SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000400050001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 219
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 3, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CIA/RR 44
1 November 1954
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
2
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SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS MID COAL GAS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CIA/RR 44
(ORR Project 26.197)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Summnry
?
?
?
?
Page
1
I.
Coal
6
A.
General
6
B.
Organization . . . . . ..... .......
12
C.
Supply .............
15
1. Production
15
a. Total . ..... ? ..........
?
15
b. Production of Hard Coal, by Basins
c. Production Of Brown Coal and Lignite by
19
Basins
22
2. Foreign Trade
25
a. Imports
25
b. Exports .. ? ? ?
28
.3.
Stocks .
29
D.
Consumption
33
1. General
33
2. Estimated Consumption, 1949 through 1953
?
?
34
E.
Quality
43
F.
Prices of Coal and Coke
46
G.
Reserves and Deposits
48
1. Reserves . . ...... . .... , .
?
?
48
,2.
Deposits
49
a. Anthracite Coal ? ? .....
?
?
49
b, Bituminous Coal
50
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(1) Ostrava-Karvinna Basin
(2) Kladno (Kladno-RakovikSlany) Basin ? ?
(3) Plzen and Radnice Basins
(4) Trutnov (Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin. ? ?
(5) Roscie7Oslavany Basin
Page
50
53
55
58
c. Brown Coal and Lignite
59
(1) North Bohemian (Duchcov-Teplice-Chomutov)
Basin
59
(2) Sokolov Basin
60
(3) Cheb Basin . . ... . . . . ...... . .
61
(4) North Bohemian (Zittau). Lignite Basin ; ?
62
(5) South Bohemian Lignite Basins
62
(6) South Moravian Lignite Basin
62
(7) Handlova Basin
63
(8) Modry Kamen Deposits . .... . .
64
H.
Mines and Mining Methods
65
1.
Mines
65
2.
Mining Methods
66
a. Deep Mines
66
bs Strip Mines . ? ? .......... ? ? . .
68
I.
Mechanization . . ? ? 4 ? ? ? ......... . ? ?
69
,L
General . . . . . .
69
2.
Underground Mining Machinery . . .
71
3.
Strip Mining Machinery
73
.
Labor
74
1.
Employment
74
2.
Labor Productivity
78
3.
Work Time
78
4.
Wages and Loyalty Bonuses
81
a. Wages
81
b. Loyalty Bonuses . ? ? . ... . .. ? ? ? .
81
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5. Pensions
6. Vacations
7. Health and Recreation
8. Food Rations
9. Housing
Page
83
84
84
84'
85
, II.
Briquettes?
86
A. General
86
B. Supply
86
1. Production
86
2. Foreign Trade
-88
C. Consumption
91
D. Plants
92
III.
Coke
94
A. General
94-
B. Oven Coke
?
?
?
?
?
?
94-
1. Supply
911-
a, Production
94
b. Foreign Trade
95
2. Consumption
3. Product Yields
I4. Oven Coke Plants
102
103
103 .
a. Ostrava-Karvinna District (Northeastern
Moravia.) 103
(1) General Svoboda . ??? OOOOO 103
(2) Karolina 103
(3) Vitkovice 105
? (4) Trinec 105
(5) Jan Sverma OOOOOOOOOO .? ? . 106
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(6) Trojice.
(7) Lazy (Orlova)
(8) Kuncice . ? . . ? ?
(9) President:Benes
?
? ? . ? ?
? ? ?
Page
106
107
107
108.
b. Kladno District
108
c. Rosice District
108
C. Gas Coke
109
1. Supply
109
a. Production . . . . ... . ?
?
? ?
?
?
109
b. Foreign Trade
109
2. Consumption
110
3. Product Yields at Gasworks
111
. Brown-Coal Coke
111
1. Supply
111
a. Production . . . ? : .......
? ?
?
?
111
b. Foreign Trade
112
2. Consumption
112
3. The Stalin Synthetic Fuel Plant
117
IV.
Coal Gas
119
A. General
119
B. Supply
120
1. Production
120
2. Foreign Trade
121
C. Consumption and Distribution
122
1. Consumption . ? ? ? ? ? .? ? OOO
O
OOOOO
?
?
122
2. Distribution
124
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Page
D. Plants . . .. ? ..... . . ? ? ? 125
V. Peat 125
VI. Fuelwood 126
A. Production 126
B. consumption .,. ? _. ? ? ? 0 ? , ..... ? 1.27
C. Reserves 129
VII. Charcoal 130
VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabiiities, and_IntentionS-, ? ? 131
A- Capabilities 131
B. Vulnerabilities 131
C. Intentions 132
Appendixes
Appendix A. Coal Production in CzechOslovakia 133
Appendix B. Planned Supply and Requirements of Coal in
Czechoslovakia. in 1949 163
Appendix C. Mines in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in
Czechoslovakia 167
Appendix D. Locations and Rail Shipping Points Of Coal Mines
in Czechoslovakia - . . . .... 171
Appendix E. Labor and Productivity at Coal Mines in
Czechoslovakia 185
Appendix F. Planned Supply and Requirements of Oven Coke,
Gas Coke, and Brown-Coal Coke in
Czechoslovakia 191
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Page
Appendix G. Statistical Analysis of the Production of Coal
Gas in Czechoslovakia 197
Appendix H. Methodology
201
Tables
1. Estimated Production of Sources of Primary Energy in
Czechoslovakia, 1937, 1950, and 1953
2. Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia 1913, 1919-55, and.
1947755 Plans
3. Estimated Production of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia by
Basins, 1946-53 .
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4. Estimated Production of Brown Coal and Lignite in
Czechoslovakia by Basins, 1946-53
5. Estimated Imports of Hard Coal by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38 and 1947-53
6. Estimated Imports of Brown Coal and Lignite by
Czechoslovakia, 1937-38 and 1947-53
Estimated Exports of Hard Coal by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38 and 1947-53
Estimated Exports of Brown Coal and Lignite by
Czechoslovakia, 1937-38 and 1947-53
20
23
24
32
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Hard Coal in
Czechoslovakia, 1949-53 38
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10. Estimated Consumption of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia
by Various Categories of Consumers, 1949-53
11. Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown Coal and
Lignite in Czechoslovakia, 1949-53
12. Estimated Consumption of Brown Coal and Lignite in
Czechoslovakia by Various Categories of Consumers,
1949-53
13. Prices of Coal and Coke in Czechoslovakia, 11 June
1953
14. Estimated Coal Reserves of Czechoslovakia
15. Coal Seams in the Oatrava-Karvinna Basin of.
Czechoslovakia ..... . . . .......... ..
16. Average Output per Man-Shift in Coal Mines in
Czechoslovakia, Selected Years 1929-53 ..... . .
17. Average Output Per Man-Hour in Coal Mines in
Czechoslovakia, 1946, 1948-49, 1950 (Jan-Jun), and
Sep 1952
lii. Production of Hard-Coal Briquettes in Czedhoslovakia,
1913 and 1919-53
19. Production of Brown-Coal Briquettes in Czechoslovakia,
1913 and 1919-53
20. Imports of Brown-Coal Briquettes by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38 and 1947-53
21. Exports of Brown-Coal Briquettes by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38 and 1947-53
Page
43
52
79
79
87
89
91
22. Location and Capacity of Briquette Plants in
Czechoslovakia, 1950 93
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23. Production of Oven Coke in Czechoslovakiav1913;
1919.-53, and 1947-53 Plans
24. Estimated Oven-Coke Production in CzechoslOvakia.by
Plants, 1950-53 ..... ? ?. ?
Page
96
98
25. Ebtimated.Exports of Oven Coke by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38, and 1947-53 ..... . ? 100
26. Estimated Imports of Oven Coke by Czechoslovakia,
1937-38 and 1947-53 ? ? ? ..... ? ? ? ? . 102
27. Estimated Availability and Consumption of Oven Coke and
Gas Coke. in Czechoslovakia, 1949-53 .. . . . 104
28. Production of Gas Coke in Czechoslovakia; 192953-and
1947-53 Plans 110
29. Production of Brown-Coal Coke in. Czechoslovakia, 1913,
1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans . . . . , . 113
30. Exports of Brown-Coal Coke by.Czechoslovakia, 1937-38
and 1947-53 114
31. Consumption-of Brown-Coal Coke in Czechoslovakia,
Excluding Captive Tonnage 'at the Stalin Works,-
January-August,1948 and January-August 1949--'
32. Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown-Coal
Coke in Czechoslovakia, 1949-53 ...... . . .
33. Production of Coal.
and 1949-53 Plans
34- Planned Production
1949 Plan
35.
Gas in Czechoslovakia,. 1937, 1945-49;-.
? ? ? ? . ....... ? . ?
of Coal Gas in Czechoslovakia,
Distribution of Coal Gas
36. Commercial Supply of Gas
115
1.16
. . 121
? 122
in Czechoslovakia 1949 Plan 123
in Czechoslovaida, 1948-50 . 123
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37. Planned Woodfelling in Czechoslovakia, 1948,53 Flans-- ^ 127,-
38. Estimated Production of Fuelwood in Czechoslovakia,
1935-38 and 1946-53 . ? .... . 128
39. Estimated Production of Roundwood and.Fuelwood in
Czechosloyakia,by Regions-, 1946-47 and 1911.7_11.8 . ? 128
40. Estimated Consumption of Wood in Production- of Charcoal
in Czechoslovakia', 1945-50 . . . . . ? . .. . 130
41. Total Productionof Coal in Czechoslovakia-by Basins,
1930 and 1935-44 . ? ..... . 134
42. Total Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basins,
1945-53 ......... . ... . . . , . 136
43. Total Production of Bard Coal in Czechoslovakia, 1913,
1919-53,..and-1947-53 Plans ..... . . 138:
44. Total'ProductiOn of13rown Coal and.Lignite in
Czechoslovakia, 1913; 1919753, and 1911.753 Plans 140
45. Production of Coal in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin of
Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-753, and 1947-53 Plans , ? 142
46. Production of Coal in the Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany Basin
in Czechoslovakia, 1913,1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans , 144
47. Production of Coal in the Plzen-Radnice Basin in
Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-53, and-1947-53 Plans
? ? . 145
48. Production of Coal in the Trutnov (Zacler7Syatonovice
Basin in Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-53,.and 1947-53
Plans . . ? . ? , ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ?
49? Production of Coal fn the Rosice-Oslavany.Basin in
Czechoslovakia, 1913,.1919-53, and 1947753 Plans .. 149
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50. Production of Hard Coal in Other Mines in Bohemia and
Moravia, 1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans 150
51. Production of Hard Coal in Slovakia, 1929-53 152
52. Production of Coal in the North. Bohemian Basin in
Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-53, and 191i.7-53 Plans
153
53. Production of Coal in the Sokolov Basin in
Czechoslovakia, 1913T 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans . 154
54. Production of Coal in the South Moravian Basin in
Czechoslovakia, 1913y 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans ? ? ? 156
55. Production of Coal in Various Small Mines in Bohemia and
Moravia, 1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans ? ? 158
56.. Production of Coal in the Slovakian Mines in
Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans ? ? ? 159
57. Planned Supply and Requirements of Hard Coal and Hard-
Coal Briquettes in Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan 163
58. Planned Supply and Requirements of Brown Coal, Brown-
Coal Coke, and Brown-Coal Briquettes in Czechoslovakia,
1949 Plan 165
59. Analyses of Coals in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in
Czechoslovakia 168
60. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia 171
61. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany Basin in Czechoslovakia 173
62. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of 'Coal Mines in the
Plzen-Radnice Basin in Czechoslovakia ..... . . . . 174
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63. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
Trutnov (Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin in Czechoslovakia 175
64. Locations and Rail Shipping Points ofCoal Mines in the
Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia 176
65. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia 177
66. Locations and Rail:Shipping,Points of Coal Mines in the
Sokolov Basin in Czechoslovakia 180
67. Location and Rail Shipping Point of the Coal Mine in
North Bohemia in-Czechoslovakia . ..... . . 182
68. Location and Rail Shipping Point of the Coal Mine in the
Central Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia 182
69. Location and Rail. Shipping Point of the Coal Mine in the
Slezsko Basin in Czechoslovakia 182
70. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
South Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia . . 183
71. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
South Moravian Lignite Basins in Czechoslovakia 183
72. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
-Moravian Chalk Basins in Czechoslovakia 184
73. Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines in the
Slovakian Province of Czechoslovakia 184
74. Estimated Average Number of Wage Earners Employed at
Coal Mines in Czechoslovakia, 1929-49 . 186
75. Estimated Average Output Per Man-Shift in Coal Mines in
Czechoslovakia, 1929-49 ? ? ? 188
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76. Estimated Average Number of Days Worked at Coal Mines
in Czechoslovakia, 1929-46 . . . 189
77. Planned Supply and Requirements of Oven Coke and Gas
Coke in Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan 191
78. Carbonization of Coal in Mine-Coke Ovens in
Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan . _ 193
79. Carbonization of Coal in Metallurgical-Coke Ovens in
Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 194
80. Carbonization of Coal in the Gasworks of the CEZ in
Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan 195
81. Consumption and Use of Brown Coal and Output of
Carbonization Products at the Stalin Plant in
Czechoslovakia, 1949 Plan 196
82. Location of Plants and Production of Coal Gas at
Gasworks in Czechoslovakia, 1934 and 1936 197
Illustrations Following Page
Representative Coal Mining Operations in Czechoslovakia
(Photographs) 62
Czechoslovakia: Coal Deposits (Map)
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CIA/RR 11.11. S-E-C-R-E-T
(GER Project 26.197)
SOLID FUELS AND COAL GAS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA*
Summary
Solid fuels constitute the main source of energy in Czechoslo-
vakia. In 1953 solid fuels represented almost 99 percent of the
total sources of primary energy in the country. Coal accounted for
more than 97 percent of the total, firewood for 1.2 percent, and
peat for 0.5 percent. Petroleum hydrocarbons, including natural
gas, provided 0.8 percent of the total, and hydroelectric power pro-
vided only 0.4 percent.**
Czechoslovakia has the fifth largest reserves of hard coal*** in
Europe and the third largest reserves of brown coal and lignite. The
reserves of coking coal in Czechoslovakia, the largest in central
Europe, are adequate for her vital iron and steel industry and also
for export to some of the other European Satellites, notably East
Germany and Hungary.
Although Czechoslovak industry in general doubled its production
during the First Five Year Plan (1949-53), production of hard coal
increased only 15 percent, and the production of brown coal and lig-
nite increased only 45.5 percent. In 1953, total production of coal
was about 54.7 million metric tons,**** of which 20.34 million tons
were hard coal) 32.76 million tons were brown coal, and almost 1.6
million tons were lignite. The objectives for 1953, as established
originally by the Five Year Plan, were 20.8 million tons of hard coal
and 32.2 million tons of brown coal and lignite. Higher quotas were
set in 1950, in line with the accelerated program of industrialization,
but not even the original plans for production of hard coal have been
met since 1950. The brown-coal mines have done better, largely because
of expanding output at strip mines.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of the responsible analyst as of 1 August 1954.
** These estimates are based on 1953 domestic production, and data
on production of peat and fuelwood are scarce and unreliable. Neither,
however, is of any real importance. Estimates referring to total
supply, including net imports and stocks, would show slightly higher
values for coal and petroleum and lower values for other sources.
*** The term hard coal is used in the European sense and includes
both anthracite and bituminous coal.
**** Throughout this report tonnages are given in metric tons.
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Because of increased requirements for fuel in all sectors of the
Czechoslovak economy, the country is short of coal despite rising
production and despite imports of hard coal from Poland, which
amounted to 3.5 million tons or more annually during the period of
the Five Year Plan. To offset these imports, hard coal, brown coal,
and coke have been exported. Recently, however, exports have been
declining under the pressure of domestic needs. Exports of hard
coal dropped steadily from 1.2 million tons in 1950 to less than
0.4 million tons in 1953, and exports of brown coal were only 0.75
million tons in 1953, about half as much as in 1950. In 1953, virtu-
ally all exports of coal were to Austria, West Germany, and Hungary.
In 1953, from 83 to 85 percent of the hard coal and 70 percent of
the brown coal and lignite consumed in the country went to power
stations and industries. The railroads 'consumed approximately 11 per-
cent Of the hard coal and 12 percent of the brown coal. The remaining
coal of both types was used almost entirely to heat buildings and
homes.
Power stations use the inferior grades of hard coal, brown coal,
and lignite, and in 1953 they used over 19 percent of the total coal
consumed in Czechoslovakia. Almost 38 percent of the hard coal was
consumed in the manufacture of coke. The Stalin Works at Most is an
important user of brown coal, converting local coals with a high tar
content into synthetic petroleum products. Significantly, the plant
provides the bulk of the gasoline and oils, almost all of the brown-
coal coke, and a considerable portion of the coal gas used in the
country.
The government has been striving to raise coal output since the
end of World War II. Fuel shortages, particularly of hard coal, have
been a primary bottleneck in carrying out plans for greater industri-
alization. Power stations and the railroads have been affected to
a considerable extent and have been forced to restrict operations.
Furthermore, all types of coal have been of poor quality because of
inadequate preparation. The ash content of hard coal is excessively
high, and raw cOal generally contains 20 to 30 percent ash. All
coal used for coking must be washed.
Except in some strip mines in the North Bohemian and Sokolov
brown-coal basins, where probably 40 to 60 percent of the output is
now extracted by open-cast methods, mining conditions in the Czecho-
slovak coal industry are difficult and dangerous everywhere. Most of
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? ? ? ? ? ?
the brown-coal and lignite mines, ?as well as all of the hard-coal
mines, have been developed by sinking shafts. The shafts in the
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in northeastern Moravia are rather deep, some
exceeding 600 meters. The mining operations in this particular basin,
which account for approximately 80 percent of the country's total
output of hard coal, are working rather thin and pitching seams of
coal, and gas is a constant hazard. Gas had been responsible for
some serious explosions and has restricted the use of electrical
machinery.
The Kladno Basin in central Bohemia, which accounts for another
10 percent of Czechoslovakia's hard coal, has some seams of coal which
are readily subject to spontaneous combustion, and the mines are in
bad condition. The mines in the three other hard-coal basins, as well
as practically all of the underground mines in the brown-coal and
lignite fields, are being operated by primitive methods and with ob-
solete equipment.
Dangerous roof conditions and the softness of the coal in the
brown-coal mines of the North Bohemian and Sokolov basins have pre-
vented the use of mechanical cutting and loading equipment in under-
ground workings. The North Bohemian Basin furnishes 71 percent and
the Sokolov Basin another 22 percent of the total production of brown
coal and lignite in Czechoslovakia.
During World War II, the mines were exploited by the Germans, who
made almost no investment in new equipment, and were left in extremely
poor condition. The Czechoslovaks were able to import only minor
quantities of essential equipment from the West during the years im-
mediately after the war, and the USSR has prpvided only a few cutting
and loading machines and other pieces of machinery since 1951. The
Czechoslovak coal industry has consequently been handicapped, and con-
ditions have become worse as prewar machinery has worn out. At present,
Machinery runs until it breaks down, and because of the urgent demand
for coal, periodic small repairs that would prevent the need for the
more costly repairs cannot be made. The most serious shortage of
equipment is in conveyors. In 1953 the Czechoslovaks were just start-
ing to make a few conveyor d and combines, to cut and load coal, and
the common current method of mining coal in the deep mines is with
pneumatic pickhammers, which are inefficient and contribute to low
labor productivity.
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Conditions 'in theGzechoslovaktanes are very unsatisfactory, but
labor is probablyan 'even more serious problem. A?shortage of exper-
ienced' miners has existed since 1945, when thousands Of workers, in-
cluding many Germans who Were expelled frdM-theeountry, left the
mines. Bad working and living conditions in the mine fields have made'
it impossible to attract enough capable and permanent workers. As a
result, production depends to a large extent on tetpOraryTbrigade
workers and, in recent years, even Soldiers. There is constant re-
cruitment of workers, and those in so-called volunteer brigades.
quit at the earliest opportunity, usually serving only 3 to 6 months.
The Czechoslovaks'admit that the key to the solution of their coal
problems is building'up-thestaff of permanent workers. Considerable
Improvement in general conditions in the mine fields appears necessary
in order to keep workers and to reduce absenteeism, which has been
at high 'levels for several Years. To fulfill:quotas, overtime work
is necessary, And some Miners have been working 12 hours' daily, and fre-
quently on bundays, although the work week call S for only 48 !hours.;
, It is estimated that at the end of 1953 there were about 110,000 coal
mine workers in Czechoslovakia.
The 1954 Plan calls for the production of hard coal to be in-
creased 8.5 percent and of brown coal 7.9 percent, as compared with
production in 1953. Therefore, the estimated 1954 target ,for hard
coal is 22 million tons and for brown coal 37 million tons, increases
of 1.7 and 2.7 million tons, respectively. On the basis of data re-
ported on Plan fulfillment for the first 6 months of 1954, there are
Indications that the annual plans can be met. Production is estimated
at 22.4 million tons of hard coal and 37.6 million tons of brown coal
and lignite. It is believed that these figures Iwill fall within a
range of error of plus 1 percent to minus 4 percent.
According to the 1953 Plan, total production of coke in Czecho-
slovakia was to reach 8,031,000 tons, including 6,020,000 tons of
coke-oven coke, 460,000 tons of gas-house coke, and 1,551,000 tons of
brown-coal coke. It is estimated that actual production of coke-oven
coke amounted to only 5.7 million tons, but that other types were '
probably close to plan. In recent years, somewhat more than 20 per-
cent of the total production of the coke-oven coke has been exported.
Exports to Western Europe almost ceased in 1953, and exports now go
to the other European Satellites. The main domestic consumers of
coke-oven coke are the iron and steel plants, which use the bulk of
it in blast furnaces. About a third of the gas coke is used by the
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gas plants themselves, and the remainder is used for space heating.
Virtually all of the brown-coal coke is produced at the Stalin
Works in the manufacture of synthetic-fuel products, and the plant
consumes a considerable portion of that coke in the manufacture of
hydrogen.
In 1949, total output of coal gas was 2.2 billion cubic meters.
Production was to reach 2.9 billion cubic. meters in 1953, but it is
believed that actual production was under plan. Oven-coke plants are
the main' source of coal gas, but the Stalin,Works produces a consider-
able quantity, and gas works produce about 13 percent of the total.
About 80 percent of the supply is used by industries, of which the
Iron and steel industry is by far the largest consumer. Domestic con-
sumers, accordingAo the 1949-Plan, were allocated.only 7.5 percent
of the total.
Fuelwood and peat have been of relatively little importance in
Czechoslovakia. According to the original Plans for 1948 through
1953, production of fuelwood was to arop from 3.9 million cubic
meters in 1948 to 2.9 million in 1949 and continue to decline gradu-
ally to 2.15 million in 1953: It is estimated, however, that because
of coal shortages the cutback was not.so drastic. Consumption of
fuelwood, estimated at 2.75 million cubic meters in 1953, is equiv-
alent to between 500,000 and 600,uoo tons of hard coal.
The Czechoslovak coal and coke industries are vitally Important
to the industrial potential of the Soviet Bloc, The production of
coal will affect the general industrial growth of the Satellite.
countries, which are producing material of great value to the military
potential of the USSR. In itself the coal industry is not particu-
'
larly vulnerable to military action or sabotage. The mines are
widely dispersed, and many individual mines generate their own power.
There, are, however, no more than 13 oven coke plants, In Czechoslovakia
and all except 2- are located in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. The
loss of' some of these plants would, naturally, have an adverse
effect upon the iron and steel industry, with consequent repercussions
on all dependent industries..
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I. Coal.
A. General.
Czechoslovakia has the fifth largest reserves of hard coal and
the third largest reserves of brawn coal and lignite in Europe. Re-
serves of coking coal, which yields metallurgical coke of high quality,
are among the largest in Central Europe and, to some. extent, insure
the future of an iron and steel industry of major importance to the
Soviet Bloc. Production of pig iron and steel in Czechoslovakia is
the highest among the. European Satellites, representing about 36 per-
cent of the total from those countries.
Because resources and production of natural gas and petrol-
eum in Czechoslovakia are very small, and because there has been
only limited development of water power, the country depends almost
entirely on coal as a source of primary energy. Significantly, the
bulk of the petroleum products used in the country is derived synthet-
ically from brown coal, and practically all of the gas used for
heating is manufactured from coal. Probably 85 percent or more of
the electric power is generated from coal, and the railroads use
coal almost exclusively. Bituminous coal is not only a source of coke
but is also the source of several hundred derived products including
tar, ammonia, benzol, phenols, and other chemicals.
:The Importance of coal in the'indigenous energy supply of
Czechoslovakia is evident from calculations based upon a study of pro-
duction of primary Sources of energy. All sources are converted to
a Standard fuel equivalent in terms of coal with a heating value of
7,000 kilocalories (k cal) per kilogram (kg), or 12,600 British
thermal units (Btu)* per pound.
Coal represented 97.2 percent of the total indigenous supply of
energy in 1937, 96.9 Percent in 1950, and 97.1 percent in 1953. The
production of firewood and peat have not been accurately determined,
but these fuels, as well as natural' gas, crude petroleum, and hydro-
electric' power, have little effect upon the energy balance.
Table 1** gives estimates of the production of primary sources
of indigenous energy in Czechoslovakia for the years 1937, 1950, and
1953.
* A British thermal unit is the quantity of heat required to raise
1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
** Table 1 follows on p. 7.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Sources of Primary Energy in Czechoslovakia
1937, 1950, and 1953
Source
Unit
1937
Coal
Hard Coal Metric Ton
Brown Coal and Lignite Metric Ton
? Total
Peat
Firewood
Crude Petroleum
Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Total 1937
Metric Ton
Cubic Meter-
Metric Ton
Cubic Meter, Dry.
Kilowatt-Hours
* Footnotes for Table I follow on p. 9.
Production
(Thousand
Units)
16,777.5
17,895.4
34 672 9
Negligible
3,700.0
16.6 e/
1,100.0 -e-7
557,000.0 17
Standard Fuel
Equivalent Ei*
(Thousand Percent of Total
Metric Tons) Primary Energy
16,057.8 b/
10,991.3 Z/
27 049 1
Negligible
687.0_d/
21.9f/
1.7
68.4 T./
27 831 1
57.7
39.5
97.2
Negligible
2.5
0.1
0.2
100.0
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Sources of Primary Energy in Czechoslovakia
1937, 1950, and 1953
(Continued)
Source
1950
Coal
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
Total
Peat -
Firewood
Crude Petroleum
Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Total 1950
1953
Coal
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
Total
Unit
Metric Ton
Metric Ton
Metric Ton
Cubic Meter
Metric Ton .
Cubic Meter, Dry
Kilowatt-Hour
Metric Ton
Metric Ton
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Standard Fuel
Equivalent ar
(Thousand- Percent of Total
Metric Tons) Primary Energy
18,456.4 17,664.712/
? 27,506.0 16,894.2 2/
15_2261:I4. 34 558.9
300.0 1/ 133.9? yi
3,490.0 648.2 d/
50.0 !/ 75.0 I/
63,000.0 2/ 94.5 g/
1,132,000.0 1/ 139.1
35,649.6
20,341.0 19,469.2 b/
34,322.0 21,084.0 zi
54 663 0 40,553.2
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49.5
47.14 .
96.9
0.4
1.8
0.2
n.3
0,4
100.0
46.6
50.5
97.1
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Table ,1
Estimated Production of Sources of Primary Energy in Czechoslovakia
1937, 1950, and 1953.
(Continued)
Source
1953 (Continued)
Unit
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Standard Fuel
Equivalent 2./
(Thousand Percent of Total
Metric Tons) Primary Energy
Peat
Metric Ton
500.0 J/
223.2W
0.5
Firewood
Cubic Meter
2,750.0
510.7 1/
1.2
Crude Petroleum
Metric Ton
75.0 2/
112.5 11
0.3
Natural Gas
Cubic Meter, Dry
137,000.0 e/
205.5 g/
0.5
Hydroelectric Power
Kilowatt-Hours
1,397,000.0 ii/
171.6 1/
0.4
,Total 1953
11.1,776.7
100.0
a. The heat value of standard fuel equivalent in Czechoslovakia is 7000 k cal per kg, 21* or -
121.600 Btu per pound.
b. Estimated on the basis of an average heat Value Of 6,700 k cal per kg.
c. Estimated on the basis of an average heat value of 4,300 k cal per kg.
d. Estimated on the basis of 1.3 million k cal per cu m.
e, 2/.
f. Estimated on the basis of 1 ton of crude petroleum-equaling-1.5 tons of standard fuel,
g. Estimated on the basis of 1,000 cu m equaling 1 ton of crude petroleum.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Sources of Primary:Energy in Czechoslovakia.
1937, 1950, and 1953
(Continued)
h. y.
i. Estimated on the basis of 8,139.5 kwh equaling 1 ton of standard fuel (860 k cal equal to
kwh),
j. Estimate is .subject to considerable error.
k. Estimated on the basis of 3,125 k cal per kg.
1. 4/.
in. Total electric power production is estimated at 12.7 billion kwh, 5/ of which 11 percent is
assumed to be hydroelectric power.
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Prior to World War II the Czechoslovak coal mines were prac-
tically all under private ownership, and they are reported to have
been as highly mechanized and efficiently managed as any in Europe.
Following Munich, the Germans took control of the mines, and during
World War II they exploited them under ,a policy of maximum production
with the least investment in development. There were practically no
installations of new equipment, and because of a lack of parts, not
even the most necessary repairs were made. When the war ended, the
mines were in extremely poor condition, and thousands of miners,
including a large number of skilled German miners who were expelled
from the country, left the industry.
Since the end of the war the government has given production
of coal first priority on the economic front., In an address to
miners in 1950,. President Gottwald stated that coal wat the funda-
mental basis of the whole industrial plan. Gottwald's speech was in-
tended to induce the miners to cooperate in meeting higher quotas for
coal so as to make possible the government's plans for accelerated
industrialization.
Since 1950, however, coal requirements have been expanding .
faster than it has been possible to increase coal production, and coal
has been one of the most critical bottlenecks. Although the hard-coal
mines met the regular.Plan in 1950, they failed to meet the super Plan
for that year, and they have consistently lagged behind Plan during
the years 1951-53. The hard-coal mines, particularly those in the
Ostrava-karvinna Basin, have been criticized strongly and frequently.
for their failures, and government efforts to get more output from
each worker have been generally unsuccessful.
In mid-January 1954, the government held meetings to con-
sider the problems of the coal industry, to take some action that
would lead to higher production, and to, promote more efficient use of
the fuel. It was claimed that whereas industrial production in the
course of the First Five Year Plan (1949-53)* had doubled, the pro-
duction of hard coal had increased only 13.8 percent** and of brown
coal. only 45.5 percent. The production of coal was considered the
Plan for Czechoslovakia is not scheduled
is at present operating under an annual
* The Second Five Year
until 1955. The country
1954 Plan.
** Reported later as 15
percent.
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most important task in the current stage of Socialist construction
of the country, and it was deemed necessary to concentrate maximum
means, attention, and effort on the production of coal. 6/
An article in Rude Pravo'of 15 January 1954 complained
that the country was short of coal despite the fact that output of
coal was rising. The article stated that shortages existed because
the country's economy had expanded during the past 5 years on an
unheard-of scale and because the standard of living of all' working
people had risen simultaneously. According to the article, consump-
ticin of coal in households had gone up 36 percent, as compared with
consumption during the capitalist Republic, because families which
in the im6t did not purchase coal are now using it for heating.
Furthermore, coal consumption will continue to rise, the article
claimed, and the key to the elimination of the chief shortcoming in
industry, is the increased output of coal, which depends primarily
on the recruiting of permanent workers. 7/
The lack of an adequate number of skilled and permanent
miners in the coal industry has persisted since 1945. In recent
years,, efforts to expand the labor force have led to recruitment and
forced labor. It has been necessary to depend more and more upon
temporary brigade workers, who usually work only. to 6 months. and,
because, of the bad working and living conditions, quit at the
earliest opportunity. Increasing numbers of soldiers have been sent
to the coal mines and have accounted for considerable production.
Some mines depend almost entirely on the employment of soldiers.
Labor morale has been low, as is evidenced by high rates of
absenteeism and labor turnover. The, standard work week for a miner
is six 8-hour shifte per-week, but overtime work is necessary to
fulfill quotas. , After years of exhortations to increase production,
regular miners are tired of overtime. Bad housing conditions and,
'improper diet are also contributing to low morale,
B. Organization.
The Czechoalovak mining industry was totally nationalized in
October 1945. The State created National Mining Corporations
(Divisions), agencies of the State, to operate the mines as independent
legal corporations. Thirteen of these corporations were formed for
the entire mining industry. Eight of them assumed jurisdiction over
coal mines and adjacent coke plants, briquette factories, power
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stations, and auxiliaryenterprisea., As a rule,. each of the eight.
corporations took. over the coal mines and allied enterprises located
in a-particular coal basin. The corporatiOnrepresented.a? production
unit which was subject to commercial law and was supposed to operate
on a commercial basis. .?./
The various individual corporations were subordinate: to the
Czechoslovak Mines National Corporation, located in Prague, which acted
as the central board for the entire mining industry. This principal
corporation .wasunder the Ministry of Industry. 9/
The administration of each national corporation was carried
on by a Management Committee (board of directors), which was elected,
in part-I-by the employees. The chairman of the committee had the
right to revoke decisions of the committee as well as to take other
measures that. he considered necessary. -The management of each corpor-
ation was usually divided into 4 groups or sections, the planning,
technical-operative, administrative, and social-political sections. 2/
Research and mechanization were conducted by a special section
attached to the central board (general management) in Prague. Exten-
sive corporations with a large number of mines and allied enterprises
had special group-managementsi which controlled the technical. opera-
tions of the entire industrial group. 11/
Authority over the distribution of coal, coke, and briquettes
was concentrated in the Central Coal Sales Department, which was a
part of the central board in Prague. This department distributed
fuel through its own branch sales offices, located in areas of im-
portant constu:;?ion, and also through private coal dealers and
cooperatives.. The distribution of coal in. Slovakia was carried out
by a selling office attached to the regional board in Bratislava.
In September 1951, there was. a major reorganization which
divided the Ministry of Heavy Industry into 5 new ministries. One of
these was the Ministry of Fuel and Power, Which assumed jurisdiction
over coal mining and certain related enterprises, electric power, and
the gas and petroleum industries. 11/ The former,CentralBoard was
dissolved, and a number of administrations were established. For coal
mining, there was created the Main Padministration.of Black Coal* and
* The term black coal is frequently used by the Czechoslovaks
when referring to hard coal.
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the Main Administration of Brown Coal, which became responsible for
the two principal types of coal produced. Each Main Administration
was divided into national enterprises which controlled groups of
mines on a regional basis.
The national enterprises that were established are as
follows 14/:
Main Administration of Black Coal Office
National Enterprises
Ostrava
Ostrava
Orlova
Karvinna
West Bohemian Coal Mines
Central Bohemian Coal Mines
East Bohemian Coal Mime
ROsice Coal Mines
South
North
Main Administration of Brown Coal
National Enterprises
North Bohemian Brown Coal Mines
Sokolov (formerlyFalknov) Brown
Coal Mines and Briquette
Factories
HandlOva Coal Mines
Modry Kamen Coal Mines
- South Bohemian Lignite Mines
South Moravian Lignite Mines
Novaky Coal Mines ,
East Bohemian Coal Mines
Peat Enterprises
Moravska Ostrava
Moravska Ostrava
Orlova.
Karvinna
Plzen
Kladno
Trutnov
RoSice
Most
Sokolbv.
Handl ova
Modry Kamen
Mydlovary
Ratiskovice
Novaky
Hradek
Ceske Budejovice
It was announced on 2 February 1953 that the Ministry of
Fuel and Power had been divided into a Ministry of Fuel and a
Ministry of Power. 15/ A report of 26 February 1953 pentioned that
Vaclav Pokorny was, the Minister of Fuel,. 16/ Pokorny formerly held
the position of Minister of Fuel and Power.
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There is evidence that the announced division of the ?
Ministry of Fuel and Power either did not occur or was of rather
short duration, for references to Josef jonas;-MiniSter Of Fuel and
Power, and Vaclav Pokorny, First Deputy Minister of Fuel and Power,
appeared in press statements during the latter part of 1953.
C. Supply.
1. Production.
a. Total.
Statistics on production of coal in Czechoslovakia
have been generally reported separately for hard coal and brown
coal. The hard-coal category is almost entirely composed of bitum-
inous coal. Until recently, data on production of brown coal custom-
arily included lignite, -but there is now a tendency to report them
separately. The Czechoslovak lignite is of poorer quality than the
brown coal, and output has been relatively unimportant. Czechoslovakia
occupies fourth place in the world in production of brown coal and
lignite, following East Germany, West Germany, and the USSR, and is
in twelfth place in the world (seventh in Europe) in production of
hard coal.
In 1953, total production of coal was nearly 54.7
million tons,* which is about 13.5 million tons more than was mined
in 1948, 20 million tons more than in 1937, and 2.5 million tons
more than in the best year (1943) during World War II.** The planned
production for 1953, established originally by the First Five Year
Plan, was 20.8 million tons of hard coal and 2.2 million tons of
brown coal (including lignite), a total of 53 million tons.
Although total output in. 1953 exceeded the original
Plan for that year, the hard-coal mines have consistently failed
to meet the original targets each yearai4de 1950, and the deficits
* Tie State Statistical Office repOrted on 114-April 1954 that the
total production of hard coa;1, brown coal, and lignite was 54.7 .
million tons in 1953. Previously, the Chairman of the State Planning
Commission reported 54.6 million tons
an increase of 13.5 million tons over 1948, indicating
tons.
** See Appendix A, Tables 41 and 42 for production of hard coal and
brown coal by basins for the years 1930 and 1935-53.
54.8 million
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were evenpore pronounced because the quotas, were raised sub-
stantially as the demand for fuel became greater. Despite large
imports from Poland, shortages of, bard coal, which have existed
since 1950, have retarded electric power output and railroad oper-
ations and have served as a, general drag on industrial development.
The production of hard coal reached its peak in
1943, when 24.6 million tons were mined, but dropped to 11.7
million tons in 1945. During the 1920's and 1930's, output aver-
aged about 13.4 million tons annually, although it was under il
million tons in 1922 and during the depression years 1933 through
1935..
In 1950, hard coal production was 18,56,452 tons
(see Table 2*), which was 4 percent, more than the original target
for that year but 2.1 percent less than the super Plan quota. The
goal for-19511 which had been established at 18.05 million tons, is
believed to have been raised about 2 million tons. It was reported,
however., that the 1951 Plan was fulfilled only 91..4 percent, The
revised goal for 1952 was 21,408,000 tons, 608,000 tons more than the
original plan for 19531 but on the basis of a reported increase of
14.4 percent as compared with the year 19481 production was estimated -
at only 20.3 -million tons.
In November 1952, it was stated in the Czechoslovak
press that the hard-coal mines owed the country 1,8061000 tons from
the beginning of the Five Year Plan.. The deficit, dealared the
press, had to be overcome- because a further increase of 27:2 per:-
cent was planned rot 1953. Presumably, this report was issued tor
propaganda reasons without any expectation that such an increase
could be realized. It may, however, indicate the amount that was
needed to satisfy the demand without having to import Polish coal.
Zapotocky announced that production of hard coal
in 1953 was 20,31.41,000 tons. It was claimed, that production of hard
coal was 405,000 tons less than the target. 17/
:The brown-coal and lignite mines have been more
successful in meeting their quotas, mainly because. of expanding out-
put of the highly mechanized strip mines. Under German control,
output of the lower grade coals increased from 16 million tons in
1938 to 27.6 million tons in 1943) but in 1945 it dipped to 15.4
million tons, which-was less than output for any year during the
* P. 20, below.
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1920's. Frani this low level, production advanced steadily to 34.3
million tons in 1953. This figure is estimated on the basis of a
reported increase of 45.5 percent during the Five Year Plan, The re-
vised goal for 1953 was probably about 34.9 million tons because it
was underfulfilled by 600,000 tons
Zapotocky stated that production of brown coal .
was 32,763,000 tons in .1953 as compared with 17,496,000 tons in 1937.
Production of lignite was evidently about 400,000 tons in 1937 and
close to 1.6 million tons in 1953. During the First Five Year Plan,
output of brown coal increased 145 percent and lignite 57 percent..12/
. The 1954 Plan callsfor production to be increased
8.5 percent for hard coal and 7.9 percent for brown coal (may exclude
lignite) as compared With .1953. 22/ At the tenth Congress of the
Communist Party held from 11 to 15 June 1954 in Prague, it was an-
nounced that the 1955 Plan raised production of hard coal by at least
5 percent, brown coal by 7 percent, and lignite by 21 percent, as
compared with 1954. 22/
It is estimated that the targets for hard coal are
approximately 22 million tons in 1954 and 23.1 million tons in 1955.
The indicated goals for production of brown coal and lignite are
approximately 37 million tons in 1954 and 39.9 million tons in 1955.
The planned output of lignite seeMs to'be less than 1.7 and 2,1
million tons in the respective years. ?
A comparison of planned and actual production in
recent years shows considerable differences and it is likely that
any forecasts of coal production will be just about as inaccurate,
mainly because of the unpredictable labor situation. The Czechoslo-
vak coal industry has serious labor. problems. The morale of the
workers has been low, as reflected in the high rates of labor turn-
over and absenteeism. Increased, production of coal depends to a
considerable degree on reducing absenteeism and in expanding the
labor force to include more permanent workers. :To that end it
would seem that the government considers it necessary to 'improve the
working and living conditions of the miners.
In January 1954, Josef Jonas, Minister of Fuel and
Power., made a report on the coal industry at the plenary session of
the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. He stated
that the following measures were to be pat into effect in order to
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increase the rate of development: (1) improve the leadership and
organization of work, (2) increase the number of workings and speed
up construction of shafts, (3) increase mechanization and electri-
fication of mines, (4) construct in 1954 over 14,000 new housing
units for miners, (5) increase the bonus payments of certain cat-
egories of miners for overfulfillment of -be:As, and (6) increase
the basic wages of the engineering and technical workers of mining
institutes according to the Socialist principle of rewards for the
amount and quality of work done. 22/
During the last quarter of 1953, the hard coal mines
exceeded the over-all quota, and the improvement carried forward
into June 1954. Moreover, the North Bohemian Basin, which accounts
for the bulk of the output of brown coal)overfulfilled the plan for
the first 4 months of 1954 by 239,486 tons. Because of severe frosts
in January, the open pit mines in the North Bohemian Basin and
Sokolov 'Basin produced only 79.6 percent and 59.4 percent, respec-
tively, of their planned output of brown coal in that month. 22/
Despite this drag on production, it would seem that the annual plan
for production of brown coal will be exceeded. Lignite production)
however, may be less than Plan. On the basis of these data, produc-
tion in 1954 is' estimated at 22.4 million tons of hard coal and 37.6
million tons of brown coal and lignite, approximately 1 percent
over Plan.
An important reason for increased coal production
is to be found in a statement by General Alexej cepickal Czechoslovak
Defense Minister, On 12 June 1954, Cepicka told the Communist Party
Congress in Prague that one-fifth of Czechoslovakia's total coal
output is ptoduded by the army. In the Ostrava region, which pro-
duced about 80 percent of the hard coal, soldiers produced one-
quarter Of the Output.211/
. Work in the deep mines is not only arduous and
dangerous but also it has to be performed mainly with obsolete equip-
ment. Despite the lure of higher wages, mining has not attracted,
and probably will not attract, sufficient numbers of capable workers
willing to adopt it as a permanent vocation. In order to increase
coal production, it has been necessary to depend more and more upon
involuntary workers, including most of the soldiers and so-called
"voluntary" brigade workers. It is believed that the government will
have to continue its policy of drafting coal miners, and the manpower
problem is one which is not going to be solved without some radical
improvements in working and living conditfons.
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The mines need modern equipment badly, and con-
siderably greater productivity is possible if new types of mining
machinery are installed generally. Czechoslovakia, however, was
just getting started on production of certain essential machinery
in 1953. A few combines and scraper conveyorE are now operating
experimentally, and it will be several years before enough are in
actual use to have much effect on production. Significantly, a
report of June 1954 states that existing machinery is not fully
utilized, mainly insofar as combines are concerned. 22/ It is be-
lieved that the combines are giving congiderable trouble, for a
number of reasons, including inexperience of the operators and
mechanics, lack of parts, and poor transport facilities.
The Second Five Year Plan will begin in 1956 and
will coincide with the years of the plans of the USSR and the
Peoples' Democracies. The only information about intentions during
that time is a recent report that production of brown coal is to .
double during the next five years. This is interpreted to mean that
during the period from 1958 to 1960 the annual output of brown coal
and lignite must be in the magnitude of 68 million tons (twice the
output in 1953). It is safe to predict that plans will call for in-
creases in production of hard coal and that the goal for 1960 may be
higher than 30 million tons. In view of current conditions in the
coal industry, it seems that such objectives are higher than can be
achieved.
Table 2* gives data on the production of coal in
Czechoslovakia, 1913, 1919-55, and 1947-55 Plans.
b. Production of Hard Coal by Basins.
With the exception of some anthracite coal mined
from the deeper seams in the Ostrava,Karvinna Basin in the north-
eastern part of Moravia, all of the production of hard coal consists
.
of bituminous coal. It is possible that there may be some production
of anthracite eachyear from a small Mine at Lhotice in southern
Bohemia.
Bituminous coals are mined almost entirely from five
basins,** of which the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin has furnished about 8u
percent of the annual output of hard coal. (anthracite and bituminous)
Table 2 follows on p. 20.
See the map, Czechoslovakia: Coal Deposits, inside back cover.
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Table 2
Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia a/*
1913, 1919-55, and 1947-55 Plans
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
-Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite Total
1913
14,087.2
23,136.8
37,224.0
1919
10,254.3
17,324.0
27,578.3
1920
11,375.0
19,956.6
31,331.6
1921
12,023.2
21,335.1
33,358.3
1922
10,465.0
19,174.3
29,639.3
1923
12,347.3
16,265.5
28,639.8
1924
15,179.0
20,459.7
35,638.7
1925
12,559.0
18,604.7
31,163.7
1926
14,177.0
18,515.7
32,692.7
1927
14,017.0
19,620.6
33,637.6
1928
14,560.3
20,451.4
35,011.7
1929
16,548.2
22,534.0
39,082.2
1930
14,468.5
19,160.2
33,628.7
1931
13,165.0
17,869.3
31,034.3
1932
11,032.2
15,787.2
26,819.4
1933
10,627.4
14,967.7
25,595.1
1934
10,788.9
15,070.7
25,859.6
1935
10,894.5
15,113.6
26,008.1
1936
12,233.2
15,948.8
28,182.0
1937
16,777.5
17,895.4
34,672.9
1938
15,835.9
16,027.1
31,863.0
1939
18,803.0
19,392.8
38,195.8
1940
20,966.0
22,281.7
43,247.7
1941
20,071.0
22,439.7
42,510.7
1942
22,770.4
24,128.8
46,899.2
1943
24,617.1
27,582.7
52,199.8
1944
23,238.5
26,847.6
50,086.1
1945
11,716.0
15,356.1
27,072.1
1946
14,167.6
19,459.6
33,627.2
1947 Plan
16,374.0
t1,822.0
38,196.0
1947
16,215.8
22,362.1
38,577.9
1948 Plan
17,746.0
23,900.0
41,646.0
1948
17,744.6
23,589.6
41,334.2
Footnotes for Table 2 follow on p. 21.
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Table 2
Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia a
1913, 191955 And 1947-55 Plans
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite Total
1949 Plan
17,750.0
26,500.0
44,250.0
1949
17,043.2
26,527.0
43,570:2 '
1950 Plan
17,750.0
27,125.0
44,875.0
1950
?
18,456.5
27,506.0
45,962.5
1951 Plan
20,050.0 b/
29,000.0 b/
49,050.0 b/
1951
18,325.7 17/
29,435.0 Ey
47,760.7 Ey
?
1952 Plan
21,408.0 ;/
31,121.0 c/
52,529.0
1952
20,300.0 12/
33,330.0 Ey
53,630.0 by
1953 Plan
d/
d/
d/ ?
1953
20,31.0 c/
34,32.0 e/
54,63.0 f/
_
1954 Plan
22,000.0 g7
37,000.0 iV
59,000.0
1954
22,400.0 TV
37,600.0 by
60,000.0
1955 Plan
23,100.0 37
39,900.0 1/
63,000.0
1955
22,900.0 EY
40,000.0 by
62,900.0
a. See Appendix A, Tables 43 and 44 for details. All figures
prior to 1951 are reported.
b. Estimate.
c. Officially reported.
d. Original First Five Year Plan targets were 20.8 million tons of
hard coal and 32.2 million tons of brown coal and lignite. Probable
revised targets were 20.75 million tons of hard coal and 35 million
tons of brown coal and lignite.
e. 45.5 percent increase as compared with output in 1948. Produc-
tion of brown coal was reported at 32,763,000 tons, and lignite is
estimated at 1,559,000 tons.
f. Reported at 54.7 million tons.
g. Estimates are based upon reported increases of 8.5 percent for
hard coal and 7.9 percent for brown coal (presumably including lig-
nite) as compared with respective outputs in 1953.
h. Estimate; range of error: plus 1 percent to minus 4 percent.
i. Estimate is based upon report that production of hard coal is
to be increased at least 5 percent, brown coal 7 percent, and lig-
nite 21 percent in comparison with 1954 (presumably 1954 Plans).
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in past years. The other basins are the Kladno (Kladno-Rakovnik-
Slany), Plzen (Plzen-Radnice), and Trutnov (Zacler-Svatonovice), all
in Bohemia, and the Rosice (Rosice-Oslavany) in Moravia. There has
also been a little bituminous coal mined in Slovakia.
According to the original version of the First Five
Year Plan, all increases in production of hard coal were to have come,
from the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. It is evident, however, that the
targets were later increased for the other basins, with the exception
of the Plzen Basin, where the annual quota was reduced in 1952. The
plan for the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin was 17,116,000 tons in 1952 as
compared with 16,000,000 tons in 1951. Actually, this basin and
the Plzen Basin have had very poor production records.
During the First Five Year Plan, production of coal
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin increased from 14.1 million tons in
1948 to about 16.3 million tons in 1953. In the Kladno Basin, second
in importance, production has probably increased from 1.9 to 2.1
million tons in the same period. In the Plzen Basin, production is
estimated at a little more than 800,000 tons in 1952 and in 1953, al-
though it may have been as low as 700,000 tons for each year and msy
not again reach the higher levels maintained during and prior to
World War II. It is estimated that the Rosice Basin produced a
little less than 600,000 tons in 1952 and in 1953 and the Trutnov
(Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin less than 550,000 tons during each of
the same two years.
Table 3* gives estimates of production of hard
coal in Czechoslovakia by basins for the years 1946-53.**
Production of Brown Coal and Lignite by Basins.
The North Bohemian and Sokolov brown-coal basins
in Bohemia provide, respectively, about 71 and 22 percent of the
total volume of brown coal and lignite mined in Czechsolovakia.. It
is estimated that in the course of the First Five Year Plan output
has increased from 16.8 to 24.2 million tons in the North Bohemian
Basin and from 5.2 to 7.6 million tons in the Sokolov Basin. The
balance of the brown coal comes mainly from Handlova in Slovakia and.
Table 3 follows on p. 23.
** Appendix A, Tables 43 through 51 furnish statistics of production
of coal by basins for 1913 and 1919-53 with relevant information.
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Table 3
Estimated Production of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basins
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Ostrava-
Karvinna
Kladno
Plzen-
Radnice
Trutnov
Rosice
Other
Total
1946
11,225
1,501
637
421
332
52
14,168
1947
12,882
1,761
722
400
446
5
16,216
1948
14,111
1,861
797
47o
500
6
17,745
1949
13,525
1,820
775
420
498
5
17;o43
1950
14,644
1,972
795
484
550
11
18,456
1951
14,464
2,020
752
500
580
10
18,326
1952
16,270
2,082
8o4
540
593
11
20,300
1953
16,300
2,090
805
540
595
11
20,341
from some small, scattered mines in Bohemia and Moravia. Approximately
37 percent of the coal extracted in the North Bohemian Basin and 60
percent in the Sokolov Basin is strip mined.
The mines in the vicinity of Ratiskovice in the South
Moravian Lignite Basin and at Novaky in Slovakia have provided nearly
all of the lignite. Mines have been opened in recent years, however,
near Potor in southern Slovakia, and production in the basin had in-
creased over 5 times in 1952 as compared with 1948. This same area
exceeded the 1953 Plan by 15,000 tons. 26/
Table 47* gives estimates of production of brown coal
and lignite in Czechoslovakia by basins, 1946-53.**
* Table 4 follows on p. 24.
** See Appendix A for detailed statistical data.
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Table 4
Estimated Production of Brown Coal and Lignite in Czechoslovakia
by Basins
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
Small Mines in Bohemia Slovak Brown Coal
: Year North Bohemia Sokolov. South Moravia and Moravia and Lignite. Total
'
1946
13,416
4;713
432 -
322
577
19,460
1947
15,678
5,092
479
392 .
721
22,362 -
1948
16,802
5,161
487
377
763 ?
23,590
1949
19,040
5,850
540
285
42
26,527.
1950 .
19,650-
6,150
550
280
876 ?
27,506
-1951.-?
21,150
6,400
575
350
960
29,435
1952
23,740
'7,335
610
465
1,180
33,330
?1953
-24,180.
7,570
625
475 -
14472
34,322 .
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2. Foreign Trade.
a. Imports.
Czechoslovakia has reversed its position from a net
exporter of coal before World War II to a net importer in the postwar
period. Sizeable exports of coke tend to compensate to some extent,
however, for the unfavorable trade balance in coal.
. During the 1933-37 period, imports consisted of 1.10
to 1.25 million tons of hard coal and less than 100,000 tons of brown
coal annually. Germany furnished 85 to 90 percent of the hard coal,
and Poland provided most of the remainder. Virtually all of the hard
coal obtained from Germany came from the Upper and Lower Silesian
basins, which now belong to Poland. Hungary supplied almost all of
the brawn coal, which was consumed in Slovakia in areas near the
Hungarian border where it was more economical than domestic coal.
Czechoslovakia's production of hard coal, which fell
sharply in 1945 from the high level maintained during World War II,
has not increased rapidly enough to meet demands, and the country
is forced to depend on Poland to augment domestic supplies. In 1946,
only 108,253 tons of hard coal and 43,322 tons of brown coal were
imported, 27/ but since that time imports of hard coal have increased
greatly. It is possible that imports of brown coal from Hungary may
have ceased in 1948. Poland supplied to Czechoslovakia 970,241 tons
of hard coal in 1947, 2,121,886 tons in 1948, and, in subsequent years,
from 3.50 to 3.75 million tons annually.
Although the Czechoslovaks requested Poland to
furnish 4.2 million tons of hard coal in 1950, only 3.8 million tons
were promised, 28/ and actual deliveries were about 80,000 tons less
than promised. It has been reported that Poland exported 3,528,000
tons to Czechoslovakia in 1951, and it is estimated that the quantity
was about 3,750,000 tons in 1953.
Tables 5* and 6** show Czechoslovak imports of hard
coal and brown coal, respectively, during 1937-38 and the 1947-53
period.
* Table 5 follows on p. 26.
** Table 6 follows on p. 27.
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Table 5
Estimated Imports of Hard Coal by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Exporting Country
1937 2/
1938
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Non-Soviet Bloc
West Germany
Soviet Bloc
Poland
USSR
Other
Total
32,000 hi
1,124,274 2/
11604
,
2
1,167,880
24,000 y
760,161 4/
2,565 2/
1 2/
786,727 1
o
970,241 Ev
0
0
970,241
o y
2,121,886
0
0
2,121,886
2/
o y
3,460,900 f/
, 0
0
3,460,900
o 12/
3,720,000 g/
0
0
3,720,000
o y
3,528,000 g/
b ?
0
3,528,000
o y
3,500,000 h/
0
17,880 1/
3,517,889
o
_3,750,000.h/
0
0
3,750,000
a. Z2/.
b. Imports from present areas. 12/
6. Total imports from Germany were 1,108,547 tons in 1937, of which 32,000 tons came from the present area of West Germany. The balance or
1,076;547 tons came from areas that are now Polish. Shipments from Polish Territory in 1937 Were Only 47,727 tons.
d. Imports from present Polish areas and exclusive of 390,223 tons from the Olza district of Czechoslovakia, which was ceded to Poland by the
Munich agreement in November 1938. Imparts from Poland in 1938 were only 72,14.58 tons exclusive of the Olza district. German areas which are now
Polish furnished 687,703 tons. _31/
f. Source whknown Ahother estimate of 3,500,000 tons.
g. 3?111.
h. Estimate.
1. Czechoslovakia received 15,816 tons from Bulgaria and 2,064 tons from Rumania in 1952. These imports were via the
Danube River. _32/
j. Imports into present areas of CzechOslovakia and exclusive of 85,082 tons from the Sudetenland, which was incorporatedby Germany and 390,223
tons from the Olza district which was incorporated by Poland under the Munich agreement.
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Table 6
Estimated Imports of Brown Coal and Lignite by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1914753
Metric Tons
Exporting Country
1937 2/
1938 a/
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
East Germany
377
304 b/
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hungary
80,437
56,552
61,086 Ej
20,150 c
0 a/
0 a/
0 21/
0 a/
0 d/
Total
80,831i. e/
56,856
61,086
.2..92.122
0 d/
0d/
0 d/
0 1/0
d/
a. 21.
b. Exclusive of 460,019 tons from the Sudetenland which was taken from Czechoslovakia by the
Munich agreement.
c. 37/-
d. Estimated, although small imports were possible.
e. Includes 20 tons from Austfia.
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_ _ _ _ _
b. Exports.
In the decade from,1929 through 2938, Czechoslovakia.
exported about 12 percent of its production of hard coal and 11 per-
cent, of its brown Coal.. During that period, exports averaged over
1.5 million tons of hard coal and nearly 1,9 million tons of brown
coal annually. During the years 1929-32 however, more hard coal
was imported that was exported.
Data are not available for the period 1939-44, when
the country was occupied by Germany. In the postwar years, exports
of both hard coal and brown coal increased each year until 1950.
Only 32,673 tons of hard Coal and 954,026 tons of brown Coal were
exported in 1947, but in 1950, shipments had increased to 1,234,677
tons of hard coal and 1,434,700 tons of brown coal.
Rising domestic requirements, coupled with unsatis-
factory production of hard coal,-necessitated a reduction in exports
during each year since 1950. Itis estimated that shipments amounted
to only about 363,000 tons of hard coal and 748,000 tons of brown
coal in 1953. ,Accurate figures cannot be furnished, however,
because of the uncertainty about the quantities sent to other Satel-
lite countries. It is known, however, that these exports have been
relatively small. The Czechoslovaks have sent the bulk of their
export coal to countries in Western Europe. Austria and Italy were
the principal importers of Czechoslovak hard coal, although East Ger-
many received substantial quantities in 1950 and 1951. :In 1953, Austria
received 185,741 tons of hard coal as compared with 173,280 tons in
1952, but, except for Minor quantities sent to West Germany, Denmark,
and Switzerland, no other hard coal was sent to Western Europe. Prac-
tically all of Czechoslovakia's exports of brown coal go to Austria
and West Germany. Significantly, the Czechoslovaks have usually
had difficulty in meeting their commitments to Austria and, probably
to other countries.
The Austro-Czechoslovak Trade Protocol, covering the
period 1 November 1953 through 31 December 1954, called for Czecho-
slovakia to supply Austria with 365,000 tons of solid mineral fuels ?
plus additional amounts valued at US $1.2 million. The quota is
divided as follows: 230,000 tons of hard coal for production of gas,
20,000 tons of powdered coal (for steam raising), 75,000 tons of brown
generator coal, and 40,000 tons of brown coal. .The quota is only a
little more than half the quota of the previous year, although the fig-
ure for hard coal was cut only from 260,000 tons to 230,000 tons. 38/
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a
Czechoslovakia agreed.to.furnish Hungary with 60,000
tons of hard coal (gas coal) in 1949 12/' and the same quantity in
1950, 40/ but reported shipments were only about 44l0oo tons annually
during those years. It is believed, however, that because of Hungar-
ian shortages Of good-quality coal, Czechoslovakia has furnished
considerably more in 1952 and 1953, and exports to Hungary are ,
estimated at 150,000 tons in each of those years. Shipments in 1953
to East Germany, Poland, and Rumania are not known but are believed
to have been insignificant.
Tables 7* and 8** furnish available data on Czecho-
slovak exports of hard Coal and brown coal, respectively, during 1937-
38 and the 1947-53 period.
3. Stocks.
Very little data are available concerning coal stocks.
Reserves on 31 December 1948 consisted of only 291,000 tons of
bituminous coal and 492,000 tons of brown coal and brown-coal coke.
Planned reserves at the end of 1949 were 392,000 tons of bituminous
coal and 380,500 tons of brown coal and brown-coal coke. These
figures represented sufficient stocks for average daily consumption
for 5 to 7 days, but they probably did not include all stocks held
by consuming industries.
Critical shortages of coal, particularly of bituminous
coal, have existed since 1950, and it is believed that stocks are
always low. Railroad operations and electric power production have
been restricted for lack of fuel, and allocations of fuel for
domestic use during the winter of 1952-53 were only about two-thirds
of Plan. Some industrial consumers may have inventories which, at
times, are adequate to satisfy requirements for a month ox' longer,
but it is probable that, on the average, industrial stocks are
sufficient to last only, about 2 weeks or less. Brown coal and lig-
nite are unsuitable for prolonged storage. With loss of moisture
they disintegrate to dust and are susceptible to spontaneous
combustion.
It has been reported that in December 1952 stocks of
the best quality coal, in addition to usual stocks, were established
* Table 7 follows on p. 30.
** Table 8 follows on p. 32.
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Table 7
Estimated Exports of Hard Coal by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947,53
Metric Tons
Importing Country
1937 2/
1938 LI/
1947 12/
1948 12/
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Non-Soviet Bloc
Austria
Denmark
Finland
France
West Germany
Italy
Switzerland
Yugoslavia
Other
Total
Soviet Bloc
East Germany
'Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total
Grand Total
1,279,777
0
o
0
h/,
711,678
15,886
4,640
o
2,192,692
802,445
0
o
0
118,535 11/
517,616
10,675
4,452
o
1,453,723
140
0
o
128
4,580
849
13,190
-340
50
19,268
337,215
o
o
, 20
26,312
187,732
29,73.
150
o
581,160
383,700 2/
o
o
0
43,000 1/
221,400
89,200 2j
0
o
737,300
262,656 1/
o
300 e
o
48,900 e
223;800 e
124,800 e
o
1,200 g/
661,656
169,899 g
o
o
o
400 g/
47,700 g/
29,500 g/
o
1,200 g/
211.8,699
173,280 g
o
o
0
11,000 il/
59,200 ./
15,000 1/
o
.0
258,11.80.
185,741 2/
1,000 1/
0
o
20,000 1/
0
6,000 f/
0
0 ?
212,711.1
___
0 130,/
29,1 1
1,271
1,509
31,911.1
0 hi
24,769
484
511.11.
25,797
0 '
13,405
o
0
.13,405
0
.14,582
109
0
14,691
0
44,1002/
o
0
44 loo
528,621 k/
44,400 g/
o .
0
573,021
450,000 k/
44,700 g/
o
N.A,
11.914,700
30,000 1/
150,000 111/
N.A.
N.A.
18oz Ooo
N.A.
150,000 E/
N.A.
N.A.
150,000
2,2211.;633
1,479,520 2/
32,673
595,851
781,1400
1,234,677
743,399
11.38,1480
362,7141
E.
C.
a. Y
d.
b.
e. Austria imported 111 tons in the first quarter,/ 43,346 tons in the second quarter, yy 65,588 tons in the third
quarter, 117/ 29,520 tons in October, yy 24,930 tons in November,)12/ and 22,246 tons in December. 22/
f.
S
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? Table 7
Estimated Exports of Hard Coal by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
(Continued)
h. Exports to Germany are assumed to have been entirely to present West German areas, but considerable coal could have gone to
present East German areas.
i.
k. 2_65/.
1. 2.2.
m. Exports were 29,427 tons during the period of January through August 1949. 22/
n. Estimate based on needs (no data). Imports may range from 50,000 to 250,000 tons.
o. Exclusive of 1,315 tons to Czechoslovak territories incorporated into Germany in 1938.
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-Table 8
Estimated Exports of Brown Coal and Lignite by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Importing Country
2/
1938 2/
1947 12/
1948 12/
1949
1950 2/
1951 2/
1952
1955
Non-Soviet Bloc
.1937
Austria
West Germany
.45,471
1,799,621 51
27;977
1,236,112 4,/
308,910
608,144
367,204
865,447
477,400 21/
938,000 12/
400,800
1,033,500
439,9oo
362,100
2.85.,000 f/
527,000 e
157,000 1/
591,000 i
Italy
o
' o
1,182 ,
o
. o
o
o
o ,jJ
o j
Sweden
100
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0 1/
Switzerland
Yugoslavia
75
o
40
o
35,790
o
1,291
182
600 25/
o
400
o
2,500
' o
300 1/
o
100 1/
o
Total
1,845,297
1,264,129
954 026
1,234,124
1,416,000
1,434 700
804,500
812,300
748,100
So-Viet Bloc
Hungary
30
15
o
o
o 1/
o
o
'0 1/
Grand Total
1,845,297
1,264,144/
954 026
1 234 124
1,416,000
1,434)700
804 500
812,500
748,100
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
1.
j.
k.
1.
2L5/*
p/*
Exported to Germany and it is assumed that all went to West Germany.
?=5_/.
Estimated. No reports of any shipments.
p/.
Exclusive of 12 tons to territory incorporated by Germany.
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at remote places as a strategic reserve. 68/ This is probable, but it is
unlikely that these strategic reserve stocks were tignificantly large.
D. Consumption.
1. General.
Despite an increase in total Czechoslovak coal production
of about 32 percent during the First Five Year Plan, there is atple
evidence that requirements have increased more rapidly than production
and that coal shortages have had a restraining effect on the economy.
A Czechoslovak press report of 14 July 1953 stated that the country's
economy had been most seriously affected by the failure of the Ostrava-
Karvinna coal field to reach Plan targets. ?21/
In November 1952, in order to insure an effective control
over the use of solid fuels, the Czechoslovak Minis.ry of Fuel and Power
established inspection agencies to exercise supervision oyer consumers
whose annual solid fuel consumption exceeded 60 tons, and over supplies,
storage, care, and use of solid fuels. These inspection agencies have
no authority over consumers who are under the jurisdiction of the
Ministries of National Defense and National Security. 70/
While the Czechoslovaks have admitted that fuel shortages
existed (latest report in March 1954), it is difficult to gage the
effects of stringencies on various categories of consumers. It is
known that there have been restrictions on the use of electricity. On
23 May 1952 the government broadcast orders for drastic cuts in the use
of electricity in plants, shops, and homes, 71/ and a report of 31 May
1952 stated that the electricity supply had been cut in Prague, Brno,
and Bratislava. Authorities stated that power shortages were the re-
sult of growing consumption of coal and power by the heavy industries
und had been aggravated by coal transport difficulties and the public's
disregard of economy in heating and lighting. 72/
In the first 3 months of 1954, there were acute short-
ages of coal, wood, gas, electric power, and water seriously affecting
industry, necessitating drastic cuts in consumption both by factories
and by households. 73/
specific industrial plants 50X1
in which shortages of coal were hampering operation. 50X1
the Avia Aircraft Factory was critically short 50X1
of fuel and might have to send "voluntary hrigadee'to the mines in
order to produce coal for the factory: 74/
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Many consumers have been forced to substitute brown coal
for bituminous coal, either entirely or partially, and it is in-
evitable that this substitution has reduced efficiency. Although
there has been a trend towards the installation of equipment that
can use inferior fuels, many facilities are not designed to burn
brown coal.
Railroad locomotives customarily burn a Mixture of bi-
tuminous coal and brown coal. 75/ Efforts to use brown-coal dust in
locomotives have met with doubtful success. 76/ A few reports have
mentioned that because of poor-quality coal, trains could not keep
schedules. According to the deputy chief of the Prague Area Railway
Transport, it was necessary, during the winter of 1952-53, to burn
Sokolov brown coal with an ash content of 45 percent. As a result,
he claimed, 960 hours were lost on the railroads in Deceml5er alone,
necessitating the use of 130 more engine crews and 4o additional
engines. His assertion that the breakdowns were all caused by poor
coal was refuted by an engineer who claimed that coal was responsible
in only 30 percent of the cases and that the rest were the result of
bad management. 77/
It is believed that in using some of the poorer grades
of brown coal and lignite there have been more difficulties thin have
been reported. Furthermore, nearly .all consumers have probably
been affected by shortages of coal. Because of high priorities, the
coke plants and major steel plants may be the important exceptions.
2. Estimated Consumption, 1949 through 1953.
The 1949 Plan* figures for consumption of hard coal and
brown coal in Czechoslovakia are the latest official available data
which furnish a complete and detailed breakdown by consumer cate-
gories.. After these data are adjusted for stocks and foreign trade
and after briquettes and coke are eliminated, they serve as a base
for estimating consumption during the years 1949 through 1953.
Czechoslovak coal consumption since World War II has
increased greatly, as compared with the prewar period. In 1937,
consumption amounted to approximately 31.8 million tons, slightly
more brown coal than hard coal being used. Estimated consumption
* The 1949 Plan figure's for Consumption of hard coal and brown
coal are given in Appendix B, Tables 57 and 58.
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in 1949 was 19.7 million tons of hard coal and 25.1 million tons of
brown coal, a total of 44.8 million tons. % This tonnage represents
an increase of about 41 percent over consumption in 1937 (see Tables
9-12*). The estimated consumption was 57.3 million tons in 1953,
an increase of 27.7 percent in 4 years and almost 80 percent in 16
years. Converting all coal to a standard fuel-equivalent basis
(7,000 k cal per kg) the increase in 1953 is only 26 percent more
than that in 1949 and 73 percent more than that in 1937.
It is estimated that in recent years from 83 to 85 per-
cent of the hard coal and 70 percent of the brown coal and lignite
consumed in Czechoslovakia went to power stations and to industries,
including mining. The railroads consume approximately 11 percent
of the hard coal and 12 percent of the brown coal. The remainder is
used almost entirely to heat buildings and homes.
The most important consumers of hard coal are the coke
plants, which take about 36 to 38 percent of the supply. These plants,
located at coal minep and steel mills, produce high-quality metallur-
gical coke, even though the coals received from the mines contain
large percentages of impurities which must be reduced by washing.
The Stalin Works, near Most, the largest single consumer
of brown coal, used about 13.6 percent of the total brown coal con-
sumed in Czechoslovakia in 1953. About three-fourths of the coal
received by the plant is carbonized** in the process of making syn-
thetic fuels. Most of the remaining coal is used to generate elec-
tricity, only a small quantity being used to provide manufactured gas.
Czechoslovak data on consumption of coal at electric
power plants are deceptive. The figures represent only the consump-
tion at the.CEZ (public utility) plants, which, in the past, have
furnished a minor share of the country's electricity. Most of the
power has been produced in plants controlled by industries. It is
believed that most of the coal assigned to the mining industry, and
a large portion of the coal supplied to other industries, is used
in generating power.
* Tables 9 through 12 follow on pp. 38-43.
** A considerable part of the brown-coal coke is used by the plant
in making hydrogen.
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Industrial, or captive, power-plants produced 62 percent
of all .the electrio,p0wergpnerated4nCzechoslovakia4n 1937 and,
57 percent of, that generated itL1948. By the end of the Five :Year
however, they were to supply only 30 percent., 78/ -It seems
*probable that such a radical change in therelative7Mportance of
the public utilities and the industrial plants could have-.ibeen
lized without shifting the administration- of certain power plants
(including the,mineplants) from industry to the, UZ.-and without
increasing the production of hydroelectric power substantially,
The production of electricity has-increased from 8.27.
billion kilowatt-hours .(kwh) in. 1914.9 to12.7 billion in 1953, 79/
an increase of nearly-54 percent..
Czechoslovakia has more than 1,300 power stations with
individual installed capacities:of:at'least 100 kilowatts. The
number of smaller plants is estimated to exceed 10,000. About 88
percent of 1950 capacity was concentrated in 217 plants which had
individual capacities of at least 1,000 kilowatts. There were 15
plants of 50,000 kilowatts or more, which had almost 39 percent of
total 1950 capacity. The concentrations Of installed capacity in
large plants will be further Increased in the future. 81/ The Czech-
oslovaks announced on 12 February 1953 that several large hydro-
electric power stations were being rapidly completed and that these
stations would save thousands of wagonloads of coal. The Lipno Dam
on the Vltava River in southwestern Bohemia, the Kruzberg Dam in the
Ostrava region, and the Orava Dam in Slovakia were the stations
named. :82/
Power stations in Czechoslovakia use the lower grades of
bituminous coal, brown coal, and lignite. The heat values of ,the
various coals range from 1,800 k cal per kg for lignite up to 6,000
k cal per kg (average) for biutminous coal, with an average for all
coal of only about 3,850 k cal per kg (1949 Plan). The consumption
of coal per kwh was to decrease from 0.82 kg per kwh (1.8 pounds per
kwh) in 1948 to 0.68 kg per kwh (1.5 pounds per kwh) by the end of
1953. 83/ It is possible that these factors pertain only to the
public utilities or to large and more efficient stations, and they
are believed to be for so-called normal or standard fuel (7,000 k cal
per kg). It was mentioned in the Czechoslovak press on 15 January
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1954 that approximately 1 kg of coal is needed for the production of
1 kwh, ?.12/ which reflects the use of much low-quality coal. It was
reported inFebruary:1954 thatcluringthe Five Year Planl-the poWer-,
stations reduced the consumPtion of fuel per kwh by 12 percent. 85/
The minimum amount of coal that is believed to have been used in the
productionof electric power in 1953 is 11 million tons, oyer 19
. _ ,
percent of the country's total Coal consumption.
The volume of coal that is used at briquette plants-and-
at gasworks is relatively small. The larger industrial consumers of
coal haver:been the miningferrous metallurgy, ceramics, chemical
textile, and.glass industries. The Stalin Works, mentioned pre7
Viously, is included Withrthe chemical group.'
The.over-alkrequirements for private heating in Czech-'--
oslovakia have been expanding. Many consumers are now using coal
who did not customarily use it before. It was reported in January
1954 that the quantities used for private heating were 36 percent
greater than they were during the times of the capitalist republic. 86/
In 1937 the total quantity of coal, excluding briquettes) used for
home heating was 5,710,000 tons (4,450,000 tons were brown coal), and
in 1938 it amounted to 4,980,000 tons (3/730,000 tons were brown coal).
Thus the indicated consumption in 1953 is from 6.8 to 7.8 million tons.
' Tables 9-12* furnish estimates in tons and in 'percent
for coal consumption during the 1949-53 period. The estimates
are based on the 1949 Plan, and projections have been made on
the basis of very little information concerning ruel consumption by
most groups of consumer's. There has, probably been some conversion
from black coal"to brown coal, but it is likely:that the general
pattern of consumption has not changed appreciably during the last
few years. The estimates must be regarded as tentative,-but-they are
believed to be generally within a range of accuracy of plus or minus
10 percent.
* Tables -9-12 follow on pp. 38-43.
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Table 9
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia
1949-53
Availability
Production
Stocks (as of 1 Jan
Imports
Total
Exports
Stocks (as of 31 Dec) b
Total Availability
Consumption 2/
Mining d/
Electric Power Plants e/
Gasworks f/
Oven-Coke Plants
Mine Plants g/
Metallurgical Plants h/
Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metallurgy 1/
Briquette Plants J./
Other Industries. k/
_
Railroads 1/
Domestic Heating m/
Total Consumption
Thousand Metric Tons
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
17,043
2/
18,456
2/
18,326
20,300
26,341 a/
291
327
375
300
325
3,461
3,720
3,528
3,518
3,75c
20,795
22,503
2..2,222
24,118
211,416
781
1,235
743
438
363
327
375
300
325
325
19,687
20,893
21,186
23,355
23,728
2,700
2,900
2,900
3,100
3,100
1,150
1,275
1,450
1,700
1,750
517
543
543
556
575
5,110
5,170
5,325
5,250
5,250
2,300
2,530
2,605
3,230
3,735
1,725
1,800
1,875
1,950
2,000
365
400
400
423
423
2,550
2,675
2,850
3,175
3,200
2,100
2,225
2,300
2,500
.2,600
1,170
1,375
938
1,471
1,095
19,687
20,893
21,186
23,355
23,728
---
a. Reported officially.
? b. Stocks on 1 January 1949 are a reported figure, which may be coal at
mines only. Other figures are estimates, although they evidently do not in-
elude inventories in the hands of many cOnsumers. The expected reserves of
the railroads on 31' December 1948, for example, were 215,000 tons. 131/
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? ? ? ? ? ?
Table 9
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia
. 1949-53
(Continued)
c. The estimates are based upon requirements in the 1949 Plan. It is
believed that the majority are within a range of error or plus of minus
10 percent.
d. The planned allotment of hard coal to the mining industry during the
First Five Year Plan was 43,170,000 tons, of which 8,843,00o tons were -
planned for 1953. _ED These figures included coal to the mine coke
plants,-but estimated allocations to mining exclude those used for coking
purposes, which are Shown separately. It is believed that about 3.2 mil-
lion tons were the original planned allocations to the mining industry in
1953, which would be used mainly for generating power and are exclusive
of that for coking.
e. CEZ plants. (public utilities) Only. These plants were to provide
.most of the increase in power production.
f. Estimates are based upon requirements of 1.277 tons of coal per ton
of coke produced (1949 Plan)..
g. Estimates are based upon requirements of 1.59 tons of coal per ton of
coke production (1949 Plan).
h. Estimates are based upon requirements of 1.556 tons of coal per ton
of coke production (1949 Plan).
1. Estimates are based upon the assumption that requirements were in-
creasing moderately and steadily. .
j. Estimates are based upon coal requirements equivalent to 94 percent
of the weight of briquettes produced. The estimates of briquette pro-
duction, however, may be in error by plus or minus 50,000 tons.
k. A considerable part of the coal is consumed in. generating electricity.
The ceramics, paper, and textile industries are the main consumers.
1. Excluding hard-coal briquettes used by the railroads, which amount
to 400,000 tons or more annually.
m. The 1949 Plan called for allocations of 1,480,000 tons in that year,
and, although the demand and consumption of coal for domestic heating has
been rising, there are reports that allocations of hard coal were cut.
Estimates for domestic heating are residual and are believed to be subject
to a much greater degree of error than other estimstes.
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Table ICY
? Estimated Consumption of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia
by Various Categories of Consumers
1949-53
?Percent'
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953
Mining ,
13.7
13.9
13.7
13.3
13.1
Electric Power Plants
5.8
6.1
6.8
7.3
7.4
?Gasworks
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
Oven-Coke Plants
Mine Plants
26.0
24.7
25.1
22.5
22.1
Metallurgical Plants
11.7
12.1
12.3
13.8
15.7
Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metallurgy,
8.8
8.6
8.9
8.4
8.4
Briquette Plants
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
Other Industries
13.0
12,8
13.5
13.6
13.5
Railroads
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.7
11.0
Domestic Heating
5.9
6.6
4.4
6.2
4.6
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Table 11
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown Coal and Lignite
in Czechoslovakia
1949-53 .
Thousand Metric Tons
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953
Availability
Production
26,526 a/* 27,506 a
29,435
33,330
34,322
Stocks (as of 1 Jan) b/
492
492 -
500
600
800
Imports
0
0
0
0
0
Total
27,018
27,998
29,935
33,930
35,122
* Footnotes for Table 11 follow on p. 41.
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Table 11
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown Goal and Lignite
in Czechoslovakia
1949-53'
(continued)
1949
1950
Availability(Continued
Exports
1,416
1,435
Stocks (as of 31 Dec) b/
_
492
500
. Total Availability
25,110,
26,261
Consumption c/
Mining d/
1,600
1,675
Electric Power Plants 2/
2,700
3,000
Gasworks f/
20
20
Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metallurgy
1,450
1,550
Stalin Works_ g/
3,900
4,100
Briquette Plants h/
484
494
Other Industries 1/
6,800
7,150
Railroads 1/
3,000
3,200
Water Transport, Urban
Railroads
55
55
Domestic Heating k/.
5,101
4,819
Total Consumption 25,110 gLaa
Thousand Metric Tons
1951
1952
1953
805
600
812
800
748
850
28,530
32,318
33,52)4
1,825
2;150
2,225
3,500
4,300
4,500
25
30
35
1,700
1,900
2,000
.4,300
4,400
4,550
6.12
652
693
81000
9,100
9,500
3,425
3,700
4,000
60
70
-75
5,083
6,016
5,946
28 ,530
?
32,318
33,5211.
a. Reported officially.
b. Stocks on 1 January 1949 are reported figures, which may be at
coal mines only. Other figures are estimates.
c. The estimates are based upon requirements in the 1949 Plan. It is
believed that the majority are within a range of error of plus or minus
10 percent.
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Table 11
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown Coal and Lignite
in Czechoslovakia .
1949-53
(Continued)
d. According to the Five Year Plan allocations to mining were to
total 9,016,000 tons, of which 1,945,000 tons were the allocations ''(:)r
1953. 89/ The estimated total is 9.5 million tons, based upon higher
coal production and assumption that more was Used to produce power
than originally planned.
e. CEZ .(public utility) plans only, which were to provide an increas-
ing share of the power. Power production increased 53.6 percent from
1949 to 1953. The estimates show an increase of 66.6 percent to these
plants.
f. Excludes coal used in manufacturing gas at the Stalin Works..
g. The 1949 Plan shows total requirements as 4,067,000 tons, of which
2,894,000 tons were to be used in carbonization, 105,500 to produce
gas., and 1,061,500 tons to produce electricity. 90/ It is believed
that consumption was below plan in 1949 but has increased moderately
in the following years.
h. Estimate's are based upon coal requirements of 1.63 tons per ton of
briquettes (19)49 Plan).
i. The chemical, ceramic, and textile industries consume most of the
coal. Much of it is used to generate electricity.
j. Requirements were reported at 2,958,000 tons in the 1949 Plan.
.Considerable brown coal of poor quality had to be substituted for hard
coal. Estimates of net billion ton-kilometers increased 7 percent in
1951, 8 percent in 1952, and 10* percent in 1953.
k. The 1949 Plan called for allocations of 5,034,000 tons, which
were to be increased to 5,678,000 tons in 1953. 91/ Shortages of
hard coal and overplan production of brown coal probably resulted in
considerable substitution of brown coal. Also, the considerable
criticism of waste leads to the belief that there were heavier pur-
chases of brown coal in 1952-53.
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Table 12
Estimated Consumption of Brown Coal and Lignite in Czechoslovakia
by Various Categories of Consumers
1949-53
Percent
Mining
Electric Power Plants
Gasworks
Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metallurgy
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
6.4
10.8
0.1
5.8
6.4
11.5
0.1
6.0
6.4
12.3
0.1
6.0
6.7
13.0
0.1
6.o
6.6
13.4
0.1
6.0
Stalin Works
15.5
15.7
15.1
13.9
13.6
Briquette Plants
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
Other Industries
27.1
27.4
28.0
28.3
28.4
Railroads
11.9
12.3
12.0
11.8
11.9
Water Transport,
Railroads
Urban
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Domestic Heating
20.3
18.5
17.8
17.9
17.7
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
?E. Quality.
Coals in Czechoslovakia vary greatly in quality. They range
from low-grade lignite, containing over 4o percent moisture, to
anthracite. The anthracites in the Ostrava-Karvinna 'Basin contain as
much as 10 to 14 percent volatile matter and some probably would be
properly designated as semianthracites. The bituminous coals are re-
ported to be about on a par with those in the Ruhr District of
Germany. The Czechoslovaks rank their brown coal above their lignites,
and they are much superior to the brown coals of East Germany. In
the US, the higher grade Czechoslovak brown coals would be ranked as
sub-bituminous B or C:
The better quality coals in Czechoslovakia are located in the
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. Except for a few seams of anthracite lying
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at great depth in the southwestern part of the Ostrava district, these
coals are bituminous. In the same area, there are coals containing
15 to 25 percent volatile matter,and it is claimed that they make
excellent coke. As the coal seams bear eastward, volatile matter
increases. Gas coals (30 to 32 percent volatile matter) are found on
the west side of the Orlova fault, and high-,volatile, or steam coals
(36 to 42 percent volatile matter), are found on the east side. 92/
Fritz Selbmann, who was the East '
German Minister for Metallurgy and Ore Mining; visited the Ostrava-.
Karvinna region in June 1951 and obtained a list of the Mines, Clas-
sified according to the type of coal that each ptoduced.*. Two mines
were working seams of anthracite, and 32 mines were producing bitu-
minous coal. Of the 32 bituminous mines, 7 produced first-quality
coking coal; 4, second-quality coking coal; 13, gas coal with coking
characteristics; and 7, gas or steam (noncoking) coal. One of the 32
mines was unclattified (not operating at the time and evidently under
conttructiOn)l'but would probably be in the group furnishing first-
quality coking coal.
the -coals in the Osttava-.
Karvinna Basin are high in grade and low in moisttres ash, and sulfur.
Available analyses seem to support such statements, but apparently
they' ate based upon washed coals or face samples containing a?minimum
,of incombustible matter such as rock, or clay partings and of 'pyrite,.
which commonly occurs in coal beds. Most. of the available analyses
are ultimate -- that is, on a moistute? and ash-free basis.**
'Evidence that the mines in tne Ostrava-Karvinna'Basin are
actually producing coal with excessively high ash content is found in
a report that furnishes data on the mine-run coal supplied to wash-
eries at mine coke plants for the month of November 1950. The coal
delivered to 5 cokeries amounted to 400,826 tons, and the average ash
content ranged from 23.3 percent at the General Svoboda plant to 30.5
percent at the Jan Sverma plant. In the process of cleaning, the
average quantity of waste material eliminated amounted to 24.8 percent
* Appendix C lists the mines in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, clas-
sified according to the quality of the coal that each supplies.
** See Appendix C, Table 59, for analyses of coals from certain mines
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin.
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of the input. The ash content of the dry washed coals ranged from
?8.83 percent:at the. General Zvoboda plant to 12 Percent-at the
Trojide plant. -21g These ash-content averages, are higher than
shown in most analyses that have been given in publications.'
The high ash content of the run-of-mine Coal is the result
of the emphasis on fulfilling high production quotas and, probably,
inability' to impose penalties on miners for Careless or willful
loading of.rodk. Mining conditions furnish no incentive for the
workers to Care about quality.
The bituminous coals in other basins are generally lower in
quality than those. of the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. Kladno coals are
noncoking, but the larger and more modern coke ovens built at the
Konev plant can use as much as 15 percent of such coal in blends with
coals from the Ostrava-Karvinna-Basin. 95/ The Rosice coals, al- .
though high in sulfur, are converted to coke which, however, is not
used in blast furnaces. Some of the lower grade bituminous coals
degrade considerably when stored. --Screening is customary in all hard,
coal basins, and the fines are sent, to thermal-power stations.
The brown coals are dark brown to black in color and from
lustrous to dull in appearance. They burn with a long flame and
usually leave little ash. Those brown coals found in the North
Bohemian Basin, although their average calorific value varies with
individual mines from 3,300 to 5,600 k cal per-kg, are the best.
Generally, the quality of these particular coals improves with in-
creased depth of the seam. The higher grade coal is,usually_in the
middle part of' thebed, and about a fourth of the coal in the upper
and lower parts of the seam is low grade with alternating layers of
clay and.coal. This low-grade coal is left. in the deep mines but is
removed in strip mining. The better coal requires no cleaning.
The North Bohemian 'brown coals are.mechanically screened into
7. sizes (dust is 0 to 7 millimeters, and the largest size is: over
120 millimeters). The larger lumps are used for domestic heating and
the smaller sizes for industrial purposes. .96/ Coals from the North
Bohemian Basin are unique in that they have a high content of tar and
favorable structure for hydrogenation. These qualities account for
conbtrUCtion of the synthetic-petroleum plant near Most. 97/
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In mining the brown coals of the Sokolov Basin, as much as 4o
percent of the product at the strip mines is in fines and low-grade
coal. The chronic surplus of this coal, which had no market value,
was a handicap to development in the past (prior to 1949), for the
coal could not compete with the better coals produced in the North
Bohemian Basin. In order to utilize the fine sizes of Sokolov coal,
a calcium carbide plant was installed at Sokolov, which produces
100 tons daily, and a large power station ()-i-5,000 kw) and a gas plant
with a capacity of 60 to 100 million cubic meters of manufactured
gas were to be built and were expected to be operating in 1951 or
1952. 98/
The brown coals and lignites found in other areas are low
grade and of local importance only. The lignites contain from 30
to 4o percent moisture, they dry out rapidly, and they disintegrate
to dust when exposed to air. Furthermore, they are readily subject
to spontaneous combustion and, consequently, are unsuitable for
storage. The fines are used mainly at thermal-power stations.
Briquetting would greatly improve the utility of the lignites, but
there is no evidence to indicate that this has been done.
F. Prices of Coal and Coke.
A price list of coal and coke was published in a Prague
newspaper shortly after the monetary revaluation that became effec-
tive on 1 June 1953. This price list is given in Table 13.* Pre-
sumably, the prices are, those established at the retail level for
the city of Prague. Because. no study of prices has been made, it is
not possible to furnish any other data for, comparison with previous
periods of time or with other parts of the country. Furthermore,
because there is insufficient information about, the actual qualities
of various kinds and grades of fuel, it is not possible to make any
satisfactory comparison of the prices within the given list. It
would seem, however, that the prices have been established to equalize,.
to some extent, variations in quality.
In June 1953, Austria imported solid fuels from Czechoslovakia
at prices which were a little less than they had been in previous
months. The import prices were as follows: bituminous coal, US $20.60
per ton; brown coal, US $10.20 per ton; and coke (brown coal), US
$9.30 per ton. 99/
Table 13 follows on p. 47.
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'
Table 13
Prices of Coal and Coke in Czechoslovakia 214(7100/
11 June 1953
Type
Koruny per 100 Kg
US $ per Metric Ton 12/
Hard coal
Screened, Grade A
18.80
26.11
Screened, Grade B
18.40
25.56
Screened, Grade C
15.00
20.83
Blacksmithing, Grade A
22.00
30.56
Blacksmithing, Grade B
21.20
29.44
Mine-Run, Grade A
15.40
21.39
Mine-Run, Grade B
15.00
20.83
Mine-Run, Grade C
10.60
14.72
Dust '
12.60
17.22
Waste
9.20
12.78
Brown Coal
Coarse, Grade A
13.00
18.06
Coarse, Grade B
11.40
15.83
Coarse, Grade C
9.60
13.33
Nut, Grade A
10.40
14.44
Nut, Grade B
9.40
13.06
Nut, Grade C
9.00
12.50
Dust
7.20
10.00
Waste
7.20
10.00
Hard-Coal Coke
Screened
28.00
38.89
Foundry
29.40
40.83
Unscreened
27.00
37.50
Dust (Breeze)
11.80
16.39
Brown-Coal Coke
Screened 1L60 16.11
Unscreened 9.40 13.06
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Table 13y
Prices of Coal and Coke in Czechoslovakia a/
11 June 1953.
(Continued)
a. The prices in koruny per 100 kg were reported in a Prague news-
paper and probably became effective at the time of the currency re-
valuation. They are, presumably, retail prices in Prague.
b. Conversion is at the rate of 7.2 koruny to the US $.
G. Reserves and Deposits.
1. Reserves.
'Coal reserves in Czechoslovakia are concentrated mainly
in the Ostrava4Carvinna and the North Bohemian basins. Reserve fig-
ures, as reported by various sources, show considerable variation,
primarily the result of different standards having been adopted in
making the estimates.
According to the Czechoslovak State Geological Institute)
the country has 13 billion tons Of hard-coal reserves and 11 billion
tons of brown-coal and lignite reserves. 101/ These figures, pub-
lis):ied in January 1950, are believed to include seams at great depth,
and much of the coal may prove Uneconomical to mine.
Since World War II, Dvorak, a Czechoslovak mining en-
gineer, has furnished estimates which are more conservative. Reserves
of hard coal, consisting almost entirely of bituminous coal, and
reserves of brown coal (including lignite) were estimated by Dvorak
?at 5.5 bilJion tons and 4.7 billion tons, respectively. Of signif-
icance is the fact that 98.5 percent of the hard coal is in the
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, and the balance is distributed in 4 basins,
all of which are apparently almost exhausted. Reserves of brown coal
and lignite are ample in the North Bohemian Basin, but in other basins
they are calculated to be sufficient for only 50 to 70 years.
Dvorak's figures are shown in Table 14.* 102/
Table 14 follows on p. 49.
14-a
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Table 14
Estimated Coal Reserves of Czechoslovakia 2/
14illion.Metric Tons
Basin or Area
Black Coal
Ostrava -Karvinna
Kladno-RakciVnik
Plzen-Radnice.
Trutnov (ZacIer)
Rosice
Total
Brown Coal and Lignite
North Bohemian
Sokolov
South Bohemia (Lignite)
South Moravia (Lignite)
Handlova Basin
Total
Reserves
Duration at Rate of Extraction
5,390.0 270 Years at.20.per Year
20 Years at2.20 per Year
-138 14.Years at. 1.00.per Year..
12.0. 21 Years at 0.56 per Year -
10.0 18 Years at 0..55 per Year
5,470.2
4,077 200 Years at 20.0 per Year
429 70 Years at 6.0 per Year
-30- 60 'Yearsat 0.5 per Year
102. 50 Years at 2,0 per Year
109 54 Years at 2.0 per Year
4747
a. Data are taken from 'a secondary source, publisheli in July 1949.
2. Deposits. 103/
a. Anthracite Coal.
Anthracite coal is found in a few localities in Czecho-
slovakia but production has been very limited.
At Bradov, north of Chomutov, on ihe border of Saxony,
there is a small basin of hard coal which contains anthracite (Class
A) with a volatile-matter content of less than 5 percent. The main
seam, of 4 meters thickness, has been exhausted, hnd the remaining
seams are only 0.50 to 0.75 meter thick at a depth of approximately
145 meters.
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At Ceske Budejovice and Sevetin in the southern part
of Bohemia, there are small outcroppings of Permian anthracite (Class
B1*) and anthracite coal. Until the German occupation (1938), anthra-
cite with a high content of ash was mined at Hury and Usilne, near Ceske
Budejovice. In 1938 it was still mined at the Etna mine in Lhotice,
near Sevetin, but the seams are only 0.5 meter in maximum thickness.
Other small basins of Permian anthractie coal (Class
B1) were found west of Vlasim, near Chobot, at Semily (Horensko and
Nedvezi), and also at Cesky Brod.
anthracite is produced in the
Masaryk I and Masaryk II Mines in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. 104/
b. Bituminous Coal.
(1) Ostrava-Katvinna Basin.
The OstravaACarvinna Basin is the southwestern
extremity of a large coal basin, most of which is in Poland. The
Polish part of the basin is known as the Upper Silesian Basin. The
area of the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia 18 about 950
square kilometers, 15 percent of the whole, and is located in the
northeast corner of Moravia,.
The Ostrava-Karvinna Basin begins near Bobrovnik.
and Klimkovice and stretches eastward into Poland. The southern
fringe of the basin has not been definitely established, but coal
deposits were followed as fat as Valasske Mezirice, and at Frenstat
thin seams were drilled at a depth of 700 meters. On the border of
Slovakia and Polish Upper Silesia, no coal was found to a depth of
1,155 meters.
The basin has two major faults, the great Orlova,
fault and the Michalkovice fault, extending from the southwest to the
northeast. They divide the basin into 3 districts: Ostrava, Sattel,
and Karvinna. .105/ the basin
Is divided by the OrloVa fault into two parts:
Ostrava; and the eastern, or Karvinna.
?s
* Probably semi-anthracite.
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the western, or
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The geology of the basin is further complicated by
a number of transverse faults extending in an east-west direction,
notably the Michael, Mariana, and Eleanora faults. These earth move-
ments have displaced and altered the coal seams. The oldest formations,
which outcrop west of the city of Ostrava, dip steadily eastward, with
several interruptions by faults, and are successively Covered by
younger formations, of which the Karvinna deposits are the uppermost.
The coal-bearing formations are overlaid by Miocene strata consisting
of clay overlaid by sands and conglomerates.
The basin contains a great many seams of different
thickness. There are more than 300 which exceed 1 centimeter (cm), and
there are 173 which exceed 30 cm. The thickest seams, which are
found in the Karvinna district, are over 5 meters thick in some places.
The seams in the Ostrava district are generally 1 meter or less in
thickness and seldom exceed 2 meters.
Table 15* shows, from the top to the bottom of
each formation, tne number of seams, total thickness of seams exceeding
30 cm in thickness, and thickness of formations in the Ostrava and
Karvinna districts.
Petrashek divides the seams according to the
types of coal mined as follows: Ostrava district: Rothschild to
Vincent, anthracite Bl; Adolph to 'Rothschild, coking coal B2; Prokop
to Adolf, gas coal B3. Karvinna district: mostly coking coal.
The Ostrava district has good coking coals, but
coking cnaracteristics become progressively lower from west to east.
Although some of the coals in the Karvinna district are of coking qual-
ity and these are the ones mostly mined, they do not make as good coke
as do the coals in the Ostrava district. Karvinna coals are generally
gas coals. The mines in the Karvinna district are highly gaseous, and
in the past there have been many disastrous explosions.
Ostrava coals contain about 2 percent moisture ani
the Karvinna coals about 5 percent. Ash content is reported to range
from 3 to 15 percent, the lower percentages in the upper seams.
,the ash content of coal as mined is considerably
higher, varying from 15 to 30 percent.
* Table 15 follows on p. 52.
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Table 15 -
Coal,SeaMs:in the 06trava4Carvinna Basin of Czechoslovakia
Formation
Ostrava-District
.
'Number
of Seams
7hickness ThiCknesc?
of Seams Of Strata
(Meters) (Meters):
, .
Seam Prokolvto'Jan 15 -
-Seam jan'to-,Adolf -'21
Barren Strata'
Seam Emma to X 19
Seam X to Karel: 17
Seam' Karel to Ludvik ' 16
Seam LUdvik to ROthgchild -20
Seam Rothbehild to Vincent 7
Total
115
Karvinna District
Nadlozi to Seam Ludvik
27
Seam Ludvik to Hubert
10
Seam Hubert to Kazimir
6 '
Seam Kazimir to Veronika
8
Seam Veronika to Pochhammer
7
:TOtal
16.7
740
14.4
321
200
'10.7 '
413
11.9
443
' 11.7
580
124
435
5.1-
171
82.6
3,303
24
9
9
10
18-
330
130
100
230
58' 70 ? 901"
In the OstravaACarvinna Basin, there are about
36.olberatina.-Mines concentrated in an' area 4" Only 160 square kilo-
Meters The distance frOt Moravska to Karvinha is 14Acilotheters.
Olitside YOf.thiS'area of'theOstraVa-KarVinna Basins there iS:nO
mining-at the present time. 'South of Moravbka Ostrava the seams
have considerable rock partinga.'
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_ _ _ _ _ _
All of the mines are undergOund operations. Shafts
vary from 285 to 664 meters in depth, but most are from 350 to 450
meters in depth,
(2) Kladno (Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany) Basin.
The KladnO Basin is in the central Bohemian area
of Czechoslovakia, and its borders roughly extend on the north from
Kralupy to the vicinitY of Domosice and on the south from east of
Kladno.to Petrovice. In size and in production of bituminous coal,
this basin is second only to the,0strava-Karvinna Basin. _
In the southern part of the Kladno Basin) the
Radnice seams, the lowest seamS'in the Central Bohemian coalfields, are
predominant; and the Kounov (or Siany) seam is the most important in
the north. The Nyx'any seam, between the Radnice Seams and the-Kounov'
seam, forms an isolated island in the neighborhood of Luben And Senec,
where it is 0.8"to .,1.8,meters.thick.
The two Radnice seams, upper and lower, appear at
a depth of 15 meters and continue at almost the same depth across
Brandysek, Kladno to Kamenne Zebrovice, reappear near Rynholec and
Rakovnik, and then disappear near Petrovice and Zavidov in the south-
west. Their total length is apprately 60 kilometers. The northern
limits have not been fully surve or explored. They have been
traced as far as Motycin, but at this point the Radnice seams fall to
a great depth in a northeast direction and are faulted. At Lfbusin
they are found at a depth of 1,309 meters. The eastern boundary of
these seams is the Vltava River at,Kralupy, but it is possible that
they pass eastward under the Vltava and are covered there by chalk
formations.
. The average depth and thickness of the main'tupper)
Radnice seam in various 'localities are as follows:
Location
Depth (Meters) Thickness (Meters)
Kladno 360 to 420 13
Minice 15 1.5 to 2
Votvovice 60 to 80 3 to 5
Rynholec 300 2.5
Kamenne Zebrovice N.A. 4 to 6
Ruda N.A. 0.3 to 0.9
Rakovnik N.A. 3 to 5
Lubna 80 1.5 to 3
Petrovice 20 to 30 1 to 1.8
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The bottom Radnice seam is 1.5 to 2.5 meters thick
and in places is divided into several benches.
The Kounov seam may be defined, and its southern
limit placed, by drawing a line from the east at Velvar across Notm-
erice, Studnovec, Hvezda, KrusOvice and Knezeves, and perhaps as far
as Klecetne. The northern limit, covered by chalk formations, has not
been defined and apparently Vanishes along a line extending across
Kvilice,.Zabor, Mila, Kroucova, Lhota pod Dzbanem, and Kounov. At the
southern edge the seam is shallow and is mined at varying depths of
from 5 to 130 meters. It is nearest the surface in the neighborhood of
Pozden, and its greatest depth is 127 meters at Jedomelice.
The Kladno coal of the main Raanice seam is a high-
volatile, noncoking coal. ,Its moisture content ranges from 8 to 20
percent. In the center of the basin between Kladno and Bustehrad the
ash content ranges from 8 to 20 percent but is usually from 10 to 15 per-
cent. The washed, quality coal averages under 5 percent ash and less
than 8 percent moisture. Sulfur content is usually 0.3 to 0.6 percent.
The calorific value is usually 5,300 to 6,300 k cal per kg, and washed
coals may have calorific Values as high as 6,800 k cal per kg.
. Slany coals have a moisture content that is gen-
erally between 15 and 25 percent but is sometimes higher. The ash con-
tent varies greatly but is usually about 20 percent. In some cases,
the ash content is only 10 percent, btkkit sometimes exceeds 30 percent.
The calorific value is usually betweergh,000 and 5,000 k cal per kg.
The sulfur content is usually about 3 percent, although it may run as
high as 6. percent.
Rakovnik coals range from 10 to 21 percent mois-
ture content, and they average more than 15 percent. Their ash content
is highly variable, although the fusion point is usually high, some-
times over 1,600 degrees Centigrade. Sulfur content is very low,
sometimes under 0.2 percent. The heat value of the best coal does not
exceed 5,600 k cal per kg, is usually between 4,0.00 and 5,000 k cal
per kg, and occasionally is less tnan 4,000 k cal per kg.
Kounov coals contain 18 to. 20 percent moisture,
10 to 21 percent ash and, frequently, a very large amount of sulfur
(over 5 percent). The calorific value is between 4,000 and 5,000 k
cal per kg.
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Although the Kladno coals are noncoking, they are
uSed at the Konev coke plant in KIadno. They have to be blended with
coals from the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, however, and only 15 percent
of the Kladno fines can be used in the blended coal.
There are about 31 shaft mines in the district, but
it is probable that a third or more of these may not be in operation.
The most important mines are concentrated in the
southeastern part of the basin and include the following: Zdenek
Nejedly, Vaclav Nosek, General Svoboda, Fierlinger II (formerly
President benes), and Klement Gottwald. 107/
The mines are obsolescent, geological conditions
are difficult and mechanization is inadequate. 108/
there is near the
Nejedly Mine a power plant which has a capacity of 35,000 kw. 109/
(3) Plzen and Radnice Basins.
The coal-bearing formations near Plzen include
the same series of coal seams found to the northeast in the Kladno
Basin. Actually, the Plzen and Radnice basins are separate, but they
are discussed together here because of their proximity and because
their production is combined. The small Radnice basin is about 20
kilometers northeast of Plzen. The Plzen Basin, which is larger, ex-
tends southward from the west of Plzen, and all except one of the
mines are located within a radius of 12 to 15 kilometers west to south
of the city.
Tt is very difficult to give the precise extent
of the seams in these basins, for the hilly substratum divides the
lowest seams into small basins, outcroppings, and traces. Further-
more, the upper seams show effects of late erosion and overflow of re-
ceding waters, which caused cleavages in formations originally whole.
Radnice seams appear to be missing altogether in
places, in the northwestern part of the original Plzen Basin, for
example, but near Dobrany, south of Plzen, they are very well de-
veloped. The bottom Radnice seam has a thickness here of 2.0 to
2.2 meters and is sufficiently clean to be mined. Generally, the
Radnice seams show a great irregularity, even in places not far
distant from each other.
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The Nyrany seam extends in a narrow strip from
the former St. Pankrac mines', where the ,Krimich mine is, the, only-one:
in operation, 'across. Nyrany to-Kotvice. The seam reappears again in .
an unimportant islandmear'Tremosna.
The KOunov seam was opened for mining at Kusti,
Ledec, -Vseruby, Zitov, and Ladmerice.
Thickness-of the seams varies greatly. In the
Plzen Basin there are some seams 1,5 to 3.5 meters thick and some-5
to 6 metersAhidk., Near Bras, in the Radnice Basin, seams are,upto
11. meters thick. In Merklift, they are between 1.5. and 2 meters thick.
The coals. 'vary greatly in quality. In the Radnice
seams the coals are high volatile andnoncoking, although pear
Chotesov the coal was coking coal. At one time there was a coking
plant at Chotesov. These coals hava moisture -content of 5 to 10
percent.. Ash-content is sometimes lower than 5 percent, is usually
between 7 and 12 percent, and often exceeds 15 percent.
The Nyrany seam coal has a-dall appearance and con-
tains over 50 percent volatile matter, but it is claimed to be good
coking coal. KounovseaM coal is similar to the coal from the same,
seam in the Kladno-Rakovnik Basin.
Although the majority of the mines_inthe Plzen--
.
Radnice Basin are not deep,-usually only about 50 meters, there are
in Nyrany mines 150 meters deep-; in Mantov, 280 meters deep; near
Tynec, 460 meters deep; and in Cerveny Ujezd, up to 750 meters deep,'
There are about 22 mines in the two basins, but
4 of .these were not operating in 1947, At that time, there were 6
mines working in the neighbohhood of Radnice and lljn the Plzen
Basin.: Information for.1951 indicates that there is major production
at-the Matylda, Ferdinand, and Prokop mines 'in the Radnice area, but
that the bulk of the total production comes from the Plzen Basin.,
The Masaryk and Masaryk Jubilee mines near Zbuch, the Krimich II mine
near Tlucna, and the Dobre Stesti mine near Dobrany are the major
mines-. Each of them furnished from 15,000 to 36,000 tons Monthly in
1951. 110/ .
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,(4) Trutnov (Zacler-Syatonovice) Basin.
The Trutnov Basin in Czechoslovakia is an extension
of the Lower Silesian (Waldenburg) Basin, which underlies a large area
on the Polish side of the border.
The deposits are found in three places; near
Lampertice and Zacler, near Male Svatonovice and Radvanice, and near
Hranov and Zdarek. There are three distinct strati-graphic zones;
Zacler, Svatonovice, and Radvanice. These zones are formed by nu-
merous relatively thin and ashy parallel seams.
The lowest zone, the Zacler, is composed of 30
seams. Abouthalf,ofthese,,haye_ a thickness of rom 0.6 to 3.0
meters and have been ,mined. ;Near Svatonovice, ;the seamd disappear.
Near Zdarek, they reappear but there they have been coMpletely worked
out.
,
.The SvatonOvice zone. is composed of the main seam,
more than 2,Meters inthickness, and 3:to 4 seams of,from 0..4 to 4.0,
meters-inthickness:.
The Radvanice zone contains a total of 8 seams,
3 ,of which can be mined profitably,. These 3 are from 0.4 to 1.0 meter
in thickness. Mining is done at various depths from 30 to 550 meters.
These Trutnov Basin coals are similar in proper-
ties to those of the Rosice-Oslavany Basin and can be coked, although
they are not used for that purpose. Moisture content variesfram 1
to 4 percent. the better quality coals have an ash content of from
10 to 20 percent, but some of the coals in the basin have ash contents
of from 20 to 30 percent. There are also some poor-quality coals with
an ash content of over 40 percent. These are used by the local power.
industry.
industry. In the lower ash coals, sulfur content is approximately 3
percent, and as ash content increases so does sulfur, which is chiefly.,
pyritic in excess of 5 percent.
There are about 10 mines, in the Trutnov Basin.
The Julie and Marie Mines at Lampertice are operated together. The
Fanny Mine is exhausted, :and theold_Shaft,is used to ventilate the
. Julie and Marie Mines. These 2 mines employ-about 1,000 workers on
three 8-hour shifts. 111/.,
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The Tmavy Mine at Svatonovice is working three
levels. Mining is done with compressed-air drills, and most of the
machinery is old. This mine is connected with the Ida Mine, through
which coal is brought to the surface. The Tmavy Mine employs from
4o0 to 450 workers. 112/
(5) Rosice-Oslavany Basin.
The Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia is
located in southwestern Moravia and extends in a narrow strip from
Rosice (west of Brno) south to Oslavany. It covers an area of ap-
proximately 45 square kilometers.
There are three seams in the basin. The top, or
main, seam is composed of three benches separated by thin partings.
The-top bench is 0.4 to 1:6 meters thick; the center bench is 0.3
to 2.2 meters thick; and the bottom behch, wnich contains more
foreign matter, is from 0.3 to 1.4 meters thick. The middle seam
lies at levels from 60 to 190 meters beneath the main seam,, and its
thickness is 0.5 to 1.0 meter. The third, or bottom, seam is very
thin and has not been mined at all. All of the seams are deep, and
mining is carried on at depths of from 500 to 800 meters.
The moisture content of these_Rosice-Oslavany Basin
coals varies from 1 to 4 percent but is generally less than 3 percent.
Ash content varies from 10 to 20 percent, and it usually has a very
low fusion point, sometimes below 1,100 degrees Centigrade. Sulfur
content is high, and the cbals make poor-quality coke. The heating
value of the better grade coal is 3,900 to 5,500 k cal per kg (7,000
to 10,000 Btu per pound).
The coals in the basin are brittle, and the major-
ity of the mine-run consists of the finer sizes (pea and buckwheat).
Lump and egg sizes constitute only 10 percent, and dust (under 6
millimeters) makes up 40 percent. The coal dust-is made into briquettes
or is crushed for foundries and thermal power plants in Brno and
Oslavany. Some of the small sizes (pea and buckwheat) are made into
coke at the small plant in Zbysov.
In the Rosice-Oslavany Basin there are as many
as seven operating mines, of which the Vaclav Nosek (formerly Kukla)
and Antonin mines are reportedly the best mechanized pits with the
highest outputs. Much of the machinery, however, was installed during
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the German occupation. The output of the Vaclav Nosek mine goes
almost exclusviely to the Oslavany power plant. 113/ Each of the
larger mines can produce 500 to 1,000 tons daily, and each employs
600 to 1,500 workers, including many prisoners. 114/
the Antonin coal is very soft and that ineffective
timbering in the mine has caused several severe accidents. 115/
c. Brown Coal and Lignite.
(1) North Bohemian (Duchcov-Teplice-Chomutov) Basin.
The North Bohemian Basin extends about 62 kilo-
meters in a relatively narrow strip, varying from 1 to 12 kilometers
in width, from Trmice, near Usti nad Labem, southwest through Most and
Chomutov to Kadan and Postoloptry. At its center, near Most, it is
about 12 kilometers in width.
There is one important seam, which is found in the
Miocene formation, and there are several seams of no commercial im-
portance in the Oligocene formation.
The main seam is uniform in the greater part of
the basin, but near the border partings appear in the seam and grow
thick as they bear west until they divide it into three benches.. The
greatest thickness of the seam is 130 Meters at Kopisty, and in other
. places it is as much as 40 meters in thickness. Over much of the basin,
however, the thickness is from 10 to 14 meters.
The overburden varies from 20 meters at the outcrop
on the borders to 500 meters at the deepest place, in the vicinity of
Osek. The seam dips steeply southward from the Erzgebirge Mountain's,
flattens out, and then ascends to the outcrop in the southeast. In
some places the cover contains large beds of quicksand. In most mines
In the basin, water has also been a problem. .
In the past, possibly more than 75 percent of the
production in the North Bohemian Basin consisted of better grade coal,
which comes from the middle part of the seam. This coal has only 2
to 3 percent ash, 20 to 28 percent moisture, and a heating value of
4,000 to 6,100 k cal per kg. The top and bottom parts of the bed are
'low-grade coal with alternating layers of clay and coal. On the top
of these deposits, in many of the mine fields, is a 1- to 2-meters-
thick layer of shaly-type coal having 30 to 40 percent ash and
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15 to 20 percent moisture. The heating value of the low-grade Coal
.is only 2,400 to 3,600 k cal per kg. Economic mining of the low-
grade coal-is possible only in highly meChanized strip-mines,
Mine fields to the west of a line from Most to
Litvinov have an overburden of 20 to 125 meters, and the coal is
distinguished by a very high tar content, from 10 to 15 percent of
the original wet substance. The largest strip mines are concen-
trated in the central part of the basin, in the Most-Ervenice-
Zaluzi area
Coal fields to the east of the Most-Litvinov
line have excellent coal, generally at depths of 160 to 500 meters.
Except for a few strip mines on the border of the basin, all of the
mines in this 'eastern area of the basin are underground operations.
From 30 to 40 percent of the low-grade top coal was formerly left
in the mine. The tar content in these coals is lower that it is in
the coals in the western part of the basin, 2 to 6 percent, but mois-
ture is also lower, varying from 15 to 18 percent, Ash content varies
from 2 to 8 percent, and the heating value is from 4,500 to 6,100 k cal
per kg.
(2) Sokolov Basin.
The Sokolov Basin is located in the northwestern
part of Bohemia and is southwest of the North Bohemian Basin, from
which it is separated by a mountain range. It extends for about 30
kilometers from the vicinity of Karlovy Vary to Pochlovice and has a
maximum width of 8 kilometers. For the most part, it lies north of
the Ohre River.
In the basin there are three coal seams, which do
not underlay the entire area. The lowest seam, the Josef, is in 3
benches with a total thickness of 6 to 7 meters in the west and 4 to
5 meters in the east. This seam has 40 percent water content and, in
many places, considerable ash. The heat value of the coal in this
seam ranges from 3,500 to 4,500 k cal per kg.
The middle seam, the Anezka, is about 30 to 50
meters above the lower seam. It lies in the:western part Of the-basin, ,
to the north and west of Sokolov, and is 2 to 8 meters-in thickness.
This coal ranges from 20 to 30 percent moisture, from 4 to 9 percent
ash, and from 4,200 to.4,500 k cal per kg. In the vicinity of Dolni.
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Rychnov and at Habartov, there is in this bed some brown boghead
coal, which sometimes has less than 10 percent Water content.
The upper seam, the Antonin, also known as the
lignite seam, is from 15 to 30 meters thick. It lies from 14 to
180 meters deep. The coal is brown to dark brown in color and has
many "red" partings. In some places the coal is hard and in other
places soft. The coal has over 40 percent water content and from
3 to 10 percent ash content. The calorific value varies from
3,200 to 3,500 k cal per kg. Three-fourths of the resources of the
Sokolov Basin are found in the Antonin seam.
In isolated parts of the basin, the Jan mine at
Pila, for example, there is some so-called "wax" coal mined.
The Sokolov coal is divided, according to the
quality, into 5 price classes. The calorific value of the larger
sizes varies from 3,100 to 4,700 k cal per kg. The run-of-mine coal
is rather wet, some having up to 45 percent moisture content. The
small coal of 0 to 12 millimeters, called "grits," generally contains
more ash. The proportion of the small sizes of coal in the total
output is very high, chiefly in open-cast mines, where it reaches
40 percent. In underground mines, the small-size coal usually does
not exceed 25 percent of the total output.
The Sokolov coal is utilized in the district's
well-developed chemical, ceramic, and glass industries. The small
sizes of coal, mainly of inferior quality, are used in local plants
for generating power.
For domestic heating, the coal is briquetted
without the addition of any binding material. In 1948 there were five
briquette plants in operation, and a large new one was under con-
struction.
In 1948, there were 26 mines of varying capacities
in operation, 7 of. which were open-cast mines.
(3) Cheb Basin.
The Cheb Basin is small and is separated from the
Sokolov Basin by the mountains running between Kacerov and Mariansky
Chlum.
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In the Cheb Basin there As 1 coal seam with a
thickness occasionally over 30 meters. The seam has a parting 0.5
meter wide, dividing it into 2 benches, of which the upper is composed
of less valuable lignite coal. The lower bench consists of soft, .
earthy coal, which lends itself easily to briquetting and has a low
ash content and a 40-percent moisture content. In the lower bench
there are occasional occurrences of so-called wax coal.
The main pits in the basin are near Kynsperk,
Pochlovice, and Zweifelsreute (Cizebna), but production is small.
(4) North Bohemian (Zittau) Lignite Basin.
At the extremity Of the Zittau lignite basin, in
northern Bohemia, there is one single open-pit mines at Hradek nad
Nisou. The calorific value of this lignite varies from 2,000 to
2,800k cal per kg, and the moisture content is about 40 percent.
(5) South Bohemian Lignite Basins.
There are several small lignite basins in a wide
area around Ceske Budejovice. These basins extend to the south as far
as Kamenne Ujezd, to the east as far as Veseli, to the north as far as
Pisek and Strakonice, and to the west as far as Vodnany.
The richest deposits are north of Zliv, near
Mydlovary; near Protivin; and near Zdar. The basins do not exceed a
deptn of 50 meters. They contain lignite mixed with earthy brown coal,
and the thickness is generally from 1 to 8 meters with a maximum: of
12 meters.
There is information of only two mines producing
lignite in this basin during the postwar years. They are the Svatopluk
mine at Mydlovary, which supplies fuel to the local power station, and
the Jaroslav mine near Ujezd.
(6) South Moravian Lignite Basin.
The basin covers a wide area around Hodonin
and has not been thoroughly investigated. There are probably two seams
of lignite, of which the Hodonin seam is the uppermost. The seams
vary from 1 to 5 meters in thickness. The workable seam is from 2.5
to 4.0 meters in thickness and is from 2 to 250 meters in depth.
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The .Alexander Mine (1931); Breux, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia
The "VACLAV" State Mine (1931); Pomba, Silesia, Czechoslovakia
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Cantilever Excavator at Open-Pit Brown-Coal Mine (1952);
Most, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia
Excavator at. Open-Pit Brown-Coal Mine (1952); Bohemia,
Czechoslovakia
r--
Open-Pit Brown-Coal Mine, Defenders of Peace (1952);
Bohemia, Czechoslovakia
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? 4".
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The lignite has 35 to 40 percent moisture, 20 to
25 percent ash, and a calorific value of 2,500 to 3,900 k cal per kg. 116/
a large thermal-electric 50X1
power plant was under construction near Hodonin. The plant would op-
erate on lignite from mines near Ratiskovice. The lignite contains
considerable water, and its heat content is only 2,000 k cal per kg.
A special installation in the new plant would dry the lignite, then
pulverize and burn it. 117/
Mines of relatively small capacity, opened by
Bata from 1933 to 1936 supply the ralatively low-grade coal to
local markets, including the power station at Gottwaldov. The mines
are equipped with highly mechanized equipment, and operation is eco-
nomical in spite of the low quality of the coal.
There are 12 to 14 mines in the basin, the majority
located in the vicinities of Dubnany, Kelcany, Ratiskovice, and Bzinec.
(7) Handlova Basin.
The Handlova Basin, located in western Slovakia,
has the largest coal deposits in the province, and mines are operating .
at Handlova and Novaky:
There are 2 seams in the Handlova district. The
upper seam, also called the "main" seam, is 3 to 9 meters thick,
and the lower seam, which is about 30 meters below the upper, is 1.5
to 2 meters thick. :The lower seam is not developed throughout, and at
some places it is unworkable. The seams belong to the Upper Mediter-
ranean stage of the Miocene epoch. They dip less than 10 to 15 degrees
and are considerably dislocated by faults. The thickness of the-over-
burden increases, north to south, from 0 to 400.meteTs. Known deposits
in the Handlova district are reported to be small.
The calorific value of the Handlova coal varies,
according to depth, from 4,500 to6,000 k cal per kg. At Handlova,
.there is a modern "Chance-Sand" preparation plant for washing the sizes
of coal from 13 to 200 millimeters. The washed coal is consumed in
Slovakia as local industrial and household fuel. The unwashed coal of
0 to 13 millimeters is burned in the mine power plant.
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In the Novaky district, west. of Handlova, there is
only one seam. It is 7 to 10 meters thick and of the same geologic
age as the seams in the Handlova district. The structure Of this coal
is lignitic, and the calorific value is lower than that of the Handlova
coal, varying from.2,400 to 3,500 k cal per kg. The moisture content
is about 40 percent, And ash content is from 25 to 30 percent. The re-
sources were estimated at about 70 million tons.
there are 7 mines operating
at Handlova and 4 others at Novaky. The first mine at Novaky was
opened during World War II. In 1948, capacity at Novaky was 1,200
tons daily but was to be raised to 4,500 tons.
(8) Modry Kamen Deposits:.
In March 1948,.a Czechoslovak newspaper announced
that a new coal mine was opened in the Vicinity of Potor in the Modry
Kamen (16 kilometers southwest of Lucenec) district in southern
Slovakia.- The coal seam belongs to the same coal-bearing formation as
the Salgotarjan coal basin in Hungary. The quality of the coal was
alleged to be eqUal to that of the coal from Handlova. 118/ 50X1
45 borings had been made and sinking of shafts 50X1
was planned. The area of the coal bed was estimated at 250 square kilo-
meters. It was expected that mines could start working after completion
of a rail line to Modry Kamen from Lucenec. 119/ 50X1
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in the
area of Blauenstein (Modry Kamen) a new town was being erected which
Would be named Sidliste and would have 20,000 inhabitants. Because of
the poor quality of the coal, the deposits in the area had not been
exploited for some time. In 1945 a mine was reactivated, and since
then new tines were opened in six communities. Some of the miners were
to be billeted in the new town, which was intended as a center of
this coal area. The quality of the coal was still poor. 121/
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H. Mines and Mining Methods.
1. Mines.
. Although there are approximately 250 coal mines in Czecho-
slovakia,* the number in actual operation may be less than 230., A
1948 list of mines showed that some were idle and that several smaller
mines were to be closed down or merged with others. The concentration
of smaller mines into a reduced number of large ones was expected to
permit more economical surface operations, mainly in preparation
plants, which, with the concentration of haulage and hoisting systems,
could be operated by modern machines and methods.
There are about 109 hard coal mines in Czechoslovakia, of
which 37 are in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin and 31 are in the Kladno-
Rakovnik Basin. With the exception of two anthracite mines in the
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, and possibly one at Lhotice in southern
Bohemia, all of these mines are producers of bituminous coal. All of
the hard-coal mines (anthracite and bituminous) are underground
operations.
Most of the brown-coal mines, numbering about 119, are lo-
cated in the North Bohemian (70 mines) and the Sokolov (31 mines)
basins in Bohemia. There were at least 31 strip mines in these 2
basins and 10 others that have been operated by both deep and strip
methods. In 1948, however, there were only 53 mines operating in the
North Bohemian Basin and 26 in the Sokolov Basin.
In Czechoslovakia there are about 22 lignite mines, of
which 14 are in the Southern Moravian Basin and 4 at Novaky in
Slovakia. All of the lignite mines are deep mines, except two mines
in southern Bohemia and another at Hradek nad Nisou in Northern
Bohemia which are producing strip coal.
. It has been reported that in 1939, 55 percent of the brown
coal came from undergound mines and 45 percent from strip mines, but
in 1948 the situation was reversed. 122/ During that year, 54 percent
of the production in the Sokolov Basin, for example, came from strip
mines. 123/
* A list of Czechoslovak coal mines and locations is given in Ap-
pendix D, Tables 60-73. Photographs of representative Coal mining
operations in Czechoslovakia follow p, 62.
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2. Mining Methods.
Deep Mines.
Underground mines have been developed by sinking
vertical shafts, some of which exceed 600 meters in depth.- The shafts
in the bituminous-coal fields are generally much deeper than are those
in the brown-coal and lignite fields. It is believed that the majority
of the mining operations in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin and some of
those in other hard-coal field's are exploiting morethan one seam.
Mining conditions are generally difficult and hazardous.
The mines producing brown coal and lignite, as well as those producing
bituminous coal in the Kladno Basin, are operating in seams where the
coal is easily susceptible to spontaneous combustion, and special pre-
cuations must be taken to prevent fires. Several reports refer to
the fact that there have been mine fires in recent years. Furthermore,
roof conditions are a problem in working the thick seams in those mines.
In the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, many mines are very gaseous, and occa-
sionally there have been disastrous explosions.
The methods of mining used depend mainly Upon the
thickness and hardness of the coal, the pitch of the seam, and the
stability of the roof. Thick beds of coal (more than 2 meters) are
generally worked by the room-and-pillar system, in some cases with
backfilling but usually with roof caving. It is customary to mine
thinner seams (2 meters and less) by the longwall system, with
backfilling.
Except in the Novaky mines in Slovakia, virtually all
of the brown coal and lignite from the underground mines is extracted
by blasting from the solid and by using handpicks or pneumatic pick-
hammers. Significantly, mining with pickhammers or mechanical drill's
is regarded in Czechoslovakia as mechanized mining. Cutting machines
are in general use at the mines in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. Mines
In the other hard-coal basins, however, are relatively unmechanized,
and it is believed that most of the coal is dug with pickhammer8.
Very few cutting machines have been employed in the brown-coal mines,
mainly because of roof conditions and the softness of the coal. The
presence of considerable gas has been responsible for the prevalent
use of compressed-air equipment at many hard-Coal mines.
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Although mechanical loaders were imported from the US
after World War II and are known to be in use in the Ostrava-Karvinna
Basin and at Novaky, coal is loaded almost entirely by hand shoveling
into small cars or conveyors. Mechanical loading will increase con-
siderably if combines prove Successful and can be installed in
quantity.
Combines are machines designed to cut, break, and load
coal in one operation. They are used in conjunction with conveyors.
The most satisfactory combine produced by the USSR is the Donbas
combine, and a few of them have been imported by the CzechosloVaks.
More than 250,000 tons of coal were produced in 1953 in the Ostrava-
Karvinna .Basin with the assistance of combines. Only 3 Donbas com-
bines Were in use there at the beginning of the year.; 124/
automatic loaders and 10 combines
output in that basin. 125/
127,500 tons of coal were extracted
with combines in the last quarter of 1953 and that miners would hew
a million tons With Soviet-made Donbas combines in 1954. 126/
handle 4 percent of the
' The Czechoslovak mines use shaker and belt conveyors,
but there are indications that all new conveyors used will be the
scraper type at the working face. In the Soviet coal industry,
shaker conveyors were too slow and inefficient for the combines and
have been largely replaced with scraper conveyors. The General
Manager of the Czechoslovak mines stated in an article published in
January 1951 that there was no large-scale mechanization in 1950,
because all efforts in that direction were blocked by the shortage
of scraper conveyors. Mechanization could not be accomplished without
them, and the shortage prevented a better utilization of other mining
machinery. No scraper conveyors were made in Czechoslovakia in
1950. 127/ It is believed that. the availability of scraper conveyors
had not improved in 1953. The Czechoslovaks were only beginning to
produce these machines in 1952, and very few, apparently, had been
imported from the USSR. It is claimed, however, that the Ostrava-
Karvinna Basin had 10 times as many belt conveyors in use in 1953 as
in 1938.
Although most of the belt conveyors are probably used
in transporting coal in main haulageways, the bulk of the coal reaches
the shafts in small pit cars moved by either locomotive or cable. Lo-
comotives are of three types: pneumatic, electric, and diesel.
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Prior tc, World War II, the mines had adequate coal-
preparation facilities, but increased output, particularly of brown
coal, and generally higher content of impurities, have been too much
for the facilities at many mines and have resulted in lower quality
of output. The standard practice is to run the raw coal over screens
and picking tables, although coking coal in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin
must be washed.
b. Strip Mines.
Favorable conditions for strip mining are found in
certain parts of the North Bohemian and Sokolov basin's, where the coal
lies beneath a moderate thickness of overburden which is not especially
difficult to remove. All of the known strip mines in the country, ex-
cept one at Hradek nad Nisou in morthern Bohemia and 2 others in south-
ern Bohemia at Mydlovary and Cicenice, are located in these 2 brown-
coal basins.
Before the war the ratio of overburden to coal was
usually 2 to 1. It was economical to remove 40 meters of overburden
to exploit a coal seam 20 meters in thickness. In the postwar years,
use of improved conveying and distributing equipment has permitted
economical mining where the ratio of overburden to coal is 4 to 1. It
is claimed that as much as 120 meters of overburden can be handled
economically, even where part of the coal has been removed by under-
ground methods. 128/ In 1953, the open-cast mines removed 14 million
cubic meters more earth than in 1949. 129/
The largest and most ri,odern strip mines, located
near Most in the North Bohemian Basin,. were developed Primarily to
supply the Stalin synthetic fuel plant at Zaluzi and the power station
at Ervenice. These mines remove the overburden with electrically
driven chain-bucket and bucket-wheel excavators with stripping capa-
cities of 1,000 cubic meters per hour. The coal is loaded with power
shovels which have a bucket capacity of 7 cubic meters. and load 300
tons per hour. The coal is transported in special side-dump cars with
88 cubic meters (60 tons) capacity hauled by electric locomotives
weighing 150 tons. For transporting the overburden material, standard-
gage electric trains with cars of 36 cubic meters capacity are used. 130/
Three large mines near Most have been contributing a
substantial part of the brown-coal production. The planned annual
capacities of these mines were as follows; Jan Sverma, 6.5 million tons;
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President Roosevelt, 4.5 millition tons; and Mir (formerly President
Benes), 2.5 million tons.
the Mir Mine is the largest. Prior to 1950 these mines were
operating well below their planned capacities and were loading coal
with power shovels Obtained from Germany in the years before the end
of World War II. Some of the shovels were of the steam type, but
newer models were electric. Many of the shovels were built by DEMAG
in Germany. The Skoda E-7, with a bucket capacity of 7 cubic meters,
is replacing the older machines.
Much of the brown coal produced in the North Bohemian
Basin does not require cleaning, but that produced by strip mining
contains more impurities, and the proportion of fines is about 40 per-
cent. On 2 April 1954, a new cleaning plant was put into operation
for a trial period at Komorany to wash sttip coal from the Most dis-
trict, 131/ and a cleaning plant was also built in the Sokolov Basin
in recent years.
I. Mechanization.
1. General.
Prior to World War II the coal mines in Czechoslovakia
were considered to be as highly mechanized as any in Europe. Although
the machinery and equipment were largely of Germany origin, many problems
had been solved better than they had been in Germany. The strip mines
in the brown-coal fields and the deep mines in the Ostrava-Karvinna
Basin were relatively well equipped and were efficient producers.
There was little mechanization, however, in the deep mines of the brown-
coal fields where, because of the low prices of the coal, little in-
vestment had been made in machinery. 132/
During World War II the condition of machinery deteriorated
substantially. The Germans installed only that machinery which was
absolutely essential, and investments were very small. Machinery wore
out as a result of lack of maintenance, poor lubrication, and the use
of replacement parts made of inferior substitute materials. Up to the
end of the war, not even the most necessary repairs could be made. 133/
When the Czechoslovaks regained control of the mines in
1945, requirements for new machinery and equipment were extensive,
Furthermore, the over-all situation has not improved much in the post-
war period. The inability to import sufficient machinery and the lack
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of facilities and experience to build certain essential types have
had a restraining effect on coal production, especially in the deep
mines.
The Czechoslovaks were able to import limited quantities
of machinery from the West, until trade was restricted. The US
furnished shuttle cars, coal loaders, rock loaders, and conveyor
belting, 134/ as well as coal cutters. The UK furnished coal
cutters and, possibly, some other types of machinery. During 1950
and 1951, apparently, there was very little machinery imported into
Czechoslovakia, for until 1952 the USSR was not in a position to
render much assistance. A radio news report of 28 February 1953
stated that the USSR had been supplying to Czechoslovakia coal com-
bines, electrical and pneumatic drills, and other machinery. 122/ It
is believed, however, that the quantities furnished by the USSR during
1952, and also in 1953, have been rather small as compared with needs.
Evidence of continuing shortages of machinery and poor
maintenance is found in a Czechoslovak newspaper report of 5 February
1953. There was a daily average of 11 mechanical breakdowns at the
Ostrava mines, and, during 1952, these had been responsible for the
loss of about 200,000 tons of coal, which, in turn, had caused fuel
difficulties in foundries, power stations, and factories. Most of
the breakdowns were caused by failure to follow repair and mainte-
nance instructions. Communist Party and Government directives,
stipulating that after a given period mining machines should be re-
moved for repair, were largely ignored, and pits in the Karvinna area
ignored them altogether. Management at the mines claimed that be-
cause the machinery was needed for miningirepairs could not be
made. 136/ 50X1
poor condition of machinery and the 5UX1
high incidence of breakdowns.
During 1953 the Czechoslovaks gave indications that they
intend to be less dependent on imports of mining machinery and, in
time, will probably produce all they need. Steady improvement in the
machinery situation can be expected. A news report of 29 December
.1953 states that a modern factory for the manufacture of mining ma-
chinery had been completed on the outskirts of Opava. Together with
Its auxiliary works, the new concern, known as Ostroj, was supplying
the mining industry with a growing range of machinery. 137/
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2. Underground Mining Machinery.
The deep mines in Czechoslovakia have used pneumetic
machinery extensively in the pastrbut attempts are now being made to
convert to electricity. Through electrification, the cost of mining
can be reduced considerably, and production can be developed more
rapidly. It was claimed in October 1951 that the cost of mining
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin was five timesas much with compressed
air as With electricity (probably with reference to power cost only). 138/
The inability to obtain machinery and supplies has been mainly respon-
sible for the slow progtess made in converting to electricity. It has
been reported, however, that because of the danger of explosions elec-
trical equipment is not used in some mines.
The prevalent use of pickhammers is one of the causes of
low productivity. The General Manager of the Czechoslovak Mines stated
in an article published in January 1951 that mechanization in the
brown-coal pits (deep mines) was then as primitive as it had been 20
years before. 139/ This is an indication that most of the coal pro-
duced in those pits is dug with pickhammers, and it is believed that
a considerable part of the hard coal is mined in the same way. Pick-
hammers have been used to extract coal mainly where natural conditions
are not favorable to the use of undercutting machines.
pickhammers are supplied by a plant in,Vitkovice.
Coal cutters are used in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, but
they are used elsewhere to a very limited extent. Many of these
Machines were made in Germany before World War II and, presumnbly, need
to be replaced. The US furnished 30 coal cutters in 1947 and 46 more
In 1949-50. The UK supplied well over 100 cutters in the 1946-48
period, and as early as 1949 the USSR was scheduled to ship to
Czechoslovakia 12 KMF-1 and 3 GTK73 machines. 1142/ There have been
no reports that Czechoslovakia has been building the conventional chain
type of undercutters.
the mass production of a new type of improved shearing coal cutter,
the model F-29, began recently in the electrotechnical works at
Frydlandt. It has caterpillar traction and may be used in seams only
65 centimeters high. 141/
In August 1952, it was reported that a mining combine,
suitable for work on narrow,14-0- to 60-Centimeter seams in the Ostrava-
Karvinna Basin, was being built at the Ostrava Central Machine Works.
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This machine was a little shorter than the Soviet Donbas combine. 142/
The first one (Ostravan 500) was to have been completed on 22 November
1952. 143/ the machine was tested on 7 Jan-
uary 1953 at the Hlubina pit. 144/
an experimental model of the Ostrava-VKP combine, invented by a
group of engineers from Ostrava, was also being tested. 145/
In 1953 the Electric Power Distribution Enterprises (Ener-
geticke Rozvodne Zavody) ERZ factory at Frydlant in Moravia was to
produce 3 electrically driven combines of the Ostravan 500 series,
and the designers were to produce 3 similar machines driven by com-
pressed air. 146/ A news report of 11.December 1953 mentions that a
new type of combine had been devised by a mechanic, Frantisek Sebesta,
who worked at the Julius Fucik pit in Ostrava. 147/
All the evidence indicates that the use, as well as the
manufacture, of combines in Czechoslovakia is in the experimental
stage and that many difficulties are yet to be overcome. In view of
Soviet accomplishments, combines offer potentialities for solving
some serious production problems, particularly in the Ostrava-Karvinna
Basin. Significantly,H only 10 were in use
there at the end of 1953. this coal
basin had twice as many pit locomotives, 3 times as many conveyor-
belt loaders, 10 times as many conveyor belts, and 30 times as many
automatic loaders as it had in 1938. 148/ The actual quantities of
machinery in use would probably not be as impressive as the increases
seem to indicate, for in 1938 the number of some types, for example
loading machines, were relatively few.
The requirements for conveyors to be used at working
faces are probably great. A Czechoslovak news report of 15 May 1952
mentioned that two new scraper conveyors from the first series of new
coal-mining machines built in the CKD (Ceskomoravska Kolben - Danek)
Slany Plant were working in the North Bohemian Basin. Similar machines
of Soviet origin had already been used. 149/
a new conveyor was being tested in one of the mines. 150/
A Czechoslovak news report of 15 January 1954 refers to
important deficiencies in machinery and equipment. While the Lenin
Works in Plzen had fulfilled its Obligations to the mining industry, a
number of foundries and engineering factories which were complaining
about a shortage of coal and electric power have failed to supply
goods. The ERZ factory in Frydlant railed to deliver three Ostravan
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electric combines. The ironworks at Liskovec failed to deliver
2,355 coal cars, including 1,805 large cars needed for the construc-
tion of the May First,colliery. The Klement Gottwald Ironworks at
Vitkovice did not deliver 8 kilometers of chutes (possibly includes
conveyors) for the transport of coal. The failure to make ma-
chinery deliveries in 1953 caused a loss of 405,000 tons of hard coal
and 600,000 tons of lignite. 151/ The same report also mentions that
because of shortages of, railroad cars the country's economy was de-
prived of 129,1403 tons of coal in the Sokolov coal field during the
last quarter of 1953. Some of the blame was attributed to customers'
delay in unloading. 152/ Engineering works in Brandys and in
Uhersky Brod were criticized in March 1954 for delaying delivery of
drilling equipment needed for prospecting work. 153/
3. Strip Mining Machinery.
Nearly all of the .massive equipment used to strip heavy
overburden was made in Germany before the end of World War II.
During the past few year's, East Germany has provided some equipment
for a few mines. The USSR also sent a large walking dragline, which
was in use at a mine in.the North Bohemian Basin in early 1952. More
of these draglines were to come from the USSR later. 154/
vator was undergoing tests for use at Ervenice.
Gottwald Ironworks in Ostrava. 155/
the Roosevelt mine at Ervenice had in oper-
ation a giant excavator, model 53. Other excavators of Czechoslovak
manufacture are models 1200, D-800 (chain-bucket excavator), D-1000,
K-100, and K-1000. The Foundry and Assembly Works in Ostrava and
the V.I. Lenin Works in Plzen are producing these machines. 156/
built by the Klement
a huge new exca- 50X1
It was designed and
The conventional type of power shovels in the small sizes
used for loading coal and stripping relatively light overburdens have
evidently been produced by the Skoda Works in Plzen in considerable
quantities. more than 100 steam power shovels
with a bucket capacity of 2.5 cubic meters and some electric power
shovels with a bucket capacity of 7 cubic meters were delivered to the
USSR in 1947 and 1948. 157/ It would seem that Czechoslovakia is self-
sufficient in small .power shovels.
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J. Labor.
1. Employment.
The number of wage earners employed at coal mines in Czech-
oslovakia declined rather steadily from about 100,000 in 1929 to about
70,500 in 1936 and then increased each year to reach a peak of nearly
125,000 in 1943. With the end of World War II, thousands of war
prisoners, forced laborers, and ethnic Germans left the mines, and
by. December 1946, the number employed had dropped to 92,423, of which
55,742 worked in the hard-coal mines.*
In March 1949, employment in the hard-coal mines was
62,218 and in the brown-coal and lignite mines 38,354 a total of
100,572. By May 1949 the number of workers at the hard-coal mines had
dropped to 57,027.. the total labor
force was 3,000 less in 1950 than it had been a year earlier, it is
estimated that during the first quarter of 1950 the total labor force
was about 97,500. There was some increase in later months, but the
planned labor force was not reached in any month during 1950. 158/
During the first 9 months of 1951, there was a net gain
of about 2,000 in the mining industry labor force, 122/ and during
the first half of 1952, the Ministry of Fuel and Power had a net in-
crease in employment of over 4,700, 160/ the great majority of whom)
undoubtedly, became coal-mine workers. In the last 6 months of 1953,
about 4,000 trade unionists were to be sent to the Ostrava-Karvinna
Basin, but the authorities were disappointed by August because only
2,410 had volunteered. 161/ These figures indicate that by the end
of 1953 the coal-mine labor force would probably be close to 110,000.
This estimate represents about 3 percent of the total non-agricultural
labor force and 2 percent of all gainfully employed civilians.
A government decision of January 1954 asked for 22,800 new
workers for the mining industry. During January 1954, however, the
recruitment target was met by only 64 percent on a national scale.
Largely as the result of expansion in strip mining, there
has been a notable increase in the number of surface workers at the
brown coal and lignite mines. During the thirties, only about. one-third
* Available data on employment at the coal mines during the years
1929-49 are given in Appendix g, Table 74.
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of the labdr force at the brown-coal mines worked on the surface,
compared with a little more than half in recent years. In 1948, about
23 percent of the labor force at the bituminous mines was employed
on the surface, a slight increase over the pre-World War II period.
With the expulsion of thousands of Germans in 1945 and
1946, the industry lost a valuable segment of its labor force. Since
that time there has been a consistent shortage of experienced miners.
In order to increase coal production, it haslpeen necessary to depend
more and more upon temporary workers who have no desire for mining
work and usually stay only 3 to 6 months. They form the so-called
"volunteer brigades," "shock workers," and "punitive batallions."
They include office Workers, professional people, tradesmen, farm
workers, political prisoners, criminals, and soliders, most of whom
have been conscripted for mine service. Some mines have a consider-
able number of women, who are employed mainly on the surface A great
many of the workers are not physically able to do hard work.
punitive batallions
of the Auxiliary Technical Regiment Pomocny Technicky Pluk (PTP)
were organized in 1951 in order to allow the government to send po-
litically unreliable soldiers into mines or factories. Because of the
persistent labor shortage, this method was so abused in 1952 and 1953
that some garrisons lost as much as 18 to 26 percent of their numbers.
Many soldiers were designated as unreliable solely in order to send
them to mines. Protests against the policy were made by the Czecho-
slovak General Staff and the Central Trade Union Council (Ustredni
,Rado Odburo URO), and it was proposed that it be abolished as of 1
November 1953, but the Minister of Fuel informed the government that
several large mines would have to be closed if the soldiers were
taken out of the mines, and the government was obliged not only to
retain those soldiers already there but also to send other workers
from nonmilitary construction. 163/
In order to alleviate the growing shortage of permanent
and skilled miners, the government has encouraged youths to adopt
mining as a regular vocation. A program for conscripting and training
youths has been in effect for a number of years. The youths who come
under the program serve as apprentices for a 2-year period and receive
class instruction as well as on-the-job training. Thus far the pro-
gram has not been particularly successful.
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The general dissatisfaction with working and living
conditions in the coal fields has been made apparent in high rates
of labor turnover and absenteeism, as well as by a number of
strikes. The government has acted promptly to settle any general
strikes and they have been of short duration.
In the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, sitdown strikes occurred
in the fall of 1950/ when output quotas were raised. 164/ In all
of the major basins; the currency reform of June 1953 brought on
sporadic strikes and slowdowns, extending from 1 June into July.
After the first demonstrations, the government issued a decree
making absenteeism a capital offense and attempted to make reprisals
against the trade-union members. Strong opposition forced the
government -Co rescind the decree on absenteeism on 6 July 1953.165/
at Kladno miners stayed away from work for 3
shifts. Units of the National Security Corps (Sbor Narochi Bezpec-
nosti SNB), and the regular army was present, but there was no
violence. 166/ in the early part of
July there were slowdowns in the mines of the North Bohemian Basin
over wages and that the militia was sent to quell the uprising. 167/
Labor turnover and a shortage of permanent workers have
affected coal production in all the coal fields, and this situation
has been particularly serious in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. Between
1947 and August 1951 the number of regular workers in that field
declined by about 5,000. During the year from August 1950 to August,
1951, 9,903 regular workers left the field, and only 8,247 were hired.
To make good the shortage of permanently employed labor, more than
30,000 workers who had been recruited as volunteers took turns working
for an average period of 4 months only. The constant coming and going
of such a large section of the labor force was one of the most serious
obstacles to the implementation of production plans. 168/ In November
1951, Zapotocky, formerly Prime Minister, stated that during the first
9 months of the year, 20,561 persons had entered mining and 18,552
had left the mines.
there were
about 21,930 permanent miners and 17,414 voluntary temporary workers
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. Since 1947, approximately 131,800
temporary workers had passed through the Ostrava mines. In January
1952, there were 2 percent more workers than the Plan called for.169/
In March 1954, it was reported that in the last 5 years 45,387 new
workers tame to the Ostrava coal region. During the same period,
41,061 workers left the region. 170/
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Absenteeism has been another cause for much concern.
Monthly statistics from 1946 through March 1949 show that absenteeism
,among the underground workers was generally between 17 and 20 percent,
and for all other mine workers it usually ranged from 10 to 15 percent.
During the early part of 1952, absenteeism averaged ap-
proximately 18 percent in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, 15 percent in
the Kladno Basin, and about 13 percent in the North Bohemian Basin. 171/
In September 1953, it was reported that average absenteeism amounted
to 18.4 percent and was 1 percent higher than in 1948. At a number
of mines, absenteeism was as high as 38 to 41 percent. 172/
Since government regulations make it difficult for miners
to get permission to miss work, a considerable part of the absenteeism
is not excusable. during the first 9 months
of 1949 unexcused absenteeism amounted to 1,307,400 man-hours, compared
with 927,585 man-hours in the same period for 1947. 173/ The rate is
evidently still increasing, for according to a statement by Pokorny
on 15 September 1953, 210,647 shifts had been missed without excuse
during the year. 174/ Assuming that a shift was 8 hours in 1947 and
1949/ unexcused absenteeism amounted to 115,948 and 163,425 shifts,
respectively, for the 9-month periods.
brigade workers on a
gagement are among the worst offenders in absenteeism.
not result in a prolongation of the period of work, and
were not concerned about fines for shifts not worked or
earnings. Absenteeism was least widespread among older
had families to support and needed supplementary ration
food. 175/
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1-year en- 50X1
Absence did
these workers
about smaller
workers who
tickets to get
because of the rela-
tively high pay and the scarcity of goods to be bought with the money
alcoholism has increased. 176/
On 6 July the June 1953 government decree to curb unexcused
absenteeism had to be rescinded. Under the decree, a worker who stayed
away from his job 1 day without justification was to be reprimanded by
his supervisor and his union leaders; for 2 days, he was to be repri-
manded before his fellow workers; for 3 days, he was to be demoted to
lower paid work; and for 4 days, he was to be puniMied by a special
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trade-union court. 177/ Opposition to the monetary reform resulted,
in the demonstrations and strikes which the government attempted to
suppress with this action. This is one of the few occasions when
the government has been forced to back down in its demands on labor.
2. Labor Productivity.
Labor productivity in the coal industry in Czechoslovakia
is low compared with that in the US, but mining conditions are con-
siderably more difficult and are much less favorable to mechanization
in the underground mines, particularly the mechanization of cutting
and loading coal.
Average labor productivity in the underground mines
reached its peak in 1937, declined during the German occupation, and
has been on the upgrade since 1945. Employment of inexperienced workers,
lower morale, poorer supervision, and the unsatisfactory condition of
equipment have been the principal factors responsible for the lower
productivity as compared with the years preceding World War II. In
recent 'years, over-all labor productivity at the brown-coal and lig-
nite mines has been exceeding the prewar average because of the
higher proportion of coal produced at strip mines, where labor pro-
ductivity is much greater than in the underground mines.
Table 16* shows available data on average output per
man-shift in the coal mines in Czechoslovakia for selected years.**
Other available data on productivity on a man-hour basis
are given in Table 17.*** In a speech on Miner's Day, 12 September
1952, Zapotocky, former Prime Minister, stated that during the past
four years, output in kilograms per man-hour had increased 15.3 per-
cent for black (hard) toal and 50 percent for brown coal. 178/
3. Work Time.
Statistics for the years 1929 through 1946 show that the
highest average number of days worked annually at coal mines during
that period was reached in 1946, with 309 days in the hard-coal mines
and 304 days at the brown-coal mines.**** During World War II the
Table 16 follows on p.
** See Appendix E, Table
***
****
Table 17 follows on p.
See Appendix E, Table
79.
75 for data since 1929.
79.
76 for 1929-46 data.
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Table 16
Average Output Per Man-Shift in Coal Mines in Czechoslovakia 179/
Selected Years 1929-53
Metric Tons
Year?
Hard-Coal Mines
Brown-Coal
and Lignite Mines
Underground
Over-All
Underground
Over-All
1929
1.316
1.009
3.027
1.938
1937
1.837
1.404
3.571
2.293
1944
1.076
0.802
1.762
1.203
1945
1.080
0.701
2.528
1.1446
1946
2.349
0.928
2.645
1.739
1948
1.451
1.086
2.348
2.229
1949 (Mar)
1.468
1.148
2.512
2.663
1949 Plan
N.A.
1.210
N.A.
2.380
1950 Plan
N.A.
1.230
N.A.
2.470
1951 Plan
N.A.
1.250
N.A.
2.500
1952 Plan
N.A.
1.280
N.A.
2.640
1953 Plan
N.A.
1.330
N.A.
2.740
Table 17
Average Output Per Man-Hour in Coal Mines in Czechoslovakia 180/
1946 1948-49, 1950 (Jan-Jun), and Sep 1952
Kilograms
Year
Average Output Per Man-Hour
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
1946
1948
1949
1950 (Jan-Jun)
1952 (Sep)
137
141
150
154
163 a/
258
296
343
343
444 a/
_
a. Approximate. Figure based upon increase reported by ZapOtocky.
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highest average was only 302 days at the hard-coal mines in 1940
and 1941 and 296 days at brown-coal mines in 1940.*
Since 1946, and more frequently in recent years, mines
have been operating on Sundays and holidays. A regular shift is 8
hours, and practically all mines work 3 shifts on week days. Labor
shortages limit only a few to 2-shift days.
In 1918, Czechoslovak coal miners won the right to work
only 6 hours on Saturdays. In 1951 the government endeavored to
increase the number of hours to 8, but strong protestations from the
miners forced a compromise on 3 Saturday shifts of 8 hours each per
month with 1 Saturday off. 181/
miners in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin were
off and introducing a 6-day week. 182/
abolishing their Saturdays
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It has become a general practice in the coal industry to
work overtime in order to fulfill output quotas. An admission that
in many places miners were working 12 hours daily was made at a
government meeting on 30 September 1952. The Czechoslovak press re-
ported that it was hoped to remedy this state of affairs gradually by
transferring workers from other places. 183/ 50X1
miners are tired of doing voluntary "shoi-Fr shifts in addition to , 4
regular time. When ordered to do shockwork, they cannot refuse to
go into the mines, but, reportedly, they do little work. 184/
Josef Tesla, first secretary of the Central Council of
Trade Unions, announced on 5 February 1954 that it would be necessary
for miners, technicians, and engineers to work a special morning
shift on 7 February 1954 and for three full shifts to be worked on
21 February 1954. 185/ In view of intentions to increase production
of coal, the government will probably have to continue its policy of
working coal mines on Sundays, particularly during winter months.
* See Appendix El Table 76 for 1929-46 data.
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4.. Wages and Loyalty Bonuses.*
a. Wages.**
In the Ostrava-Karvinna mines in Czechoslovakia the
average monthly earnings of a miner increased from 3,978 koruny*** in
1946 to 8,733 koruny in the first half of 1952 and in the Most coal-
field from 3,780 koruny to 6,312 koruny in the same period. In the
hard-coal areas, average monthly wages of miners increased between
1946 and the first half of 1952 by 111.7 percent and in brown-coal
areas by 77.1 percent. 186/ In February 1953, hourly wages in the
Ostrava-Karvinna mines were 66 percent higher and monthly earnings
68.8 percent higher than they had been in 1948. 187/
at the Kladno
mines during 1951-52 that theoretically the soldiers were paid the
same wages as the regular miners but that their entire pay for
?
mining was deducted for food, lodging, and social insurance taxes.
The soldiers' only cash income was their regular army pay. Because
food and lodging for the soldiers did not cost the mine management
as muchas the wages that would have to be paid to regular miners,
the use of military labor was a source of profitable exploitation
for the mine management. 188/
b. Loyalty Bonuses.
In order to raise production by providing inducements
to permanent and steady employment, loyalty bonuses were established
for coal miners. The original regulations did not produce the in-
tended results, and new regulations were issued on 16 July 1952. 189/
Those eligible for the bonue include the majority
of the workers engaged directly in the production of coal. Tech-
nicians are included, as are students and instructors in training
schools. Specifically excluded are administrative officials and
employees of coking plants, mine railroads, central repair shops,
auxiliary installations, and construction units; and guards, watch-
men, and other in minor capacities not related to coal production.
* Figures on wages and bonuses in this section are in old koruny
except where noted. The monetary reform of June 1953 resulted in
considerable reductions in payments.
** Undoubtedly the wage figures include bonuses.
'*** At the current rate of exchange, 7.2 koruny = US $1.00.
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Brigade workers, a sizeable component of the labor staff, are also
excluded, although their time may be credited if they become
permanent workers.
The bonus rates which became effective 30 July
1952 were based upon job dlassification. They ranged for workers
(excluding pupils and technical employees) from 11.60 koruny per
hour in Class II to 27.30 koruny per hour in Class VIII (highest
classification for workers). Plant engineers, chief engineers,
mechanics, and section foremen, all classified as technical employees,
received 31.40 koruny per hour. Other technical employees and
employees of the ROH (Revoluchi Oliborove Hnuti -- Revolutionary Trade
Union Movement) Federation of Mining Employees deputies, and school
instructors received 27.30 koruny per hour.
. It has been reported that miners recei'ving hourly
wages are paid an increase of 5 percent if the norm is fulfilled
100 to 110 percent and an increase of 10 percent if the norm is ful-
filled 110 percent or over. For salaried employeesj the Increase
in annual earnings is 5 percent if the norm is fulfilled 100 to 120
percent and goes up to 25 percent if the norm is fulfilled 143 per-
cent or more. 190/
Bonuses are calculated quarterly. To qualify for
the full bonus, an employee cannot miss a work shift without excuse,
and the Plan conditions must be fulfilled. No bonus is paid to a
miner with 4 or more unexcused shifts during a year. 191/
Every unworked shift for which properly documented
reasons have not been furnished is considered an unexcused missed
shift and has tO be recorded. The decision on whether or nota
shift is excused rests with the mine administration and the mine
council. A compensatory shift, worked to make up for a shift missed
without proper excuse, does not count for loyalty-bonus purposes.
The payment of the loyalty bonus, according to the
law, is due in the month following the end of each quarter. Payment,
for the period 30 July 1951 to 27 July 1952, however, was to take
place on Miners' Day, 12 September-1952. In a speech at that time,
Zapotocky stated that during the first 2 years of the operation of
the law, miners and mining technicians received 1,345,185,000 koruny.
For 1951-52, a total of 436 million koruny was paid. 192/ Payments for
1951-52, which were due at the end of each quarter, may have been
withheld because of very poor production in 1951.
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Plan conditions are especially difficult to fulfill,
and qualifications for the bonus depend primarily on group rather
than individual attainment. High output quotas, and the fact that
the mine has to fulfill the Plan, tend to discourage the average
worker from making the necessary effort. Poor working and living
conditions have also contributed to low productivity.
The continuing high rates of labor turnover and
absenteeism are evidence that loyalty bonuses, despite the changes
made in 1952, have not had the desired results. In fact, Minister
of Fuel and Power Jonas stated in January 1954 that the loyalty
bonus, which should have insured adequate permanent labor and re-
duced absenteeism and fluctuation, did not fulfill its task and,
therefore, would have to be changed. He promised that new wage
regulations would eliminate all existing shortcomings. Premiums
would be increased for the miners who exceeded the norms and for the
transport and auxiliary workers. It would also be necessary to raise
the salarie8 of engineers and other technical employees in order to
eliminate the current disparity between them and the miners. 193/
On 12 March 1954 the Czechoslovak trade union's news-
paper, Prace, announced that the government had introduced a series
of measures to make miners'jobs more attractive. M_ners who sign
on for a 3-year period at the Ostrava-Karvinna, Sokolov, and Handlova
mines now get a bonus of 1,200 koruny (new), payable in installments
at the beginning of each year. In other mining areas, the bonus is
1,000 koruny (new), also paid in three installments. To attract new
miners for training, allowances ranging from 10 to 4o percent of the
miners' pay will be paid. Married miners working away from home get
a separate allowance of 8 koruny (new) a day, and miners moving with
their families to the neighborhood of the mines get 1,600 koruny (new)
moving allowance. 194/
5. Pensions.
The average monthly pensions for invalidism and old-
age in the coal industry in Czechoslovakia have been reported as
follows 195/:
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Year
Invalidism
Old-Age
1937
235 Koruny*
235 Koruny*
1949
2,555 Koruny
3,799 Koruny
1950
3,136 Koruny
4,035 Koruny
1951
3,323 Koruny
4,135 Koruny
6. Vacations.
The law provides that miners shall be granted paid vaca-
tions on the following basis: (a) Miners who have worked underground
for the 9 months preceding their holiday are entitled to 5 days;
(b) after 11 months employment, a miner is entitled to 14 days;.
(c) workers under .18 years of age or over 50 and those who have been
employed in the mines for 5 years receive 21 days; and (d) miners who
have Worked over 15 years receive 28 days. 196/
7. Health and Recreation.
In 1948 the number of miners sent to health centers for
summer and winter recreation and recuperation was 7,917, and by 1951
the number had risen to 17,936. Every year some 350 to 500 miners are
sent abroad for a vacation. Medical care at spas and sanitariums was
accorded to 5,000 miners in 1949 and to 6,000 miners in 1950. 197/
8. Food Rations.
of all categories of
workers In Czechoslovakia, miners receive the largest food rations. In
July 1952 the normal consumer received rationed food of 52,000 calories.
Surface workers at the mines received 116,068 calories, and the miner
working underground was allocated rations of 134,580 calories. 198/
at the
. Centrum mine in the Most district miners who work under-
ground are entitled to additional ration cards, the "HL" cards. These
cards entitle them to extra monthly rations of 1,600 grams of fat)
4 kilograms of bread, and 3 kilograms of meat. 199/
* Old koruny. -At the 1937 rate of exchange 33.33 koruny US $1.00.
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a bad food situation. Un-
doubtedly, the diet has been monotonous and unsatisfactory and has
contributed to low productivity and morale. at
the Jan Sverma mine in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin until August 1953,
the quality of food had deteriorated since 1948 and was 50X1
actually deplorable There was almost no
good meat available, and fish, fruit, and fresh vegetables were vir-
tually never served (presumably at the mine cafeteria). On the rare
occasions that vegetables were provided, they consisted of refuse
that the nationalized food stores could not sell. 200/ At another
mine, the cafeteria was closed because of too many complaints about
the food, which consisted mainly of soup.
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50X1
50X1
there were bread short-
ages in Kladno and Teplice during the first 3 months of 1954 and
miners often went to work without bread. In Prague, there was a
shortage of green vegetables, dairy produce, meat, and canned milk.
Oranges and lemons were unobtainable. 201/
9. Housing.
Between the end of 1945 and 31 July 1952, a total of
11,650'Modern housing units were provided for miners. The expendi-
tures amounted to 4,500,000,000 koruny (old).. An additional 2,000
older units were renovated. 202/ 50X1
only 739 dwelling houses were built in the Ostrava-Karvinna 50X1
coalfield from 1918 to 1938, whereas, during the 5-year period (1948-
53) 11,756 apartment units were built there.. 203/
50X1
50X1
Housing facilities in coal mining areas are generally in-
adequate. On 15 January 1954 Minister of Fuel.)and Power Jonas stated
that many brigade workers leave mining because they cannot find ac-
comodations. If blinding workers had reached their Plan target in the
mining areas during the preceding 2 years, the mines would have had
4,000 more permanent workers than they had at that time. The building
workers had to provide for the miners 8,231 apartment units and cul-
tural, social, and 'health institutions. 204/
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II. Briquettes.
A. General. 205/
S -E-C -R-E-T
Briquettes have been manufactured in Czechoslovakia since
before World War I. When briquetted, small. sizes of coal and coal
dust, otherwise of limited value as ,a fuel, are converted into a
useful, but relatively small, source of heat and energy. In ad-
dition, briquetting of brown coals reduces their moisture content,
thereby improving their heating and storage properties.
Briquettes made with hard coal from the Ostrava-KarVinna and
Rosice basins contain between 1 and 5 percent moisture. Tar is
used as a binding agent with hard coal and amounts to a little more
than 6 percent of the weight of the briquettes.
The 'browncoals from the Sokolov Basin are high in moisture .
and low in heat value and are uneconomical to transport any great
distances. The bulk of the brown-coal briquettes are produced in the
Sokolov Basin, and they contain a little more than 10 percent moisture,
compared with only 5 to 10 percent moisture in those briquettes made
in the North Bohemian Basin. Brown-coal briquettes are made without
the use of a binder. The weight of the brown-coal briquettes is ap-
proximately 42 percent less than the weight of the inputs. Before
drying, the raw coal contains approximately 40 percent moisture, and
some coal is used for making steam, which is used for drying.
B. Supply.
1. Production.
The peak annual production of bituminous
was 553,435 tons in 1943. In the 1930's the
abOut 395,000 tons and in 1948 the output
(See Table 18.*) There has probably been
in recent years, but it is unlikely that
was in excess of 500,000 tons, and it is
tons. During the years 1932-35, about 5
duction of bituminous coal was converted
1940 less than 3 percent of total annual
briquettes.
* Table 18 follows on p. 87.
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coal briquettes
average annual output was
was about 331,489 tons.
some expansion of production
the level reached in 1953
estimated at only 450,000
percent of the annual pro-
into briquettes, but since
production has been used for
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Table 18
r
I Production of Hard-Coal Briquettes
) . in Czechoslovakia a/
I , 1913 and 1919-53
1
J Metric Tons
1
)
1 Year Amount Year Amount
1
1
I
1
?I
t
,
i
1
1
1
I )
)
!
1
1
1
7
t
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
196,141 12/
72/957 12/
70,633 12/
82,89012/
64,791 12/
99,631 b/
75,710 17/
156,477 17/
181,797 E./
160,25412/
214,613 b/
270,294 -E/
239,081 T/
285,782 TY
406,574 -J/ .
396,840 -E/
386,463 Z/
408,539 T/
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
414,896 c/
459,680 /
439,514 c/
508,814 zy
535,434 v
360,669 :-./
468,819 c/
553,435 -di
464,059 /
71,309 c/
209,180 .-F:v
259,130 d/
331,489 Ei
388,000 f/
425,000 iv
425,000 g/
450,000 i/
450,000 g/
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
A
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
of
Also referred to as patent fuel.
206/.
207/.
210/. Possibly abOut 350,000 tons.
Estimates; no data. More dust available because
increased coal production since 1949.
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The manufacture of brown-coal briquettes has been even
less important, as is indicated by production figures and by the fact
that only a little over 2 percent of the annual production of brown
coal has been required by the briquette plants. Table 19* shows that
annual production during the 20 years following World War I ranged
only between 172,000 and 265,000 tons annually. In 1939, the year
of highest production, only 333,758 tons of brown-coal briquettes
were made, and the last official figure is 291,326 tons in 1948. It
is believed, however, that production has increased substantially
since 1950, and it is estimated at 425,000 tons in 1953.
A Praglie news report of 14 November '1953 mentions that
a coal substitute, marketed under the trademark "Bulet," has been
on sale to the Ostrava public for some time. This substitute is
made from a mixture of brown-coal dust and sawdust and, reportedly,
is of high calorific value. 211/ Since Ostrava is the most important
center of hard-coal production in the country, the use of a coal sub-
stitute is additional evidence of the shortage of coal for household
heating.
Tables 18** and 19* show data on production of hard-coal
briquettes and production of brown-coal briquettes, respectively, in
Czechoslovakia, 1913 and 1919-53.
2. Foreign Trade.
The largest annual exports of brown-coal briquettes since
World War II were only 34,900 tons in 1950, and exports were down to
about 7,000 tons in 1953. Imports of these briquettes were negligible
prior to 1950, but the fuel shortages which developed in Czechoslovakia
in that year resulted in imports of 300,357 tons from East Germany
in 1951, and it is believed that about the same amount was imported
by Czechoslovakia in 1952 and 1953. There is no evidence to indicate
that Czechoslovakia has either imported or exported hard-coal bri-
quettes in recent years.
Table 20*** gives statistics on imports of brown-coal
briquettes by Czechoslovakia, and Table 21**** gives statistics on
exports of brown-coal briquettes by Czechoslovakia.
* Table 19 follows on p. 89.
** P.87, above.
*** Table 20 ;o11c4s on p. 90.
**-x-x- Table 21 follows on p. 91.
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Table 19
Production of Brown-Coal Briquettes
in Czechoslovakia
1913 and 1919-53
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
-242,497 a,/
226)113 T/
213,083 T/
250,-942 T/
172,659 -gy
196,205 ,.y
175,613 -a-y
211;884 -.J.7
197,211 -a..7
211,770 T/
241,174 a./
256,111 Ey
180,718 Ey
209,435 Et_
202,003 T/
194,497 TY
194,893 TY
188,466 T/
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
189,304 b/
264,482 Ey
199,163 TV
333,758 TV
330,364 Ey
295,033 Ey
261,132 Ey
323,644 Ey
328,998 T./
192,485 T/
278,452 T/
283,645-z-y
291,326 c,
297,000 -.Jy
303,300 T/
375,0003/
.400,000 (/
425,000 a/
a. 212/.
b. 213/.
c. Figures for 1949 and 1950 are estimates.. 214/.
d. Estimate;. no data. Figure may be subject to
considerable error.
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Table 20
Imports of Brown-Coal Briquettes by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Year Exported friom East Germany Year Exported from East Germany
1937
22,000 a/
1950
137,500 2/
1938
16,000 Ej
1951
300,357 ?-
1947
10012/
1952
300,000 g/
1948
0 2/
1953
. 300,000 EV
1949
100 d/
c*
A' ?IV.
c. ?XV.
d,
e. East Germany failed to deliver 162,504 50X1'
tons. It is assumed that the plan called for imports of 300,000 tons,
but the estimate may be in considerable errot
f. 220/. Deliveries by East Germany against plan of 300,000 tons.
g. Estimate based upon 1951 deliveries.
1. 6,640 carloads (136 trains) were dis- 50X1
patched from Bad Schandau to Czechoslovakia from 1 March to 31 May ,
1953iand, 1,920 cars (42 trains) were dis,, 50X1
patched in the period 21 September to 10 October 1953. Reports for
intervening periods show no shipments of brown-coal briquettes,
?
though some may have been included in trains containing mixed cargoes
Assuming that each Car averaged 22 tons, reported shipments amounted
to more,than 200,200 tons. The total for the year is an estimate
and may be in considerable error.
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40",'
4-`
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Table 21
Exports of Brown-Coal Briquettes by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Year
Importing Country
Total
Austria
West Germany
Switzerland.
1937
1938
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952.
1953
300 fli
300 a/
0
0
0
? Si
8,457 W
11,432 2/
7,114 f/
100,900 2/
39,000 2/
0
0
30,000 a/
34,800 -?../
6,500 2/
0
0 g/
4,000 a/
3,000 ,..t1
1,295 b/
OW
1,900 c/
100 CY
0
0
0 5/
104,300
42,300
1,295
0 b/
31,900
34,900
1-4,957
11,432
7,114
a. 223/.
b. 7ff7/. Possibly 100 tons in 1948.
c. 225/.
d. Austrian imports
e. 227/.
f. ff8/.
g.
C. Consumption,
Prewar figures show that 84 percent of the total hard-coal
briquettes produced in Czechoslovakia were consumed by the railroads,
and 13 percent by industrial establishments. .About 88 percent of -
the total brown-coal briquettes produced were Used for household
heating and cooking, and the remainder was exported.
In 1949, the railroads were allocated more than 90 percent .
of the hard-coal briquettes, and the rest was consumed by Various in-
dustries and domestic consumers It is possible that the use of
these briquettes for domestic heating has been disaontinued because
of 'shortages of high-quality coal.
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Data for the first'8 months of the years 1948 and 1949 show
that slightly more than 90 percent of the brown-coal briquettes Were
consumed in domestic heating and that the railroads used?most of the
remainder. 230/
The pattern of distribution may have changed considerably
during the last few years. Because of increased production and size-
able imports from East Germany, more brown-coal briquettes have .been
available, but the enlarged supplies probably have been allocated to
the railroads and industrial plants rather than to domestic consumers.
D. Plants.
There were 6 hard-coal and 5 brown-coal briquette factories
in operation during the 1931-34 period, and there have been about the
same number operating in recent years. Except for One plant in the
Rosice-Oslavany Basin, all of the hard-coal briquette plants are in
the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. It is believed that all of the brown-coal
briquette plants are located in the Sokolov Basin, with the exception
of a plant at Komorany, in the North Bohemian Basin, Which is probably
the one operating at the President Benes mine.
It has been reported that In 1950 a new plant was under con-
struction at the Karvinna II (Czechoslovak army) mine in the Ostrava-
Karvinna Basin and that in August 1952 machinery was being in-
stalled. 231/ According to Czechoslovak news release, 232/ the con-
struction of a huge plant at Sokolov was started in the early part of
1953.. There was also a plan to build either at the Jaroslav mine or
at the Svatopluk mine near Mydlovary a plant to utilize the local
lignite, but there has been no evidence to indicate that construction
was ever started.
The location and capacity of briquette plants in Czechoslovakia
in 1950 is shown in Table 22:*
* Table 22 follows on p. 93.
S-E-C -R-E-T
C..?
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Table 22
Location and Capacity of Briquette Plants in Czechoslovakia 233/
1950
Annual
Capacity 2/
(Thousand
Basin
Plant
Location
Tons)
Bituminous Coal
Ostrava-Karvinna
Karolina
Ostrava
150
Ostrava-Karvinna
Pokrok
Petrvald
75
Ostrava-Karvinna
Trojice
SleZska-Ostrava
loo
Ostrava-Karvinna
Michal
Michaikovice
loo
Ostrava-Karvinna
Karvinna II b/
Karvinna -
N.A.
Rosice-Oslavany
Julius
Zastavka u Brna
75
Brown Coal
North Bohemian
PresidentBenes c/
Komorany.
loo
Bokolov
Nove Sedlo
Karlovy Vary
75
Sokolov
d/
Habartov
75
Sokolov
2/
Kysperk nad
Orlici
N.A.
Sokolov
?
a/
Dolni Rychnov
N.A.
Sokolov
Sokolov e/
Sokolov
N.A.
a. Approximate capacity in 1950.
1D A new plant has been under construction since 1950 and installation
of machines began in August 1952. The production of briquettes was to
begin in 1953. The karvinha II coal mine Is also known as the Large
Czechoslovak Army Mine.
c. A plant is located at the President Benes mine but the name is not
known.
d: No information.
e. A new plant with large capacity was under construction in 1953.
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III. Coke,
A. General.
Of the European Satellites, Czechoslovakia is second only to
'Poland as a producer of metallurgical coke. In the Ostrava-Karvinna
Basin, there are substantial deposits of coal which yield coke reputed
to be excellent for-blast furnaces. East Germany, Hungary, and
Rumania, because of their own extremely limited resources of good
coking coal, depend heavily on Czechoslovakia to meet their defi-
ciencies of metallurgical coke.
In addition to coke-oven coke,* which is made by high-temper-
ature carbonization of coal In byproduct ovens, Czechoslovakia produces
gas coke, which is Obtained in making gas at gasworks and there is
considerable brown-coal coke (semicoke or char), made from brown coal,
almost entirely at the Stalin Works .(synthetic fuel plant) near Most.
The total production of coke in Czechoslovakia has increased
from about 4.15 million tons in 1947 to 6.76 million. tons in 1950,
and it was probably about 7.7 million tons in 1953. The original Five
Year Plan (1949-53) target for 1953 was established at 8,031,000 tons,.
including 6,020,000 tons of oven coke, 460,000 tons of gas coke, and
1,551,000 tons of brown-coal coke. Production of oven coke has been
below Plan during each year of the Five Year Plan, and the output of
other coke was probably close to Plan.'
B. Oven Coke.
1. Supply.
a. 'Production.
Prior to World War II, all production of oven coke in
Czechoslovakia, with the exception of small output at a plant in Zbysov
In the Rosice Basin, was concentrated in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin.
During World War II the Germans built a Coke plant at the United Steel
Works, now the Konev plant, in Kladno.
* Coke-oven coke (oven coke as referred to in this report), should
not all be considered of metallurgical grade. Some oven coke fails to
meet standards for size, hardness., and chemical characteristics.
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?-?
S-E-C-R-E-T
In recent years there has been some expansion in ca-
pacity with the completion of 1 battery of coke ovens at Trinec and F
2 batteries at Kuncice. The plant at Kuncice is new and, when cOm-
pleted, will have 4 batteries with 288 ovens and an annual capacity of
about 1.5 million tons.
In Czechoslovakia, there are at least 11 oven-coke
plants and possibly as many as 13. The Ostrava-Karvinna Basin is
known to have 9 plants and may have 11. There has been no postwar
information concerning the Jan (or San) plant near Karvinna or the
Vaclav Plant at Poruba, which had a combined output of probably
about 275,000 tons annually prior to World War II
Production of Oven coke amounted to 4,876;000 tons
in 1950. Production is estimated at 5,071,000 tons in 1951; at
5;375,000 tons in 1952; and at 5,700,000 tons in 1953:
Table 23* shows available statistics on production
of oven coke in Czechoslovakia in 1913 and from 1919 through 1953
and gives the 1947-53 Plan figures.
In recent years, approximately 90 percent of the
annual production of oven coke has come from theOstraVa-Karvinna
area. In 1949, three of the cokeries were located at steel plants,
Trinec and Vitkovice in the vicinity of Ostrava, and the Konev plant
in Kladno. Although the Czechoslovaks have referred to these plants
as metallurgical-coke plants and to the others mine,-coke plants,
the distinction is based upon location, and there is no difference
in the quality of the coke produced.
Estimates of Oven-coke plant production inCZecho-
slovakia are given in Table24.**
b. Foreign Trade.
Czechoslovakia has been a major exporter of oven
coke, which is vital to the iron and steel industry. In 1937, Czecho-
slovakia shipped to other nations 943,435 tons, almost 29 percent of
its production, and has exported more than 20 percent of its pro-
duction in recent years.
* Table 23 follows on p. 96.
** Table 24 follows on p. 98.
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Table 23
Production of Oven Coke in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53,
and 1947-53 Plans
?
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
2,561,778 b/
1,628,096 EV
1,706,23212/
1,416,821 b/
880,710 EV
1,809,598 EV
940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
3,733 44o -c/
3,696,00o --V
3,889,340
4,280,545 c/
4,528;480 -c-/
1,900,557 7c-/
1924
2,218;375 17/
1946
2,250,661 Ty
1925
2,009,442 Ey
1947 Plan
3,334,000 TIV.
1926
1,957)213 EV
1947
3,337,869 -JV
1927
2,423,081 EV
1948 Plan
3,854,000 a./
1928
2,815,973 53/
1948
14,099,000. f/
.1929
3,163,194 .?.7
1949 Plan
4,830,000,1V
1930
2,712,332 c/
-6./
1949
4,695,000 f/
1931
2,045,527
1950 Plan
5,040,000-?417
1932
1,277,295 7/
1950
4,876,000 -f7/
1933
1,258,611 Ty
-c-/
1951 Plan
5,150,000 1./
1934
1,344,786
1951
5,071,000 g/
1935
1,551,152 Ty
1952 Plan
5,565,000 70
196
1,955,445 7/
1952
51375,000 la/
1937
3,279,864 Ty
1953 Plan
6,020,000 1/
1938
2,766,300 Tt
-67
1953
5,700,000 i/
1939
3,221,200
a. Production .at byproduct oven plants. It is believed that
the figures exclude breeze.
b. 234/.
c. 235/.
cL 236/.
e. 237/.
f. 238/.
g. Production was reported to be 12 percent higher than in
1944. 239/
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C.
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e
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Table 23
Production of Oven Coke in Czechoslovakia
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
h. Estimated increase of ? percent in 1952. Coke output in-
creased 5 percent during the first half of 1952 as compared
with the same period in 1951. 240/ A new battery started op-
erating at Kuncice on 22 March 1952, and another was fired on
6 August 1952. Each battery had an annual capacity of about
375,000 tons.
i. Pokorny reported on Miners' Day, 13 September 1953, that
the production of mine coke had increased by 19.3 percent as
compared with 1948, 241/ This indicates production of around
3.3 million tons at the mine-coke plants, as compared with the
Plan of 3.55 million tons, and it is believed that production
at the metallurgical-coke plants was below Plan.
the Plan figures for mine and metallurgical
plants were as follows (thousand metric tons):
Year
Mine-Coke Plants
Metallurgical-Coke Plants
1947 Plan
2,120
1,214
1948 Plan
2,420
1,434
1949 Plan
3,350
1,480
1950 Plan
3,550
1,490
1951 Plan
3,550
1,600
1952 Plan
3,550
2,015
1953, Plan
3,550,
2,470
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Table 24
Estimated Oven-Coke Production in Czechoslovakia by Plants 2/
1950-53
Thousand Metric Tons
Production
Estimated Production
Plant
November 1950 b/
1950
1951
1952
1953 s/
Ostrava-Karvinna
General Svoboda d/
98.9
1,356 e/
1,456
1,1120
1,420
Karolina d/ "
44.5
565
575
570
570
Vitkovice f/
N.A.
525 Ei
535
525
525
Trinec f/
N.A.
675 g/
690
675
675
Sverma 1/
39.0
525
545
525
525
Trojice d/
13.8
185
190
180
180
Lazy d/
18.9
250
250
250
250
.(Orlova)
President Benes a/
28-.9
325
335
310
310
Kuncice I/
0
0
0
425
750
Subtotal
4 4o6
14,576
14,880
5,205
Kiadno
Konev f/
N.A.
425 g/
450
---
450
450
Rosice
Zbysov d/
N.A.
15g/
45
45
45
Total
N.A.
14,876
5,071
5,375
5,700
a. Estimates of total production are believed to be within a range
of error of plus or minus 5 percent. Estimates for individual plants
are excessive if the Jan and Vaclav plants have been operating.
b. 243/.
c. According to Pokorny, mine-coke production on Miners' Day had in-
creased 19.3 percent as compared with 1948. 244/ If it is assumed
that the mine-coke plants produced 2.75 million tons in 1948 (they
evidently exceeded the plan of 2.42 million tons by a considerable
amount), then their production in 1953 was around 3.3 million tons.
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Table 24
Estimated Oven-Coke Production in Czechoslovakia by Plants
1950-53
(Continued)
a, Mine coke plant,
e. Produced 686,700 tons as compared with the Plan of 674,000 tons
during the 6 months,- January to June 1950.
f. Metallurgical coke plant. .
g. The 1949 Plan targets were as follows: Vitkovice, 48o,000 tons;
Tripec 650)000 tons; Kladno,.350,000 tons.; Rosice, consumption of
601,000 tons of Rosice coal. 245/ Rosice production may be about
50,000 tons annually.
During the Five Year Plan exports have been probably
between 1.1 and 1,3 million tons annually. Shipments to the Free
.Nations have declined steadily from 580,464 tons (over 50 percent of
the country's total exports) in 1948 to 6,604 tons in 1953. Austria,
France, and Switzerland have received practically all of the oven
coke exported to non-Soviet Bloc countries since 1949.
Shipments to the West have been reduced in order to
meet the needs of the expanding metallurgical industry at home and to
help meet the demands for coke in, the other European Satellites,
especially East Germany. In recent years, the demand for Czechoslovak
coke has been greater than the -supply, and deliveries generally have
fallen below commitments.
Table 25* gives estimates of exports of oven coke by
Czechoslovakia in 1937 and, 1938 and from 1947 through 1953.
Records show that Czechoslovakia has imported some oven
coke in the past, but there are no indications of imports since 1948.
Poland furnished 24,231 tons in 1947 and only 3,878 tons in 1948.
Table 26** gives estimates, based on available data,
of imports of oven coke by Czechoslovakia for the years 1937-38 and
since 1947.
* Table 25 follows on p. 100.
** Table 26 follows on p. 102.
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Table 25
Estimated Exports of Oven Coke by Czechoslovakia a
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Importing Country
1937 LI)/
1938 12/
1947 2/
1948 2/
194-9
1950
1951
1952
1953
Non-Soviet Bloc
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
West Germany
Italy .
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland
Trieste
Yugoslavia
Other
Total
Soviet Bloc
Albania,
Bulgaria
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
-Other
Total
Grand Total
227,130
O
11,808
94,398
25,388
8,983
191,538
20,107
O
71,071
o
650,11.23
86,676
1,500
63,153
5,607
2,357
155,775
8,690
. o'
99,058
10,498
11.33,314
85,442
20
8o
30,590
6,568
75,864
31
175,856
950
375,401
139,656
0
4o
46,917
5,536
116,008
1,315
270,292
700
580,14611.
67,000 h/
74,000 5./
11.6,000
90,000 h/
o
277,000
104,168 2/
0.
0
2,100 B/
0
0
68,100 f/
174,368
120,034 2/
0
0
600 h/
o
23,400 h/
9
11414,0314
33,483 2/
6,000 1/
0
300
114,000 1/
53,783
6,604 I/
6,604 1/
337
17,378
211,015
52,406
11,676
200
293 012
300
13,729
176,816
47,464
20,291
2,381
260,981
0
3,061
190
139,326
o
4,624
o
147,201
0
2,000
79,100
257,673
105,934
45,482
o
490,189
2,500 2/
404,000 2/
225,000 2/
208,700 2/
loo,000 2/
911.0,200
2,800 !i!
311.8,000 2/
301,200 h/
177,600 2/
150,000 It/
979,600
2,800
416,80o 12 -
301,100 kJ
180,000 hJ
200,000 )2
0
1,100,700
E/
4,000 2/
670,000 2/
300,000 I/
150,000 II/
25,925 y/
0
1,149,925
EV ,
5,000 2/
625,000 2/
325,000 h/
150,000 h./
150,000 Lc/
1,255,000
943,435
694,295
522,602
1,070,653
1,217,200
1,153,968
1,244,734
1,203,708
1,261,604
Footnotes for Table 25 follow on p; 101.
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Table 25
Estimated Exports of Oven Coke by Czechoslovakia a/
1937-38 and 1947-53
(Continued)
a. Figures for Austria, France, and Switzerland are imports by those countries in recent years. Over-all exports in recent years are
believed to be within a range of error of plus or minus lO percent.
b. 16/.
c. 2 7/.
d. 248/.
e. Austrian imports. 249/
f. 250/.
g. '251/.
h. 252/.
i. 253/.
j. 254/.
k. Estimate. Planned deliveries of 54,000 tons in firSt quarter and 66,000 tons in second
only 20 tons in July and 140 tons in August. 255/
1. Estimate. Available data for various countries indicate none during first half of 1953
m. Possibly up to 2,000 tons.
n. Estimate; no data. The range of error may be considerable, particularly in 1952 and 1953.
o. 256/.
p. 257/. Possibly about 50,000 tons too low.
q. To be delivered according to trade agreement.
quarter.
except for
Exported 8
Austria.
,840 tons January-August;
258/ East Germany received 528,000 tons by end of September. 259/
s.
t. Estimate
u. Estimate subject to considerable error. Shipments to Poland may have ceased in 1951.
w. Estimate. Exports amounted to 45,970 tons for 8 months, January to August 1949 but were 10,320 tons in July and 10,300 tons in
August. 264/
x. Estimate subject to considerable error.
y. 265/. This is the only figure available since 1949. Actual shipments are believed to have been higher on, the basis of needs.
Estimate. Exports were 200,480 tons for 8 months, January to August 1949. 261/
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Table 26
Estimated Imports of Oven Coke by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Exporting Country
Year
West Germany
Hungary
Poland
Total
1937
1938
1947
1948
1949-53
15,000aj
10,000 2/
0
0
0
1,000 2/
1,000 a/
0
0
0 c/
149,000 2/
97,000 :t,/
24,231 Li
3,878/12/
0 c
_
'165,000
108,000
24,231
3,878
0 c/
a. 26(y.
b. 267/.
c. Probably small, if any.
2. Consumption.
The 1949 Plan* furnishes the most recent data regarding
consumption of coke, but allocations of oven coke and gas coke to
various categories of Consumers are not shown separately. It is be-
lieved that the figures do not include breeze (dust).
About two-thirds of the oven coke used in the country is
consumed in the metal industries, and most of the remainder is used
for domestic heating. According to the 1949 Plan, 2,047,000 tons were
needed for metallurgical purposes, presumably all for making pig iron
at blast furnaces. Another 264,000 tons were to be used for metal-
working and machine building, principally in foundries, but these re-
quirements were axpected to increase to 412,000 tons by 1953. 268/
Requirements for blast furnaces are believed to have increased be-
tween 100,000 and 200,000 tons annually.
* The 1949 Plan for consumption of oven coke and gas coke by categories
of consumers is given in Appendix F, Table '77.
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Table 27* furnishes estimated of availability and con-
sumption of oven coke and gas coke in Czechoslovakia during the years
1949-53.
3. Product Yields.
According to the 1949 Plan)** the mine-coke ovens were to
produce 3,230,000 tons of coke from 5,135,000 tons of coal, and the
metallurgical-coke plants (atl steel mills) were to produce 1,480,000
tons of coke from 2,303,000 tons of coal.*** These figures indicate
coke yields of 62.9 percent and 63.3 percent, respectively, and are
apparently exclusive of breeze. A breakdown of the yields of coke
and other products in the 1949 Plan shows large tonnages of sludge,
or waste, which is assumed to be the wet breeze (dust).
?
4. Oven Coke Plants.
a. Ostrava-Karvinna District (Northeastern Moravia
(1) General Svoboda (formerly Frantiska).
4 The General Svoboda plant is reported to be one
of the most modern in Europe. It is equipped with batteries of ovens
of the Otto, Bochum; Koppers, Essen; and Still, Recklinghausen types.
It also contains equipment to wash out sulfur and to produce sulfuric-
acid by the Lurgi contact process. There is also a flotation coal-
washing plant. Coal is received from the General Svoboda, Zarubek,
Stachanov, and Frantiska mines. In June 1951 the plant handled
4,000 tons of coal daily. 2?.2/ in Feb-
ruary 1951 the plant received 450 cars daily from the General Svoboda,
Masaryk I and II, and Stalin I mines. 270/
(2) Karolina.
The Karolina plant, located in Moravska-Ostrava,
produces coke and gas for the Klement Gottwald Iron and Steel Works.
In June 1951 the plant had 4 batteries of Koppers ovens and handled
2,100 tons of coal daily from the Stalin I and Hlubina mines. 271/
* Table 27 follows on p. 104.
** Appendix F, Tables 78 and 79 furnish the 1949 Plan figures for
production of coke and byproducts at mine-coke ovens and at metallurgi-
cal coke ovens.
*** The total of 4,710,000 tons disagrees with the figure of
4,830,000 tons reported as the 1949 goal.
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Table 27
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Oven Coke
and Gas Coke in Czechoslovakia
1949-53
Thousand Metric Tons
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953
Availability a/
Production b/
Oven Coke
Gas Coke
4,695
405
4,876
425
5,071
.425
5,375
435
5,700
450
Imports c/
0
0
0
0
0
Total
51100,
5,301
5,11.96
5,810
6,150
Exports d/
11217
1,154-
1,245
1,204
1,262
Total Availability
3,883
4,147
4,251
4,606
4,888
Consumption a/
Industry .
Metallurgy e/
2;310
2,475
2,600
2,850
3,000
Other f/
_
530
575.
600
700
? 750
Railroads
35
40
45,
50
60
Electric Power Stations
2
2
4
5
10
Gasworks
1130
135
135
135
140
Domestic Heating h/
876
920
867
866
928
Total Consumption
3,883
4,1)-4.7
4,251
4,606
4,888
a. Stocks are not taken into account; they are relatively small.
The 1949 Plan shows stocks of only 19,000 tons on 31 December 1948,
and there were to be none at the end of 1949. It is probable that
these data refer to stocks held,at the 'aource of supply. Doubtless,
some consumers haye stocks sufficient to last several weeks or more.
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Table 27
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Oven Coke
and Gas Coke in Czechoslovakia
.1949-53
(Continued)
b. It is believed that coke-production figures do not include
breeze (dust).
c. Probably none.
d. Probably-all oven coke.
e. All oven coke, of which probably 90 percent or more was used in
making pig iron.
f. Over 50 percent of the total was for the ceramics and chemical
industries in 1949.
g. All gas coke.
h. coke was scarce in 1951 and 1952, and con- 50X1
sumption may have been less than estimated. Much of this coke went
for heating commercial buildings.
These ovens may be the same that existed in 1929, at which time
there were 4 batteries (216 ovens) of the Koppers regenerative
type which had. a total daily output of about 1,650 tons of coke.
(3) Vitkovice.
The Vitkovice plant is located in Vitkovice, a
suburb of Moravska-Ostrava. It belongs to the Klement Gottwalt Iron
and Steel Works and produces coke and gas for the Vitkovice steel
plant. It was reported that in June 1951 the plant coked 1,800 tons
of coal daily in 3 batteries of Koppers ovens and 1 Otto battery.
The 1949 Plan called for this plant to produce 480,000 tons of coke
(apparently exclusive of breeze) from 820,000 tons of coal.
(4) Trinec.
The Trinec plant is located at the V.M. Molotov
Steel Works in Trinec. It is claimed that the plant is modern and
has 4 Koppers batteries using 1,800 tons of coal daily (June 1951)
from the 1 May and Pokrok mines. The coke is used at the Trinec iron
works. The 1949 Plan called for this plant to produce 650,000 tons
of coke (apparently exclusive of breeze) from 1,013,000 tons of coal.
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In 1930, this plant had 3 batteries of Koppers re-
generative ovens, built fromj925 to 1930, consisting of 118 Ovens
with a total daily output of about 1,500 tons of coke. There was also
a battery of Otto -ovens, built in 1913, which were replaced after
1930, 212/ evidently with a battery of Koppers ovens.
The sixth blast furnace was brought into operation
at Trinec in May,1952. 273/ This increased cOke-requirements and it
is possible that the 4 batteries may not supply all that the plant
consumes.
(5) Jan Sverma.
The Jan Sverma plant is located near the Jan Sverma
(formerly Ignat) mine, west of Mbravska-Ostrava. There are, reportedly,
2 modern Koppers and 1 Otto battery, which together-handled 1,800
tons of coal daily (June 1951) from,the:Jan Sverma mine,
In 1929 there were 7 batteries at this plant, but
4 old ones, built in 1900 and 1905, were later dismantled, and evidently
another, built in 1913, was also dismantled. There was an Otto twin-
type battery (built in 1923) with 46 ovens and a battery of Koppers
regeneratiye ovens (built in 1926) with 35 ovens, which had a total
daily outputOf about 775 tons of coke. These batteries may still be
in Operation. at the Jan Sverma coal mine in
recent years the plant had 80 coke ovens. 274/
(6) Trojice.
The Trojiceplant'is located at the Trojice mine _
in Slezska,Ostraval east of MoravakaOstraVa. It was.rePorted.that '
800 tons of coal (June 1951) from the Trojice mine Were consumed daily
in 1 battery of Otto ovens and 2 old batteries of Kopper S ovens.
In 1929, this Plant had 2 Otto-Kaufman batteries
with 60 ovens (built in 1906) and one Koppers battery with 30 ovens
(built in 1907), which at that time had a total daily output of about
400 tons of coke. 275/
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(7) Lazy (Orlova).
The Lazy plant is Iodated at, or near, Orlova. It
was reported to be modern, having 3 Otto batteries that handled
.1,200 tons of coal (Jim:. 1951) daily from the Zapotocky mine.
In 19292 :this plant had. 1. battery of Otto: twin-
type ovens (55) with a capacity of 475 tons of coke daily. This
battery was installed in 1925. 276/
(8) Kuncice.
The .Kuncice plant, located at Kuncice, is new.
When completed, the plant is to have 4 Koppers-type batteries, each
with 72 ovens. The 288 ovens will process 5,750 tons of coal (30.
percent water) daily. H The dimensions of each oven are_as.follows:
12.9 meters long, 4 meters high, and 0.44 meter wide. Each oven has:
a capacity of 17,6 tons of coal, and the coking time is 20,5 hours....
It was planned to use a.mixture of coals fromthe President-Benes mine
(85 percent) and Pokrok mine (15 percent): The yield of dry coke
from dry coal would be 73 percent, and the daily production would con-
sist of 4,200 tons of coke, 1,7 million normal cubic meters of gas,
200 tons Of tar, and 75 tons of benzol. The resulting coke will con-
tain-5 percent water, 12 to 13 percent ash, and 0.8 percent sulfur.
Tests indicate that 4) to 65 percent Of the coke will.be larger than
40 millimeters in diaMeter. 277/
The first battery of coke ovens at the Kuneice
plant were put into operation at the same time the first Martin fur-
naces were lighted (March 1952). 278/ According to a radio broad.,
cast, 279/ the main section of the plant began operating on 22 March
1952. fl the second battery Of 72
coke ovens was fired on 6 August 1952. -Construction time was one-
third shorter than it,was for the, first battery, 280/
the 72 ovens of the second battery had .been
fired. 281/
If 'the 2 coke batteries operated at capacity
during 1953, they produced about 150,000 tons of coke.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
(9) President Benes (formerly Hohenegger).
The President Benes plant is in the Vicinity of
Karvinna and may be known as the Czechoslovak Army plant, The former
President Benes mine is now the huge Czechoslovak Army mine. There
was a coke plant adjoining the former Illubina mine, which has been
merged into the Czechoslovak Army mine:i..282/
b. Kladno District.
Konev (Kladno),
The Konev plant, located at Kladno, is a division
of the United Steel Works, It was constructed in 1942-43by the
Germans.
It is probable that there is 1 battery with 60 ovens. The plant
used a mixture of local coals from the Kaldno district and coals
from the Ostrava-Karvinna district. The coke is used in the three
modern blast furnaces at the Konev plant, and the gas is used to heat
furnaces at the Konev and Poldi plants.
Coke production has been reported as follows (in
tons): 1946, 99,840; 1947 Plan, 237,000; 1947 actual, 234,460; 1948
Plan, 300,000; 1948 (January to June), 149,254. 283/ The 1949 Plan
called for production of 350,000 tons of coke from 470,000 tons of
coal. There is a Czechoslovak newspaper report (5 December 1952) that
the plant produced 13,000 tons of coke above the Plan quota by 23
November 1952. 284/
Rosice District.
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the Rosice district near? 50X1
Brno in Moraviahas its own little coke-oven plant, and it supplies
metallurgical coke to many gray-iron foundries in Brno and vicinity.
Output in 1929 was 50,000 tons. 285/ The 1949 Plan shows that
60,000 tons of Rosice coal were to be coked. 50X1
in Zbysov there was a plant with 12 ovens which pro- 50X1
cessed local coal.
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C. Gas Coke.
1. Supply.
a. Production.
Gas coke is a byproduct in the, manufacture of gas from
bituminous coal at gasworks.. There were about 80 gas plants in Czech-
oslovakia before World War II, but the number may be less at the present
time. Some old plants have become inoperative, and there has been a
trend toward long-distance transmission of gas from the Stalin Works-
and the Oven-coke plants.
. The production of gas coke increased annually except
for 2 years, from 178,192 tons in 1929 to 413,421 tons in. 1944, but
production dropped to less than 300,000 tons after World War II. The
last year for which a reliable output figure is available is 1947,
when production was 289,809 tons. The original Five Year Plan figures
are available, however, and show that production was to be increased
to 46o,000 tbns in 1953.
production was 92,596 tons
during the second quarter of 1949, compared with a planned production
of. 96,170 tons, 287/ The Original Plan for 1949 was 423,000 tons, and
the estimate for that year is 405,000 tons. Although no data are
available, it is believed that output has been somewhat less than Plan
during subsequent years, and it is estimated that production in 1953
was 450,000 tons, 10,000 tons less than originally planned.
Table 28* gives available data ot production of gas
coke in Czechoslovakia from 1929-53, including 1947-53 Plan figures.
b. Foreign Trade.
It is possible that Czechoslovakia may have exported
some gas coke in recent years, but quantities, if any, were un-
doubtedly very small.
* Table 28 follows on p. 110.
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Table 28
Production of Gas Coke in Czechoslovakia
1929-53 and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
,Amount
Year
Amount
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933:_
1934 '
1935
1936
1937.
1938 V
1939
1940
1941
1942
L943
1944
-178,192 5/
210,715 5/
224,300 fil
213,161,..5,/
223,521 a/
219,207 ;17
225,570 'Fly
234,663 la"../
246,705 a/
248,508 Ig../
256,451 a/
283,090 E/
338,696 a/
3811., 5311.
402,552.E.,/
413,421 a/
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947
1948 Plan
1948
1949 Plan
1949 V
1950 Plan
1950
1951 Plan
1951
1952 Plan
1952
1953 Plan
1953
290,764 a/
.290,000 12/
290,000 s/
289,809 I/
306,000 2/
296,000 12/
423,000 2/
11.05,000 .e/
426,000 ,../
425,000 2/
428,000 c/
425000 -67
446i000 -?./
.435,000 e/
46o,boo :97
450,000 e/
a. 288/.
b. n.g/.
c. Original Five Year. Plan target. 290/
d. 291/. .
e. Estimates are based upon the original Five Year.Plan
targets.. It is possible that the estimates for the period
1950-53 are as much as 25,000 tons too low.
2. -Consumption.
Data are not available on the consumption of gas coke in
Czechoslovakia by consumer categories. Figures are available on the
consumption of oven coke and gas coke combined and are given in
Table 27.* The gasworks evidently use about one-third of the total
output, and it is probable that the remainder is distributed in the
vicinities of the individual plants, mainly for heating homes and
commercial buildings.
* P. 104 above.
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34 Product Yields at Gasworks.*
. -
. On the average, 100 kilograms of coal used in the manu-
facture Of 'gas yield about 40 cubic meters of gab, 78 kilograms of coke
(including breeze), 3.7 kilograms of raw tar, 0.56 kilograms of raw
benzene, 0.34 kilograms of ammonia, and 0.47 kilogram& of ammonium
sulfate. Ammonium sulfate and benzol are made only in the Prague
works. g22/ ? '
D. Brown-Coal Coke.
1. Supply.
Proddction.
Available statistics show- that 'in the years prior to
World War II, production of brown-coal coke was insignificant. After
the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia, they began construction, in May
1939, of a synthetic-gasoline plant at Zaluzi, 2 miles northwest of
Most in 'NorthernBohemia. This plant, then known as the Herman
Goeringliorkt and now knOwn at the' Stalin Works, was to have a capacity
of 1 million tons of petroleum products annually, and considerable
brown-coal coke was to have been derived as a byproduct in the pro-
duction of tar. The plant began operating in October.. 1911.2 but was hit
by a series of aerial attacks, and!, by May 19145, itwas:estimated to
have been 80 percent destroyed. Reconstruction. commenced soon after
the war 'ended, and the Czechoslovaks are evidently still working to
increasehaPadity..
The: planned production of brown-coal coke was 807,000
tons in 1948, 1,298,000' tons in 1949, and 1,551,000 tons in ,1953, the
last year of the Five Year Plan. According to the 1949 Plani the Stalin
Works was to produce 1,272,000 tons (11163,000 tons of. .dry coke), but ,
it is not known where the remainder was to be made.
It has been reported that output in the second quarter
of 'I9119 amounted to 340,742 tons, which was 104.3 percent of Plan.' It
is estimated that the total production for the year was 1,363,000 tons,
which is probably within 10 percent of actual' production.. The estimate
* Appendix F, Table 80 furnishes data on the planned production:de-
gas coke,- gas, and other products at gasworks in 1949. It will be
noted that the planned production'of coke is 446,300 'tons, which is
probably a revised goal and is higher than called for originally.
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for 1950 is 1,461,000 tons and is a residual figure derived by
? deducting estimated oven-coke and gas-coke production from a re-
ported figure of total coke production. No data are available for
subsequent years, but it is believed, on the basis of coal deliveries
to the Stalin Works, that the production of brown-coal coke has been
' close to Plan.
Production of brown-coal coke in Czechoslovakia for
1913 and 1919-53, including 1947-53 Plan figures, is shown in Table
29.*
b. Foreign Trade.
There is no evidence to indicate that Czechoslovakia
imports brown-coal coke, and exports have been relatively small. In
1953, 104,000 tons were exported to Austria and West Germany, but
the total exports to these countries amounted to only 31,000 tons in
1952.
Table 30** gives estimates, based on available statis-
tics, of exports of brown-coal coke by Czechoslovakia for 1937-38 and
1947-53.
2. Consumption.
Available data for the first 8 months of 1948 and of 1949,
showing the consumption of brown-coal coke in Czechoslovakia, exclu-
sive of that used at the Stalin Works, are given in Table 31.***
According to the 1949 Plan, the Stalin Works was to pro-
duce 1,272,000 tons of coke (1,163,000 tons of dry coke), of which
501,000 tons were for consumption at the plant in the manufacture of
hydrogen and electricity. The amount planned for sale was 771,000 tons,
60.6 percent of the total. 293/
It is assumed that the Stalin Works consumed 500,000 tons
in 1949.- The remainder available (less exports) for other use in the
country is indicated to have been 794,000 tons Although consumption
for these other purposes during the first 8 months of 1949 was only
Table 29 follows on p. 113.
Table 30 follavis on p. 114.
*** Table 31 follows on p. 115.
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Table 29
Production of Brown-Coal Coke in Czechoslovakia
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Year Amount
1913 36,790 a/
1919 . 0
1920 0 T/
1921 2,318 -E/
1922 1,655 "a".7.
1923 0 T./
1924 2,181.TV
1925 6,526 -.iy
1926 4,549 TV
_
1927 5,503 a/
1928 5)450 TV
1929 7,43517/
1930 2,338 EV
1931 844 17/
1932 515 EV
1935 770 EV '
1934 0 EV
1935 2,71717/
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
1936
1937
1938-46
70 b/
0 17/
N.A.
1947 Plan
706,000 c/
1947
700,000 "a7
1948 Plan
.807,000 E/
1948
800,000 -gy
1949 Plan
1,298,000 c/
1949
1,363,000 EV
1950 Plan
1)410,000 E/
1950
1,461,000 TY
1951 Plan
1,457,000 EV
.i.V
1951
1,500,000
1952 Plan
11504,000 EV
"i.V
1952
1,505,000
1953 Plan
1,551,000 EV
-g-/
1953
1,550,000
a. 294/.
b. 295/.
c. f7/.
d. Estimate. Disposable production was, 521,797 tons in
1947 and 666,214 tons in 1948. 297/ These figures exclude
coke used at the source of production.
e. Estimate production in the
second quarter of 1949 was 340,742 tons and 104.3 percent of
Plan. 298/ The total production of coke (oven, gas, and
brown coal) was reported at 6,589,000 tons. 299/
f. Residual figure after deducting production of oven coke
and gas coke from total coke-production figure, which was re-
ported at 6,762,000 tons. 300/
g. Estimate based on Plan.
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Table 30
Exports of Brown-Coal Coke by Czechoslovakia
1937-38 and 1947-53
Metric Tons
Destination
1937
2/
1938
2/
1947 12
1948 b/
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Non-Soviet Bloc Countries
Austria
0
0
8,049
4,828
28,300 2/
11,600
1/
9,100 2/
4,000
1/
100000 Bi
West Germany
Italy
0
0
0
0
39,942
2,677
52,203
0
40,400 h/
0
54,500
0
1/
16,900 .s/
e 0
27,000
0
1/
94,000 gi
0
Sweden
0
0
500
. 0 .
0
0
0
0
0
Switzerland
0
0
5,562
0
0
0
o
0
0
Total -
56,730
57031
68,700
66 100
26,000
31,000
104 000
a. 301/.
b.
c. Imported by Austria. 303
d. Import figures. 304/
e. Import figures. 2.2/
f. Import figures. 306/
g. Import figures. 307/
h. Imported by West Germany.
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Table 31
Consumption of Brown-Coal Coke in Czechoslovakia
Excluding Captive Tonnage at the Stalin Works 309/
January-August 1948 and January-August 1949
Metric Tons
January-August January-August
Consumer
1948 ?
1949
Industries
168,655
198,324
Electric Power Stations
65,406
62,388
Domestic Heating
121,753
161,229
Internal Navigation
83
131
Total
355,897
11.22,072
4221072 tons, it is believed that allocations to various industries
and to domestic beating was at a higher rate in the fall of the year
than in the earlier months.* Allocations to electric power stations,
however, probably showed little Change. The estimates of consumption
of brown-coal coke in 1949 indicate the following distribution:
Stalin Works; 38.6 percent; other industries; 29.7 percent; electric
power stations, 7.7 percent; and damestic heating, 24.0 percent,
In view of the higher requirements and shortages of fuel
since 1949, some eutbaCkt in allocations of brown-coal coke for
domestic heating probably occurred after 1950.
Estimates of the availability and consumption of. brown-
coal coke in Czechoslovakia during the 1949-53 period are given in
Table 32.** The estimates are believed to generally within a
range of error of plus or minus 15 percent.
* In 1948 the quantity of coke that was commercially disposable
amounted to 666,214 tons, although only 608,000 tons were available
after. exports. These figures are assumed to be exclusive of coke
used at the Stalin Works. They indicate higher allocations in the
last 14. months Of the year.
** Table 32 follows on p. 116.
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Table 32
Estimated Availability and Consumption of Brown-Coal Coke
in Czechoslovakia
194953
Thousand Metric Tons
Availability 2/
Production
- Imports b/
-
Total
1911.9
1950
1951
1952
1953
1,363
0
1,363
1,461
0
1,11.61
1,500
0
1,500
1,505
0
1,505
1,550
0
1,550
Exports
69
66
_
26
3!
_..___
104
Total Availability
1,294
1,395
1,11-711.
1,11-74 .
i446
COnsumptiOn
Stalin Works
500 6/
540
560
560
.575
Other Industries
384 Tv
425
504
524
525
Electric Power Stations
.100 Tili
? 105
110
115
120
Domestic Heating e/
?
310 ..?1.7
325
300 f/
275 f
226 f/
Total Consumption
1222L1
1,395
1,471i-
1 474,
i,446
a. ,Stocks are relatively small and are not taken into account.
b. East Germany is the only probable source, and none have been
reported.
c. The 1949 Plan was 501,000 tons.
d. Estimate is based partly upon consumption for the period January to
August 1949. 310/ The disposable surplus at- the Stalin Works was
planned at 771,000 tons. 311/. It is assumed that allocations to other,
Industries and to domestic heating are at a higher rate during the lat-
ter montha.of-the year.
e. Includes buildings and hospitals.
f. It :is believed that allocations were cut in 1951, 1952, and 1953
tb make more coke available for Other use.
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3. The Stalin Synthetic Fuel Plant. ?31.2J*
The Stalin Works is the former Herman Goering Works, which
the Germans began planning as early as 1936, at least 2 years before
the occupation of Czechoslovakia. Construction started in 1939, and
the plant began operating in October 1942. Although its primary
purpose is to produce gasoline, fuel oil, and lubricants, it also
produces coal gas and electricity as well as considerable tonnages of
brown-coal coke.
The process of making the gasoline employs hydrogenation
of coal tar, contained in abundance in local brown coal (Bedvika coal,
14.3 percent; Kolumbus coal, 11.7 percent; Quido I-III, 13 percent;
Centrum, 12.1 percent; average, approximately 13 percent), rather than
.direct hydrogenation of pulverized coal. Brown coal is transported
in 60-ton Talbot (side-dump) railroad cars to the plant, where it is
?
crushed and graded. Coal chips and dust serve as fuel for the plant's
electric powe/ station, which also supplies hundreds of thousands Of
kwh daily to the Ervenice electrical works and to the brown-coal mines
of western Czechoslovakia.
. Graded pieces of coal, 8 to 16 millimeters in diameter,
are pressure-distilled to produce illuminating gas, which supplies the
135-kilometer pipe line extending along the border to Varn8dorf and
Zhelezny Brod. This gas supplies 35 cities, many glass factories,
and other enterprises. In the summer of 1952, preparations were
under way to distribute gas generated at the Stalin Works to Prague
and to certain cities -- those without gasworks -- situated along the
pipeline.
Coal-particles larger. than 16 millimeters in diameter are
distilled at 700 degrees Centigrade in 4 Lurgi distillery, which con-
sists of a vertically arranged drying chamber (through which the coal
passes first), on top of an aluminum Fischer-type carbonizing retort.
? Heat for the drying and distillation is !provided by burning part of
the gases produced in the distillation process in burners located out-
.side the coal-filled chambers. Two .ventilatOrs, 1 pusher, and 1
exhaust provide draft for the smoke gases passing through the dryer.
* Information is from a 1952 Hungarian magazine article by the former
director of the Stalin Works, Dr, Stanislav Landa.
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A flushing gas is also passed through the carbonizer. The hot gas
passing through the coal permits distillation of 90 percent of the
tar at 700 degrees Centigrade. The annual average moisture content
of the coal is 29 percent.
Tar is recovered in three stages: heavy tar from the air
cooler,"electrotar"from the electrostatic tar percipitator, and middle
oil from the water cObler. Benzene is scrubbed out of the distillate
gas with the aid of the tar-oil. Synthetic fuels and byproducts are
obtained in further processing of the tar.
The brown-coal coke, which is removed at the bottom of
the carbOnizer, is cooled with carbon dioxide and is graded. :The
composition of the dried brown-coal coke is as follows: ash, 17 to
20 percent; carbon, 72 to 73 percent; hydrogen, 1.5 to 1.7 percent;
sulfur, 0.7 to 1.4 percent; nitrogen, 0.9 to 1.0 percent; heating
Value, 6,400 to 6,620_k cal per kg.
About 30 percent of the coke has been sold for smokeless
household fuel, some Of which is exported to foreign countries. Part
of the remainder is used to make water gas in large-capacity Winkler
generators (20,000 to 25,000 cubic meters per hour). Approximately
1,200 cubic meters of gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) are produced
from 1 ton or coke, requiring 0.33 normal cubic meters of 98 percent
pure Oxygen per cubic meter of gas produced. Approximately 1 kilogram
per normal cubic meter of steam is required for the production ,of
water gas, which is used to make hydrogen. The hydrogen is used in
the hydrogenation of tar, and about 1,000 cubic Meters are required
to produce a ton of gasoline.
On the basis of 1946 data, a heat energy balance was
calculated. Taking the calory content Of coal, crude oil, pakura
(residual oil), and tars entering the plant as 100 percent, the calory
content of products leaving the plant is expressed in the following
percentages: coke, 22.942 percent; motor fuels, 16.031 percent;
illuminating gas, 1.482 percent; electric current, 1.122 percent;
steam (for the coal mines), 0.170 percent; solvents, 1.301 percent;
hydrogenated crude oil, 0.137 percent; bottled hydrogen, 0.01 percent;
total, 43,195 percent. Many products are not accounted for in the
heat energy balance -- the phenols, for example.
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The 1949 Plan .figures for the Stalin Works* show that
coal requirements were 4)067)000 tons, of which 2,894,000 tons were
to be used in carbonization. The yield of coke was calculated at
40.19 percept.
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during the months from May to November 1951, the plant received on the
average, 85,-000 tons of coal weekly at a minimum rate and 91,000 tons
at a maximum rate. In the winter months, from November 1951 to
April 1952) receipts were between 50,000 and 70,000 tons weekly.
These data indicate that the plant consumed between
3.8 and 4.0 million tons of coal during the I2-month period, May
1951 to May 1952) a little less than planned for 1949.
. At the beginning of 1953, two additional carboniting
units began operating. illy What this expansion represents in terms
of end products and coal requirements has not been determined.
IV. Coal Gas.
A. General.
'Because,Czechoslovakia's.reserves and production of natural
gas are small, the country has depended almost entirely for its gas
supply on gas made from coal. From 1930 through 1946 the production
of natural gas amounted to only 26.5 million cubic meters. 315/ In
1948 total production of natural gas was 4.7 million cubic meters,
compared with 2 billion cubic meters of coal gas.
Byproduct coke ovens at steel works and coal mines account
for the major part of the output of manufactured gas. The primary
product at such plants is metallurgical coke, and the gas, as well as
chemical byproducts, are incidental. The crude gas contains tar,
gaseous ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and benzol, which are removed by
sending the gas through a series of condensers, exhausters, tar ex-
tractors, ammonia wtshers, and purifiers. The bulk of the coke-oven
gas is consumed in heating the ovens of the coke plants themselves,
and by the iron and steel plants.
* Appendix F, Table 8l)furnishes 1949 planned requirements of coal
and production of carbonization products at the Stalin Works.
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Gasworks provide 13 percent or less of the total production of
coal gas. Gas toke is obtained as a secondary product in the process
of carbonizing the coal. There were about 80 of these, plants before
World War II, but the present number is probably less:
The Stalin Works near Most, which uses brown coal, and the
Bata plant, probably at Gottwaldov, are other sources of supply.
B. Supply.
1. Production.
The production of gas at coke-oven plants and gasworks in
Czechoslovakia amounted to 1.4 billion cubic meters in 1937. In 1945
production was only 960 million cubic meters, considerably less than an-
nual production during World War II. By 1949, output was back to about
2.2 billion cubic meters. The Five Year Plan called for production to
increase rather steadily to almost 2.9 billion cubic meters by 1953. On
the basis of data on coke production, it appears that the coke ovens
have supplied 2 to 5 percent less gas annually than planned. Although
data on recent production at the gasworks are unavailable, it is be-
lieved that gasworks also failed to fulfill the Plan.
Table ? 33* gives available statistics on production of coal
gas in Czechoslovakia for 1937 and for. 1945 through 1911.9, and also
.1949-53. Plan figures.
Coke-oven plants account for 80 to 85 percent of the total
volume of coal gas produced in Czechoslovakia. The remainder is
produced by the gasworks, except for relatively minor quantities made
from brown coal at the Stalin Works and the Bata Plant. Production
at the Stalin Works near Most amounted to 50 million cubic meters in
1914.7, 316/ a little more than 3 percent Of the total, and the 1949 Plan
called for production of 87 million cubic meters, which was about 4
,percent of the total planned production.
Table 34** shows the 1949 planned production Of coal gas
in Czechoslovakia, on the basis of sources of supply.
* Table 33 follows on p. 121.
** Table 34 follows-on p. 122.
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? ? ?
Table 33
Production of Coal Gas- in Czechoslovakia 317/
1937, 1945-49, and 1949-53 Plans
Million Cubic Meters
Year
Coke-Oven Plants
Other a/
Total
1937
1,282
134
1,416
1945
795
165
960
1946
882
222
1,104
1947
1,289
271
1,560
1948
N.A.
N.A.
2,064
1949
1,864
325.b/
2,189 -
1949 Plan
1,878
357
2,235 c/
1950 Plan
1,961
371
2,332 -J/
1951 Plan
2,005
386
2,391 T/
1952 Plan
2,176
426
2,602 -j/
1953 Plan
2,365
- 522
2,887 7/
a. The figures for 1945 and the following years in-
clude gas made from brown coal at the Stalin Works.
b. Estimate.
c. On the basis of coke production, it is believed
that actual output of coal gas has ranged from 2 to 5
percent under the annual Plan during the period of the
Five Year Plan.
. Foreign Trade.
The 1949 Plan shows no imports of coal gas by Czechoslo-
vakia and exports of only 500,000 cubic meters. According to a 1950
report, a gas-exchange contract was concluded between Czechoslovakia
and East Germany whereby Kraslice (Graslitz) in Czechoslovakia receives
gas from the Markneukirchen gasworks in East Germany and an equal
amount of gas is exported from Velky Sehov (Gross-Schoenen) in
Czechoslovakia to Ebersbach in East Germany. 318/
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Table 34
Planned Production of Coal Gas, in.Czechoslovakia-319/
1949 Plan
Thousand Cubic Meters
Source of Supply
Bohemia and Moravia
Slovakia
Total
Gasworks (CEZ)
221,292
16,670
237,962
Mine Coke Ovens
1,275,000
1,275,000
Metallurgical Coke
Ovens
603,000
603,000
Stalin Works
87)000
87,000
Bata Plant
5,000
5,000
Total
2,191,292
16,670
2,207,962 a/
a. This figure does not agree with the figure given in Table 33, but
the difference is relatively small.
C. Consumption and Distribution.
1. Consumption.
According to the 1949 Plan, almost 81 percent of the total
supply of coal gas-in Czechoslovakia was to have been furnished to
various industries. Iron and steel plants are the major consumers.
They control over 25 percent of total production and take considerable
gas from the coke ovens located at the mines. To domestic use for
heating and cooking was allocated 7.5 percent of the total, and trans-
portation and public use were each to receive less than 1 percent.
After line losses, estimated at a little more than 1 percent, and
minor exports, there was expected to be a surplus of 8.6 percent,
which was intended for use in firing boilers.
Table 35* shows the planned distribution of coal gas in
Czechoslovakia in 1949. 8'
Table 35 follows on p. 123.
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Table 35
Distribution of Coal Gas in Czechoslovakia 320/
1949 Plan
Thousand Cubic
Meters
Distribution
Bohemia and Moravia
Slovakia
Total
Industry a/
1,785;000
1,581
1,787,381
Public Use
17,856
910
18,766
Transportation
20,112
' 89
20,201
Other Domestic Needs
153,094
11,960
165,054
Exports
500
500
Losses
23,930
2,130
26,060
Surplus Coke-Oven Gas
(to Fire Boilers)
190,000
190,000
Total
2,191,292
16,670
2,207 962
a. Winly to the iron and steel industry.
The volume of coke-oven gas not needed by the captive con-
sumers and representing a-surplus for outside distribution is small
in relation to the total output Of such gas. This surplus, together
with gas from other sources, makes up what can be regarded as the
commercial. supply.. The relative importance of the sources of this
commercial supply in 1948, 1949, and 1950 is shown in Table 36, which
indicates that the. proportion of the gas supplied by gasworks has been
declining in recent years, whereas the 'share supplied by each of the
other sources has increased.
Table 36
Commercial Supply of Gas in Czechoslovakia 321/
1948-50
Percent
1948
1949
1950
Manufactured Gas
Gasworks
70.4
61.6
53:1
Coke-Oven Plants
10.0
13.6
18.0
Stalin Works
19.1
23.7
24.6
Natural Gas
0.5
1.5
4.3
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2. Distribution.
Prior to World War II, there were no high-pressure grids
in Czechoslovakia. The distribution of coke-oven gas was confined to
the Moravska-Ostrava area, and the communities in other areas were
supplied with gas by local gasworks.
The laying of long-distance gas lines and the interlink-
ing of local gasworks was started during World War II. In 1947 the
networks of local lines amounted to approximately 3,400 kilometers and
of long-distance lines to 450 kilometers. The networks served 381,000
customers in 86 communities. 322/
The northern part of Bohemia is supplied with coal gas by
a pressure gas plant at Horni Litvinov, near Most, using gas from
the Stalin Works. The pipeline serves Chomutov, Most, Duchcov, Teplice
Sanov, Usti nad Labem, Decin, Podmokly, Ceska Lipa, Litomerice, Varns-
dorf, Rumburk, and Ebersbach. In addition, 36 industrial factories
were supplied with coal gas by this 300-kilometer network, which was
built by the Germans during the war. A 100-kilometer branch of the
gas pipeline, connecting Horni Litvinov-Most and Prague, was claimed
to be nearing completion about 1947. 323/
During the war, a long-distance pipeline was completed from
the gasworks in MladaBoleslav to Kosmonosy, Bakov, Mnichovo Bradiste,
Turnov, and Zelezny Brod. The gasworks in Chrudim serves Pardubice
and the industrial plants of the Association for Chemical and Metal-
lurgical Production (Spolek pro Chemikou a Eutni Vyroku) in Rybitvy.
Another line connects Gottwaldov (Zlin) and Batov, and a 50-kilometer
line for natural gas extends from Podivin to Brno. 324/
In 1947 there was a plan to extend the existing mainlines
from Most to West Bohemia by laying a line through Plzen to Prague and
then connecting the Pajizeri region, to complete a circle in the
direction of Liberec and Prague. The South Bohemian region would need
two branches, one to Pardubice and Prague, and another to the
PE.Cjizeri region to the north. 325/
in 1952 a plan was under way
to distribute gas from the Stalin Works to Prague and to along-
the-line communities which lacked gasworks. 326/
Cr.
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It may be inferred that the Horni
Litvinov-Plzen-Prague line had not been built by 1952.
In 1947 it was stated that South Bohemia and the Czecho-
Moravian Highlands would continue for some time to use their own in-
dependent gasworks, which would have to be expanded. 327/
In 1947 the Ostrava area was being supplied with coke-oven
gas from. the Karolina, Vitkovice, and Trojice cokeries. Valuable
coke-oven gas was being utilized inefficiently in furnaces and
boiler works. It was considered quite feasible to replace the gas used
for such purposes with lower quality coal or with cheaper generator
gas. After completion of a long-distance distribution system in Central
Moravia and Silesia, the Ostrava network would be connected with the
Brno network, which was being supplied with natural gas from South
Moravia. 328/
Although the long-distance network, when completed, would
improve the gas situation; many towns would be without gas for a long
time and some entire regions would still be without gas. These regions
are principally Southern Bohemia, the Czecho-Moravian Highlands,
Slezsko, Valassko, and entire areas in Slovakia, where, as late as
1947, only six cities were being supplied with gas. 329/
D. Plants.
The plants in Czechoslovakia producing gas at coke ovens, as
well as the 'plant at the Stalin Works, are discussed in the coke
section of this report, III, B, 4, above.
AlthaUgh there were about 80 gas plants* in Czechoslovakia
before World War II, it is believed that the number is now Smaller.
V. Peat.
. -
Peat in the bog contains about 90 percent water, and it is a
problem to reduce the water content sufficiently to make peat a sat-
isfactory fuel.' After peat has been removed from the swamp and allowed
to dry in the open air for several weeks, it still has a moisture
content of at least 30 percent.. Its heat content is relatively low,
* See Appendix G, Table 82 for data on the gasworks operating in 1934
and 1936.
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and for various other reasonsit is not nearly as economical for
fuel purposes as is coal, gas, or oil.
Czechoslovakia has a number of scattered peat bogs, but their
total area is reported at only 13,200 hectares.. 212/ There is little
information About the industry, and mining is probably done only
on a small scale.
It was reported that the Lezaky (formerly Richard) mine is the
largest source of peat it Czechoslovakia. During the summer of 1950
the mine employed 1,000 workers working 3shifts and was producing
2,500 tons daily. The peat was dug with 10 old German excavating
machines and 10 new machines made in Czechoslovakia by Skoda. Two-
thirds of the peat produced was sent by rail to Prague, and the re-
mainder was sent by rail to Komorany, for use at the electric power
plant and the gasworks, 331/
It is probable that production of peat is reduced in the winter
months, and at times may be suspended entirely, because of bad
weather. In the USSR, peat is exploited only during the monthsfrom
April to October, and this situation may also prevail in Czechoslo-
vakia. It is believed that the total quantity of dried peat produced
in Czechoslovakia does not exceed 500,000 tons annually. The serious
dhortages of coal that have existed for several years in Czechoslovakia
probably have contributed to greater use of peat in some localities.
VI. Fuelwood.
A. Production.
The total annual roundwood production in Czechoslovakia is be-
tween 10 million and 11 million cubic meters, of which about one-third
is fuelwood.
Both industrial wood and fuelwood are allocated to consumers
according to directives laid down in the Five Year Plan. To prevent
the use of potential industrial wood as fuel, 332/ special efforts
are being made to reduce the consumption of fuelwood.
The planned decrease in production of fuelwood, as well as
the decrease in proportion to total roundwood produced, is indicated
by the planned woodfelling program in Czechoslovakia as shown in
Table 37.*
* Table 37 follows on p. 127.
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Table 37
Planned Woodfellingin Czechoslovakia a/ 333/
1948-53 Plans -
Thousand Cubic Meters (Round Timber with Bark)
Kind of Wood
1948
Plan
1949 '
Plan
1950
Plan
1951
Plan
1952
Plan
1953
Plan
Softwood Fuelifood
1,035
910
805
705
685
Hardwood Euelwood
1,885
1,795
1,705
1,515
1,465
Total FuelwOod
3,900
2,920
.2,705
2,510
2,22.13_
2,.122
Roundwood
11,500
11,670
_
11,330
10,990
10,650
10,300
a. Data refer to planned production and probably do not include local
gathering.
Production-of fuelwood in 1953 is estimated at 2.75 million
cubic Meters, substantially less than the annual average, estimated at
3.4 million cubic meters, for the 1946-53 period. Estimates of pro-
duction of fuelwood in CzechosloVakia for 1935-38 and 1946-53 are
given in Table 38.*'
Estimates of production of fuelwood in the Czechoslovak pro-
vinces of Bohemia and Moravia and in Slovakia in recent years are not
available, but on the basis of estimates of some years ago,. Slovakia
probably produces from 55. to 60 percent of total production. Table
39*7* shows estimates of production of fuelwood in Czechoslovakia by
provinces for 2 years 1946-47 and 1947-48, and the relation of .pro-
duction of fuelwood to total production of roundwood.
B. Consumption.
- The consumption of fuelwOod in Czechoslovakia during recent
years has probably been higher than either planned or estimated pro-
duction would indicate. The Plan figures and .the estimates are
be-
lieved to exclude considerable wood that is gathered for. personal and
* Table 38 follows on p. 128.
** Table 39 follows on p. 128.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
Table 38
Estimated Production of Fuelwood in Czechoslovakia a/
1935-38 and 1946-53
Thousand Cubic Meters'
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1935
4,470
1948
3,320
1936
3,400
1949
3,770
1937
3,700
1950
3,490
1938
3,500
1951
3,250
1935-38 Average
3,768
1952
3,000
1939-45
N.A.
1953.
2,750
1946
4,070
1946-53 Average
3,413
1947
3,650
a. De facto boundaries for dates shown. Data are
estimates of total production, including planned and local
gathering. The measure is a cubic meter of Solidwood con-
tent and is not a stacked measure. Data indlUde wood for
charcoal.
Table 39
Estimated Production of Roundwood and Fuelwood
in Czechoslovakia by Regions 335/
1946-47 and 1947-48
Thousand Meters (Roundwood)
Year
(12 Months)
BoheMia
and Moravia
Slovakia
Total
1946-47
Total Roundwood
5,570
4,516
10,086
Fuelwood
(Estimated)
1,250 to 1,500
2,250
3,500 to 3,750
1947-48
.Total Roundwood
6,819
4,572
11,391
Fuelwood
(Estimated)
1,550 to 1,800
2,250
3,800 to 4,050
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local use, and coal shortages have probably affected actual con-
suMption. Allocations of coal for domestic heating have been less
than planned, and.fuelwood is probably being substituted not only
by domestic consumers) but also by others, including railroads and
industrial. plants.
According to the Five Year Plan for private consumption,-
planned allocations of fuelwood were to be 2.3 million cubic meters
in 1953. 336/ Production in 1953, however, is estimated to be higher
because of shortages of other fuels and because the planned figure
probably does' not include large amounts of fuelwood that would not
enter commercial channels and hence would not be included in official
statistics.
C. Reserves. 337/
The present forest area of Czechoslovakia is about 3.5 million
hectares (8.6 million acres), approximately 27.5 percent of the land
area of the country. In 1947 the volume of standing timber was es-
timated at 388 million cubic meters. Only one-quarter of this amount,
however, was in trees of saw-log size (10 inches And larger in diameter)
Of the total volume, about two-thirds is in soft 'woods and one-third
? is in hardwoods. Present Czechoslovak plans are to hold annual forest
output to about 11 million cubic meters, slightly less than estimated
annual growth, so that the forest may regain normal growing stock and
growth capacity..
Major forest areas are eastern and central Slovakia and the
mountains bordering the basins of the Elbe and Morava rivers. Even
regions that are predominantly agricultural contain a fair share of
forest land.
The Czechoslovak forests have been intensively managed for
many years and consist, in many instances, of even-aged plantations of
Norway spruce and Scotch pine. The Slovak forests, where exploitation
was not regulated until recently, are more natural in appearance, with
hardwoods, mainly beech and oak, at the lower elevations) and mixed
conifers, such as spruce, silver fir, and larch, in the higher moun-
tains. There is, a transition zone, mixed hardwoods and conifers, at
intermediate locations.
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. VII. Charcoal.
Data indicate a downward trend in production of charcoal, kiln
charcoal as well as charcoal from destructive distillation. Many
of the chemical products once obtained by destructive distillation
are now obtained by cheaper synthetic processes. The production of
charcoal, a byproduct of the industry, has probably declined.
Table 40 gives estimates of quantities of wood consumed in the
production of charcoal in Czechoslovakia from 1945 through 1950.
Table 11.0
Estimated Consumption of Wood in Production of Charcoal
in Czechoslovakia a/
1945-50
Wood Production
(Thousand Cubic Meters) 338/
Charcoal Production 1/
Year Softwood b/ Hardwood c/ Total (Metric Tons)
1945
384
284
668
134
1946
133
230
363
73
1947
11.14.
165
209
42
1948
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1949
N.A.
N.A.
120 2/
f/
1950
N.A.
N.A.
120
a. Production of wood for charcoal and distillation during 1945-47
are assumed to be quantities consumed in charcoal production.
b. Coniferous.
C. Broadleaved.
d. Wood converted to charcoal on the basis of 1 ton of charcoal
equivalent to 5 cubic meters of roundwood.
e. Includes hewn sleepers, poles, piling, posts, and tanning wood
as well as charcoal and chemical wood.
f. Apparently small.
7 130 7
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VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
Since coal reserves in Czechoslovakia are large, the fuel
problem is primarily a matter of production. Deficits can be re-
duced or eliminated by making more manpower and equipment available
to the coal industry. Furthermore, an improvement in working and
living conditions would result in reductions in labor turnover and
absenteeism and in an increase in labor productivity. Many worker's
quit the mines simply because of bad food and housing. It is to be
expected that the government will make a greater effort to remove
some of the causes for labor unrest. Unless this is done, the labor
problems will continue to be a serious Obstacle to production.
The possibilities for improving working conditions in the
underground mines are considerable, but in the immediate future
progress will be slow. It is quite possible that the Czechoslovaks
can do as well as the USSR in overcoming many mine problems through
the installation of efficient machinery. In 1953 the state of mech-
anization was at a low level. Several years of experimental work
will be necessary before mass production of certain essential types
of machinery can begin. A particularly serious difficulty lies in the
conversion of\ mines from use of compressed air to electricity.
B. Vulnerabilities.
Despite the economic importance of solid fuels, particularly
coal, the industry is in a position of rather low vulnerability. To
a great extent, indigenous supplies can be made to cover essential
. requirements.
Because they are too numerous and widely dispersed, coal mines
are not primary targets for destruction by bombing. Moreover, many
mines (37 in 1948) have their own power stations, so a major mining
district cannot be shut down by destruction of alarge central station.
Because of discontent among the workers and the highly gaseous con-
ditions, particularly in the important Ostrava-Karvinna Basin, the
underground mines do offer possibilities for sabotage. Coal produc-
tion rose during the German occupation, however, indicating that any
sabotage during that time was inconsequential. Probably the greatest
vulnerability of the coal industry lies in its dependence on the rail-
road System:- Practically all coal moves by rail.
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There are not more than 13 oven coke plants in Czechoslovakia
and all except 2 are located in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin. The loss
of a few of the larger plants would create a chain reaction extending
through the iron and steel industry, with repercussions on all allied
industries.
C. Intentions.
The Czechoslovak government has made no effort to conceal the
fact that fuel shortages have been affecting the economy and that the
situation in the coal industry is serious. Undoubtedly the Czechoslovaks
want to eliminate the necessity for importing PoliSh coal, so it is to
be expected that targets f6r the production of hard coal will be
established considerably higher than current production levels, not
only to overdone the deficit, but also to provide additional coal
commensurate with rising requirements. In order to have met both do-
mestic requirements and export commitments in 1953, the hard coal mines
would have had to supply at least another 3.5 to 4.0 million tons
Czechoslovakia could sell, or trade, more coal to other
countries, both inside and outside the Soviet Bloc. East Germany,
Hungary, and Rumania are all attempting to expand heavy industry, par-
ticularly the iron and steel industry. This effort creates greater
requirements for hard coal -- especially coking coal, of which both
reserves and production are inadequate in all of those countries.
There is every reason to believe that the Czechoslovaks will have to
supply East Germany, Hungary, and Rumania with additional quantities
of coal and coke if those countries are to realize their objectives
for higher levels of industrialization.
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APPENDIX A
COAL PRODUCTION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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Table 41
Total Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basin.
1930 and 1935-44
1930
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
Hard Coal (Metric Tons)
Bohemia and Moravia
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin
10,665,963
7,724,539
8,928,490
12,888,771
11,842,705
14,384,930
16,254,358
16,688,300
18,261,400
19,967,710
18,994,534
Kladno,Rakovnik-Slany Basin
1,864,126
1,305,923
1,490,193
1,829,289
1,940,812
2,181,464
2,383,616
2,160,753
2,153,665
2,216,401
2,070,331
Plzen-Radnice Basin
951,378
938,538
801,322
900,407
917,744
1,012,695
1,110,745
1,060,151
1,061,126
1,093,075
1,012,421
Zacler-Svatonovice Basin
463,500
467,753
492,673
568,142
511,316
517,705
487,060
470,903
583,670
646,814
540,723
Rosice,-Oslavany Basin
486,200
362,400
427,300
476,400
513,500
569,757
554,991
515,088
535,500
537,900
509,000
Other Mines
3,835
8,517
6,400
9,412
17,379
24,877
30,203
34,996
40,329
38,161
32,223
Total
14,435,002
10,807,670
12,146,378
16,672,421
15,743,456
18,691,428
20,820,973
20,93Q,,91
22,635,690
24,500,061
23,159,232
Slovakia
33,517
86,813
86,803
105,098
92,471
111,644
145,035
140,812
134,695
117,066
79,288
Total Hard Coal
14,468,519
10,894,483
12,233,181
16,777,519
15,835,927
18,803,072
20,966,008
21,071,003
22,77o 385
24,617,127
23,238,520
Brown Coal and Lignite
(Metric Tons)
Bohemia and Moravia
North Bohemian Basin
(Teplice-Duchcov-Chomutov)
14,782,932
11,449,983
12,045,066
13,346,079
11,770,362
13,978,982
16,152,856
16,124,374
17,294,299
20,246,527
19,734,942
Sokolov Basin
(Sokolov-Loket-Karlovy
'Vary)
3,526,495
2,738,919
2,853,336
3,312,102
2,972,255
4,022,477
4,569;831
4,696,173
5,132,689
5,610,362
5,535,270
South Moravian Mines
199;615
276,973
342,327
382,543
404,290
437,513
524,098
536,331
587,013
629,107
567,203
Other Mines
86,137
93,540
109,732
121,364
144,602
175,529
229,832
266,483
302,542
264,274
274,647
Total
18,595,179
14,559,415
15,350,461
17,162,088
15,291,509
18,614,501
21,476,617
21,623,361
23,316,543
26,750,270
26,112,062
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Table 41
Total Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basin
1930 and 1935-44
(Continued)
Brown Coal and Lignite
(Metric Tons) (Continued)
1930
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
SlovaKia
564,973
554,161
598,306
733,271
735,575
778,266
805,069
816,349
812,261
832,375
735,513
Total
19,160,152
15,113,576
15,948,767
17,095,359
16,027,084
19,392,767
22,281,686
22,439,710
24,128,804
27,582,645
26,847,575
Grand Total
33,628,671
26,008,059
28,181,948
34,672,878
31,863,011
38,195,839
43,247,694
43,510,713
46,899,189
52,199,772
50,086,095
Percent
, Hard Coal 43.02
Brown Coal and Lignite 56.98
41.89 43.41
58.11 56.59
48.39 49.70
51.61 50,30
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49.23 48.48 48.43 48.55 47.16 46.40
50.77 51.52 51.57 51.45 52.84 53.60
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Table 42
Total Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basins
1945-53
Hard Coal (Metric Tons)
Bohemia and Moravia
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Ostrava-Karvinna Basin
8,834,880
11,225,300
12,882,000
14,110,940
13,525,000
14,644,000
14,464,000
16,270,000
16,300,000
K1adno-RakovnikSlany Basin
1,503,231
1,501,005
1,760,400
1,860,597
1,820,000
1,972,000
2,020,000
2,082,000
2,090,000
Plzen-Radnice Basin
613,448
637,361
722,00o
797,099
775,000
795,200
751,400
804,000
805,000
Zacler-SVatonovice Basin
444,502
420,612
400,000
470,039
420,000
484,075
500,000
540,000
540,000
Rosic-Oslavany Basin
Other Mines
-286,000
19,86C
331,700
14,121
446,000
5,400
500,210
5,700
1498,000580,000
98,000
5,229
550,200
10,977
10,300
593,000
11,000
595,000
11,000
Total
11,701,921
14,130,099
16,215,800
17,744,585
17,043,229
18,456,452
18,325,700
20,300,000
20,341,000
Slovakia
14,068
. 37,480
2/
2/
2/
Total
11,715,989
14,167,579
16,215,800
17,744,585
17,043,229
18,456,452
18,325,700
20,300,000
20,341,000
Brown Coal and Lignite
(Metric Tons)
Bohemia and Moravia
North Bohemfan Basin
(Teplice-Duchcov-Chomutov)
11,059,153
13,416,000
15,678,000
16,801,945
19,040,000
19,650,000
21,150,000
23,740,000
24,180,000
Sokolov Basin
(Sokolov-Loket-Karlovy Vary)
.3,339,472
' 4,713.,000
5,092,000
5,161,314
5,85o,000
6,150,000
6,400,225
7,335,000
7,570,000
South Moravia Mines
329,557
432,000
479,000
487,150
540,000
550,000
575,000
610,000
625,000
Other Mines
289,790
322,000
392,400
376,690
285,000
280,000
350,000
465,000
475,000
Total
15,017,972
18,883,000
21,641,400
22,827,099
25,715,000
26,630,000
28,475,225
32,150,000
32,850,000
la. No data, although minor production may be included with other hard coal or with brown coal in Slovakia.
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1 tr!.
co
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Table 42
Total Production of Coal in Czechoslovakia by Basins
1945-53
(Continued)
Brown Coal and Lignite
(Metric Tons) (Continued)
1945
' 1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Slovakia
338,100
576,600
720,700
762,480
811,979
875,997
960,000
1,180;000
1,472,000
Total
15,356,072
19,459,600
22,362,100
23,589,579
26,526,979
27,505,997
29,435,225
33,330,000
34,322,000
Grand Total
27,072,061
33,627,179
38,577;900
41,334,164
43,570,208
45,962,449
47,760,925
53,630,000
54,663,000
Percent
Hard Coal
43.28
42.13
42.03
42.93
39.12
40.16
38.37
37.85
37.21
Brown Coal and Lignite
56.72
57.87
57.97
57.07
6o.88
59.84
61.63
62.15
62.79
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Table 43
Total Production of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
Amount
14,087,205 b/
10,254,23312/
11,374,954 b/
12,023,20912/
10,464,980 b/
12,347,251 E/
15,178,942 12/
12,558,992 b/
14,176,99817/
14,016,904 13/
14,560,305 17/
16,548,227 1C"/
14,468,519 c/
13,165,051 :Cy
11,032,172 c/
10;627,357 -J/
101788,880 zy
10,894,483 -c-/
12,233,181 -J./
16,777,519 zy
15,835,927 si
18,803,072 c/
Year Amount
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1947
1948
1948
1949
1949
1950
1950
1951
1951
1952
1952
1953
1953
Plan
Plan
Plan
Plan
Plan
Plan
Plan
20,966,008 2/
21,071,003 s/
- 22,770,385 s/
24,617,127 2/
23,238,520 2/
11,715,989 2/
14,167,579 2/
16,374,000 d/
16,215,800 2/
17,746,000 f/
17,744,585 E/
17,750,000 I/
17,043,229 1/
17,750,000 j/
18,456,452 Ey
20,050,000 2/
18,325,700 2/
21,408,000 2/
20,300,000 2/
N.A. Ei
20,341,000 q/
a.
b.
C.
d.
e.
f.
g.
duced during the Two Year Plan
tons less than the total of separate
reported, but it is broken down into
newspaper announced that total produc
was 41,334,000 tons in 1948. 345/
Bitminous
339/.
775/.
-TY/.
747/.
and minor' quantities
at
(1947
of anthracite.
otal of 33,960,385 tons was pro-
-48). This figure. is only 1,158
annual figures that are usually
field production. 'A Czechoslovak
tion of hard coal and brown coal-
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Table 43
Total Production of Hard Coal in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
h. 346/.
i. 17/. Reported figure given for 1950 and stated it was 1,413,223
tons more than in 1949.
j. 348/.
k. .117/. The regular Plan quota was exceeded by 4 percent, but out-
put Was 2.1 percent short of the super-Plan quota.
1. The original Five Year Plan quota was 18,050,000 tons, but it was
revised. It was reported on 3 January 1951 that the 1951 target had
been raised 6.5 percent. 350/ Hard coal target for 1951 was ap-
proximately 20 million tons. 351/. The target may have been as low
as 19.65 million tons.
m. Plan was met by only 91.4 percent.- 352/ According to Zapotocky,
hard-coal output fell short of Plan by almost 1.5 million tons at the
end of September. 353/ It is possible that actual production may have
been as much as 350,000 tons less than the estimate.
n. Zapotocky stated in a speech given in late April or early May -
1952 that the Republic was in present_ need of 21,408,000 tons of hard
coal and 31,121,000 tons of lignite. 354/ These figures have been
generally accepted as the goals in 1952.
o. Increased 14.4 percent as compared with 1948 and 21.8 percent as
compared with 1937. 355/
p. The original Five Year Plan target was 20,800,000 tons, 356/ but
it was revised.
q. During the First Five Year Plan, production of hard coal increased
by only 13.8 percent. 357/ On 23 February 1954, Zapotocky reported
that hard coal production was 20,341,000 tons in 1953 and 22 percent
higher than in 1937, for which he reported 16,672,000 tons. 358/
Zapotocky's figure for 1937 does not include 105,098 tons mined in
Slovakia. The State Statistical Office reported on 14 April 1954
that production of hard coal increased 15 percent during the Five
Year Plan.
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Table 44
Total Production of Brown Coal and Lignite in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
23,136,796 b/
17,323,961 1-3-/
19,95,6,610 sy
21,335,128 Ey
1940
1941
1942
1943
22,281,686 c/
22,439,710 -c-/
24,128,804 /
27,582,645 c/
1922
19,174,296 Ey
1944
26,847,575 Ey
1923
16,265,530 Ey
1945
15,356,072 --01"/
1924
20,459,690 Ey
1946
19,459,600-.ii
1925
18,604,678 Ey
1947 Plan
21,822,000 TY
1926
18,515,666 ..ii/
1947
22,362,100 TY
1927
19,620,637 Ey
1948 Plan
23,900,000 -i/
1928
20,451,421 SY
1948
23,589,579 E/
1929
22,534,026 TY
1949 Plan
26,500,000 1/
1930
19,160;152 Ey
1949
26,526,979 -,-jy
1931
17,869,296 Ey
1950 Plan
27,125,000 17/
1932
15i787,245 -CY
1950
27,505,99'71/
1933
14,967,731 Ey
1951 Plan
29,000,000 MY
1934
15,070,706 Ey
1951
29,435,225 Iv
1935
15,113,576 Ti
1952 Plan
31,121,000 o/
1936
15,948,767 c/
1952
33,330,000 P./
1937
17,895,359 -c-7
1953 Plan
TIY
1938
16,027,084 T/
1953
34,322,000 Ty
1939
19,392,767 -C/
a. Lignite has constituted a very minor part of the production.
b. 359/.
c. 360/.
d.
total of 19,475,000 tons in 1946. 362/
e. 363/.
f. 364/. a total of 45,952,199 50X1
tons of brown coal and lignite was prodUced during the Two Year
Plan .(1917-18).
g. 366/.
h. -5-.7/.
a breakdown by districts and 50X1
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Table 44
Total Production of Brown Coal and Lignite in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
i. 368/. The original quota was 25,800,000 tons.
j. 77/.
k. 370/.
1. 371/.
in. Original target. 372/ It was reported on 3 January 1951 373/
that the 1951 target had been raised 7.5 percent.
n. The Plan was fulfilled 101.5 percent 374/ and probably applied to
the original Plan. Production for the January-May period was
12,034,000 tons. 375/
o. Announced by Zapotocky. 376/ Original,target was 30.6 million
tons.
p. During 4 years of the current Five' Year Plan the production of
brown coal and lignite increased by 41.3 percent. 377/ Total output
of coal (hard coal, brown coal, and lignite) was 54.4 percent more
than in 1937. 378/
q. The original target was 32.2 million tons. 379/ It was revised
and was probably as much as 35 million tons or mOre in 1953.
r. Production of brown coal increased 45.5 percent as compared with
1948. 380/ On 23 February 1954, Zapotocky reported that brown coal
production was 32,763,000 tons in 1953 and 87.3 percent more than in
1937 for which he reported 17,496,000 tons. 381/ Analysis of all
available data (see details by basins and areas) indicate that
Zapotocky's figures exclude the output of lignite. Total coal pro-
duction was 54.6 million tons according to the Chairman of the
State Planning Commission Pucik 382/ and 13.5 million tons higher
than in 1948 (indicating 54.8 million ftons) according to source 383/.
The State Statistical Office reported on 14 April 1954 that the total
production of hard coal, brown coal and lignite was 54.7 million tons
in 1954 as compared with 34.7 million tons in 1937. During the Five
Year Plan, production of brown coal increased 45 percent and lignite
57 percent. .384/
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Table 45
Production of Coal in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin of Czechoslovakia 2/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric TOW
Year
Amount
Year
1913
1919
1920.
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938,
1939
1940
9,966,42312/
6,840,365 c/
7,587,711 2/
7,893,965 c/
61715,200 Ey
8,304,434 T/ .
10,702,051
9,140,135 T/
10,512,612 z'y
10,279,588 -Ey
10,843,490 Ti
12)485;884 d/
10,665,963 a/
9,561,72 105/
7,728,463 d/
7,600,701 (717
7,461,075 Tv
7,724,539 Id/
8,928,490 I/
12,888,771 d/
11,842,705 a/
14,384,930 zi
16,254,358 El/
194
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
1948 Plan
1948 (Jan-Jun)
1948-
1949 .Plan
1949 (Apr-Jun)
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951 Plan
1951
1952 Plan
1952
1953 Plan
1953
Amount
16,688,300 .41/
18,261,400 d/
19,967,710 741.7
10,994,534 1/
8,834,880 5.1/
11,225,300 2/
12,750,000 2/
6,407,300 1.*/
12,882,0001/
13,710,000 h/
7,110,670 1/
14,110,940 A/
14,000,000 11/
3,251,700 1/
13,525,000 M:/
14.,000,000 71/
14,644,p00 "EV
16,000,000 -5/
14,464,000 -ci/
17,116,0001.7./
16,270,0o0 s/
N.A. ?
16,300,000 t/
a. Bituminous and minor quantities of anthracite.
b. 385/.
c. 386/.
d. -377/.
e.
g. 390/.
h. 391/.
i. 392/.
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Table 45
Production of Coal in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin Of Czechoslovakia
1913, 1919-53, and 1947753 Plans.
(Continued)
j. Production for 1947-48 was 26,992,940 tons. _us
k. Approximate.
1. 394/. Fulfilled 99.6 percent of Plan (3,265,340 tons).
m. Estimate is believed to be accurate within 100,000 tons. It was
necessary to close the Doubrava mine because of an explosion and it
was claimed that this affected production.
n. The original target was prObably 14 million tons. A news broad-
cast on 1 December 1950 stated, however, that the Ostrava-Karvinna
mines were to work Saturday and Sunday shifts to fulfill their
pledge for an output of 15 million tons. 395/ The latter figure was
evidently a super-Plan quota.
o. Estimate. The regular Plan was fulfilled 104.6 percent. 396/
10,873,440 tons were produced during the first
9'months, which was 44 ,000 tons over Plan and that 4,126,560 tons
were to be produced in the last quarter. 397/
p. 398/.
q. Estimate. The 1951 Plan was ,fulfilled 90.4 percent. 399/ Ac-
cording to Zapotocky, the Ostrava-Karvinna mines were 1.3 million
tons behind Plan by the end of September. 400/
r. The Chief Engineer at Ostrava mentioned the figure in a news re-
port. 401/
s. Increased 15.3 percent as compared with 1948. 402 Zapotocky
reported on 13 September 1953 that production was i6570,070 tons, 403/
but this figure cannot be reconciled with the total output of hard
coal and output from other basins.
t. Reported at 16.3 million tons. 404/ It was reported on 11 March
1954 that hard coal output in the Ostrava region had increased 20.7
percent during the Five Year Plan. 405/ This increase, apparently,
does not compare annual output in 1953 with that in 1948.
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Table 46
Production of Coal in the Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany Basin
in Czechoslovakia Ell
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year Amount
Year Amount
1913 2,543,518 b/ 1941 2,160,753 I/
1919 1,699,336 y 1942 2,153,665 1/
1920 1,847,058 7 1943 2,216,401 El/
1921, 2,227,086 -c-/ , 1944 2,070;331 LI/
1922 2,075,161 -J./ 1945 1,503;231 ,L1/
1923 2,251,041 / 1946 1,501,005 e/
1924 2,479,535 1947 Flan 1,830,000 i/
1925 1,826,175 Cl 1947 (Jan-Jun) 904,300!_/
1926 1,889,583 7. 1947 1;760,400 k/
1927 1,970,864 51 1948 Plan 2,000,000 I)/
1928 1,847,469 c/ 1948 (Jan-Jun) 954,452 I/
1929 2,052,415 ay 1948 1,860,597 j/
1930 1,864,126 a/ 1949 Plan 2,000,000 Is/
1931 1,751,616 Z./ 1949 (Apr-Jun) 444,637'1/
1932 1,593,756 -g/ 1949 1,820,000 tn./
1933 1,386,968 d/ 1950 Plan 2,000,000 13/
1934 1,419,695 Tly 1950 1,972,000 zy
1935 1,305,923 a/ 1951 Plan 2,100,000 1/
1936 1,490,193 ay 1951 2,020,000 q/
1937 1,829,289 Iii 1952 Plan N.A. --
1938 1,940,812 d/ 1952 2,082,000 I/
1939 2,181,464 a/ 1953 Plan N.A.
1940 2,383,616 -.47 1953 2,090,000 2/
a. Bituminous coal.
b. 406/.
c.
d. 1408/.
e. 4.09/.
f. 410/.
g. Estimate is based upon January to June production and reported
output of 3,620,997 tons during 1947-48. 411/
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Table 46
Production of Coal in the Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany Basin
in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947753 Plans
(continued)
h. 412/.
j. Estimate is based upon January to June production and reported
output of 3,620,997 tons during 1947-48. 414/
k. Approximate.
1. 415/. Fulfilled 91.8 percent of Plan (48).i-,270 tons).
in. The estimate is believed to be accurate within 100,000 tons.
Kladno was one of the districts that failed to fulfill the 1949
Plan.
n. Original Plan figure.
o. Estimate. The regular Plan quota was fulfilled 98.6 percent. 417/
p. Estimate. The original Plan was 2,000,000 tons.
q. Estimate. The Plan was fulfilled 96.2 percent. 418/
r. Increased 11.9 percent as compared with 1948. 417?
s. Estimate. Production may have been as much as 200,000 tons less
than the estimate.
Table 47
Production of Coal in the Plzen-Radnice Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year Amount Year Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1,361,835 b/
974,613 Z./
1,050,747 -../
1,056,217 Ei
946,824 c/
996,569 -py
1,049,960 c/
858,256 Ty
969,921 T/
1941
1942.
.1943
1944 -
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
.1,060,151 d/
1,061,126 T2/
11093,075.d/
1,012,421 143/
613,10+8 d/
637,361
810,000 /
2
363,370 .f..'/
722,0001/
* Footnotes for Table 47 follow on p. 146.
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Table 47
Production of Coal in the Plzen-Radnice Basin in Czechoslovakia
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year Abount Year Amount
1927 956,239 2/ 1948 Plan- 920,000 13/
1928 1,000,355 2/ 1948 (Jan-Jun). 399/744 1/
1929 1,011,110 517/ 1948 797,099 41/
1930 951,378 1/ 1949 Plan 800,000 Is/
1931 946,785 1/ 1949 (Apt-Jun) 189,428 2,
1932 897,833 21./ 1949 775,000 J21,/
1933 831,567 d/ 1950 Plan 800,000 2/
1934 970,194 a/ 1950 795,200 0/
1935 938,538 I7 1951 Plan 850,000
W
,
1936 801,322 I/ 1951 751,400 3/
1937 900,407 11 1952 Plan N.A-
1938 917,744 It1/ 1952 8o4,000 .E/
1939 1,012,695 .y 1953 Plan N.A.
1940 1,110,745 .q../ 1953 805,000 2/
a. Bituminous coal.
b. 11-?2/.
c.
d. 22/.
e.
f. In/.
g. Estimate is based on January to June production and reported pro-
duction of 1,519,099 tons during 1947-48. 425/
h. 426/.
i. .477/.
j. Estimate is based on January to June production and reported pro-
duction of 1,519,099 tons during 1947-48. 428/
k. Approximate.
1. 429/. Fulfilled 96.3 percent of Plan.
m. Estimate is believed to be accurate within 25,000 tons.
n. Estimate, although possibly as much as 825,000 tons.
o. Estimate. The regular Plan was fulfilled 99.4 percent. 430/
Output possibly ranged up to 820,000 tons.
p. Estimate; pbssibly 900,000 tons or more.
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Table 47
Production of Coal in the Plzen-Radnice-Basin in Czechoslovakia 21
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
q. Estimate. The Plan was fulfilled only 88.4 percent. 431/ Actual
production was probably within 50/000 tons of the estimate.
r. Estimate. The Plan was completed only 84.4 percent, although the
goal had been reduced considerably. 432/ Actual production may have
been as low as 700,000 tons.
s. Estimate. Actual production may have been as low as 700,000 tons.
Table 48
Production of Coal in the Trutnov (Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin
in Czechoslovakia 21*
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year Amount
Year Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
,
461,760 b/
145,288 -J/
452,532 -c-/
432,905
360,284 2/
409,578 2/
516,151 c/
1941
1942
1943
1944
'1945
1946
1947 Plan
470,903 d/
583,670 Tli
646,814 zy
540,723 Ty
444,502 ,9../
420,612 pi
534,000 e/
1925
381,292 -c-7
1947 (Jan-Jun)
193,820 1/
1926
414,070 zy
1947
400,000 g/
1927
395,784 2/
1948 Plan
610,000 _12/
1928
448,018 2/
1948 (Jan-Jun)
224,565 1/
1929
480,520 1/
1948
470,039 j/
1930
463,500 pi
1949 Plan
425,000 E/
1931
428,361 d/
1949 (Apr-Jun)
101,382 1/
1932
420,441 'ay
1949
420,000 Fai
1933
428,342 zy
1950 Plan
425,000 Ti/
1934
461,847 1/
1950
484,075 C7/
_
* Footnotes for Table 48 follow on p. 148.
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Table 48
Production of Coal in the Trutnov (Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin
in Czechoslovakia 2/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1935
1936
1937
47,753
492,673
568,142 .42/
1951 Plan
1951
1952 Plan
500,000 1/
500,000 2/
N.A.
1938
511,316 pi
1952
540,000 a/
1939
517,705 21/
1953 Plan
N.A.
1940
487,060 1/
1953
540,000 1.1
. Bituminous coal.
b. .141-q/.
c. 3 /.
d. T35/.
e. 47/.
f. 437/.
g. Estimate is based on January to June production and
duction of 870,039 tons during 1947-48. 438/
h. 439/.
i. T45/.
j. Estimate is based on January to June production
duction of 870,039 tons during 1947-48. 441/
k. Estimate. It is probable that the 177 Plan figure was
In 1948 as the second quarter quota only 93,541 tons.
1.
m. Estimate, which is believed
n. Estimate of regular quota.
o. Estimate. The regular Plan
p. Estimate; no data.
q. Increased 15 percent
r. Estimate. Margin of
minus 20,000 tons.
and
reported pro-
reported pro-
was
to be within 25,000
was
less than
tons of actual.
fulfilled 113.9 percent. 443/
as compared with 1 948,?444/
error is believed to be plus 25,000 tons to
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ON,
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Table 49
Production of Coal in the Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia a/
1913,
Year Amount
1913 483,519 y
1919 374,086 Y
1920 409,768 1/
1921 388,530 2/
1922 344,33o 2/
1923 356,837 E/
1924 410,163 p/
1925 348,930 -c-7
1926 386,100 7/
1927 409,418 T/
1928 417,200--s:/
1929 487,200 141/
1930 486,200 d/
. 1931 410,400 :4/
1932 317,150 1/
1933 274,500 d/
? 1934 354,800 a/
1935 362,400 -ay
1936 427,300 Zi
1937 476,400 1/
1938 513,500.91/
1939 569,757 1/
1940 554,991 Ell
1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
1948 Plan
515,088
535,500
537,900
509,000
286,000
331,700
450,000
223,600
446,000
506,000
a/
a/
2/
2/
g/
1948 (Jan-Jun)
'252,430
1/
1948
500,210
1/
1949 Plan
525,000
1949 (Apr-Jim)
123,290
2.1
1949
1+98,000
2/
1950 Plan
525,000
n/
1950
550,200
?V
1951 Plan
600,000
P/
1951
580,000
1952 Plan
1952
593,000 qj
1953 Plan
N.A.
1953
595,000 ri
a.
b. 445
c.
d.
e.
f. 9/.
g.
duction of
h. 151/.
4
1.? 52/.
Bituminous coal.
Estimate is based on January to June production and reported pro-
946,210 tons during 1947-48. 450/
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Table 49
Production of Coal in the Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia
1913,1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
j. Estimate is based an January to June production and reported pro-
duction of 946-1210 tons during 1947-48..45/
k. Approximate.
1.112L/. 'Fulfilled 96 percent of Plan (128,400 tons)'.
m. Eatimate is believed to be accurate within 25,000 tons.
n. Estimate of regular quota.
o. Estimate. The regular quota was fulfilled 104.8 percent,/122/
p. Estimate; no data.
q. Increased 18.5 percent as compared with 19.48.112?1/
r. Estimate. Margin of error is believed.to be plus or minus
25,000 tons.
Table 50
Production of Hard Coal in Other Mines
in Bohemia and Moravia 2/*
1913: 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
N.A.
20,546 12/
27,138 12/
24,507 b/
23,19112/
28,793 12/
21,083 b/
4,204 Ti/
4,712 b/
4,407 Ey
3,773 b/
4,328 2J
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947
1948 Plan
1948
24,877 2./
30,203 Cl
314-,996c/
40,329 zy
38,161
32,223 0
19,860 2/
14,121 0
N.A. 2/
5,400 e/
N.A. "JI
5,700 T/
Footnotes for Table 50 follow on p. 151.
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Table 50
Production of Hard Coal in Other Mines
In Bohemia and Moravia 2/
1913, 1919-531.and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
3,835 2/
4,278 2/
3,378 2/
9,915 2/
19,867 2/
8,517 2/
6,400 2/
9,412 2/
17,379 2/
1949 Plan
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951 Plan
1951
1952 Plan
1952
1953 Plan
1953
N...'A
5,229 B./
N.A.
10,977 12/
N.A.
10,300 1/
N.A-
11,000 1/
ILA.
11,000 i/
a. Anthracite and bituminous coal.
b. 1457/.
C. 5 /.
d.
d. The over-all Plan figures did not include quotas for
these small local mines.
f. Estimate is based on reported output of 11,100 tons for.
other mines during 1947-48. 460/
g. Estimate. Output may have been 6,000 tons or more.
h. Residual figure after deducting the estimates of five
principal districts from the reported total. It is possible
that the figure is in considerable error.
i. Estimate, which is subject to considerable error.
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Table 51
Production of Hard Coal in Slovakia a/
1929-53
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amdunt
1929
26,770
1939
111,644
1930
33,517
1940
145,035
1931
62,339
1941
140,812
1932
71,151
1942
134,695
1933
95,364
1943
117,066
1934
101,402
1944
79,288
1935
86,813
1945
14,068
1936
86,803
1946
37,480
1937
105,098
1947-53
N.A. b/
1938
92,471
a. 461/. Includes Soviet Sub-Carpathia prior to 1945.
b. There are no data and no estimates have been made.
Statistics Of 1947-48 output by districts do not indicate
any production for Slovakia. It is possible that any
tonnage was included with other hard coal districts or
with Slovak brown-coal output. Of significance is the
fact that references to total hard coal.production.in
Czechoslovakia in 1937 have excluded Slovakia's produc-
tion in a few instances.
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Table 52
Production of Coal in the North Bohemian Basin in Ctechoslovakfa 2/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
18,607,042 b/
13,112,920 -JV
14,983,530 -Jy.
16,353,519 zy
15,093,836 -c-y
12,899,923 7/
16,403,593/
14,478,831 y
14,439,556 zy
15,189,904 :--/
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
1948 Plan .
16,124,374 .W
17,294,299 Al
20,246,527 :di
19,734,942 I/
11,059,153 1/
13,416,000 2/
15,900,000 2/
7,653,000 f/
15,678,000 iy
17,145,000 -13/
1928
15,563,401
1948 (Jan-Jun)
8,398,405 I/
1929
17,400,919 zy
1948
16,801,945 7y
1930
14)782,932 -cly
1949 Plan
' 19,000,000 ry
1931
13,886,896 y
-dy
1949 (Apr-Jun)
4,579,075.1/
1932
12,052,550
-d7/
-1949
19,040,000 Ty
1933
11,487,548
1950 Plan
19,400,000 2/
1934
11,362,398 a/
1950
19,650,000 o/
1935
11,449,983 -d/
-a-y
1951 Plan
N.A. --
1936
12,045,066
1951
21,150,000 2/
1937
13,346,079 70
1952 Plan
N.A.
1938
11,770,362 a/
1952
23,740,000 loi
1939
13,978,982 li/
1953 Plan
N.A.
1940
16,152,856 d/
1953
24,180,000 q/
a. Brown coal.
b. 462/.
c. 463/.
d. 464/.
e.
g. 7/.
h.
i. 76W.
j. Production for 1947-48 was 32,479,945 tons. 470/
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_
Table 52
Production of Coal in the North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia Ei
1913, 1919-53, and 194753 Plans
(Continued)
k. 471/. Possibly a super-Plan quota.
1. 77/. Fulfilled 161.2 percent of Plan -(4,507,560 tons).
m. In 1949 the North Bohemian Basin produced over 19 million tons
and 100.21 percent of target. ,473/
n. Estimate of super-Plan quota.
o. Estimate is believed to be within a few hundred thousand tons
of actual.
p. Increased 41.3 percent as compared with 1948.- 474/
q. Estimate. Margin of error is believed to be plus or minus
150,000 tons. On 10 December 1954, the miners. Of the North Bohemian
Basin completed their targets for the entire Gottwald Five Year Plan.
This was primarily due to the miners at open-cast.mines, particularly
those situated in-the Most district. YU/ In 1953 the North Bohemian
Basin produced over 24 million tons. V7-6/
Table 53
Production of Coal in the Sokolov Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons -
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
2,707,040 b/
3,780,784 l
4,440-,504 Tj
4)528,137 c/
3,659,785 Si
2,917,690 c/
3,443,603 -c-/
3,520,237-2/
3,45,784 Cl
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
4,696,173 .d/
5,132,689 fli
5,610,362 di
5,535,270 .4.-/
3,339,472- d/
4,713,000
4,275,000 .../
2,526,890 1/
5,092,000 g/
Footnotes for Table 53 follow on p. 155.
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Table 53
Production of Coal in the Sokolov Basin in Czechoslovakia
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year.
Amount
1927
3,718,649 y
1948 Plan
4,950,000 1]/
1928
4,105,795 y
1948 (Jan-Jun)
2,641,699.1/
1929
4,260,039 El/
1948
5,161,314 1/
1930
3,526,495 y
1949 Plan
5,700,000 Lit/
1931
3,153,573p...
1949 (Apr-Jun)
1,411,244 1/
1932
2,967,794 y
1949
5,850,000 EL/
1933
2,748,948 fil
1950 Plan
6,000,000 E/
1934
2,855,227 I/
1950
6,150,000 0/
1935
2,738,919 Id/
1951 Plan
N.A.
1936
2,853,336 y
1951
6,400,225 1/
1937
3,312,102 fy
1952 Plan
7,000,000 p/
1938
2,972,255 y
1952
7,335,000a/
1939
4,022,477 411/
1953 Plan
, N.A.
1940
4,569,831 Ili
1953
7,570,000 I/
a. Brown coal.
b. 477/.
c.
d. 79/.
e.
f. 7E/.
g. Estimate is based on January to June production and reported out-
put of 10,253,314 tons during 1947-48. Lif.2/
h. 483/.
i. 464/.
j. Estimate is based on January to June production and reported out-
put of 10,253,314 tons during 1947-48.
k. Approximate.
1. 486/ Fulfilled 101.2 percent of Plan (1,394,959 tons).
m. Estimate which is believed to be within 100,000 tons of actual.
n. Estimate of super-Plan quota.
o. Estimate, which is believed to be within 100,000 tons of actual.
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Table 53
Production of Coal in the Sokolov Basin in Czechoslovakia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
p. 1 7/. Target in 1952 was in excess of 7 million tons.
q. 42.1 percent higher than in 1948. 488/ Overfulfilled Plan by
255,528 tons at the end of October 1952. 489/
r. After having fulfilled the targets of the Five Year Plan on -
2 November 1953, 'the miners of the Sokolov Basin extracted 33,243,000
tons of coal by 29 December 1953 instead of 32 million tons
planned. 490/ The estimate for '953 is the result of deducting
estimates for the 1949-52 period from the total and adding 2 days'
production (approximately 30,000 tons daily).
Table 54
Production of Coal in the South Moravian Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
1913,
1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Year
Amount
Year
\
1913
1919
1920
194
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
254,4451/
239,946 21
253,083 c/
186,493 -Ci
158,018 IC/
175,990 s/
230,811W
204,459 2/
212)018 2/
208,718 s/
218,543 2/
225,186 .1./
199,615 d/
219,785 7.4/
200,562 1/
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-Jun)
1947
1948 Plan
1948 (Jan-Jun)
1948
1949 Plan
1949 (Apr-Jun)
1949
* Footnotes for Table 54 follow on p. 157.
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Metric Tons
Amount
536,331 21
587,013 21.
629,107 1/
567,203 21
329,557 S/,
432,00o v E
480l000 2/
f
.244,600 /
479,000 f/
537,000 22/
250,850 1/
487,150 1/
530,000lli
131,429 1/
'
540,000 2/
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Table 54
Production of Coal in the South Moravian Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1933
1934
183,848 2/
216,149 sy
1950 Plan
1950
550,000 2/
550,000 n/
--
1935
276,973 2/
1951 Plan
N.A.
1936
342,327 d/
1951
575,000
2/
1937
382,543 1/
1952 Plan
N.A.
1938
404,290 .q/
1952
610,000
2/
1939
437,513 d/
1953 Plan
N.A.
1940
524,098 51/
1953
625,000
2/
a,. Lignite from Ratiskovice
b. 491/.
C. 47ff/.
d.
e. 494/.
f. 495/.
g. Estimate is based
production of 966,150
h. 497/.
i.
vgay.
j. Estimate is based
production of 966,150
k. Approximate.
1. 500/.
m. Estimate is believed to be accurate within 20,000 tons.
n. Estimate; no data.
o. Close to actual. Production increased 24.9 percent as compared
with 1948. 501/ Output in October 1952 was 12,165 tons below Plan
(fulfilled 79.1 percent) and 59,358 tons short for the 10-month
period. 22?./
p. Estimate. Margin of error is plus 15,000 tons or minus 5,000
tons. According to source1503/ mining in the South Moravian lignite
mines is increasing every year. In 1953 those mines fulfilled the
Plan only 94 percent, but 1954 production will double as compared
with 1949.
district.
upon January to June production and reported
tons during 1947-48. 496/
upon January to June production and reported
tons during 1947-48. 499/.
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Table 55
Production of Coal in Various Small Mines in Bohemia and Moravia a/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
Amount
Year
Amount
1913
1919-
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
N.A.
43,15812/
66,46912/
4,323 y
43,596712/
35,424 12/
49,528 :y
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947 Plan
266,483 2/
302,542 21
264,274 2/
274,647 si
289,790 2/
322,000,g"
308,000.52./
1925
57,505 12/
1947 (Jan-Jun)
170,000 2/
1926
,45,909 12/
1947
392,400 f/
1927
64,407.12/
1948 Plan
344,000 g/
1928
68,1911/
1948 (Jan-Jun)
150,759 12/
1929
88,486 W
1948
376,690 I/
1930
86,1.37-1/
1949 Plan
300,000 1/
1931
68,293'2/
1949 (Apr-Jun)
67,318 1/,
1932
74,839 --E/
1949
285,000 1g
1933
82,116 1/
1950 Plan
300,000 2/
1934
101,103 2/
1950
280,000 2/
1935
93,540 E/
1951 Plan
N.A,
1936
109,732 2/
1951
350,000 2/
1937
121,364 2/
1952 Plan
N.A.
1938
144,602 2/
1952.
465,000 m/
--
1939
175,529 c/
1953 Plan
N.A.
1940
229,832 Z/
1953
475,000 2/
a. Mines are at Mydlovary, Hradek, and a few Other places.
b.- 504/.
c. 505/.
d. 35/.
e 222/. Figure appears to represent output at Mydlovary only.
f. Estimate is based on January to June production and quantities
reported for the 2 years 1947-48 are as follows: Mydlovary, 661,387
tons; Hadek, 79,843 tons; and others, 27,860 tons, or.a total of
769,090 tons.
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Table 55
Production of Coal in Various Small Mines in Bohemia and Moravia n/
19130 1919-53, and 1947,53 Plans
(Continued)
g. 50 . The Two Year Plan called for.570,000 tons from Myd1ovary
(Plzen area in southern BoheMia) and 82,000 tons from Trutnov area
(probably the Bradek mine). .222/
h. 510/. Figure Appears to represent .output at MydloVary only.
I. Approximate. The second quarter planned quotas were as follows:
southern Bohemia (Mydlovary), 60,900 tons; gradek, 6,336 tons;
Uheinal 3,075. tons. It is probable that planned output was Somewhat
higher during the winter months,
j. 211/. Output was as follows: southern Bohemia, 55,097 tons;
Eradek, 7,522 tons; and Uheinal 4,699 tons.
k. Estimate is believed to be accurate within 30,000 tons.
1. Estimate.
m. Production at Mydlovary increased 23.2 percent as compared with
1948. 2E/ Mydlovary accounted for 86 percent of the output during
the years 1947-48. The increase was applied to the estimated total
for all districts in 1948 and it is believed that the 1952 estimate
is within 50,000 tons of actual.
n. Estimate. Margin of error is believed to be plus or minus
50,000 tons.
Table 56
Production of Coal in the Slovakian Mines in Czechoslovakia a/*
1913,
1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Metric Tons
Year
' Amount
Year
Amount
1913
N.A.
1941
816,3)49 2/
1919
147,153 12/
1942
812,261 2/
1920
213,025 12/
1943
832,375 2/
1921
218,65512/
1944
735,513 c/
1922
219,06112/
1945
338,100
1923
236,40412/
1946
576,600 fl/
Footnotes for Table 56 follow on p. 160.
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Table 56
Production of Coal in the Slovakian Mines in Czechoslovakia
1913) 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
Year Amount
1924 332.,15412/
1925 343,646 b/
1926 382,399 12/
1927 438,959 b/
1928 495,49112/
1929 559,396 21
1930 564,973 2/
1931 540,749-21
1932 491,500 2/
1933 465,271 2/
1934 535,829 2/
1935 554,161 2/
1936 598,306 1/
1937 733,271 2/
1938 735,575 .E/
1939 778,266 2/
1940 805,069 2/
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Year
Amount.
1947 Plan
1947 (Jan-jun)
1947
1948 Plan
769,000 2/
349,640.f/
720,700 f/
924,000W
1948 (Jan-Jun)
377,586 1/
1948
762,480 f/
1949 Plan
970,000 11/
1949 (Apr-Jun)
195,710 lq
1949
811,979 1/
1950 Plan
N.A.
1950
875,997 Ei
1951 Plan
N.A..
1951
960,000 12/
1952 Plan
1952
N.A-
1,180,000 2/
1953 Plan
N.A. 12/
1953
1,472,000 2/
a. Production is from the Handlova and Novaky mines in the western
part of Slovakia and, in recent years, from the Modry-Kamen (Potor)
area in the south.
b. 214/.
d.
e? 21_/*
22-1/
g. Estimate is based on January to June production and reported out-
put of 1,485,700 tons during 1947-48. 21y However,
a total production figure for brown coal and lignite
during 1947-48, which is 2,520 tons more than the generally reported
total and the Slovak figure has been adjusted by that amount.
h.. 212/.
22/*
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50X1
5UX1
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Table 56
Production of Coal in the Slovakian Mines in Czechoslovakia 2/
1913.1 1919-53, and 1947753 Plans
(Continued)
j. Approximate..
k.221/. Fulfilled 81.4 percent of Plan (240,438 tons).
1. Residual figure obtained by deducting estimates for other dis-
tricts from total output Of brown coal and lignite. Also, the
figure is based upon output in the second quarter.
m, Estimate. The margin of error is believed to be plus or minus
50,000 tons, It was reported that brown coal production in Slovakia
increased 19.29 percent in the third quarter of 1950 as compared with
the like period in 1949.- 522/
n. Estimated by interpolation. Margin of error is-believed to be
plus or minus 50,000 tons.
o..Production of brown coalincreased 23 percent in Slovakia as
compared with 1951 523/ Production increased 26.7 percent at Hand-
lova, 94.6 percent at Novaky, and 517 percent at Modry-Kamen as com-
pared with 1948. 524/ The estimate for 1952 is a-residual figure,
which is believed to be within 25,000 tons more or less than actual.
Estimates of total output of brown coal and for other basins are
reasonably accurate.
p. The 1953 Plan called for an increase of 34:2 percent as compared
?with output in 1952 in Slovakia. 525/
q. Production of coal increased during the first quarter of 1953 by
16.5 percent as compared with the same period of 1952. 526/ A pro- .
duction record was achieved in a Gottwald shift worked in the Novaky
coal field on 29 March 1953. .Some 1,807 tons of lignite was extrac-
ted, the biggest daily output on record. 527/ The Novaky mines re-
ceived 120 percent of their target on 25 February 1953, setting new
output record up to that time. 22L3/ It was announced in January
1953 that the Novaky mines were to produce 25 percent more coal than
Handlova according to the 1954 Plan. The productivity increase planned
for the end of 1953 had already been achieved. 529/ Coal pits at
Modry-Kamen in Slovakia fulfilled their production targets by 107.1
percent in the first quarter of 1953 and by 113.34 percent in the
second quarter. In 'honor of Miners' Day they pledged that they would
produce 23,146 tons of coal above the planned output for the year. 530/
The third quartet 1953 Plan for coal production in Slovakia was not
met, although output of lignite increased 14 percent compared with the
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Table 56
Production of Coal in the Slovakian Mines in Czechoslovakia :La/
1913, 1919-53, and 1947-53 Plans
(Continued)
same period in 1952, 531/ The Slovak coal industry reached its
First Five Year. Plan target during the night of 29-30 December
1953. 532/
In 1953, the output of brown coal and lignite increased, in
Slovakia by 93 percent as compared with 1948. 533/
The estimate for 1953 is believed to be within a margin of
error of plus 100,000 to minus 50,000 tons.
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APPENDIX B
PLANNED SUPPLY AND REQUIREMENTS OF COAL
? IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN 1949
Table 57
Planned Supply and Requirements of Hard Coal and Hard-Coal Briquettes
in Czechoslovakia 534/
1949 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Bohemia
and Moravia Slovakia Quantity
Supply
Reserves as of 31 December 1948
291
Extraction of Coal
17,750
Production of Briquettes
372
Imports
2,800
Savings from Consumption
? 582
Total
21,795
Requirements
Mining
2,703
26
2,729
Sugar
220
4o
266
Distilling
59
18
77
Brewing, Malting
77
20
97
Milling
21
9
30
Food
87
25
112
Metallurgy a/*
3,60812/
3,608
Iron, Metals ?
360
75
435
Wood
14
6
20
Paper
190
210
400
Chemical Industry
166
, 79
245
Ceramic
549
128
677
Construction
12
21
33
* Footnotes for Table 57 follow on p. 164.
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Table 57
Planned Supply and Requirements of Hard Coal and Hard-coal Briquettes
in Czechoslovakia
1949 Plan
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons
Requirements (Continued)
Bohemia
and Moravia
Slovakia
Quantity
Glass
15
10
25
Textiles, Clothing
336
64
400
Leather, Rubber
237
74
311
Ministry of Information
2
1
3
Waterworks
3
2
5
Electric Power Plants c/
1,032
170
1,202
Gasworks
527
43
570
Water Transport, Urban Railroads
12
17
29
Total
10,230
122.3.
11,268
%
Mine Coke Plants
N.A.
N.A.
5,135
Btiquette Plants d/
N.A.
N.A.
352
Czechoslovak State- Railroads
N.A-
N.A.
2,532
Domestic Heating
1,300
180
1,480
Exports
N.A.
N.A.
636
Remaining Supplies
N.A.
N.A.
392
Total
N.A.
N.A.
21,795
a. Almost two-thirds was allocated for ,coke production.
b. Requirements for metallurgical plants in Slovakia are included
in the requirements of the iron and metals industry for Slovakia.
c. Public utility plants; excludes power stations at mines and
various industrial plants.
d. Includes coal for drying.
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Table 58
Planned Supply and Requirements of Brown Coal, Brown-Coal Cbke
and Broin-Coal Briquettes in-Czechoslovakia 535/
1949 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Bohemia
and Moravia Slovakia
quantity
Supply
Reserves as of 31 December 1948
492
Production of Coal
26,500
Zaluzi Coal a/*
26
Production of Briquettes
.413
Production of Brown-Coal Coke
1,326
Imports
20
Total
28,777
Requirements
Mining
1,656
233
1,889
Sugar
455
45
500
Distilling
186
45
231
Brewing, Malting
194
27
221
Milling
39
7
46
Food
375
27
402
Metallurgy
485
b/
485
Iron, Metals
885
975
975
Wood
78
42
120
Paper
415
110
525
Chemical Industry
Stalin Works
4,621 c/
0
4,621 2/
Other
1,270,
80
1,350
Ceramic
1,130
100
1,230
Conttruction
30
8
38
Glass
995
23
1,018
Footnotes for Table 58 follow on P. 166.
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Table 58
Planned Supply and Requirements of Brown Coal, Brown-Coal Coke
and .Brown-Coal Briquettes in Czechoslovakia
1949 Plan
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons
Requirements (Continued)
Bohemia
and Moravia
Slovakia
Quantity
Textiles, Clothing
1,108
112
1,220
Leather, Rubber
' 109
21
130
Ministry of Information
19
0
19
Waterworks
14
3
17
Electric Power Plants d/
3,163
46
3,209
Gasworks
18
1
19
Water Transport, Urban Railroads
55
0
55
Total
17,300
--.--
1,020
18,320
-.?--
-
Briquette Plants e/
N.A.
N.A.
673
Czechoslovak State Railroads
N.A.
N.A.
2,958
Domestic Heating
4,801
325
5,126
Exports
N.A.
N.A.
1,220
Remaining Supplies
N.A.
N.A.
481
Total
N.A.
N.A.
.28,777
a. This coal may be a stockpile at the Stalin Works.
b. Requirements for metallurgical plants inSlovakia are included in
the requirements of .the iron and metals industry for Slovakia.
c. Includes 554,000 tons of brown-coal coke.
d. Public utility plants; excludes power stations at mines and
various industrial plants.
e. Includes coal for drying.
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APPENDIX C
MINES IN THE OSTRAVA-KARVINNA BASIN IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Manes in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia can be
classified,* on the basis of the kind of coal produced, as, follows
1, Anthracite. Masaryk I and Masaryk II mines!
2. Bituminous.
a. First-quality coking coal -- Jan Sverma, General Svoboda,
Trojice, Petr Bezruc, Petr Cingr, Stalin I, and
Stachanov mines.
b. Second-quality coking coal -- Alexandr, Zarubek, Jeremenko,
and 1 Maj (May First) mines.
c. Gas coal (caking) Frantiska, President Benes, Doubrava,
Hlubina-Karvinna, Jindrich, Mir, Michalka, Maria,
Elubina-Ostrava, Odra, Zapotocky, Barbora, and Vaclav
mines.
d. Gas or steam coal (non-coking) - - Julius Fucik (Pokrok),
Gottwald, Ludvik, Hedvikal Evzen, Dukla, and Zofie mines.
The Stalin II mine, which was not operating in June 1951, probably
would be included with those producing first-quality coking coal.
This mine has been producing recently and is believed to be new. There
are reports of the Lausman, Pionir, and Stalin III mines; one of these
may be the present name of the Evzen Mine. The Frantiska, Hlubina-
Karvinna, and Jindrich mines have been combined into one operation,
known as the Ceskoslovenske Armady Mine.
An analysis of the coals produced in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin
in Czechoslovakia is givenin Table 59.**
* Classification as of June 1951.
** Table 59 follows on p. 168.
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Table 59
Analyses of Coals in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia 2.31/
Percent
Kind of CoalSeam
Mine
As Received a/*
Moisture- and Ash-Free Basis
Ultimate
Proximate
Fixed
Carbon
Volatile
Matter
Moiste
Moisture
_Ash
Carbon
hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen
Sulfur
Anthracite
Rothschild
Masaryk I
0.13
6.04
91.40
3.90
4.00
0.70
88.20
11.80
Anthracite
Rothschild
Masaryk II
0.40
5.03
91.50
4.10
3.60
1.20
89.50
10.50
Semibituminous
Rothschild
Odra
0.80
4.40
.91.50
4.19
4.31
0.86
85.30
14.70
Semibituminous
E
Jan Sverma
0.60
2.80
89.97
4.51
5.52
0.85
82.26
17.14
Semibituminous
E (Upper
Layer)
Jan Sverma
0.21
6.14
89.50
4.60
4.40
1.50
83,90
16.10
Semibituminous
Pavia .
Stalin
0.82
3.53
85.50
3.60
6.90
1.00
82.40
17.60
Bituminous
(Coking)
Oskar
Jan,Sverma
0.16
8.95
89.80
4j0
1.40
1.40
79.90
20.10
Bituminous
(Coking)
Petronela
Stalin
0.70
7.12
86.80
4.10
1.50
0.80
78.50
21.50
Bituminous
'(Coking)
Frantiska
Jindrich
1.00
3.77
87.92
4.85
1.65
0.78
78.50
21.50
Bituminous
1 Maj
(Gas).
No. 27
(May First)
1.49
4.20
84.73
5.15 9.39
0.73
68.60
31.40
Bituminous
(Gas)
No. 5
Michalka
1.21
8.14
83.20
5.60 ? 11.20
1.10
64.20
35.80
Bituminous
(Gas)
Gabriela
Mdchalka
1.20
5.40
83.33
4.61 8.45
1.53
64.10
35.90
Bituminous
(Gas)
Laura
Petr Bezruc
0.14
3.90
86.00
5.50 7.60
0.90
66.60
35.40
* Footnote for Table 59 follows on p. 169.
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Table 59
Analyses of Coals in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia
(Continued)
Percent
As Received 2/
Moisture- and Ash-Free Basis
Ultimate
Proximate
Fixed Volatile
Kind of Coal
Seam
Mine
Moisture
Ash
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Carbon Matter
Bituminous
Julius Fucik
(Steam)
No. 8
(Pokrok)
2.40
3.60
83.23
5.71
8.81
1.62
0.63
60.20 39.80
Bituminous
No. 8 (Upper
Julius Fucik
(Steam)
Layer)
(Pokrok)
0.20
5.55
83.78
5.41
8.61
1.48
0.72
59.60 40.40
Bituminous
(Steam)
Ferdinand
Evzen
2.96
5.26
85.01
7.15
6.71
1.13
Unverified
Bituminous
(Steam)
Gabriela
Evzen
2.38
8.93
84.44
6.22
6.23
3.11
Unverified
a. It is improbable that the best grades of washed coals are generally as low in ash content as the values shown.
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APPENDIX D
LOCATIONS AND RAIL SHIPPING POINTS OF COAL MINES
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA*
Table 60
'Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
Present Mine Name
Alexandr
Barbora
Ceskoslovenska Armada
Petr Bezruc
Petr Cingr
Doubrava
Dukla
Frantiska b/
Julius Fuak 2/
Klement Gottwald,
Hedvika
Hlubina-Ostrava
Hlubina-Karvinna b/
Jan Maria
General Jeremenko
Jindrich
Latthman
Ludvik
1 Maj (May First)
Masaryk I
Masaryk II
Michalka
Mir
Nova
121
Location
Moravskk Ostrava
Karvinna
Karvinna
SleZska Ostrava
Michaikovice
Doubrava
Dolni Sucha
Karvinna
Petrvald
Horni Sucha
Petrvald
MoravskA Ostrava
Karvinna
Slezska Ostrava
Moravska Ostrava
Vitkovice
Moravska Ostrava
Moravska Ostrava
Radvanice
Karvinna
Petrkovide
Petrkovice
Slezska Ostrava
Karvinna
Lazy
* Footnotes for Table 60 follow on p. 172.
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Railroad Freight Station
Moravska Ostrava
Karvinna
Karvinna
Moravska Ostrava
Jama Michal
Frystat
Prostredni Sucha
Karvinna and Doubrava
Petrvald
Prostredni Sucha
Petrvald
Moravska Ostrava
Karvinna and Doubrava
Hranocnik
Svinov-Vitkovice
Moravska Ostrava-Privoz
Moravska Ostrava
Radvaniee
Karvinna
Moravska Ostrava-Privoz
Moravska Ostrava-Privoz
Hrusov
Karvinna (Main Station)
Doubrava
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Table 60
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Ostrava-Karvinna Basin in Czechoslovakia E/
(Continued)
Present Mine Name
Odra
Pionir
Stachanov
Stalin I
Stalin II
Stalin III
Sverma (Jan Sverma)
General Svoboda
Trojice
Vaclav
Zapotocky
Zarubek
Zofie
Location
Privoz
Petrvald
Hrusov nad Orlici
Hrusov nad Orlici
Hrusov nad Orlici
Marianske Hory
Privoz
Slezska Ostrava
Poruba
Lazy
Slezska Ostrava
Poruba
Railroad Freight. Station
Privoz
Petrvald
Hrusov nad Orlici
Hrusov nad Orlici
Hrusov nad Orlici
N.A.
Moravska-Ostrava-Privoz
Moravska Ostrava
Slezska Ostrava
Orlova
Doubrava
Slezska Ostrava the
Vilem Mine
Orlova
?a. Bituminous coal with the exception of the Masaryk I and Masaryk II
mines, which produce anthracite.
b. the Ceskoslovenskiya Armada (Karvinna II),
Frantiska, Hlubina, and Jindrich mines were combined into one enterprise
in 1949, and all coal was to be raised at one shaft at the Karvinna II
mine, when a new hoisting tower was completed about 1952. This mine was
to be the most modern in Europe, with a daily output of 5,000 tons and
with 10,000 employees. 538/ the Czechoslovak
Army Mine is the former President Benes Mine and merger with other mines
was to be completed by April 1953. The mine was to be known as the
Large Czechoslovak Army Mine. 539/
c. the name of the Pokrok Mine was changed to
Julius Fucik.
d. Apparently not the same Jindrich Mine referred to in footnote b,
above.
Information is
based on the known status in 1940.
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50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1 I
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Table 61
Locations and Rail Shipping points of Coal Mines
in the Kladno-Rakovnik-Slany Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/*
Present Mine Name
Anna 12/
BeIsanka
BOhemia12/
pierlinger I
Fierlinger ILE/
Frantisek
Frantisek
,Franttska 12/
Klement Gottwald
Herkules 12/
Humboldt
Jindrich
Jiri
Jirtna
Karel
Lausman
Lorenc 12/
Luzna
Mile. LI/
Nejedly I
Nejedly II
Vaclav Nosek
Perun
Petrovice
Rako
General Svoboda.
? Svornost
Union 12/
VaclaV b/,
Vojtech b/
Antonin Zapotocky
Zbrasin
Location
Hresice
Luzna
Minice
Vinarice
Libusin
Lhota pod Dzbanem
Otvovice
Jedomelice
Hnidousy
Bdin
Prerubenice
Jedomelice
Hurviny
Lfbkovice
Luzna
Rynholec
Hresice
Luzna
Ostrov u Jedomelic
Libusin
Libusin
TuchloVice
Lhota pod Dzbanem
Rakovnik
Lubna Ki?celak
Libusin, Kamenne
Zehrovice
Bdin
Srbec
Prertbenice
Hresice
Dubi
Opocno
* Footnotes for Table 61 follow on p. 174.
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Railroad Freight Station
Klobouky
Luzna-Lisany
Minkovice
Vinarice (near Sian)
'Libusin
Mute jovice
Otvovice (near Kralupy)
Slany
Dubi (near Kladno)
Slany
Slany
Slany
Rakovnik
Revnicov
Lany
Slany
Luzna-7Lisany
Slaty
Libusin
Libusin
Libusin
Mute jovice
Petrovice
Rakovnik
Libusin
Slany
Slany
Slany
Slany
DUbi (near Kladno)
Opocno u Loun
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Table 61
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Kladno-,Rakovnik-Slany Basin in Czechoslovakia a/
(Continued)
a. Bituminous coal, except black chalk coal, at Zbrasin mine.
The list includes the Frantiska mine at Jedomelice, the Svornost mine
at Bdin, the Vojtech mine at Hresice, and the Zbrasin mine at Opocno,
which are not shown on an official map of the Czechoslovak mines in
1948. The map, however, shows the Eva mine at Mutejovice, the Jirina
mine at Pochvalov, and the Richard mine at Hredle. The Eva mine was
not operating. The list does not include the Armady mine, which was
mentioned in October 1953. 542/
b. Not operating in 1948.
c. Former President Benes mine. The name was changed in January
1952. 543/
Table 62
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the P1zen-Radnice Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
Present Mine Name Location
Anna b/
Antonin
Barbora
Dobre Stesti
Eliska
Ferdinand
Jiri
Josef 12/
Josefa b/
Karel 27
Krejsa II Li
Krimich I
* Footnotes for
Senec
MirosoV
Radnice, Vranov
Dobrany
Chlumcany
Chomie
Privetice
Chrast'ovice
Obora
Kamenny Ujezd
Bukova
Tlucna
Table 62 follow on p. 175.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Railroad Freight Station
N.A.
Mirosov
Radnice
Dobrany
Dobrany
Radnice
Radnice
Miadotice
Kaznejov
Nyrany
Mestys Stankov
Nyrany
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Table 62
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Plzen-Radnice Basin in CzechOslovakis.
(Continued)
Present Mine Name Location
Krimich II
Svate Kriz
Marie
Masaryk
Masaryk Jubilee
Matylda
Prokop
Teresiey
Vaclav'c
Zdenek 12/
Tlucna
Radnice
DoUbrava
Tynec
Zbuch
Brasy
Vejvanov
Vranovice
Kamenny Ujed.Z
Mostiste
Railroad Freight Station
Nyrany
Radnice
Nyrany
Stod
Nyrany
Stupno-Brasy
Radnice
N.A.
Nyrany
Radnice
a. Bituminous Coal.
b. Possibly not in operation. The Anna,
Zdendk mines were not operating in 1948.
c. Attached mines. '
Table 63'
Josefa, Teresie, and
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Trutnov (Zacler-SvatOnOVice) Basin in Czechoslovakia a/*
Present Mine Name
Ch1ivecky
Eliska b/
Ida c/
Julie 1/
Kate rina
Footnotes
Location
Chlivce
Zacler.
Rtyne v Podkrkonoti
Lampertice
RadvaniCe
for Table 63 follow on p. 176.
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_ _ _
Railroad Freight Station
Rtyne v Podkrkonosi
Lampertice
Svatonovice-Upice
Lampertice
Radvanice
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Table 63
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the TrUtnov (Zacler-Svatonovice) Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
(Continued)
Present Mine Name
Marie 11./
Petiletka 12/
Slepy
Jan Sverma b/
Tmavy
N.A.
Location
Lampertice
N.A.
Rtyne v Podkrkonosi
N.A.
Rtyne v Podkrkonosi
Ktalovec-Cerna Voda 2/
Railroad Freight Station
Lampertice
N.A.
Svatonovice-Upice
N.A.
Svatonovice-Upice
N.A.
a.. Bituminous coal
b. Not shown on official mine map of 1948 and need confirmation- 544/
c. Ida and Slepy mines are operated together.
d. Julie and Marie mines are operated together.
e. A report of 30 June 1953 mentions that a new coal mine was being
built near this village. 2122/
Table 64
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
In the Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia 21*
Present Mine Name Location
Anna
Antonin 2/
Ferdinand
Jindrich
Julius
Pionir .
Vaclav NoSek 2/
Footnotes for
Zbysov
Zbysov
Ferdinand
Zbysov
Zastavka
51/
Oslavany
Table 64 follow on p. 177.
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Railroad Freight Station
12/
12/
Zastavka u Brna
12/
Zastavka u Brna
d/
Oslavany
J
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Table 64
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Rosice-Oslavany Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
(Continued)
a. Bituminous coal. 546/-
b. Zbysov is a few kilometers south of Zastavka, with which it is
apparently connected by a spur line.
c. Formerly the Laska Bozi mine.
a. Assumed to be near the Ferdinand and Julius mines and reopened
according to 1951-52 information. 547/
e. Formerly the Kukla mine.
Table 65
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/*
1
Present Mine Name Type Location Railroad Freight Station
Alexandr Deep Hrdlovka Osek
Arnost Strip Zichlice Rtyne v Podkrkonosi
Barbora Deep Kocourkov Oldrichov
Barbora Deep and Strip Krizanov Kost'any
Beta Deep Vrksman Strupc ice
Brittania VI Deep Probostov Bohosudov
Centrum Deep and Strip
Joseph David 2/ Deep ' Most Most
Emanuel si Deep - Srbice Bohosudov
Evzen Deep and Strip Most Most
Fortuna Strip Komorany Trebusice
Frantiska II Deep Radonice Radonice and Kadan
Julius Fucik Strip ZelenkY Svetec
Gallus Ei Deep Predlice Trmice
Gustav Strip Varvazov Telnice
Hana Deep? Haj Osek
Footnotes for Table 65 follow on p. 179.
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Table 65
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
(Continued)
Present Mine Name
Herkules
Prokop Holy
Hrabak
Julius I, Il
Julius III
Karel
Karolina I, II
Katerina
Kohinoor I
Kohinoor II
Kolumbus
Marshal Konev
5 Kveten
Leontyna
Lezaky
Libuse (Satre)
Libkovice I e/.
Lota-Marie
LudmilE
Mariana.
Mariana Lezaky e/
Marie c/
Marie
Marketa III c/
Maxim Gorkiy f/
President Masaryk
Milada II
Minerva
Zdenek Nejedly
Nelson g/
Obrance Miru LI/
Osvobozeni
Type
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep and Strip
Deep
Strip
StriI -
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep and Strip
Strip
Strip
Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Deep and Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Strip
Deep and Strip
Location
Zaluzi
Tuchomysl
Cepirohy
d/
KopTsty
Cukmantl
Kremyz, Bzany
Modlany
Lam
Marianske Radcice
Zaluzi
Drinov
Trftice
Duchcov
Most
Prunerov
Svetec
Ceske Kralupy
Skyrice
2/
Kvitkov
Lan
Srbice
Bilina
Brestany
Chabarovice
2/
Sous
Nova Ves
Horni Jiretin
Rednice
178 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Railroad Freight Station
Most
Tuchomysl
Most
Most
TepIice-Lesni Brana
Ohnic .
Bohosudov
Lom u Mostu
Marianske Radcice
Most
Jezeri
Trmice
Duchcov
Most
Kadan, Prunerov
2/
Svetec7Chotejovice
Ceske Kralupy
Zidov ice
2/
Teplice
Louka-Horni Litvinov
Bohosudov
Bilina
Brestany
Chabarovice
e/
Most
Dsek
Trebusice, Most
Rednice
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Table 65
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
(Continued)
Present Mine Name
Otaker II
Pansky Les
Patria I-Ill
Pavel II
Petr a Pavel
Pluto
Premysl
President Roosevelt i/
Quido I-III
Rudiay II
Partyzan Slansky 1/
Partyzan II
General Svoboda
Svornost
Jan Sverma 1/
Vaclav
Vaclav
Venuse
Vitezny Unor m/
Vrbensky
Washington
Jan Zizka
Type Location Railroad Freight Station
Strip
Deep
Deep and
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Strip
Deep
Deep
Strip
Deep
Deep
Kost'any
Probostov
Strip Svetec
Horni Litvinov
Nechvalice
Louka
Zalany
Ervenice
Dolni Jiretin
Bilina
Hamry
k/
Branbny
Ohnic
Ervenice
Krb ice
Lahost
Konobrze
Litvinov
Sous
Trebusice
Michanice-Chomutov
Kost'any
Bohosudov, Teplice
Svetec-Chotejovice
Louka-Horni Litvinov
Uporiny
Louka-Horni Litvinov
Zalany
Holesice-Ervenice
Most
Bilina
Horni Litvinov
k/
Marianske Radc ice
Ohnic
Ervenice
Chomutov
Duchcov
Marianske Radcice
N.A.
Most, Sous
Trebusice
Chomutov
a. Brown coal. An official map Of Czechoslovak mines 'shows the Florian III mine near Srbice
(not operating in 1948) and the Hugo mine at Rednice, which may be included in the list under
other names.
b. The Centrum mine is hear Zaluzi and probably uses the Most freight station.
c. Mine was not erating in 1948.
d. Probably located near Kopisty and ships from Most freight station.
e. There is no information about the type of mine, location, or shipping point.
f. Formerly the Rudiay I mine.
g. Nelson I, II, III, IV have been reported.
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Table 65
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the North Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia LI/
(Continued)
h. Formerly the President Benes mine.
i. Formerly the Hedvika mine.
j. The name.may have been changed to Partyzan I
k. Possibly near Partyzan Slansky mine and uses
1. Formerly the Robert mine.
m. Formerly the Herkules mine.
or Partyzan II.
the same shipping point.
Table 66
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Sokolov Basin in Czechoalthvakia Eil*
Present Mine Name
Adolf-Zofie
Anezka
Anna
Anna
Antonin
Antonin-Eleonora
Arnost-Ludmila
Bedrich
Bohemia
Boti Pozehnani
Erika II
Felician II, III
Gustav
Ilsa
Jindrich
bJ
* Footnotes for Table
Type
Deep
Deep
Deep
Deep
Strip
Deep and Strip
Deep
Deep
Strip
Strip
Strip
Deep
Strip
Strip
Deep
66 follow on p.
Location
Bukovany
Haselbach
Nove Sedlo
Otovice
Dolni Rychnov
Sedlec
Libavske udoli
Litrbachy Ves
Sokolov nad Ohri
Pochlovice-Kynsperk
Tyn
Citice
Habertov
Pocerny
Chodov, Bozicany
181.
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Railroad Freight Station
Citice/Dasnice-Chlum
Svate Mari
Svatava
Nove Sedlo
Karlovy Vary
Citice
Karlovy Vary
Kynsperk nad Ohri
Svatava-Davidov
Sokolov nad Ohri
Kynsperk nad Ohri
Sokolov nad Ohri
Citice
Chlum Svate Mari
Karlovy Vary (Upper Station)
Chodov, Bozicany
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Table 66
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Sokolov Basin in Czechoslovakia 2/
(Continued)
Present Mine Name
Type
Location
Railroad Freight Station
Jiri
Deep
Lomnice
Sokolov nad Ohri
Josef-Jan b/
Deep
Pila
Karlovy Vary (Lower Station)
Karoli
Deep
Otovice
Karlovy Vary
Leopold b/
Deep
Sadov
Sadov
Libik
Strip
Habertov
Dasnice
Lidice
Deep
Citice
Citice
Marie
Deep
Konigswerth
Sokolov nad Ohri
Marta
Strip
Pocerny
Dvory u Karlovy Vary
Medard
Strip
HaselbaCh
Svatava
Michael
Deep
Stare Sedlo
Nove Sedlo
Rudolf
Deep
Habertov
Chlum Svatellari
Silvestr
Strip
Dolni Rychnov
Citice
Marshal Tito c/
Deep
Nove Sedlo
Nove Sedlo
H.S. Truman 2.7
Deep and Strip
Nove Sedlo
Nove Sedlo
Tynsky "
Strip
LoMnice
Sokolov nad Ohri
Zofie
Deep
Bukovany
Dasnice-Chlum Svate Mari
a, Brown coal. The Erika II mine produces so-called lignite wax. The list does not in7-
elude the Jednota mine, which was mentioned in a report of December 1952.
b. the Antonin-Eleonora, Josef-Jan, and Leopold
mines had recently closed down. the Anezka mine had also been
elosed, but apparently is not the Anezka mine located at Haselbach. 548/
c. The name of this mine is believed to have been changed. There has been reference to the
Nove Sedlo mine, which may be either the former Tito or H.S. Truman mine.
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Table 67
Location and Rail Shipping Point of the Coal Mine
in North Bohemia in Czechoslovakia 21
Present Mine Name
Kristina 12/
Location Railroad Freight Station
Bradek nad Nisou ETradek nad Nisou
a. Not to be confused with North Bohemian Basin.
b. Deep and surface mine, extracting both lignite and brown coal.
Table 68
Location and Rail Shipping Point of the Coal Mine
in the Central Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia
Present Mine Name
Lisek 2/
Location Railroad Freight Station
Stradonice Beroun
a. Mining black (bituminous) coal.
Table 69
Location and Rail Shipping Point of the Coal Mine
in the Slezsko Basin in Czechoslovakia
Present Mine Name
Bedrich
Location Railroad Freight Station
Serksdorf Serksdorf
a. Mining lignite and brown coal. This is a strip mine which dis-
continued operation on 1 October 1946.2/22/ There is no information
to indicate that mining has been resumed.
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,
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Table 70
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the South Bohemian Basin in Czechoslovakia
Present Mine Name
Etna 1./
Jaroslav 12/
Svatopluk 12/
Location
Lhotice
Ujezdec
Mydlovary
Railroad Freight Station
Chotycany
Ciconice
Zliv
a. Anthracite.
b. Lignite.
Table 71
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
In the South Moravian Lignite Basins in Czechoslovakia
Preseht Mine Name
Albert
Barbora I
Barbora II
Bedrich
Elektra
Frantisek
Frantiska de Paula
Julius
Littner
Ludmila
Pamoc Bozi
Tomas
Vlasta
Vsemoc Bozi
Location
DUbnany
Kelcany,. Zeravice
Kelcany, ZeraVice
Milotice
Bzenec
Kyjov
Milotice
Sardice
BZenec
Dubnany
Dubnany
RatiskOvice
Ratiskovice
HoroVany
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Railroad Freight Station
Rohatec
Kelcany
Kelcany
Vlkos-Kelcany
N.A.
Kyjov
Vlkos-Kelcany
Cejc, Kyjov
Liderovice
Dub nany
Tubnany
Rohatec
Hodonin
Cejc
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Table 72
Locations and Rail Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Moravian Chalk Basins in Czechoslovakia 2/
Present Mine Name
Hugo-Karel
Werner
Zdar Huh
Location
Nova Ves
.Januvky
Bela
Railroad Freight Station
Kunc ice
Moravska Trebova
Velke Opatovice
a. So-called Tkridove cerne (black-chalk) type coal.
Table 73
Locations and Rail. Shipping Points of Coal Mines
in the Slovakian Province of Czechoslovakia 2/
Present Mine Name
Vychodna (East) y
Nova Juzna (New South)12/
Stara JUzna (Old South)
Zapadna (West) y/
Nova Zapadna -(New West) y
Severna (North)b/
Stara Severna (Old North) 12/
Novaky No. 1 s/
Novaky NO. 2 s/
Novaky No. 3 s/
Novaky No. 4 s/
Otyce .11/
Velka Torona 1/
General Stefanik e/
Location
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Novaky
Novaky
Novaky
Novaky
Obyte
Velka Torona
Rad'ovce
'Railroad Freight Station
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Handlova
Novaky
Novaky
Novaky
Novaky
Topol'cianky
Cergov
Fil'akovo
a. List does not include several mines Opened: in the Modry Kamen
deposits since 1948.
d. Lignite mines.
e. Hard- (bituminous) coal mine.
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APPENDIX E
LABOR AND PRODUCTIVITY AT COAL MINES IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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Table 74
Estimated Average Number of Wage Earners Employed 2/*552/
' at Coal Mines in Czechoslovakia
1929-49
Year
Hard-Coal Mines
Underground
Surface 12/
Brown-Coal and Lignite Mines
Over-All Underground Surface c/ Over-All
1929
46,181
12,465
58,646
27,053
13,709
40,762
1930
46,459
12,392
58,851
26,017
13,152
39,169
1931
43,252
11,995
55,247
23,552
12,032
35,584
1932
40,425
11,384
51,809
21,945
11,087
33,032
1933
37,145
10,332
47,477
20,797
10,176
30,973
1934
34,429
9,817
44,246
19,597
9,678
29,275
1935
33,087
9,580
42,667
19,407
9,549
28956
1936
32,033
9,370
41,403
19,475
9,568
29,043
1937
33,897
9,495
43,392
19,831
9,930
29,761
1938
N.A.
N.A.
46,828
N.A.
N.A.
26,485
1939
N.A.
N.A.
55,081
N.A.
N.A.
32,069
1940
N.A.
N.A.
60,116
N.A.
N.A.
36,756
1941
N.A.
N.A.
63,022
N.A.
N.A.
37,521
,1942
N.A.
N.A.
69,275
N.A.
N.A.
44,017
1943
N.A.
N.A.
76,980
N.A.
N.A.
47,746
1944
N.A.
N.A.
75,929
N.A.
N.A.
44,200
1945
40,536
20,140
60,676
24,242
16,170
40,412
1946 (Dec)
41,476
14,266
55,742
25,050
11,631
36,681
1947 (Jun)
44,621
14,742
59,363
18,757
22,035
40,792
1947 (Dec)
48,854
14,953
63,807
20,740
21,960
42,700
1948 (Mar)
49,535
15,015
64,545
20,375
21,199
41,574
1948 (Jun)
194a (Dec)
50,341
48,615
14,911
14,588
65,252
63,20
18,002
18,141
19,943
19,301
37,945
37,442
1949 (Mar)
48,021
14,197
62,218
18,680
19,674
38,354
1949 (May)
N.A.
N.A.
57,027
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Footnotes for Table 74
follow on p. 187.
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Table 74
Estimated Average Number of Wage Earners Employed a
at Coal Mine-s in Czechoslovakia
1929-49
a. Figures exclude technical personnel, persons employed at ancillary works, and office
workers. For the years 1929-37, the figures are yearly averages calculated from total
number of shifts worked plus involuntary absenteeism minus shifts worked on Sundays divided
by the number of normal working days. For the years 1938-45 figures relate to the number on
the books at the end of the year in the present territory.
b. Surface workers at deep mines. There are no strip mines producing hard coal.
c. Surface workers at deep and strip mines.
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s Table 75
Estimated Average Output Per Man-Shift in Coal Mines
in Czechoslovakia 2/ 553/
1929-49
Metric Tons
Year
Hard-Coal Mines
Brown-Coal and Lignite Mines
Underground
Over-All
Underground
Over-All
1929
1.316
1.009
3.027
1.938
1930
1.312
0.995
3.040
1.911
1931
1.372
1.028
3.230
2.030
1932
1.406
1.037
3.350
2.097
1933
1.537
1.130
3.408
2.178
1934
1.589
1.166
3.512
2.253
1935
1.654
1.213
3.483
2.225
1936
1.772
1.311
3.517
2.260
1937
1.837
1.404
3.571
2.293
1938
1.460
1.116
2.548
1.793
1939
1.399
1.094
2.226
1.551
1940
1.334
1.047
2.166
1.1428
1941
1.293
0.987
2.106
1.362
1942
1.198
3.933
2.047
1.326
1943
1.138
0.881
1.800
1.203
1944
1.076
0.802
1.762
1.203
1945 b/
1.080
0.701
2.528
1.446
1946 Iv
1.349
0.928
2.645
1.739
1946 'Dec)
1.391
0.977
2.686
1.792
1947 (Jun)
1.485
1.085
2.177
2.103
1947 (Dec)
1.453
1.077
2.024
1.965
1948
1.451
1.086
2.348
2.229
1948 (Mar)
1.432
1.075
2.145
2.129
1948 (Jun)
1.489
1.119
2.342
2.155
1948 (Dec)
1.496
1.121
2.392
2.491
1949 (Mar)
1.468
1.148
2.512
2.663
1949 (May)
1.482
1.150
N.A.
N.A.
a. From 1938 to 1944, inclusive, the figures relate only to the
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
b. Provisional figures.
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Table 76
Estimated Average Number of Days Worked at Coal Mines
in Czechoslovakia 2/ 554/ ,
1929-46
Year
Hard-Coal Mines
Brown-Coal
and Lignite Mines
1929
280
284
1930
248
255
1931
232
246
1932
205
227
1933
198
220
1934
209
235
1935
210
235
1936
225
243
1937
252
262
1938
295
278
1939
294
290
1940
302
296
1941
302
288
1942
297
284
1943
284
280
1944
287
267
1945 b/
293
292
1946 T/
309
304
a. From 1938 through1944, the figures relate only
to mines in Bohemia and Moravia.
b. Provisional figures.
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APPENDIX F
PLANNED SUPPLY AND REQUIREMENTS OF OVEN CCEE, GAS COKE,
? AND BROWN-COAL COKE IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Table 77
?
?
Planned Supply and Requirements of Oven Coke and Gas Coke
in Czechoslovakia 555/
1949 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Bohemia
and Moravia Slovakia Quantity
Supply
Reserves as of 31 December 1948 19 -
Production at Mine-Coke 1-:ens 3,230
Production at Metallurgical
Coke Ovens 1,480
Production of Gas Coke 423
Total 5,152
Requirements
Mining
40.3
25.0
65.3
Sugar
24.0
6.0
30.0
Distilling
2.5
0.5
3.0
Brewing, Malting
6.5
1.5
8.0
Milling
15.0
3.0
18.0
Food
27.0
3.5
30.5
Metallurgical
2,047.0
a/*
2,01+7.0
Iron, Metals
205.0
5970
264.0
Wood
4.5
0.5
5.0
Paper
24.0
1.0
25.0
Chemical Industry
71.0
16.0
87.0
Footnote for Table 77 follows on p. 192.
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Table 77
Planned Supply and Requirements of Oven Coke and Gas Coke
? in Czechoslovakia 222/
1949 Plan
(Continued)
Thousand Metric Tons
Requireients (Continued)
Bohemia
and Moravia
Slovakia
Quantity
Ceramics
95.0
100.0
195.0
Construction
1.5
1.0
2.5
Glass
6.6
0.5
7.1
Textiles, Clothing
26.0
4.0
30.0
Leather, Rubber
5.6
10.0
15.6
Ministry of Information
4.o
1.0
5.0
Waterworks
1.0
0.5
1.5
Electric Power Plants
1.0
1.0
2.0
Gasworks
127.0
8.0
135.0
Water Transport Urban Railroads
2.0
0.5
2.5
Total
2,736.5
242.5
2,979.0
Czechoslovak State Railroads
36.0
Domestic Heating
770.5
149.0
919.5
Exports
1,217.5
Remaining Supplies
0.0
Total
5,152.0
a. The requirements for metallurgical plants in Slovakia are included
in the requirements of the iron and metals industry in Slovakia.
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Table 78
Carbonization of Coal in Mine-Coke Ovens
in Czechoslovakia 2/ 22g
1949 Plan
Metric Tons
Raw Material Input
Quantity
Bituminous Coal (from Ostrava)
5;075,000
Bituminous Coal (from Rosice)
60l000
Total
5,135,000
ulfuric Acid
21,000
Total
5,156,000
Product Yield
Requirements
Coke
3,230,000
Gas (Thousand Cubic Meters)
(1,275,000)
Gas
765,000
Ammonium Sulfate
20,520
Raw Tar
109,700
Benzene
27,306
Naphthalene
1,724
Sulfuric Acid
2,400
Water Vapor
232,350
Sludge y
767,000
Total 5,156,000
a. Ovens located near coal mines.
b. AssuMed to be the wet breeze.
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Table 79
Carbonization of Coal in Metallurgical-Coke Ovens
in Czechoslovakia a/ 557/
1949 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Raw Material Inputs
Kladno
Vitkovice Trinec
Total
Bituminous Coal (from
Ostrava and Kladno)
Sulfuric Acid
Total
Product Yield
470.o
4.1
474.1
820.0
6.1
826.1
1,013.0
6.5
1,019.5
2,303.0
16.7
22_219.1
350.0
480.o
650.0
1,480.0
Coke
Gas (Million Cubic Meters)
(140.0)
(200.0)
(323.0)
(603.0)
Gas
84.0
120.0
157.0
361.0
Ammonium Sulfate
4.1
6.1
6.5
16.7
Benzene
5.2
6.9
9.4
21.5
Tar
16.0
25.0
33.0
74.o
Naphthalene
0.3
0.4
o.5
1.2
Waste, Water12/
14.5
187.7
163.1
365.3
Total
474.1
826.1
1 019 5
2 319 7
a. Ovens located at steel works.
b. Assumed to be the wet breeze.
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a
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Table 80
Carbonization of Coal in the Gasworks of the CEZ
in Czechoslovakia a/ 558/
1949 Plan -
Metric Tons
Bohemia
and Moravia
Provinces Slovakia Entire Country
Source of Supply
Bituminous Coal
526,000
11414,000
570,000
Sulfuric Acid
1,200
1,200
Washing Oil
500
50
550
Water for Quenching
610,000
60,000
670,000
Total
To Produce
Coke
11137,700
104,022
1,214.1,750
412,000
34,300
446,3oo
Gas (Thousand Cubic Meters)
(221,562)
(17,000)
(238,562)
Gas
137,235
10,500
147,135
Raw Tar
19,40o
1,600
21,000
Raw Benzene
1,40o
140
1,54o
Ammonia
600
96
696
Ammonium Sulfate
1,200
1,200
Naphthalene
90
90
Water Vapor
200,300
22,366
222,666
Water for Quenching
365,000
35,000
400,000
Water Washing Oil
475
48
523
Total
1,137,700
1214,122
1,241,750
a. The original goal for 1949 established at the inception of the
Five Year Plan was 423,000 tons. Production is estimated at 405,000
tons
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?
Table 81
1
Consumption and Use of Brown COA1
and Output of Carbonization Products
at the Stalin Plant in Czechoslovakia 21.6igi
1949 Plan
Metric Tons
Quantity
Source of Supply a.'
Brown Pit Coal
3,304,000
Graded Brown Coal
763,000
Total
4z 0672 000
Grading of Coal
Graded Coal
Powdered Coal
Total
2,999,500
1,067,500
4,067,000
Use of Graded Coal
For Carbonization
2,894,000
To Produce Gas
105,500
Total
2,999,500
Carbonization Products
Brown-Coal Coke (Dry)
11163,000
Pure Tar 12/
303,800
Tar Residues
9,000
Carbonization Water
.515,000
Waste-Water Vapor
600,000
Gas
17o,000
Losses
133,200
Total
2,894,000
a. The brown pit coal would give 30 percent
powder and the graded coal 10 percent.
b. 10.5 percent of graded coal supplied.
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APPENDIX G
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OFTHE PRODUCTION OF COAL GAS
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Table 82
Location of Plants and Production of Coal Gas at Gasworks
in Czechoslovakia 561/
1934 and 1936
City or Town
Annual Output
1934
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Annual Output
1936
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Calorific Value
(Kilogram Calories
per Cubic Meter)
As
Bilovec
Bratislava
Brno
Cukmantl
593
219
4,257
13,131
80
669
232
4,257
14,628
80
4,500
5,000
5,000
4,450
4,400
Caslav
110
110
5,000.
Ceska Lipa
404
395
4,700
Ceske Budejovice
1,141
1,141
5,000
Cesky Brod
145
135
5,000
Cesky Tesin
700
580
5,100
Decin
674
600
4,800
Duchcov
214 a/*
225 a/
4,100
Dvur Kralove
372
N.A.
5,000
Falknov had Ohri (Sokolov)
114
109
N.A.
Frantiskove Lazne
200
200
N.A.
Fryvaldov
290
413
N.A.
Havlickuv Brod (Nemecky Brod)
200
200
4,500
Hostinne
120
120
5,400
Hranice
458
458
4,350
Cheb
799
812
5,200
Chomutov
500
500
5,200
Chrudim
249
225
4,500
Jahlonec nad Nisou
3,440
N.A.
5,400
Footnote for Table 82 follows on p. 199.
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Table 82
Location of Plants and Production of Coal Gas at Gasworks
in Czechoslovakia
1934 and 1936
(Continued)
City or Town
Annual Output
1934
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Annual Output
1936
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Calorific Value
(Kilogram Calories
per Cubic Meter)
Javornik
12$
127
4,770
Jicin
240
240
4,800
Jihlava
773
773
4,800
Jirkov
110
90 2/
4,500
Karlovy Vary
2,355
2,334
4,5oc
Klatovy
501
501
5,2oc
Kokonin
293
293
5,200
Kolin
270
270
4,800
Komarno
563
663
N.A.
Kosica
1,196
1,196
4,800
Kraliky
100
loo
5,000
KraSlice
264
169
N.A.
Krnov
706
650
4,800
Kromeriz
600
600
4,600
Kutna bora
206
206
5,000
Lanskroun
182
157
5,000
Liberec
2,690
2,928
4,300
Lipnik nad Becvou
183
183
4,500
Litomerice
593
500
5,000
Lovosice
98
130
4,500
Mistek
315
306
4,800
Mlada Boleslav
1,600
1,600
4,300
Moravska Ostrava
2,389
2,245
4,500
Most
550
520
4,400
Wove Mesto nad Vlatovou
80
90
4,800
Wove Zamky
254
254
4,000
Novy Jicin
525
535
4,500
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Table 82
Location of Plants and Production of Coal Gas at Gasworks
in Czechoslovakia
1934 and 1936
(Continued)
City or Town
Annual Output
1934
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Annual Output
1936
(Thousand
Cubic Meters)
Calorific Value
(Kilogram Calories
Per Cubic Meter)
Nymburk
Olomouc
Opava
185
1,400
2,215
165
1,600
2,162
4,500
4,500
4,600
Osoblaha
55
55
N.A.
Plzen
5,081
5,081
4,200
Podmokly
560
560
4,800
Praha-Michle
48,029
53,998
4,2oo
Gottwaldov (Zlin)
1,400
1,450
N.A.
Prostejov
918
850
5,000
Pribram
402
402
5,000
Rakovnik
200
200
5,000
Rokycany
130
130
4,100
Roudnice nad Labem
196
196
N.A.
RuMburk
174
170
4,500
Slany
164
164
4,600'
Svitavy
500
840
4,800
Sumperk
373
373
4,500
Teplice-Sanov
1,902 a/
1,418 a/
4,000
Trnava
402 -
402
N.A.
Trovahy
592
618
4,000
Uherske Hradiste
55
55
3,500
Unicov
190
156
3,800
Usti nad Labem
700 ) b/
700 ) b/
4,000
1,200 )
1,200 ) -
Varnsdorf
456
522
4,500
Vidnava
100
90
4,500
Vitkovice-Moravska
Ostrava
2,150
2,330
4,500
Vrchlabi
144
135
4,500
Vyskov
181
168
4,200
Total
116,228
119,939
a. Gas made from brown coal.
b. Doppelgas. (This gas is produced in the complete gasification of coal and in heat
value is intermediate between coal gas and water gas.)
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_ _
APPENDIX H
METHODOLOGY
CzechosIOVakia has published very few absolute figures relative
to the solid fuels industries since 1950, and statistics have not
been satisfactory since 1948. There have been available, however,
the annual objectives of the Five Year Plan for production of most
solid fuels -- briquettes and peat being notable exceptions'. Suf-
ficient data have been available to furnish reasonably good estimates
of coal and coke production by application of reported percentages
to base figures.
The figures for planned distribution of coal, coke, and bri-
quettes in 1949 served as a basis for estimating consumption of these
fuels during the 1949-53 period. Because the figures combined var-
ious fuels, they had to be adjusted, but partial data on actual
consumption in.1948 and .1949 were available. These data_made it
possible to determine the approximate 1949 consumption Of each fuel
for various large categories of uses. On this base, estimates were
made for following years, using whatever information was available.
It was possible, for example, to estimate requirements of coal for
coking purposes and for gasworks on the basis of estimated produc-
tion of coke. Estimates of requirements fit' coal for electric power
stations are based roughly on the estimated increases in production
of power and on approximately 1 kilogram of is
used to produce a kilowatt-hour of electricity. It has been assumed
that the production of power at the CEZ (public utility) plants
has increased more rapidly than at the industrial and mine plants.
The principal difficulty in estimating consumption of coal for
production of power is lack of a satisfactory power-output break-
down among the CEZ plants, industries, and mining. The 1949 pattern
can have changed considerably. The railroads have been forced to use
lower quality fuel, and estimates of consumption have been predicted
not only on the factor of lower, efficiency but also on the trend of
increase in.ton-kilometers of freight movement. Other than approx-
imations of coal requirements for ferrous metallurgy, no detailed
study, was made of industrial use, but claims of considerable indus-
trial growth lead to the conclusion that the fuel requirements for
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industry have increased substantially, much of the fuel going for
production of power. A few figures on planned consumption of fuel
for domestic heating, as well as the reported increase in 1953 as
compared with the past, give an approximation of the quantities
being consumed.
It has been the intent of this report to furnish as comprehensive
a report on the solid fuel industries as possible, but lack of in-
formation allowed for little more than superficial discussion of some
aspects. Although much of the available information could not be
confirmed, it is believed that, on the whole, it is fairly reliable.
4
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plaTt at Kartinnd reported operating
In 1943 No port tear confirmation.
RATIBOR
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