October
1952. In fact, production of 7.4 million tons of coal in 1952 sur-
passed original planned production for that year of 6.9 million tons..
Although production reached an estimated 8.8 million tons in 1954, it
fell short of planned production by about 150,000 tons. It is esti-
mated that Bulgaria will fail to meet its 1957 goal of ?14 million tons
by about 3 million tons. The estimated production of coal in Bulgaria,
1950-54, is shown in Table 2.* See also Appendix A, Table 10,** for
1936-54 and 1957 production.
No complete data on production
have been received in recent years.
the portion of the total constituted by brown coal has decreased 50X1
and that of the inferior, type of coal, lignite, has risen proportion-
ately. In 1939, 90 percent of total production of coal was brown
coal, the largett portion of which was Dimitrovo coal) whereas in 1950,
less than 70 percent of total production of coal was brown coal. Pro-
duction of lignite, however, increased from 4.2 percent in 1939 to
25 percent of total production of coal in 1950, of which a:large por-
tion was Marbas coal.' 5/
4. Foreign Trade.
of individual types of
coal
50X1
Bulgaria is a net exporter of coal) although on a very
small scale.. There are no imports of solid fuels, and only minor
quantities of coal are exported.
* Table 2 follows on p. 9.
** P. 49) below.
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Table .2
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria
1950-54 and 1957
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Hard Coal a/
Brown Coal 12/
Total
'Plan
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1957
220 2/
284 g/
348 3/
394 171/
4-4010/
600 p/
5)603 di
6)026 di
7,062 .4/
7,834 d/
8,364 1/
10,800 i
5,823 e/
6,310 11/
71410 Ei
8,228 2/
8,804s/
11,400 !/
6)021 fi
7,267 i/
6,947 ii
8,477 2/
8,9851/
14,000 I/
a. Hard coal includes anthracite and bituminous coal.
b. Brown coal includes lignite.
c. Based upon reported estimate of 200)000 tons of bitumi-
nous g and a rough estimate of 20,000 tons of anthracite
coal.
d. Residual.
e. 263 percent of 1939 production. 1/
f.? 8/
'13. By interpolation.
h. 285 percent of 1939 production. 2/
i. Production plan'for 1951 reported at 124.8 percent of
1950 production. 12/
j. Estimated from data given in source 11/.
k. 12/
1. Production plan for 1952 was to be 110.1 percent .of
1951 production. 11/
m. Hard coal production was 113 percent of 1952 produc-
tion. 111/
n. 141.3 percent of 1950 production. 12/
o. Coal production in 1953 was to be increased 14.4 per-
cent over the 1952 level. lg
p. Projection of recent average annual trend.
q. During the first 7 months of 1954, 353)000 tons more
coal were produced than during the same period of 1953. II/
Projection to 12 months gives an increase of.576,000 tons
over 1953 production.
r. Coal production was to increase 9.2 percent over 1953
production. 18/
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Table 2
Estimated Production of Coal in Buigaria
1950-54 and 1957
(Continued)
s. Projected at the approximate 1951-54 rate of
increase.
a. Imports.
There have been no reports that Bulgaria has imported
any coal in recent years. The last figures available show total im-
ports of 10,606 tons of coal for the 3-year period 1937-39, and all
except 1,296 tons of this came from Germany. 20/
b. Exports.
Data for the 1937-39 period show exports of only
36,780 tons of coal, of which 31)969 tons, 87.percent, went to Yugo-
slavia and most of the balance to Greece. g1/ It was estimated that
100,000 tons were exported in 1942. 22/ The Germans evidently forced
Bulgaria to provide coal to Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary, and Greece
during World War II.
Few Bulgarian trade statistics have been available
In recent years. In August 1947, Bulgaria agreed to deliver to
Yugoslavia 50,000 tons of coal by the end of February 1948. 23/ A
trade agreement was signed with Egypt on 6 April 1950 calling for
shipments of Bulgarian coal and coke to ggypt. 24/ In June 1950,
Bulgaria agreed to ship 10,000 tons of anthracite and US $100,000
worth (roughly equivalent to 5,000 tons) of pit coal to Austria. 22/
There have beet a few references to exports of coal from certain
mines to the USSR, and although there may have been some shipments
a few years ago when the USSR was desperately short of coal, it is
believed that any shipments were relatively small.
It is doubtful whether Bulgarian exports of coal
have exceeded 150,000 tons annually since World War II, and it is be-
lieved that they have probably been much less than that figure during
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the last few years. It is estimated that the current rate of exports
id about 80,000 tons annually. 26/
5. Stocks.
There are no data available on coal stocks in Bulgaria,
but it is believed that they are usually low. The better quality bi-
tuminous coal is always in short supply, and brown coal and lignite
are not suitable for prolonged storage.
The distribution of coal, firewood, and charcoal, as
well as all trade therein, was declared the monopoly of a state-
autonomous enterprise, Toplivo (Fuel), on 9 July 1947. 27/ Yards
operated by Toplivo were to hold a?large part of the existing stocks.
6. Consumption.
There are little available data on requirements and con-
sumption of coal in Bulgaria, and it is possible to furnish only .
estimates of the quantities that would probably be supplied to major
categories cif consumers.
The estimated consumption of coal in Bulgaria by major
consuming sectors, 1950-54, is shown in Table 3.* The figures for
estimated consumption by various sectors have been derived from
estimated and actual consumption by those sectors. In 1954 the per-
centages of available coal consumed by eaOh sector were as follows:
railroads, 34 percent; thermal electric power plants, 25 percent;
briquette plants, 2 percent; and other users, 39 percent (other
users include the cement, coke, brick, glass, and synthetic fuel
Industries and exports).
December 1949 stated that production at the 50X1
Dimitrovo mines was between 10,500 and 13,000 tons .daily. This coal
was allocated as follows: 5,000 tons to the railroads and merchant
marine; 1,000 tons to the power stations, glass factory, and metal-
lurgical factory in Dimitrovo; 1,000 tons to several other power
stations including TEA (Termichna Elektricheska Tsentrala --
Thermal Electric Plant) Nadezhda and TETS Kourilovo; 2,000 tons to
Sofia for factories and heating; and the balance for general domes-
tic use within Bulgaria. 2_?/ No recent consumption data have been
received.
* Table 3 follows on p. 12.
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Table 3
Estimated ConsUmption of Coal in Bulgaria
by Major Consuming Sector .
1950-54
Thousand Metric Tons
Consumer
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
Railroads 2/
Thermal electric power plants hi
1,890
911
2,233
1,285
2,478
1;698
2,758
1,952
3,038
2,166
Briquettes Si'
150
150
150
150
150
Other users 1/
2,872
2,642
3,084
3,368
3,479
Total
5,823
6,310
7,4l0
8,228
8,833
a. Estimated on the basis of 700 grams per ton-kilometer and the
following ton-kilometer achievements: 1950, 2.7 billion; 1951,.
3.19 billion; 1952, 3.54 billion; 1953, 3.94 billion; 297 and 1954,
4.34 billion.
b. Estimated on the basis of 2.29 kilograms of coal per kilowatt-
hour and the following percentage of total kilowatt-hour production
originating in thermal electric power plants in the years in
question: 1950, 51 percent of 780 million kilowatt-hours; 1951,
55 percent of 1,020 million kilowatt-hours; 1952, 55 percent of
1,348 million kilowatt-hours 30/; 1953, 55 percent of 1,550 million
kilowatt-hours 31/; and 1954, 55 percent of 1,720 million kilo-
watt-hours.
c. Estimated unchanging input because of probable lack of any new
capacity.
d. Residual figure, including domestic consumption and exports.
7. Reserves.
The Bulgarian Directorate of Mines released the estimates
of coal reserves in 1947. 32/ These estimated reserves of coal in
Bulgaria are shOwn in Table 4.*
* Table 4 follows on p. 13.
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Table 4
Estimated Reserves of Coal in Bulgaria
1947
Type of Coal
Quantity
(Million Metric Tons)
Percent
Lignite
1,575
87.99
Brown
185
10.33
Bituminous
15
o.84
Anthracite
15
0.84
Total
1,790
100.0
Assuming an estimated annual production in 1957 of 600,000
tons of hard coal? reserves should last for 50 years, and an annual
production of 10.8 million tons of brown coal would indicate reserves
of brown coal and lignite sufficient for nearly 170 years. ,According
to information of April 1948, new lignite deposits, estimated at
120 to 150 million tons, were discovered on the left bank of the
Maritsa River, not far from Dimitrovgrad. 12/ This would increase
the duration of reserves by at least 13 years.
8. Deposits.
Deposits of the four types of coal mined in Bulgaria are
located as follows:
a. Anthracite -- in northwestern and western Bulgaria.
b. Bituminous coal -- (1) in east-central Bulgaria
(Balkan Basin), (2) near Belogradelisk ,(Vrushka
Basin), and (3) southwest of Gorna Dzhumaya near
the Yugoslav border (Souchosterel Basin).
c. Brown coal -- (1) southwest of Sofia.(Dimitrovo
Basin), and (2) in,southwest.Bulgaria (Bobov Dol
and Prinin Struma Basins).
d. Lignite -- (1) in central Bulgaria (Maritsa Basin),
(2) at Nikolaevo (Nikolaevo Basin), and (3) on the
Bulgarian Black Sea coast (Burgas Basin).
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Further information on these basins may be found in Ap-
pendix B and on the accompanying map.*
9. Technology.
a. Methods.
Both strip mining and deep mining methods are used in
Bulgaria, but it is not known in what proportion. It is believed that
the only two strip mines of any size are the Republica and the 7 Sep-
tember Mines in the Dimitrovo Basin. Soviet methods and machinery
have been introduced into Bulgarian mines, but it is not known to what
extent. -
b. Equipment.
Although mechanization in some Bulgarian coal mines
has been emphasized since the advent of the Communist regime, it is
believed that the results have been felt only in the large mines such
as those at Dimitrovol in the Maritsa Basin, and possibly at the
Cherno More Mines (Burgas). As far as can be determined,no cutting
machines were employed before 1951, and all underground extraction
was by pick-and-shovel methods. As late as 1950, equipment and venti-
lation were poor, casualties were frequent, and coal transport was
largely manual in the best mines in Bulgaria, in the Dimitrovo
Basin. 34/ At the same time, the Cherno More Mines were using pre-
World War II Belgian equipment which was badly worn. 35/
In 1950, however, a decree of the Council of Min-
isters announced a mechanization plan for the Georgi Dimitrov Mine
at Dimitrovo. This plan entailed, among other things, 50-percent
mechanization of the digging and loading processes, 100-percent
mechanization of the hauling methods, and the installation of twenty-
one 100-meter conveyor belts and 1 Donbas coal combine. This was to
be accamplished by the end of 1953. lg By mid-1953, three coal
cleaning plants were claimed to have been erected in the Dimitrovo,
Maritsa, and Pitin areas, and excavators, loaders., electric shovels,
and Donbas combines were In use. E./ Same machinery was produced
locally at the machine building plant at Dimitrovo, and in 1953,
100 pneumatic hammers were imported from the USSR. 38/ Other mining
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equipment was claimed to have been received from the USSR, Czechoslo-
vakia, and East Germany 22/ -- specifically the C-153 loading machine
from the USSR)22/ and Skoda trucks from Czechoslovakia. la/ The
main drawbacks to the effective use of this equipment appear to be
the mechanical ineptness and lack of enthusiasm of the mining person-
nel and the structural imperfections of the equipment. There have
been complaints about frequent damage 42/ and about the lack and
Inefficiency of repair facilities.
10. Labor.
Labor.
Recent information indicates that the maintenance of
an adequate labor force has been one of the pressing problems of the
coal industry. In 1952 it was necessary for the Svoge anthracite
mines, 44/ the Cherno More lignite mines,)12/ and the .Georgi Dimitrov,
Maritsa, Pirin, and Chumerna Mines 46/ to advertise for all ranks of
mine personneli from laborers to mine foremen. It was reported that
during 1952 there were 15,000 prisoners from forced labor camps work-
ing at the Bobov Dol, Pirin, Cherno More, and Plachkovtsi Mines.
Even Premier Chervenkov has found it necessary to make public comment
on the fact that in the Georgi Dimitrov. Mine in the Dimitrovo Basin,
10,000 out of a labor force of 10,644 were replaced during 1952.
It is difficult to estimate the present size of the
labor force engaged in the Bulgarian coal mining industry. It is es-
timated that in 1947 there were from 19,000 to 20,000 workers at the
principal mines. Mines in the Dimitrovo Basin alone are reported to
have employed a total of from 14,700 to 15,700 workers. '48/ It is
believed that by 1950 the Dimitrovo Basin mines had increased their
staff to 16,000 and that there was some increase at the Maritsa
Basin.
Poor working conditions as well as low wages have been' ?
the main causes of the labor turnover and have given rise to the neces-
sity of hiring women and minors as well as of using political prisoners.
It was reported that 200 women volunteered at Dimitrovo in 1950.112/
Living conditions at Dimitrovo were no better for voluntary laborers .
than they were for prisoners, and many peasants left to return to
their farms. 50/ According to official statements, the causes for
dissatisfaction are partially attributable to lack of adequate Com-
munist influence on the working levels, failure to introduce new work-
ing methods, and the lack of competitive work programs. Official
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inducements for workers and engineers to volunteer at the mines) how-
ever, were offers of free land and building funds. 51/ All these
conditions existed at ,the Dimitrovo mines) and do not necessarily
hold for other smaller installations. Another attempt to increase
the labor force in the coal mines is the requirement that all gradu-
ates of the School of Mining must work 3 years at coal or ore mining
and all graduates who had left the coal mines were to be returned
unless engaged in other underground work or defense work. 52/
There is little information available on actual real
wages of the labor force in the coal mining industry. In early 1954)
miners were one of the highest paid labor groups in Bulgaria. An
ordinary miner's salary is quoted as from 900 to 1,600 leva per month)
and a titled miner's salary as up to 2,000 leva per month. 53/ Some
conception of the purchasing power of these salaries) however) may
be gained from the following late 1953 prices 21?/:
Commodity
Price
Black bread 1.70 leva per kilogram
Meat 13.00 to 15.00 leva per kilogram
Soap 4.00 to 8.00 leva per kilogram
Man's ready-made woolen suit 450.00 to 600.00 leva
Men's shoes 240.00 leva
C. Fuel Briquettes.
in 1948) there were 3 bri- 50X1
quette plants in operation in Bulgaria at that time -- 1 in
Dimitrovo) 55/ at the Pirin Mine near Brezhani, 56/ and 1 in the
Maritsa Basin. 57/
Annual production of fuel briquettes is estimated to be
200,000 tons in 1950 and 1951, and 225,000 tons in 1952 and 1953. 58/
It is believed that the entire production of briquettes in Bulgaria
is consumed locally as domestic fuel.
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_ _ _ _
D. Coke.
1. Production.
The coke industry of Bulgaria is exceedingly small. One
coke plant, located in Plachkovtsi, produced from 6,000 to 8,000
tons 59/ of gas coke. The coal input is from the Prince Boris Mine
in the Balkan Basin. .01/ This Plachkovtsi coke plant is reported to
consist of 2 batteries of 11 ovens each. Another coke plant of about
the same size is located at Kazanlik. .6.1/ Total annual coke output
Is believed to be less than 20,000 tons. 62/
2. Imports.
Current production of coke-is not sufficient for all needs.
Mention was made in the Polish-Bulgarian trade agreement signed 11
July 1951 and extending into 1953 that Poland would furnish coke to
Bulgaria. Of There are no data concerning the amount of such imports,
but they are believed to be minor.
3. Consumption.
It is believed that imported metallurgical coke is used
primarily in copper smelting and iron and steel foundaries, and
that gas coke is used by miscellaneous small industries. Charcoal is
used instead of coke at the carbide factory in Iliyantsi. 64/ There
are no blast furnaces making pig iron.
E. Fuelwood.
1. Production.
It has been reported that 5.2 million cu m of timber were
felled in 1948 of which 3.7 million cu m were fuelwood. It was planned
that at the end of the Five Year Plan the output of fuelwood was to
increase to 7.4 million cu m, or 100 percent more than in 1948. J.;.5/
It is estimated that the 1953 goal for production of fuelwood was
surpassed by 100,000 cu m. Production of fuelwood in millions of cu m
of roundwood is estimated as follows*: 3 million in 1946, 5 million
in 1950, 6 million in 1951, 6.9 million in 1952, and 7.2 million in
1954.
* Estimates of the production of fuelwood include planned and local
gathering. The unit measure is a cu m of solid wood content and not
a stacked measure.
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2. Consumption.
In Bulgaria; fuelwood is an important substitute for space
heating. Annual production may be considered as approximately equiVa-
lent to cOnsumption. It is believed that imports or exports of fuel-
wood, if any, are negligible.
F. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
I. Capabilities.
On the basis of experience to date under the Two Year Plan
and the First Five Year Plan, it seems reasonable to assume that the
1954 goal of an estimated 9 million tons of coal can be met. Of much
more significance to the industrial development of Bulgaria will be
the attainment of the 1957 goal of about 14 million tons under the
Second Five Year Plan. Even under the most favorable conditions;
however, it is doubted that such a level of production will be met.
Such a goal would require an average annual increase of 1.8 million
tons in 1955, 1956, and 1957, an increment much higher than any
annual increase to date. It is estimated that Bulgaria will fail
to meet the 1957 coal production goal by about 3 million tons.
2. Vulnerabilities.
The principal vulnerability of Bulgaria's coal industry is
the unstable labor force. The burden of additional production has
been placed on a new labor force, traditionally agricultural, which
has no desire to remain permanently in the mines. Another vulnera-
bility is in the transportation of coal from the mines to the
consumers.
? 3. Intentions.
Although contributing to the military potential of Bulgaria,
the aforementioned increases, improvements, and investments can not
be considered indications of warlike or political intentions and are
merely indicative of their intent to become as self-sufficient as
possible in the Bulgarian industrialization process.
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II. Rumania.
A. Introduction.
In 1954, production of coal represented only 15.5 percent of
the total energy produced from primary sources in Rumania Petroleum
is by far the most important source of energy, supplying 62.5 percent
of the total production. Natural gas ranks second in supplying 16.4
percent of the total energy produced. The estimated balance of sources
of primary energy produced in Rumania, 1954, is shown in Table 5.*
The part played by coal in the internal development of the
industrial and domestic economy of Rumania assumes greater importance)
however) since approximately two-thirds of the petroleum production
is exported. On this basis, coal provided about 27 percent of the
Indigenous energy consumed in Rumania in 1954.
Four types of coal are found in Rumania. The most abundant
type is brown coal, followed in order by lignite, bituminous, and
anthracite. Except for a few years, the available data group bitum-
inous and anthracite coal together, and brown coal and lignite.
These groupings are generally used in this report.
B. Coal.
1. General.
a. History.
UntiLthe mid-1930's the development of the coal in-
dustry in Rumania was retarded because of the industrial backwardness
of the country and the abundant supplies of petroleum and fuelwood.
During the years immediately preceding World War II, coal began to
receive more attention as a source of energy for the expanding indus-
try of Rumania. Since 1946) coal production has more than doubled.
* Table 5 follows on p. 20.
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Table 5
Estimated Balance of Sources of Primary Energy Produced in Rumania
1954
Source of Energy
Production
Standard Fuel
Equivalent 2/
(Thousand Metric
Tons)
Percent
of
Total
Unit
Amount
Coal
Hard
Brown
Petroleum
Natural gas
Fuelwood
Hydroelectric power
Total
Thousand metric tons
Thousand metric tons
Thousand metric tons
Million cubic meters
Thousand cubic meters
Million kilowatt-hours
450 12/
4,550 2/
10,500 d/
4,400 2/
7,000 f/
700 ?6/
450
3,299
15,000
3,950
1,300
86
24,085
1.8
13.7
62.5
16.4
5.4
0.2
100.0
a. Standard fuel equivalent of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
b. Average heat value of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram. 66/
c. Average heat value of 5,076 kilocalories per kilogram (1947 production breakdown ap-
plied to 5,500 and 3,500 kilocalories per kilogram for brown coal and lignite respec-
tively). 67/
d. Average heat value of 10,000 kilocalories per kilogram. g/
e. Average heat value of 7,900 kilocalories per kilogram. Basis: 60 percent dry methane
gas at 9,500 kilocalories per kilogram and 40 percent wet petroleum gas at 5,500 kilocal-
ories per kilogram. 69/
f. Average heat value of 1,300,000 kilocalories per cu m.
g. Average heat value of 860 kilocalories per kilowatt-hour. /2/ It is estimated that
14 percent of total production of 3,410 million kilowatt-hours is hydroelectric power.
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b. Organization.
(1) Pre-World War II. 21/
In 1935 there were approximately 28 private com-
panies engaged in the production and marketing of coal. Seven of these .
companies controlled 89 percent of the total production of all types
of coal.
(2) Post-World War II.
. After the collapse of the Groza government in 1945
and the emergence of a Communist regime) a trade agreement was signed
between the USSR and Rumania on 8 May 1945, by which were established
14 Sovrams) or Soviet-Rumanian joint companies. 72/ One of these
joint companies was known as Sovromcarbune (Soviet-Rumanian Joint
Coal Company) and. was set up to control 70 percent of all Rumanian
coal production:* 73/ The ostensible purpose of these organizations
was to direct Rumanian raw materials into Satellite and Soviet chan-
nels and in return to make available credit, other raw materials, and.
Soviet technology in order to increase the productivity of Rumania. 74/
It is believed that, at the time of its creation, the Sovromearburte --
appropriated the holdings of the Petrosani, Recita, and Creditul
Carbonifere, and about nine other companies.-- in other words, the.
most important producers.
Simultaneously with the establishment of Sovrom-
ca.rbune, a group of about 15 other regions was combined under a state
enterprise known as Carbonifere, later placed under the General
Directorate of Coal. According to a press release of March 1951, all
coal mining became an integral part of the nationalized economy,
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum. 22/
In April 1951 the name of the Ministry was changed to the Ministry of
Petroleum and Coal, and the principle was established that the dis-
tribution of its products should be according to a plan acceptable to
and confirmed by the State Commission for Supply. 1.4/
On 26 August 1953 it was reported that the Min-
istry of Petroleum and Coal had been divided into the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries and the Ministry of Coal
Industry. 21/
* Dissolution of 12 Sovroms, including Sovromcarbune, was annaunced
on 25 September 1954 by the Rumanian press.
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2. Supply.
S. Production.
The estimated 1954 production of 5 million tons of
coal in Rumania is an all-time high. Although detailed information is
not available, it is believed that the production of each type of coal
Is at a record level.
In 1938, total coal production was 2.4 million tons,
of which 2.1 million tons, or 87.5 percent) was brown coal and lignite,
and the remaining 0.3 million tons, or 12.5 percent) was anthracite
and bituminous coal. The year 1943 marked a new peak when total pro-
duction reached 2.9 million tons. All but a few thousand tons of the
increase over 1938 was in brown coal and lignite.
Production then declined to prewar levels and reached
a low of 2 million tons in 1946) after which it increased to a new
high of 3.2 million tons in 1950. In this latter year it is inter-
esting to note that the anthracite and bituminous output was at prac-
tically the same level as in 1938) but represented only 9.4 percent
of total production in 1950. The estimated production of coal in
Rumania, 1950-55, is shown in Table 6.* See also Appendix A, Table
11,** for production, 1936-55.
The First Five Year Plan envisages a total coal pro-
duction of 8.5 million tons in 1955. This would require an incremental
Increase in total production in both 1954 and 1955 of more than 2
million tons. During the 7 years preceding 1954 the average annual
Increase was about 360,000 tons, and the maximum annual increase was
about 575,000 tons. Allowing for increases in mechanization) the
development of new mines, higher productivity, and more equipment and,
technical assistance from the USSR) it is estimated that 1955 produc-
tion will fall short of the goal by 2 or 3 million tons.
b. Imports.
Rumania is self-sufficient in all types of coal except
hard coal. It is particularly short of coking coal -- for much of this
type of coal it depends upon Poland and the USSR.
* Table 6 follows on p. 23.
** P. 52, below.
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Table 6
Estimated Production of Coal in Rumania
1950-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Hard Coal a/
Brown Coal b/
Total
Planned
1950 i/
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
300
34o 4/
381 f/
1400h/
450 3/
500 :5/
2,900
3,433 1/
3,856 LI
4,049 h/
4,55o 1/
5,100 j/
3,200
3,773 4/
41237'1/
4,449 h/
5,000 1/
5,600 1/
4,006 e/
4,355 g/
4,695 li
N.A.
8,5oo h/
a. Hard coal includes anthracite and bituminous coal.
b. Brown coal includes lignite.
c. 78/
d. 117.9 percent of 1950 production 12/ applied to total and
separated into hard coal and brown coal according to respec-
tive percentages, 9 and 91, in 1950 and in the 1955 plan.
e. 125.2 percent of 1950 production.ly
f. 112.3 percent of 1951 production 81 applied as in note
a above.
g. 1952 production plan fulfilled 97.3 percent(1?./ (equiv-
alent to 115.4 percent of 1951 production).
h. 105 percent of 1952 production. til/
i. 1953 production plan fulfilled by 94.8 percent L4-./
(equivalent to 110.8 percent of 1952 production).
j. Estimate based on recent trends.
It was indicated that 200,000 tons of hard coal were
imported in 1948, of which 60,000 tons came from Poland. The remainder
was the quantity agreed upon by a trade protocol between the USSR and
Rumania..
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Only a few figures have been reported which give any
indication as to the quantities of coal which have been imported into
Rumania since 1948. Import agreements in 1949 between Rumania and
Poland for 30)000 tons of coal 87/ and between Rumania and the USSR
for 360,000 tons 88/ have been reported, but actual shipment or re-
ceipt of the coal has not been confirmed. An agreement for imports
amounting to 250,000 tons of coal from the USSR was also reached for
1950, 89/ but no firm figures for this year are available. One re-
port states that in 1950 approximately 100,000 tons of coal and coke
(of which an estimated 70)000 tons were coal) were imported through
Dornesti) and the same quantity was planned for 1951. 90/ This
report further states that the coal came from Poland by way of the
USSR for Rumanian iron works and heavy industries. at Hunedoara)
Recita, Nadrag, Ferdinand, and Bucharest.
Because of the expansion of the ferrous metals in-
dustries and the limited supply of indigenous coking coal, it is
believed that imports of this type of coal will increase annually
for the next several years.
c. Exports.
Rumania is self-sufficient in production and reserves
of brown coal and lignite) but these types of coal) because of high
moisture and ash content and relatively low heating value, cannot be
transported economically or exported competitively.
Rumania is a net importer of coal because of its
limited supply of anthracite and bituminous coal. Although there
is no information available on the subject, it is believed that the
country does not export coal.
d. Stocks.
There is no information concerning the status of
Industrial or domestic coal stocks in Rumania. Because the bulk
of the coal mined is brown coal or lignite) neither of which can
stand prolonged storage, it is assumed that only working stocks are
maintained.
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3. Consumption.
There is little accurate or detailed information concerning
the use of Rumanian coal by the various segments of Rumanian industry.
The Rumanian railroads continde to consume the largest
quantities of coal, although there has been a steady decrease in the
proportion which they consume of total production from 85 percent in
1937 21/ to 70 percent in 1944 22/ and to 63 percent in 1946. 21/
It is estimated that 1953 consumption by the railroads is at a level
of about 2.7 million tons, or 60 percent of total coal production.
Thermal electric power stations in Rumania consumed an
estimated 609,000 tons of coal in 1953, or 13.7 percent of total pro-
duction. This estiniate is based upon information that 13.7 percent
of total electric power in 1950 was produced with waste and low-grade
fuel, and 6.1 percent of the total was produced with high-grade
fuel. 94/ There is a reference to the proposed use of refuse of
washed coal (for a planned coking plant) in a thermal electric power
plant in the Jiul Valley. 95/ Low-grade coal probably includes
lignite and the poorer grades of brown coal, and high-grade coal for
power generation is believed to Include the high-grade brown coals or
sub-bituminous coal. The estimated consumption of coal produced in
Rumania, 1953, is shown in Table 7.*
The Five Year Plan provides for the construction of Seven
new thermal electric'power plants based on coal. 96/ Two of these
plants are reported to have been in operation since August 1952. 97/
Under this Plan the'use of high-grade fuels) such as petroleum prod-
ucts, will decrease from 93 percent of the total in 1950 to 57.6
percent in 1955, with a corresponding increase in the use of lower
grade fuels, such as lignite and brown coal, from 7 percent of the
total in 1950 to 42.4 percent in 1955. 2Q/
The Rumanian ferrous metals industry is reported to have
consumed the country's entire output of anthracite and bituminous coal
in 1944. 22/ Hard coals are essential to the operation of the ferrous
metals industry) and since the end of World War II, consumption of
hard coal in this industry has increased from approximately 162,000
tons in 1947 122/ to an estimated 250,000 tons in 1953) representing
in the latter year) 5.6 percent of total consumption.
* Table 7 follows on p. 26.
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Table 7
Estimated Consumption of Coal Produced in Rumania a/
1953
Consumption
Consumer
Thousand
Metric Tons
Percent
of
Total
Railroads
2,669
6o.o b/
Thermal electric power stations
609 c/
13.7 ?
Ferrous metals industries
250 ay
5.6
Domestic
271
6.1 e/
Other industries
650 f/
14.6
Total
4 449
100.0
a. Excluding imports of coking coal) which are unknown.
b. This estimate is based on trends. Consumption of coal
by railroads in percentage of total coal produced was 85
percent in 1937, 101/ 70 percent in 1944) 102/ and 63 percent
in 1946. 103/ --- ---
c. Total power is estimated to be 3,410 million kilowatt-
hours, of which 13.7 percent is produced from "waste and low-
grade" coal, 6.1 percent from "high-grade" (probably sub-
bituminous) coal, 104/ and 1 kilowatt-hour is estimated
equivalent to 1 kilogram of "waste or low-grade" coal or
0.68 kilograms of "high-grade" coal.
d. This figure represents 75 percent of Rumanian production
of bituminous coal. 105/
e. Based on statement that 8.7 percent of total Rumanian
production of brown coal was consumed as domestic fuel. 106/
Brown coal is estimated to represent 70 percent of total
Rumanian production in 1953.
f. Residual.
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Little is known of current domestic consumptioh of coal in
Rumania. It has been reported that domestic consumption in 1947 amount-
ed to 8.7 percent of total production of Rumanian brown coal. 107/ At
this rate) 271,000 tons of coal would have been consumed domestically
in 1953. Recent government rules and regulations indicate that there
are domestic fuel shortages. 108/
There is no current information on the importation of coal.
On the basis of past experience, it is believed that most of the im-
ported coal is of coking quality for use by the ferrous metals industry.
4. Deposits) Reserves, and Quality. 109/
a. Anthracite and Bituminous Coal.
Rumanian anthracite deposits are small and are confined
to a limited area in the vicinity of Schela, Gorj regiune. There is
one mine in the district, the Costa Rea) and there is no record of an:.
thracite production at any other Rumanian mine.
The important deposits of bituminous coal in Rumania
are found in the regiunes of Severin and Stalin) located respectively
in Western and Central Rumania. The western regiune contains the
Sekul, Doman, Lupac) and Anina mines in the vicinity of Recita. Of
these) only the first produces coal of coking quality. Smaller de-
posits of bituminous coal are located in Hunedoara regiune at Deva)
and in Severin regiune at Bigar south of Recite near the Yugoslav-
Rumanian border.
Combined reserves of anthracite and bituminous coal as
estimated in 1939 were 7 million tons of known reserves and 24 million
tons of probable reserves, or a total of 31 Million tons. Based on
an average annual recovery of 500)000 tons of anthracite and bituminous
coal estimated for 1955, about 60 years' duration of supplies may be
expected from that date.
b. Brown Coal and Lignite.
Brown coal, the most abundant type of coal mined in
Rumania, is found in the regiunes of Bacau, Severin) Huneacara, and
Cluj. The most important of these deposits is that of the Jiul
river valley (8 mines) in the regiune of Hunedoara, where approxi-
mately 77 percent of total brown coal production was obtained in
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1938. The area second in importance at that time was the Bacau
regiune (3 mines), which produced 12 percent of the total, and
third in importance was the Cluj regiune deposit (5 mines), where
6 percent of the Rumanian brown coal was produced. 110/
Lignite deposits are found to the south of the brown
coal areas in lower-lying areas of the Transylvanian Mountains and in
the western foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. The producing re-
giunes are Arges, Prahoval Buzau, and Bihor, in that order of impor-
tance.
Combined reserves of brown coal and lignite as cal-
culated in 1939 were 717 million tons of known reserves with a prob-
able reserve of 2.122 billion tons. This was a total of 2.839 billion
tons.
Based on present and past production, or on future
planned production, these reserves will probably last several hundred
years.
5. Technology.
a. General.
It is believed that all anthracite, bituminous, and
brown coals are mined from underground workings. Lignite is mined
from underground workings, but it is also strip mined. Until recent
years, in Rumania the various types of mining were generally performed
by primitive methods and equipment.
b. Mechanization.
The demands of World War II and Rumanian plans to
improve the economic position of the country in postwar years gave
impetus to the mechanization of coal mines.
According to the Five Year Plan, the percentage of
mechanization is to increase as follows in Sovromcarbune mines: cut-
ting, from 93 percent in 1950 to 97 percent in 1955; transportation from
faces, from 62 to 79 percent; underground transportation, from 80 to 84
percent; and transportation to surface, from 96 to 97 percent. For the
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General Directorate of Coal, the increases for this period will be as
follows: mechanization in drifts, from 5 percent in 1950 to 37 percent
In 1955; transportation from face, from 20 to 72 percent; underground
transportation, from 40 to 80 percent; and transportation to surface,
from 92 to 98 percent. 111/ The increases shown for the latter group
of mines indicate the low degree of mechanization as late as 1950.
Particularly noticeable in. the available information is
the lack of reference to accomplishments in the mechanical loading of
coal at the face. This operation is possible only under certain natural
conditions and carefully controlled auxiliary operations. Mechanical
loading at the face presents the greatest opportunities for increasing
productivity in coal mines. At the Luperic Mine in the Jiul Valley
a Donbas coal mining combine* was put into operation on 25 August 1952
and is reported to be the first machine of this type to have come from
the USSR. 112/ A statement issued as late as 29 June 1954 indicates
that the Donbas combine is still undergoing "adaptation tests."111/
Other loading machines are reported to be in operation, but no data on
numbers of machines or on the tonnages of mechanically loaded coal are
available.
Most of the mining equipment of Rumania has been sup-
plied in recent years by the USSR. This equipment indludes modern com-
bines) loaders, locomotives) conveyors, ventilators, drills, and mine
lamps. Rumania is already building the less complicated types of
equipment, such as drills, picks, compressors, and conveyors. .During
the present Five Year Plan, Rumania hopes to receive from the USSR
hundreds of scraper conveyors and loading machines, dozens of ex-
tracting machines and locomotives, and hundreds of winches and coal
cars. 114/
Other innovations reported are the use of diesel
locomotives in certain underground mines, the use of coal-cutting
machines in lignite mines, and the use of metal props and metal
shields. 115J
* The Donbas combine, developed in the USSR, is a coal-mining machine
of the continuous type; that is, it performs the separate tasks of
cutting, breaking down) and loading coal in a single continuous ?
operation.
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c. Preparation.
Brown coal and lignite) which are the principal coals
mined in Rumania, require extensive cleaning to reduce the high ash and
sulfur content and drying to reduce the high moisture content. Under-
ground mechanization usually increases the amount of impurities in the
coal and thus requires more efficient and higher capacity cleaning
plants. Coal-processing plants at the Lupeni and Petrila Mines were
to be expanded in 1951) and two new drying plants for lignite were to
be in operation in the latter half of 1951 at the Filipestii-de-
Padure and Derna-Voevogi Mines. 116/ Undoubtedly the expansion of
coal-processing plant capacity has followed and will follow the upward
trend in production of brown coal and lignite.
d. Labor, Productivity, and Wages.
Employment in Rumanian coal mines is reported as more
than 26)000 persons in 1951. 117/ Based on the production that year of
3,773,000 tons,* the productivity would have been about 145 tons per
man-year) an extremely low figure by any standards.
An increase in the number of miners during the first 4
years of nationalization was announced by Prime Minister Gheorghiu-Dej,
The exact amount was not stated. The Five Year Plan provides for a
60-percent increase in productivity. If k reported productivity of 0.6
ton per man-shift 1142/ is assumed applicable in 1950, the planned pro-
ductivity of 1 ton per man-shift would approach productivity in
Western Europe.
Labor productivity in 1953 in the coal industry in-
creased 5.7 percent over 1952. 119/ An incremental increase much
higher than this would be necessary to achieve the planned increase
In productivity by 1955.
Planned increases in productivity are based mostly
upon increases in the utilization of mechanization. That planned pro-
ductivity levels are not being achieved is indicated by a-recent
announcement that only 42 percent of existing coal-cutting machines
and only 33 percent of the loading machines were used in April 1954.
* See Table 6, p. 23, above.
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Since the nationalization of the mines in 1948) wages
have been increased several times, and bonuses for fulfillment and over-
fulfillment of norms have been established for miners and for super-
visory and technical personnel.
In 1951 the average miner in Rumania could earn 8,000
to 9,000 lei per month) a good miner 10)000 to 12,000 lei per month) and
a poor miner 4,000 to 5,000 lei per month. 120/ In July 1952 the entire
wage system was revamped and changed from a monthly to a piecework
basis. 121/ By August 1952, in addition to the initiation of a system
of bonuses, the daily wage had surpassed that of July 1952 by 30
percent. 122/ In March 1953, further increases were granted in the
form of daily bonuses according to type of work. No current data on
wage or income levels are available.
Added incentives to attract men to the mines are under
way and planned for 1955. They are the construction of living accommo-
dations; the establishment of a household loan system; the granting of
free ground and building materials; reduced norms in special cases; and
the improvement of vacation, recreation, and medical facilities. 123/
Increased emphasis on technical training is evident.
According to the Five Year Plan, professional schools in the coal
Industry will graduate more than 1,800 students, technical high
schools about 1,500, and superior technical schools about 750. 124/
About 730 students training to become mining engineers and specialists
are studying at the Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Mining Institute in
Petrosani. In 1954 this institute will graduate 49 coal mining en-
gineers and 39 mining technicians. Mines in the Jiul Valley now
employ 150 engineers who have graduated from this institute. 1g5/
C. Fuel Briquettes.
Information on the fuel briquette .industry of Rumania is in-
complete, but the existence of several briquette plants has been
reported.
A new briquette project was completed in March 1951 and was
connected with the Filipestiide-Padura-Palangei-Provita Valley lignite
mines. 126/ Construction of another group of plants in the Sotanga
lignite area was started in that same year. al/ Completion of a third
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group was expected in 1951 in the Derna-Tatarus lignite area, between
the towns of Marghita, Suplacul-de-Barcau) and Derna Tatarus.
Planned production of these plants has not been reported.
Two) or possibly three) other briquette plants are known to be
In operation currently and are believed to have been in operation before
World War II. The Concordia Briquette Factory at Vulcan) in operation
in 1944) resumed production in 1948 for the first time since 1945. 129/
The production rate was reported as 4.4 tons per hour. 130/ Probably
Identical with this plant is the Vulcan Briquette Factory, which re-
ceives its coal from the Corin and Priboiu mines and probably produces
100 tons per day.* 131/ Another plant is reported to be located in
Recita, owned by the Recita Iron Mill and Corporate Holdings. It is
highly probable that there are other briquette plants in Rumania,
because there are at least 50 lignite and brown coal mines in the
western section of the country.
The US Bureau of Mines has estimated the annual production of
fuel briquettes in Rumania as 250,000 tons in 1950 and 1951, and
260,000 tons in 1952 and 1953. 132/
D. Coke.
1. General.
Since before World War II, Rumania has been dependent upon
other countries for much of its supply of metallurgical coke. Expanding
requirements of the iron and steel industry of the country have been
met only in part by a gradual increase in the production of metallurgical
coke since the war. Lack of import data makes it impossible to de-
termine with any degree of accuracy the tonnages involved during the
past several years. There are indications, however, that over one-
half of the Rumanian requirements for metallurgical coke are met by
imports from other Soviet Bloc countries) principally the USSR, Poland,
and Czechoslovakia.
The Five Year Plan envisages self-sufficiency in metal-
lurgical coke by .1955. In order to meet this Plan, however, it will
be necessary for Rumania to perform a near-miracle in producing coke
error.
1,000 tons per day, but this is probably an
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of metallurgical quality from brown coals or sub-bituminous coals.
Coke from its best bituminous coals, of which reserves and productive
capacity are limited, is poor by US standards. Furthermore, a new
coking plant at Hunedoara, which would increase the metallurgical
coke capacity of Rumania by over hoc percent) would have to be oper-
ating at full capacity in 1955 to meet the goal, and at present there
is no record of doke being produced at this plant. It is believed,
therefore, that Rumania will not meet its 1955 goal of self-sufficiency
in metallurgical coke and that its dependency on outside sources of
supply will increase.
In addition to metallurgical coke, Rumania produces small
quantities of gas coke and semicoke.
2. Supply.
a. Production.
It is believed that there is only one plant producing
metallurgical coke in Rumania. This is the Recite plant of the Recite
Iron and Steel Combine, under the management of Sovrometal. Its prewar
annual capacity of 90,000 tons was reportedly doubled in 1949. 122/
Additional annual capacity of 60o,000 tons is planned f6r 1955 from a
new coking plant at the Gheorghiu-Dej Metallurgical Plant at Hunedoara.
Although construction was started in the early part of 1951, 1211/ there
is no record of coke production from this plant. ift detailed descrip-
tion.of all facilities, shops) and buildings at this metallurgical
plant as of 3 October 1954 fails to include any reference to coke-oven
batteries.
Reported production figures for metallurgical coke
were 120,000 tons in 1950 and 156)000 tons in 1951. 122/
A report that the 1952 production of metallurgical
coke exceeded 1951 production by 173.4 percent 136/ would indicate a
1952 production of 271,000 tons. This is in excess of the productive
capacity of 180,000 tons and indicates either that the announced per-
centage increase is in error or that the 1951 production figure is in
error. It is reported also that "metallurgical coke in 1953 in-
creased 117 percent over 1952." 137/ An increase in production is
Inferred but not specifically stated. Pyramiding this increase gives'
a production of 325,000 tons in 1953, which is believed fantastic. It
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Is probable that the foregoing percentage increases are imports) or) as
Is less likely) total availabilities. They could indicate increased
capacity at.Hunedoara or other plants, but, in view of other available
Information, this is doubtful. It is estimated) therefore, that 1953
production of metallurgical coke was about 160,000 tons.
Production data for gas coke and semicoke are not
available for postwar years. Based upon a manufactured gas production
estimate for 1951) 138/ gas coke production is estimated at 25)000
tons.* The Five Year Plan provides for an annual output of 160,000
tons of semicoke.
b. Imports.
Information on imports of metallurgical coke by Rumania
is extremely fragmentary. Imports amounting to 62)944 tons in 1938 139/
increased over 300 percent to 207)000 tons in 1947.1122/ In 1949 the
USSR agreed to supply 140,000 tons, and imports from. Poland during that
year were about 25)000 tons. One report) without giving tonnages in-
volved, states that in 1952 the bulk of imports come from the USSR and
that the proportion from Poland and Czechoslovakia is on the increase.
Based upon published pig iron production data 141/
and estimated metallurgical coke production figures, imports of
metallurgical coke must have been about 200)000 tons annually in 1950
and in 1951, about 225,000 tons in 1952, and about 300,000 tons in
1953.
The foregoing import estimates are very crude. Actual
allowance for charcoal tonnages which are known to be used in the pro-
duction of a good grade of pig iron and allowance for inefficient
conversion of poor-grade coke in producing pig iron have not been com-
pletely accounted for) but these two factors are compensating.
It is believed that the planned goals for metallurgi-
cal coke production, as for coal production) are quite optimistic, and
In view of present trends will not be met. In all probability, Rumania
will require substantial imports of coke in 1955. It is Very doubtful
that additional coke plant requirements for coking coal will be met by
* Calculated at an estimated ratio of 570 cu m of gae per ton of gas
coke and at an estimated production of 14 million cu m of manufactured
gas.
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the use of lower grades of indigenous coal as contemplated. It fs
likely, therefore, that any decrease in coke imports, occasioned by
operation of new capacity, will be accompanied by an increase in im-
ports of coking coal.
C. Stocks.
There is no information available on stocks of coke.
Imports in 1947 were far in excess of requirements of metallurgical coke
for pig iron production that year and might indicate the establishment
of stockpiles which were probably depleted during and immediately fol-
lowing World War II. In. subsequent years, however, there is no, indica-
tion of changes in stocks.
3. Consumption.
Consumption of metallurgical coke at iron and steel plants
In Rumania is divided among pig iron production, foundries, and other
special processes. No breakdown of these uses is available.
Gas coke is believed to be used locally; mostly by industry.
Semicoke is briquetted and.is generally used by the railroads. 214V
E. Fuelwood.
1. General.
a. Trends.
Fuelwood has always represented a large part of the fuel
requirements of Rumania. According to prewar statistics (average 1937-
39), 28.7 percent of all fuel consumed was firewood.1112/ About 62
percent, or 11 million cu m, of the total average prewar annual produc-
tion of roundwood of 17.9 million cu m was fuelwood. Average annual
postwar production of fuelwood is 8.56 million cu m, or 63 percent of
an average prewar production of roundwood of 13.6 million cu m. 144/
It is expected that production and consumption of fuelwood will de-
crease as more timber is diverted to industrial use; such as cellulose
and paper and construction, and as the more efficient fuels, coal and
oil, become plentiful.
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b. Organization.
Prewar ownership of the 6.4 million hectares of forest
In Rumania was divided as follows: state, 1.9 million (30 percent);
communities, 2 million (30 percent); and companies and individuals,
2.5 million (40 percent). The greater portion of fuelwood came from
the community and private forests. Fuelwood was distributed in the
cities through thousands of small privately owned woodyards. Forests
were placed under government control at the beginning of World War II,
and fuelwood was rationed.
As far as is known; nationalization of forest proper-
ties took place in 1948. 145/ At present a large amount of fuelwood is
produced by the Ministry of Forestry, Timber, and Paper Industries
(which manages the forests and controls production of forest products)
through its subordinate forestry enterprises, IPEIL (Intreprindere
Pentru Exploatorea si Industrializares Lemnului --- Enterprises for
the Exploitation and Industrialization of Wood). Direct control of
IPEIL is the responsibility of special organizations called trusts,
which are in turn subordinate to the Ministry of Forestry, Timber, and
Paper Industries. The Ministry now deals directly only with general
problems, such as planning, statistics, and administration. 146/
Sovromlem (Soviet-Russian Timber Combine), theoretically under the
control of the Ministry of Forest, Timber, and Paper Industries, 147/
also produces fuelwood.
Procurement and distribution of firewood on local
levels (regiunes and rayons) is apparently coordinated by the People's
Councils and Party Committees. Participating units are forestry
directorates, regiune wood trust directorates, IPEIL, reguine Combus-
tibilul (fuel) organizations, and others. 148/ It is believed that in
addition to independent local fuelwood procurement by the People's
Councils and Combustibilul units, these organizations receive sub-
stantial quantities from IPEIL and other government producers. 149/
Much of the local fuelwood haulage is done by the peasants. In 1951,
distribution of some fuelwood (probably urban) was under the juris-
diction of Colemn (state-owned timber and fuelwood company). 15.2/
2. Supply.
a. Production.
Production of fuelwood, in millions of Cu m of round-
wood, is estimated as 12 in 1946, 8 in both 1950 and 1951, and 7 in
1954.
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b. Imports.
Rumanian fuelwood imports are negligible. ;
c. Stockpiles.
Little information exists on fuelwood stockpiles.
?
Fuelwood depots are filled during the summer and fall, 151/ and so
far as is known there is no carryover from one winter to the next.
3. Consumption.
Wood is still an important fuel in domestic use) even
though use of gas and coal has increased since the end of the war.
There now appears to be a general deficiency of available fuelwood,
the chief reason probably being,the diversion of a larger portion of
total timber production to industry and construction. This lack of
firewood is not only reflected in last year's campaigns to stock fuel-
wood depots; but also in the year-by-year decrease in the winter ration. ?
Postwar exports of fuelwood are reported for 1948, 1949) and
1950, as 100)000 cu m per year, about one-half of prewar exports. 152/
4. Reserves.
Excessive felling during the past years has depleted the
timber resources of Rumania. Net annual growth, which was estimated
to be approximately 18 million cu m (prewar average 1935-38) has
dropped to 15 million cu m in the postwar period (1946-50). 153/
Afforestation is being pushed in many areas, but these are long-range
efforts and will be of little-value as a'source of_wood supply in the
immediate future. Although .increased timber production is being
stressed and total tiMber production appears to have increased) fell-
ing will eventually have to be restricted as the forest base is
depleted.
F. Peat.
I. General.
Little has been reported concerning the status of the peat
extraction and processing industry in Rumania. InA.944, it was known
that some minor and local use was made of peat as fuel. 154/
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2. Supply.
There are reported to be peat deposits in Botosani, Cluj,
Sibu, Stalin, and Suceava regiunes which could be used locally in
place of wood. 155/ A large peat-producing installation was put in
operation in Calatele? Cluj regiune, in August 1951, 156/ and in the
previous year, peat deposits at Fagaras in Sibiu regiune were ex-
ploited for the first time. 157/ Production in all of Rumania is
claimed to have been 300 percent greater in the first half of 1951
than in the corresponding period of 1950. In 1952 the Calatele
installation expected to produce 1/500 freight cars of peat, 158/
and in Fagaras, where the brick-cutting extraction is used, 60,000
bricks a day were planned. 122/
3. Consumption.
There are no data available on the distribution and con-
sumption of peat. Domestic and communal use of local peat reserves has
been encouraged as a means of decreasing the use of wood. A widespread
distribution of peat as a domestic fuel, however, is still in the
planning stage. 160/
4. Deposits, ReserVes, and Quality.
There is no information-concerning the extent of the peat
reserves in Rumania. All information as to their location maybe
found in 2, above.
5. Technology.
It is believed that peat extraction methods are generally
primitive and largely manually performed. At the Fagaras deposits,
the knife method of cutting the peat out in brick-shaped pieces is
used. In 1950, mechanical methods were planned for the near future
which would involve mechanical presses, elevators, and excavators. 161/
G. Manufactured Gas.
Manufactured gas is produced on a small scale in Rumania. Only
five cities, Bucharest, Arad, Brasov (Orasul Stalin), Galati, and
Timisoara, were reported to have a manufactured gas supply. a./
The date of the foregoing information is unknown, but another re-
port 163/ indicates that the gas company in Bucharest, following
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nationalization in 1948, dismantled the manufactured gas plant and
subsequently delivered only natural gas.
There are no manufactured gas grid systems, local industry
accounting for about 80 percent of total consumption. A 1951
report states that the total annual output of manufactured gas is
about 14 million cu m) and that about 66 percent is produced in
Bucharest) but the date of information is not given. 1?.2/
H. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
1. Capabilities.
According to Rumanian reports, coal production has fallen
3 to 6 percent below quotas during the past. 3 calendar years. The
planned goal for 1954 is not available) but current production trends
indicate that 1955 production will fall abolit 30Npercent below the
planned output of 8.5 million tons. Despitfrthilag, it is esti-
mated that production increases during the7afl,27years will be at a
higher rate than during the past 3 years): t Itimate is based
upon the fact that large reserves of brosignorW&FdEIllignite are
available, and further, that current 1eve10,-4ftme nization of the
mines can be raised substantially. .n7 alfifiW
'1 :054A1-:'
. The Rumanian goal of self-suff,ramtWth the production
of.. metallurgical coke is believed to be extrebilyxbptimistic. Attain-
ment of the goal presupposes the addition of new coke plant capacity,
the use of law-grade coals, and the decreade"inthe'average amount
of coke required to produce a ton of pig itOn. Of the three, the use
of low-grade coals is believed most unlikely) and although new capac-
ity may be added by 1955, it will be necessary for Rumania to import
increasing amounts of caking coal to approach the iron and steel
production goals.
2. Vulnerabilities.
The principal vulnerability of the solid fuels industries
In Rumania as in almost all countries is in the transportation of the
product from mine or coke plant to the consumer. The fact that Rumania
relies so heavily on imports of metallurgical coke and coking coals
makes distant rail and water transportation of these products partic-
ularly vulnerable.
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, As mine mechanization increases, the demand for electricity
Increases, and thus the central power plants upon which the mines depend
become more important as bombing or sabotage targets.
3. Intentions.
The planned increases in the production of solid fuels are
geared more or less to the planned expansion of heavy industry in such
fields as ferrous metallurgy, railroads, and electric power. There is
no indication of warlike intentions in the Plan, except as increases in
capacity of coal, coke, and heavy industry in general add to the mil-
itary potential. These increases are believed indicative only of the
intention of Rumania to become as self-sufficient as possible.
III. Albania.
A. Introduction.
The Albanian 4QlWEifore World W6r II was largely agricul-
tural and pastoral 1nhqL?p ,There was little industrial activity,
and the exploitatiorFof)nailirigiresources, including the mining of
coal, production of crell Argtipleum? and mining of copper and chrome
ores, was extremely liMitedh '(Until November 1947 there were no rail-
road facilities. Electrieqp# production was small, and its dis-
tribution limited. For\agOntg, the Albanians relied primarily upon
kerosine; for heat, upor1/404eIwpod garnered from local forests.
. won lo
Since the -"liberation" of Albania by the USSR, significant
changes have taken place in its basic economy, designed to strengthen
the country's economic bases, increase its industrial and agricultural
production, and improve the standard of living. 166/
? ?
In November 1947 the first railroad to be built in Albania
was opened to traffic. It extended from the seacoast port of Durres
inland to Peqin, a distance of 26 miles. In February 1949 a second
railroad line, extending from Durres to the capital city of Albania,
Tirana, was placed in service, thereby increasing total railroad
mileage to 54 miles. 167/ An industrial railroad was later built
from the port of Vlona to Selenica to transport asphalt to the coast
for processing. 168/
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In 1950 the First Five Year Plan (1951-55Ywas promulgated.
Under it the production of coal was to be substantiallyincreased;
railroads were to be extended; several small thermal electric power
plants, together with numerous hydroelectric power plants, including
a large one of 20,000-kilowatt capacity on the Mat River, were to be
constructed; petroleum extraction Vas to be stepped up; and production
of copper and chrome ores was to be substantially increased. 169/
In 1954, production of lignite represented 17,5 percent of
total energy produced from primAry:sources in Albania. Petroleum was
the most important source of energy, supplying 42.7 percent of the
total. Fuelwood ranked second to petroleum, supplying.39.6-percent of
the total energy produced. The balance of sources of primary energy
produced in Albania, 1954, is shown in Table 8.*
B. Coal.
1. Production.
Production of coal in Albania is believed to consist
wholly of lignite. The best known deposits are in the Metaliaj Coal
Field in the Tepelene area, and it is reported that four seams in
the field contain a superior coal similar in quality and use possibil-
ities to sub-bituminous coal or to good-quality brown coal. 170/ In
the absence of more positive identification, and for the purpose of
this report, it is considered to be high-grade lignite.
Before World War II, total coal production was insignifi-
cant and is reported to have been about 4,000 tons in 1938. la/
Following World War II; annual production has increased to a calcu-
lated total of 303,000 tons in 1954 and a planned production total of
approximately 404,000 tons in 1955. Volumes produced have been re-
ported in percentage increases over previous years, and tonnages
calculated from such percentages are shown in Table 9xxx for the years
1950-54. The table also shows planned production for 1955.
.The coal mines, of which there are presumed to be 11 in
active production, are located in close proximity to the principal
consuming centers. A list of mines, showing names and locations,
Table 8 follows on p..42.
41-* See Appendix C.
*4* Table 9 follows on p. 43.
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Table 8
Estimated Balance of, Sources of Primary Energy Produced in Albania
i95k:
Production
Source of Energy Unit Amount
Lignite
Petroleum
Fuelwood
Hydroelectric power
Total
Thousand metric tons
Thousand metric tons
Thousand metric tons
Million kilowatt-hours
303 b/
260
1,850 di
20/
Standard Fuel
Equivalent al
(Thousand Metric Tons)
152
371
2
344 .
869
Percent
of
Total
17.5
42.7
39.6
0.2
100.0
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Standard fuel equivalent of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
Average heat value of 3,500 kilocalories per kilogram.
Average heat value of 10,000 kiloealories per kilogram.
Average heat value of 1.3 million kilocalories per cu m.
Average heat value of 86o kilocalories per kilowatt-hour.
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Table 9
Estimated Production of Lignite in Albania
1950-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year Amount
1950 55 2/ III
1951 66 2/ c/
1952 98 a/ 11/
1953 213 2/
1954 303 2/
1955 404.11
a. On the basis of the announced percent-
age increase.
b' lig/
c' 173/
e. 175/
f. Estimate based on trends.
Is given in Appendix C. Most of the mines are open-pit workings.
Before World War II, mining methods and equipment were extremely
primitive. Electricity was not available to any of them, and pri-
mary functions of production were performed by manual labor. Under
the tutelage of its "liberators," Albania gradually increased its
production of electricity and extended its distributionl,so that by
1950 it was able to supply one coal mine (Mborje-Drenov) with electric
power and make- possible the use of modern Soviet mining equipment in
that mine. 176/ Because the supply of electricity has increased and
its distribution has been widened) it is believed that it has been,
or soon will be, made available to other and probably all coal mines:
Increased coal production through modernization of mining equipment
has been and will continue to be the logidal result-.
Data on the size of the mine labor force and productivity
per man-year are available only for 1948. In that year, when produc-
tion was less than 25,000 tons, employment was understandably small,
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numbering between 2,000 and 3,000, and productivity per worker was ex-
tremely low, averaging little more than 7 tons per man per year. 177/
Stimulation of production as a result of modernization and mechanization
of the mines may require a larger labor force, but the productivity per
man-year should materially increase.
Most lignite in Albania is of poor quality. An exception
is the lignite produced at the Memaliaj Mine, which -- being low in
ash and sulfur and high in calorific value -- is better than other
Albanian lignite. It closely resembles sub-bituminous coal in char-
acter and is equal in quality to the better grades of lignite and brown
coal being produced in other Soviet Bloc countries. 178/
Albania.
2. Trade.
a. Exports.
There is no record of any lignite being exported from
b. Imports.
Albanian importation of coal apparently began soon
after World War II. In 1949 a trade agreement was negotiated with
Poland under which Polish hard coal was to be exchanged for Albanian
petroleum, ores, wool, and various other products. It is believed that
coal imported under this agreement did not exceed 3,000 tons in 1949.
Fragmentary information for subsequent years indicates that the im-
portation of Polish coal has continued in amounts equal to and pos-
sibly somewhat higher than in 1949. 179/
3. Consumption.
Albania consumes all of the lignite it produces, and the
principal areas of consumption are near the mining areas. Small indus-
tries consume the bulk of the production, and ore refining, thermal
electric power production, and railroad locomotives consume the balance.
Information is not available on the type of consumers, or the tonnage
consumed by each, in any consuming area.
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The bulk of the imported hard coal is believed to be con-
sumed at the coastal ports of Durres and Vlone, where it is received
by vessel, and at nearby points on the railroads radiating therefrom.
These are the only .areas served by the limited railroad facilities
presently existing in Albania. Railroad locomotives) a machine works).
miscellaneous small industries) and possibly some coal-fired electric
power plants account for the major portion of the consumption Of the
Imported hard coal. A small amount may be used for the bunkering of
vessels at the coastal ports.
Thermal electric power plants throughout the whole of
Albania, fueled with indigenous lignite or imported Polish hard boal)
are estimated to have consumed in 1953 apprOXimately 60,000 tons) or
about 28 percent of the available supply.
4. Reserves. .
Estimates of tonnages of recoverable lignite contained in
presently undeveloped beds are not available, but amounts are believed
to be relatively small. In most areas the lignite beds, varying In
thickness from 2 to 3 feet in the Pogradec area and from 3 to 7 feet
in the Tirana area) pitch steeply and will be difficult to mine. .Where
the seams lie closest to the surface) open-pit mining offers the great-
est opportunity for future development. 2..82/ Reserves of the high-grade
lignite in the Memaliaj Mine area are estimated at 1 million tons. 181/
C. Coke.
No coke is produced in Albania. The indigenousaignite is not
suitable for coking/and there are no coke ovens'in-Albania. The prin-
cipal consumer of coke is the Enver Hoxha Machine Works at Tirana, but
small amounts may be required by other industries in that area. It is
believed that the amount used annually by.all,consumers does not exceed
4,000 tons. It isestimated that approximately 4,000 tons of coke are.
annually imported from the USSR. !LW,
D. Fuelwood.
The use of wood as fuel for home cooking and heating) for heat,
ing of public buildings and small trade establishments, and for heat and
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power in small industrial plants is prevalent throughout Albania, partic-
ularly in the rural areas far removed from centers of lignite production.
At the present rate of consumption, it is estimated that the available -
supply of fuelwood gill continue to be adequate for normal needs for
many years.
The annual production of fuelwood, in millions of cu m of
roundwood, is estimated as 1.8 in 1950 and 1.85 in 1952, 1953,
and 1954.
E. Stockpiles.
The close proximity of the areas of consumption to the lignite
mines which serve them and the dependence upon local means of transpor-
tation for deliveries from the mines reduce to a minimum the necessity
for stockpiling lignite at the consuming plants. As lignite disinte-
grates in open storage, it is unlikely that an appreciable amount would
be accumulated. The imported hard coal and coke store better, but as
the consumption is small, the amount stockpiled would be no more than
needed for current use.
Accumulation of fuelwood reserves is seasonal, being at its
peak in early fall and at its lowest in late spring. Figures are not
available showing volumes in storage in either season.
There is no evidence of any state storage reserves being
maintained for lignite, imported hard coal and coke, or for fuelwood.
F. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
1. Capabilities.
The growing requirements of Albania for solid fuels will
continue to be supplied by indigenous lignite and fuelwood, augmented
by small imports of hard coal and coke. As more mines are supplied
with electric power and modern equipment, further increases in produc-
tion can be accomplished. The Five Year Plan (1951-55) indicates the
Albanian desire to proceed with such modernization as rapidly as
possible.
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2. Vulnerabilities.
Soviet mining equipment and know-hoW have made possible the
present degree of modernization, and as the need for more lignite de-
velops, Albania must continue to rely apon the USSR and other Soviet Bloc
countries for the needed facilities. Being without means of its own
to produce mining machinery, the lignite production of Albania is vul-
nerable to outside influences whicflight adversely affect the freedom
of others to supply it. An adequate supply of electric power and unin-
terrupted distribution to the mechanized mines is vital to the main-
tenance of and increase in production of lignite.
3. Intentions.
Under the Five Year Plan the substantial increase in the
volume of railroad transportation envisaged by 1955 involved the build-
ing of a railroad line from the coastal port of Vlona to the Memaliaj
Mine, for the purpose of transporting coal from that mine. 1?1/ Because
of its good quality, this coal would be Acceptable to other Soviet Bloc
countries, and the building of this railroad might indicate an Intent to
export it in the future.
There is nothing in the achievements of the solid fuels
industries to date or in their plans for the future which would indicate
warlike intentions.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 10
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria
1936-54 and 1957
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Hard Coal 2/
Brown Coal 12/
Total
Planned
1936 c/
1937 ai
1938 ;/
1939 -
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 s/
1945 TY
1946 Ey
1947 v/
1948 -
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1957
105
123
'46
164 f/
215 17
212 1/
220 o/
204 q/
125
128
93
120
170 E/
203 2)2/
220 dd./
284 gg/
314-8 Li/
394 Em/
44o 121/
600 E2/
1,576
1,732
1,855
2,050 g/.
2,550 ITY
2,785 m/
3;842 I/
30852 g/
2,890
3:435
3,420
4,011
4,169 g_/4:339
i
5,111 g/
5,603 iy
6,026 g/
7,062 i/
7,834 g/
8'364 f/
10,800 g/
1,681
1,855
2,001
2,214 LI/
2,765 W
2,997 1.1/
4,062 p/
4,056 E/
3,015
3:563
3,513
4,131
Y/
5,314 fly
5,823 22/
6,310 12Y
7,410 11.W
8,228 EY
8,804 as/
11,400 22/
4,544 E/
5,034 E/
5,269 sy
6,021 Ili
7,267 Li
6,947 Li
8,477 EY
8,985 II/
14,000 II/
- a. Hard coal includes anthracite and bituminous.
b. Brown coal includes lignite.
c. 1814/
d. 18ee. 1
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? ? ? ? ? ?
Table 10 ,
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria
1936-54 and 1957
(Continued)
f. 187/
g. A residual amount.
h. 188/
i.I8/
j. 190/
I" 121/
1. 192/
m. 193/
n.
o. 195/
P. ITG/
4. 197/
s. 199/
t. 200/
u. 201/
v. 202/
w. 203/
x. Based on an estimate of 150,000 tons of bituminous 2012/ and
20,000 tons of anthracite.
y. 196 percent of 1939 production. 205/
z. 206/
aa. Based on an estimate of 183,000 tons of bituminous 207/ and
20,000 tons of anthracite.
bb. 240 percent of 1939 production. ?Lg/
cc. E22/
dd. Based on an estimate of 200,000 tons of bituminous 210/ and
20,600 tons of anthracite.
ee. 263 percent of 1939 production. 211/
IT. 212/
gg. By interpolation.
hh. 285 percent of 1939 production. 213/
ii. Production plan for 1951 reported at 124.8 percent of 1950
production. 214/
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Table 10
Estimated Production of Coal in Bulgaria
1936-54 and 1957
(Continued)
jj. Estimated from data given in source Ely.
kk. .21?./
11. Production plan for 1952 was to be 110.1 percent of 1951
production. 217/
mm. Hard coal production was 113 percent of 1952 production. 218/
nn. 141.3 percent of 1950 production. 219/
oo. Coal production in 1953 was to be increased 14.4 percent Over
the 1952 level.
pp. Projection of recent average annual trend.
qq. During first 7 months of 1954, 353,000 tons more of coal were
produced then during the same period of 1953. 220/ This figure
projected to 12. months gives an increase of 576,000 tons over 1953
production.
rr. Coal production was to increase 9.2 percent over 1953 pro-
duction. 221/
ss. Projected at the approximate 1951-54 rate of increase.
tt. 222/
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Table 11
Estimated Production of Coal in Rumania
1936-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Hard Coal a
Brown Coal 12/
Total
Planned
1936 c/
292
1,672
1,964
1937 -
303
1)880
2,183
1938
299
2)097
2,396
1939
285
2,300
2,585
194o
258
2)386
2,644
1941
264
2)195
2,459
1942
285
2,367
2,652
1943
306
2,604 .
2,910
1944
202
2)069
2,271
1945
211
1,820
2,031
1946
167
1,784
1,951 ?
1947
163
2,105
2,268
1948
200
2,631
2,831
1949
230
2,576
2,806
1950 c]./
300
2,900
3,200
1951 -
340 e/
3,433 2/
3,773 e/
4,006 f/
1952
381 j/
3,856 g/
4,237 j/
4,355 1/
1953
400 37
4,049 i/
4,449 I/
4,695 j/
1954
1150 E/
4,550 KJ
5,000 it/
N.A.
1955
500 E/
5,100 Ei
5,600 17/
8,500 1/
a. Hard coal includes anthracite and bituminous coal
b. Brown coal includes lignite.
c. 223/
e. 117.9 percent of 1950 production 225/ applied to
separated into hard coal and brown coal according to
percentages, 9 and 91, in 1950 and in the 1955 plan.
f. 125.2 percent of 1950 production. 226/
g. 112.3 percent of 1951 production, .227/ applied as
above.
h. 1952 production plan fulfilled 97.3 percent 228/
to 115.4 percent of 1951 production).
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total and
respective
in note a,
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Table 11
Estimated Production of Coal in Rumania
1936-55
(Continued)
i. 105 percent of 1952 production. 229/
j. 1953 production plan fulfilled by 94.8 percent'432/
(equivalent to 110.8 percent of 1952 production).
k. Estimate based on recent trends.
1. 221/
Table 12
Estimated Production of Lignite in Albania it/
1936-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Amount Year
Amount Year
Amount Year
Amount
1936
3
1941
20
194-6
17
1951
66
1937
4
1942
20
1947
11
1952
98
1938
4
1943
10
1948
22
1953
213
1939
16
1944
5
1949
45
1954
303
1940
20
1945
9
1950
55
1955
Plan
404
a. For sources of data, see Methodology, Appendix D.
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APPENDIX B
COAL DEPOSITS IN BULGARIA
1, Anthracite.
Anthracite deposits are found only in the northwestern and western
parts of Bulgaria. The largest deposits are in the Iskur Basin, and
mines are located in the vicinity of Svoge) about 24 kilometers north of
Sofia. The deposits are of early carboniferous age. Only two coal beds
have been discovered) but it is believed that there may be another.
Each bed varies from 0.4 to 1.2 meters in thickness. 2E/ Considerable
folding has displaced the seams and crushed the coals to such an extent
that mining is difficult. Little lump coal can be obtained. 233/
Proximate analysis of the Svoge coals IS as follows: 2 to 7 percent
'moisture, 6 to 30 percent ash) 0.5 to 1.2 percent sulfur, 1.5 to 6 per-
cent volatile matter, and 601 to 90 percent fixed carbon. The calor-
ific value ranges from 5,500 to 7)000 kilocalories per kilogram. 234/
There are several small anthracite deposits near the Yugoslav
border -- in the vicinity of Kula) in the Belogradchik Basin, and in
the Vratsa district. It is believed that none of these deposits is
being exploited; with the possible exception of the Belogradchik Basin
(Sveta Elena Mine) Stakevtsi) from which 1,000 tons in 1941 and 54
tons in 1944 were extracted. a32/ Coal seams in the latter basin are
reported to be about 1 meter thick and decrease in thickness with in-
creasing depth. 2_3Y
2. Bituminous Coal.
There are three known basins of bituminous coal in Bulgaria --.the
Balkan) Vrushka Chuka, and Souchosterel. The Balkan Basin in the
east-central part of Bulgaria extends for about 8o to 95 kilometers
from Gabrovo in the west to near Mokren and Gradets in the east, north
of Kazanluk and Sliven. gal/ The largest known deposits of bitumi-
nous coal in Bulgaria are in this basin in 8 major and 12 minor
coal beds. gat)/ Important beds range up to 2 meters in thickness, 232/
are steeply inclined,21.1411/ and contain considerable clay. 241/ Anal-
ysis of "pure coal" layers show the following: 5 to 35 percent ash,
1 to 3 percent sulfur, 11 to 36 percent volatile matter) and 50 to
.60 percent fixed carbon. Calorific values range from 4,500 to 8,000
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kilocalories per kilogram. 242/ There are five important mines in
this area) Prince Boris, Lev, Tvurditsa) Cardiff) and Chumerna) and
possibly some others. 243/
The Vrushka Chuka Basin is near Belogradchik, southwest of Vidin
and Sofia. There is only one mine in the basin, the Vrushka Chuka)
which produced 27,000 tons, mainly for export, in 1942. 244/
The Souchosterel Basin is southwest of Gorna Dzhumaya, near the
Yugoslav border. There are three coal seams of tertiary formation)
one of which has a thickness of about 1 meter and was mined during
World War II. No recent information is available, but the coals have
excellent coking qualities. 245/
3. Brown Coal.
There are three major brown coal basins in Bulgaria, the Dimi-
troy?, Bobov Dol, and Pirin-Struma, in that order of importance as
to reserves and annual production. The Dimitrovo Basin is the most
important brown coal area in Bulgaria and is located approximately
30 kilometers southwest of Sofia: 246/ There are 4 coal seams, with
a combined thickness ranging from b?To 16 meters at the 7 September
mine, 247/ of which 3 are being exploited. Proximate analyses of the
coal show the following: 11 to 13 percent moisture, 20 to 25 percent
ash, 30 to 40 percent volatile matter) 1.5 percent sulfur, 30 to 50
percent fixed carbon, and 4,500 to 5,500 kilocalories per kilogram. 248/
During the past 15 years, the Dimitrovo mines, of which there have
been 9 to 11 in operation, have accounted for 70 to 80 percent of the
annual production. Output has increased from 3.1 million tons in
1947 249/ to 4 million tons in 1950) 222/ and an estimated 4 million
tons in 1953. 251/ A large portion of Dimitrovo output comes from
the 7 September and Republica strip mines. The former has been pro-
ducing about 1 million tons annually and the Republica was expected
to provide 1.5 million tons annually when it reached capacity. 252/
Most of the other mines at Dimitrovo are larger than those in other
parts of the country.
? The Bobov Dol and Pirin-Struma Basins are located in the
southwest quarter of Bulgariaiabout 80 kilometers from the Yugo-
slav border. There are known to be 5 coal seams in the Bobov Dol
Basin with a total thickness of from 5 to 7 meters. 253/ In the
Pirin-Struma Basin there is but 1 coal bed, 8 to 12 meters thick. 254/
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Proximate analyses of the coal show the following: Bobov Dol coal --
10 to 12 percent moisture, 10 to 15 percent ash, 35 to 4o percent
volatile matter, 1.5 to 3 percent sulfur, and 5,500 to 6l000 kilo-
calories per kilogram; Pirin-Struma coal -- 11 percent moisture)
11 percent ash, 35 to 40 percent volatile matter, 1.5 percent
sulfur, 4o to 42 percent fixed carbon, and 5,000 to 6l000 kilocal-
ories per kilogram. The Pirin Minej located at Brezbani, is the
only mine in the basin. 152/
4. Lignite.
The remaining coal basins in Bulgaria are lignite deposits lo-
cated mainly in the central and Black Sea coastal regions. The most
important of these, on a production basis, are the Maritsa Basin)
the Nikolaevo Basin, and the Burgas Basin. The Maritsa Basin pro-
duces roughly twice as much as either of the others. Other less
productive areas are the Slivnitza, the Sofia) the Lom? the Chukurovo,
Dospei, and Cham-Koria Basins.
The Maritsa Basin is located in the center of Bulgaria in an area
of 15,000 square kilometers, between the cities of Khaskovo and
Stara Zagora. There are known to be 4 to 5 beds of which only 1, the
Kiprenski bed) is exploited to any extent. 22y The beds dip from 50
to 10 degrees and are interstratified with shales and hard sand-
stones. 257/ Proxithate analyses of the coal show the following com-
position of the coal: 4o to 50 percent moisture, 15 to 20 percent,
ash, 35 to 4o percent volatile matter, 4.5 percent sulfur, 10 to 20
percent fixed carbon, and a calorific value of 2,500 to 3,000 kilo-
calories per kilogram. 22/ The following mines are known to be
operating in this basin: the Maritsa, the Vulcan, the Novi Rudnitsa,
the Vera, the Nadezhda, and the Merichleri. 259/ Because of the
high sulfur and moiSture content of coal from these mines they are
unsatisfactory as household fuels and generally difficult to use. 260/
The Nikoiaeva Basin is 15 to 18 miles east of Kazanluk.- It is
reported that there are 2 coal beds, with a combined thickness of
about 2 meters, which are being exploited. Proximate analyses of the
coal show 30 percent ash content) 25 to 30 percent volatile matter,
20 to 30 percent fixed carbon) up to 4 percent sulfur, and a calor-
ific value of 3,500 to 4,500 kilocalories per kilogram. Two mines)
the Uspeh and Nikolaeva, have been exploited during recent years. EL/
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The Burgas lignite basin is situated on the Bulgarian Black
Sea-coast, northwest of the city of Burgas. There is only one
mine in the basin, the Cherno More Mine. There are 6 coal beds
ranging up to 1.5 meters in thickness. It has been reported
that 3 seams have been expoited during the past few years.
Proximate analyses of the coal show 13 to 14 percent moisture,
15 to 20 percent ash, 3.4 percent sulfur, 4o to 50 percent fixed
carbon, and a calorific value of 4,500 to 6,000 kilocalories per
kilogram. 262/
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APPENDIX C
COAL MINES IN ALBANIA
Area and Mine
Mine Location Coordinates
Tirana
Golemia Goleme 41935' N - 19?39'.E
LA. Priske 41?19' N - 19055' E
N.A. Sketerr 41?13' N - 19?56' E
Kraba Qaf 'e Krrabes 41?12' N - 19?58' E
Elbasan
N.A. Galush 41?07' N - 19?49' E
Calushit Peqin 41?03' N - 19?45' E
Pogradec
N.A. Pogradec 40?54' N - 20040 ' E
LA. Halarup 40?52' N - 20?47' E
Korce
Mboye-Drenov Drenove 40035' N - 20047' E
N.A. Boria N.A.
Tepelene
Memaliaj Memaliaj 40?20' N - 19?57' E
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APPENDIX])
METHODOLOGY
1. Bulgaria.
Total coal production data have been reported in Bulgarian
press and radio releases and other sources through 1946. Since
then, estimates have been based upon reported percentage or ton-
nage increments. The last year for which a fairly firm figure on
coal production is available is 1952. The Bulgarian Minister of
Heavy Industry announced that, during that year, coal production
exceeded 1939 production by 5,288,400 tons. Not only did this
provide a reasonable base figure for 1952, but supported other
calculated figures.
In developing the energy table* the absence of published
average heating value information on each type of coal made it
necessary to adopt arbitrarily the values used for the respective
Rumanian coals..
Derivations of the other figures are given in the section
dealing with Bulgaria.**
2. Rumania.
This report is based upon Rumanian
press and radio releases, US Bureau of Mines publications) and
other usual intelligence sources. The last year for which firm
figures on coal production are available is 1950. Subsequent
coal production estimates are made on the basis of published per-
centage increases.
A published coal production figure of 6.1 million tons for
1953 263/ is believed to be the rate of production for a short
period near the end of the year. The estimate in this report of
5 million tons for 1954 has been developed by annual percentage
Increases since 1950, and can be further checked by applying pub-
lished percentages to the production of earlier years.
* P. 6) above.
** I, above.
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Production data on the various energy components used in de-
veloping the energy balance were supplied by the relevant divisions
of ORR.
Whenever complex derivations for figures have been followed, an
attempt has been made to explain the procedure in detail, either in
the text or in footnotes.
3. Albania.
Produced tonnages shown in Table 9* for the years 1950-53 were
calculated from percentages over previous years as reported by
Albanian authorities. The year 1950 was related percentagewise to
1948, and 1952 was related to 1950, with 1951 representing a per-
centage relationship to both 1950 and 1952. The year 1953 was also
related percentagewise to 1950. In the absence of specific produc-
tion figures expressed in tons, it is believed these calculated
tonnages are reasonably close to actual production The 1954 esti-
mate and the 1955 planned tonnages are believed to reflect the logical
progression under the Five Year Plan.
Productivity per man-year in 1948 was calculated by dividing
production by number of workers reported in that year. No calcula-
tion for other years could be made, because basic figures in employ-
ment were not available. With the introduction of modern mining
equipment and methods, it is believed the production per man-year
will be substantially increased.
The assumption that coal consumption is largely in local towns
and villages contiguous to the mining areas is based on the absence
of rail transportation and the dependence on local area transporta-
tion facilities.
Produced tonnages of lignite shown in Table 12 for the years
1936-44 are reported figures.
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* P. 43, above.
** P. 53, above.
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SECRET
BULGARIA -RUMANIA - ALBANIA
COAL DEPOSITS
CIP Anthracite and Bituminous Coal
50 100 120 290 MILES
510 180 120 200 KILOMETERS
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Brown Coal and Lignite
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SECRET
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