THE COAL MINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY OF THE USSR

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000200040004-0
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• Document Page Count: 277
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 22, 2013
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: May 27, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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For Research And Reports
'` Copy No.
Assistant Director
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE COAL MINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY
OF THE USSR
CIA/RR 21
27 May 1953
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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S -E -C -R-E -T
THE COAL MINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY
OF THE USSR
CIA~RR 21
(ORR Project 28-51)
Office of Research and Reports
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Page
Summary and Conclusions 1
I. Introduction .. 9
A. General. Description of the Industry 9
B. History of the Industry 13
1. Background 13
2. First Five Year Plan (1928-32) 14
3. Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) 2~+
~+. World War II 28
5 . 1845 - 52 29
II. Organization and Operation of the Industry 35
A. Organization 35
B. Operation 39
III. Current Design and Technology in Soviet Underground
Coal Mining ~+l
A. Factors Conditioning Design .. ~+l
B. Soviet Coal Mining Machines in Current Production ~+7
1. Longwall Coal Cutters .. 47
2. Shortwall Coal Cutters 53
3. Universal Coal Cutters 53
~+. Cutter-Loaders 55
5. Coal Planers 56
6. Coal Combines 57
a. Makarov Coal Combine, KM-4-5-6 58
b. Donbas Coal Combine 60
c. Coal Combine, VOM-2M 63
d. Development Coal Combine, PK-2M 6~+
e. Steep-Pitch Coal Combine, KKP-1 ?. 65
f. Thin-Seam Coal Combine, UKMG-1 66
g. Thin-Seam Coal Combine, UKT-1 ... 67
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7. Mobile Coal Loaders .
68
a. Rock Loaders, UMP-1, EPM-l, and PML-5
68
b. Coal Loaders, 5-153 and 0-5
72
8. Underground Coal Mine Conveyors
75
a. Shaker Conveyors
75
b. Chain, or Scraper, Conveyors
76
c . Belt Conveyors '.
80
9. Coal Mine Locomotives
84
10. Coal Mine Cars
91
11. Conclusions
92
IV. Requirements
95
A. Domestic
95
B . Export
103
1. Albania
10~+
2. Bulgaria
105
3. Czechoslovakia
105
4. East Germany
106
5. Hungary
108
6 . Poland . ~ .
110
7. Rumania
113
8. China
11~+
C. Summary of Soviet Requirements
115
V . Supply
119
A. Location of Facilities
119
B. Productive Capacity
127
C. Domestic Production
136
1. Coal Cutters
137
2. Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders, and Coal Planers
l~+l
3. Coal and Rock Loaders
152
4. Coal Mine Conveyors
158
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5. Coal Mine Locomotives
160
6. Coal Mine Cars
169
7. Pneumatic Picks
169
D. External Sources-
170
1. From the Satellites
170
2. Outside the Soviet Bloc
171
E. Substitutes .
176
1. Alternative Machines
176
2. Alternative Materials
177
3. Alternatives to Machines
177
~+. Intensive Maintenance
..
178
5. Cannibalization
178
6. More Intensive Use of Machines
178
VI. Balance of Supply and Requirements
179
A. Coal Cutters and Combines
179
B. Coal and Rock Loaders
181
C . Coal Mine Conveyors
186
D. Coal Mine Locomotives
187
E. Coal Mine Cars
187
F. Pneumatic Picks
188
G. Conclusions
188
VII. Inputs
191
A. Methodology
191
B. Input Requirements
199
VIII. Conclusions ~ .
237
A. Capabilities ... .. ,
237
B. Vulnerabilities
239
C. Intentions ..
240
1. Of the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
240
2. Of the USSR as a Political Organization
241
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Appendix A. Key Personnel of the Soviet Coal Mining
Equipment Industry 245
Appendix B. Coal Mining Equipment Plants in the USSR
by Economic Region 249
Appendix C. Plant Facilities Required by the Soviet
Coal Mining Equipment Industry 257
Appendix D. Methodology 263
1. Estimated Soviet Production and Inventory of Coal Cutters
Pneumatic Picks, and Electric Coal Mine Locomotives
End of Year, 1927-28 - 1951 ... 15
2. Proportion of Soviet to Foreign Coal Cutters in the Soviet
Coal Mining Industry by Year of Construction,End of 1934 17
3. Soviet Deep-Mined Coal Production by Methods of Extraction
1932-33, 1937-49 lg
4. Electric Locomotive Park of the Soviet Coal Mining Industry
as of September 1934 21
Soviet Development of Different Methods of Extracting Coal,
1932-33, 1937-49 22
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6.
Soviet Development of Different Methods of Haulage in Per-
cent of Coal Loaded, 1932-33, 1937-49
23
7.
Soviet Production of Miscellaneous Coal Mining Equipment,
1927-28 - 1935
24
8.
Soviet Coal Production, 1913, 1927-28 - 1952, 1955, 1860
26
9.
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Coal Cutters
50
10.
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Rock Loaders
69
11.
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Coal Loaders
74
12.
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Scraper Conveyors.
78
13.
Comparison of the Soviet SK-30 Scraper Conveyor with Earlier
Soviet Types
81'
14. Technical Characteristics of Soviet Belt Conveyors for Face
and Development Work 82
15. Technical Characteristics of Soviet Electric Coal Mine
Locomotives .. 87
16. US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to Czechoslovakia,
1946-51 107
17. Czechoslovak Inventory of Coal Mining Equipment, 1 January
1952, and Planned Inventory, 1 January-1953 108
18. US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to Poland,
1946-51 ... 112
19. Estimated Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Requirements (Effec-
tive Demand.), -1952 117
20. Soviet Production of Coal Mining Equipment by Plant,
Economic Region, and Function, 1951 : 122
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21.
Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Cutters, 1945-52
138
22.
Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines, Exclusive of
Cutter-Loaders. and Coal Planers, 1945-51
142
23.
Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders,
and Coal Planers, 1845-52
149
24.
Estimated Inventory, Production, Exports, and Retirement of
Soviet Coal and Rock Loaders, 1940-41, 1846-51
153
25.
Estimated Soviet Production and Inventory of Coal Mine
Conveyors, 1948-51
160
26.
Estimated Production, Retirement,.and Inventory of Soviet
Electric Coal Mine Locomotives, 1827-28 - 1951
162
27.
Soviet Requests for US Coal Mining Equipment for Shipment
in 1945
172
28.
US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to the USSR,
1941-51
173
29.
Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Cutters, End. of Year,
.1927-28 - 1951
182
30.
Estimated Inventory, Production, Imports, Exports, and
Retirement of Soviet Coal Cutters, 1945-52
184
31.
Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Combines, Coal Planers,
and Cutter-Loaders, End of Year, 1945-52
184
32.
Estimated Supply and Demand of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment,
1952
189
33? US Proposed Underground Coal Mining Equipment Program,
1845
192
34: US Proposed Controlled Materials Allotments to the Under-
ground Coal Mining Equipment Industry, 1945 ? 19~
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35?
US WPB Production and Allotments Program. of Underground
Coal Mining Equipment, 1944
195
36.
Estimated Inputs to US Coal Cutters, 1947
201
37.
Estimated Inputs to US Coal Loaders, 1947
209
38.
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Cutters, 1951
212
39?
Estimated Total Inputs to Soviet Coal Cutters, Combines, and
Cutter-Loaders, 1951
214
40.
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal and Rock Loaders, 1951
215
41.
Estimated Inputs to the Average Soviet Longwell
Scraper Conveyor, 91 M (300 Ft), 50 MT per Hr, 1951
219
42.
Estimated Input's to the Average Soviet Gathering Belt
Conveyor, 762 MM (30 In), 15 Kw, 225 MT per Hr, 170 M
220
(5.58 Ft ) Long, 1951 .
43.
Estimated Inputs to Intermediate Sections of the Soviet Belt
Conveyor Shown in Table 42, 1951
223
44.
Estimated Total Inputs to Soviet Underground Scraper and
Belt Conveyors, 1951
224
45.
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Heavyweight Coal Mine Locomotives,
1.951
225
46.
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Mediumweight and Lightweight Coal
Mine Locomotives, 1951
227
47.
Estimated Inputs to the Soviet 2-MT Battery Locomotive, AK-2,
1951
229
48. Estimated Total Inputs to Soviet Coal Mine Locomotives,
1951 230
49. Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Produced
in 1951 231
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50.
Estimated Finished Weight of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment
Produced in 1951
233
51.
Estimated Machine Tool and Manufacturing Facilities of the
Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry, 1951
235
52.
Estimated Facilities Needed by the Soviet Coal Mining
Equipment Industry, 1951
259
53?
Estimated Coal Requirements of the Soviet Coal Mining
Equipment Industry, 1951
262
Following Page
Figure 1.
Organization of the Coal Mining Equipment
Industry of the USSR
36
Figure 2.
Comparative Coal Mining Methods
~+2
Figure 3.' Soviet Longwall Coal Cutter, MV-60
94
Figure ~+.
Soviet Universal Coal Cutter, VTU-1
9~+
Figure 5.
Soviet Cutter-Loader, VPM-l, on Soviet Scraper
Conveyor, STR-30
91+
Figure 6.
Soviet Coal Planer
94
Figure 7.
Makarov Coal Combine
94
Figure 8.
Donbas Coal Combine
9~+
Figure 9.
Soviet Ring-Type Coal Cutter, VK-1
9~+
Figure 10. Soviet Coal Combine, VOM-2
9~+
Figure 11. Model of the IQtP-l, Soviet Pneumatically Driven
Combine for Working Steeply Pitching Coal
Seams
9~+
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Following Page
Figure 12.
Soviet Coal Combine, UFCr-l, for Working Thin
Coal Seams
94
Figure 13.
Soviet Rock Loader, UMP-1
.~
9~+
Figure 1~+.
Soviet Rock Loader, EPM-1
9~+
Figure 15.
Soviet Coal Loader, 5-153
94
Figure 16.
USSR -- Coal Mining Equipment Plants by Economic
Region (Map)
295
Figure 17.
[Layout of the] Gorlovka Mining Equipment Plant
imeni Kirov ~
130
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(ORR Project 28-51)
S-E-C-R-E-T
THE COAL MINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY OF THE USSR-'
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Summary and Conclusions
During the period of intensive industrialization that has char-
acterized the Five Year Plans, the USSR has raised its output of
coal more than fourfold, from 6~+.7 million metric tons (MT) in 1932
to approximately 283 million MT in 1951. In the attempt to gear
the expansiori.of its coal industry to the growth of its economic
system, the USSR has endeavored to mechanize what had been a hand-
operated industry. In order to accomplish. this end, the USSR has
developed its own coal mining equipment industry and is now vir-
tually independent of the West for coal cutters, loaders, conveyors,
and mine locomotives. This accomplishment is very considerable .
because this equipment is a specialized kind of heavy machinery,
some types of which are quite complicated in design and operation
and all of which must be built to withstand hard service under
grueling conditions.
Domestic production of coal cutters and coal mine locomotives
probably was initiated during the First Five Year Plan (1828-32).
Initial progress was slow and was characterized by numerous changes
of design and failures in the field. It was the aim of the USSR
during the 1930's to emulate the US in the use of chain-type coal
undercutters rather than to follow the Western European practice of
breaking coal out with pneumatic picks. In practice, however, as
late as 1940 only about 56 percent of Soviet deep-mined coal was cut
by machine, about 19 percent was broken out by pneumatic picks, and
about 17 percent was blasted from the solid with powder. By Soviet
ways of calculating mechanization, all of these figures were added
together and reported in such a manner as to indicate that coal
extraction in Soviet mines was 92 percent mechanized.
The coal mining equipment industry of the USSR obtained a great
deal of experience during the 1930's and by the outbreak of World
War II, if the 19+1 Gosplan is to be believed, was on the verge of
series production of advanced types of equipment in considerable
~' This report contains information available to CIA as of
15 October 1952?
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quantities. During the war, despite efforts to remove coal mining
equipment plants from the Ukraine to the protection of the Urals
and the Kuzbas areas, the coal mining equipment industry was dis-
organized. As a result, mining techniques retrogressed, and blast-
ing from the solid and even hand mining increased once more.
The USSR emerged from the war determined to restore its coal
mining equipment industry, rehabilitate its ruined mines, and com-
plete their mechanization. In order to raise coal output from
166 million MT in 19#0 to 250 million MT by 1950, the USSR proposed
to build 11,000 coal cutters, 33,000 conveyors, x+,900 electric mine
locomotives, and large quantities of relayed equipment. Following
the war the evacuated equipment plants continued to operate at
their new locations beyond the Urals, and the old plants in the
Ukraine were re-established. The capacity of the plants was there-
by increased, and mechanization also took on a new meaning:
(1) new types of heavier coal cutters were devised; (2) intensive
efforts were made to develop successful coal combines, or contin-
uous miners as they are termed in the US; (3) the first serious
effort was made to mechanize coal loading; (~+) the conveyor system
was revamped and converted from the shaker, or reciprocating, type
to the scraper and belt types; and (5) a transition was begun toward
heavier mine locomotives.
The coal mining equipment industry of the USSR is at present
organized as Glavuglemash, the Main Administration of Coal Machine
Building, under the All-Union Ministry of the Coal Industry.
Glavuglemash directs the plants which produce the coal mining
equipment. Thus in the USSR the coal mining industry owns and
operates its own equipment building plants: The design of new equip-
ment is entrusted to Giprouglemash, the State Planning, Designing,
and Experimental Institute for Coal Mine Machinery Building, which
probably occupies a staff relationship with respect to Glavuglemash
and which has, in turn, regional affiliates in the major mining
areas.
Although the coal mining equipment industry of the USSR is
organized in hierarchical fashion, it operates in such a way as
to suggest that it is integrated to a very high degree at all
levels. Executives and engineers at various stages in the hierarchy
frequently cooperate in the design and development of new equipment.
Although the control over the industry is centralized, its operations
are fairly well decentralized both geographically and functionally.
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No one plant turns out every type of product produced by the indus-
try. Instead, the plants tend to be grouped with some overlapping
into cutter, loader, conveyor, and locomotive plants, a grouping
which in turn is related to the types of manufacturing operations
for which the plants are best suited. Integration of the plants is
perhaps greater on a vertical than a horizontal level, though none
of the plants, insofar as is known, operates a coal mine or blast
furnace. The plants also appear to be dependent on other indus-
tries for bearings and motors. Also, it is likely that the leading
type of coal loader is built for the coal mining industry by the
transport equipment industry. On the other hand, the coal mining
equipment industry probably sells rock loaders and pneumatic picks
to other ministries. In any event, the coal mining equipment indus-
try of the USSR has been established to serve the coal mines.
In developing the domestic coal mining equipment industry, the
USSR has supplied it with much engineering talent, but it has
attempted when possible to emulate the tried and tested equipment
of the West. Differences in mining conditions and techniques,
however, have limited the extent to which Soviet engineers could
copy foreign designs without modification.
The chief difference between Soviet and US practice is that
between longwall mining and shortwall mining. Briefly, shortwall
mining, which is normal in US mines, takes place at the narrow ends
of a series of rectangular rooms, and longwall mining, which is
normal in Soviet mines, operates on the long side of a room extend-
ing for a considerable distance. Longwall mining requires equip-
ment designed to operate in narrow spaces between the props and
conveyors and the coal face. Hence there is no room at the working
face in Soviet mines for the heavy coal loaders which have helped
greatly to increase output per man in US mining. For this reason,
although the USSR has copied such US longwall cutters as are on the
market, as well as US coal and rock loaders, the Soviet coal mining
equipment industry ha.s nevertheless found it necessary to solve for
itself the problem of how to mechanize completely the mining of
longwall faces by designing its own longwall coal combines and cutter-
loaders.
Soviet discrimination in deciding what to borrow has fluctuated
widely. The USSR has copied longwa,ll cutters as suited to its
needs. In its zeal to copy US equipment, the USSR designed and
built, for a time, heavy universal cutters not well suited to long-
wall operations and not especially suited to Soviet development work.
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Not until after several hundred were built was the design abandoned.
In copying from the US, the USSR has sometimes also modified designs
to fit its own manufacturing capabilities. It is said, for example,
to have simplified the gearing of US longwall coal cutters. In
building coal and rock loaders, the USSR has followed US practices
closely, although this equipment is probably of only limited useful-
ness in the Soviet longwall mines. It is suggestive that the
simpler and lighter US types have, on the whole, been the ones used
as prototypes. In the field of conveyors and locomotives the
differences between the Soviet and the US methods of mining have
little effect on the character of the equipment required. There-
fore, the USSR has been less inventive in these areas than in some
others.
Soviet coal mining equipment looks crudely finished but rugged.
In practice it receives very rough treatment and probably wears out
much more rapidly than does similar US equipment. An 'examination
of the Soviet approach to the problem of designing coal mining
equipment indicates that the Soviet designers are thorough in their
search for Western prototypes and probably better informed about
Western developments than are Western engineers about Soviet innova-
tions. In addition, it should be pointed out that from the point of
view of design the Soviet engineers have shown considerable orig-
inality and ingenuity, although at times their enthusiasm leaves the
realm of practicality.
In surveying the variety and kinds of Soviet coal mining equip-
ment, it is necessary to conclude that the USSR now builds a full
complement of underground coal mining equipment. Although the
quality of the product may be somewhat inferior to that of the US
counterparts, it is nevertheless serviceable. The USSR may there-
fore be said to have achieved a condition of independence of the
West insofar as the design and manufacture of coal mining equipment
are concerned.
The USSR may depend on some of the Satellites to supplement its
production of .coal mine locomotives; otherwise it is chiefly a
supplier to the Satellites rather than a consumer from them. In
contrast to the Satellites, the USSR has been self-sufficient for
some time for coal mining equipment of the type treated in this
report, though it has often bought small quantities of equipment
for analysis and duplication. From 19+1 to the end of 1950 the
USSR received from the US, either in purchases or in Lend-Lease
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shipments, almost $16 million worth of specialized types of coal'
mining equipment. From the UK the USSR in the same period purchased
more than 110,000 pounds sterling of similar equipment. But these
acquisitions may be regarded as incident to the war. At present
the USSR is believed to be essentially self-sufficient in coal
mining equipment.
From 1928-29 to 1951 the production of coal cutters in the USSR
increased from 59 per year to about 1,100 per year, and the inven-
tory was raised from only 1,154 to 4,850. The production of coal mine
locomotives was increased from only 87 in 1932 to an estimated 1,700
in 1951, with an increase in inventory from 283 to about 7,x+00.
Of even greater significance, in 191-8 the USSR introduced into
its mines the Donbas coal combine, which successfully cuts, breaks,
and loads coal from longwall faces and eliminates drilling, sYiot-
firing, and the bulk of the hand-loading work that in the past has
been the bottleneck holding down labor and machine productivity in
longwall mining in the UK and on the Continent as well as in the
USSR. Only about 20 Donbas combines are required to mine 1 million
NPI' of coal per year as against about 36 longwall coal cutters. In
addition, the combine replaces much hand labor in loading. Production
of coal combines and cutter-loaders (similar machine s may have reach-
ed almost 350 units in 1951.
? In addition, in 1947 the USSR began in a serious way to build
coal and rock loaders for use in development taork. Its annual
production of these machines may have reached as high as 750 in
1951, and its inventory is said to be about 1,600 cutter-loaders.
Their use in the USSR is believed to be limited chiefly to develop-
ment work, where the Russians are said to be making great gains in
mechanization.
At the end of 1949 the USSR claimed to have 10,000 scraper con-
veyors and 4,000 belt conveyors in operation in its coal mines. It
is believed that most of these are of postwar construction. To have
so many in operation, even though the figure is only about half of
that called for by the 1946-50 Plan, would require an annual produc-
tion of almost 3,000 scraper and 1,500 belt conveyors. Production
of conveyors is thus estimated at about 4,500 units in 1951.
As the result of intensive building of coal mining machinery
since the war, Soviet coal mines are now better equipped with modern
-5-
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machinery than ever before, and the prewar inventory has to all in-
tents and purposes been replaced. Nevertheless, the enormous self-
imposed task of expanding coal output to 500 million MT by 1960
puts heavy obligations on the Soviet coal mining equipment industry.
This goal implies an expansion of underground mining output by about
20 million MT per year. Total domestic requirements consist of
equipment needed fox expansion of coal. output, for replacement pur-
poses, and for increasing the mechanization of mining. The USSR
occasionally releases dsta on coal mining plans but not on coal
mining equipment production or plans. From the hypothesis that the
USSR is committed principally to longwall mining methods, however,
it has been possible to estimate, apparently with a fair degree of
accuracy, what its domestic equipment requirements to meet planned
increases in output will be in the next few years. On the basis of
the estimate that about 36 longwall cutters or 20 combines are
needed to mine 1 million MT of coal, in order to mine the planned
annual increases in coal by machine, the USSR will need at least
725 additional cutters or x+00 combine's each year for expansion pur-
poses alone. At present it appears that the life of a Soviet coal
cutter or combine is between 5 and 6 years, which implies that
about 800 to 850 coal cutters and about 75 coal combines will be re-
quired-each year for replacement. Moreover, these obligations must
be met before the USSR can make progress in further mechanizing the
one-third of Soviet underground coal mining which is still done with
pneumatic picks or by blasting from the solid.
Taking into account an estimated production in the USSR of about
x+00 combines and cutter-loaders during 1952 and estimated exports
of 88 coal combines and 183 coal cutters to the Satellites, the
Soviet Bloc demand for coal cutters during 1952 would have been about
1, 300 as against an estimated supply of about 1, 250. These ~ stimate s
consider the retirement of worn-but machines, the planned expansion
of coal output, and some allocation of equipment to the Satellites.
Most of the combines now being built are for work in low- and medium-
height coal seams. It is believed that no combine rias as yet proved
satisfactory for the important thick-seam mines of the Moscow and
Kuznets regions.
Not enough is known at present about Soviet coal mining methods
to permit the computation of the needs for related types of equip-
ment as accurately as for cutters and combines. Judging from what
is known of Soviet coal loading, conveying, and haulage methods,
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it is estimated that about 900 coal and rock loaders were required
for 1952 as compared with an expected production of about 850. The
supply and demand for conveyors may have balanced at about x+,650.
The demand for coal mine locomotives was figured at approximately
1,760 units, whereas the supply may have reached 1,800. The degree
of reliability of these estimates is highest for cutters and com-
bines, lower for loaders, and lower still for conveyors and loco-
motives.
It is probable that the USSR may have experienced minor short-
ages in 1952 in coal cutters and loaders and may have an adequate
supply of combines and a slight surplus of mine locomotives. Al,-
though this picture is generally accurate, it should be remembered
that this is an over-all estimate and may conceal imbalances within
the categories. It is believed, for example, that production of
lightweight car-sorting locomotives is more than sufficient, whereas
heavy locomotives may be in somewhat short supply. On the whole,
however, it appears that output during 1952 was adequate to demand.
It should be noted at the same time that for the USSR to continue
to expand its output of coal according to current plans will require
annual additions of equipment, so that demand is likely to continue
as strong in the next several years for most of these items as at
present.
Although the manufacture`of coal mining equipment requires
scarce alloys, bearings, and motors, a .coal combine can mine some-
where between 5,000 and 10,000 times its weight in coal per year.
This kind of capital goods is therefore more demanding of engi-
neering skill than it is of special plant facilities, materials,
or man-hours. Nevertheless, inputs of these items to the Soviet
coal mining equipment industry have been computed from US practice
with adaptations and corrections for Soviet conditions.
By virtue of its self-sufficiency the Soviet coal mining equip-
ment industry is vulnerable to ordinary economic warfare only through
the interdiction of such components as bearings. An embargo of
shipment of coal raining equipment to the Satellites will i'orce them
to lean more heavily upon Soviet supplies. Physical vulnerability
is limited because of the substantial dispersion of the industry,
although the industry appears to offer more concentrated targets
for both bombardment and sabotage than do underground coal mining
facilities.
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Since the Soviet coal mining equipment industry is important
both to the expansion of apeace-oriented economy and to the
creation of an economic base for prolonged military operations,
it is not an obvious indicator of Soviet military intentions.
Conversion of the industry to arms production, however, would
appear to indicate a sacrifice of long-term peace or military
aims to short-term output of military end items.
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I. Introduction.
A. General Description of the Industry.
Coal mining machines are defined here as devices that cut,
load, or transport coal.- Each of these operations. may be per-
formed in a number of ways. Prior to the twentieth century, in the
US, coal was undercut by hand. Holes were then bored into the seam,
powder was tamped into the holes, and the coal was blasted down.
Then it was hand-loaded into small carts that were drawn away by
horses or mules on underground tramways for transfer to the surface.
Once above ground, the coal was hand-sorted and dispatched to market
with little or no further processing.
In the US, mine ventilation, mine pumping, and the lifting
of the coal to the surface were mechanized prior to the twentieth
century. Practical devices to mechanize the undercutting of coal
have been on the US market for some 60 years. By 1930 the mecha-
nization of US coal cutting was virtually complete.' In the same
period, electric mine locomotives replaced animal power in underground
transport in the US. During the 1930's, conveyors were introduced
extensively to facilitate underground haulage, both in seams too thin
for locomotives and cars and in areas where high continuous production
~ The coal mining industry also uses drills, pumps, and venti-
lators, as well as elevating and coal-processing equipment. These
are excluded from this report by definition, chiefly because such
equipment is sufficiently general to be used for other purposes than
coal mining, but also because of the lack of time to treat it in
detail. Direct burning of coal underground is also excluded from
the scope of this report, although it is carried on experimentally
in the USSR.
~' These devices will be referred to throughout this report as
coal cutters. They generally consist of a continuous chain, fitted
with replaceable cutting bits, powered by air or electricity, and
mounted in various ways, depending upon how the coal is to be cut.
They should be distinguished from pneumatic-picks and coal combines,
which will be defined later.
These generalizations apply only to bituminous coal and lignite
(little lignite is mined in the US). The mechanization of anthra-
cite coal mining in the US has proceeded more slowly because of the
hardness of the coal, the thickness of the seams, and their sloping
character.
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was feasible. In these years, mechanization was extended to the
underground loading of.coal to cars and conveyors. In 1949 in the
US, 91.4 percent of the bituminous and lignite coal mined under-
ground was cut by means of coal cutters, 67 percent was mechanically
loaded, and practically 100 percent was mechanically transported to
the pit head. In the same year, 35 percent of the entire bitumi-
nous and lignite coal output of the US mined both above and be-
low ground was mechanically cleaned. 1~-~
In response to the demand of afast-growing industrial
system, the capacity of US coal mines was increased from about 200
million metric tons (MT~ per year in 1900 to over half a billion MT,
by the end of World War I. To achieve this capacity, both hand
mining and machine mining were extended. In other words, prior to
World War I in the US, mechanization consisted less of a replace-
ment of hand methods than a supplement to hand methods. In the US,
however, from the end of World War I to the present, little in-
crease in mining capacity has-been demanded. Subsequent mechani-
zation, therefore, has consisted of the replacement of hand opera-
tions and manpower by machine operations, all the way from coal
cutting to coal processing, as dictated by careful consideration of
marginal costs in a keenly competitive segment of the economy.
In the UK and on the Continent, coal mechanization pro-
ceeded at a slower rate and by somewhat different methods. In the
UK, 76 percent of the total coal output was cut by machinery in 1948,
only 3.6 percent was power-loaded, and 78 percent was transported
underground by means of belt, chain, or shaker conveyors. 2~ Mining
methods restrict European use of mechanical loading machines of the
US type, and safety restrictions have limited the use of trolley
locomotives underground in British mines.
On the Continent a wide variation in coal mining methods has
influenced the design and manufacture of coal mining machinery.
While the US converted its coal mining industry to machine cutting,
the greater percentage of coal mined on the Continent was being
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broken from the coal face by means of pneumatic picks and was then
hand-loaded to tubs or conveyors. Mechanization of cutting and
loading, which contributed so greatly to the superiority in output
per man in US coal mining, made little headway on the Continent until
the end of World War II, except in the USSR.
This contrast is generally explained on the ground that Euro-
pean coal seams are on the whole too deep, too thin, too thick, or
too irregular in contour to permit of machine cutting. By custom,
moreover, US mines are laid out by what is known as the room-and-pil-
lar method. Rooms of considerable depth but of a relatively short
width are mined in the US across the shortest dimension -- hence the
application of the term shortwall to the US mining method. By con-
trast, most British and Continental mines are worked by means of
long faces, of, say, 200 to 1,000 feet in length. From this approach
the European method of mining is termed the longwall method. The
short length of the face in shortwall mining, whereby the exposed
roof is supported by frequent pillars of coal, makes it possible to
bring heavy, mol3ile loading machines up to the face to mechanize coal
loading. On the other hand, it is necessary to support longwall
,operations by means of props placed close to the face. For this
reason, US mobile coal loaders have found limited favor on the Con-
tinent. Coal has had to be loaded there either by hand or by spe-
cial types of equipment, of which more will be said later. Besides
technical considerations, the relatively low cost of labor, strict
safety regulations, fear of technological unemployment, and perhaps
a reluctance to experiment with new equipment have tended to retard
the mechanization of coal mines on the Continent. This situation in
turn has reduced the demand for specialized coal mining machinery.
-~ Apiece of equipment of which the most familiar example is the
pavement breaker, usually hand-held but sometimes mounted, which may
be used to break coal from tY~e face without undercutting but is some-
times used to break down coal that has been undercut in lieu of the
use of explosives. Such picks can be built for electrical instead of
air operation. They should be distinguished from coal cutters as
used in this report and from coal drills, which are used to bore holes
into the coal face for the insertion of explosives. In foreign coun-
tries, coal cutters are occasionally called coal drills. Unfortu-
nately the term pneumatic picks, which is used here in an inclusive
sense, is often replaced by the terms pneumatic hammers, pneumatic
perforators, pneumatic chippers, and pneumatic drills. These desig-
nations, to avoid confusion, will hereafter be referred to as pneu-
matic picks.
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Europe, apart from the UK and the USSR, therefore builds few coal
cutters or loaders of the types that prevail in the US.
Much coal mining machinery is of a specialized character,
which has been designed for a single purpose. Not only is it built
exclusively for coal mines,but in addition it is frequently adapted
to variations in thickness, hardness, and slope of the coal seam.
Coal mining equipment, moreover, must withstand heavy working loads,
rough treatment, movement from place to. place under adverse condi-
tions, unskilled handling, and mine accidents, as well as the effects
of corrosive moisture. These requirements dictate that coal mining
machinery be built to quality standards of durability. Because of its
specialized nature, the output of this equipment rarely reaches seri-
al production. It is generally built on apiece-by-piece basis or
else in small batches, in order both to meet the limited demand for a
particular type and model and to permit frequent improvements in
design.
As a consequence, in capitalist countries, relatively few
enterprisers undertake the manufacture of coal mining machinery pro-
per, such as cutters and loaders, although a larger number produce
related coal mining supplies of a miscellaneous character. Only
three manufacturers produce coal cutters in the US, and not very many
more produce coal loaders or coal mine locomotives. Because demand
varies, US manufacturers of coal mining machinery have sought to di-
versify their output by also building metal mining machinery or re-
lated products such as handling and conveying equipment. By the same
token, other manufacturers, such as producers of handling and trans-
porting equipment, have attempted to cultivate a market for their pro-
duct in the coal mines. Since the manufacture of coal mining machin-
ery requires extensive metalworking equipment, the manufacturers have
also been disposed to engage in the production of general machinery,
employing the necessary engineering talent together with the free
time of their specialized machinery facilities. These economic con-
siderations most certainly affect capitalist production, and it will
be seen that they have not been entirely absent in conditions of
Communist production.
There are relatively few producers of coal mining machinery in
the US, but there are a considerable number of consumers of this kind
of equipment. Even though the price of coal is at times set by admin-
istrative rather than by market techniques, the decision to replace
existing machines with new equipment or to mechanize additional
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mining operations is an economic decision, which is made primarily ip
terms of considerations of cost. In the USSR, by contrast, the struc-
ture of both the coal mining equipment industry and the coal industry
differs considerably from that in the US, and cost is but one of the
considerations that determines the spread of mechanization.
B. History of the Industry.
1. Background.
Russia under the Czars was aware of and had begun to ex-
ploit its considerable coal resources. As early as 1913 the Russian
minas yielded 29 million MT of coal, but labor was so cheap and so
unskilled that mechanization made little headway. Soviet statistics
indicate that only 1.79 percent of the output of Russian coal mines
was "won" mechanically in 1913. Even this may be an exaggeration;
since the USSR considers mechanization as virtually any means of coal
extraction other than undercutting by hand. In the entire prerevo-
lutionary period, only about 1+0 coal cutters were imported into the
Donbas region of the Ukraine, or the Donets Basin, which has always
been the most advanced of the Russian coal basins. 3/~~ More exten-
sive mechanization was attempted after 1918, although the equipment
still had to be imported. Insofar as is known, the USSR built no
coal cutters of its own before the beginning of the First Five Year
Plan (1928-32). ~+/ The Soviet inventory on 1 October 1928 consisted
of 51+9 heavy coal cutters,~~~ 268 light coal cutters, and 71 pneumatic
~ Mechanization in the USSR thus included coal mined with pneumatic
picks as well as coal blasted from the face without being undercut at
all. In the US it is taken for granted that bituminous coal is mech-
anically cut. However, there has also been a mechanization movement
in the US in recent years, the object of which has been to mechanize
the underground loading of coal.
~-~ As late as 1931+, at least two imported coal cutters of the pre-
Soviet period were still in use in Soviet mines.
*** Reported as 550 in the summary of fulfillment of the First Five
Year Plan, this figure was modified to 51+9 by annual reports on the
accomplishments under the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37)? Slight
variations between reports for this period are not uncommon. By
"heavy" cutters it is understood that the USSR refers to those used
in production of coal as against "light" cutters used in development
work.
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picks. 5~ With this equipment and with a laboring force of 246,500
coal miners, 6~ the USSR, mined
35,250,000 MT of coal in the fiscal year 1927-2 Three-fourths of
this coal came from the Donbas. 7~ Over-all mechanization of coal
cutting was stated to be 15.7 percent of total output. At this rate
the 549 heavy coal cutters turned out 5,534,250 MT 8~* of mechanically
undercut coal per year, or about 10,080 MT per machine per year, or
only about 840 MT per machine per month. At this time, also, the
quarter million Soviet coal miners were producing only about 144 MT
per man-year, while the 522,150 US coal miners were producing 863 MT
per man-year. 10~~~~
2. First Five Year Plan (1928-32).
During the period of the First Five Year Flan (1928=32)
the USSR pursued Western mining patterns in a more active and ener-
getic manner. The total number of heavy coal cutters was raised from
549 on 1 October 1928 to 1,473 on 1 December 1932, a gain of almost
170 percent. The inventory of pneumatic picks, widely used in West-
ern Europe to break coal down from the face, was increased from 71
to 9,020 (see Table 1).- Most of 'these new coal-cutting devices
were installed in the Donbas as before, but pneumatic picks were
introduced extensively in the Moscow, Urals, Kuzbas, and Far East
regions as well. 11 Table 2-~ indicates, nevertheless, that
in coal cutters imports still greatly exceeded domestic production.
~ Although officially reported as over-all mechanization, there
is good reason to believe that this figure refers only to-coal cut by
means of heavy coal cutters. The 1927-28 figure given for the whole
industry by Academician A.A. Zvorykin (author of numerous works and
articles on Soviet mining history and methods) puts the percentage
of coal mechanically -cut at 16.5. On this assumption it could be
figured that only 0.8 percent was cut by light machines, which cor-
responds to Zvorykin's figure of 0. ercent for 1 2.
The 1927-28 coal output dif- 50X1
fers slightly from the figure of 35 510 000 as given in Table 8
(P~ 26 below).
50X1
50X1
*~- Even when both bituminous and anthracite productivity are com-
bined to make a better comparison, the US figure was about 640 MT per
man-year.
~* Table 1 follows on p. 15.
~-~-~-~- Table 2 f ollows on p . 1.7 .
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Table 1
Estimated Soviet Production and Inventory of Coal Cutters, Pneumatic Picks, and Electric Coal Mine Locomotives*
End of Year, 1927-28 - 1951
Coal Cutters
Pneumatic Picks 12
C
oal Mine Loco
motives
Production 13
Inventory J~
I
nventory
Year
Heavy
Light
Total
Heavy
Light
Total
Production
Inventory
Production ~ ,
Trolley ~
Battery 14
,,~
Total :J
1927-28
549
268
807
29
71
47
12
59
1928-29
11
48
59
761
393
1,154
1,274
1929-30
50
74
124
1,007
4og
1,416
3,322
1931
167
124
291
1,278
322
1,600
6,190
150
1832
244
54
298
1,473
339
1,812
6,296
g,o2o
87
113
-170
283
1933
360
-
12
372
1,679
294
1,973
6,054
10,764
245
1934
362
126
488
1,754
327
2,081
9,578
12,931
161
121
308
42g
1935
435
lol
536
8,648
220
1936
421
169
1937
1938
1,110
2,509
341
2,850
19,000
1939
2,925
600
3,525
1940
.
1,050
3,442
608
4,050
30,000 ~
18,000 ~
846
l,oog
1,855
1841
850
300
1,150
1942
1943
1944
1845
650
0
650
1,450
300
1,750
600
1,497
251.
1,748
1846
845
0
845
2,400
300
2,700
700
2,348
1947
1,400
0
1,400
3,x+25
275
3,700
900
3,048
1948
1,325
0
1;325
3,950
X50
4,200
gol
3,750
1949
1,405
0
1,405
4,350
150
4,500
1,180
4,640
1950
1,125
0
1,125
4,600
loo
4,700
~
1,700
6,040
1951
1,100
0
1;100
4,800
50
4,850
25,000
32,000 ~
1,700
7,400
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Estimated Soviet Production and Inventory of Coal Cutters, Pneumatic Picks, and Electric Coal Mine Locomotives
End of Year, 1827-28 - 19.51
(Continued)
a. Coal cutter inventory from Table 29 p. 1 2, below .
b. Locomotive production data from Table 26 (p. 162, below).
c. Total locomotive inventory data from Table 26 (p. 162, below).
d.' This anomaly of an inventory of only 18,000, following a production of 30,000, is not wholly due to rapid obsolescence. It
illustrates, instead, tine difficulty of differentiating between the types of pneumatic picks, which are variously reported as
pneumatic drills, hammer drills, chippers, and perforators. Thus it was reported that before World War II the USSR built 19,000
pick hammers and 11,000 hammer drills. 15 It was also reported, however, that at the same time the Donbas mines and the western
regions had 11,000 to 13,000 hammer drills, pick hammers, and perforators. 16 It is not clear which of '-'~~~~
categories is covered by the 1840 figures. It was estimated in the same year that about 31 million N?P of coal were produced 5OX1
with pneumatic picks in the entire country (see Table 31, p. 184, below). In 1841, 14.1 million MT were produced outside of the
Donets Basin. It is assumed that 19 million MI' were ,produced there with pneumatic picks in 1840 and 12 million D7i' elsewhere.
Assuming; there wex?e 11,000 pneumatic picks in the Donbas in 1840, then the production per pick averaged 1,730 NII' (1g million MP
divided by 11,000) in that region. Extrapolating from this production rate, then the whole country must have had about 18,000
of these devices. It should also be noted that in 1840 the Pnevmatika plant in Leningrad built its 100,000th air drill since
1829. 17
e. The 1941 Plan called for the production of 13,000 hammer drills and 20,000 pneumatic drills. 18
f. In August 1950 the Pnevmatika plant "recently" completed its 173,OOOth air pick hammer. 19
g. Estimated. In 1951 the number of pick Hammers and hammer drills increased 80 percent as compared with 1940. 20
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Proportion of Soviet to Foreign Coal Cutters
in the Soviet Coal Mining Industry,a~ 21/
by Year of Construction
End of 1934
Coal Cutters, by Year of Origin
Type of
Total Number
Date of
Coal
of Coal
1918-
1929-
Origin
Cutter
Cutters, 1934
1917
28
31
1932
1933
1934 Unknown
Soviet-
Made
738
N.A.
22
150
131
239
135
61
Foreign-
Made
1,014
2
316
400
97
4~
42
114
Total
1,752
?
338
550
228
282
177
175
a. This table probably refers only to the heavy coal cutters.
Official figures show that the mechanization of coal cutting, as a
result of these more intensive efforts, rose from 15 7 percent of the
total output in 1927-28 to 62.6 percent in 1932.E 22. This figure
coincides closely with the estimate of Zvorykin. Zvorykin also clar-
ifies the meaning of the term mechanization in the USSR by breaking
down production as follows: proportion of deep-mined coal cut (a) by
heavy cutters, 40.8 percent; (b) by light cutters, 0.9 percent; (c) by
pneumatic picks, 9.4 percent; and (d) by means of blasting from the solid,
11.5 percent (see Table 3).~ This indicates that in US terms the USSR
had achieved a level of mechanization of only 41.7 percent in 1932 instead
of the 62.6 percent claimed. Even if the use of pneumatic picks without
prior undercutting be considered as forms of mechanization, then it must
still be admitted that 37.4 percent of the Soviet output in 1932 must
have been cut by hand as in the traditional preindustrial manner.
-~ Interpreted to mean percentage cut by heavy machines in 1927-28 and
by all cutters, pneumatic picks, and blasting from the solid in 1932.
-~ Table 3 follows on p. 19.
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Calculating further, from the fact that the USSR produced
64,302,000 MT's of coal in 1932, ~ by underground methods, it would
appear that 40.8 percent, ~ or 26,235,000 MT, was cut by means of
heavy coal cutters, which would yield 17,811 MT per year, or 1,484 MT
per month, for each of the 1,473 heavy coal cutters in the national
inventory (see Tables 1 and 3). This increased yield per machine
would have amounted to about 75 percent in the 5 years from 1928 to
1932.*~ The first concerted efforts to build a Soviet coal mining in-
dustry thus led to considerable gains in machine mining. Soviet au-
thors claimed that the output per coal cutter in the whole USSR in
1932 was 35,700 MT as compared with only 21,900 MT in the US. 26
Their claims are refuted not only by published statistics of that time
but also by Zvorykin's inadvertent revelation of the meaning ascribed
to mechanization in the USSR.**
The Soviet inventory of pneumatic picks assigned for use
of coal mines was built up to 9,020 in 1932 from a nominal number of
only 71 in 1928 . The production of these pneumatic picks is said to
have begun in 1928-29 with an output of 29 units. It reached 6,296
units by 1932 (see Table l~. In this field, where the equipment was
relatively unspecialized, comparatively light in weight, and simple in
construction, as against the heavier and more complex coal cutters and
coal mine locomotives, the USSR came closer to meeting its own needs
in coal mining equipment during the First Five Year Plan than in any
of the other branches of the mining equipment industry.
~ See Table 3. The report of the First Five Year Plan cited 63
million MT, whereas the prospectus of the Second Five Year Plan gave
the 1932 output as 64.3 million MT.
~~- A breakdown of the meaning of mechanization in the USSR in 1927-
28, similar to that used in 1932, might indicate that a portion of the
coal assumed to have been cut mechanically was in reality blasted from.
the solid.
-~~- To arrive at figures as high as those claimed for the USSR in
1932, it would have to be assumed that only 720 of the .1,473 heavy
coal cutters had been in operation during the year. Other Soviet
sources indicate that only 1,066 heavy cutters were actually in oper-
ation during the year. 27~ Calculated on that basis, the 1932 output
per heavy cutter was 24,11 MT, a higher yield than was secured per
machine in the US. It indicates that coal cutters were in shorter
supply in the USSR and were probably operated a greater proportion of
the .year.
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Soviet Deep-Mined Coal Production by Methods of Extraction ~ 28~
1932-33, 1937-~+9
a. Tonnages given by method of extraction are calculated from reported percentages applied to production as indicated. The assumption is
that percentages were applicable to the outgtit of deep-mined coal.
b. Assumed to be dug from the solid without blasting. .
c. Assumed to be blasted from the solid.
d. The figures are residual and are assumed to represent that coal which was mined without the aid of any mechanical equipment or blasting.
e. Reported percentages were based on output exclusive of the Donets Basin, which is not included in these figures.
f. Not reported separately; included with heavy cutters. _ 19 -
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The coal miner of the past had been symbolized by a sturdy
individual, garbed in miner's cap and shouldering a pick. This sym-
bolism was dropped in the US following the advent of the mechanical
.coal cutter. In the USSR, however, mechanization took such a form
that in photographs the pickax-toting miner was replaced by a compa-
triot swinging a portable pneumatic pick. Even today the Soviet press
.portrays the miner and his pneumatic pick as inseparable, though a
recent Soviet propaganda release boasted: "Such jobs as hand pick-.
man, tub hauler, and pony driver disappeared long ago. The under-
ground workings are now equipped with coal combines, conveyor belts,
and electric engines. Men of new mining professions -- combine
operators, winch operators, operators of powerful loading machines,
mechanics and electricians -- live in the mine's large, modern
settlement." 29~
Mechanization of the haulage of coal from the mine face
to the foot of the lifting shaft or through the outcrop in drift
mines had also proceeded rapidly in the US since the turn of the
century. Where mine cars had formerly been pushed by hand from the
face to the main gathering entries, they were usually moved by light-
weight electric locomotives by 1928, either powered by storage bat-
teries or else taking their power from main entries through cable
reels that automatically adjusted in length to the movements of the
locomotive. The USSR had been singularly backward in the mechaniza-
tion of underground mine haulage before 1928 or even, for that matter,
to the end of the First Five Year Plan. As late as 1932 the Soviet
coal industry possessed only 283 electric mine locomotives, of which
170 were powered by storage batteries. (See Tables ~+ and 5.)~
"By the end of the Five Year Plan period," it was reported
officially, "a great deal of work was done in mechanizing the haulage,
whereas in previous years the results had been smaller." 30~ This
statement is revealing. It does not appear that domestic production
of electric mine locomotives was undertaken before 1932. Only 87 were
built in the USSR in that year (see Table 1?~).
As a result of this "great deal of work, "*by the end of
1932 only 17.8 percent of the coal produced in USSR mines was hauled
away from the face by means of electric locomotives, and 11.8 percent
was transported by rope-haulage systems somewhat like the cable cars
formerly used in street railways -- a total of only 29.6 percent
~? Table 7+ follows. on p. 21; Table 5, on p. 22.
?~ P . 15, above .
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Table 4
Electric Locomotive Park of the Soviet Coal Mining Industry
as of September 1934 31~
Total as
Number of Electric Locomotives
Purchased
of Sep
1933-3
Electric Mine Locomotives
1934
1917
1918-28
1929-32
to Sep
Trolley
121
2
45
66
8
Battery
308
2
10
158
138
Total
429
~+
55
224
146
mechanically hauled. On the other hand, 11.5 percent of the output
was still. pushed out by hand, and 58.9 percent was transported by
horses (see Table 6).~ The mechanization of underground transport had
only begun at the close of the First Five Year Plan.
Besides initiating the production of coal cutters, pneu-
matic picks, and coal mine locomotives, the USSR, during the First
Five Year Plan, built quantities of mine ventilators, electric winches,
gas and electric safety lamps, and no doubt various other subsidiary
items of coal mining equipment. Ventilators and electric safety lamps
appear to have been built in the USSR for the first time during this
period. Hoists and flame-type safety lamps may have been in produc-
tion before the First Five Year Plan (see Table 7).~ 32~
From the foregoing it may be concluded that before the ad-
vent of the First Five Year Plan in 1928, the USSR depended for equip-
ment for its coal mines almost entirely on foreign producers of machin-
ery. Only the lighter and simpler items such as flame-type safety lamps
and pneumatic picks were produced domestically. During the First Five
Year Plan period the USSR undertook to found its own coal mining
equipment industry for the construction of coal cutters and coal loco-
motives, two of the more complex items used by the industry. This
~- Table follows on p. 23.
*-x- Table 7 f ollows on p . 24.
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Table 5
Soviet Development of. Different Methods of Extracting .Coal 33
1932-33, 1937-49.
Method _
1932
1933
1937
1938
1939
1940
1841
1842
1943
1944
1945
1846
1947
1948
1849
Running Cars to Face
14.6
13.6
7.2'
8.2
5.9
4.7
5.0
10.5
11.4
10.4
9.9
9.3
by Hand
Hand Loading
12.6
11.5
5.1
6.0
5.3
4.9
4.8
5.5
14.6
11.1
7.3
4.2
Total
27.2
25.1
15.6
14.2
11.2
9_6
9_8
16.0
26.0
21.5
17.2
13.5 10,2
8_6
6_4
Conve;~ors
35.8
38.6'
52.0
53.9
58.7
61.2
60.7
54.9
48.4
52.2
54.4
55.0 58.7
60.3
62.5
Mechanical Feeding of Cars
1.7
2.1
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.7 2.9
2.9
2.9
to Face
Gravity
31.2
30.6
32.0
29.6
28.3
27.6
27.9
26.9
23.2
23.4
25.3
27.5 27.0
26.8
26.g
Scraper Winches
4.1
3.6
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.9,
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.1
1.3 1.2
1.4
1.3
Total
72.8
74.9
87.7
85.8
88.8
90.4
90.2
84.0
74.0
78.5
82.8
86.5 89.8
91.4
93.6
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Table 6
Soviet Development of Different Methods of Haulage
in Percent of Coal Loaded 34~
1932-33, 1937-49
Unmechanized
Mechanized
Hand
Electric
Rope
Year
Pushing
Horse
Total
Locomotive
Conveyor
Haulage
Total
1932
11.5
58.9
70.4
17.8-
N.A.
11.8
29.6
1933
11.1
52.0
63.1
1.2.9
1V'.A.
24.0
36.9
1937
5.0
41.4
46.4
38.8
1V.A.
19.8
53.6
1938
1.7
36.7
38.4
51.9 ~
1V.A.
g.7
61.6
1939
0.8
29.8
30.6
60.3
1V.A.
9.1
6g.4
1940
0.7
24.1
24.8
67.2
N.A.
8.0
75.2
1941
0.7
19.8
20.5
71.4
0.5
7.6
79.5
1942
1.9
17.8
1g.7
69.3
0.6
10.4
80.3
1943
3.6
14.5
18.1
73.7
0.5
7.7
81.9
1944
8.9
7.6
16.5
74.3
0.9
8.3
83.5
1945
8.5
5.0
13.5
76.0
0.6
9.9
86.5
1946
5.8
6.2
12.0
77.5
0.4
10.1
88.0
1947
3.7
5.2
8.9
79.1
0.3
11.7
91.1
1948
2.4
3.8
6.2
82.3
0.2
11.3 -
93.8
1949
1.5
3.0
4.5
85.5
0.4
9.6
95.5
conclusion, drawn from Soviet production, inventory, and import data, is
supported by the summary report on the accomplishments of the plan:
"At the beginning of the first Five Year Plan period, the a
reconstruction of-the coal industry-met with certain difficulties owing
to the weak development of the mining machine building industry ... .
However, by the end of the Five Year Plan period, a solid base of a
home machine building industry had been created, which assured com-
pletion of the reconstruction and the. mechanization of the coal
industry." 35~
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Soviet Production of Miscellaneous Coal Mining Equipment
1927-28 - 1935 36f
Safety Lamps
Year
Mine Ventilators
Flame Electric
1927-28
0
46
N.A.
1928-29
206
44
N.A.
1928-30
178
98
N.A.
1931
289
211
496
1932
21.2
161
28,057
1933
177
124
34,611
1934
89
219
2,693
1935
70
159
55,516
3. Second Five Year Plan (1933-37)?
The high priority assigned to coal mining proper in the ex-
panding Soviet industrial system during the FirstoFive Year Plan (1928-
32) was carried over into the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37)? Soviet
coal production was to be raised from 64.7 million MT in 1932 to 152.5
million MT in 1937, or a planned gain of 136 percent. It was stated of-
ficially that "the essential conditions" on which the further growth of
the coal industry would depend during the Second Five Year Plan would be
"mechanization of the whole coal industry and the consequent improvement
in labour productivity." Mechanization -- by the Soviet definitions --
of cutting in the main coal trusts was to be extended from 65:4 to 93
? percent. Mechanization of gatherings was to increase from 76.5 to 90
percent, and mechanization of underground haulage, including haulage. "by
engines with trolley wires" (underground electric trolley locomotives),
was to be raised from 15 to 80 percent. It was admitted that "the weak-
est point hitherto has been the loading oP coal, which until recently has
remained absolutely unmechanized." Underground coal loading was to be at
least 20 percent mechanized during the period of the new Plan.
~ Probably refers to transporting of the coal from the face out of the
room to mine cars in the main-line haulageways, from whence it is moved
in mine cars to the elevating cage.
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By use of the special Soviet interpretation of the term
mechanization, superiority was claimed for Soviet technology as com-
pared with the leading capitalist producers of coal. This superiority,
it was boasted, "is characterized first and foremost by the predomi-
nance of the cutting machine in cutting operations." By contrast, it
was pointed out, German mechanization was based essentially on the use
of pneumatic picks. Another of the "most significant features of the
superior type of mechanization" to be achieved by the Second Five Year
Plan, it was asserted, was that the new mechanization was to be compre-
hensive, in that mechanization of cutting, gathering, and haulage would
be approximately on a par, whereas in other countries mechanical pro-
gress was uneven. As a result of this "determined stand in favor of
complete mechanization," together with improved administration and work
methods, it was proclaimed that labor productivity in the coal mines
would increase 91 percent in the coming 5-year period.
In specific terms the average output per worker per month
was to be increased from 13.79 MT to 26.3 MT, a gain of 90.7 percent.
It was expected that this increase would raise labor productivity meas-
ured in rubles at 1926-27 prices from 2,079 in 1932 to 3,971 in 1937, a
projected gain of 91 percent. At the same time it was hoped to reduce
costs 32.4 percent, thereby saving 838 million rubles, despite a planned
increase in number of workers from 317,300 to 380,000, a gain of 19.8
percent. 37/
In fact, the output of coal reached only 127,968,000 MT at
the end of 1937 instead of the 152.5 million MT planned (see Table 8),*
representing a growth, however, of about 100 percent. Most of the
gains were achieved during the first 3 years. The period affords an op-
portunity to examine Soviet intentions and capabilities as of that time.
That more output of coal was a high-priority target is very clear. It
is also apparent that it was desired to reduce the effort needed to
gain each ton mined. Thus, although the output was doubled, the per-
centage cut by machine was raised from 41.7 in 1932 to 46.7 in 1937?
The quantity broken out by means of pneumatic picks increased from 9.4
to 16.4 percent, and that blasted from the solid without undercutting
was brought up from 11.5 to 26.4 percent. By these various means, col-
lectively termed mechanization by the Soviets, mechanized cutting was
raised from 62.6 percent in 1932 to 89.5 percent in 1937 as compared
with 93 percent planned. Conversely, hand mining was brought down from
37.4 to 10.5 percent-in the same years. Insofar as the growth of the
Tabled follows on p. 26.
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Soviet Coal .Production 38~
1913, 1927-28 - 1952, 1955, 1960
a. Including lignite and all types of
hard coal.
b. Stated to be 43 percent above 1950
output. 39/
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Soviet coal mining equipment industry is concerned, however, it appears
that the development of the coal cutter industry made relatively less
progress than did the pneumatic pick industry. Only 5 percent more coal
was mined by means of coal cutters, whereas 7 percent more was cut by
means of pneumatic picks and 14.9 percent more was blasted from the
solid. Thus while the total quantity of coal mined by hand fell from
24 million to 13 million MT (see Table 3~), most of the gains in so-
called mechanization were achieved by means of pneumatic picks or
blasting powder rather than by elaborate mechanisms such as mechanical
coal cutters.
Consequently the number of coal cutters produced annually
did not keep pace with the output of coal. Whereas 244 heavy and 54
light cutters,. or a total of 298, were built in 1932, the 1935 output
reached only 435 and 101, respectively, an aggregate of but 536 (see
Table l~~). The intermittent gains made in production during this
period indicate that output had to be held back because of troubles in
the field that dictated frequent changes in design and manufacture. As
late as 1934, according to the report of Zvorykin, referring probably
only to heavy coal cutters, of the inventory of 1,752 machines, only 738
were of domestic manufacture.~~~- However, of 177 machines added to the
inventory in 1934, Zvorykin reported that only 42 were imported from
abroad (see Table 2~~-*~).
The production of pneumatic picks reached a high of 9,578 in
1934. The inventory of this item in 1934 totaled 12,931 units (see
Table l~~). The production of mine locomotives was also expanded from
87 to 245 units in 1933. However, this peak was not achieved again dur-
ing any of the succeeding years of the Second Five Year Plan (see Table
1*~). The percentage of coal pushed on carts by hand fell from 11.5.in
1932 to 5 in 1937. Horse-drawn haulage was reduced in the same years
from 58.9 to x?1.4 percent. An experiment in rope haulage was tried,
~ P. 19, above.
*~ P. 15, above..
~~~. Production of light cutters probably never exceeded 100 to 125 per
year as late as the end of 1935. At no time does their output of coal
appear to have amounted to more-than 1 percent of the total, coal output.
From Table 2 (p. 17, above), based on Zvorykin's figures, it ap-
pears that only 135 domestically built heavy cutters were added to the
inventory in 1934, which should be contrasted with the official produc-
tion figure of 362 heavy cutters shown in Table 1 (p. 15, above).
~~~~ P. 17, above.
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which carried the percentage moved underground by that means from 11.8
percent in 1932 up to 24 percent in 1933? Thereafter the percentage
dwindled to 19.8 in 1937. Whether this decline resulted from partial
abandonment of this system or whether it is to be accounted for by the
expansion of mine haulage by means of electric locomotives is not known.
At any rate, the amount of coal transported underground by locomotives
fell from 17.8 percent in 1932 to 12.9 percent in 1933, the peak year
of rope haulage, and then rose again to 51.9 percent in 1938 (see
Table 6~).
From these data it appears that while the USSR achieved some
production of coal cutters, pneumatic picks, and coal mine locomotives
during the Second Five Year Plan, difficulties were experienced in
building equipment of the quality needed. Numerous changes had to be
made in design and construction. Many more prototypes were constructed
for experimental purposes than went into production. It is likely that
during this period most production was in batches of a few machines at
a time. In other words, the USSR, like the US, had difficulty in its
initial efforts to build complex, heavy-duty items of capital goods such
as coal cutters. However, the US had solved most of its problems in '
the production of coal cutters by 1932, at a time when the USSR was
first tackling the problem. By 1932 the US was turning its attention to
the mechanization of underground coal loading, a problem which the USSR
did not attack until the end of the decade and which it is only now be-
ginning to meet with any degree of success.
By the end of the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) the USSR
had established a coal mining equipment industry, but it was only with
difficulty that the USSR was able to build moderately complex, heavy-
duty, durable capital goods of the kind needed by its coal mines. Coal
was necessary in an industrial economy. To mine coal by hand required
a considerable amount of labor, an amount that sometimes could be spared
more by a highly industrialized nation than by a rapidly industrializing
one, such as the USSR, where planning placed a premium on certain types
of labor. Mechanization of the coal mines as a means of spreading the
limited labor supply, therefore, has had a high priority in each of the
Soviet Five Year Plans. ,
P. 23, above.
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It is estimated that by the end of 1940 the USSR had built
up an inventory of about 4,000 coal cutters, 18,000 pneumatic picks,
and about 1,850 electric mine locomotives (see Table 1*). Experimental
work was underway with tractor-mounted coal cutters, coal combines, and
coal loaders. By 1940, also, 56 percent of the coal output was being
cut mechanically as that term is understood in the US; hand mining was
reduced to 7. percent of the total output (see Table 3~); the amount
of coal transported by hand pushing of cars had been cut to only 0.7
percent; and that moved underground by means of electrical locomotives
had been increased to 67.2 percent (see Table 9). Despite the threat
of war; the coal mining equipment industry continued to receive high
priorities. The 1941 Gosplan proposed that coal production be raised
to 191 million MT and that for that purpose there be built 1,360 heavy
coal cutters, 500 light coal cutters, 200 electric mine locomotives, 400
loading machines, 125,000 mine cars, 10,000 pneumatic picks, and a wide
variety of subsidiary equipment and spare parts. 40~
The occupation of the Donbas in 1941 virtually halted pro-
duction of both coal mining machinery and coal in what had been the
chief producing areas for both these commodities. Coal cut by cut-
ters in the whole country dropped to 29.8 percent in 1943, and the hand
pushing of cars rose again to 8.9 percent, as reliance for coal was
placed on the less mechanized areas. As the war continued, however,
production of machinery was pushed behind the lines, so that mechaniza-
tion began to rise once more even before the Germans were driven out of
the Ukraine. 41~ The evacuation of the Donbas left a widely ruined
area in which plants had been partially evacuated by the defenders and
partially demolished by the invaders, s.nd the mines themselves were
flooded by the retreating German troops. 42~
5. 1945-52.
In its Fourth, first postwar, Five Year Plan (1946-50) the
USSR proposed to restore the ruined mines and bring the total produc-
tion of coal up to 250 million MT per year by the end of 1950, as com-
pared with 166 million MT in 1940, ari increase of 51 percent over the
prewar level. To achieve this new level of production, it was planned
to put into operation pits with a capacity of 183 million MT. In the
Donbas alone it was planned to restore 182 large pits with a total
~- P. 15, above.
~ P. 19, above.
P. 50, below.
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capacity of 67.7 million MT and open 60 new pits with a total capacity
of 14.1 million MT. By the end of 1949 the Donbas was to be restored
to its prewar output. Not only would this create a heavy demand for
coal mining machinery, but also, insofar as the coal mining equipment
industry was concerned, the Plan asserted that the many new mines to
be opened would be operated in the most modern manner. It was expected,
therefore, that the number of machines used in the coal industry would
be increased to three or four times the prewar figure. The USSR also
had in mind not only the fulfillment of its coal needs at a savings in
manpower as compared with the past but also the improvement of the qual-
ity of the coal to be mined. To meet the demands of industry, it was
proposed to produce 57.7 million MT of quality coking coal by the end
of 1950. By that time, it was decreed, all coking coal with over 7 per-
cent ash and all powerhouse coal with more than 10 percent ash must be
beneficiated.~ This would require that by 1950, 53 million MT of coking
coal-and 97 million MT of powerhouse coal, a total of 150 million MT of
coal, would be concentrated. For efficient use, more of the output of
brown coal was to be briquetted, thereby bringing the total quantity of
coal briquetted up to 7.4 million MT. All new pits were to have indi-
vidual or group concentration and screening facilities. To meet this
goal, it was expected to build 271 coal concentration plants with a ca-
pacity of 175 million MT per year and to rehabilitate 6 existing con-
centration plants with a capacity of 9 million MT per year. Further-
more, it was planned to erect 26 briquetting plants with a capacity of
10 million MT per year. In order to organize the manufacture of coal-
concentrating equipment, it was planned to build two new machinery
plants, one in the Donbas and one in the Kuzbas. ~?3/
Mechanization during the period was to be increased exten-
sively, as witness the aim to build in the factories of the Ministry
of the Coal Industry 11,000 cutting machines, 4,900 electric loco-
motives, 565,000 mine cars, 33,000 scraper and belt conveyors, 1,600
mine lifts and winches, and 13,000 centrifugal pumps. 44/ In order
to provide the mines with this considerable quantity of equipment,
it was planned to erect 13 new coal mining equipment plants and to
rehabilitate or restore 16 existing plants in the 5-year period. 45/
Although the 1946-50 Plan had as its objective-the annual mining
of 250 million MT of-coal by 1950, a long-run goal of 500 million
MT per year was announced by Premier Stalin early in 1946, at an
election meeting on 9 February in the Stalin Electoral District
in Moscow. This goal was to be achieved within the next 15 years. 46/
-~ Beneficiation and concentration refer to processing of coal to re-
move foreign matter. .
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Insofar as the coal mines were concerned, they met their Five Year
Plan goal in the fourth quarter of 1949, more than a year ahead of
schedule. 47~ In 1950 they produced 262 million MT. In 1951 the
output was increased to 283 million MT and for 1952 has been esti-
mated at 303 million MT.
The Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55), details of which were
released on 20 August 1952, provides for an increase in coal output by
1955 of 43 percent over that of 1950. This increase would bring the an-
nual output at the end of 1955 up to 375 million MT by annual increments
of about 24.3 million MT. To reach the goal of 500 million MT by 1960
would then require annual increases during the next 5 years of about 25
million MT.
The raising of coal output from a quarter to half a billion
MT in a decade will require either a great amount of additional machin-
ery or else an extensive use of additional manpower. In the Fifth Five
Year Plan the USSR declares its aim to be as follows:
"To improve systematically the methods of working coal de-
posits. To introduce on a wider scale the coal mining machines
and equipment for the comprehensive mechanization, to aim at
further technical re-equipment of the coal industry, and. to in-
sure a growth of labor productivity.
"To develop in every way the mechanization of the heavy
labor consuming processes in coal mining, primarily the cutting
and haulage of coal and rock during the tunneling of prepara-
tory workings, as well a's to introduce on a wider scale mech-
anized methods of propping the walls.
"To increase the commissioning of collieries' capacities
by approximately 30 percent, as compared with the Fourth Five
Year Plan." 48~
From this statement it may be judged that the Soviet coal
industry will require in the foreseeable future not only the complete
range of equipment necessary to achieve. the expansion of its coal output
but also enough additional combines, loaders, and conveyors to improve
labor productivity in the industry. From other sections of the Plan it
is also clear that there will be a ,strong demand for coal-processing
equipment. On the other hand, it is expected to bring about some of
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these increases in output by improving the operating efficiency of
present equipment, as a result of what is termed the "single-cycle"
movement .-~
Such an ambition is realizable to the extent that the USSR
has matured as a machine building country. It would not have been pos-
sible during the First Five Year Plan. Before World War II, however,
the USSR had already begun to experiment with universal coal cutters;
with underground mobile loading machines to break the bottleneck of
hand loading, which has held down labor productivity all over the world
outside of the US; and with so-called coal combines, which both cut and
load coal directly without the use of pneumatic picks or blasting powder.
Development work on these new devices was pressed rapidly following
World War II. By the close of 1951 the inventory of coal cutters was
raised from a low point of perhaps 1,100 at the end of 1944 to 20 per-
cent more than in 1940, 49~ presaging a 1951 figure of about 4,850 cut-
ters of all types. By raising its output of coal cutters to an average
of about 1,200 per year, the prewar inventory has been completely re-
placed with new equipment (see Table lam). The percentage of coal mined
by means of heavy cutters, which had reached a peak of 55.2 percent in
1940, fell to a low of 29.2 percent in 1943 and rose again to 45.1 per-'
cent in 1949, the last year for which these data are available. 50~-
Although the percentage of coal mined with pneumatic picks fell from
19.3 percent in 1940 to 11.3 percent in 1949, 51 the number of such
picks in use had increased by 1951 to 80 percent above the 1940
inventory. 52~
Of greater significance in the postwar period, however, was
the development of the coal combine. Some work had been done with these
machines before the war, but as late as 1940 they he,d been responsible
for only 0.1 percent of the coal output of the USSR (see Table 3*).
The development of a machine that would actually cut, break, and load
coal rather than merely undercut it had been a tantalizing temptation
-~ This movement is an efficiency campaign which strives to finish a
complete operational cycle at each mining place on every working day.
-~-* P . 15, above .
*~-~- In 1947 the data on output of heavy and light cutters were com-
bined. The output of .the latter had ,dropped to but 0.4 percent in 1946.
-* P. 19, above.
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to designers of mining machinery for many years. Special difficulties
had retarded the successful commercialization of such apparatus, al-
though experimental models had been tried at various times in the US, the
UK, and Germany. At least three different types of coal combines had
been built and tested in the USSR before 1940 but without great success.
Experimental work, however, which may have been continued through the
war years, was pushed intensively after the war. By 1949, almost a
dozen more types of combines had been built and tested in the USSR. 53/
In the same years the leading US builders of coal mining machinery gave
serious attention to the production of a commercially feasible coal com-
bine. At least two such manufacturers have placed this kind of equip-
ment on the market since 1945. However, the USSR has been so prolific
in its drive to build a successful combine that it has designed, built,
and tested more prototypes than all the rest of world together since
the end of the war. Some of these USSR machines cut coal but proved
too unwieldy for economical operation. Others failed to break the coal
up sufficiently to move it onto conveyors. No workable solution was
found until the introduction 'of the Donbas combine in 1948, 54/ a ma-
chine which has proved very successful. The output per coal cutter was
reported as 3,050 MT per month in 1948, 55 and by 1950 the Donbas com-
bine was expected to meet monthly quotas of about 4,500 MT.* 56 On oc-
casion the Donbas combine has mined over 20,000 MT per month. 57/ The
quota in some Donbas mines has been raised to almost 13,000 ML'. 58
As early as 1949, combines were producing 4.5 percent of the national
output of coal (see Table 3~). By November 1951 it was claimed that
every mine in the Donbas area was using coal combines and that 1 ton in
4 was being mined by coal combines. 59/ The chief limitation of the
Donbas combine was that it was restricted by its inherent design to
seams of approximately 0.8 to 1.5 meters (m) thick. ~ Since this
type of machine proved so successful, similar combines were being de-
signed in 1950 to mine thinner seams, and special efforts were being
made to solve the problem of building combines adapted to the mining of
thick seams and steeply sloping seams. 61/
The implication of Soviet success in the development of coal
combines which mine coal directly and load it at onee onto conveyors,
thus bypassing pneumatic picks, drilling, blasting, and hand-loading,
must not be underestimated. Such an achievement could lead to impressive
* These figures probably are for machines in actual use rather than
averages for the entire inventory of machines. On the latter basis the
Soviet output per machine would drop by about 25 percent.
~ P. 19, above.
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savings both in manpower at the mine and in the input of labor and ma-
terials to the manufacture of coal mining machinery. A coal combine,
capable of mining 13,000 MT per month,would have an output of 156,000
MT per year. -Only 6.42 such machines would be needed to yield a mil-
lion MT of coal in a year. Were it feasible to mine all working places
at this average rate, including the thick places, the thin ones, the
pitching seams, and~the development entries, then the USSR would have
needed only about 1,800 combines to produce its 283 million MT of 1951.
With an inventory of only about 3,200 such combines it would be pos-
sible to achieve the-1960 goal of half a billion MT of coal.* If an
eighth of the Soviet .output is to be produced by the highly productive
open-pit methods, then the number of combines needed would be further
reduced. By contrast the USSR was able to obtain only 283 million MT
in 1951 from over 4,800 coal cutters, about 460 combines, and several
thousand pneumatic picks, nat to mention the coal blasted from the solid
or mined by open-pit methods.. Widespread conversion to combine mining
promises great savings both in machinery and in manpower alone, as well
as in the technical advantages from rapid, concentrated exploitation of
the mine face. This new Soviet technical development therefore merits
close watching.
-~ The US now uses almost 15,000 shortwall and universal cutters to
mine this amount of coal. 62~
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II. Organization and Operation of the Industry.
The coal mining equipment industry in the USSR is at present
organized as Glavuglemash (Glavnoye Upravleniye Ugol'nogo Mashino-
stroyeniya -- Main Administration of Coal Machine Building under
the MUP Ministerstvo Ugol'noy Promyshlennosti -- All-Union Ministry
of the Coal Industry .~ This All-Union Ministry was created by a
ukase of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, of 28
December 19~I-8, that united the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the
Western Regions of the USSR with the Ministry of the Coal Industry
of the Eastern Regions of the USSR and the Ministry of Construction
of Fuel Enterprises of the USSR.?*-*? Prior to their merger into a
unified ministry, the ministries of the eastern and western regions
had each contained within their respective structures a Main Admini-
st~ation of Coal Machine Building. 63/
By statute, the Ministry of the Coal Industry is empowered
to direct enterprises and organizations of the All-Union level that
are engaged in the prospecting of coal and shale deposits; in plan-
ning and constructing coal and shale enterprises, together with
needed industrial buildings and dwellings; in building coal mining
machinery, providing subsidiary materials and facilities; and in
~ For an organization chart, see Fig. 1, following p. 36.
?~ During the early 1930's the coal industry was administered by
the All-Union People's Commissariat of?Heavy Industry. The coal
industry was independently organized as the All-Union People's
Commissariat of Fuel Industry by a ukase of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR, of 24 January 1939. This organization
included the coal, shale, and petroleum industries. It was further
subdivided by a ukase of 12 October 1939 into the A11-Union People's
Commissariat of the Coal Industry of the USSR and the All-Union
People's Commissariat of the Petroleum Industry of the USSR. The
former organization was split into the All-Union People's Commis-
sariat of the Coal Industry of the Western Regions of the USSR and
the All-Union People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry of the
Eastern Regions of the USSR by a ukase of 19 January 1946. Shortly
thereafter, on 28 January, another ukase established the People's
Commissariat of Construction of Fuel .Enterprises of the USSR. These
three commissariats became ministries on 15 March 1946.
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the actual mining, concentrating, and briquetting of coal and
shale. The Ministry is further charged with developing the coal
and shale industry in conformance with plans approved by the govern-
ment so as to satisfy the needs of the economy for coal and shale
on the bass of the complete mechanization of production processes.
Besides being held responsible for expanding the industry in order
to meet national needs, the Ministry is expected to create a permanent
body of qualified workers, engineers, and technicians for increasing
labor productivity, for improving the quality of the product, and for
lowering the costs of operation.
.The Ministry of the Coal Industry is headed by a Minister
with broad powers over personnel and policy, subject to guidance by
a Collegium, or consulting board, appointed by the Minister, with
himself as chairman, together with his vice-ministers and the super-
visory workers in the Ministry. Appointments to the Collegium are
subject to ratification by the Council of Ministers of the USSR. .
Besides drawing up prospective, yearly, and quarterly production
plans for the industry, the Ministry plans for capital construction;
for the introduction of advanced techniques; for the mechanization
and automatization of production processes; for the necessary trans-
portation; and for the marketing of the product, subject to confirma-
tion by the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The Ministry of the Coal Industry is therefore expected to
produce the needed amount of coal of the required quality and to '
assure profits for the coal mining enterprises. These numerous
responsibilities are multifarious and extensive in nature. For the
purpose of this report, emphasis is placed only on the Ministry's
interest in coal mining machinery. In this area the Ministry is
responsible for the management of scientific research in the field.
In addition, it is expected to develop and present, subject to con-
firmation of the Council of Ministers, designs for new basic machin-
ery and mechanisms intended for series production, as well as pro-
posals for the discontinuance of production of obsolete machinery
and mechanisms . 61+~
In the USSR, in other words, the coal mining industry has the
status of an independent enterprise. The coal mining equipment
industry, by contrast, is a subsidiary of the coal mining industry
proper and may be regarded as an enterprise erected primarily to serve
the coal mining industry. The Ministry of the Coal Industry was there-
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MINISTRY OF THE COAL INDUSTRY
(MINISTERSTVO UGOL'NOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI)
GLAVUGLERAZVEDKA
(Main Administration of
Coal Prospecting)
Locates and surveys
new coal deposits
MACHINERY
REPAIR PLANTS
(Main Administration of (Main Administration of
Mine Designing) Material and Technical
Supply)
Plans new coal mines
Directs flow of supplies
to coal mines
COAL COMBINES
(Urals, Donets, etc.)
COAL TRUSTS
(State Planning, Designing,
and Experimental Institute
for Coal Mine Machinery
Building)
(Main Administration of
Coal Machine Building)
Directs plantr producing
coal mine equipment
(Main Administration of (Main Administration of (Main Administration of
Workers'Supply) Coal Marketing) Professional Education)
Supplies employees with Distributes coal to Recruits end trains workers
food and consumer goods consumers
(Institute for the Improvement
and Modernization of Coal
Mining Machinery Concerns)
COAL MINING EQUIPMENT PLANTS
THROUGHOUT THE USSR
Figure 1. Organization of the Coal Mining Equipment Industry of the USSR. 65/
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fore expected to organize and supervise the coal mining machinery
plants as well as the coal mines themselves. In its coal mining
machinery plants the .Ministry is responsible for selecting personnel
at the various levels; for the introduction of new and progressive
techniques; for the management of production in all of its details;
for the allocation of materials, fuel, and power; for the establish-
ment of work norms and technical norms; for the setting of prices;
and for the financing of the enterprises. Moreover, the Ministry is
also expected to direct socialist competition established to develop
creative initiative among workers, engineers, and technicians so as
to increase labor productivity, fulfill the production plans ahead
of schedule, improve the quality of products, increase the profits,
and provide above-plan accumulations of capital. In addition, it is
held responsible for the physical well-being and proper utilization
of the workers. 66 In ..a sense, therefore, the Ministry is directed
to produce at a profit mining machines in one of its enterprises,
which it then sells to itself for use in the production of coal. The
Ministry is thus both buyer and seller of its own products.
Glavuglemash, it is understood, supervises the management of
the Soviet coal, mining equipment plants, subject in turn to the
Ministry of the Coal Industry. Under Glavuglemash, there were at the
end of World War II some 16 mining equipment plants. The. Fourth Five .
Year Plan (1946-50) called for the rebuilding and rehabilitation of
these 16 plants and the construction, of 13 new plants. 67 The in-
dustry.also possesses a much larger number of repair shops, which,
however, are located eitrier in the mines directly or under the various
mine trusts rather than under Glavuglemash. .
Although.Glavuglemash directs the building of coal mining
machinery, both it and its predecessors have ,delegated the design and
testing of new equipment to more specialized organizations. Little is
known as to the present details of its operation. When mining machinery
in general was built by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry,
back in the period of the Second Five Year Plan (1.933-37), that.or-
ganization turned over responsibility for design and testing to
Gormashproekt, which may be translated as the Mining Machine Project.
Toiaard the end of 1938 this agency was ordered to concentrate its re-
search on coal mining machinery. It. was then redesignated Uglemash-
proekt, or the Coal Mining Machinery Project. Originally located in.
Moscow, Uglemashproekt is said to have moved to Kizel in the Urals in
1941. Uglemashproekt was administered by a director,. aided.by a chief
engineer and a chief technologist, through a number of departments
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and offices. The chief engineer, with the assistance of an Economic
Planning Department, drew up yearly and five-yearly plans for the
development and manufacture of coal mining equipment. These plans
were coordinated in turn with the
1. Main Administration of Coal Machine Building,
attached to the People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry.
2. Main Administration of the Coal Industry.
3. Main Administration of Coal Mine Construction.
~+. Division of flans and Production of the
People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry.
5. Scientific Technical Council of the People's Commissariat
of the Coal Industry.
Uglemashproekt, it is reported, was responsible also for the
design, construction, and testing of new equipment for the coal in-
dustry. It functioned as a servant of other organizations within
the industry in the development of new apparatus. Re quests for
appropriations of funds for each project were referred back to the
commissariat or organization that had initiated the activity. Senior
engineers were placed in charge of the various projects as chief con-
struction engineers, and they were provided with necessary technical
and construction personnel. Specialists from manufacturing plants and
construction firms were invited in as consultants. Copies of blue-
prints were kept on file in a central archives for reference purposes.
Test models were built under the supervision of the inventor. The
latter, it has been stated, was not held responsible for the success
of his ideas until they passed into the model stage. Thereafter he
was held accountable for the performance of his model, even though its
lack of success may have been due to poor materials. Uglemashproekt
also had a construction department and testing laboratory. More than a
a dozen different coal mining machinery items have been evidenced as
having been designed and tested by Uglemashproekt between 1939 and 19+1,
ranging from drills to coal loaders. The organization is also said to
have engaged in research and construction of models of various machinery
for military use, particularly for the air force. 68 ~
~ Personnel of Uglemashproekt were reportedly paid either fixed sal-
aries or sums based on the amount of work done. The chief construction
engineer was said to have been paid a monthly base sum plus 3 rubles
for each sheet of finished drawings for his projects, together with 5
percent of the difference between the estimated and the actual cost
of production when the latter was lower, together with commissions
ranging from 1 to 5 percent of the total cost of the project,
depending on how good a rating was given to the finished machine.
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-Today the lineal descendent of Uglemashproekt is Giprougle-
mash (Gosudarstvenr~yy Proyektno-konstruktorskiy ,i Eksperimental'nyy
Institut Ugol'nogo Mashinostroyeniya -- State Planning,. Designing,
and Experimental Institute for Coal Mine Machinery Building).. New
machinery is usually designed by (1) Giprouglemash, (2) regional
research and planning institutes, or (3) individual mining engineers
on the staff of district combines, trusts, or mines. Thus one reads
in the Soviet press that Giprouglemash has developed a new coal com-
bine, denoted the UKT-1, for seams too thin to be mined by the
Donbas combine. 69/ Or it may be disclosed that the Donets Scien-
tific Research Institute of Coal has designed the new UKMG-1 thin-
seam coal combine in cooperation with the Gorlovka Mining Equipment
Plant imeni Kirov. 70/
B. Operation.
The centralized, hierarchical character of the organization
of the Soviet coal mining industry, to which the coal mining equip-
ment plants are attached as service organizations, has contributed
much to the integration of the design and manufacture of coal min-
ing equipment. It is clear that the personnel of central and
regional organizations (see Appendix A) have cooperated closely?in
the design and manufacture of equipment, as is also true of the
executives and engineers of administrative, design, and manufacturing
units. Both formally, in terms of its structure, and informally, in
terms of the dynamics of its operation, the coal mining industry is
therefore integrated to a very high degree. Its purpose is to build
in its own plants the specialized equipment that it needs to operate
its coal mines.
From a manufacturing point of view, however, no attempt has
been made to concentrate the building of all equipment in a single,
integrated plant. Instead, it will be seen, plants are distributed
regionally, corresponding to the dispersion of the various coal
mining basins, and with regard also to their respective manufacturing
capabilities. To date, therefore, the most important plants have been
located in the Donbas and Urals areas, where both mining and industrial
~' One exception has been the 5-153 mobile loader, which is built for
the Ministry, at Sverdlovsk, by the Ministry of Transport Machinery
(see III, below). By the same token the coal industry may occasionally
sell mining equipment to other industries: for example, to the metal
mines.
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activities have been concentrated and developed to a relatively intense
degree. Even within these areas, however, coal mining machinery plants
have tended to specialize in the manufacture of related products
rather than to work toward a high degree of horizontal in-t;egration.
As a result, coal cutters and combines are generally built in one plant,
coal mine cars and locomotives in another, and underground conveyors
in still other establishments. .This arrangement may be substantiated
by the logic that coal cutters re quire much close machining, whereas
the manufacture of haulage and conveying equipment calls for metal
stamping and sheet-metal operations of a less precise character.
Nevertheless, all plants appear to carry on various subsidiary
manufacturing operations related to their facilities and skills on a..
basis comparable to that of similar enterprises in capitalist countries.
If horizontal integration has been held in check, however,.
vertical integration has been pushed to a considerable extent. Each
of the major plants appears to have its own casting department,
employing one or more cupolas and rendering it independent to a high
degree of outside services.~in pattern making, casting, and preparation
of castings for final machining. By .the same token, heat-treating
facilities are well distributed throughout the plants as required:.
No instance has been found, however, of coal mining machinery plants`
possessing captive coal mines or ore supplies. .Nor has any .evidence
been discovered of the plants producing their own pig iron..
Definite limits have been placed on the degree of self-
sufficiency of each plant. Motors and controllers are generally pro-
cured from outside the industry. It would appear that standard types
are used to a considerable extent, though the types probably have been
developed with special .regard to the needs of the coal mining industry.
By the same token, no evidence has been found that. would indicate that
the coal mining machinery enterprises are meeting their own needs for
precision bearings. The evidence, on the contrary, indicates that
they are dependent for such items on the bearings industry. From
the point of view of vulnerability, therefore, it may be said that
depriving the coal mining machinery plants of bearings and motors
would impede their production of new equipment almost as much as if
they had been the subject of direct attack. Replacement bearings, it
may also be indicated, are quite essential to the continued operation
of coal mining machines in the field. An indirect attack of this
type, however, would not wholly interdict the flow of other spare
parts, on which the coal mining industry is very dependent for the
maintenance of existing production norms.
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III. Current Design and Technology in Soviet Underground Coal Mining.
A. Factors Conditioning Design.
Although there are many ways to approach the problem of de-
signing equipment for mechanical mining,. the methods employed must
give heed to certain basic conditions which in practice serve as
limiting and conditioning factors. First and foremost of these con-
trolling influences is whether or not it has been customary to mine
by means of longwall or shortwall methods (see Fig. 2~'). 'Geolo-
gical conditions determine to a considerable degree whether the roof
over the coal seam is favorable to longwall mining. In practice,
however, the custom of the country probably decides more than any
other single factor whether or not coal is mined from long-faces or
by means of the room-and-pillar,method. .Generally speaking, long=
wall mining results in the extraction of a greater percentage of the
coal and therefore may be said to conserve natural resources. In
return it requires more careful scheduling of work operations, close
control of the roof, and more preparatory work.. To some extent;
therefore, the saving effected in natural resources is compensated for
in lower productivity per man employed. This differential in favor
of shortwall methods depends, however, upon the fact that until.re-
Gently most serious efforts to design coal. mining machinery have
been directed at shortwall operations. -Recent Bri:tish,.German, and
especially Soviet attention to the design of longwall.mining equip-
ment may in time overcome the economic handicaps. which have in the
past retarded the mechanization of long-face workings..
Attention is given in-this report to coal mining-methods
only to the extent that they infiuen.ce the demand for and the de-
sign of mining:machiner,~. Consider, for example;.two different
mines, one a shortwall oper.afion and`:the other a longwall,:but
each with the same annual output of coal. In the shortwall mine it
will be 'necessary to undercut a'.relatively larger number of short
faces than in the longwall mine. Since a machine can undercut the
coal at a shortwall face in afew-minutes, it is necessary, to
avoid its being idle while the coal 'is.drilled, shot, and loaded;.
that it move from room to room throughout the working period.
Shortwall cutters~.thus have~to.be built with this kind.of port-
ability in-mind. For- this reason,~they are frequently mounted on
Following p : ~+2 .
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rails, tractors, or rubber tires in the US.~ In longwall mining, on
the other hand, no time is lost in moving machines from room to room.
Cutters merely move back and forth along the same coal face. Long-
wall cutters, however, must be designed to operate in the narrow space
between the face and the props that support the roof. It should be
noted, nevertheless, that in longwa,ll mines the cutting of haulageways,
entryways, and other preparatory work takes on the aspects of shortwall
operations and tends to require that each mine be equipped with a cer-
tain number of shortwall cutters or other specially designed prepara-
tory equipment.
Coal cutters should also be adapted to the character of the
local coal seams. Coal that is hard to cut may require special al-
loy steel cutter bits and extra-heavy motors. There are times when
it is desirable to make the cut, or kerf, in the middle or top of
the seam. At other times a vertical shearing cut is indicated. Or-
dinary coal cutters are not suited for this service, but on mounted
cutters the bar is often placed in a special position. Moreover,
the cutter bars can also be fitted in such a way as to permit their
being operated from a number of different positions. Such cutters
are known as universal machines. By the same token the type of coal
desired may condition the kind of coal cutter employed. For coking
purposes, lump coal is demanded. Where fine coal is wanted, as for
stoker operation, conditions often favor the rapid, universal cut-
ters, sometimes known as arcwall cutters, even though the sweeping
circular cut which they make requires that the coal be shot down
so hard as to break it up too fine for coking purposes.
Longwall mining also imposes different loading and haulage
problems than does the shortwall system. In US shortwall mines it
is now customary to load coal mechanically either by the use of
mobile loaders, which feed onto chain or belt conveyors, or by means
of duckbill loading heads. attached to shaker conveyors. The short
length of the face facilitates such operations. Since the roof is
supported by pillars of coal, there is usually ample maneuvering
room for mobile loaders. As the room is worked out, new sections
are added to the loading ends of the conveyors. Conveyors are thus
replacing mine cars and locomotives for work in the rooms, especially
in low coal, thus eliminating the necessity of laying track in the
rooms. In marry installations the coal cutters and conveyors are
~ Or are provided with self-propelled trucks for movement from
room to room.
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COAL SEAM ~ WORKING FACE 300+ F'T
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
`~ PROPS
GOB, OR GOAF
(COAL WORKED OUT HERE; ROOF SUBSIDING)
LONGWALL MINING
RG
O
O
U
COAL SEAM
WORKING FACE 30 FT
COAL
LOADER
a
0
w
0
U
0
0
U
0
0
GATHERING CONVEYOR
SHORTWALL MINING
Figure 2. Comparative Coal Mining Methods.
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a.
0
U
i
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mounted on tractors or rubber tires. So-called self-propelled shuttle
cars have also been introduced, mounted on rubber tires?or caterpillar
tracks, which receive the discharge from mobile loaders and shuttle
it out to main-line haulage stations for mechanical transfer to con-
veyors or regular mine cars.
In longwall mines, by contrast, the coal must be. loaded from.
a face of several hundred feet, along which working space is restrict-
ed by the necessary roof supports, thus usually ,precluding the employ-
ment of mobile loaders or shuttle cars. In the UK and on the Continent
the tendency has been to load by hand to face conveyors which discharge
to main-line haulage systems. Observers are generally agreed that this
hand loading constitutes the major bottleneck or obstacle to the in-
crease of coal production and labor productivity iri European mining.
Moreover, as the work progresses, the entire face conveyor must be
moved forward every ,working cycle by the depth of the coal cut. To
cope with this problem, hydraulic and pneumatic jacks are frequently
used to reset the conveyor line as the work advances.
The length of the working face in longwall mining facilitates
the concentration?of men, supervision, and equipment, but productivity
has been held down by the lack of suitable loading machinery. Various
designers have tried to break this bottleneck by rendering the mining
operation more continuous. Between separate coal cutters and loaders
on the one hand and true combines or continuous miners on the other
lies an intermediate type which may be termed the cutter-loader. Such
machines undercut the coal in the usual manner. After it has been
blasted down or broken down with pneumatic picks, or merely allowed to
fall of its own weight where conditions are favorable, the same ma-
chine, or its twin, is converted into a coal loader which passes once
more along the coal face to load the fallen coal onto a conveyor..
Such machines do not ordinarily break down the coal themselves. More-.
over, they divide the mining operation into three or more cycles, of
which they perform only the first and the last steps.
A number of these machines, usually consisting of modifica-
tions of standard coal cutters, were tried in Soviet mines even be-
fore World War II. Thus the MP-3 was built up from a GTK-3M long-
? wall cutter, the bar of which was fitted with a flight. of scrapers
arranged to move the previously cut and blasted coal onto the usual
face conveyor. The MP-3 was tried experimentally in the Donbas before
the war, but it was found difficult to blast the coal into sufficient-
ly small lumps for the machine to move it effectively onto the con-
veyor. 71~
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A variation was the BNU, designed by Giprouglemash, a trial
model of which was tested in 191+8. This machine also consisted of a
GTK-3M, modified by the addition of a flight of scrapers similar to
the MP-3. In operation the seam is undercut by means of a regular
cutter that runs on the side of a chain conveyor very close to the
face. Next, the coal is blasted out, so that about 39 percent falls
onto the conveyor. Then the BNU makes a pass along the face. Its
chain further breaks up the coal while its scrapers move another por-
tion -- of, say, 1+0 to 1+5 percent -- onto the face conveyor. The re-
maining 20 to 25 percent is then hand-loaded pnto the conveyor. Tests
revealed faults in construction and design of such an extent that.fur-
ther experimentation was canceled. 72
Of more significance have been the efforts to design combines,
or continuous coal miners, capable of really mining the coal from the
face and depositing it directly onto face conveyors, thus eliminating
the intermediary drilling, blasting, chipping, and hand-loading oper-
ations. Perhaps the simplest machine that accomplishes all of these
objects is the coal planer, or coal plow. At the end of World War II,
industrial intelligence teams found that a number of coal planers
(Kohlenhobel) were in use in the Ruhr. Designed to be drawn along the
edge of the face conveyor by means of a winch, these heavy planes
sheared off a few inches of coal as they proceeded. The coal fell
directly onto the .conveyor and was transported out of the room with-
out the need of hand loading except for cleaning-up operations. 73~
Although the coal planer is a form of coal combine, its use
is limited to rather low, soft coal. The coal planer may almost be
thought of as a heavy tool rather than a machine. At least two true
coal combines, the DEMAG and the Eickhoff, had reached the testing
stage in Germar~y by the end of World War II. The DEMAG~ employed the
usual undercutter, together with a vertical shearing jib, driven by a
separate motor, which also operated a loading device and a short belt
conveyor that transferred the coal to the regular face conveyor. 7~
The Eickhoff, after undercutting the coal in the usual manner,
broke it away from the face by means of a horizontal breaker
bar tipped with a circular shearing device. Conveyors built
~ Built by Deutsche Maschinenfabrik, AG (DEMAG), Duisberg.
~ Built by Eickhoff Gebr., Maschinenfabrik and Eisengiesserei,
GmbH, Bochum.
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into the machine transferred the cut coal through the props to the
face conveyor. Although this model did not cut close enough to the
floor to be successful, it is~reported that Eickhoff has attempted
to overcome original faults in design in its subsequent models. 75
In the UK, similar combines have been built by at least
three manufacturers. The Logan combine is equipped with four cut-
ting chains, one of which is located at the top, one at the bottom,
and two in vertical positions, in addition to a conveyor. 76 The
Meco-Moore machine* employs three cutters, one at the top, one at
the bottom, and one at the rear of the face for shearing purposes,
together with a breaker bar and a conveyor. According to Soviet
sources, which follow these developments closely, 38 Meco-Moore
machines were in operation in 1948. 77 The Joy machine, known
as the "Gloucester Getter," is described as em- 50X1
ploying two undercutter bars together with a vertical shearing bar
to sever the coal from the face. Arty coal not broken down by these
means is detached by a trailing-plow, which also guides the loose
coal onto a flight conveyor.
As in certain other fields of invention, the USSR claims
priority in the design of coal combines. According to its as-
sertions, Soviet engineers designed the first combine for working
soft seams in the 1920's. It also asserts that in 1930 a Bureau
for Planning Coal Combines was established in Kharkov, which de-
signed a number of combines, including machines with contour bars
articulated in two planes so that the same cutter chain could make
both horizontal and shearing cuts. The Soviet story is that during
the occupation of the Donbas, German engineers purloined Soviet
combine technology, brought it back to Germa and a lied it to
the German Eickhoff equipment. also charges 50X1
the British with appropriating Soviet combine designs.
It is significant that the USSR does not level this accu-
sation at the US. Indeed, the Soviet author asserts that this
survey of foreign coal combines must be limited to European coup-
-tries, since the combines developed in the US are used almost
* Built by the Mining Engineering Company, Ltd., Worcester.
-~ Built by Joy-Sullivan, Ltd., London, the UK subsidiary of the
Joy Manufacturing Company, with its main office at Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
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exclusively for shortwall development work in rooms. 78 At least .
two such combines have been placed on the US market in recent years.
Both are essentially mobile coal loaders that have been equipped with
cutting heads to break coal away from the seam and transmit it to
self-contained conveyors for transfer by room conveyors or by other
means. These US continuous miners are high-production machines that
may be expected in a few years to achieve further increases in.US
labor productivity. 79 Although they could be used in development
work in the USSR in the opening up of new mines and the preparation
of longwall rooms, the new US continuous miners would be too cum-
bersome for use in European longwall~operations. In this field of
the development. of continuous longwall miners the USSR is, therefore,
still on its own, so to speak, and can borrow little from US tech-
nology.
In the remaining underground operations of transporting
the loaded coal from the working face to the mine tipple, the dif-
ferences between longwall and shortwall mining tend to disappear..
Formerly all countries used small mine cars, or tubs, that were.
pushed out of the rooms by hand or animal power. In the US, nar-
row-gauge electric locomotives took over this function early in the
twentieth century. Special lightweight gathering locomotives were .
built for this purpose. To avoid extending trolley wires to the
working face and to do away with the necessity of bonding the rails,
which acted as return conductors, these gathering locomotives were
fitted with long power cables arranged so as to pay out or take up.
automatically on a reel as the locomotive left the entryway and
* That is, the continuous miner of the Joy,Manufacturing Compar~y
and the "Colmol" of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Compar~y, Columbus,
Ohio.
~' Production of the 105 continuous miners in regular operation in
the US in November 1951 is said to have averaged 170 to 190 short
tons per shift, with 300 to x+00 short tons per shift not. uncommon.
Producti-on per machine is so high that conventional conveying
methods have proved inadequate to carry the load. It has been re-
ported that machines have sometimes worked on~,y.?a third of a shift,
waited for haulage facilities another third, and been held up by
other causes the remainder of the time. In this respect, longwall
mining offers a considerable advantage because of the greater quantity
of coal that is mined before it is necessary to move the conveyor.
In longwall mining, however, the whole conveyor must be advanced,
whereas in shortwall work it is necessary only to extend the length
of the conveyor.
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gathered the loaded cars from the rooms.. Storage-battery locomotives
achieved similar results, especially in rooms troubled with mine gas.
Heavier electric locomotives are used to haul trains of cars from
assembly junctions to the bottom of the tipple. In the US, more
recently, locomotives are yielding to portable conveyor systems,
especially in rooms and secondary entryways as well as in low-coal
operations. Locomotives have been less used in the UK and on the
Continent than in the US. Regulations have often precluded the use
of trolley locomotives. Longwall faces demand that the track be
.shifted by the depth of each cut made into the face. For this
reason, endless rope haulage has been much used in European coal
mines. Conveyors also have been popular there, especially along
the longwall.faces, since they can be moved more easily than track:
Although locomotives and conveyors are therefore employed in
.somewhat different ways in longwall and shortwall operations, the
equipment used in both is relatively similar. On the whole, the
trends, especially in conveyor design, have tended to follow com-.
mbn lines both in the US and in other coal mining countries.
B. Soviet Coal Mining Machines in Current Production.
1. Longwall Coal Cutters.
Three types of longwall coal cutters are known to be
in production in the USSR: the KNIP-1, the MV-60, and the GTK-35?
The KMP-lam is said to have been developed during World
War II and to have gone into production shortly thereafter. It is
mass-produced at the Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant imeni S.M.
Kirov;~-~- 80 Field comments on this machine indicate that it is a
heavier version~of the Joy Manufacturing Company's US-built CLE-5
longwall coal cutter. 81~ The KNIP-1 was accepted for serial pro-
duction in 'the USSR in 1947 after tests by a technical council of
the coal industry, which also approved its use in coal mines of
the eastern and western regions of the USSR, as then organized. It
was recommended, however, (a) that the upper limits of the drive
speed be increased, (b~ that the cable capacity of the drum be also
~ K refers to Kopeysk; M, to power; P, to pulsating; 1, to first
model.
~' For the Soviet name of this and other plants referred to in
text, see Appendix B.
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increased, and (c) that the length of the machine be reduced by the use
of a smaller electric motor. At the same time, it was charged that its
greatest fault lay in the poor quality of its manufacture by the Kopeysk
plant. 82 The KMP-1 is rated at 64 horsepower (hp) on a 1-Hour full load
as against 50 hp for its Joy prototype (see Table 9).-~ 83
The KMP-1 has proved successful in the field. A Soviet press
report in 1951 asserted with self-satisfaction that miners in the Donbas
were paying high compliments to the KMP-1. Some machines, it was report-
ed, were cutting 16,000 to 18,000 MI' per month. 84 Such conditions are,
no doubt, very exceptional and several times more than the over-all aver-
age and norm. Nevertheless, this was the only standard longwall type coal
cutter shown by the USSR at the 1951 Industrial Trade Fair at Helsinki,
Finland. the machine
was strongly built of steel castings, with good workmanship and finish.
Cutter picks and cutter chain blocks were forged, controls were central-~
ized, and the motor was enclosed in a flashproof housing. All of these
characteristics indicate attention to design.~~ 85~
The MV-60 longwall coal cutters (see Fig. 3-~-) was de-
signed by engineers N.A. Shuris and A.I. Chevnenko of Giprouglemash.
Nine machines were built in 191+6-47 by the Gorlovka Mining Equipment
Plant imeni S.M. Kirov. 86 After tests in the Kirovugol' Trust of the
Ministry of the Coal Industry of Eastern Regions, it was announced
in September 1947 that the machine was so long and so high as to make
it difficult to maneuver in tight places or in coal lower than 0.65 m
thick,. Faults were found in its reversing mechanism and in the clutch.
Most serious, it was reported that the design permitted the machine to
slip once the power was disconnected, when working on angles of 18 to
20 degrees or more. It was also found that the machine delivered only
50 to 55 percent of its rated 57-kilowatt (kw) power input. Although
numerous changes had been made during the tests, the machine was re-
ferred back for further development. 87
* Table 9 follows on p. 50.
~ The KMP-1 was displayed with alloy steel rather than with carbide-
tipped bits. Carbide bits, however, axe available in the USSR. At the
Helsinki fair they were used on the Donbas combine. Production of the
KMP-1 machine in 1952 may have reached 500 units (see Table 21, p. 138,
below).
M refers to power; V, to cutting; 60, to 57 kw (as originally
rated) .
~- Following p . 94 .
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Field evaluation indicates that the MV-60 was designed
along the lines of the Joy Manufacturing Company's British-built
E-60 longwall coal cutter. Again, the Soviet machine is larger,
heavier, and somewhat overpowered. 88 It was meant to be a heavy-
duty machine, suitable for cutting very hard coal and for achieving
a high rate of production in soft and moderately hard coal. Its
size and weight make it impractical for coal of less than 0.6 m
t'_zick. Since it is built up in sections, with a separate powe~'~
unit, it has proved useful as a component around which to con-
struct coal combines. In fact, the very successful Donbas combine
has been designed around the power section of the MV-60.
The initial criticism ;of the design of the MV-60 led
to a harsh attack on it in the Soviet press, but the machine was
defended by A.F. Zasyad'ko, Minister of the Coal .Industry. 90
Reports that it went into mass production in 1948 at the Gorlovka
plant may be~ regarded skeptically. Although production of 300
had been scheduled for 1947, 91 it is doubtful if manufacture on
arty considerable scale took place until late in 1948. By July 1949
the ratchet feed had been redesigned in the interest of stability
and endurance. Improvements had also been made in the ventilation
of the motor in order to bring it up from an achieved continuous
rating of 12.5 kw to its rated continuous capacity of 30 kw. 92~
It is therefore probable that the MV-60 did not go into
production in arty considerable quantity before 1948. Press reports
in the middle of 1949 indicate that the Donbas was receiving in-
creased numbers of the novel MV-60, 93 but no official production
figures have been released on this machine since that time. A
1951 report on one installation indicated that in 10 months the
machine had cut 130-,000 Mr, which amounted to 161 percent of the
norm, suggesting that the norm for the MV-60 in 1951 in this seam
was about 5,000 MT per month, 94 or considerably above the 1948
norm of 3,050 MI' for coal cutters in the USSR as a whole. 95
~ The number of speeds was cut from six to four. Whereas the
previous top rate of feed had been 1.40 m per minute, the new
top speed was reduced to 1.08 m per minute.
~ Production in 1952 is estimated at about 450 units (see Table 21,
p. 138, below).
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Length (without Bug Duster)
wiath
Height (Maximum)
Length of Bar
Depth of Cut
Kerf (Thickness)
Weight
Feed Speed
Feed Maneuvering Speed
Rope Diameter
Drum Capacity
Haulage Force, Working
Regular Cutter-Chain Speed
Retarded Cutter-Chain Speed
Feed Section Dimensions (HtxWtxL)
deed Section Weight
Motor Dimensions
l~iotor Weight
butter Section Dimensions (Less Bar)
Cutter Section Weight
Bar Dimensions with Chain
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Shortwall Cutters
Universal Cutters
Unit
KMP-1 9~
MV-60
GTK-35 97
ShVD-48
VTU-1 ,~
mm
3,260
3,124 b/
2,685
1,600 J
6,620
mm
750
720
685
1,2go
1,300
mm
370
400
305
680
1,440 J
m
1.6, 2, 2.4,
2.8
1.6-2.2
2.4
3
m
2-2.5
mm
140
120-140
140
NYP
3.2
3.5 ~
2.5
3.0
m per min
0-0.86
0.27,
0.54, 0.81,
1.08
0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8
0.63
m per min
8.6
14.5
12.0
5.8
mm
15-17
17-19
15-17
17-18
m
25
25
30
20
Mr
5
7.0
5.0
6.0
m.per sec 2.1
m per sec 1.05
mm 360x750x845
kg 777
mm 35ox7o0x1,216
kg 900
mm 37ox72ox1.,2o0
kg 994
kg 402
* Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or riot applicable.
*~ Footnotes for Table 9 follow on p. 51.
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Table 9
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Coal Cutters
(Continued)
(1) Speed of movement on caterpillars m per sec : a working, 0. b maneuvering, 1 .
(2) Rotating speed of cutter head (degrees per min): (a) working, 38; (b) maneuvering, 638.
(3) Swing speed of bar (degrees per min): (a) working, 12.6; (b) maneuvering, 244.
(4) Pressure of treads on floor (kg per sq cm), 2.1.
Length of body without bar. '
Over-all length; length without
Minimum height, 1,090 mm.
With 2-m battery..
Two drums.
Half-hourly capacity._
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While struggling with design problems on the MV-60,
the Gorlovka plant concentrated on the production of the older
GTK-3M longwall coal cutter, a relatively light-duty cutter de-
signed for both development work and regular duty in~coal.faces.
In addition, it was planned. with such other uses in mind as the
cutting of loose shale, chalk, salt, tuff, and shell-rock limestone.
As compared with the 3.2-MI' KMP-1 or the 3.5-Mr MV-60, the GTK-3M
weighed but 2 MT and was correspondingly lower in height, length,
and width. 99/ It was reported as having but half the capacity of
the new MV- ~0. 100/
By 1950 the GTK-3M, which it was deemed had become ob-
solete, was replaced with the further modified GTK-35,~ a longer,
narrower, and heavier machine. Both machines are of the same height.
The height of 0.305 m adapts it to coal as low as 0.~+ m. The power
of the machine was stepped up from 25 to 35 kw to adapt it to work
under hard-cutting conditions. The obsolete clutch and gear shift
for the control of the rate of feed was replaced with a ratchet ar-
rangement that has four working speeds, with a greater range than
the predecessor machine and more like that of the KMP-l, though not
so powerful as the MV-60. The GTK-35; moreover, is reported to em-
ploy a cutter bar of the same design and dimensions as does the
heavier MV-60. All three of the postwar longwall cutters are
equipped with "bug dusters," which are screw-like devices that
remove the loose coal cuttings and dust from the kerf so as not to
interfere with the operation of the cutter bar and to keep the
kerf clear for blasting and breaking down of the coal. 101 Forty
of the new GTK-35's were to be ready for shipment from the Gorlovka
plant by Miners' Day, at the end of August 1951.~~- 102
In summary, in the field of longwall coal cutters the
USSR now has in production at Kopeysk, in the Urals,. the KNIP-1, a
standard longwall Goal cutter; and at Gorlovka, in the Donbas,
there are in production the heavy coal cutter MV-60 for hard cut-
ting and high production~.together with the thin=seam coal cutter
GTK-35 (see Table 21-~
* G refers to Gorlovka; T, to heavy; K, to rope; 3, to third
model; M, to modernized. This machine was an advance over the
older GTK-3.
~ Designations are the same as for the GTK-3M except that 35
refers to 35 ~?
Production in 1952 is estimated at 300 units.
~~ P. 138, below.
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2. Shortwall Coal Cutters.
Although the USSR mines most of its coal seams by means
of the longwall method, it has for some time felt the need for a
shortwall coal cutter capable of use in development work. Several
of the light coal cutters designed in the early 1930's were intended
for such service, but for one reason or another none was ever widel,}r
accepted. After the war these were succeeded by the ShVD-~+6, which
was designed for both development work and shortwall mining in dip-
ping seams more than 0.85 m thick where the face extended from 3 to 4
to 15 to 20 m in length and where the slope was moderate. This ma-
chine does not appear to have been produced in arty great numbers. 103
Instead it was succeeded in 191+ by the ShVD-1+8, which has also been
described as experimental and which, insofar as is known, has not
yet gone into regular production either. 10~+
Shortwall coal cutters pose quite a problem in the USSR.
Development seams, being intended to open up longwall rooms, are
located too far from one another to permit the movement of the
machine from place to place in the mine.. Production per machine is
thus held down because the machine remains idle while the coal is
broken down, loaded, and made ready for the next cut. One, answer '
would be to design a light-duty shortwall coal cutter and be content
with low production. This alternative, however, ti~rould not satisfy
the demand for the rapid development of new places so as to keep up
with the grozring demand for coal. An alternative is to adopt some
fo~7n of mounted cutter for preparatory coal mine operations.
3. Universal Coal Cutters.
In the USSR, some development passages are cut with
universal coal cutters. In the US they were formerly mounted on
rails to permit of free movement about the mine and to facilitate
rapid operations. In recent years they have been mounted on tractor
treads and even on rubber tires. In the US the standard shortwall
coal cutter pulls itself across the face by means of power-operated
cable drums. Track-mounted universal cutters are built to swing the
cutter bar across the face so as to make afan-shaped cut. For this
reason, they have been called by the trade name, "arcwall" cutters.
Tractor- and tire-mounted cutters have greater maneuverability, which
permits them to make cuts with rectangular corners that are usually
# Reference is made here to the DL machine built by the Gorlovka
slant in 1932-33 and to the BSh and the LVSh-2, all prewar models.
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more desired. The head of the universal cutter, moreover, is so
jointed as to permit its being rotated to make bottom, top, or
vertical cuts into the coal or, if preferred, to d_o all of these.
Universal machines have contributed to the high level of production
in US shortwall mining.
In the USSR the Gorlovka plant turned out the GVU
caterpillar-mounted universal coal cutter for development work
back in 1939. Its improved successor, the VTU-lam (see Fig. ~+-~-~-~
passed its tests successfully in 1941 but did not go into pro-
duction until after the war. Produced at the Voroshilov Arms
Plant No. ~+ in Krasnoyarsk, beginning about 1946, 105 this ma-
chine was introduced into tl~e Moscow basin in the spring of 1949,
and by August it was reported that 50 were in successful operation
in that area. 106 The VTU-l, weighing approximately 6 NPI', is mount-
ed on caterpillar treads and is equipped with a 47-kw motor. It
can cut from the floor to a height of 1.44 m, and in the upper
position the bar can be swung 360 degrees. This machine was not
intended to cut in low coal, and it is too wide fc~r satisfactory
longwall operation. As designed, it was meant for use in the high
coal of the Moscow and Kuznets basins and, more generally, for devel-
opment work.
In room work the VTU-1 has been recouanended to serve
two or three faces. Actually it could serve half a dozen or more
Shortwall faces, were they located close to one another as in US
practice. It has been recommended, also, that this machine be
worked in conjunction with the 5-153 mobile coal loader. Time
study has shown that if it takes the VTU-1 an hour to cut a face,
then the coal can be loaded in about 2 to 2.5 hours. Allowing
liberal time for the proposing and-other operations, a full cycle
of work can be completed easily in a single shift, ensuring a 3-m
advance into the face. By careful organization of the work it is
claimed that two cycles can be completed in a single shift, which
would permit an advance of 18 running meters in 24 hours. 107
It is apparent that the heavy VTU-l, although it may
satisfy past Soviet standards, would not be earning its keep by
US practice, where it would move from place to place in the mine,
cutting a number of rooms in a single shift preparatory to blasting
~ V refers to cutting; T, to heavy; U, to universal; 1, to first
type.
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and loading on other shifts. In fact, it has even been criticized
in the Soviet technical press as too heavy, awkward, and over-
powered. l08/ It is believed, therefore, to have been withdrawn
from production. This act places Soviet designers in somewhat
of a dilemma. For development work they have vacillated between
lightweight and heavyweight equipment. Lightweight equipment is not
very productive. Heavy universal coal cutters are productive only
when they can be used a high proportion of the working day, but it
would appear doubtful from a theoretical ,point of view if any coal
cutter will solve the Soviet problem. The answer lies instead in
a special combine, designed particularly for entry work in high coal.
Evidence is already at hand that the USSR, flushed with the success
of the Donbas combine, will seek to extend combine mining to thin
seams, pitching seams, and development work. In the latter field,
in particular, the coal combine brings about continuous mining,
thereby permitting a piece of equipment, granting that haulage
facilities are adequate, to operate to its capacity during a
maximum period of time instead of working intermittently and
standing idle during the breaking-down and loading portions of the
mining cycle.
~+. Cutter-Loaders.
After several unsuccessful prewar efforts to build
cutter-loaders, the USSR in 1947 developed the VPM-1 cutter-
loader,~ consisting of a standard longwall cutter, to the bar of
which a plow-shaped shield has been fastened (see Fig. 5-). The
coal is undercut by means of a longwall cutter, riding along the
edge of a chain-type face conveyor. Since the bar is tilted down-
ward, a triangular-like section of coal is left uncut. Cuttings
are carried by the chain onto the conveyor. Then the coal is
blasted down in the usual manner. The cutting and blasting oper-
ations deposit about 35 percent of the coal on the chain conveyor..
Next, the VPM-l, a standard longwall cutter with attached mold-
board, makes a pass along the face, thereby transferring another
~ An approximate estimate of the Soviet needs for-different types
of coal cutters can be made in terms of the wartime Lend-Lease pro-
gram. Scheduled shipments in 1945 from the US to the USSR were to
be 320 longwall cutters, only 54 shortwall cutters, and but 20
mounted-type universal cutters. 109
~ The VPM-1 was designed by Engineer V.P. Martynenko.
-- Following p . 94 .
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40 to 45 percent of the coal onto the conveyor. Finally the tri-
angular section remaining uncut along the floor is broken up by
hand. This coal and other loose coal missed by the loading cycle,
totaling 20 to 25 percent, must be loaded by hand. However, the
effectiveness of the VPM-1 improves with the thickness of t'1e
seam and has been used most extensively in seams more than ~~ feet
high, for which the USSR has as yet no completely successful
coal combine. 110 As recently as 1951 it was in use in the
Rostov, Molotov, Karaganda, and Vostseib coal combines. 111 The
VPM-1 is believed to have been built only at the Kopeysk Mining
Equipment Plant in the Urals 112 (see Table 23~).
The simplest of combines is the coal planer (see Fig. 6~).
Postwar tests"of earlier models led to the development of the US-4~~-
in 1947-48. The planer, or plow, consists of two massive steel
castings which can be joined rigidly or flexibly by means of a hinge.
Flexible joining is preferred, as it permits the planer to follow
closely the uneven contour of the coal seam. Detachable steel shear-
ing blades and auxiliary breaking blades are bolted to the body. In-
clined surfaces are fastened to the ends to scrape up the coal that
falls onto the floor. The weight of the planer itself is about
2.5 Mr.-~- It is pulled back and forth along the face by means
of a winch located at either end of the room. In operation the
planer rides along the ground between the face and the frame of
the face conveyor. As it operates, it exerts a force of 3 to 5 MI'
against the conveyor, which is held in place by pneumatic jacks
resting on screw braces. The planer shears a strip from the face
about 0.2 m wide and 0.45 to 0.65 m high. ?Under favorable conditions
the remainder of the coal is brought down_ by pressure. Otherwise
it must be blasted down or broken out by means of pneumatic picks.
Coal broken down by the shearing action is automatically carried
onto the conveyor by means of the moldboard contour of the planer
and its attached scrapers. After each cut is completed, the
?~ P. 149, below.
~ Following p. 94.
U refers to coal; S, to shaver; 4, to fourth model.
~ It is 4.65 m long, 0.57 m wide, and 0.45 m high without the
auxiliary breaking blade, or 0.65 m high with the breaking blade.
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pneumatic jacks move both the planer and the conveyor forward until
contact is again made with the face. The jacks are then reset, and
the planer is hauled back across the face for another cut.
The coal planer is supposed to make a shearing cut of 100 m
in length in 15 minutes, which in a seam 1 m thick brings down 20 MT
of coal. Allowing for movement of the conveyor and other operations,
the planer may complete one cycle per hour and, theoretically, eight
cycles per shift. If it accomplishes this rate of production, it is
capable of mining 160 MT per 8-hour shift. Allowing as many as 15
to 20 men for the performance of various operations around the planer,
production would still be in the neighborhood of 8 to 10 MT per man
at the face, which is a very high output. 114/
The US-4 coal planer, designed by Giprouglemash engineers,
was built, insofar as is known, only at the Voroshilovgrad Mining
Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko in the Donbas area. Ten were re-
ported as having been built from summer to December 1948. 115
Another lot was expected on 1 April 1949.E 116/ Since that time
little or nothing has been said of the planer in the Soviet press.
It is therefore likely that it plays a rather insignificant part
in Soviet coal production.
6. Coal Combines.
The keen Soviet interest in continuous coal miners,
dating from before World War II, h~.s led to the experimental devel-
opment of some 20 coal combines.- Of this considerable total,
however, all but a very few have been abandoned as unsuccessful.
Consideration here will be given only to those known or suspected
to be in production at the present time. All of those discus-
sed attempt to mine coal from the face and load it onto the face
conveyor without the use of intermediate hand-loading operations
~ Despite these theoretical possibilities, it is rated at only
200 to 400 MT per shift in the 1948 Soviet catalogue of coal mining
machinery. 113/
~ This lot was to be produced at the Kirov plant -- probably
the Kirov plant at Gorlovka in the Donbas.
~'~ It does not appear in the 19+9 Soviet catalogues of coal min-
ing machinery.
~' Fourteen models were listed in a 1949 Soviet publication. 117/
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or secondary loading cycles. The machines fall into two main cat-
egories: one group employs a series of curved cutter bars,- and
a second group is designed around a ring-shaped cutter bar.
a. Makarov Coal Combine, KM-~+-5-6.
The Makarov.coal combine (see Fig. 7), developed
by S.S. Makarov for use in the thick seams of the Karaganda Basin,
consists essentially of a stack of two or three longwall coal cutters
equipped with curved cutter bars.- It was designed by Makarov
in the Experimental Design Bureau of the Eastern Giprouglemash.
This bureau, established in August 19+5, has been under Makarov's
direction. It had a small but well-equipped machine shop, located
on the premises of the Karaganda Mining Equipment Plant imeni Park-
homenko. 118 Makarov's shop tested three early models of his design and
drew up plans for the KM-4-5-6 combine, of which a number were pro-
duced. By using stacks of two or three component longwall cutters
and other adjustments, the Makarov cutter can be adapted to seam
heights varying from 1.15 to 2.5 m. Straight cutter bars and cylin-
drical breaker bars operate between the curved bars. The machine is
pulled across the face by means of the feed section of a KNIP-1 long-
wall cutter, and cuttings which accumulate at the bottom are removed
by a mechanical bug duster. To settle the dust that would be raised
by the action of so many cutters, the machine is equipped with a de-
vice to throw a fine water spray against the coal face.-
~ These are modifications of regular chain-type coal cutter bars,
or jibs. The bit blocks that. make up the chain are redesigned so as
to be jointed for vertical as well as horizontal movement, permitting
the ends of the bars to be curved upward or downward to enable the
bar to make both a longitudinal and a vertical or shearing cut into
the coal face.
~ The ring, consisting of a rectangle with rounded corners, may
be thought of as an open-type cutter bar that has been stood on end.
Bits'are inserted into the face of the bar in such a way that three
or four of its sides come into contact with the coal at once so as
to cut out a section of the coal face instead of merely slicing in-
to it as does the standard cutter bar.
Following p. 9~ .
~ In early models the GTK-3M machines were used as the basic
components. In later ones both the GTK-3M and the KMP-1 machines
were used.
~~~ Such sprays are also used on US continuous coal miners.
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The Makarov combine cuts to the depth of 1 m. The cut
coal is caught by a built-in flight conveyor which transfers it to the
regular face conveyor, thus eliminating the need for hand loading. 119/
? It is rated at from 35 to 50 MT per hour, depending on its height, from
which one would expect its monthly productivity to be extremely
high. 120/ In practice, however, a good deal of time is lost, though
it has been said to have cut 10,000 MT per month. 121/
Although the Makarov combine can cut a great amount
of coal, its weight of from 7.2 to 10 MT makes it cumbersome and dif=
ficult to maneuver. 122 In order to simplify getting it down the
shaft and into the mine, it has been recommended that its upper bar
be hinged. 123/ Miners have not.been overly happy with it. Reports'
show that machines have been allowed to stand idle after they had
mined out a given work area instead of being promptly moved to new
places. These machines have then been cannibalized for their com-
ponent parts, a danger to which the Makarov combine is peculiarly
subject, since it is made up of standard longwall coal cutters. 124/
In fact, the manufacture of the Makarov combine at.
Karaganda, which has been essentially a coal conveyor plant, con-
sisted in the first instance of the adaptation of standard long-
wall coal cutters for use as combines. Although the machine won
a Stalin prize for its inventor in 19+7, 125/ it is doubtful if
it was ever built in large numbers. The probability is that its
bulk and unwieldy character mitigated against its extensive adop-
tion despite the influence of its designer. Since March 1950 there
has been little reference to it in the press. Makarov has been
reported as having invented a caterpillar-mounted hewing and load-
ing machine, which may be taken as further evidence that his ear-
tier combine was not widely accepted (see Table 22'x).
~ At least 20 were reported as standing idle in 191+6, 126 and
14 were. said to have been at work in 12 Karaganda mines in 19 7. 127/
~ Few references to the Makarov combine have been noted since it
was reported to have set a record of 11,588 MT per month ir} March
1950. 128/
This new Makarov combine, nicknamed by the. miners the "under-
ground tankette," is reported as capable of producing 13,000 MT per
month. No technical details have been received as yet. 129/
~~ P. 142, below.
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b. Donbas Coal Combine.
In contrast to the complicated and cumbersome Makarov
machine, the Donbas coal combine (see Fig. 8~-) has proved to be the
most successful of Soviet continuous miners.' Developed in 19+8 by
Giprouglemash engineers and built as the GUK-1 combine at the Gor-
lovka Mining Equipment Plant, it was first tried in the Mine No. 3-b is
of the Chistyakovantratsit Trust. It was reported that its aver-
age monthly output and the productivity of its. operators were double
that of a regular coal cutter. 130/ For simplicity of design the
Donbas combine, as it is now called, appears very attractive as
compared with earlier combines. It is built around a ring-type cut-
ter bar, which had been tried in the USSR before World War II and
which resembles a standard chain cutter that has been stood up on
one of its long edges. The cutter bar is driven by the power sec-
tion of the heavy MV-60 longwall cutter. The cross section of coal
removed by the cutter chain is broken up by a cylindrical breaker
bar equipped with shearing disks. A short flight conveyor, powered
by a separate 13-kw motor, throws the broken coal onto, the usual
face conveyor.
The Donbas combine has'been described as intended
for use in coal of soft and average hardness, without marked de-
posits of hard pyrites, quartz, or other impurities and without
.intermediate bands of rock requiring separate extraction. It makes
a cut l.t+ m deep, though on special order it may be had with a great-
er cutting depth. The cutter is built in heights from 0.71 m to
0.83 m or more, depending on the thickness of the seam. A worm-type
bug duster moves the cuttings onto the conveyor. The machine pulls
itself along the face by means of a cable drum driven by the main
motor with a choice of four speeds. Carbide-tipped cutter bits
are employed, as: in heavy-duty US machines. Controls are grouped
centrally, by means of a magnetic starter, and the electrical sys-
tem is fla.shproofed. The model displayed at the Helsinki fair in
June 1951 was built of heavy steel. castings and made a good impres-
sion on the observer. Seen running, though not under load, in a
simulated coal vein, the gearing noise and control efficiency appear-
ed reasonable. 131 It may be significant that it was the only com-
bine shown by the USSR at the Helsinki fair.
* Following p . 9~+ .
~ The designers were V.N. Khorin, A.D. Sukach, A.I. Ba.shkov, M.F.
Gorshkov, and others, each of whom received a Stalin prize.
' For the Soviet ring-type coal cutter, VK-l, see Fig. g, fol-
lowing p . 9~+ .
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Although its 6.5 MT make the Donbas combine a heavy
machine, it is simplicity itself when matched against the awkward
Makarov combine. In many ways it answers the problem of continuous
mining in longwall seams, and only two inherent disadvantages are
apparent. On any given machine there is little possibility of vary-
ing the height of the cut. In thick seams, such as the Kuzbas,
these combines have sometimes been used in pairs. 133/ It would also
appear that the combine is not reversible but will have to flit back
to its starting place in order to begin a new cycle.
If these are drawbacks, they are minor as compared
with the potentiality of the Donbas combine. It is clear, however,
that it is not a universal machine. Others will be needed for thick,
thin, pitching, and irregular seams. Nevertheless, by the end of
1950 it was said to be averaging 4,556 MT per month. 134 Early in
1952, one team cut 16,000 MT in a mine whose quota was 12,740 MT per
month. The average productivity of the Donbas combine may now be in
the neighborhood of 5,000 MT per month,- and-there is reason to be-
lieve that its output will continue to increase. 135/
The Donbas combine, insofar as is known, has been
built only at the Kirov works in Gorlovka .(see Table 2~).
Although there has been discussion of serial production, there is
~ It is not impossible that this problem of adapting to seams
of variable thickness may some day be solved by a combine such as
the MBK-1, which resembles the Donbas combine in many respects. The
MBK-1 employs two standard cutter bars, one above the other, in lieu
of the ring-type cutter bar. The upper bar is adjustable to the
height of the coal seam. Such an arrangement has definite possibil-
ities in thin coal. This machine was designed by Giprouglemash
around the heavy MV-60 cutter. Trial models were built in 1948, but
no series production is yet known to have occurred. 132/
~ Although ordinary longwall cutters have often exceeded this
tonnage in the USSR it must be remembered that this output is pro-
bably achieved by the use of large gangs_of hand loaders. The com-
bine breaks the hand-loading bottleneck and makes a great saving in
productivity per man which is notErevealed by the tonnage figures.
Designs may have been made available, however, to mining ma-
chine plants in certain Satellite countries (see IV, below).
~ P. 142, below.
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reason to believe that it has been placed into production with a cau-
tion born of the failure of previous combines, suggesting that initial
production was in batches and that modifications in design have been
made between batches. 136 After tests of a revised model were made
in the thick seams of the Moscow Basin, it was determined that a spe-
cial combine would be more productive for these condit~.ons. 137
Production was reportedly stepped up in 1951. 138 Early in 1.952,
word was released that an automatic regulator had been developed for
the Donbas combine by a group of scientists of the Mining Institute
imeni M.M. Federov of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
By adjusting the speed automatically to the hardness of the coal be-
ing cut, it was stated that this device increased the productivity
of the combine from 0.27 running meters per minute to 0.35 to 0.40 m
per minute. 139 In the spring of 1951 the Gorlovka plant began se-
ries production of the 'Donbas 1 combine, a revised version of the
original machine, equipped with a more efficient dust-allaying unit
and other modifications. 140 Still further changes were made sub-.
sequently by designers of the Gorlovka plant in collaboration with
scientists of the Donets affiliate of Giprouglemash. In an attempt
to bring about a reduction of the dust created by the working of
the machine, the breaker bar and shearing disk were replaced with
a special device on which a cutter chain was mounted. Experimental
models of the new version were to be sent to the mines in 1952, 141
Changes of this character may be regarded as normal
incidents in the development of a new piece of machinery. The Don-
bas combine was the culmination of a series of efforts on the part
of the USSR to build a successful.longwall coal combine. Unable
to borrow such a design from more advanced industrial countries,
the USSR was in a sense required to solve this problem independ-
ently by means of its own resources. ,That it has been able to
work out a solution to this problem by itself should be taken into
careful consideration in evaluating the present state of the Soviet
capital goods industry in particular and the state of Soviet tech-
nology in general.
Since the Donbas combine was kept in hand from a
design point of view by adapting it~to coal seams of approximately
~ The first batch was shipped in 1948; the second was scheduled
for early 1949; by 30 May 1951, reference was made to the fourth
series, which, it was stated, had been in production for over a
year; the fifth series was started in the spring of 1951.
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1 m in height, it does not solve the problem of continuous coal min-
ing in special seams. Several other combines have, therefore, been
developed to round out the complement of Soviet continuous miners.
c. Coal Combine,VOM-2M.
There is as yet no counterpart of the Donbas combine
for coal seams of the next order of thickness of from 1 to 2.5 m in
depth, such as would be useful in the Kuzbas and Mosbas.- Work has
been underway for a number of years on such a machine, and it may be
on the verge of success, but evidence to date indicates that it is
still to be regarded as experimental. The machine, the VOM-2M, as
well as its predecessors, is described here more because of its
possible future intelligence significance than its present impor-
tance. Whereas the Donbas combine consists basically of a ring-type
cutter laid on its side so as to make a relatively low and deep
cross section into the coal, the VOM-2M consists also of a ring-type
cutter which has been stood on end in order to effect a relatively
high and shallow cross section.
The vertical cutter chain of the VOM-2M is looped
in such a way as to dispense with the breaker bar of the Donbas
combine. The cutter chain is driven by the body of an MV-60 long-
wall. cutter, which is run on its side so as to minimize the space
between the coal face and the props. The height of the cutter bar
is said to be adjustable from 1.3 to 2.5 m. The bar can be lowered
for additional clearance in tramming. The cut averages l:m in
depth,. In operation the looped bar is supposed to cut out a cross
-~ From the Moscow region, word came :early in 1952 that a number of
' Donbas combines had been received in 1951 and that while the Donbas
combine was not a bad machine, it was far from suited to conditions
of the Mosbas. It was complained that although Mosbas engineers had
proposed the design for such a combine 3 years before and that Gi-
prouglemash had been commissioned to work out such a design 2 years
before,-the task was still unfulfilled. 142
~ The VOM-1 and the VOM-2 (see Fig. 10, following p. 94): The
former was built at the Kirov plant in Gorlovka and tested in 1945-46
in the Moscow coal combine. This plant also introduced the VOM-2 in
1948-49 in the same region. After tests, the VOM-2M was built in 1950.
In a general way these machines are similar to the German combine
built by Soest-Ferrum, Duesseldorf, although the latter is a double-
chain machine. 143
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section, which is transferred to the face conveyor by a plowshare .
similar to that employed by the VPM-1 cutter-loader. For coals that
do not break up easily of their own accord, a variant type of loader
of the active cyclic, grizzly variety is provided. What this ma-
chine loses because of the shallow character of its cut, it regains
by virtue of its ability to cut coal over 2 m thick. Unlike the
Donbas combine, it is readily adaptable to coals whose thickness
varies considerably. For special conditions, five different cutter
bars are available. Tested in the thick Karaganda seams in March
and April'1951, it reportedly averaged about 7,350 Mr per month, an
output of about 4.3 Mr per miner per day. Although the machine was
credited with having raised the output by 35 percent and the pro-
ductivity per miner by 15 percent, it appears to have operated for
less than half of the working time of the shift, suggesting that
operational difficulties were encountered, occasioned by an im-
maturity of design and manufacture. Mention of this machine in the
Soviet press is so infrequent as to imply that it has not yet been
erfected sufficiently to have achieved quantity production 144 -~-~
see Table 22~~) .
d. Development Coal Combine, PK-2M.
For the rapid and efficient development of new min-
ing areas and for the extension of existing workings and the opening
up of new faces, the USSR needs a good shortwall coal cutter, a proved
universal mounted cutter, or else a shortwall-type continuous miner,
such as the new Joy and Jeffrey machines of the US. An experimental.
model of such a machine, similar to the Joy continuous miner, was
~ The loader unit is powered by a separate 23-kw motor. The
weight of this combine, depending on the type of cutter and loader
employed, ranges from ~+ to 5 MP.
~' Soviet statements concerning this combine illustrate how close-
ly and carefully their claims must be evaluated. In 1949 it was as-
serted by Tass that the VOM combine had completely mechanized coal
mining in the Moscow coal fields. 145 The impression given was that
it had mechanized all coal mining throughout the Moscow coal fields.
In 1950 the Soviet press admitted. that the VOM was being used only in
two or three mines of the Moscow Basin, and there only as an ordinary
cutter without the loading unit. 146
P. 142, below.
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tried in the USSR in 19~-1.-~ Whereas the Joy machine employs a bat-
tery of short, special cutter chains as a cutter head mounted on a
boom, the Soviet equivalent used only a pair of standard coal cut-
ter chains 1 m or so apart. The chains can be strung sidewise, and
their effective height can be adjusted by variation of the angle
that they make against the floor. The original model of this ma-
chine weighed 9.6 Mr, S~ras powered by three separate motors, and
delivered coal cut from the face through a self-contained conveyor
to the entry conveyor or cars. 11+7 Redesigned after the war by
Giprouglemash, another experimental model,designated the PK-2M,
ti~ras built by the Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov in
1950 and sent to the Kopeyskugol' trust for trial in one of its
mines. 148 Another was sent to the Moscow Basin. After tests it
was pronounced most suitable for horizontal development work of all
experimental combines of its type. 149'#~
e. Steep-Pitch Coal Combine,KKP-l.
Steeply pitching seams have always been difficult to
mechanize. In the USSR they have been worked principally Trrith pneu-
matic picks by terrace methods. When possible, the coal is moved
out in chutes by gravity. To mechanize the mining of such seams,
the USSR has experimented with the KKP-1 combine (see Fig. 11-~~-)
since at least 1949. 151 Trials conducted in the Donbas were
much publicized in 1950 acid 1951. 152 The combine consists of a
heavy frame on t~rhich is mounted a circular disk fitted with three
special cutters instead of the usual chain and picks. The frame
is suspended in such a tray that the disk shears the coal at an
angle instead of in terraces. Gravity carries the cut coal down
a chute anal at the same time allows the machine, guided by a hoist,
to settle to the bottom of the seam as the cutting proceeds. With
its usual avidity the Soviet press has proclaimed the KIfl.'-1 as the
~ The PK-l, two models of which were built in 1941 by the Voro-
shilov Arms Plant in Krasnoyarsk.
~' In addition to the PK-2M, the USSR has been developing the
PPK-1 combine for horizontal development work in rock, which, it
is said; cuts a circular cross section 3 m ~_n diameter and which
has ueen fitted with a device to handle liquid gangue or other
waste products. It has been built experir:::ntally at the Kopeysk
Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov in the Ur~~.ls. 150
Following p . 91+ .
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world's first pneumatic-powered coal combine. 153/? It has been re-
ported that where used this machine has increased output by 2.5 times
and has done the work of 20 to 25 miners with pneumatic picks. Out-
put of the machine is said to have avera ed 000 MT per mcnth in one
mine. it was in production
at the Gorlovka Mining Equipment Plant and was being supplied to a
number of coal mines in the central Donbas 155/ (see Table 22').
f. Thin-Seam Coal Combine, UI~IG-1.
For low-coal 0.35 to 0.6 m thick, unsuited to the
higher and heavier Donbas combine, the USSR has been actively de-
veloping several special combines. Of these, the UI~IG, designed
by the Donets Scientific Research Institute of Coal in cooperation
with the Gorlovka plant, may be thought of as a simplified Donbas
combine. The principle of the ring-type cutter bar, characteristic
of the Donbas combine, is retained, but the breaker and flight con-
veyor are replaced by a series of blades mounted on the cutter chain.
Coal removed from the face by the cutter chain is shunted over to
the face conveyor by the moving blades. 157 Tests of the machine
were completed at the Gorlovka plant in December 1951, 158/ and five
of the machines were finished on 9 February 1952. 159 0.ccording to
the only press report of their operation in the field, the experi-
mental model, working seams from 0.~+ to 0.x+5 m thick in the Buden-
novugol' trust, is completing an entire cycle of the face each
shift. 160 ~~
~ The Leningrad Pnevma,~tika Plant has built a number of experi-
mental models of a new 30-hp pneumatic motor to run combines on
sharply sloping seams. Air drives have commonly been available
for mining machine use in the US and elsewhere for many years as
alternates to electric motors. 15~+
~ Credit for the invention of the KKP-1 has been given to A.V.
Topchiev, director of Giprouglemash, A.A. Pichugin; F.M. Balykov,
and others, all winners of Stalin prizes. It was thus designed by
a blue-ribbon cast and no doubt represents a serious attempt to mech-
anize the mining of steeply pitching seams. 156
~-x- P . ' 1Z~2, below .
~' Technical specifications of this machine have not yet been re-
ceived. It is similar in appearance to the ring-type combine, or
Rahmen-Schraemlader, of Soest-Ferrum, Duesseldorf. 161 ?
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g. Thin-Seam Coal Combine, UKT-1.
Another Soviet attempt to build a low-coal combine is
the UKT-1, intended for seams only 0.4 to 0.7 m thick (see ,Fig. 12~).
This machine, first mentioned in the press in 1950, was designed by
Giprouglemash at its experimental plant and unveiled in 1951. In
differing radically from. both the Donbas and Makarov combines, it
shows a remarkable similarity to the US-built Jeffrey "Colmol" inso-
far as the cutting principle is concerned. In fact, it might be
termed a longwall version of the Jeffrey machine, since it uses for
cutters a set of eccentric rotating bits similar to those of the
"Colmol." Coal broken down by these bits is thrown directly onto
the face conveyor without the aid of an intermediate conveyor. The
body of the machine, which trails behind the cutters, appears to be
a modified section of a standard longwall coal cutter. The narrow
width of the coal cutter body permits the machine to operate in the
limited space between the face and the conveyor, thereby facilitating
very close timbering as required by longwall work. Built at the
Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant in Kharkov, this combine was
reported as having boosted miners' productivity 1:5 times in tests
in the Donbas coal seams. According to press statements, the Kharkov
plant was scheduled to send dozens of the new machines to mines
throughout the country in 1951.E 162
In suuanary, it may be said that the Donbas combine
has been accepted as standard for coal of medium thickness and is in
greatest production of all the Soviet coal combines. The Makarov
combine for thick seams is too unwieldy and probably will be re-
placed by an improved machine, perhaps the VOM-2M. For low coal.
the USSR has both the UKMG-l, still under development, and the some-
what more seasoned UKT-1~. Both are relatively new and may have
to be improved and modified, but they have good possibilities. In
the hard-to-mine pitching seams, emphasis has. been upon the KF~-1
steep-pitch combine, driven by the air motor, despite certain in-
herent drawbacks in design. Finally, for development work, the PK-1
is available, though it appears to need further refinement.
~ Following p . 9~+ .
-~-~- For designing the UKT-1, Stalin prizes were awarded in March 1951
to A.D. Gridin, Ye.I. Kudryashev, A.A. Pichugin, and Y.Ya. Markulov.
-~-~ Reference should also be made to the Gorr~yak combine, another
experimental low_coal machine reported in 1952. 163
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7. Mobile Coal Loaders.
The USSR experimented with underground mobile coal load-
ers before World War II, but series production of these machines
dates from the end of the war. It should be understood_ that al-
thotzgh the USSR is very serious about mechanizing coal loading,
these mobile loaders, so common in the US, are too bulky for use
in long~~rall coal mining. The USSR intends to mechanize the loading
of longwall faces by means of coal combines. Mobile coal loaders
are, therefore, of use to the USSR either in the few shortwall min-
ing areas or principally for development work. It is for this rea-
son that they are often spoken of in the USSR as coal and rock
loaders. Two general types are in production and use: the rocker
shovel and the mobile conveyor type. Both are similar to equipment
that has been on the US market for a number of years.
a. Rock Loaders, UMP-1, EPM-l, and PML-5.
Rock loaders, rock shovels, or "mucking shovels" are
used in the US chiefly in loading rock, from ore mines to mine cars.
In the USSR they are employed in both underground metal mining and
coal mining. Their use in coal mining is limited chiefly to devel-
opment work. Like their US prototypes, these shovels consist of a
bucket-type loading device, a self-propelled chassis on flanged
wheels, and a discharge conveyor. They move forward on the rails
to the coal face, which has been previously drilled and blasted.
By maneuvering the vehicle, this material is workec_ into the bucket,
which is then elevated and dumps onto the self-contained conveyor.
The conveyor transfers the load to a narrow-gauge mine car. In the
US this equipment is generally pneumatically powered. In the USSR,
both electric and air-driven models are produced. The UMP-1 (see
Fig . 13-x) and the EPM-1 ( see Fig . 1~+~- ), developed between 19+8 and
1950, driven by electric motors, are of comparable output and differ
chiefly in the manner in which the bucket is operated (see
Table 10).--~ The lighter weight PML-5, driven by two pneumatic
* Following p. 9~+.
~ Following p. 94.
The UMP-1, powered by a single 20.5-kw motor, had a productivity
of 30 to ~+0 em per hour; the EPM-1 is operated by two 10.5-kw motors
and is rated at 30 to ~+5 cm per hour.
'~ Table 10 follows on p. 69.
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Rock Loaders 16~+
UMP-1
Unit ~M-510_} EPM-1 PML-5
Length
In Working Position _
m
6.82
2.~+ 2.35
In Traveling Position
m
6.x+3
1.75
Of Chassis without Bucket
and Conveyor
m
3.6
Width
In Working Position
m
1.65
1.6
In Traveling Position
m
1.29
1.~+
Height from Railhead
In Working Position
m
1.8
2.07
2.,2
In Traveling Position
m
1.6
2.05 ~
~~
Weight
MT
8.5
5.03 ~
2.75
Productivity cu m per hr
30 to 40
30 to 45
20
* Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or not applicable.
~ Footnotes for Table 10 follow on p. 71.
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Table 10
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Rock Loaders 16~+
(Continued)
Below Railhead
Above Railhead
Standard Boom m
2.15
Long Boom m
2 ~ 3~+
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Rock Loaders 16~+
(Continued)
UMP-1
Unit (OM-510)_ EPM-1 PML-5
Tramming Speed
Forward. m per-sec 0.73
Reverse m per sec 0.5~+
Conveyor Belt Speed m per sec 1.3
Price 165 rubles 52,300 50,000 25,000
a. With shovel up; 1.52 with shovel down.
b. In operation on horizontal; ~+.0~+ in operation on incline.
c. Hp; atmospheres of operating air pressure, ~+.5 tb 5; air consumptions ~+ cu m per minute.
d. Latest price available is for the PML-~+ (19+8) .
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motors, resembles the EPM-1 in construction.* The first two ma-
chines were designed by Giprouglemash and are built at the Tomsk Elec-
tromechanical Plant imeni Vakhrushev and the Toretsk Mining Equipment
Plant imeni Voroshilov at Druzhkovka, respectively. The PML-5, on the
other hand, was originally reported to be series produced in a plant
of the Ministx'y of Transport Machine Building. 166
its manufacture has been undertaken by the Svet Shakhtera
Mining Equipment Plant at Kharkov. 167 The EPM-1 was considered
good enough to sh~r at the Helsinki fair in June 1951. 168 These
machines are believed to be in current production. They are, however,
scheduled for further improvement, and, in accordance with the encour-
agement given to mechanization of the coal industry, newer types are
under developments 169 (see Table 24-x).
b. Coal Loaders, 5-153 and 0-5.
Underground coal loaders in use in the US today are
generally of the mobile conveyor type, such as the Joy 8-BU. By far
the greater percentage of the 4,348 mobile coal loaders in under-
ground use in US bituminous and anthracite coal mines in 1951 were
of this type. The US has built as many as 700 of these machines in
a single year. 170 In the US, although these machines have been
mounted on rails, caterpillar treads, and rubber tires the cater-
pillar-mounted type is in greatest current production. These machines
are employed in the US for shortwall mining, and, as such, they move
from room to room under their own power to load coal that has pre-
viously been undercut, drilled, and shot. The machines load onto
mine cars, conveyors, or rubber-tired shuttle cars. In the USSR
these machines, being too bulky for longwall loading, are employed
as are rocker shovels, in the loading of coal in preparatory work.
~ The PML-5 is driven by a pair of 10-hp air motors and is rated
at 20 cm per hour. The weights of the machines in Mr are UMP-l, 8.5;
EPM-l, 5.03; and PML-5, 2.75.
~' The PML-4 was built in 1950 at the Kommunist Mining Equipment
Plant at Krivoi Rog: The PHIL,-5 was probably built there too. In
1952 it was scheduled to go into production .at the Svet Shakhtera
Mining Machine Plant in Kharkov.
For example, the Yegorev, of which the first five were built
at Alma.-Ata in 1951; the Kizel L-1 and BCh-3 loaders, built at
Stalinsk in Western Siberia; and the ASP-2. No technical descrip-
tions. Qf these machines have yet been received.
x~ P. 153, below.
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Series production of this type of equipment, desig-
nated the 5-153 coal loader (see Fig. 15~), began in the USSR in
19+7, probably at the Sverdlovsk Transport Machinery Plant. The
machine is caterpillar-mounted. Two mechanical arms grab the coal
and pass it onto a single-chain scraper conveyor, which in turn de-
livers the coal to mine cars or an entry conveyor. The gathering
head can be raised or lowered by Y~ydraulic means. It is also pos-
sible to swing the end of the unloading conveyor ~+5 degrees in
either direction. Rated at~50 Mr per hour, this machine is just
short of 1 m in height and weighs ~+.2~+ MP, which puts it in the
class of the lightest-weight, low-coal models, as this equipment
would be rated in the US 171 j (see Table 2~+~) .
At the Svet Shakhtera plant in Kharkov the USSR
also builds the 0-5 coal loader, designed by D.G. Onika. It has
a somewhat more elaborate loading head, which discharges to a
self-contained belt conveyor, in contrast to the scraper conveyor of
the 5-153 and the US prototypes. The 0-5 is rated at 80 NfP per hour
and is 1.2 m high, although it weighs only ~+.7 MI'. Unlike the 5-153,
it is powered by two electric motors. 172 Less notice of this
loader appears in the Soviet press than of the 5-153 -- which may be
justification for believing the latter machine to figure mare pro-
minently in Soviet production (see Table 11).-~
At the end of 1951 it was reported that the Soviet
coal industry had 70 times as ma~r~y loaders for preparatory work as
in 19tFb. 173 As late as August 1951 it was reported that the load-
ers were being used in the mining of almost one-third of all hori-
zontal development drifts. 17~+ As long ago as 1950 it was claimed
that within the next 2 or 3 years the use of the UMP-l, the PML-5,
and the 5-153 coal loaders would bring the mechanization of rock and
coal loading up to 85 percent in mines being reconstructed. 175
Although both the 5-153 and the 0-5 mobile loaders
were designed for the underground loading of coal,-they can also be
used for the loading of other loose, dry materials of similar
* Following p . 91+ .
~ P. 153, below.
The 26-kw motor of the GTK-3 cutter is used to drive the gather-
ing head and crawlers, and a separate 1.75-kw motor drives the convey-
or belt.
--~ Table 11 follows on p. 7~+?
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Hourly Capacity
Continuous Capacity
23.5 26
17.0
Maximum Lift of Head above Floor
Maximum Lowering of Head below Floor m
Speed
0.35
0.15
Linear m per min 17.5
Maneuvering m per min 10.x+
Working m per min 1.65
Belt Conveyor m per sec 1.0
a. Conveyor Motor TAG-22 , 1.75 kw.
~' Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or
are not applicable.
_7~_
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physical characteristics, either underground or above ground. Having
in its possession both rocker shovels and conveyor-type loaders of
its own manufacture-that have been tested and are in series produc-
tion, the USSR may be thought of as being in a good technical posi-
tion from the point of view of both design and manufacture to breal~
the bottleneck of hand loading in the development of new coalmine
passages. When added to its complement of coal combines and cutter--
loaders for use in the mining of longwall faces, this equipment,
built in quantity, and if properly used and maintained, should '
enable the USSR to increase greatly its coal output and at the same
time reduce the amount of labor assigned to coal mining.
8. Underground Coal Mine Conveyors.
a. Shaker Conveyors.
Before World War II the USSR used large numbers of
shaker conveyors in its coal mines for transporting coal from the
face to gathering conveyors. Although these conveyors are simpler
to build than chain or belt conveyors and are the least expensive
of the three types, they have their limitations. Shaker convey-
ors work well on downgrades but are limited to upgrades of a very
few degrees. Although suitable for moving coal out of an area, they
are less satisfactory for moving materials into an area. When shaker
conveyors are used, it is therefore necessary to provide a supple-
mentary transportation system to bring in supplies such as pit props
and tools. Zasyad'ko, Minister of the Coal Industry, announced early
in 1951 that the shaker conveyors, formerly employed for conveying
coal, had a low productivity, were unreliable, and restricted the
productivity of the new machinery. They were, he said, being re-
placed by chain,or scraper, conveyors, which had been developed in
1948 and 1949. ~~-~ Current production of coal mine conveyors in
the USSR, it is believed, consists chiefly of the chain and belt types.
~ Although the USSR had developed at least half a dozen types of
shaker conveyors in the DK series only the DK-5, rated at 17 Nfr per
hour, and the DK-19, rated at ~9 1~II' per hour, were listed in the 1948
Soviet coal mining machinery price list. 178
This replacement of the shaker conveyors also eliminates the duck-
bill loading head from serious consideration in Soviet coal mining.
The USSR experimented with a new duckbill loader the KUP-48, as .late
as 1848, when several were built at the Svet Sha~htera plant in
Kharkov. 179/ This design employed a flexible feed. The duckbills,
however, would be of more'use for end loading than side loading..
This factor limits their applicability to develo~ent work rather than
to outright production.
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b. Chain, or Scraper, Conveyors.
Chain, or scraper, conveyors are used extensively in
Soviet coal mines. As their name implies, they consist of an end-
less steel chain to which scrapers are attached and which move coal
by scraping it along a trough. Such conveyors are rugged, are rel-
atively easy to move about, can move coal up grades of 35 degrees,
and may be reversed so as to bring, materials to the coal face. 180
For these reasons, they are employed most extensively in the USSR
as face conveyors.. In this service they run parallel to the mine
face and can be designed as long as most longwall faces. So used,
the entire conveyor must be moved after each advance into the coal
seam. This operation may be accomplished by hand or by the use of
air-driven jacks. They are also used in preparatory passages, how-
ever, and wherever else shortwall mining methods are employed. In
such instances the troughs are extended, and new sections of chain
are added after each advance of the coal face. The fact that~by the
end of 1951, chain conveyors comprised 90 percent of all Soviet coal
mine conveyors indicates the extent to which shaker conveyors have
been replaced and suggests that rubber belt conveyors have found
only a limited use in the Soviet coal mines. 181 The chain and
scrapers ride in dismountable steel troughs, about 2.5 m in length.
The conveyor is generally powered by an electric motor of from
~+.5 to 29 kw or more, depending on conveyor length and rated ton-
nage per hour. This motor is mounted on a portable driving head,
which may weigh as much as 1 MI' or more. Tension is taken up in
the comreyor tail. Flashproof motors are widely used on this and
other Soviet coal mining equipment. 182
More than a dozen .models of scraper conveyors have
been built by the USSR: Scraper conveyors are widely used in Europe
and the US, and Soviet designs do not appear to differ radically
from Western practices (see Table 12).~ Models believed to be in
current production include the ST2-5, which delivers ~+5 MI' per hour
over the short span of 29 m. The ST2-11 was designed to deliver
60 MI' per hour in horizontal seams of 70 m in length or up to 100 m
on the level, with a reduced output. On downgrades it is said to
be capable of operating up to a distance of 150 m. For longer dis-
tances, ST2-11's can be used in tandem. The ST2-11, which is re-
ported to be capable of serving dipping seams up to 20 degrees and
mounting-seams up to 30 degrees, can function in coal as low as
~' Table-l2 follows on p. 78.
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0.65 m thick. The ST -11 was severely criticized in the Soviet tech-
nical press in May 190 by two of the designers of the Donbas coal
combine,- who charged that its capacity of 60 Mr per hour required
that the combine be held down to its second speed of 0.54 m per min-
ute. At its third speed of 0.81 m per minute, they asserted, the
combine could produce 65 to 80 MT per hour even in a seam of only
0.8 m in thickness.-~-~ They also objected that the ST2-11 could op-
erate for a distance of only 100 m, whereas 82.6 percent of the Don-
bas mine faces ran longer than 100 m. 183
For coal faces in slightly sloping seams of 1 m
or more in thickness, the rugged STR-30- (see Fig. 5-~) was de-
signed with a capacity of 60 MI' per hour and a total length of 100 m.
Its construction permits the blasting of coal from the face onto the
conveyor itself, thus eliminating much of the loading operation.
Originally it was intended that the conveyor be taken down after each
cycle and reassembled in the new position. Later, mechanical means
were devised to move the conveyor intact. To facilitate this move-
ment and to adapt to irregularities in the seam, the STP-30 was de-
veloped, characterized by troughs with articulated joints, which per-
mit an adaptation to the slope of 4 degrees per trough. On both of
these conveyors, two chains are used, and the flights are fastened
between the chains.l84 For low coal the SKT-6 single-plane con-
veyor was put into production at the Svet Shakhtera plant in Kharkov
in 1950. It is rated at 25 MT per hour, can be extended to 100 m,
and is on],y about 0.4 m high. 185
The USSR displayed three of~its newer scraper con-
veyors at the Helsinki fair in June 1951. For use in thin coal seams,
the low-capacity 25-MI'-per-hour SItT-36 conveyor was shown. It fea-
tured the same model flashproof motor as the SKR-11 with push-button
control. For medium capacity loads, the SKR-11 conveyor of 50 MI' per
hour was exhibited. This conveyor may be reversed to transport timber
~ V.N. Khorin and A.D. Sukach.
max- Khorin and Sukach maintained that the inadequacy of the conveyor
was even greater in a seam of 1.2 to 1.4 m, where at second speed the
combine could produce 70 to 90 Mr per hour.
~--x-~ S refers to scraper; T, to conveyor; R, to dismountable; 30, to
kw. Its chief designer was Stalin prize-winner Nikolay Deomidich Sa-
moylyk of Giprouglemash, who also designed several other scraper con-
veyors.
-~-~-*- Following p . 94 .
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Scraper Conveyors- 186
Unit ST-5 ST2-5 ST3-5 STS-5 ST-10 ST-11 ST2-11 STP-30 STR-30 STZ-11 SKT-6
Production of Coal MP per hr 50 45 50 30 30 60 60 120 ~*~ 120 J 65 25
on Horizontal
Length m 29 29 49.5 50 60 70 70 100 100 70 100
Speed m per sec 0.6 0.54 0.56 0.5 0.62 0.525 0.4 0.34 0.34
0.515 0.515 0.3
Motor type TAG-32/4 TAG-32/4 TAG-32/4 TAG MA-143-1/4 MA-143-1/4 MA-144-2/4 MA-144-2/4 MA-143-1/4
Motor Power kw 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 8.0 11.4 11.4 20.5 & 20.5 &
29 29
Length
1,500
1,618
2,445
1,500
2;630
1,630
1,927
2,032
1,970
width
1,025
1,490
1,532
910
945
1,136
1,185
1,550
1,466
1,094
Height
605
580
575
650
475
740
560
900
900
403
Weight
k;~
420 .
484
660
320
1,045
1,039
1,526
1,565
757
Tension Head
Length
mm
830
830
830
1,600
1,600
1,805
1,170
width
580
580
580
790
790
820
1,104
Height
320
320
320
296
296
380
378
Weight
kg
111
111
116
167.5
167.5
185
262
*~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or are not applicable.
**~ Footnote for Table 12 follows on p. 79?
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Scraper Conveyors 186
(Continued
Unit
ST-5
ST2-5
ST3-5
STS-5 ST-10
ST-11
ST2-11
B2*P_30
STR-30
STZ-11
SKT-6
Scraper Chain
Length
mm
70
70
70
40
80
80
80
80
Length between Scrapers
490
490
490
480
480
800
489
Scraper Height
Prough Dimensions
65
65
65
50
50
Length
mm
2,500
2,435
2,435
2,435
2,740
2,740
1,500
1,545
Width
500
500
500
485
524
524
820
600
800
Height
-
238
238
238
325
252
252
220
188
230
97
Weight
kg
83
91
91
103
103
150
122
~?
S
ee Table 13
, p. 1, b
elow.
jlr
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or other materials to~the mine face. For heavy-duty work, such as
in connection with the new coal-cutting and loading combines, the
SK-20, a high-capacity conveyor, was demonstrated, capable of moving
up to 130 M1' per hour.* Aside wall was fitted to the troughing to
act as a backstop when used with a continuous mining machine. An
observer of these three conveyors at the Helsinki fair reported them
to have been built of mixed welded and bolted construction and to be
of fair quality. 187 It was planned that in 1951, new, heavier,
and longer scraper conveyors would be designed, suitable for working
with the increasing number of coal combines 188 (see Table 25~).
c. Belt Conveyors.
Belt conveyors can be built to serve greater distances
than scraper conveyors, and belts also consume less power and operate
more quietly. Belt conveyors, however, also cost more to build, and
unless they are handled carefully, the belt is subject to expensive
damage. Present indications are that the USSR does not employ belt
conveyors so extensively as it does scraper conveyors. It does, how-
ever, build a series of belts, for face, develo~unent, and gathering
locations. The RT-5 and RT3-5 are rated at 60 MP per hour over a
distance of 30 m on a level grade. -They employ three-ply belting
600 ~ in width. The RTZ-15 is rated at 100 MC per hour under sim-
ilar conditions (see Table 1~-~-~ and is said to be capable of op-
erating over a distance of 200 m with a four- or five-ply belt 700 ~
wide. This length would suffice for more than 90 percent of the long=
wall faces in the Donbas. 189 For coal seams of more than 1.2 m in
thickness, where the output is relatively high, the RTU-30 conveyor
has been developed, said to be capable of delivering 80 to 180 MI'
per hour, depending on the size of the driving unit used.~~ This
conveyor requires a belt 700 ~ in width and can be extended to 300 m.
It is said to be capable of working elevations up to 15 degrees. In
* Thus the SK-20 was rated as even more productive than the SK-30
which Khorin and Sukach cited as a possible answer to the need for a
longer and more productive conveyor for use with the new combines
(see Table 13, which follows on p. 81 ~. The SK-30,built experimen-
tally~at the Svet Shakhtera plant in Kharkov in 1950, was rated at
100 MI' per hour but was said to be capable of hauling coal for a
distance of 180 m on a downgrade of 10 to 12 degrees.
~ P. 160, below.
Table 14 follows on p . 82 .
~ With motors of 15, 21.5, and 29 kw, this conveyor is said to be
capable of speeds of 0.67, 1.0, and 1.5 m per second, respectively.
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Comparison of the Soviet SK-30 Scraper Conveyor with Earlier Soviet Types 190
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Belt Conveyors
for Face and Development Work 191
Type of Conveyor
Unit
RT'-5
RT3-5
RTZ-15
Production on bevel ~
MT per hr
60
60
100
Length
m
30
30
200
Belt Speed
m per sec
1.0
1.0
0.750.9
Belt Width
mm
600
600
700
Belt Ply
3
3
~+-5
Motor Ppwer ~ .
kw
~+ ? 5
~G-32/x+-t+.5
l~ ? 5
Drive Dimensions
mm
MA-171-2/~+-5.3
Length
1,850
1,980
3,070
Width
896
1,160
2,075
Height
4~+6-550-672 a/~
_ ,.650-760-870 J
800
a. Footnote for Table l~+ follows on p. 83.
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Technical Characteristics of Soviet Belt Conveyors
for Face and Development Work 191
(Continued)
Type of Conveyor
Unit
RT-5
RT3-5
RTZ-15
Tension Head mm
Length _
x+10
930
1,650
Width
1, 026
1, 0~+6
1,100
Height
24 5
270
~+~+0
Length per Section mm
2,070
2,028
2,000
Weight of Drive Section
with Motor
kg
522
552
1,370
a. According to the position of the head, equals lower, middle, or upper.
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addition, several longer, heavier-duty conveyors have been built, such
as are suitable for gathering together the delivery of several of the
secondary conveyor units. There is also evidence that the USSR builds
conveyors suitable for lifting coal up a considerable slope and out
of the mine to the pit head without the use of cages and cars. Where
high output is needed, such as for collecting the coal from several
feeder belts, the RTU-250, with a 1,000-mm belt, is rated as having
a capacity of 250 MI' per hour.* 192 In 1950 the Svet Shakhtera plant
in Kharkov was reported to have begun production of a newer belt,
the LKU-250, also rated at 250 N!I' per hour and especially designed
for operation on slopes. Working on an 8-degree slope, this conveyor
is rated at 250 NFr per hour over a distance of 200 m.-~-~ 193/ The
USSR also builds a conveyor of 300 N?~ per hour, the RTU-300, which
requires a 1,200-mm belt, can raise coal 18 degrees, and span a dis-
tance of 150 m. 194
In summary, it may be concluded that in designing
equipment for conveyor coal mining, the USSR has been as active as
it has in the designing of cutters and loaders. It has rejected the
easy-to-build shaker conveyors for the more productive scrapers and
belts. At the same time, it has emphasized the more rugged scraper
conveyors rather than the still more productive but also more tem-
peramental belt conveyors (see Table 25-x-).
9? Coal Mine Locomotives.
Because the USSR mines principally by means of longwall
methods, coal mine cars are not ordinarily brought to the coal face.
~ The RTU-250, with a 61-kw motor, moves at 1.07 m per second
and can be operated at elevations of 15 degrees.
~ This conveyor requires an MA-146-1/6 motor, of 46 kw, and a
belt 900 rrun wide. Two drive pulleys are employed, together with
a gravity take up system. It is assumed that all of these con-
veyors are of the semitrough type. No information has been received
as to types of idlers or idler bearings used on this equipment.
It is not known, therefore, whether use is made of precision
bearings.
The RT-300, with a 61-kw motor, operates at 1 m per second ,
and can be operated at an elevation of 18 degrees.
-~ If the idler angle is too great, a belt conveyor becomes
unstable; if too small, tonnage is lost. The USSR also builds a
group of belt conveyors for use in open pits. 195
~ P. 160, below.
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If this were done, the rails paralleling the mine face would have to
be moved forward after each advance into the coal seam. Since con-
veyors are more easily moved than tracks, conveyors are therefore
used at the face in horizontal seams. In sloping seams, gravity
chutes are extensively employed~(Table 5~-), limiting the use of mine
cars and locomotives to main-line haulage and to the transport of
coal from development passages that are destined to become mine
haulageways. For these purposes, the USSR has been building an
extensive array of coal mine locomotives since before World War II.
At least three kinds of trolley-type coal mine loco-
motives are believed to be in production for main-line haulage in
Soviet mines. These range in weight from 6.5 to 14 NII' and are
built in gauges from 550 to-900 mm, depending on their weight.
All are driven by two motors. In power these machines extend from
the 41.2-kw hourly rated, 6.5-NIP locomotive to the 92-kw, 14-MT
model (see Table 15).~ Power per ton of weight is roughly
comparable to US equipment. It does not appear, however, that the
USSR builds coal mine locomotives in the size range of the heaviest
US models.. The bulk, if not all, of these heavy-duty Soviet loco-
motives are built in the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni
Voroshilov at Druzhkovka in the Ukraine and at the Aleksandrovsk
Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov at Kopi in the Urals.
Motors are supplied by the Moscow Dynamo Electric Plant imeni
Kirov. 196
For light duty, such as the spotting of coal mine cars,
the USSR builds a 3.2-MT single-motor locomotive with a two-wheel
drive and an 11.4-kw motor. For service in gassy mines, two medi~-
weight storage-battery locomotives are available, weighing 8 and
8.5 MT, respectively, with power ratings of 15.2 and 18.2 kw. A
small 2-Nfr storage battery spotting locomotive is also built, at
the Gorr~yak Mining Equipment Plant in Kutaisi, for miscellaneous.
tasks where trolley service is deemed inadvisable (see Table 15).
In the field of mine locomotives, several Soviet post-
war developments are of importance. It is definitely planned to
~ P. 22, above.
-~* Table 15 follows on p. 87.
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increase the electric mine locomotives in size so as to enable
them to haul larger cars and longer trains. To make this possible,
it was declared in 1951 that the mine haulage systems must be re-
vamped. Light rails are to be replaced with heavier track, and
track is to be laid on gravel ballast to permit use of~the new 10-
to 14-M1' locomotives. 197
Of considerable importance technically has been the
development by the USSR of alternating-current (AC) mine locomotives.
These machines, employing polyphase squirrel-cage motors, make it
unnecessary to convert the AC delivered to the mines to direct cur-
rent (DC) for traction purposes, thus saving the cost of motor
generator sets or rectifiers. Because condensers are used in start-
ing these motors, the locomotives have been termed condenser loco-
motives in the Soviet press. The first condenser-type mine loco-
motive was built in. 1943 under the direction of S.A. Volotkovskiy-~
and was operated for about a year in the Yegorshinugol' trust.
After the war, in 1946, another condenser locomotive was designed
by Giprouglemash and built by the Moscow Power Institute imeni
Molotov in collaboration with the Moscow Dynamo Electric Plant.
After it had been tested in the Donbas, a series of.condenser-type
locomotives was built. Stalin prizes were awarded in 1949 for the
development of this new type of locomotive,~-~- one model of which
was believed to be in production in 1950. Denoted the KE-1 and
built around the mechanical part of the 6.5-ICI' II-TR-2 locomotive,
this machine weighs the same as its DC counterpart and exerts
approximately the same tractive force. 198 If continued references
in the press are an acceptable indicator, these machines are prov-
ing acceptable in practice. 199
Another recent Soviet experiment is the combination
trolley and storage-battery locomotive. Such machines could be
converted to battery operation in gassy places and back to trolley
operation in the gas-free sections of their run, thus presumably
prolonging the life of the storage batteries. A series of such
combination locomotives was designed by Giprouglemash and built
experimentally at the Toretsk locomotive factory at Druzhkovka in
~ At the V.V. Vakhrushev Mining Institute at Sverdlovsk.
~' The awards were shared by Professor V.E. Rosenfeld,
Academician V.S. Kulebakin, Engineer O.A. Nekrasov, and others.
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Table 15
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Electric Coal ~'liiie Locomotives 200
Voltage
v
250
250
250
385
380
250
100
120
Hourly Capacity
amp
95
95
210
26
36
55
44
44
97
Continuous Capacity
amp
34
34
84
17
27.5
25
40
Speed
Hourly
rpm
422
g10
Continuous
rpm
454
934
~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate th2t data are not available or are not applicable.
~ Footnotes for Table 15 follow on p~ 89.
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Table 15
Technical Characteristics of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives 200
(Continued)
DC Battery Locomotives
AC Condenser Type KE-1 DC Car
II-TR~-2 YU-10-600 Spotters AK-2
Unit II-TR-3 YfJ-10-900 N-TR-4 2p12 2p6 1-TL-lm II-AR-1 II-AR-2 "Karlik"
Battery
Number of Elements
Average Discharge Voltage v
Capacity amp-hr
EP-370 EP-370
EZhN-350 EzhN-350 EP-250
50/80 6o/g6 ~ 20
gs lla 40
370/350 37oI35o 250
Where Built Toretsk Aleksand- Toretsk Toretsk Toretsk Aleksand- Gor~yak
rovsk rovsk
Price 201 rubles 36,000 38,000 27,000 3+,000 ' 34,000 30,000
a. Anew standard for electric mine locomotives, GOST 50 - g, provides. that, henceforth, trolley-type electric mine locomotives shall bear the letters KR, preceded by
the weight in metric tons and followed by the gauge in millimeters. Thus the II-TR-2 becomes the 7KR-600. Under the new COST, explosion-proof storage battery mine
locomotives will bear the designation ARV; those for use in gas-free mines will be denoted ARN; combination types are to be termed AKR (A refers to storage battery;
K, to contact; and R, to mine}. Weights and gauges will be .indicated in each case by the new GOST.
b, Including battery.
c. The KE-1 is built around the mechanical parts of the II-TR-2 locomotive.
d. Including battery box.
e. Continuous power rating.
f. Power coefficient.
g. Squirrel-cage type.
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the Donbas. The fact that they are in the two-motor class and
weigh approximately 8 Mr puts them in the middle range of Soviet
locomotive weights. Series production of two was begun by the
Toretsk plant, but production was halted in 19+9. This measure,
it was stated, was temporary, taken to devise a method to charge
the batteries from the trolley line while the machines were in
operation. Whether production has been resumed is not known.. 202
It may be concluded that the USSR has had enough
experience to produce satisfactory electric coal mine loco-
motives, although it does not build so many sizes as are built
in the US. Emphasis is being placed on the development of
larger types, although these would be regarded as of middle
size in the US. US machines may also contain more engineering
refinements in the way of hydraulic sanders, air brakes, special
insulation, and roller bearings. However, in the building of
AC locomotives and combination trolley-battery locomotives, the
USSR indicates its willingness to experiment with new equipment
3esigned to achieve operating and constructional economies (see
Table 26-x-) .
10. Coal Mine Cars.
The manufacture of coal mine cars is a simpler opera-
tion than the production of arty of the foregoing types of machinery.
In the case of mine cars, the essential objective is to produce
them economically in sufficient quantity to meet needs and of such
a rugged structure as to withstand hard service. It is known that
the USSR builds mine cars by assembly-line methods: 203 It also
~ These machines were denoted the- II-TAR-lm and II-TAR-2m.
Another pair in the same range, but with cabs at each end,. has
been designed at the Aleksandrovsk Mining Equipment Plant
imeni Voroshilov at Kopi in the Urals. Whether these are in
production is not known. They are denoted the II-TAR-4 and II-TAR-S..
Combination trolley-battery locomotives are not unknown in the US.
-~-~ P. 162, below.
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builds them in large quantities and in more plants than arty of the
machinery hitherto discussed. It builds a number of models and
sizes, the most common ranging from 1 to 3 MP in capacity in both
dumping and nondumping styles. 204 Between 1941 and 1950 the
number of large cars increased by 40 percent, and the number in
the 1-NFP class rose by 4.5 times. 205 Whether these cars are
as rugged as those built in the US or whether they last as long
is doubtful.
From the sheer variety of coal mining machines de-
signed since the end of World War II by the USSR, ~t is apparent
that the mechanization of coal mining is a matter of high pri-
ority. Engineering talent and research facilities have been ex-
tended to the coal mining equipment industry with an almost
lavish hared. There is no doubt that the USSR is familiar with
the experience of the West in this field and that where possible
it has followed in Western footsteps. Where its technology has
deviated from that of the West, it has not hesitated to strike
out on its own to design equipment suited to its special needs.
Specifical7,y, the USSR has given more attention than arty other
nation to the development of continuous miners for longwall
mining. In coal- of medium height it has been successful; in low
coal its machines show practical possibilities; and in high coal
it still has much work to do. At the same time, it has deemed
it worth the effort to design special machinery for steeply
pitching seams and for entry driving. If this last effort suc~
ceeds, the USSR may be able to dispense with coal and rock
loaders such as are used in the US.
Where Western designs have been suitable to its
needs, the USSR has not hesitated to borrow.- Thus its coal
loaders and coal mine conveyors, locomotives, and cars emulate
conventional' Western practices. In general, the USSR has
copied the smaller and lighter machines. Since the war it
has built heavier and more powerful locomotives and longer
and more commodious conveyors. Its heavy locomotives, however,
are still of middle weight by US standards. Likewise, its
conveyors are not yet up to the productive capacity of its
continuous coal miners.
92 -
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In its effort to achieve the maximum mechanization of
coal mining, the USSR has made many mistake s. and has had to aban-
don some designs entirely. Almost every machine that it has pro-
duced has had to be modified and improved over a period of several
years before proving acceptable for production. Regardless of
this drain on its economy, however, the USSR has abided by its
.decision to develop its own coal mining equipment industry and to
meet by mechanical means its plans for the production of coal.
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Figure 3. Soviet Longwall Coal Cutter, MV-60.
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Figure ~+. Soviet Universal Coal Cutter, VTU-l.
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Figure 5. Soviet Cutter-Loader, VPM-l,
on Soviet Scraper Conveyor, STR-30.
Figure 6. Soviet Coal Planer.
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Figure 8. Donbas Coal Combine.
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~.~~;
~ _ ~~
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~ ~- ~
~~ ~ ~~
_ _~"~``''h,a,R`-~-~_ _~-'~'~'~~ ~l ~+r+ s "tea ..~..~,..r
~-.:.~~
.
._ = ~!-
Soviet Ring-Type Coal Cutter, VK-l.
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Figure 10. Soviet Coal Combine, VOM-2.
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Figure 11. Model of the Kim-1, Soviet Pneumatically Driven Combine
for Working Steeply Pitching Coal Seams.
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Figure 12. Soviet Coal Combine, UKT-l, for Working Thin Coal Seams.
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Figure 13. Soviet Rock Loader, UNIP-l.
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Figure 14. Soviet Rock Loader, EPM-l.
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Figure 15. Soviet Coal Loader, 5-153-
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IV . Re quirement s .
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As the result of intensive. building of new coal mining machinery
since the war, the Soviet coal mines are now well equipped with modern
coal cutters, loaders, conveyors, and locomotives. Newly devised coal
combines are also entering the mines in considerable numbers. This new
equipment has replaced obsolete and worn-out machinery, has augmented
labor productivity, and has at the same time helped to increase the
annual output of coal. It is believed, however, that the Soviet coal
mines do not have any reserve stockpiles of new machinery, nor do the
Russians have so much machinery in service as to enables them to expand
the output of coal to the extent of the 2~+ million or 25 million N1T per
year called for by the national plans, without receiving generous
annual increments of new e quipment.~-
Of Soviet intentions regarding the coal mining machinery
industry during the current Five Year Plan (1.951-55), little is known
directly except that the government must assist the coal mines to ex-
pand output as required by the plan. Although no plan has been
published for the coal mining equipment industry per se, it is believed
from available knowledge of Soviet mining methods and the recent
performance of Soviet coal mining equipment that an estimate can be
made of the needs of the USSR for coal mining equipment.
Such a calculation must take into account (1) planned increase
in output of coal, (2) allotments for the replacement of worn-out
equipment, and (3) allocations for the extension of mechanization. In
the case of coal cutters, re quirements can be computed from known out-
puts per machine. From a knowledge of the number of cutters in actual
use it is possible to reason to an approximation of the number of
operational coal faces. Knowledge of the number of operational coal
faces may in turn assist in estimating the number of preparatory
faces, together with the number of face conveyors. From these data,
per machine . 206
~ See I, above .
-~ By means of the "single-cycle" movement, already referred to, the
USSR hopes to reorganize and schedule production in such a way as to
improve the over-all efficiency of equipment now in the mines. The
object of this effort is for every crew to complete an entire mining.
cycle in each working day, which would re quire that each longwall
face be cut, broken down, loaded, and prepared for the next advance.
Sizable gains have been reported as a result of this drive, but it
does not yet appear to have had drastic effects on over-all output
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further estimates can be made of the re quirements for both loaders and
locomotives. If export needs also be considered, it may be possible
tq arrive at a rough estimate of the total number of machines that
must be produced each year to meet Plan re quirements in the USSR and
to cover the needs of the less industrialized Soviet Satellites.
In the instance of coal cutters and combines, productivity
may be estimated from data on percentage of coal extracted by each
method (see Table 3~), together with annual inventories (Tables 1-~-~
and 29~-~-~). The annual productivity of Soviet heavy coal cutters
since 1846 has ranged from 31,233 MT in 1946 to 23,178 MT in 1949,
the last year for which reliable data are directly available.
Soviet press statements claim a 16-percent increase in productivity
for the first quarter of 1951 as compared with the equivalent
period of 1949. 207 If these figures be generalized for the
whole of both years, then the 19"51 productivity may be assumed to
have been of the order of 28,000 NFL'. On this basis it can be
reasoned that about 36 cutters would be needed to mine 1 million
NPI' of coal and that about 725 cutters would be needed each year
through 1955 to mine the planned annual increments of 20 million
MT.~~-~ These re quirements would be subject to some downward
adjustment, depending on how much further it is possible to increase
the output per cutter.
This calculation is complicated, however, by the fact that
the USSR is rapidly increasing the prgportion of combines to cutters.
Back in 1949 the 300 combines~~ in use during the year mined
9,598,000 MT, or about 32,000 NFC per machine. The output per
combine is said to have exceeded that of cutters by 32 percent in
the first quarter of 1950 which is compatible with the computed 1949
output per cutter. in 9 months of 1950
the output per combine actually in use averaged about 4,556 NIT per
month, or about 55,000 NPP per year. 208 In August 1951 the
*
P.
19 ,
above.
~~
P .
15 ,
above .
~-~
P.
182,
below.
-~-~~
Calculated from Tables 1 and 3 (pp. 15 and 19, above), using
inventories for the middle of the year .
-~~--~ Assuming that of the 24 million N1T, 4 million MT will be mined
from open-pit operations.
~~ 'Includes planers and cutter-loaders. See III, above, for
technical characteristics of these machines.
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efficiency of combines was reported to have increased almost 60 percent
in 2 years . 209 At the close of 1951 the efficiency of combines for
the year was said to have risen 19 percent. 210 It is estimated that
this would bring the output of .combines up to 5,000 MT per year at
the end of 1951. At this rate, only 16 combines would be needed to
mine 1 million MT of coal. However; since there is a fine difference
between output figured against total inventory and output per combine
in use as reported by the USSR, it may be assumed that the need
would be closer to 20 combines per million MT.
In any event,' it may be reported that to mine 20 million
additional MT of coal per year, the USSR has the. choice of building
about 725 longwall coal cutters or about 400 coal combines.' Since
it is the announced purpose of the USSR to increase further the
mechanization of coal mined both in entryways and from face opera-
tions, there will be an additional demand for coal cutters and
particularly for coal combines. According to one statement, it is
planned that ,by the end of 1954, 70 percent of the loading of coal
at the face will be mechanized. 211 This plan is significant, though
ambitious, because the measure of the mechanization of the loading of
coal at the working face is also a good indicator of the number of
combines in use at the fa.ce.-~~ At current rates of combine productivity
this program would require an inventory of the order of 4,000 combines
and would for technical reasons entail the replacement of most of
the cutters. It is therefore suggested that this plan be~written
off as a long-run goal which will not be achieved by 1955? In view,
however, of the realities of the supply situation over the last
several years, it is not unlikely that the USSR may be planning to
augment the number of combines in domestic use by 200 to 275 units per
year during the remainder of the present Five Year Plan (1951-55)
while at the same time maintaining a high production of standard
longwall coal cutters. In such a,n event, the object would be not only
to meet the planned expansion of coal output but also to mechanize the
portion of the output now cut by pneumatic picks or blasted from the
solid, a quantity that might still have totaled 30 to 35 percent of the
entire product at the end of 1951.
~ A range of at least plus or minus 10 percent should be applied to
these estimates.
~~ Reasoned from the fact that coal loaders are too cumbersome to
use at longwall faces. Therefore, Soviet longwall faces are loaded
either by hand or by coal combines.
~~ If 70 percent of the coal cut at the face is mechanically loaded,
it is necessarily loaded by combines. Therefore, only 30 percent
would be cut by standard longwall coal cutters.
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How many machines will be available to extend mechanization
depends in turn on the quality of the pre sent inventory of equipment .
If future replacement demands are high, then there will be little
opportunity to substitute new equipment for operations now performed
by hand methods. In fact, replacements have been unusually high in
the postwar period. It is believed that this condition resulted
not only from a deliberate effort to renew all the prewar equipment
but also to dispose pf the machines that were built in haste shortly
after the end of the war. In the case of coal cutters it is
estimated that the prewar inventory was finally disposed of during
19+8. Generous retirements, however, were also made subsequent to
that time, probably resulting from an effort to replace the lighter
cutters such as the GTK-3 and 3M models with the heavier KMl'-1 or
MV-60 machines. Current Soviet retirement rates appear to be based
on a longevity of only 5.6 years. US manufacturers have advised
that although their equipment will last 20 years, it is general .
practice to replace it after only 10 years. 212 If it continues to
be necessary for the USSR to replace coal cutters at the rate of 18
to 20 percent per year, the Russians may find it difficult to provide
enough new cutters to meet the need for expansion and still achieve
progress toward complete mechanization. The likelihood is that
strong efforts will be made to~ improve design, to build longer life
into the equipment, to educate miners in machine care, and to improve
the machine maintenance policy.
Practical coal combines have not been in use long enough for
much evidence .to be available as to their lasting qualities. The
early experimental models were generally short-lived. .Although the
Donbas combine is relatively simple in construction, it is undoubtedly
more subject to wear than the heavy MV-60 cutter, which is one of its
component parts. It is hardly likely that combines will last more than
5 years under Soviet conditions. At current rates, therefore, the
re quirement for Soviet coal mining machinery includes an allowance of
not much less than 800 to 850 replacement cutters and 75 replacement
combines per year.
-~ Elaborate overhaul schedules have been established, which, if
carried out, would probably extend considerably the life of Soviet
coal cutters. Under hard cutting conditions these provide for weekly
overhauls, for current overhauls eight times per year, for inter-
mediate overhauls three times per year, and for annual capital over-
hauls. 213
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In summary, then, it may be stated that to mine 20 million
additional MT of coal per year by underground methods from 1952 until
1955, the USSR will need each year about,~+00 combines or 725 coal
cutters. It will have had to replace during 1952 approximately 75 com-
bines and 825 coal cutters. Any additional production will be
available for the modernization of older methods of coal mining or
for export purposes. In evaluating the strength of demand as between
coal cutters and combines, it is clear that the die will be cast in
favor of the latter. Nat only do combines produce more coal per unit
of inputs into machinery but also they mechanize coal loading and
therefore release labor for other purposes.
On a regional basis the Donbas area is to date the most
mechanized in terms of both cutters and combines. Hence within the
Donbas the primary need will be for new types of combines, such as
the UKT-1, the UKMG, and the Gornyak, to mechanize mining in thin seams.
There is alsc3 a need for a combine such as the experimental KKP-1 to
operate in steeply pitching seams, where pneumatic picks are currently
used and where the output per man is low. In the Moscow and Kuznets
basins there is still a strong but apparently unrequited demand for
a combine to mine the thick seams to which the Donbas combine is
poorly suited. Should the VOM-2 or similar machine be perfected, it
will find a good market in these areas.
The requirements for loaders, conveyors, locomotives, and
other equipment cannot be computed so closely or so directly as can
the requirements for cutters and combines. Indirect calculations can
be made, however, based in part on the number of cutters and combines
and in part on the character of Soviet mining methods. It has been
reasoned in this report that under longwall mining conditions the'
coal and rock loaders are used chiefly in development work. Opening
of the preparatory passages by present methods is slow work, which
does little more than keep up with the progress of the mine face.
The preparatory passages are so far apart that cutters and loaders
assigned to such places cannot shuttle from point to point in the
mine as in shortwall work and cannot operate continuously as in long-
wall work. To mechanize the mining of preparatory passages with
presently available equipment would therefore require that one cutter
and one loader be assigned to each place. The number of such places,
it is reasoned, would be approximately the same as the number of
~ See III, above.
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operational coal faces, thus tying up much costly equipment from which
little increase in productivity could be secured from either men or
machines. For the time being, therefore, it appears to be economical
for the USSR to use pneumatic picks and blasting powder in the pre-
paratory passages in lieu of coal cutters.
Loading in these preparatory places is to be accomplished
chiefly by means of the smaller rock loaders~of the EPM-1, the UMP-l,
and the PML-5 types rather than by the more elaborate 5-135 or 0-5
coal loaders. As~many rock loaders will therefore be needed as there
are mine faces. Calculated from the number of cutting machines and
combines in actual use, it would appear that there are approximately
4,200 faces where coal is mechanically cut. For the reasons just in-
dicated, there might be a long-run need for about x+,200 loaders,
weighted very heavily, however, in favor of the rock loaders rather
than the coal loaders. This figure might well be increased to 5,000
if an allowance is made for machines not in service at any given time.
When it is noted that the inventory at the end of 1951 con-
sisted of only about 550 coal loaders and 1,050 rock loaders, it will
be seen that there is still a large backlog of unsatisfied demand
for loaders. In practice, actual demand apparently has been determined
more by administrative procedures and socialist plans than by
technological considerations alone. Demand in this instance, there-
fore, appears to be less important than production and availability.
If, however, it be assumed that it is the intention of the
USSR to mechanize the loading at the new places that are opened up
in order to meet the plan for the expansion of coal output, then it
might be reasoned that the number of faces in operation each year will
have to be increased by about 550.-~-~ If it also be assumed that the
same use factor operates on both cutters and loaders, this figure may
be accepted as an estimate of the number of loaders needed each year
for the additional preparatory passages. Allowing a retirement of
150 units in 1952 by extrapolation from previous years would establish
~ About 5,700 cutters and combines at the end of 1951 in the total
inventory, less an approximation of 25 percent to determine those
actually in use (Tables 1, p. 15, above, and 29, p. 182, below).
~-~- That is, a range of about 500 to 600. Based on estimates of 237
combines and 293 cutters, as developed in detail in VI, below.
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a demand for 700 loaders for domestic purposes merely to replace worn-
out equipment and keep up with the expansion in output.
In contrast to the operation of coal loading, the conveying
and transporting of coal from the working face to the lifting cage
has already been mechanized, partly by means of conveyors and
partly by means of locomotives. Requirements in this area are there-
fore related to planned expansion of coal mining, technical plans for
modernization of the equipment, and replacement needs. In new in-
stallations it is likely that the coal will be moved from the face by
scraper conveyors. In the entries it will be handled either by
scraper conveyors or by long belt conveyors. At the main haulageways
the coal may be transferred to cars for removal to the lifting cage.
In any event; it is probable that?at least one scraper conveyor will
be needed for each operating coal face.*~ If the Donbas mines are
typical, the median face length is between 125 and 150 m. Until
recently the USSR did not have scraper conveyors suitable for hauls
of more than 100 m and had to use shorter units in tandem for long-
face work. Now the SK-30 is said to be capable of being extended to
180 m, which should be adequate for about 75 percent of the Donbas
faces (see Table 13~~--~).~~~~-
It has been calculated above that about 4,200 faces were
being cut mechanically at the end of 1951. It is practically certain
that face conveyors are also being used at the faces that are still
mined by means of pneumatic picks, but it is difficult to tell from
Soviet figures just how many faces are still being mined by this method.
At the end of 1849, however, it is known that over 10,000 scraper
~ See Table 24, p.153~ below, for the inventory and production of
coal and rock loaders. The practice of US mines, as judged from state-
ments by US manufacturers of this equipment, is to count on a life of 5
years for the coal loaders. On this basis, the life of Soviet equip-
ment should not be rated at much more than 3 years. 214 Replacement
demand is therefore likely to rise after a few more years.
*~ A few mines may be using belt conveyors at the coal face.
*~-* P. 81, above.
*~** In 1950, Donbas face lengths were reported as follows: up to
100 m, 17.4 percent; 100 to 125 m, 27.2 percent; 125 to 150 m, 19.5
percent; 150 to 200 m, 27.2 percent; and over 200 m, 8.7 percent. 215
It is likely that as the combines become more eff icient, the length of
the coal faces will be extended. Because of the pressure to finish a
complete cycle of work per shift, this lengthening of the face will
amount to a work speed-up. It will result, of course, in a demand for
still longer face conveyors.
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and more than 4,000 belt conveyors were in operation. 216 Because
this equipment is mostly all postwar, it is reasoned that annual
increases in inventory have been 2,000 scraper and 1,000 belt
conveyors. If this demand continues, then it may be expected that
requirements for new conveyors to meet replacement' and expansion
needs will run from 2,500 to 3,500 scraper conveyors and 1,000 to
2,000 belt conveyors per year for the next several years. Of these
figures, 500 to 800 are allowances for the expansion of output.~~~-
Soviet requirements for mine locomotives are conditioned in
turn by the increase of coal output; the mine rehabilitation program,
which calls for the replacement of light 7-MT equipment with 10-
and 14-MT units; and the program to replace hand pushing of single
cars with lightweight 2-MT gathering locomotives. On the basis of
about 2 locomotives to each mine face, 700 to 900 medium or heavy
locomotives may be needed each year to keep up with expansion of coal
output. Retirement, which is calculated on the basis of a 10-year
life for the USSR as against a 20-year basis for the US, has been
taking about 300 to 350 units in recent years and may be expected
to increase. About 600 lightweight gathering locomotives have
been going into the cogl mines per year as per plan. This brings
the total demand up to about 1,750 units per year. This trend may
continue for a few years before declining slightly ~-rhen an adequate
inventory is attained, owing to the .fact that locomotives last longer
than other types of undergound equipment and are more susceptible to
* In 1951 the industry had 140 percent more conveyors than in
1940. 217 Estimates for the 1940 total for the Donbas range from
5,500 to 8,000. 218 It is estimated that the whole USSR had about
12,000 conveyors in 1940. It should be noted that most of them were
of the now obsolete shaker type.
~' Chain conveyor life in the US may be estimated at 15 years for
the drive and about 2 years for the trough and chain. Belt conveyor
drives are given a 20-year life in the US; the sections and idlers
are rated at about 15 years; and the belt at about 5 years. Soviet
equipment may last about half as long as US equipment. 219
*~- Based on the assumption that the inventory will increase
annually by 237 combines and 293 cutters, or 530 machines in all.
This is discussed in detail in VI, below. Correcting for 75-per-
cent use factor gives about 400 faces to be added per year. Each face
will need at least one conveyor.
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rebuilding than are cutters or loaders (see Tables 1~ and 26~).~-~
` B. Export.
In addition to meeting almost all of its own needs for coal
mining machinery, the USSR now finds it necessary to assist the
Satellite countries to meet their requirements for coal mining
machinery. These requirements are extensive because of the emphasis
being given to coal mining in every one of the Satellites.
Moreover, it is the clear intent of the USSR to encourage
.the extractive industries of the Satellites as well as to hasten
the industrialization of those members of the Soviet Bloc that are
now primarily agricultural. This policy has created a strong demand
for coal mining equipment among the Satellites, which has been
augmented by the imposition of Western export controls. Because of
the relatively unindustrialized character of most of the members of
the Bloc, a large part of the demand must be met by exports from
the USSR. To alleviate this pressure, however, the USSR has
~ P. 15, above.
~ P. 162, below.
Pneumatic picks, mine cars, ventilators, ,pumps, and processing
and miscellaneous equipment were excluded from the scope of this
report by.definition. Since mine cars are so numerous as to consti-
tute a large part of mining machinery inputs, it may be mentioned
that the postwar Five Year Flan (1946-50) scheduled the production
of 565,000 coal mine cars, 220 suggesting a demand in the neighbor-
hood of 115,000 cars per year during the postwar years. Once the
prewar equipment was replaced, demand might have fallen to as low
as 100,000 units per~,year, with a range of 75,000 to .125,000 units
per year. It is calculated that Soviet cars made approximately
2 trips per shift and that about 150,000 cars are used per shift.
Expansion of output may demand 15,000 new cars per year.
Mechanization does not seem to have greatly reduced the demand
for pneumatic picks in the USSR. The 1951 inventory was stated to
be 80 percent above that of 1940, which would have brou~t the 1951
total up to about 32,000 units. Judging from prewar practice, it
would take an annual production of 20,000 to 25,000 units to main-
tain such an inventory (Table 1, p. 15, above). 221
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encouraged each of the Satellites that possesses any industrial
potential to build coal mining machinery from Soviet designs.-
In the following pages an effort will be made to estimate
the coal mining equipment requirements of the Satellites. As in
the case of the USSR, estimates will be based in part on stated
plans for the expansion of coal mining. In each instance, some
consideration will be given to mining conditions, mining technology,
and industrial potential. It is outside the scope of this report,
however, to engage in basic research on any of these factors.
Detailed information on the coal mining conditions and technology
of the Satellites is available, though not yet in organized form.
Inf ormation on the coal mining machinery industries of the Satellites
is also available, but its exploitation is also beyond the scope of
this report. Until reports are written on these subjects, no great
reliability can be attached to any estimate of the demand that the
Satellites will make on the USSR fc;;~ coal miring equipment. The
following computations represent, Therefore, a summary of informa-
tion at hand. They constitute a starting point for further research
rather than a summary of finished intelligence. As in the case of
the USSR, it should also be noted that the theoretical need for
machinery is not the same as the immediate demand. The coal mines
of the Satellites must compete for capital goods with the coal
mines of the USSR as well as other industries in the Soviet system.,
The decisions as to how much equipment will be allotted to the
Satellites in any one year are in large part administrative decisions
made by responsible agencies in both the Satellites and the USSR.
Albanian coal production amounted to only 75,000 MT in
1951 222 and is, therefore, too small to justify detailed
consideration. Even this country, however, is attempting to develop
~ However much the USSR may wish to dominate and integrate the
economies of the Soviet Bloc, it has shown no disposition to reduce
the Bloc nations to a colonial status, engaged only in agricultural
or extractive operations. If the coal mining machinery industry is
a representative instance, Soviet intentions would appeax to be to
encourage economic integration on a regional basis, using the old
Satellite national boundaries for the present, at least, as economic
regions.
Satellite coal production in 1951 totaled 359 million MT as compared
with only 282 million MT in the USSR. However, much was of low quality.
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its hydroelectric, oil, and coal resources. The Albanian press re-
ported in January 1952 that mining machinery continued to be received
from the USSR. It was also noted that special training was necessary
to acquaint miners with the technique of using such machines. 223/ 'It
has been estimated that the USSR might have allowed Albania a single
coal cutter in 1952, but the number allotted might have been increased
to two or three.
2. Bulgaria.
Bulgarian coal deposits are chiefly of alow-quality
lignite and to date have been mined by relatively primitive methods,
featuring the use of pneumatic picks. Nevertheless, Bulgaria raised
its coal production from 4 million MT in 1948 to about 6.5 million
MT in 1951, almost the 1953 goal. Under a revised plan it was pro-
posed to raise the output in 1952 by 10.1 percent over the 1951 fi-
gure. 224 Bulgaria has engaged in research to determine ways to
process the low-quality lignite into briquettes for use in thermo-
electric plants and into powder for railroad locomotive stokers. 225
There is no evidence that Bulgaria is building coal
cutters or combines. The first combine allotted by the USSR to
Bulgaria is said to have been received in August 1951 by Bulgaria's
largest mine, the Maritsa. 226 The same mine received three more in
the summer of 1952. 227 Late in 1951 it was announced that a coal
loader patterned after the Soviet-built 5-153 had been completed at
the Stalin Machine Construction Works at Dimitrovo. This plant was said
to be producing such machines during the first quarter of 1952. 228
Bulgaria may thus have been expected to build small quantities of coal
mining equipment in 1952. It was nevertheless happy to receive- any
such equipment as was allotted to it by the USSR.
3. Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia raised its coal production from 41.3 million
MT in 1948 to about 48 million ifiI' in 1951. However, this total amounted
~ Bulgaria's only known imports of coal mining equipment from the~US
since World War II consisted of 72 rock drills, valued at~61,014, .
shipped in 1947. 229 Under a 1947 agreement, Bulgaria was scheduled
to trade agricultural produce with Hungary for mining machinery, type
unspecified. Whether this agreement has been fulfilled is not known. 230
No postwar imports from the UK have been reported.
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to only 91 percent of the planned figure. 231 To rebuild and expand
their mines after the war the Czechs purchased mining equipment from
both the ti?7est and the USSR. From the US the Czechs obtained 30 coal
cutters in 1947 for 157,000. In 1949 and 1950 they bought 46 coal
loaders for 142,000. When conveyors, hoists, and rock drills are
added to their orders, the total postwar purchases by the Czechs
from the US add up to 617,000, not including spare parts. From 1946
to the end of 1948 they 'nought from the UK well over 100 coal cutters,
valued at 158,000 pounds. Total Czechoslovak purchases of coal mining
equipment from the UK from 1846 to the end of 1951 weighed more than
1,800 long tons and were valued at 771,000 pounds (see Table 16~.~~-
Just how much the Czechs obtained in addition from the USSR is not known.
The Czechs were said to have had, in 1948, 20 loaders. of the 5-153 type
in the Ostrava Basin with which they were dissatisfied. 233 As early
as 1949, however, the USSR was scheduled to ship to Czechoslovakia
12 l~'IP-1 and 3 GTK-.3 longwall cutters and 6 rock loaders of the
Eimco type. 234
Although the Czechs are serious about .mechanizing their
coal mines and have considerable industrial potential, they appear
to be relying in part on the USSR to supply the more complicated
types of coal mining equipment, such as the cutters, combines, and
loaders. 235 It was proposed under the 1952 Plan to increase
Czechoslovakia's total of Donbas combines from 7 to 60 by 1 January
1953? Other inventories and increases are shown in Table 17.-~~
This same Plan called for the installation in 1952 of 60
coal loaders, as distinguished from the rock loaders; 252 locomotives;
and much other equipment. Apart from the locomotives and conveyors,
it is likely that most of this equipment will be imported from the
USSR.
4. East Germany.
Although East Germany produces more coal than any other
Satellite, most of the product is lignite, mined from open pits. The
total output amounted to 153.1 million NPP in 1951 and was expected to
increase by 10 million NPI' during 1952. 236 The 1951 Plan called for
~ It has been .reported that much of this equipment found its way
to the uranium mines at Jachymov. 232
~~ Table 16 follows on p. 107.
~~~ Table 17 follows on p. 108.
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US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to Czechoslovakia 237
1946-51
A. US (Thousand $)
1846
1847
1948
1948
1950
1951
Total
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$ No
.
$
No.
$
Coal Cutters
o
0
30
157
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
151
Loaders ~
21
60
25
82
0
0
46
142
Conveyors
0
0
25
56
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
56
Hoists
0
0
176
128
l
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
177
138
Rock Drills
251
53
150
32
0
0
20
3g
0
0
0
0
421
124
Total from US
53
373
l~
99
82
0
$617
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons
~
Long
Tons_
~
Coal Cutters
Winding (Hoisting)
33
17
205
87
103
55
~
~
b/
341
159
Equipment
58
23
11
4
0
0
~
~
b/
69
27
Other Equipment
156
67
317
109
226
75
~
~
b/
699
251
Conveyors ~
141
20
~
~
b/
141
20
Total ,from UK
247
107
533
200
4',Zo
150
205
90
266
148
89
76
1,810
X771
a. Classification established in 1 9
b. Breakdown not yet available.
c. Classification established in 1948.
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Table 17
Czechoslovak Inventory of Coal Mining Equipment, 1 January 1952
and Planned Inventory, 1 January 1953 238/
Inventory
Planned
E quipment
1 Jan 1,52 Planned, 1 Jan 1953
Increase
Coal Cutters
181
213
32
Cutter-Loaders
18
55
37
Combines
7
60
53
Chain Conveyors
60
155
95
Rock Loaders
200
400
200
an increase in the production of brown coal to 205 million MT by 1955?
Most of this increase will come from open-pit installations, which re-
quire types of equipment other than that dealt with in this report.
The production of black coal was scheduled to be increased from 2.8
million MT in 1950 to 3.4 million MT in 1951, 239 although most of
the firms building equipment for deep mining are located in West
rather than in East Germany. East Germany has, therefore, been hard
put since the war to find sources of such mining equipment within the
Soviet system. 240 It is believed that very little in the way of
underground mining equipment was shipped by the USSR to East Germany
prior to 1952: A recent release indicated that shipments during
the last half of 1952 would include 2 combines, 6 armored con-
veyors,~ 16 scraper conveyor s,~'~ over 3,600 MT of pipe, 5,000 MT of
rails, and 15 km of signal cable. 241
5. Hungary.
In Hungary the Five Year Plan adopted in December 1950
provided for the increase of coal output from the 11.5 million NPI'
mined in 1949 to a level of 18.5 million MT by the end of 1954, a gain
~ Panzerfoerderer, a reinforced conveyor.
-~~ Kratsbandfoerderer.
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of 61 percent. A general revision of the Plan .in 1951 resulted in the
moving forward of the 1954 goal to 1952. The new goal for 1954 was
established at 27.5 million MT, which is 239 percent of the 1949 figure.
In order to accomplish these plans, it was intended to open new mines,
employ large numbers of additional miners, and mechanize existing
installations. 242 The 1952 Plan called for the addition of 7,000
workers to the 1951 force, in addition to a wide variety and quantity
of new machinery in the hitherto unmechanized Hungarian mines. 243
Mechanical coal cutting, which accounted for only 1.1 percent of the
total output in 1950, was to be raised to 60 percent by the end of
1954;~mechanical loading of mine trucks was to be increased from 8 per-
cent of total production to 60 percent; and mechanical loading of coal
at the shaft was to be boosted from only 27 percent of total pro-
duction to 90 percent. 244.
Hungary has purchased no coal cutters or loaders and only
a minor quantity of other mining equipment from the US in the postwar
period and. made no reported purchases in the UK before 1949. Her total
UK purchases of coal mining equipment in 1949 amounted to less than
16,000 pounds. 245 Hungary has, therefore, been dependent for coal
mining machinery on her own resources and those of the USSR. The
Ganz Electric Factory in Hungary was building electric coal mine
locomotives as early as 1948, 246 and in 1949 was reported as planning
the construction of a coal combine. 247 Hungary is also capable of
producing mine cars, conveyors, and subsidiary equipment, the most
significant development being the Ajtay-Szilard coal combine, a heavy
tank-like combine mounted on caterpillar tracks and operating entirely
by means of a breaker bar instead of the traditional cutter chains.
These machines are so heavy that it is difficult to introduce them
into the mines. Once inside, moreover, they tend to churn up any but
the f firmest of mine floors. They raise a quantity of dust and must be
dismantled when moved from place to place., and they re quire trained
operators and skilled maintenance. Nevertheless, Hungary, partly as a
matter of national pride, has insisted on building these machines, al-
though it is develo in lighter types. Hungary built a number of them
in 1951 and, planned to build as many as 200 50X1
in 1952 for use in preference to the Donbas combine. 249 Presumably
~ It is doubtful if Hungary could build so many of the heavy Ajtay
machines in 1 year. If this figure is valid, it must indicate that
Hungary has developed a lighter type of machine, which may be the F type,
reference to which has been made in late 1951 and early 1952. 24~ The
heavy type would appear to be limited in usefulness to the driving of pre-
paratory passages. It is reported as being built at the Mining Machinery
and Mechanical Transportation Equipment Factory (BAMERT) at Ujpest,
recently renamed the Duclos Mining Machine Works.
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this would result from Hungary's stated intention of doubling its
output of mining machinery in 1952. 250/
To help meet its plans, Hungary has been buying coal min-
ing equipment from the USSR since at least 19+9. Shipments of drills,
cutters, cars, and locomotives began to arrive in 1950. 251 A Soviet
loader was received in the first quarter of 1950. 252/ The first
Donbas combine arrived in the late summer of 1951. 253 During 1951
the USSR sent to Hungary 20 coal loaders, 7 coal cutters, and 20 chain
and 20 rubber-belt conveyors, along with the aid, advice, and assist-
ance of numbers of Soviet Stakhanovites. The 1952 shipments are
expected to have exceeded those of 1951. 254/
Despite this aid, and despite the great need for coal
because of the rapid expansion of its industrial system, Hungary was
expected to fall-about 1.5 million MT short of meeting its 1952 coal
production goal of 18.5 million MT. 255/ This situation is having
strong political repercussions inside of Hungary, where investigation
has shown divisions of opinion concerning the merits of Soviet versus
Hungarian combines and loaders, as well as a considerable reluctance
on the part of many workers and mine managers to accept any form of
mechanical equipment. 256/ Soviet pressure for coal mine mechaniza-
tion is expected to prevail, however, so that Hungary must be included
among the Satellites that required much coal mining equipment from
the USSR during 1952.
6. Poland.
Of all the Satellite coal mines, those of Poland are of
most value to the USSR both directly and because of their power in
international trade. Poland produced 87 million MT of coal in 1951,
of~which only 5 million MT was lignite. Poland planned to mine 92
million MT in 1952 and has long-run plans to bring production above
100 million MT by the end of the current-Six Year Plan in 1955. 257/
At the end of World War II, although Polish mines had purchased more
mechanical equipment from the West than any other of the Satellites,
Polish mines were not in good condition, equipment was run down and
unstandardized, and mechanization was far from complete. About half
of the coal output was mechanically undercut before the war, but very
little was mechanically loaded. Somewhat less than half was mined by'
longwall methods. 258/
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Poland set out to restore its mines, mechanize their
working, and expand their capacity soon after the end of the war.
Official figures show that Poland purchased about $1.3 million worth
of coal cutters and rock drills from the US between 1946 and the end
of 1948 (see Table 18).~ Poland must also have purchased considerable
quantities of coal mining equipment from the US that are not reported
out as such in the published figures. Flom the UK the Poles have
continued to purchase coal mining equipment long after US channels
were closed. Total Polish purchases from the UK from 1946 to the end
of 1951 weighed almost 6,000 long tons, valued at 1,817,000 pounds,
and continued actively through 1952 (see Table 18). Judging from
the 1947 purchases, Poland has been able to absorb as many as 250
coal cutters per year into its mining system. Indeed, it was
Poland's plan to buy as many as 326 coal cutters, 57 rock loaders,
87 coal loaders, 2 cutter-loaders, and large quantities of drills,
compressors, conveyors, and related equipment in 1948. 2591 Poland
attempted without success to purchase $6 million worth of the latest
model coal loaders from a British manufacturer. This order would
have amounted to almost 250 machines. 260/ Poland has thus been
hard pressed by the restriction of trade with the West, despite
the bargaining power which it holds by virtue of its coal surpluses.
It is to Poland's disadvantage that the countries which are nego-
tiating for Polish coal do not build large quantities of specialized
coal mining machinery such as coal. cutters and loaders. It should also
be noted that the Poles undoubtedly need replacement parts for their '~
inventory of Western equipment.~261
Poland's need for coal mining equipment has been too
great for the USSR to supply. The Poles have, therefore, attempted
to establish their own mining machinery industry since World War II.
As early as 1948 the Polish coal mining industry set up a Union of
Manufacturers of Mining Machinery and Tools to build their own
e quipment. This organization planned to build in 1948 some 24,000
tons of equipment, including 8,000 cars, 600 pumps, 2~.0 coal
cutters, 2,400 rock drills, and 2,200 pneumatic picks. 262 To assist
Polish factories in designing and testing mining machinery the Ministry
of Mining sponsored the erection, early in 1950, of a state corporation,
to be called the Central Mining Machine Bureau. 263/ Under state
directives, by 1951, Polish factories were building air tools, conveyors,
~ Table 1$ follows on p.. 112.
-~-~ Poland is reported tc have attempted to purchase $1.5 million
worth of bearings and an equal amount of rubber conveyor belting for
replacement purposes from the US in 1946-49.
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Table 18
US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to Poland 264
1946-51
A. US (T'_?ousand $)
a. Classification established in 19 9. It is believed, however, t',.?at at least 25 rock loaders were sold in
1947 to Poland, valued at $4,282 each, or $107,050 for the group. The shipment date is not known. The order
inch~~ied $8,000 worth of spare parts. It is of course possible that these were classified as minin; other
than coal. 265
b. Breakdown not yet available. _
c. Classification established in 1948.
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compressors, pumps, ventilators, coal cutters, and locomotives. 266
After investigation of Polish mining conditions by two
Soviet commissions, the USSR sent a coal combine, probably the Donbas
combine, to a Polish mine near Katowice in 1949. 267 From blueprints
supplied by tze USSR, in 1951 the Poles built a copy of the Donbas
combine at the Mining Machinery Works at Piotrowice 268 that was
put into use at Zabrze on 28 August 1951. 269 After tests it was
deemed to be satisfactory for the soft coals of Silesia and was
ordered to be placed into production on a regular basis. 27 The
Poles expected to use 60 coal combines during 1952. With their aid it
is intended to increase the mechanical loading of coal by five times,
to assist in opening new mines, and to help boost coal production by
~+ million MT over the 1951 plan. 271 If the Poles can build 60
combines in a year and operate them efficiently, they should be able
to meet their planned coal production increases handily. It is more
than likely, however, that they will achieve neither a high output
of machines nor full efficiency with the new combines in so short a
time. With the aid. of Soviet designs and technicians the Poles should
be able to build enough coal mining machinery to ease somewhat the
demand on the USSR for this type of equipment, if not enough wholly to
satisfy Polish needs.
7. Rumania.
So great is the demand for coal in the Soviet Bloc that
.even Rumania, smallest producer of coal next to little Albania, is
seeking to expand its output, mechanize its mines, and learn how to
manufacture the simpler types of coal mining equipment. Rumania mined
only 2.6 million MT in 1948 and 3.6 million MT in 1951. The original
.1955 goal of 138 percent over the 1950 production would amount to
about 4.13 million NPP and should be met early in 1953. 272 Meeting
the 1960 goal, which is said to have been set recently at from 20
million to 25 million MT, may be more difficult, and even the new
goal of 8.5 million MT for 1955 may be a challenge. 273 Rumanian
imports of coal mining equipment from the US and the UK since World
War II have been negligible. However, Rumania has in recent years
received from the USSR such surprising items- as the rock-digging
combine PPK-1, the ZAL-1 frontal combine, the 0-5 coal loader, and
the Karlik battery locomotive AK-l. 274 The USSR is also supplying
Surprising because most of them are still experimental in. the USSR.
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Rumania with conveyors, ventilators, drills, mine lamps, and other
mining equipment. 275
It is Rumania's plan to replace, during the present Five
Year Plan, the mattock and hand drill with hydraulic and electric
drills and then to seek to achieve more extensive use of coal-cutting
machines. Rumania is already building, however, the less complicated
types of equipment, such as drills, picks, compressors, and conveyors.
It hopes to receive from the USSR during the present Five Year Plan
several hundred scraper conveyors and loading machines, dozens of
extracting machines and locomotives, and hundreds of winches and coal
cars. T~7ith this equipment Rumania hopes to bring its most modern
mines, which belong to the Sovromcarbune (Soviet Rumanian Coal-
Combine), up to a high degree of mechanization. For the General
Directorate of Coal, increases from 1950 to 1955 are expected to be
as follows: mechanization of cutting, from 5 to 37 percent; trans-
portation from the face, from 20 to 72 percent; transportation to
the shafts, from ~+0 to 80 percent; and transportation to the surface,
-from 92 to 98 percent. 276 These figures indicate how unmechaniLed
the Rumanian mines were in 1950 and suggest that~to meet the 1955 and
1960 goals, Rumania will have to rely on the USSR for relatively large
quantities of equipment .
8. China.
For all its vast size and population, China mined but
19.8 million MT of coal in 19+8, a total that was increased to
x+0.3 million MT in 1951 and was expected to reach ~-~+ million MT in
1952. 277 China will no doubt join the European Satellites in seek-
ing to expand coal output by drawing upon the USSR for mining equipment.
China is known to have a few old US coal cutters, 278 and it is .
probable that it has in recent years received a small-number of Soviet
coal cutters and other types of mining equipment as well. Tt was re-
ported by the Peking radio on 28 September 1951 that the State-operated
Taiyuan Machine Factory had succeeded in building a 65-hp coal cutter
built entirely from native-made parts.~~ 279 This report was echoed
not long afterward by a claim that Chinese factories had been turning
out 65-hp coal cutters during the past `ear, 280 and the Soviet '
press soon spread the report further. 2ti1 In June 1952 it developed
that the factory named had "formed a committee to promote progressive
experiences" by carrying forward experimentation and theoretic studies
~ Rumania acknowledges that it must import flashpsoof motors from
abroad.
~~ Possibly built from Soviet blueprints of the MV-60.
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at the same time. This factory, it was added, "has manufactured some
rather complicated and huge machines never manufactured before, such
as a coal cutting machine, and a drilling machine." 282. .Probably
China is not yet in serial production in the building of coal cutters.
Nevertheless, it claims to have doubled its mechanized output of coal
in the past year 283 and asserts that it has trained 385. miners in
the use of mechanized cutters at the Tatung colliery, where machines
were said to have been in use since the first of 1951. 284 The
likelihood is that China also has received a few Soviet coal cutters
and that the USSR may seek to supply China with such amounts of
mining machinery as can be spared, considering the demands of the
more industrialized Satellites as well as labor conditions in China.
Judging from the Polish experience, the-USSR may even encourage the
Chinese to build certain types of mining machinery from Soviet blue-
prints.
C. Summary of Soviet Re quiremerits.
Although. Soviet-built coal mining equipment has been shown at
recent international fairs, it is believed that these displays were
more for propaganda purposes than the result of any serious effort to
invade the international market. The evidence just presented is
sufficient~to indicate that Soviet and Satellite plans for the
expansion of coal mining, their desire to save labor by the .extension
of mechanization, and their steady need for replacement will leave
them little or no surpluses of mining equipment
for
export purposes
outside of the Bloc.
This survey indicates also something of
the
nature of the
planned expansion of the coal mining efforts of
the
Soviet Bloc. To
Soviet plans of raising output by 20 million NPI'
in
1952 must be added
the European Satellite plans for another expansion of approximately
30 million MP, which would have brought the total increase of the Bloc
up to 50 million NPP or more in 1952. 286/ The subtraction of open-pit
operations might reduce the planned expansion in underground mining
to about 33 million NFI' .-~~ If detailed studies of mining equipment
performance in each of the Bloc countries were available, it would be
a relatively simple matter to calculate equipment requirements for this
~ For example, at Helsinki in June 1951 and at Bombay in 1952. 285
~~ Plus or minus 15 percent.
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increase of output. The projection of Soviet estimates for the Bloc,
not counting Communist China, would show a demand for about 1,200
coal cutters or about 660 c.oa1 combines. Considering the probable
lower efficiency of the Satellites as a whole, this might be re-
calculated on a 25-percent differential as about 1,350 coal cutters
or 740 combines.* This total, it should be understood, would be the
quantity of cutters or combines re quired in 1952, both to meet the
plans for the expansion of coal mining and to achieve the increased
output entirely by mechanical means. Even so generous an allotment of
equipment would not reduce- the actual amount of coal now being cut by
less advanced methods. In one sense this figure may be thought of as
the demand, but it is not necessarily the effective demand.
It must be remembered that these figures cover only the re-
quirement for enough machinery to raise output to planned goals by
mechanical methods of mining and that they do not take into account
replacement needs. These needs cannot be figured closely until a basic
study is made of the Satellite mines that will show their inventory of
coal cutters and combines over a period of years. Even granted such
information, it must also be kept in mind that this report deals with
planned economies. It is therefore not certain on what basis capital
is allocated for the expansion of mechanical facilities. In view of
this considerable ignorance, it is possible to make only a series of
estimates of what the effective demand for coal mining equipment will
be in the Soviet Bloc.
These estimates have been made in terms of the preceding
discussion and are shown in Table 19~' -- for coal cutters, coal
combines, coal loaders, coal conveyors, and coal mine locomotives, the
items that fall within the scope of this report. It should be
emphasized that this table attempts to arrive at the quantity of each
type of equipment to be supplied in 1952 by the USSR for its own use
and for allocation to the various Satellites. Where possible, the
* Calculated for the USSR at the rate of 36 coal cutters or 20 com?
bines per million MT of coal. Satellite requirements are figured on
the basis of 25-percent lower efficiency. '
At 110,000 rubles per Donbas combine this would cost 81.4 million
rubles for combines. At an average price of 46,000 rubles for the
heavier coal cutters, 1,350 coal cutters would cost about 62.1 million
rubles. No comparable price exists in US dollars for Donbas combines.
The 1,350 coal cutters would sell in the US for about $13.5 million
at 1952 prices. 287/
~ Table 19 follows on p. 117.
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Estimated Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Requirements
(Effective Demand 1952
All European Czecho- East
Item Total Domestic Satellites Satellites Albania Bulgaria Slovakia Germany Hungary Poland Rumania China
1. Coal Cutters 1,301 b/ 1,118 b/ 183 158 1 10 15 ~ ~ 7 15 ~ 100 J 10 25 ~?
1,200-1, 00 1,018-1,21 ,125-252 110-217 0-2 5-15 10-25 5-10 10-25 75-125 5-15 15-35
2. Coal Combines 400 ~ 312 ~ 88 83 0 6 45 J ~ 2 10 ~ 15 ~ 5 5
325-475 275-350 53-137 51-125 0 3-l0 30-60 0-5 5-15 10-25 3-l0 2-l0
3. Coal Loaders 904 700 204 199 0 2 ~ 130 ~! 2 30 , 30 J 5 5
700-1,100 600-800 143-270 143-260 0 0-5 100-160 0-5 20-40 20-40 3-l0 0-l0
4. Coal Conveyors ~ 4,650 4,500 144 134 2 12 5 25 60 5 25 10
4,200-5,200 4,000-5;000 95-205 9o-lgo 0-5 10-15 5-l0 15-40 40-70 5-l0 15-40 5-15
5. Coal Mine 1,760 1,750 10
Locomotives ~ 1,560-1,860 1,550-1,950 5-20
a. These figures are estimates, based on the discussion in the preceding text. Satellite requirements are not those that mine owners would
like to satisfy, although such estimates for the entire Soviet Bloc are given in the text, but are quantities provided for by economic plan-
ning, minus domestic production and purchases from one another: The upper figure in each entry indicates the best estimate; the lower figure,
the estimated range.
b. Since coal cutters and combines perform similar functions, they were considered together in developing estimated requirements. The re-
quirement for combines was made equal to estimated combine production. Mining requirements not satisfied by estimated combine production
were allocated to cutters for the purpose of determining cutter requirements. See pp. 179-180, below.
c. It is estimated that Czechoslovakia is able to build about half of the plan2~ed items shown in Table 17, p. 108, above, and that eventually
Czechoslovakia will attempt to become self-sufficient for coal mining equipment.
d. Building some but believed to be partially dependent on the USSR.
e. The USSR probably shipped prototypes but expected most of the Satellites to build their own.
f. It is believed that the Satellites are producing their own, trading with one another, and purchasing from Western Europe.
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:estimates are based on the respective national plans. It should also
be stressed that the re quirements as shown do not indicate total
additions to inventory for the Satellites but only the equipment which
they expect to receive from the USSR.
Wherever Satellite industrial potential has been sufficient,
the USSR has encouraged local production from Soviet designs. The
result of this policy is undoubtedly expected to be a smooth transition
from partial reliance on the USSR to local autonomy and self-reliance
for coal mining equipment. The export of Soviet designs is thus part
of a plan to reduce the types and models in operation at any one time
to a minimum in order to keep the maintenance problem under control.
In general, the policy is being applied to simpler types of equipment
initially, such as conveyors, coal cars, and mine locomotives, although
the more industrialized Satellites are already building.some cutters,
combines, and loaders. Under this policy, even countries such as
China and Bulgaria have built prototypes of cutters and loaders.
Combined Soviet Bloc re quirements that may thus be regarded
as operating on Soviet planning in 1952 for the production of coal
mining equipment can be summarized as follows: about 1,300 coal
cutters, about 400 coal combines, about 900 coal and rock loaders,
about 4,650 conveyors, and about 1,760 coal mine locomotives. These
figures include estimates for the expansion of production, the
replacement of worn-out apparatus, and exports to the Satellites.
It should be cautioned that a generous range of accuracy should be
allowed, especially for the Satellite estimates.
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V. Supply.
For the purpose of this report, the coal mining equipment
industry of the USSR is considered to be those plants which manu-
facture coal mining equipment and which are operated by the Min-
. istry of the Coal Industry, together with certain other plants
subordinate to other ministries that produce equipment for the coal
mining industry.- From a product point of view the subject matter
of this report has been limited to coal cutters, coal combines,
coal loaders, coal conveyors, and coal mine locomotives. It is
intended to follow the economics of these products from demand
through supply to a consideration of inputs.~-~-
From a few plants at the end of the First Five Year Plan
(1928-32), the number of plants engaged in the building of equip-
ment for the coal mines has increased to more than 40, most of
them under the supervision of Glavuglemash.- Included in the
group are some of the heavy machine building complexes. In addi-
tion, the coal .mining industry draws on plants in other industries
for coal loaders, electric motors, and bearings. It also operates
a number of equipment repair shops, some of which manufacture mine
cars and repair parts, subsidiary equipment that escapes notice in
a study of the major plants.
Oldest of the coal cutter plants is probably the Gorlovka
Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov,-~-~-~- which began to build coal
~ For a map showing Soviet coal mining equipment plants by
economic region, see Fig. 16, following p. 295.
~' In order to determine what was being made at the various
plants of the industry and~to assess their potentiality, it was
of course necessary to survey their entire product rather than
merely the items just enumerated. This information will be
reported in VI, below, though it is not proposed to make an analysis
of the economics of the production of pneumatic picks, pumps,
compressors, ventilators, hoists, coal-processing equipment, or
other apparatus.
For the organization of the industry, see II, above.
~ See B, below.
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cutters in the Ukraine about 1932, in a factory that dated back to
before World War I. 288/ It is now the largest coal cutter and
combine building works in the USSR. The Gorlovka plant was probably
antedated by the Pnevmatika Mining Equipment Plant in Leningrad,
which is the major builder of pneumatic picks in the USSR and which
also supplies various other types of air-powered equipment, includ-
ing pneumatic motors with which to operate coal mining machinery in
gassy mines.- 28g/
On the eve of World War II the industry was concentrated
chiefly in the Ukraine, where most of the coal was mined. Before
this area was overrun during the war, the Gorlovka plant was evac-
uated to Kopeysk in the Urals, where it was re-established as the
Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov, No. 25. 290/ Likewise
the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov, at Druzhkovka
in the Ukraine, the leading prewar builder of mine cars and loco-
motives, was said to have been moved to Kopi in the Urals, where it
was re-established in the plant of the Aleksandrovsk Steel Works
as the Aleksandrovsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov. Two
conveyor building plants were also moved from the Ukraine. One was
the Voroshilovgrad Mining Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko, which
was moved to the Kazakh, where it became the Karaganda Mining
Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko and which has since built a wide
variety of equipment, including combines, loaders, conveyors, cars,
and processing machinery. 291/ Another old and well-established
Ukrainian conveyor works, the Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant
in Kharkov, which, as its name indicates, also produced miners'
lamps, was removed to Kemerovo in Western Siberia.~~- 292/ After
the conclusion of the war, each of the war-damaged plants was
reconstructed, newly equipped with captured German and other tools,
and started on its way again at its original specialty. At the same
time, the plants opened during the war continued in production. Thus
the Ukraine again became the most important single mining equipment
manufacturing region, but the disparity between it and the other
regions was reduced.
~ This plant claimed to be 50 years old in 1950 and also asserted
that it was the first in Europe to build pneumatic tools.
~ This plant was converted to agricultural machinery production in
May 19+6. It is possible that its mining machine building facilities
were transferred to the Anzhero-Sudzhensk Mining Equipment Repair
Plant, Svet Shakhtera, also in Kemerovo Oblast. This plant riow builds
mine conveyors.
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f
f
The Soviet coal mining equipment building industry is fairly
well decentralized both geographically and in terms of product
specialties. Geographically the equipment manufacturing plants are
located in several major industrial centers that are in turn located
in the coal mining areas. Thus the major plants, as is shown by the
map (Fig. 16; see also Table 20)~ are in the Donbas, the Caucasus,
the Urals, the Mosbas, the Kuzbas, the Karaganda, the Central Asia,
and the Irkutsk mining regions, each of which, partly because of its
coal deposits, has also been developed as an industrial center. From
a product point of view, scarcely any one of the plants produces a
full range of the equipment built by the industry. Instead, the
plants tend to be grouped, with some overlapping, into cutter and
combine plants, conveyor plants, locomotive plants, and ,plants that
build pneumatic picks.-
Series production of coal cutters in 1951 is known to have
occurred at only two plants: (1) the Gorlovka Mining Equipment Plant
in the Ukraine, which builds the GTK-35 and the MV-60 longwall
cutters, and (2) the Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant in the Urals,
which builds the KMP-1 longwall cutter. The manufacture of coal
combines on a production basis occurred at these two plants, as well
as at the Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant at Kharkov, also
in the Ukraine. The Gorlovka plant built chiefly the Donbas
combine,~~ the Kopeysk plant may have still been building the
VPM-1 cutter-loader, and the Kharkov plant had begun to produce the
thin-seam combine UKT-l.
Proceeding down the line of products in terms of the dispersal
of production, it is seen that coal mine locomotives were built at
five different plants: (1) the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni
Voroshilov at Druzhkovka in the Ukraine; (2) the Gornyak Mining.
Equipment Plant at Kutaisi in the Caucasus, which built lightweight
storage-battery locomotives; (3) the Yerevan Mining Machine Factory
at Yerevan, also in the Caucasus; (4) the Laptevo Coal Mining Equip-
ment Plant in the Moscow area; and (5) the Aleksandrovsk Mining
Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov in the Urals. This represents a fair
~- Table 20 follows on p. 122.
~ Mine cars are built at both locomotive and conveyor plants. The
production of pumps, ventilators, and coal-processing equipment is
widely distributed.
In 1951 the Gorlovka plant also built a few of the new UKMG thin-
seam combines together with some of the KKP-1 steep-seam combines.
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`Soviet Production of Coal Mining Equipment by Plant, Economic Region, and Function~-
1851
Economic
Pumps
or
Picks,
Drills,
and
Miscel-
Region
Plants J ~*
Cutters
Combines
Loaders
Conveyors
Locomotives
Cars
Ventilators
Compressors
Processing
laneous
I
Leningrad ~
X ,
X
III
Barvenkovo
Brianka
Druzhkovka
145 EPM-1
X
~
400
X .~i-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gorlovka
600
200 (Donbas
X
X
VOM-1
(UKMG-1
~~-1
Kharkov
25 UKT
PML-5 d~
X
X
Konotop
X
X
X
Kramatorsk
X
Krivoi Rog
14o PML-5
X
X
x
Rutchenkovo
1
X
X
}C
X
X
Sergo-
Kadiyevka
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stalino
X
Voroshilovgrad
~
X
J
X
X
X
X
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or are not applicable.
Footnotes for Table 20 follow on p. 125.
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Table 20
Soviet Production of Coal Mining Equipment by Plant, Economic Region, and Function
(Continued)
Economic
,,~
Picks,,
Pumps Drills,
or and
Miscel-
Region
Plants J
Cutters
Combines Loaders
Conveyors
Locomotives
Cars
Ventilators Compressors
Processing
laneous
V
Kutaisi
x
60o
x
x
x
Yerevan
x
180
VII
Electrostal
X
Laptevo
X
120
X
X
X
X
Moscow
Rudovka
J
J
x
x
Skopin
X
X
X
X
VIII
Tula-Batishchev
Tula Machine
Building
Uzlovaya
Karpinsk
Kizel
Kopeysk
500 KMP-1
113
X
x
X
x
x
X
Kopi
X
400
X
g
Nev'yansk
Sverdlovsk
X
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Soviet Production of Coal Mining Equipment by Plant, Economic Region, and Function
1851
(Continued)
Picks,
Pumps Drills,
Economic or and Miscel-
Region Plants J Cutters Combines Loaders Conveyors Locomotives Cars Ventilators Compressors Processing laneous
IX Anzhero-Sudzhensk
Kiselevsk
Omsk
Prokop'yevsk
Stalinsk
Tomsk
X Alma-Ata
Karaganda
Tashkent
XI Cheremkovo
Krasnoyarsk
X ~ X
X ~ X X
X
X X X X X X
L-1; BCH-3 X X X X
255 ~-1 x X
X X X X X
1 10 Yegorov X X X X X
X ~ X X
X X X X
X
No. of Plants in
Series Production 2 3 6 23 5 19 21 12 13 40
Total Production 1,100 ~ 340 ~ 760 '~, ~ 4,500 iJ 1,700 ~ 100,000 X X+~ X X
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Table 20
Soviet Production of Coal Mining Equipment by Plant, Economic Region, and Function
1851
(Continued)
a. For complete plant names, see Appendix B.
b. Not confirmed.
c. X indicates this item to be in production at the plant named. The quantities produced, however, are not available, because
these products are outside of the formal scope of this report.
d.
Production scheduled to have begun in 1952?
e.
Production believed to be terminated.
f.
From Table
21,
p. 138, below.
g.
From Tables
22
and 23, pp. 142 ana 149, below.
h.
From Table
24,
p.
153, below.
i.
From Table
25,
p.
160, below.
j.
From Table
26,
p.
162, below.
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degree of dispersion, although it indicates that to date no indica-
tions of production east of the Urals have been confirmed.
Coal loaders were built in 1951 at six different plants,
three of which were located in the Ukraine: (1) the Druzhkovka
plant, previously mentioned, which built EPM-1 rock loaders;
(2) the Kharkov plant, also previously mentioned, which produced
the PML-5 rock loader; ,(3) the Kommunist Mining Equipment Plant
at-Krivoi Rog, which also built the PML-5 machine; (4) the
Sverdlovsk Transport Machinery Plant in the Urals, which produced
5-153 coal loaders; (5) the Tomsk Electromechanical Plant imeni
V.V. Vakhrushev in the Kuznets Basin, which built UMP-1 rock
loaders; and (6) the Karaganda Mining Equipment Plant imeni
Parkhomenko, which built a few Yegorov loaders.
By contrast, coal mining conveyors, the final piece of major
equipment considered in this report, are produced in at least 23
different plants, distributed throughout most of the major coal
producing regions. This dispersal is to be explained in terms of
{1) the simplicity of this type of equipment, which is built more
to sheet-metal-shop standards of precision than to machine-shop
standards, and (2) to the greater weight of conveyor systems, which
militates against their being shipped long distances.
Of the other items built in these plants but not included in
the scope of this report, the 100,000-odd coal mine cars built every
year are produced in more than 19 different plants, widely distributed
throughout the USSR; the 20,000 to 30,000 pneumatic picks, tcgether with
the drills and compressors, are built in a dozen scattered plants;
the large quantities off' pumps and ventilators are produced at some
21 even more widely di~'fused establishments; the processing equipment
is made in at least 13~spaced-out plants; and a great quantity of
miscellaneous equipment is produced locally in ~+0 of the ~+3 plants
studied. Dispersion of the manufacture of coal mining equipment
throughout the USSR is therefore related in-a fairly close manner to
the complexity of the equipment, the precision with which it must be
built, and the amount of special tooling-up that is required before
series production can be achieved.
Insofar as production by plant is concerned, it may also be
noted that, by and large, each of the major plants which builds coal
mining equipment produces a special model that is built-only in that
one plant. Thus, although the USSR has made the designs of the
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Donbas combine and the MV-60 coal cutter available to other countries
within its orbit, both of these machines are built within the USSR only in
the Gorlovka plant. With few exceptions, .this situation also applies to
the manufacture of the cutters, combines, loaders, and mine locomotives.
It should not be concluded that there has been complete standardization of
equipment within the USSR for each special-task to be performed by the
mines. Instead, alternate designs of equipment to do the same or similar
jobs have been developed. In 1951, for example, three types of thin-seam
coal combines were being developed: the UKT, the UKMG, and the Shakhter,
by the Kharkov, Gorlovka and Rutchenkovo plants, respectively. 293 It
is likely that the former two were already in production in 1952 at sep-
arate plants. Although it is a striking fact that in 1951 the USSR had in
production only three models of coal cutters and equally few models of re-
lated equipment, this appears to be due. both to the difficulty of producing
successful coal mining machines and to a deliberate effort to standardize
equipment. In fact, there is some reason to believe that the Soviet aim
is to encourage development along parallel and even competing lines of
design and technology.
B. Productive Capacity.
The production estimates that follow later in this section
are based upon study of the mining equipment building plants, surveys of
the Soviet technical literature in the field, and examination of Soviet
press and radio reports of plans and plan accomplishments. Insofar as
the study of the coal mining machine plants is concerned, certain special
problems arise from the nature of the industry which make, it hazardous to
calculate production with arty reasonable degree of accuracy from plant
studies alone. Apart from the obvious handicap which arises from the un-
trained character of the observers, who were mostly prisoners of war, and
their limited opportunities to observe, the character of the coal mining
machine industry makes it difficult to calculate production from plant
studies.
Although the Soviet coal industry needs large numbers of
mining machines, it does not need so many as to make it economically
feasible to build coal cutters, combines, loaders, and locomotives by
conveyor-line methods on a mass production basis.. These machine s
~ One exception appears to be the PML-5 loader, which, it is reported,
has been built both at the Krivoi Rog .and the Kharkov plants. It. is
possible that production from the former plant may be going to metallic
mines rather than to coal mines.
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are usually built, instead, on a batch basis, in parallel fashion,
so many at a time. A casual, untrained observer thus finds it
difficult to estimate with any accuracy how many are produced in
a given period, much less the time it takes to build a single
machine or even the difference between series and batch production.
To complicate matters further, although a given model of coal mining
machine is generally built at a single plant, this item is not the
only one that is built at that plant. Thus the Gorlovka plant not
only builds several types of coal cutters and combines but also pro-
duces pumps, ventilators, and a wide variety of miscellaneous ar-
ticles, like mine cages, head frames, mine cars, and coal crushers,
not to mention pots and pans for people of the town. 294 The
heterogeneous nature of the product mix confuses observers and
diffuses their attention sous to make it less likely that they will
be able to report with a high degree of accuracy the output of any
one item.
Because of the mixed nature of the output, it is also diffi-
cult, if not impossible, to tell
how much labor is required to build any one particular item.
This factor also confuses the entire input picture, since inputs of
raw materials, are ultimately divided
among the respective products. By the same token it becomes impos-
sible to tell, from a study of plant size alone, what the output of
any given product, such as coal cutters, is likely to be in a given
period, when the capacity of the plant may be distributed over
several dissimilar articles, such as cutters, pumps, and ventilators.
If there can be said to be an average type of coal mining
equipment plant in the USSR, then to an outside observer this plant
will first appear as a fenced or walled installation containing
from half a dozen structures up to as many as two dozen buildings
clustered and scattered throughout the grounds. The main entrance
may stand out because of the presence of a statue of one of the
Soviet heroes. Admission is by pass through a corps of security
guards. Almost always the plant is on a railroad line or siding,
although a number of trucks are at the d~.sposition of the works.
Frequently the plant has been in existence since before the Revolu-
tion and has been added to from time to time and perhaps converted
from its original product to a different task. The construction
of these older buildings varies considerably, though the tendency
in the newer shops is toward steel or concrete framework with
masonry fill.
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The flow of materials within each plant is from raw-material
stockpiles to the plant foundry, forge, stamping shop, or machine
shop, as the case may be. Every plant of any. size in the industry
was found to have its own pattern shop and f oundry.~- In the larger
plants, strides have been taken toward mechanization of the foundry
by means of moulding machinery and conveyor lines for the cooling
of the castings. Heat treatment has also been mechanized to some
extent. Although the USSR has followed the US in shifting from cast
to forged steel for parts that must withstand hard service, the
USSR may lag behind the US in this trend.
In mining machinery the tolerances are adapted to the nature
of the equipment. The manufacture of coal cutters xequires fairly
close machining, though not necessarily machining of the most precise
character. Mine cars, and especially mine conveyors, on the other
hand, are generally built to mutt wider tolerances. Conveyors must
be constructed so that they can be knocked down easily and set up
quickly. This demands loose-fitting parts which can withstand hard
service. Soviet machine shops are set up with these factors in mind.
Although the output of coal cutters, combines, and loaders
is not sufficiently great to justify the erection of an automatic
plant or even to adopt assembly-line methods, mine cars are now
assembled on continuous assembly lines in the Druzhkovka plant, which
features a number of separate production lines for bodies, under-
frames, and wheel and axle assemblies. Each of the subassemblies
joins the main conveyor line at the proper point. At the Gorlovka
plant, cutter-chain bit blocks are forged and machined at points on
a conveyor line which features the use of semiautomatic machinery.
By the use of continuous automatic welding assembly methods the
Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant at Kharkov claims to have
increased mine conveyor production by 3 to 3.5 times and to have cut
work time for the upper trough from 2.78 to 0.8 man-hours per section
and for the lower conveyor trough from 3.3 to 0.9 man-hours per sec-
tion. At the Voroshilovgrad Mining Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko,
drop-forged chains for scraper conveyors are machined and assembled by
continuous methods. At the Gorlovka plant, just mentioned, another
assembly line works on impellers for centrifugal pumps. In Leningrad
at the Pnevmatika Mining Equipment Plant a continuous assembly line
machines and puts together the parts for the OMI-1 pneumatic pick.
-~ None of the mining machine plants of the Ministry of the Coal
Industry is large enough to have its own blast furnace or rolling mill.
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The plants of the coal mining machinery industry have also
taken steps to adopt advances in machining technique made elsewhere
in the Soviet economy. The Pnevmatika plant has installed at least
one unit for the anode mechanical sharpening of machine tools. The
Kharkov plant is said to have adopted the electric-spark method of
hardening tools. High-frequency tempering is employed by the Krasnyy
Metallist Electrical Plant at Konotop for gears and small shaf ts.
The Gorlovka plant is said to use induction tempering on gears for
the Donbas combine and also to harden coal-cutter bits. Dynamic
balancing machines are said to be in operation at the Konotop plant
to test mine ventilators. In fact, the Soviet mining machine indus-
try is sufficiently proud of its advanced production methods to
have permitted a book to be published in which they are described
and illustrated. 295/.
The 40-odd coal mining equipment building plants of the
USSR are too numerous to describe individually. A fairly close
look at the Gorlovka Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov will help
to illustrate the characteristics of the Soviet plants of this
industry.
Gorlovka is an old plant that has been expanded from time to
time. -The accompanying sketch, drawn to scale from aerial photo-
graphs, reveals it to have an area of approximately 326,000 square
meters. It has good access to nearby railroad facilities, and
numerous sidings connect with its main buildings and storage facili-
ties. Raw materials are processed either in the foundry at Point ~+
or in the forge at Point 7. The foundry is centrally located and
measures 226 by 60 m.~ Most of the prisoner-of-war reports indi-
cated that it was built of steel with brick fill. It contains a
high central aisle covered by a gable roof with transverse skylights.
The west aisle is lower and is divided in the center by a higher
portion covered with a hipped roof. The eastern aisle is also lower
than the center one and is roofed over by sawtoothed superstructures.
Reports on the equipment contained in this foundry varied
widely. Prisoners of war better versed in technology than .the
~ For the .layout of this plant, see Fig. 17, 296 following p. 130.
~ Prisoner-of-war reports of the dimensions of this structure varied
considerably. Some sample dimensions as recollected~by prisoners of
war were 100 x 20 x 12 m high 297 ; 150 x 50 x 5 m 298 ; and 200 x
50 x 12 m. 299
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 GORLOVKA COAL MINING EQUIPMENT PLANT
IMENI KIROV
id
18
Foundrq ~ ~peq sto'rege
4 i _ ,.
SteNe
~ of Stalin
0
Pump end ventilator assembly shop
3
Steem pie
no. 1
O T
13
O
~o
Tower
Draldnq olhce,
electdcel assembly
Steem plent
no. 2
22
~ ' 'r-------' ~ .
~ ; I -------~ I ,t I
~ I'-==___=_~I ~
' I r- ----' I I
i I I! -----~ I ~] I
t l^;---, I i I I
--i___=_i t~
%C/
Major
aisle
Monitor roof
_~-_ _--- Stack
--- - - - o J
Sec~dary
monitor roof
]qo zqa 300
Meters
1Q0 ZQO 300
Source: USAF Aerial Photographs GX2642,
Prints 175-176, 1 June 1943
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Figure 17 50X1
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average reported that it contained four heavy-duty trolley cranes.
The same source reported the casting facilities to consist of two
German-made electric furnaces, two German-made Bessemer converters,
one coke-fired cupola, and four German-made joggling machines. 300;
Another report describes the foundry as. containing a rotating
casting installation. 301/ The foundry was served in turn by a
patternshop at the conveniently located Point 13, of which the
largest section, A, was 63 by 15 m, two stories in height, with a
gable roof vented at the northern end. Connected with this main
section at. its mid-point, by D, a passage 14 by 10 m, was another
two-storied shop, C, 37 by 12 m, topped by a gable roof.
The forge, a short distance to the east, consisted of a
central section, A, two stories high, about 51 by 21 m, to which
smaller, one-story wings were attached. It had been gutted during
the war. Four large hammers were installed in 1946, but at first
only two were placed in operation. 302/ rated these 50X1
hammers as follows: two, 3/4 MT capacity; one, 1-3/4 MT capacity;
and one, 3 MT capacity. It was also said to contain 2 German air
hammers, of 0.5 and 0.25 MT capacity, together with a German screw-
upsetting machine, and 30 individual forges. 303/ The forge was
also said to contain five or six Russian-built coal ovens., used to
heat iron (?) blocks 50 cm by 30 cm by 20 cm high. 304/
Steam for the forge and heat for the buildings were supplied
by the boiler house at Point 15, 39 by 24 m, which had been unroofed
in the war but which still possessed a tall stack in 1943. Prisoner-
of-war accounts of its equipment ranged from two to four furnaces and
boilers. Coal was stored in the open nearby. 305/ A second steam
plant at Point 11 supplied additional heating steam. Electric power
came from the town grid. 306
Castings from the foundry and rough-forged pieces from the:
forge were diverted into two flow patterns. Those destined to become
parts for coal cutters were moved by small electric cars to the
machine shop and assembling works at Point 1, 105 by g0 m in size,
bounded by a long north aisle roofed over by a flat, single, longi-
tudinal monitor, interrupted by seven transverse, sawtoath skylights;
by a fl.a.t-roofed east aisle without a monitor; and by aflat-roofed
south aisle with a single monitor. Between these structures stood
a central area covered, by a low gable with seven transverse monitors.
~' That is, molding machines?
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This building was of single-story construction, with brick walls and
steel trusses. Numerous prisoners of war agreed that afire, of
undetermined origin, destroyed this shop and its equipment in 19+6.
It was rapidly restored by a battalion of engineers. After its
restoration it was divided into three working sections. A well-
equipped machine shop with as many as 500 machines of all types,
such as special lathes, boring mills, and presses, machined the
rough parts received from the foundry and forge. In a separate
section containing about 10 oil-fired ovens the machined pieces were
heat-treated and hardened. This shop contained two or three travel-
ing cranes of about 2 MT capacity each. From the heat-treating shop,
parts were routed to the main assembly section, equipped with two
traveling cranes of about 5 to 8 MT capacity and an unknown number of
rivet hammers and work benches. Here the various parts were put
together with coal-cutter subassemblies consisting of cable section,
drive section, head section, cutter bar, and cutter chain and were
finally assembled into finished coal cutters or combines. 307/
Parts for mine pumps and ventilators, the other major products.
of the Gorlovka .plant, were shunted from the foundry and forge to the
long single-story assembly shop at Point 3, 229 by 33 m, whose truss
roof had been destroyed during the war. It was fitted with three
overhead cranes of medium capacity and perhaps as many as 200 machine
tools of various types; sandblasts; welding apparatus; and individual
workbenches, fitted with anvils. Tacked onto this shop at its south-
west end were smaller shops at Points 8 and 9 fitted with forges,
annealing furnaces, and machine tools which produced small parts
for pumps and ventilators as well as tools for the entire factory. 308/
At Point 14 there is said to have been located, in the
smaller 23-by-48-m structure, a well-equipped one-story repair shop
for the overhaul and repair of mining machines. When spare parts
were not available, this shop was equipped to make them. 309/
Electrical assembly and repair work were stated to be carried
on in the first story of the 41-by-75-m reinforced-concrete structure
at Point 2. Drafting and engineers' offices were reputedly located
on the second floor. 310/
The plant laboratory is reported to have been situated in the
three-story structure at Point 18, about 17 by 16 m, with a hipped
roof. Between this group and the main entrance stood the 30-by-71-m
central office building, which also is reported to have contained the
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headquarters of the sales staff. 311/ Adjacent to this group at
Point 19 stood a statue of Lenin.
Operations at the mine locomotive and mine car works in
Druzhkovka, the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov,
are even better defined. At this large plant, not far from
Kramatorsk, 5,000 to 10,000 workers, 40 to 50 percent of them women,
were said to be engaged in the manufacture not only of mine cars
and locomotives but also of mine rails and switches, steel mine
props, cages, pit-head frames, ventilators, and miscellaneous mining
equipment. 312/ This plant had two foundries: a large one, about
150 by 75 m, and a smaller one, 80 by 25 m, which was taken out of
operation about 1947. In the main foundry, steel car wheels and
buffers were poured by mass production from perhaps four or five
cupolas into reusable molds. The molds were moved away while still
hot on three conveyor lines installed in the summer of 1949, one for
wheels and two for buffers. The molds were moved through a cooling
chamber, after which they were broken out and chipped free of scale.
Cracks were welded shut to keep rejections down to a minimum. 313/
Prisoners of war did not agree on the. dimensions of the
mine locomotives building section, which may have been 50 by 50 by 9. m
higher, but they did agree that locomotives were built by batch
rather than assembly-line methods. One prisoner of war saw 40 loco-
motives on the floor every day but was not sure that this was the
daily production. Motors were brought in from outside the plant and
were fitted to the locomotives in another shop..314/ The locomotive
shop, at which it was said some 250 Russians worked, was off limits
to prisoners of war. 315/ The reported productivity varied widely.
One observer stated that the norm was four per month but that the
average was only about two. Another reported having seen a plaque in
the office that claimed an output of 8,000 locomotives in 1948.
Although this figure is extravagant, the same observer estimated the
production of mine cars to be 36,000, as stated on the same plaque, 316/
which could be a fairly accurate estimate.
By contrast, the quantity of mine cars produced has for some
time justified more continuous production than locomotives at this
plant. When it was re-established after the war, separate assembly
lines were set up for the body, frame, and wheel assemblies, which
were put together by what the Soviets termed the brigade unit method.
The wheels and buffers were cast in the plant foundry, and the under-
carriage was constructed in a shop 80 by 12 by ~+ to 5 m high, under a
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prisoner-of-war foreman until lg~+g. According to this same foreman,
the body was stamped and welded in a shop 150 by 100 by 15 m high,
from plates 12 to l~+ m long. This shop was equipped with presses,
boring machines, and an electric welder. The cars were built in
three sizes, ranging from 0.5 to 3 P?1T in capacity, of which the 1-Nff'
size was most numerous. Only 1~+0 persons, including 60 to g0
prisoners of war, were employed in these two shops. 317/ A welder
in the car shop reported that his norm was 15 mine car frames per day
and that the output was about 100 to 150 per day. 318/
at this time the body was built up from two sheets of steel, ~+ mm
thick, joined at the bottom and bent at the seams in such a way
as to increase their rigidity. The parts were held by clamps and
welded together by hand-held welding apparatus. Finally the bodies
were bolted to the frames and then welded for good measure. After
this step the wheel assemblies were attached. All of these opera-
tions consumed much labor, although the method was not considered
as technologically retarded. Parts and units were moved by two
overhead traveling cranes, which constituted a serious bottleneck
to rapid and smooth production. 319/
In the machine shop, which prisoners of war reported operated
on three 8-hour shifts for 6 days in the week, overhead conveyors fed
locomotive and mine parts to the operators. A double line of turret
lathes on either side of a conveyor belt produced locomotive and mine
car accessories. Four lathes fed by overhead conveyors machined mine
car axles in series. Another conveyor line bored the shaft housing
in the wheels. Four engine lathes bored annular lubrication ways in
the wheel bearing housings. Bearings were pressed onto the shafts,
after which grease holes were drilled and tapped by semiautomatic
drill presses. 320/
Sometime before, 1950 the operations in the mine car assembly
shop were thoroughly revised. The brigade unit method was re-
placed by continuous assembly-line techniques. To permit this
change-over, the design. of the car was revised to provide for a
simple U-shaped body.. The ends were cut and stamped with flanges,
then sent off on a conveyor to meet the sides, which had been welded
together automatically from two sheets of steel together with a
reinforcing strip., Ends and body met in a specially .constructed
frame which bent the body into shape while the whole, assembly was
being rotated under the welding arc.
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labor consumed in assembling and welding the body was thereby reduced
from 4.26 to 0.8 man-hours. Moreover, at the appropriate point the
body met other subassemblies, such as the undercarriage, buffers, and
wheels, all of them now produced by continuous methods. As an over-
all result, it was claimed that working time was cut from 12.6 to
6.3 man-hours per car. 321/
This large plant is said to have received daily 600 MT of
coal, two to three cars of molding sand, two to three flat cars
of logs, and two 60-MT carloads of iron ingots, together with an
equal quantity of aluminum. 322/ One prisoner of war asserted from
hearsay that the irrnnense coal pile in the plant yard contained a
million MT and was sufficient to last 6 months. 323/ These
facts are sufficient to indicate something of the methods employed
at Druzhkovka as well as to suggest its more than ordinary size.
From the somewhat contradictory prisoner-of-war reports, it is pos-
sible to piece out a production of 40,000 to 50,000 mine cars per
year. Unfortunately the mine locomotive shop, in which primary
interest centers, was off limits to the prisoners of war. Beyond
indicating that mine locomotives of certain types are built there,
a study of the plant alone, discloses 50X1
neither its production nor its capacity.
In general, this condition prevails for the coal mining
equipment industry. Plant studies help to establish what is being
produced in each geographic area and also indicate something about
manufacturing methods. When supported by studies of the press and
the, technical literature, they can pinpoint production by model.
Plant studies, unsupported by the press and the technical literature,
fail to yield a reliable indication either of capacity.or of actual
production in the mining equipment field, (1) because the prisoners
of war were not ordinarily competent to describe the specialized
equipment; (2) because they were not admitted into shops producing
locomotives, coal cutters, coal loaders, or other equipment more
complicated than coal cars; and (3) because the nature of the product
mix enables the plant to shift the proportion of major products and by-
products without changing its capital facilities in any marked way.
For this reason, productive capacity should be derived not so
much from plant size as in terms of production history. Clearly the
~ Compare the above estimate of 600 MT per day, or about 100,000 MT
in 6 months.
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USSR could build more coal mining equipment than it does. It might
be able to build as much as it deems necessary. In fact, such
considerations are somewhat theoretical. In a planned economy such
as that of the USSR, where coal mining equipment has been under
production for some years and is already a well-established industry,
the quantity built reflects a planning decision as to the quantity
needed in terms of its priority in relation to the need for the
' entire range of capital goods produced by the economy. The average
amount produced in recent years is a better guide to capacity to
produce than any figure derived from prisoner-of-war tallies of the
area of the plant or the number of workers that it employs or the
quantity of machine tools that it contains.
C. Domestic Production.
Production within the USSR of coal cutters, combines, loaders,
locomotives, and conveyors has been calculated from the beginning of
production to the end of 1`'51, with emphasis upon the postwar years.
Where available, production has been shown plant by plant, model by
model, and year by year. Although the derivations have been explained
in detail in the tabular annotations, it may be said of the method
that, where possible, first reliance has been placed on plant studies.
These have been checked in all instances against production statements
in the press and in technical publications. Very few production
figures, however, have been released for this industry since 1938?
A little, but not a great deal more, has been stated publicly of
intentions and of accomplishments in the form of inventory. In prac-
tice, therefore, production has been computed in connection with
inventory, retirement, and exports. Although it has been necessary
to estimate freely and to interpolate frequently, all figures have
been checked one against the other for balance. In particular,
production has been compared carefully with definite figures released
in the press for inventory increases. However, although considerable
confidence may be placed in production estimates for a period of
years, such as 19+5-51, it is recommended that less reliability be
assigned to the figures of (1) total annual production, (2) annual
plan production, and (3) production by model.
~ This caution should be applied to all of the production tables
reproduced in this section. Relatively speaking, reliability is
assigned in the following descending order: combines, cutters,
loaders, locomotives, and .conveyors.
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Total production of coal cutters by year since its incep-
tion in 1928-29 is shown in Table 1.~ Postwar production is shown by
plant, model, and year in Table 21.E These figures check with the
Soviet statement that in 1951 the industry had 20 percent more coal
cutters than in 1940. 324/ Prewar figures down to 1938, taken
directly from published Soviet reports, indicate that prewar produc-
tion of coal cutters reached a peak of 1,110 in 1938, a figure that
was not again attained until 1947. The reliability of the 1938
figure is not beyond doubt, but if it is premature, 1940 output is
still believed to have exceeded 1,000 units. It should be emphasized
that prewar models, even of heavy coal cutters, were considerably
lighter and less well-finished than currently built equipment. More-
over, prewar production included a sizable proportion of light cutters.
Consequently,postwar production involves a much greater production
accomplishment toward the mechanization of coal mining than is indi-
cated by merely comparing the number of units produced with the pre-
war record. During the war, production was shifted from the Gorlovka
Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov in the occupied Ukraine to the
Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant in the Urals. In the war years this
plant built the KMP-44 longwall cutter but tooled up for the
KMP-lam in 1946. Production in that year amounted to only 30 units.
The output of this mediumweight machine has been brought up to
about 500 units per year. When the Gorlovka plant was rebuilt after
the war, it resumed production of the prewar lightweight GTK-3,
which in its modified form became known as the GKT-3M. Large
numbers of this machine were built to meet the strong postwar require-
ments, and 1947 output may have reached almost 1,000 units. Produc-
tion was cut back in 1948, partly because the plant was beginning to
put out the heavyweight MV-60 machines and partly from a belief that
the GTK-3M was rapidly becoming obsolete. By 1950 it is believed
that the plant had begun to build the further modified GTK-35, which
is now definitely recognized as a light-duty model. Production of
the heavy MV-60 coal cutter had been scheduled to reach 300 units in
1947, but because of troubles with the field trials, production in
that year probably did not exceed 9 machines sent out for testing in
the mines. Production of the MV-60 increased slowly at first because
* P. 15, above.
~ Table 21 follows on p. 138.
For further technical and historical data on the development of
the machines discussed in this section, see III, above.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Cutters
1945-52
a. Total production for the Gorlovka plant for 19 5_ is estimated as follows: 1 In Aug-
ust 1847, Gorlovka produced its 2,000th cutter since the war. 3~ (2} Late in January 1848 it
completed its 9,405th machine since the start of production in 1933. 326 (3) It shipped its
10, 000th cutter in November 1948. 3?7/ All 2,000 cutters were reasoned to be the postwar
GTK-3M, except 9 MV-60 machines known to have been built in 1947. 328/
b. Estimated. The improved K[~-44 was being produced in 1945. 3?~The plant had not yet ful-
ly reconverted from war production in 1945?
c. Fifteen were being built, 330/ but only 9 were in use in early 1948. 331/
d. Estimate: none. It is believed that the plant was tooling up for production of the KMP-1.
e. The plant was tooling up for the xr~-l. 332/
f. The plant was preparing to manufacture parts for 15 heavy coal cutters. 333/
g? Three hundred were planned for 1947. 334 Only nine were built, earl,}r in 1847. After
experimentation, mass production of revised models began in ear]y 1948. 335/
Gorlovka
Kopeysk
Krasnoyarsk
imeni Kirov
imeni Kirov, No. 25
Voroshilov Arms
Year
GTK
MV-60
Total
t~-44
KMP-1
ShVD-48
Total
VT
o
U-1
All
Plants
1845
1
46
600 a/
8
0
600 J
50 ~
0
0
50
0
650
9
4
1
00 ~
0 ~
800 a/
0 ~
30 e/
0
30
15
845
9
7
1
48
991 ~
9 ~
1,000 a/
0
200 ~
0
200
%
200 i
1 400
9
1849
700 ~
600
/
150 k/
00 n
850 a/
0
275 ~
0
275
200 i/
1,325
1950
m
00
3
/
n
900
0
400 ~
5 ~
405
100 q/
1,405
1951
3
~
200
/
350
/
400
650
0
475 ~
0 s/
475
0 -
1,125 t/
1952
u
300
n/
4
600
0
500 r/
~
500
0
1,100
~
50 n/
750
0
500 ~
v/
500
0
1,250
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Table 21
Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Cutters
1945-52
(Continued)
h. Estimated total production of 250 machines, including 50 VPM-1 cutter-loaders, which
require a KMP-1 cutter as a base.
i. Although a rate of 30 per month was indicated by a Japanese prisoner of war, production
for this and succeeding years is conservatively estimated at 200 per year. 336/
~. Estimated, based on note a. A cutback in the production of the GTK-3M was assumed as
a result of the shift to the production of the modernized, heavy MV-60, which weighed 3,500
kg as against 2,000 kg for the GTK-3M.
k. Estimated. The first series shipment was not made until August 1948. It was then pro-
posed to replace the GTK-3 machines. 337/
1. Estimated total production of 375 machines, including 100 VPM-1 cutter-loaders.
m. Estimated on the basis of a cutback in production of the outmoded GTK-3M. The 1950
estimate includes a small quantity of the new GTK-35 machines. 338/
n. Estimated. No official data are available on production. Demand is believed to be
restricted by efforts to introduce the Donbas combine, which was built around the power
unit of the MV-60. Since the 1947 plan called for 300 MV-60 machines, at a time when
production was just getting started, it is probable that at least as many as 300 would be
produced per year once the plant had achieved full production. Difficulties were experi-
enced with the machine in 1948 and 1949, which necessitated changes in motors, starters,
and ratchets.
o. Prisoner-of-war reports furnish estimates ranging from 30 to 80 cutters per month,
which must have included quantities of cutter-loaders. Production is estimated at 500
machines, including 100 cutter-loaders.
p. Estimated from statement that in 1949 some experimental models of the ShVD-48 short-
wall cutter were put out. 339
q. Since this machine is too powerful for the work to be done, it is believed that it
was discontinued in 1949 in the expectation that it would soon be replaced by the ShVD-48
or another model.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Cutters
lg~-5 -52
(Continued)
r. Estimates, excluding units for VPM-1 cutter-loaders.
s. Still in the experimental stage; will probably undergo extensive modifications. 3~+0/
t. According to the Soviet press, before World War II (that is, in 1g~+0) the Soviet mining
machinery plants put out over 1,000 cutting machines. The machine building plants of the
Ministry of the Coal Industry alone are to produce 11,000 cutting machines during the post-
war Five Year Plan. 3~+1/
u. Estimated from statement that the Gorlovka plant was producing a large number of the
new GTK-35 machines. 3~+2/ Forty new GTK-35 cutter machines were to be ready for Miners'
Day, late in August . 3T-~3-/
v. Few, if any. No definite information.
w. Estimated. This machine, although light in weight for regular work, is useful in
thin seams.
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quantities of the drive section were in demand for use as the power
unit of the Donbas combine. Output had been raised to an estimated
total of 400 by 1951 and is subject to further increase.'
Although the Kopeysk plant continued to produce coal
cutters during the war, its output could not have been great, owing
to its involvement in munitions production. Reconstruction of the
Gorlovka plant began soon after the evacuation of the Ukraine in
1944. By 1945; total output of coal cutters reached 650 as compared
with the estimated 1940 output of 1,050. The postwar peak of 1,400
was reached in 1947. Subsequent declines are to be explained in
terms of conversion to coal combine construction and adjustments and
changes in models. Production in 1951 is estimated at about 1,100
and may have risen to 1,250 during 1952 under pressure of demand from
the Satellites, unless a conversion away from coal mining equipment
manufacture has set in.
2. Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders, and Coal Planers.
Continuous mining equipment was employed experimentally
in the USSR prior to World War II, but production was too small and
intermittent for serious consideration. The production table that
follows (Table 22)~ shows output by model, plant, and year. Experi-
mental production has generally been detected from press reports and
is reported as such. The USSR does not publish annual inventory or
production figures on coal combines. Therefore, production has been
traced model by model in the respective manufacturing plants, in the
press, and in technical publications. Although it has been necessary
to make numerous estimates, it has been possible to check these fairly
closely from occasional references to increases in inventory which
~ Of the other postwar cutters, the ShVD-48, a shortwall machine
primarily intended for work in preparatory passages, was tested in
1949 but never seems to have gone into series production. Finally
the heavy VTU-1 universal-type, tractcr-mounted cutter, which is also
a shortwall and development combine, was built in quantity as a by-
product of the Voroshilov Arms Plant in Krasnoyarsk from about 1946
to 1949. Because this machine was too overpowered for the job to be
done, it is believed to have been taken out of production about 1949,
pending the development of a successful combine for use in mining
coal and rock in preparatory passages.
~' Table 22 follows on p. 142.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines
Exclusive of Cutter-Loaders and Coal Planers
1945-51 ,*
Gorlovka imeni Kirov Kopeysk imeni Kirov, No. 25 Karaganda Omsk Kharkov
imeni Parkhomenko imeni Voroshilov Svet Shakhtera Total
Year Donbas ~ VOM c N4~-1 KKP-1 Other Total Makarov d Other Total Makarov il~ Makarov ~ UKT-1 Miscellaneous All Plants
1945 0 1 J 0 0 2~ 3 0 0 0 1~ 0 0 0 4
1946 0 1~ o 0 6 J 7 0 0 0~ to ~ o 0 0 17
1g47 0 0~ 0 0 2 m, 2 0 4, 4 15 J 12 PJ 0 0 33
1948 52 qJ 1~ 0 0 5 ~ 58 3~ 0~ 3 10~ 2~ 0 0 73,
1949 100 ~ 15 J 0 0 as 0 b~ 115 cc ~ dd dd dd dd 0 1 ee 116 ff
1950 150 ~ 5 hh o 0 3 ii 158 jj 22 kk 22 11 ~ 5 ~ 0 185 00
1951 175 ~ 10 qq 2 rr 10 ss 3 ~ 200 ~ 13 ~ 13 ~ 1 ~ ~ 25 ~y 1 zz 240
Total 477 33 2 10 21 5~?3 3 39 42 37 14 30 2 668
~ Footnotes for Table 22 follow on p. 143.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines
Exclusive of Cutter-Loaders and Coal Planers
1945-51
(Continued
a. Excluding cutter-loaders and coal planers described in Table 23, p. 1 9, below.
b. Originally known as GUK-l: currently termed Donbas 1.
c. Models VOM-1, VOM-2, and VOM-2M.
d. Models KM-4M, KM-5M, and KM-6M, which are, respectively, 2,200 mm, 1,379 mm, and 1,720 mm high.
e. An experimental model. 344
f. Consists of one Abakumov, AMt)_1, and one machine of unknown type, built by the engineers who later received credit for designing the Donbas combine. 345
g. A mining machine designed by S.S. Makarov was placed in operation in Mine No. 31 of the Karaganda Basin in 1945. 346
h. A second machine built. 347
i. One VNAT 348 and five Abakumovs. 349
j. Plant retooling to build the Makarov combine and the VPM cutter-loader. 350
k. Total number built in USSR in 1946. 351 Believed to have been built at Karaganda, where they are designed.
1. Estimated. Experimenting with VOM-1 and still did not have heavy cutting machine MV-60 as base for combine. Subsequently built VOM-2.
m. Estimated production of VNAT. The five Abakumov, AMV-1, machines produced in 1946 were experimental and were never put into serial production. They laid
the basis for .the MBK-1, trial models of which were built in 1948. 352
n. Estimated two VNATI and two UKA-l. These VNATI machines were built in 1947 and tested in the Andreyevugol' Trust in the Kizel Basin of the Urals. 353 The
first models of the UKA-1 were built and passed tests at the Anzherugol' Trust of the Kuznets Basin in 1947. 354
o. This is a maximum figure. Many of them may have never been installed in mines ar_d may instead have been cannibalized for parts with which to repair other
machines in the Karaganda mines.
p. These were assembled and tested in April. 355 They went into serial production. 3~ The plan called for 100 more by the end of 1947, but it is believed
that they were never built, owing to operational difficulties at the mines.
q. Two were completed.by September 1948. 357 Fifty more were completed in December as per plan. 358 This combine was first introduced at the end of 1948
at Mine No. 3-bis of the Chistyakovantratsit Trust in the Donets Basin. 359
r. The new VOM-2 was under trial in the Moscow Basin. 360
s. Estimated. All were experimental. These included two 5-29 models, 361 two MBK, and one ZAL-1. 362
t. Estimated. Production began in the summer of 1948. 363
u. No information. Believed to be none.
v. Estimated.
w. Estimated. Modernized Makarov combines completed tests. 364 These models were believed to be, experimental.
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Estimated Production o? Soviet Coal Combines
Exclusive of Cutter-Loaders and Coal Planers
1945-51
(Continued)
x. In the middle of 194~ccording to the Soviet press, 20 combines were in use in the USSR. 3 5 The number of coal combines increased 2.2 times in 19 3
The estimate is believed to be in accord with the number in use, considering that the earlier Makarov machines were giving trouble and the production of these as
well as of other models would be limited.
y. Estimated. Gorlovka was to deliver the second batch of Donbas combines on 1 April 1949. 367 The Donets Basin was to get 100 combines in 1949. 368 It is
believed that probably two batches of 50 machines each were made in 1949. Series production did not begin until early 1950.
z. One hundred faces were to be equipped with VOM-1 combines in 1949. 369 It is believed that all of these machines were intended for use in the Moscow Basin,
but subsequent information leads to the conclusion that so large a number was never produced. Evidently there was a change-over to the VOM-2 which did not prove
successful. This was followed by the modified VOM-2M. Development of the VOM-2 and the VOM-2M depended on development of the new MV-60 heavy duty coal cutter.
(See also Table 21, notes k and n, p.139, above). A batch of VOM-2 machines was produced for the Moscow Basin, probably in 1949. 370
aa. An experimental model of this machine was produced in 1949 at the Malakhovskiy plant. 371 It is believed that Gorlovka did not begin production until later.
bb. No evidence of production.
cc. The Donbas was stated in the Soviet press to have had three times as many combines in 1949 as in 1948. 372 ?
dd. Minor production, if arty.
ee. An experimental model of the KEG'-1 was built at the Malakhovskiy plant. 373
ff.. In the last 2 years the number of combines in the USSR increased elevenfold..374 This statement was made by Minister Zasyad'ko in February 1950 and is
assumed to mean that the number of combines in use at the end of 1949 was 11 times greater than that at the end of 1947. Many of the early machines were out
of use by the end of 1949 and may have been scrapped.
gg. Estimates based on the over-all increase of about 75 percent in inventory of all types during 1950.
hh. Estimated. The Gorlovka plant completed the first batch of the VOM-2M combines, the third and recent modification of the VOM combine, in 1950. 375
ii. Two trial models of the 5-40 were to be manufactured in the near future. 376 An experimental model of the.MBK-1 was built at Gorlovka. 377
jj. Few, if any. The plant was probably developing the KMP-1 two-bar combine and the PK-2 entry driver.
kk. The first PI{-2 was tried at the Kopeyskugol' Trust in February 1950. 378 The PK-2M was first used in tPee Moscow Basin in June -1950? 379 The Kopeysk
plant was .ordered to build 10 KMP-1 two-bar combines in March and 10 in April 1950. 380 It is estimated that 20 of these machines and 2 PK-2M combines were
built in 1950.
11. Probably none.
mm? Probably none.
nn. T;.e 'view UKT-1 was used effectively in Mine No. 19 of the Rutchenkovugol' Trust. 381 Several were in operation in the Donbas mines in the early part of 1951.
The fi.x?st machines were experimental models. Therefore, it is estimated that only five were built in 1950.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines
Exclusive of Cutter-Loaders and Coal Planers
1945-51
(Continued)
oo. At the end of .1950, 300 combines were stated to be in use. 3 2 At the end of months, 1950, the number of combines increased 3 percent. 3 3 At the end
of 8 months, 1950, the number of combines increased 50 percent.
pp. It was planned to construct 48 combines in the entire USSR during the last 4 months of 1951. 385 Work was being started on a lighter and simpler
Donbas 1. 386
qq. Estimated.
rr. An experimental model of the UKNY,-1 was working in a mine of the Budennovugol' Trust. 387 Tests of the UKN1J-1 were completed by ttie Gorlovka plant and
the Donets Coal Institute, and machines were to be shipped to the mines of the Stalin coal combine on 5 December 1951. 388 It is probable that only one or
two machines were shipped in 1951,since the first group of five machines was completed. 5OX1
ss. Estimated. The KKP-1 combine was being tested at the mines of the Artemugol' Combine in the Donets Basin. 389 At the end of 1951, this machine was re-
ported as being in use in many mines of the central Donbas. 390
tt. Estimated. Experimental models of the Gorr~yak machine, a combine for the mining of slanting seams, 0.6 to 0.8 m thick. 391
uu. Probably none.
vv. In late 1950 the Kopeysk works received an order to build 10 more KMP-1 two-bar combines with calm.remover. The plan for 1951 was to build enough of these
machines to meet the demand of the Chelyabinskugol' Combine. 392
Another new machine, made at Kopeysk, comprises an earthloosener, calm remover, and side controls to ensure straight rurming of the machine along the coal
face. 393
It is estimated that probably two of the complex PK-2M combines and one of the unnamed machines, as well as at least 10 KMP-1 two-bar cutters, were made.
The plant prefers to concentrate on the KMP-1 longwall cutter and was forced to build the two-bar machine.
ww. The Soviet press stated in March 1951 that a caterpillar hewing and loading machine, nicknamed by the miners, the "underground tankette," capable of pro-
ducing 13,000 MP of coal per month, had been invented by S.S. Makarov. 394
xx. Probably none.
yy. Estimated. The experimental plant of Giprouglemash put out the first models of the new UKT combine, designed to extract coal from seams 0.4 to 0.7 m thick.
These machines were said to have worked well in mines of the Rostovugol', 5talinugol', and Voroshilovgradugol' combines, where extraction of coal from thin seams
increased on an average of 30 percent. In 1951 the plant was to send dozens of the UKT-1 to mines. 395
z~ Estimated. One experimental, heavy-duty combine, possibly produced at the Kuznetsk Mining Machine Plant at Stalinsk in the Kuznets Basin.
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appear from time to time in the press, such as at the beginning of
the year and on Miners' Day, at the end of August.
Beginning in 1945, the Soviet press gave much publicity
to the Makarov combine, a combine for the mining of thick seams, for
which there was a good market in Karaganda, the Kuzbas, and elsewhere.
About 10 were built at the Karaganda Mining Equipment Plant imeni
Parkhomenko in 1946. In 1947, perhaps 15 more may have been built
there, together with about a dozen at the Voroshilov Tank and Loco-
motive Combine in Omsk. Another total of 15 may have been built in
1948 at these two plants, together with the Kopeysk Mining Equip-
ment Plant in the Urals. By 1948 these heavy, cumbersome machines,
which by that time had been denoted the KMP-4M, KMP-5M, and KMP-6M,
were proving too unwieldy for satisfactory service. It is doubtful
if arty were produced after 1949, although it took several years for
the press to dispose of them gracefully.
At about the same time, experiments with the VOM-1 thick-
seam combine, which may have been under development since before the
war, were resumed. Improved and redesignated the VOM-2, this ring-
type combine, which now employed the power unit of the MV-60 longwall
cutter, was brought out again in 1949 by the Gorlovka plant. This
machine was further modified in 1950, at which time another batch
was produced under the model number VOM-2M. It is doubtful that more
than 5 were built in 1950 and 10 in 1951, judging from the lack of
comment on this machine in the Soviet press. 398 This failure and
partial success still leave the USSR without a combine of proved
merit for its numerous thick coal seams.
In medium- and thin-seam coal mining the USSR has had
better results in its effort to build coal combines. The Donbas
combine, introduced by the Gorlovka plant in 1848, proved to be an
almost immediate success for medium-seam coal mines. Production has
been estimated at 52 in 1"48, 100 in 1949, 150 in 1950, and 175 in
1951. As compared with the Makarov combine, this machine uses for
its power unit the power section of the heavy MV-60 coal cutter,
which is relatively simple to build. Its success in the Donbas area
* As note the recent press release that in the 2.5-m-thick seam of
the Kirov mine in the Karaganda region, two medium-seam Donbas
combines had been linked together and made to operate as one unit.
This would scarcely happen were the Makarov combine still in produc-
tion. 397/
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has been so great that efforts have even been made to use it in
thick seams by mounting two units in tandem. Production in 1952
may possibly have increased further, though the Gorlovka plant is
devoting part of its capacity to the production of steep-seam com-
bines and to experimentation with thin-seam combines.
Encouraged by the success of the Donbas combine, Soviet
designers have brought out at least three subsequent combines directed
at solving the problem of mechanizing the mining of thin seams of
coal, which in the past have imposed laborious work on the miners and
in which the yield per worker has necessarily been low. For this
marginal type of mining the Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant
in Kharkov introduced its thin-seam UKT-1 combine in 1950. It is
estimated that approximately 5 were built in 1950 and perhaps 25 in
1~~51. The Gorlovka, pant, which has also been experimenting with
thin-seam combines, may have built two units of its UKMG-1 model in
19.51. In 1952 it was testing its Gornyak model, which resembles a
cut-down Donbas combine.
?Gorlovka also placed its steeply sloping-seam combine,
the KKP-l, on the market in 1951, amid much publicity, centering
about the fact that it was to be made available with both electric
and air drive. Since it is meant to be used in areas which until
now have been cut either by hand or with pneumatic picks, it should,
if successful, increase productivity in those seams which pitch at
too great an angle to permit the use of regular coal cutters or
combines. It is estimated that about 10 units of the K[~-1 may have
been built i~ 1951.E
According to this analysis, some 668 coal combines have
been built by the USSR from 19+5 to the end of 1951. Of these, the
71 built before the advent of the Donbas combine can be written off
to experimentation. About x+77 Donbas combines, according to these
estimates, were built from 19+7 to the end of 1951. Even if the
UKT-1 and the KID-1 machines are beyond the experimental stage, it
would appear that from 100 to 125 of the combines built since the
~ At the demand of certain local mining organizations in the Urals,
the Kopeysk plant was ordered to build 20 two-bar KMP-1 cutters in
1950. It is not known whether these were true combines, in the sense
of being equipped with loading devices and breaker bars, although the
latter could be omitted in thin coal. If they were true combines,
they may have resembled the UKMG-1 combine. 399/
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war should be written off as experimental efforts from which little
sustained output was secured. Despite this deterrent, the USSR has
increased its output of combines during every year since the end of
World War II. Moreover, the increment of increase has been slowly
rising until it is now somewhere in the neighborhood of 50 to 60
machines per year. In terms of current production this would be a
production gain of about 20 to 25 percent per year. If the group
of new thin-seam combines yields at least one successful machine,
as is likely because several of the new models are scaled-down
versions of the Donbas combine, then considerable increases in com-
bine production may be predicted for the near future.
In the postwar years the USSR also experimented with
coal planers and cutter-1?oaders (Table 23).* The coal planer, which
the Soviets may have borrowed from,the Germans, who employ it exten-
sively in the Ruhr, received much favorable publicity .from 1946
through 1948, but mention of it has almost disappeared from the Soviet
press, and it is no longer believed to be in production, though
there is some possibility of an improved model being in the offing.
Judging principally from press statements, it appears that?cutter-
loaders, of the VPM-1 type, have been built with some regularity since
1946 at the Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Kirov. Production
may have reached a peak of 125 in 1950.E Not a great deal is now
seen in the Soviet press concerning cutter-loaders. It is probable
that eventually they will be displaced by coal combines.
-~ Table 23 follows on p. 149.
~- Cutter-loaders, as indicated in III, above, are merely modified
longwall cutters. First the coal is undercut with a regular cutter.
Then it is drilled and blasted or broken down with picks. What coal
does not fall onto the conveyor is loaded by the so-called cutter-
loader, which is a regular coal cutter that has been equipped with a
loading plow. This function could be performed as well, at less
expense, by an independent loading plow, designed to be drawn along
the edge of the face conveyor by a winch.
Should the estimated production of cutter-loaders be too high,
the machines could be reclassified as coal cutters, in which
classification they may properly fall from an input point of view.
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders, and Coal Planers* ~~
X95_52
Cutter-Loaders
Coal Planers
Kopeysk
No. 25
imeni Kirov
Voroshilovgrad
imeni Parkhomenko
Coal Combines
(Exclusive of
Cutter-Loaders
_
Total
Year
~
VPM-1 ~/
US-2
US-3 US-4
Total
and Planers) b/ All Plants
1945
0
0
0 0
0
~+
'+
1946
l cf
l~
1~ 0
2
17
20
197
51 J
o
1f/0
1
33
85
1948
loo g/
0
35 h/ 5 h/
40
73
213
199
loo ~/
o
o ~/
116
216
1950
125 k/
o
o ~/
-
185
310
1951
loo i/
o
o
~
240
340
1952
100 m/
0
0
~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
~ Footnotes for Table 23 follow on p. 15Q.
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Table 23
Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders, and Coal Planers
1945-52
(Continued)
a. Cutter-loaders may be t ought of as two-cycle or multi-cycle continuous miners.
The VPM-1 undercuts the coal in the first cycle. Next the coal is drilled and blasted.
Some of the coal falls on the armored face conveyor and need not be loaded. The re-
maining coal is loaded by means of a plow, attached to the cutter, which thus must make
a second pass across the face.
The VPM-1 is the only cutter-loader known to have been built in this period with
the exception of the BNU. The BNU was a modification of the GTK-3M coal cutters,
whereas the VPM-1 is probably an adaptation of the KNIP-l, '
b. Totals from Table 22 (p: 142, above).
c. One VPM-1 was built at Kopeysk; regular production was to begin at the end of
1946. 400 The machine delivered in 1946 was probably an experimental model.
d. The US-2 and US-3 were developed in 1946 by the Voroshilovgrad Construction Office
of Giprouglemash. Coal planers consist of a heavy plow, designed to shear a small
amount of the coal from the coal face when the plane is drawn across the length of the
face by means of a winch. The coal broken loose is moved by the planer onto the reg-
ular face conveyor. The US-2 plow was of welded construction, whereas the US-3 was a
steel casting. 401 Estimated production is for an experimental model of each machine.
However, production may have been delayed until 1947.
e. This estimate included one BNU, which was being tested in 1948. Changes being
made in the GTK-3M in 1948 probably indicate that this BNU was?built.in 1947. Tests
of the BNU were canceled when it proved inferior to the VPM-1. 402
f. Two complex installations of the US-3 were exploited in 1947-+8 in Mine No. 5
of the Voroshilovgradugol' Trust and Mine No. 47 of the Bryanskugol' Trust, both of
which are located in the Donbas. 403 In March 1948, it was reported that trials were
begun a few months past in the Voroshilovgradugol' Trust of the coal planers. 404 It is
believed that no more than three coal planers had been produced prior to 1948.
g. Estimated. - 150 -
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Estimated Production of Soviet Coal Combines, Cutter-Loaders, and Coal Planers
lg~-5-52
(Continued)
h. The 19T+8-Plan called for 0 machines. Because of shortages of parts and trouble
with heat treatment, actual production was two in the first quarter and two more by
May 20 instead of six planned. ~+05~ Although a total of 60 were planned for 1g~+8, 1+06
only ~+0 were built, and then no more according to one PW report. x+07 Some US-4 models .
were built later in 19+8. ~+08~ At the end of 1g~+8, 13 were in use in the Donbas . ~+Og
It is estimated that production amounted to 40, consisting of 35 US-3 and 5 US-4 planers.
i. Estimated. Thirty-seven were probably in operation in the Donbas early in 19+9. ~+10~
j. No reference to production has been seen subsequent to 19+8. It is probable that a
few additional experimental models may have been built. Stalin prize-winner I.I. Bazhenov
reported in 1950 that coal planers were being tested in the Donbas and had proved suc-
cessful in getting weak coal and in seams of average strength where the thickness was
up to 2 m and the gradient was slight. ~+11~ One such unit, designed by L.V. Yegorov,
was reported as being in experimental operation at this date in the Karaganda coal
fields . 412
k. Estimated.
1. Estimated.
m. Estimated. Although little evidence was available as a basis for these estimates,
it~was believed that the character of the machine makes an estimate possible. These ma-
chines, as previously explained, are standard coal cutters to which loading plows have
been added. Since their production has been deducted from that of the coal cutters
built at the Kopeysk plant, an excess of cutter-loaders does not alter the total output
figure nor the total input requirements, except for the matter of the loading plows.
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Production of coal and rock loaders in the USSR before
World War II is believed to have been inconsiderable.- Modern
construction of these devices dates from about 19+7. Strictly
speaking two types of equipment are involved: the rock loader,
known in the US as the rocker shovel, and the coal loader, as
the term is used in the US. Both machines are employed in the
USSR chiefly in preparatory passages, where it is often necessary
to load rock as well as coal. Although both can perform these
duties, the coal loader is more complex to build and is somewhat
overpowered for the task. Therefore, the rock loader is preferred
for this service in the USSR and is the more commonly built of the
two machines. From the Soviet technical press it was learned that
as of the first quarter of 1952 the proportion of rock loaders to.
coal loaders was 66 to 3~+. The former were said to have increased
in quantity in the last ~- years by 21 times, the latter by 8 times,
and the total by l~+ times. 413
the total. inventory comprised about 1, 00 units at the end of
1951. ~+1~+~ From these proportions, inventory at the end of 1951
was calculated at 1,053 rock loaders, 5~+3 coal loaders, and
1,596 total; and,froin the rates of increase, inventory at the end
of 1~+7,was figured at only 48 rock loaders and 66 coal loaders,
or a total of 11~+. Plant studies did not indicate the extent of
production of each type, but they did reveal when production of
each of the three types of rock loaders, the UMP-l, the EPM-l,
and the PML-3, PML-~+, and PML-;,was initiated.
a composite production, inventory, retirement,
and export table was constructed, with breakdowns by plant, model,
and year (see Table 24).~-~- `
~ Before the war most of the Soviet coal conveyors were of the
shaker type. For use with these conveyors, so-called duckbill
loading heads were built which were called loaders but which do
not compare with the present loaders in input requirements. The
duckbill is simply a reciprocating pan that attaches to the end
of a shaker conveyor and is fed into the coal by means of a racket
or similar device.
~~ Table 2~+ follows on p. 153?
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5X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
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Estimated Inventory, Production, E::ports, and Retirement o~ Soviet Coal and Rock Loaders%
lg4o-41, 1845-51
PML-3-4-5 tm~-1 J Coal Loaders
5-153 and 0-5
Inven- Produc- Retire- Druzhkovka Krivoi Rog Tomsk
Year tory I) tion P) Exports (E) went R) imeni Voroshilov and Iu~~.r'kov imeni V.V. Vakhrushev I P E R
1940 23 ~ J J
1941
1946 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
1847 114 J gl o 0 0 0 0 4B J 25 0 0 0 0 0 48 J 25 0 66 J 66 ~
o
1948 551 ~ 476 0 39h 1~ 1~ 0 0 110 ~ 75 ~ 0 13 215 ~ 225 ~ 0 10 326 301 0 23 225 ~ 175 ~
0
16
1849 1,000 ~ 525 0 76~ 65~ 75~ o u 140 ~ 50 ~ 0 20 420 J 225 ~ 0 20 625 350 0~ 51 375 ~ 175 ~
0
25
1950 1,200 J 505 190 J 115 J 145 J 105 J 5 J 20 165 ~ loo ~ 5o J 25 465 J 175 J 95 J 35 775 380 150 J 80 425 ~ 125 ~
40 ~
35
1951 1, 596 ~ 750 222 J 132 ~~ 253 9J 145 ~ 10 27 221 ~ 140 ~ 59 J 25 579 J 255 J lol J 40 1,053 ~ 540 170 J g2 543 ~ 210 ~
52 J
40
a. Also known as the OM-510 rock loader at the V.V. Vakhrushev plant in Tomsk, where it is built. 15
b. Estimated. In 1951 the available park of loading machines for development work increased 70 times over 1950. 416
c. The 1951 plan called for the production of 400 loaders and 145 rock-removing machines. 417
d. PML-3 rock loaders were built in unknown numbers at the Krivoi Rog plant in 1940. 418
e. Based on 1951 estimates: See note q.
f. Series production of the 5-153 began in 1847. It is believed that most of the coal loaders built were of the 5-153 type, though a few 0-5 machines may have been built. 419
g. Estimated. Assumed to be less than 600 at end of year. According to the Soviet press, there were over 600 coal and rock loaders in operation in preparatory drifts. 420
h. Estimated from production, export, retirement, and inventory data. Production was initiated at times indicated by press data and plant studies. Output was computed so as to
balance with known inventories after retirement and export estimates were deducted.
i. The EPM-1 and the UMP-1 were both developed between 1848 and 1952 according to press statements. 421 Thus all~lg47 production of rock loaders must have been of the PML type.
Production of the EPM-1 is not believed to have begun until 1948, although atrial model was built in 19 8 (see note 1). Therefore it is necessary to estimate 1848 produc-
tion of the new IiMP-1 type as high as 225 units in order to maintain a balance with total inventories of all loaders as documented under the total inventory column and the distribu-
tion of t're various types of loaders as documented in note q for the end of 1951.
j. Interpolated.
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Estimated Inventory, Production, Exports, and Retirement of Soviet Coal and Rock. Loaders
lg4a-41, lg4G-51
(Continued)
k. According to the statement of A.F. Zasyad'ko, the Minister of the Coal Industry, on 10 February 1950, the number of rock and coal loaders increased 10 times in the past 2 years.
1. Production began of the new model coal loader, EPM-CAP, according to a press statement. It was stated that the first model worked perfectly in the Proletarka mine of the
Rostovugol' Combine. Several hundred were to be built at the Druzhkovka plant in lg4g. 422
m. Interpolated. Production of the UMP-1, which began so auspiciously, must have been cut back in 1950, judging from 1951 inventory as shown in note q.
n. Interpolated. Over 1,000 coal and rock loaders were said to be in use at the end of 1950. 423
o. Estimated. It will be noted that the Czech plan for mechanizing its coal mines calls for the installation of 200 shovel (that is, rock?) loaders and 60 coal loaders in 1952. 424
Hungary imported 20 loaders from the USSR in 1951. 425 See also N, above.
p. The same plant was building the PML-4 in 1950 and may have shifted to the PML-5 in this year. 426
q. Estimated. Coal was said to have been mechanically loaded at almost 1,600 development faces at the end of 1951. 427 It was stated authoritatively in a Soviet technical periodical
early in 1852 428 that beginning with 1847, the widespread introduction of loading machines was undertaken. The park of working loading machines ~r~~s said to have increased 14 times iu
the last 4 years. Most widespread were the rock loaders, the number of which grew 21 times in the last 4 years; the ntimlber of coal loaders increased 8 times; and the combined total of
both types increased 14 times. At present, it was said, in the general park of machines, the rock loaders constitute 66 percent and the coal loaders 34 percent, of the total. From
these ratios the total was computed at 1,596, the number of rock loaders at 1,054, and the number of coal loaders at 543. a percentage distribution of inver50X1
tory as between the three types of rock loaders in production, which permitted breaking them out as follows;
Estimated Soviet Rock Loading Machines by Types
End of 1851
Types
Units Per
cent
UMP-1
579
55
EPM-1
253
24
p~,-5
221
21
1,053 100
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Total loader production according to these estimates has
increased from only 91 machines in 1947 to about 750 in 1951.
Increases have not been especially regular, but this should not be
expected, since this total is a composite of four different models
of machinery, production of which was initiated at different times
during the period.- Oldest and lightest of the types was the
pneumatically driven PML,-~- which was being built as the PML-3 in
1940. Postwar models were designated the PML-~+ until about 1950,
but the PML-5, which is rated at 20 cu m per hour, may have gone
into production as early as 1948. Principal production of this
model has been at the Kommunist Mining Equipment Plant at Krivoi
Rog. The Svet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant in Kharkov was
scheduled to begin batch production of the PML-5 early in 1952. 429
Annual production has increased from an estimated 25 in 1947 to about
140 in 1951, in fairly regular increments except for 1949, which
probably was the year of a model change. If the Krivoi Rog plant
continues to produce for the coal mining industry, the result should
be a considerable increase in output.
The electrically driven UMP-1, rated at 30 to ~+0 cu m per
hour, has been under production since 1948 at the Tomsk Electro-
mechanical Plant imeni V.V. Vakhrushev. No prisoner-of-war reports
are available for this plant, which is located in Western Siberia.
Production, which has been calculated by interpolation from inven-
tory, began somewhat abruptly and ambitiously, with 225 units in
1948. Although it has not shown any great change since then,
except for a temporary drop in 1950, this could possibly be explained
by the fact that the production accounted for in this report is that
which was shipped to the coal mines. It is quite likely that this
plant is producing additional units for metal mining which do not
appear in inventories of coal mining machinery. Production in 1951
was estimated to be 255 units.
~ By the method of calculating that was employed, account was taken
of production for the Soviet coal mines, of retirements, and of ex-
ports. It was not possible to account for such machines as may have
been produced for use in metal mining in the-USSR. It is believed
that most of these were built by other plants than those associated
with the Ministry of the Coal Industry, but a certain number of the
machines built by this Ministry may have been disposed, of to other
ministries. This could account for the apparent decline in produc-
tion in 1950.
~- For technical details, see II, especially Tables 10 and 11,
pp. 69 and 74, above.
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The third of the rock load"ers, the EPM-l, also elec-
trically driven, which has a capacity of about 30 to 45 cu m per
hour, is built at the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voro-
shilov at Druzhkovka~which also builds mine locomotives. A
prototype was built in 1948. Production began in 1949 with about
75 machines and has increased to about 105 in 1950 and 145 in 1951.
Between these three types of rock loaders, Soviet
production reached a f figure of about 540 units per year in 1951.
Production of this equipment has been increased steadily, and
since it is relatively simple to build as compared with the coal
loaders and is in demand in both the USSR and the Satellites, its
production may be expected to increase further before it is leveled
off .
In contrast the USSR builds only one type
of
coal
loader, the s-153, in quantity, although it includes
the
0-5
loader in its complement of this kind of equipment.
The
s-153,
the Sov9_et equivalent of the Joy 12BU, is rated at only 50 MT per
hour and is a relatively lightweight piece of equipment as this
type of machinery goes (Table 11~). Nevertheless, it has a rating
adequate for service in development work under Soviet conditions.
This machine is built, insofar as is known, only at the Sverdlovsk
Transport Machinery Plant in the Urals. Estimated production began
with about 66 units in 1947 and rose to 175 in 1948. The failure
to show an increase in 1949 and the decrease to 125 in 1950 in all
probability represent the diversion of output from this plant,
which is not under the control of the coal industry, to other pur-
poses for which the apparatus is well adapted. Production in .1951
is estimated at 210 units. Although the need of .the Soviet coal
industry for this machine is high, reluctance to overstock pending
the development of a combine for the preparatory passages may have
induced the USSR to release considerable fractions of the 1950 and
1951 output to the Satellites.
~+. Coal Mine Conveyors.
Very little is known about the production of USSR coal
mine conveyors by comparison with what is known about coal cutters,
combines, and loaders. It is known that the Soviets planned to
build 33,000 mine conveyors of all types during the postwar Five
Year Plan (1946-50). It is doubtful that so many were built, although
* P. 7 ba ove.
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the increase since 1940 is said to have been such that the industry
had 140 percent more conveyors in 1951.E 430/ At the beginning of
1950 there were said to be over 10,000 scraper conveyors and over
4,000 belt conveyors. 431/ To complicate the situation, before World
War II the USSR relied chiefly upon shaker conveyors, whereas since the
war it has converted its system chiefly to scraper conveyors, with some
assistance from belt conveyors. The number of scraper conveyors
is reported to have increased nine times from 1940 to the end of
1951. 432/ Plant studies have been of little assistance in estimating
conveyor production,because conveyors are built in sections and
observers find it difficult to tell how many sections that it takes
to make a complete conveyor. Interrogation in this respect could
have been far more effective had this fact been borne in mind. No
statement of annual production has been found in the postwar period.
Nevertheless, if the total inventory for 1940 were known,
then 1950 production could be estimated from the above data. Esti-
mates of inventories in the Donbas for 1940 range from 5,500 to
6,200. 433 If the latter figure be accepted, then it can be esti-
mated that there may have been a total of 8,000 to 9,000 conveyors
in the whole USSR before the war. On this basis, using a figure of
8,500 for 1940, it may be calculated that there were about 20,000
conveyors at the end of 1951, or about 14,000 scraper conveyors and
6,000 belt conveyors. By the same token, production since 1849 may,
be calculated at about 3,000 scraper conveyors and 1,500 belt con-
veyors per year. This assumes that the prewar inventory of shaker con-
veyors has been completely retired. Such is not impossible.- From
the foregoing, conveyor inventory and production may be calculated with
some reservations, as in Table 25.~-~
~' It is quite possible that this figure really refers to an
increase of only 40 percent .rather than one of 140 percent.
~' For technical description of current models,, see Tables 12, 13, and
14, PP? 78, 81, and 82, above.
In this connection it may be noted that duckbill loader heads,
which were extensively used in connection with shaker conveyors before
the war, are not listed in the mining machine price list published by
the industry at the end of 1949.
~ Because scraper conveyors have a high mortality, those built
shortly after the end of the war are now wearing out. It may require
an output of 3,000 per year to make gains of on],y 2,000. Output in
terms of units has not been increased, because units are growing longer
and heavier. Nevertheless, this table is only an approximation and is
no better than the limited quantity of available data.
~~ Table 25 follows on p. 160.
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Estimated Soviet Production and Inventory of Coal Mine Conveyors
lg~-g-51
Scraper Conveyors
Belt Conveyors
Year
Inventory
Production
Inventory
Production
1949
10,000
3,000
x+,000
1,200
1950
12,000
3,000
5,000
1,500
1951
14,000
3,000
6,000
1,500.
5. Coal Mine Locomotives.
The USSR began to build electric coal mine locomotives
as early as 1932 and continued to build them even through the war
years. Prewar production fluctuated considerably as the result of
experimentation with battery and trolley construction. Just before
the war, mass production was established at Druzhkovka in the Ukraine
at the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov. Although
this plant is said to have been evacuated to Kopi, where production
may have been resumed during the war, the only positive figure for
wartime production is a claim that 1,000 units for the coal mines
were produced at the Moscow Dynamo Electric Plant in the 3 years
between 1942 and 1945. Following the war the Druzhkovka plant was
re-established. The Kopi plant expanded its output, and several other
plants were gradually brought into production, the Moscow plant
eventually giving up production in this field to concentrate on
advisory and design work. Plant studies failed to disclose reliable
production figures by model in the larger establishments, although
they gave some indication of the trend of operations.
Instead, it was necessary to calculate production from
changes in inventory. Apparently reliable figures showed 1,855 units
in the park in 1940 and 1,748 in 1945 (see Table 26).-~
1949 inventory was 2.5 times that of 1840, and 1951
inventory was times that of 1840. Inventory for intervening years
Table 2 follows on p. 162.
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50X1
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was derived by interpolation. Output was calculated in turn from
these inventory figures and tempered by press statements and informa-
tion from the technical journals indicating when model changes
occurred or new models were placed into production. For these
reasons, although considerable confidence may be placed in the total
production estimates for the periods 1945-49 and 1949-51, somewhat
less reliability should be assigned to figures for any given plant
or model for a single year.
Because production did not cease entirely during the war,
it was possible to produce as many as 600 units in 1945 and to bring
output, by increments of a few hundred per year, up to about 1,200
annually by the end of 1849. The augmentation of production in the
3 new plants led to an increase in output of 500 locomotives in 1950.
Total production for 1951 is not believed to have exceeded by arty
sizable quantity the 1,700 produced in 1950, unless shipments to the
Satellites have been greater than estimated.~-
Of the heavy trolley-type locomotives, the 10-MT size
(Yu-10-600 and Yu-10-900) (see Table 15~) is probably being built
at the Kopi plant, and the 14-MT type (IV=TR-~+), which may not
have gone into production until 1950, is very likely being constructed
at both the Kopi and Druzhkovka works. The Druzhkovka plant formerly
built the mediumweight 6.5- and 7-MT trolley types (II-TR-2 and
II-TR-3) and now builds the new AC locomotives termed by the Soviets
the condenser type (KE-1). At Kopi are built the lightweight 3.2-MT
trolley-type gathering locomotive and car spotter, known as the
"Karlik" (AK-2).-~ Plants building the mediumweight 8- and 8.5-MT
battery-type locomotives have not been identified with certainty.
Of the total production of 1,700 locomotives estimated
for 1951, it is believed that about 400 were built at the Druzhkovka
plant. This output would include principally 14-MT DC trolley loco-
motives with some output of mediumweight AC and battery types. By
~ It is believed, however, that although the USSR has supplied
,quantities of coal cutters, combines, and loaders to the Satellites,
it expects more self-reliance of them in building mine locomotives.
~ P . 87, above .
T refers to trolley; R, to mine; 4, to fourth model.
~. A refers to battery.
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives* ~*~
1927-28 - 1951
Druzhkovka
imeni
Voroshilov
Inventory Kutaisi
Total (End of AC Gornyak Yerevan
Year Production Retirement Year) DC (KE-1) Battery Total AK-2 AK-2
1927-28 59 ~
434
1828-29 -
1929-30
1931 150 ~
435
1932 87 c/ 283
37
1834 161 % 429 ~
438
1935 220
1836 169 ,
1937
1938
1939
1940 1,855
439
1941
1942
~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available or are not applicable.
~* Footnotes for Table 26 follow on p. 155.
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives
1927-28 - 1851
(Continued)
Druzhkovka
imeni
Voroshilov
Tro
lley
Inventory
Kutaisi
Total
(End of
AC
Gornyak
Yerevan
Year
Production
Retirement
Year)
DC
(IC;-1)
battery
Total
AK-2
AK-2
1943
1844
1845
600
1,74S
441
~
~
~
loo ~
0
0
1946
700
loo
2,348 i/
20o i~
o ~
0
1947
900
200
3,c48 x,!
300 ~
0
0
1848
90l
199
3,750 i/
o
J
300 ~
1 n/
0
1949
1,190 ~
300 ~
4, 64 ~ p/
7 m/ _q,!
-
~
400 ,
340 ~ ~
90 0/ s,
1950
1,700 ~
30o u~
6,04o u!
40o ul
600 ,
18o u/
1951
1,700 ,
340 1
7,40o w!
40o v/
60o J
180 v/
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives a/
1927-28 - 1951 -
(Continued)
Moscow
imeni Kirov Kopi
(Aleksandrovsk)
2_TR_2 imeni Voroshilov
II-TR-3
Year N-TR-4 Total Laptevo YU-10 1-TL-lm Battery Total Miscellaneous
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943 (l,ooo
1844
1845 30o J
1946 z/ aa/ 300 , bb/
1847 z/ 300
1948 ~/ 300 ~ o
1849 0 , 6o da/
1950 120 ~ ee
1951 120 u/
S-E-C-R-E-T
zoo h/
200 i/
30o k/
30o i/
300 0/
400 u/
400 v/
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives a/
1927-28 - 1951
(Continued)
a. Plant studies indicate the types of equipment built at each factory but do not show the
amount produced of each type. It has, therefore, been necessary to estimate production from in-
ventory figures published in the Soviet press, aided by knowledge of the trend of design as
obtained from Soviet technical literature. For these reasons, while considerable confidence may be
placed in production figures for a period of years, such as 1945-51, it is not recommended that
high reliability be assigned to the figures of total annual production, yearly plant production,
or production by model.
b. That is, imported equipment.
c. Compiled from official figures. 436
d. 1834 inventory is as of 15 September.
e. Planned production, 200. 440 This may be taken as tiie prewar capacity of the Druzhkovka plant.
f. Was said by the Soviet press in 1945 to be building 10-MT electric mine locomotives. 442/
g. In 1946 were to build a "trolley accumulator" electric mine locomotive. 443/
h. Estimated. Assumes partial production by Druzhkovka and full production at Moscow and Kopi.
The Druzhkovka Works imeni Voroshilov moved here during the war and began series production of
the Yu-10-600 and 900 series of 10-MT trolley locomotives. 444/
i. Estimated. Asumes retirement of 100 and production of 700, divided as shown.
j. The AK-2 2-MT battery locomotive was designed by Giprouglemash in 1946. 445/
k. Estimated. Assumes retirement of 200 and production of 900.
1. Estimated. Assumes retirement of 199 and production of 901.
m. Giprouglemash designed a combination battery-trolley locomotive, and the Voroshilov plant in
Druzhkovka built the first experimental model. After tests and modifications it was built serially
as the II-TAR-lm and 2m, but production was halted temporarily in 1949 in order to devise a way to
charge the batteries from the trolley line. 446
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Mine Locomotives
1927-28 - 1951
(Continued)
n. It was planned to build AK-2 mine locomotives for the Georgian mines after tests were
completed. 447
o. Estimated. Assumes retirement of 300 and production of 1,190, as shown. Also based on
conclusion that the Moscow Dynamo Plant had ceased to build nine locomotives serially although it
still lends its engineering force for purposes of design and may construct prototypes in its
plant.
~p. In 1949 the coal mines had 2.5 times as many underground locomotives as in 1940. 448
q. The first batch of KE-1 condenser locomotives was in use since the summer of 1949 at seven
mines. 449
r. Its new AK-2, 2-MT electric trolley car was in series production. 450 Locomotive No..1OOO
left the works on 1 May 1949. 451 This may have been the first one built. The Gornyak works
sent its first batch to the Donbas. 452 Output was estimated at from 20 to 30 per week to 40 to
50 per month. 453 It was planned that 600 2-D1T battery locomotives were to be in use by the end
of 1949. 454
s. Production of electric coal mine locomotives began in the summer of 1949 after completion of
the foundry. Estimated production of 8 to 12 per day may refer to the number being worked on
simultaneously. 455
t. In September 1950 the Soviet press reported that compared to 1946, production of electric
mine locomotives was increasing 2.1 times. 456
u. Estimated by interpolation. Assumes retirement of 300 and production of 1,700. Retirement
figure may include some exports.
v. Estimated as in 1950, with retirement of 340.
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Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Soviet Electric Coal Pdine Locomotives
1927-28 - 1951
(Continued)
w. At the end of 1951 the Soviet press claimed that the coal mining industry had almost~+ times
as many electric locomotives as in 1940 and that 10- and 14-biT locomotives now comprised 25 percent
of all operating electric locomotives. 457/ Retirement figure may include some exports.
x. The Moscow Dynamo Plant added an electric mine locomotive shop to its plant in 1842 (?). It was
said to have built over 1,000 electric 7-MT coal mine locomotives Type II-TR-2, by the beginning
of 1945. 458/ .
y. Production of one electric mine locomotive per month was reported at the UMZ Coal Mining
Machinery Plant at Kizelevsk. 459/ Since no report has been received to confirm this statement,
it is possible that the reference is to the repair of mine locomotives.
z. The Moscow Dynamo Plant was reported to have built about 1,300 mine and industrial locomotives,
most of the 7-MT weight, in 1946-47 and part of 1948. From 1946, they were denoted the II-TR-2. 460/
aa. Assembly of 14-MT mine locomotives was begun according to a press report. 461/ Another report
indicates that the shop had completed a 14-MT trolley and would soon start production. 462/ These
statements probably refer to Type IV-TR-4.
bb. The KE-1 condenser-type, two-phase AC electric mine locomotive was designed in 1946 by the
Moscow Dynamo Plant, which built the prototype and turned it over to the Voreshilov plant in
Druzhkovka for production. 463/
cc. In 1947 the Kopi plant began production of the modernized lightweight 1-TL-lm, 3.2-MT trolley
locomotive. 464/
dd. Estimated. Production of 2-MP battery locomotives began in the summer of 1949 at the rate of 10
per month. it would, be expanded greatly. 465
ee. The Karlik locomotive was being built at this plant according to a press report. 466
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these calculations, production of this plant increased from 100 units
per year in 1845 to 400 by 1849. That no increase in output has
occurred since 1849 may be accounted for by the fact that this plant
has also undertaken to build rock loaders. It has not been possible
to reconcile arty further increase in production for this plant with
known over-all inventories of equipment, unless this projected in-
crease is being exported to the Satellites or diverted to mining uses
other than coal mining.
Output of the other major locomotive plant at Kopi con-
sists of the 10- and 14-MI' trolley types, the 3.2-Mr trolley type,
and perhaps a certain number of mediumweight battery locomotives.
Production of this plant has been estimated at 400 units per year
since 1950 and has increased no further, by the same logic as was
used in the case of the Druzhkovka plant.
The 2-MI' buttery locomotive was designed in 1946 by
Giprouglemash, but building and testing of a trial model seems to
have been delayed until 1948. By the end of 1949, 600 units were
to be in use -- by which may have been meant production of 600 units
per year. Although it was not met in 1949, it probably was achieved
in 1950. Production was also scheduled to begin at the Yerevan
Mining Equipment Factory in the Transcaucasian region on the comple-
tion of a foundry in 1949. This plant may also be building as ma'gy
as 180 units per year, probably of the lighter weights. Finally,
there is good evidence to believe that the Laptevo Mining Equipment
Plant in the Central Industrial Area, primarily a mine pump works,
has added, from about the summer of 1949, a line of lightweight
battery locomotives to its output. This plant may be contributing
another 120 units per year to total production.
The opening of these new plants may in the future permit
them to specialize in the construction of the lightweight locomotives
needed by the USSR to complete the elimination of hand pushing and the
use of animal haulage underground, as well as~to replace the use of
continuous cable lines as a source of mine motive power. These plants
would then free the major works at 37ruzhkovka and Kopi to concentrate
on the heavier types which are needed by the plan to overhaul main-
line underground haulage and shift from lighter to heavier cars, in
order to keep up with the increasing productivity of the new coal
combines.
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6. Coal Mine Cars.
The subject of mine cars was excluded from this report
by definition. However, n the course of examining other aspects.
of the industry, incidental information was gathered concerning the
production of mine cars which it is proposed to summarize briefly,
' since the very number of these cars required by Soviet coal mines
makes them of intelligence significance. The western regions of the
USSR are reported to have had 112,000 underground mine cars in
1941. 467/ It was planned to build 125,000 cars in 1941. 468/ The
1946-50 Plan called for the manufacture of 565,000 additional cars.~+69/
Between 1941 and September 1950 the number of cars of from 1- to 1.2-MT
capacity increased 40 percent, those under 1 MT in size decreased 10
percent, and those larger than 1 MT increased 20 percent. 470/ The
capacity of the Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov at
Druzhkovka, which builds mine cars by continuous production methods, is
said to be 50,000 .cars a year. No totals have been published since
the war showing either inventory or production of coal mine cars for
the whole USSR. Mine cars are believed, frorri plant studies, to be in
production in no less than 19 plants, widely scattered throughout the
USSR (see Table 20~). On the basis of the above data, but without
a close plant-by-plant tabulation, it is estimated that production
in 1951 was approximately 100,000 cars.
7. Pneumatic Picks.
Pneumatic picks are also outside of the defined scope of
this report. As in the case of mine cars (see Table lam), a brief sum-
mary will be made of available data. The 1940 inventory is estimated at
about 18,000 units.~~ In 1941 the western regions of the USSR were
said to have over 11,000 pneumatic picks. 471 The 1941 Plan called
~ See discussion above in this section.
~ P. 122, above. 4
P. 15, above.
~ In 1940 it is estimated that about 31 million MT of coal were
produced with pneumatic picks in the entire USSR (see Table 2, p. 17,
above). In 1941, 14.1 million MT of coal were mined outside of the
Donets Basin. It is assumed that 19 million M'I' were produced with
pneumatic picks in the Donbas in 1940 and 12 million NLI' elsewhere in
the USSR. On this basis, production per pick averaged 1,730 MT in the
Donbas (19 million MT divided by 11,000 picks).. Assumption of a like
rate for the rest of the USSR gives a total of about 18,000 picks in
1940.
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for the production of 33,000 pneumatic picks of various kinds. 472
In 1940 the Pnevmatika plant at Leningrad, the largest manufacturer
of this equipment in the USSR, built its 100,000th pneumatic pick
since 1929. 473 Production. in 1940 of the entire USSR is believed
to have been 30,000 units. 474 The Pnevmatika plant completed its
173,OOOth pneumatic pick in August 1950. 475 The 1951 inventory
was stated to have been 80 percent above that of 1940, 476 bringing
the inventory up to about 32,000 units at the end of 1951. Produc-
tion in 1951, based on the fact that pneumatic picks and electric
mine drills were being built in almost a dozen plants (see Table 20~j,
is estimated to have been about 25,000 pneumatic picks per year.
It is not believed that the Satellites have been in a
position to supply the USSR with arty considerable quantity of
specialized coal mining equipment, such as coal cutters, combines,
loaders, conveyors, or locomotives, of the type being reviewed in
this report.. After the end of World War II the USSR may have
requisitioned coal mining equipment in occupied territory, but
the extent of mine mechanization in Eastern Europe was too meager
to have yielded much of a supply in the form of war booty. For the
last several years, moreover, it has been the object of the USSR to
develop the coal mining industries of its Satellite countries.
Instead of regarding them as sources.of coal mining equipment, the
USSR has taken it upon itself to supply the Satellites with coal
mining equipment of Soviet manufacture. At the same time, the
USSR has encouraged the Satellites to build coal mining equip-
ment from Soviet designs. In no instance, however, has the indus-
trial potential of the Satellites been sufficient to produce a
surplus of the more complex types of mining equipment sufficiently
large to permit them to meet their own needs and contribute signifi-
cantly to the supply of the USSR. Although the USSR no. doubt has it
in its power to commandeer equipment produced by the Satellites, it is
believed that the Satellites are being permitted, instead, to apply
such equipment as they can build to the mechanization of their own
mines, in order to serve Soviet plans for building up the industrial
potential of the Bloc as a whole. As a result, the USSR has been
dependent for coal mining equipment of the type being discussed in
this report either on its own domestic resources or on sources out-
side of the Soviet system.
~' P. 122, above.
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Outside the Soviet Bloc, the chief prewar manuf ac-
turers of coal cutters, loaders, conveyors, and locomotives were
the US, the UK, and Germany. Destruction of German industry during
the war left the US and the UK as the .principal builders of this
kind of equipment except for the USSR itself. During the war the
USSR requested large quantities of coal mining machinery from the
US in the form of Lend-Lease shipments. The USSR, in fact,
requested more equipment for the year 1945 than the entire capacity
of the US mining machinery industry could have produced (see
Table 27).* Even when scaled down, Soviet allotments for 1945
amounted to 394 coal cutters, 157 loaders, 365 conveyors, and
120 locomotives. In fact, the USSR received only the locomotives
and 10 shbrtwall coal cutters in 1945. The balance of the coal
cutters, however, and, according to the published trade statistics,
large quantities of the other items were shipped to the USSR in
1946. Examination of Table 28~ together with prewar trade statis-
tics indicate that except during the war years the USSR has been
independent of both the US and the UK for coal mining equipment.
Of about $16 million worth of coal mining equipment exported from
the US to the USSR from 1932 to 1951, all but $100,000 or so were
shipped between 1941 and 1948. Between 1942 and 1947 the USSR
received from the US 447 coal cutters, 11,147 rock drills, 589 con-
veyors, 508 hoists, and at least 129 mine locomotives. The bulk
of these imports occurred as a result of arrangements made during
the war years. Few purchases of coal mining equipment have been
made by the USSR in the US since the end of 1947.
If the USSR has not been dependent upon the US for
coal mining equipment, it has been even less dependent upon the UK.
No shipments of coal cutters from the UK to the USSR have been
reported since 1939? The principal shipments of this kind of equip-
ment from the UK to the USSR have consisted of 367 long tons of
~
Table 27 follows on p. 172.
~
Table 28 follows on p. 173.
It cannot be determined from trade statistics what proportion of
the
conveyors, hoists, or rock drills were for use
in coal mines.
The trade figures fail to report mine locomotives
separately from road
and industrial locomotives: Coal loaders were not
.until 1948.
separately reported
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Table 27
Soviet Requests for US Coal Mining Equipment for Shipment in 1945 477
Estimated
US Pro-
Schedule of US Production
Type of Equipment
Soviet
Request
ductive
Capacity ~
For USSR
Total
Locomotives
400
450
120
1+54
Shuttle Cars
0
300
C
322
Mine Cars
0
28,000
~0
18,100
Shortwall Cutters
54
525
54
435
Longwall Cutters
920
275
320
330
Universal & Arcwall
50
204'
20
231
Cutters
Crawler Trucks
0
225
0
160
Chain & Elevating
85
1,000
85
763
Conveyors
Belt Conveyors
60
150
60
146
Shaker Conveyors
520
700
220
578
Duckbills
80
150
40
145
Crawler Loaders
210
360
125
429
Track Loaders in-
90 ~
155
32 ~
151
cluding Conways
Electric Drills
2,200
2,400
940
2,453
a. Maximum productive capacity expected to be available during 1 5
without subcontracting, or best assumptions as to availability of
materials, components, and manpower with existing priority position
of the industry.
b. Conway loaders only; that is, rock loaders.
miscellaneous items not separately reported but valued at 97,000 pounds,
shipped between 1946 and 1948. Total known shipments of coal mining
equipment from the UK to the USSR from 1941 to June 1952 amounted to
111,000 pounds.
~ -Again a note of caution should be sounded, since certain types of
mining equipment are not separately reported in the trade statistics.
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US and UK Exports of Coal Mining Equipment to the USSR 478
1841-51
A. US (Thousand $)
1941
_1942
1943
1944
1945
1846
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
Total
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
$
No.
~
No.
~
No.
~
No.
~
No.
Coal Cutters
0
00
0
0
8
6g
4
8
10
47
320
1,638
105
640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.447
2,402
Loaders ~
0
0
0
0
0
0
Conveyors
8
10
3
7
216
320
207
294
76
232
63
127
15
45
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
589
1,038
xoists
o
0
0
0
36
127
69
972
203
5,575
152
1,060
48
559
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5~
8,293
Rock Drills
21
175
3,087
587
9~
560
4,328
1,464
1,297
443
1,459
550
38
264
10
98
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,147
4,141
Total from US
185
594
1,076
2,738
6,297
3,375
1,5~
98
0
3
0
$15,874
B. UK (Thousand ~)
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
, Long
Long
Long
Long
Tons
B Tons
E
Tons ~
Tons ~
Tons ~,
Tons
~
Tons
E
Tons
~
Tons
~
Tons
~
Tons
~
Tons
~,
Coal Cutters
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Winding (Hoisting)
Equipment
0
0 0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
T4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
14
Other Equipment
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
303
54
24
10
40
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
367
97
Conveyors ~
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total from UK
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3~3
5!+
44
24
40
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
387
X111
a. No data beforere lg
b. Classification established in 1948.
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In the historical and technical sections of this report
it was shown that the USSR has established a domestic coal mining
equipment industry (see I and III, above). The trade statistics
just reviewed indicate that in consequence of this domestic produc-
tion the USSR has in fact become independent of the West for the
types of coal mining equipment that are the subject of this report.
Although the USSR has during the last 20 years estab-
lished its own coal mining equipment industry, it has relied,
especially in the prewar period, upon Western experience in the
design of this equipment. Soviet designers have carefully followed
the course of Western technology. Prototypes from the US, UK, and
Germany have been used in the design of Soviet coal cutters, con-
veyors, loaders, and other specialized coal mining apparatus. 480
As late as 1849,"Amtorg representatives in the US were reported to
have made strenuous efforts to obtain details of the latest pub-
licized coal mining machine of a leading US manufacturer so that
it might be duplicated for use in the Vorkuta area of the
USSR.' 481 From Soviet technical publications it is evident
that Soviet engineers follow closely the mining equipment develop-
ments in the West, although they have adapted and modified
foreign designs to suit their own needs a,nd, when necessary, have
explored new technological frontiers.~~
~ The Soviet longwall cutter HIKP-1 is reported to have been
copied from the CLE-5 longwall cutter built by the Joy Manufacturing
Company in the US, and the Soviet MV-60 is likewise said to have been
patterned after the E-60 built by the British affiliate of the Joy
Company. In copying this foreign equipment the USSR increased the
power of the motors but replaced certain worm gears with straight-cut
gears to adapt them to Soviet manufacturing capabilities. 479
~ Probably the continuous mining machine built for shortwall work
by the Joy Manufacturing Company. Such a machine would be useful as
a combine in preparatory passages. Presumably shortwall methods are
to be used in the Vorkuta region.
~~~ Recently it was found that the Washington office of a US mining
equipment manufacturer was unable to supply a photograph of a machine
built by its foreign affiliate. Shortly thereafter the desired photo-
graph was found in a Soviet technical publication in an illustrated
article dealing with the history of coal combines. 482
~~ For example, intensive Soviet efforts to build coal combines
for the mining of longwall faces.
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It is obvious, therefore, that the USSR now has a fairly
mature coal mining machine building industry and that, except under
the duress of invasion, has been meeting its own needs for coal
mining machinery domestically. Western export controls have there-
fore had little effect on the ability of the USSR to keep its coal
mines supplied with coal mining machinery. Western export controls,
as applied against the Satellite nations, however, add to the over-
all requirements being .levied upon the Soviet coal mining equipment
industry and may seriously overtax the productive capacity of the
USSR in this specialized area of manufacturing.
At current rates of production the USSR has been able to
meet the demands for coal mining equipment sufficiently well to make
steady headway in its program to expand coal output and mechanize its
coal mines. This program might be upset by further conversion to a
war economy. If for any reason current production rates in the min-
ing machine industry were drastically reduced, a number of alterna-
tives are available.
In the first instance, it is possible for the USSR to
substitute simpler or lighter equipment for some of the machines now
in production. From a short-run point of view the output of machines
might be partially sustained by reducing or halting production of the.
MV-60 and even cutting back the KNIP-1 heavy longwall cutters in order
to concentrate on production of the lighter C~I'K-35 machine. This
would achieve approximately a 50-percent savings 3n the weight of
material inputs. The labor saved in producing the lighter machines
would not be so high. Undoubtedly such machines would be less produc-
tive and less durable than the heavy models. Although they would
partially alleviate a shortage in the short run, ultimately they
would require more maintenance and earlier replacement than the heavy
equipment.
Similarly, a decision would have to be made as to whether
it paid to shift the balance of production from coal combines to coal
cutters or vice versa. From a production point of view it might be
tempting, and advisable under certain circumstance s, to build more
* See IV, above, for an estimate of these requirements.
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coal cutters and fewer or no coal combines. If combines are as
productive as the USSR claims they are, however, much is to be
said for building combines rather than cutters. Assuming that
one combine takes about twice the inputs of a cutter and can pro-
duce almost twice as much coal, the combine, it must be remembered,
also mechanizes the loading of coal at the face. Granted that a
crisis in ooal mining machine production would be part of a wider
national emergency, in which labor as well as materials would be
under high priority, then it might be reasoned that the labor saved
in the use of combines as against cutters, other factors being
equal, would weigh in favor of the production of more combines than
cutters.
On the other hand, in the field of loading machines,
which, as has been explained, are used principally in preparatory
work in the USSR, it might be advantageous to reduce drastically
the use of the heavier and more complex coal loaders in favor of
the lighter though less productive rock loaders.
Another approach to a production crisis is to substitute
alternative materials for those in use .at present. Certain alloys
can be substituted-for others, carbon steel can be used in certain
machine parts for alloy steels, nonprecision bearings can sometimes
be specified in lieu of precision bearings, and lighter-gauge metals
may often be employed instead of standard and heavy gauges now in
use. Changes in gauge could effect the greatest savings in con-
veyors and mine cars, which use large quantities of metal. The
object of such changes in construction would theoretically be to
make substitutions that would reduce inputs at once without at the
same time resulting in simultaneous reductions in productive capacity
of the equipment. In this manner a temporary crisis could be with-
stood, although the equipment might in the long run require more
maintenance and have a shorter working life.
During World War II, when the demand for coal continued
to be high, although many of the mining equipment building plants
were destroyed or partially diverted to war. production, the USSR
contrived to maintain coal output by reverting back to the use of
pneumatic picks and to the even more rudimentary method, of blasting
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the coal from the face without undercutting. This is to be regarded
as somewhat of a desperate, last-resort measure, for the reason that
smaller increments of inputs in a mining machine building establish-
ment can save larger quantities of labor in the coal mines.
~+. Intensive Maintenance.
In view of the fact that Soviet coal mining equipment has
been short-lived, production problems in a crisis could be greatly
alleviated by a more intensive maintenance policy. This plan appar-
ently exists on paper. If carried out in practice and coupled to a
program of worker education in better machine care, such a policy
could result in a reduction of breakdowns as well as in the prolonga-
tion of the life of existing equipment. In the USSR, improved main-
tenance also has other possibilities. The use factor for coal cutters
and combines, as has been seen, may be as low as 75 percent or even
lower. A scheduled maintenance program designed to keep a greater
percentage of the inventory at work would of course reduce the pressure
for new equipment.
When spare parts become difficult to secure, cannibaliza-
tion, or the borrowing of parts from one machine that is out of ser-
vice to repair another, becomes an important feature in the supply
situation. Because design has been standardized in the USSR and only
three types of coal cutters are believed to be in production, this
practice is quite feasible. It is an equally important factor in
connection with combines, loaders, and the other types of mining equip-
ment. There is little doubt that cannibalization in a production
crisis will be one of the remedies applied to alleviate the pressure.
6. More Intensive Use of Machines.
The coal mines of the USSR are already working on a two-
shift basis, 6 days a~Week. Equipment in use is therefore being
pressed so hard that it is not believed likely that it could be used
for a longer part of the day or many more days per year. It is pos-
sible that by improved scheduling of operations, as is envisaged by
the single-cycle movement already mentioned, the output per machine
can be increased to some extent.
_17g_
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VI. Balance of Supply and Requirements.
In this section the estimated requirements off' the USSR for coal
mining equipment during 1952, as developed in IV, above, will be
compared with its estimated production as derived from V, above.
Requirements, as detailed in Table 19,-~ consist, insofar as the USSR
is concerned, of needed equipment to (1) expand coal output as per
plan, (2) replace worn-out equipment, and (3) make exports to the
Satellites. Estimated output is computed from production capabilities
as ascertained from plant studies and from. study of over-all pro-
duction figures, plant by plant and model by model, from 1945 to
1951.
The object of this comparison is to judge the extent to which
the USSR will be able to meet these requirements. Where it appears
that the requirements cannot be met, an effort will be made to as-
certain the consequences of such failures, if any, and to evaluate
their effects. These computations will be checked against estimated
supply and requirements data for 1951, or earlier, as is appropriate
in each case.
Coal cutters and combines should be taken together in com-
puting a balance, because of their similarity of function. In IV,
above, it was estimated that to mine 20 additional million MT of
coal per year the USSR would require either 400 coal combines or
725 coal cutters. Each combine produced would thus relieve the USSR
of the need of building 1.8 coal cutters. Coal combine production
has not been established long enough to provide a reliable series for
the prediction of future production trends. Production of combines,
however, is believed to have increased from 185 in 1950 to 240 in 1951
(Tables 22,~~ 23,~--~- and 31) .~- If the production of combines was
increased to 300 in 1952 and if cutter-loader output remained constant
at about 100, then total production of combines and cutter-loaders
may have reached approximately 400 machines in 1952, of which about
75 may have been set aside for retirement of old equipment. The
remaining 325 would then have been available to the mines of the USSR
~ P. 117, above.
~-~- P. 142, above.
P. 149, above.
Table 31 follows on p. 184.
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and the Satellites. It is estimated that about 88 were allotted to
the Satellites (see Table 19-x), leaving only 237 additional machines
for the USSR. In consequence the inventory at the end of 1952 would
have totaled 1,109, resulting in a gain of 237 units in .1952 as com-
pared with a gain of 2~+7 in 1951.E
Based on the above figures, by which only 237 combines were
supplied to do a job that requires x+00 combines, there remained work
to be performed equal to that which could be done by 163 combines.
By the 1.8 ratio, 293 cutters would be required. Recollecting from
IV, above, that 825 cutters were to be retired and that 183 were to
be supplied to the Satellites, it is seen that the demand for cutters
totaled 1,301 (Tables 19 and 30). Production in 1951, by contrast,
was estimated at only 1,100. It is believed, however, that advanced
knowledge of the need of allocating almost 200 coal cutters to the
Satellites in 1952 would have permitted the 2 coal-cutter plants to
raise their production sufficiently to reach 1,250 without undue dif-
ficulty and perhaps even 1,301 with considerable effort as required.
A deficit of 50 machines~~ could have been met from exports, retire-
ments, or the quantity needed for plan fulfillment.
~ P. 117, above.
~ This computation is subject to several criticisms. It should
be made clear that no planned figure is available either for produc-
tion of combines by the USSR in 1952 or for the intended increase in
inventory. The independent variables in the above estimate are the
estimated allotments to the Satellites and the Soviet inventory at
the end of 1950. Production estimates for 1951 are partially dependent
on inventory figures, and production estimates for 1952 are extrapola-
tions from previous increases in production. However, since the
present 'ratio between combine and cutter productivity is 1.8 and their
input relationship may be somewhere from 1.5 to 2.5, errors in the
estimate of the one are almost compensated for in the related estima~e
of the other.
It should also be noted that in the above computations, cutter-
loaders have been assumed to have a productivity equal to that of the
standard types of combines. It is possible that cutter-loader pro-
ductivity is somewhat below that of combines, though will above that
of cutters. In comparing the productivity of combines and other load-
ers to that of cutters, no account is taken of the decreased labor used
in loading.
Table 30 follows on p. 181,
~ That is, enough machines to mine 1.39 million MT of coal per year.
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This presumes that domestic inventory was increased by
242 cutters in 1952 as compared with only 150 in 1951, indicating
a reversal of trend in inventory increases, which were very large
in the immediate postwar years but which were reduced successively
in 1949 and 1950 and through 1951, in a period when gains were being
made in the efficiency with which equipment was being used (see
Table 29).~ Essentially, this reversal in inventory trend for
coal cutters indicates that cutters will continue to be important
until more versatile combines can be built, capable of operating
where the Donbas combine is not satisfactory.
Although there may be discrepancies in the ratio estab-
lished by the above method of reasoning, as between combine and
cutter production, the totals suggest that the USSR should have
been able without too much difficulty to meet the demands for coal
cutters and combines for 1952, despite the fact that it was under-
taking heavy responsibilities in assisting the Satellites to mecha-
nize their coal mines. Although the USSR may be able to achieve
increases .in output by mechanical mining and at the same time to
replace worn-out equipment, -it does not appear that sufficient new
coal cutters or combines will be available to enable the Russians
to make any appreciable progress in substituting machine mining
for coal now blasted from the solid without undercutting or mined
by means of pneumatic picks.
The 1952 demand for coal and rock loaders, principally for
use in preparatory passages, is estimated at 904 machines (Table 19~),
distributed as follows: 550 to inventory for the expansion of out-
put in new faces, 150 to replacement,~and 204 to the Satellites.~-~-~
Production in 1951, however, totaled only 750 loaders of all types..
It would have required an increase in output-of 150 machines in 1952
to meet estimated requirements for the year. Production in 1951
increased 245 units over that of 1950. Another increase of 150 units,
which would in fact be scattered between several plants, is not im-
plausible. It is perhaps more within the range of probability to esti-
mate an increase of about 100 machines during the year, with a range of
50 to 150. In this event, if there was a shortage of about 50 machines
~- Table 29 follows on p. 182.
-~ P. 117, above.
The derivation of these figures is detailed in IV, above.
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Table 29
Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Cutters
End of Year, 1927-28 - 1951,
a. Plan figure. 907
b. Estimates. According to calculations based on Table 3 (p. 19,
above), light cutting machines accounted for the following coal out-
put (in MI'): 1932, 579,000; 1937, 628,000; 1940, 1,437,000; 1941,
537,000; 1945, 527,000; 1946, 587,000 (included with heavy cutting
machines in later years). The number of machines must have increased
considerably in 1939 on the basis of production and declined sharply
with loss of the Donets Basin in 1941. The output of these machines
was only about 1,700 NPT annually in 1932. It is probable that some
increase in productivity occurred from new models. This factor has
been taken into account in the estimates-for 1939 and 1940. It is be-
lieved that the park of machines in 1939 did not increase proportionately
with production in that year as compared with 1938 but was actually much
less. The 1941 Plan called for production of 500 light cutting machines,
but probably less than half that number were produced because of the war.
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Table 29
Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Cutters
End of Year, 1927-28 - 1951
(Continued)
c. Estimated. At the beginning of 19+0 there were 2,150 heavy cut-
ting machines in mines of the western regions. 491/
d. This figure is probably based on Soviet data. 492/
e. Estimate. Before World War II the Donbas mines were using over
2,600 heavy cutting machines. 493/ A leading Soviet authority claimed
that '2,700 machines were lost because of the war. There were over
3,000 cutting machines in the Donbas in 1941. 494/ It is assumed
that 2,600 were lost in the Donets Basin and 42 in the Moscow Basin
and that the eastern regions had a net gain of 50 as compared with
1940.
f. Assumed that 300 were lost in the Donets and Moscow basins.
g. The postwar Five Year Plan called for rebuilding 1,100. 495/
Twelve months after liberation the Donbas mines had at their disposal
442 coal cutters. 496/ It is believed that there were around 1,100
old machines in addition to production of 650 (estimated) new machines
in the park at the end of 1945? .
h. Residual figures after deducting estimated quantities of light
cutting machines.
i. Zvorykin combines the production of coal from light cutting
machines with that from heavy cutters following 1946. It is tha
opinion that no light cutting machines have been built since the war,
and it is possible that all were retired in 1952, if not before.
j. The industry had 20 percent more cutters than in 1940. 497/
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Estimated Inventory, Production, Imports, Exports,
and Retirement of Soviet Coal Cutters~-~
lg~-5-52
Previous
Balance:
End-of -
In-
Produc-
Im-
Ex-
Re-
Year
Year
ventory a/
tion b/
ports ~/
ports d/
Total
tired d/
Inventory
1845
1,100
650
1,750
1846
1,750
845
320
2,815
215
2,700
1847.
2,700
1,400
105
4,205
505
3,700
1848
3,700
1,325
,
5,025 -
825
4,200
lg4g
4,200
1,405
5,605
1,105
,4,500
1950
4,500
1,125
50
5,575
875
4,700
1951
4,700
1;100
loo
5,700
850
4,850
1952
4,850
1,250
183
5,917
825
5,092
a.
From Table
1,
p.
15, above.
b.
From Table
21,
p.
138, above.
c:
d.
From Table
Estimated.
28,
p.
173, above.
~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Combines, Coal Planers,
and Cutter-Loaders a/~
End of Year, 1845-52
Year
Coal
Combines
Coal
Planers b/
Cutter-
Loaders b/
Total
1945
5 c/
o
0
5
1846
g a/
2
1
'12
1947
16 e/
3
35
54
1848
75 -
20
120
215
lg4g
175 f/
25
200
400
1950
30o f/
15
310
625
1951
46o g/
12
400
872
1952
1,109
00 'no es or Table 31 follow on p. 185.
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Estimated Inventory of Soviet Coal Combines, Coal Planers,
and Cutter-Loaders a/
End of Year, 1945-52
(Continued)
a. The inventories of machines are based mainly on esti-
mated production of machines and on output of coal from
these machines with discretionary allowances for heavy
retirement, supplemented by available Soviet statistics.
The figures in the table necessarily include numerous
machines that are idle or not installed (see Tables 22 and
23, pp. 142 and 149, above).
b. Estimated from production tables.
c. Includes one Makarov built in 1944 and four of various
types built in 1845. It is possible that there were a few
prewar models in the mines, but it is doubtful if any of
these were in operation.
d. Estimate based on report that 1950 inventory increased
32 times in 5 years since the war. 498/
e. Estimate based on report that the number of combines
increased elevenfold in 2 years preceding 1950. 499/
f. At the end of .1950 there were 300 combines in use in
the USSR. 500/ During first 6 months of 1950 the number
of combines increased 38 percent. 501/ In 8 months of
1950 the number of combines increased 50 percent. 502/
The increase during 1950 was interpolated as 72 percent.
g. The production of combines is estimated at 240. About
50 of these were exported, and 30 old machines are assumed
to have been retired.
in 1952, it is possible that replacements were deferred on old equip-
ment or that deliveries to the Satellites were delayed. It is also
conceivable that bne of the assumptions on which the above estimates
are based -- namely, that an effort will be made to mechanize all of
the new preparatory passages required for expansion under the Fifth
Five Year Plan (1951-55) -- will not be achieved. Although no
figures were stated in the Plan, the mechanization of this particular
operation was mentioned as having a high priority (see I, above). It
is believed, therefore, that some effort will eventually be made not
only to keep up with the expansion of output but also to extend
mechanization to older operations. Expansion of existing facilities
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to build present types of loaders may be undertaken with some caution,
however, since the USSR has been experimenting with a special combine
for use in development passages, which, if successful,. would cut,
break, and load both the coal and the rock in a continuous operation.
C. Coal Mine Conveyors.
Combined requirements for scraper and belt conveyors for 1952
for the USSR have been estimated at about 4,650 conveyors, with a
range of 4,200 to 5,200. As stated previous]~y, in IV, above, this is
a gross approximation, based upon little more than the knowledge that
10,000 scraper conveyors and 4,000 belt conveyors were in operation '
at the end of 191+9 and that because of the shift away from shaker
conveyors, most of this equipment was built in the postwar years.
Although reasonable estimates might be made of the requirements for
face conveyors, very little is known concerning the number or length
of the gathering conveyors needed to move the coal from the face to
the shaft. Since the technical inf ormation needed to calculate the
relationship between planned coal output and needs for conveyors
under Soviet mining techniques is lacking, no firm foundation can be
laid for estimates of requirements. Production data on the subject
of conveyors are likewise based on shaky evidence and assumptions,
for reasons detailed in V, above. In fact, production data; instead
of being derived from independent data, are deduced from inventories.
It is not surprising, therefore, that if total 1952 production were
estimated at 4,200 to 5,200 conveyors, weighted two to one in favor
of scraper conveyors against belt conveyors, estimated production
would turn out to be identical to estimated Soviet needs during 1952
for its own mines, including expansion and replacements, as well as
for export to the Satellites. Comparisons with earlier years would
corroborate these figures but would not constitute an independent
verification. This number of conveyors is considerable but is not
excessive when compared with the 33,000 called for by the Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50). Moreover, conveyor construction is not in
itself difficult, though it is not easy to build conveyors that are
trouble-free and long-lived. Should the USSR succeed in improving
the quality of its conveyors, it could reduce its annual requirements
by as much as 15 to 20 percent and thereby save considerable amounts
of steel and labor. In the meantime, although the Russians are prob-
ably meeting their needs, they are doing this at the cost of high
expenditures in labor and materials.
~ See III, above, with reference to the PK-2M and PPK-1 combines for
development work.
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It was estimated in N, above, that the USSR required about
1,760 coal mine locomotives in 1952, of which about 800 medium and
heavy types were needed for the expansion of output, about 600 light
types for mechanization of car shunting, about 350 for replacements,
and only about 10 for exports (Table 19~-). It would appear that if
1952 production had been increased to only 1,800, a gain of but
100 locomotives, there would have been ample on hand to retire 350,
export the few going out of the USSR, and have a balance of .1,450.
This increase would have brought the inventory at the end of 1952 up
to 8,850 coal mine locomotives, most of them of postwar construction.
Since the body of a mine locomotive is generally long-lived and since
the motors and other wearing parts are renewable, this equipment, if
maintained, shoo ~d last for some time.
Closer inspection, however, of the distribution of production
by type of equipment indicates the presence of a serious unbalance.
Although the press has reiterated news of a drive to equip the Soviet
mines with heavier equipment of the 10- and 14-MT types, by far the
greater production is occurring in the field of the 2- and 3.2-MT car
spotters and gathering locomotives. Production of these two types
may have totaled 1,000 units in 1951, leaving as a balance an output
of only about 375 to 450 of the heavy types and 250 to 300 of the
mediumweight models. Unless production of the heavyweight machines
was increased considerably in 1952, it will still be necessary for
the USSR to use light-duty equipment where heavy-duty equipment is
prescribed. In view of the fact that even the heavy Soviet types are
medium by present US standards, the USSR may experience bottlenecks
and breakdowns in its underground coal transportation system until
this condition can be remedied.-~-~ An increase of production of 100
heavy locomotives in 1952 would have helped greatly to overcome the
condition but would still have left the locomotive park underpowered.
E. Coal Mine Cars.
Although coal mine cars were excluded from this report by
definition, incidental inf ormation pertaining to them has been
presented in earlier sections. Soviet requirements have been estimated
-~ P. 117, above.
max- This shortage may tend to verify reports that the USSR had ordered
60 mine locomotives from Italy for 1952 delivery, although it is not
established that these were for underground coal mines. 503/
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at about 75,000 to 125,000 cars per year for 1951. Increased coal
production may require as many as 10,000 to 15,000 new cars per
year. Since 1951 production has been estimated at about 100,000 cars,
the USSR should have been able to meet its 1952 needs. It is believed,
however, that these cars are so short-lived as to constitute a sizable
and continuous drain in steel inputs.
Pneumatic picks are also outside of the scope of this report.
Like coal mine cars, they have been treated only in passing. Inven-
tory is judged to have amounted to about 32,000 units in 1951.
Mechanization of other operations tends to hold down the demand for
pneumatic picks, though it has not been diminishing to any noticeable
extent. Annual production to maintain the inventory is judged to
have been 20,000 to 25,000 units. Productive capacity is estimated
to have been about 25,000 a year, or sufficient to provide for known
needs.
As a result of the high priority given in Soviet planning to
the expansion of coal output, coupled with a desire to release labor
from coal mining for other purposes, the USSR has experienced strong
demands for coal mining equipment. Although the USSR has a fairly
mature coal mining equipment industry to which it has given high
priorities in capital goods, designing engineers, labor, and raw
materials, it has not been easy to keep production up to the level
required by domestic needs. The effort of the USSR to assist the
Satellites to expand their coal output and mechanize their mines, an
effort which has become intensified since 1950, has increased the
burden on the Soviet coal mining equipment industry (Table 32).~ A
plant-by-plant and product-by-product survey of requirements and
production of coal cutters, combines, loaders, conveyors, and loco-
motives indicates that while there is no surplus of production,
output is keeping up with requirements. Moreover, the industry is
essentially self-sufficient from imports. Indeed, tyre industry would
be able to meet the demands upon it with little difficulty if the
~- These estimates for mine cars and pneumatic picks, not having been
founded on detailed research, should be taken as rough indications
rather than as thoroughly documented judgments.
-~ Table 32 follows on p. 18g.
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quality of the equipment produced and the maintenance of this equip-
ment in the mines could be improved to a level comparable to that of
the US. Under present conditions it is believed that it is the some-
what mediocre quality of the product and the poor treatment which it
receives underground that exercises more pressure on the Soviet coal
mining equipment industry than the need to meet the expansion of
coal mining or the recently imposed export requirements.
In addition, it should be noted that although it is an object
of the Soviet coal mining equipment industry to extend mechanization
to all phases of coal mining, it would appear that, because of high
replacement and export needs, mechanization may be doing little more
than keeping up with the expansion in coal output. In the long run
this will result in considerable gains, but, as a result, progress
in the replacement of operations now performed by hand is relatively
slow and may require a considerable length of time.
Estimated Supply and Demand of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment a~
1952
Units
Estimated Estimate
Item Requirements b~ Supply ~~ Balance d~
1, 301,
1,200-1,400
1,250
1,150-1,350
400
350-450
700-1,100
4,650
4,200-5,200
Coal Mine 1,760
Locomotives 1,560-1,960
Coal Combines 400 e/
including Cutter- 325-475
Loaders
Coal and Rock Loaders 904
850 - 54
800-900
4,650
4,200-5,200 0
1,800
1,700-1,875 + 40
a. The upper figure in each entry indicates the best estimate; the
lower figure, the estimated range.
b. From Table 19, p. 117, above.
c. Based on discussion in V, above, and VI.
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Table 32
Estimated Supply and Demand of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment
1952 -
(Continued
d. These balances should be used with caution in the context of the
discussion in the text. In particular, balances as shown do not
indicate the balance of types of equipment falling within each cate-
gory..
e. Since coal cutters and combines perform similar functions, they
were considered together in. developing estimated requirements and
balances. The requirement for combines was made equal to estimated
combine production. Mining requirements not satisfied by estimated
combine production were alloted to cutters for the purpose of
determining cutter requirements. See pp. 179-180, above.
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VII. Inputs.
A. Methodology.
Inputs into Soviet coal .mining equipment may be estimated in a
number of ways. Other things being equal, it would be desirable to make
this calculation chiefly from Soviet sources, but unfortunately no
Soviet breakdown of these inputs is available. Prisoner-of-war reports
have been too inaccurate to be used as the basis of this computation.
Moreover, since the activities of the Soviet coal mining equipment fac-
tories are dispersed in every instance over several products, it is not
possible from even the best of plant reports to calculate inputs to a
particular kind of machine, such as a coal cutter, apart from those in-
to other kinds of equipment. In order, therefore, to calculate inputs
accurately, it is necessary to build them up machine by machine.
For such an inquiry there is available from Soviet sources anal-
yses, in varying detail, of the characteristics of each of the major .
types of machine s, ranging from weight and dimensions to capacity and de-
scriptions of the component parts. Were enough of this information
available, it might be possible, with some effort, to estimate inputs
into this equipment by applying US production techniques with suitable
conversions. From this method a number of variations are possible.
Each is based upon the transfer, by analogy, of US production methods,
adapted whenever possible to Soviet conditions by appropriate correction
factors..
The idea of reasoning from analogy from the US coal mining
equipment industry to that of the USSR offers interesting possibilities,
though it is at the same time fraught with dangers, owing to differ-
ences in manufacturing methods and mining technology. The comparative
method, if it may be so called, can be applied (l~ to the US coal mining
machine building industry en masse, (2) to the individual plants, or
(3) to individual products.
Looking at the situation as a whole, it is possible to examine
US input requirements for the entire coal mining equipment industry
during a single-year, such as the year 1945, at the end of World War
II. Initial plans for 1945 called for the production of items as listed
in Table 33?*
Table 33 follows on p.. 192.
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US Proposed Underground Coal Mining Equipment Program
1945 504/
Destination of Output
Other
Total
Program
US and
British
~
1945
Items
Canada
UK
Empire
USSR
(Proposed)
Locomotives
300
26
23
120
469
Shuttle Cars
220
83
8
0
311
Mine Cars
18,000
100
0
0
18,100
Shortwall Cutters
300
110
47
54
511
Longwall Cutters
10
0
0
320
330
Universal and
Arcwall Cutters
184
0
28
20
232
Crawler Trucks
137
29.
0
0
166
Chain and
Elevating Conveyors
554
140
0
85
779
Belt Conveyors
80
6
0
60
146
Shaker Conveyors
346
12
0
220
578
Duckbills
100
5
0
40 _
145
Crawler Loaders
270
29
20
125
444
Track Loaders
including Conways
110
0
g
32
151
Electric Drills
1;400
12
124
940
2,476
To make the above program possible, it was proposed to allocate
to the US coal mining equipment industry controlled materials during
1945, as indicated in Table 34.*- Here in brief is stated the amount of
steel needed by the coal mining equipment industry in operation for 1
year under wartime conditions. Unfortunately, the value of this in-
formation is lessened by the fact that the US industry planned in 1945
not only to keep the US mines in operation but also to lend support to
the mines of the British Empire and the USSR as well. Were it not for
* Table 3 follows on p. 193?
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Table 34
US Proposed Controlled Materials Allotments to the
Underground Coal Mining Equipment Industry
19+5 505/
Total
Controlled Materials 19+5
Carbon Steel
60,186
short tons
Alloy Steel
6,393
short tons
Copper Base Alloys
Sheet, Strip, and Plate
51,5+0
lbs
Rods, Bars, and Wires
78,150
lbs
Tubing and Pipe
8,x.15
lbs
Brass Mill Copper Products
302,921
lbs
Wire Mill Products
633,8+5
lbs
Foundry Products .
966,780
lbs
Aluminum
6,000
lbs
this disrupting factor, it could be said that under wartime conditions
an allotment of 66,500 short tons of'steel together with other needed
items would be needed to keep in operation coal mines with a capacity
of more than 620 million short tons. Even though the data are thrown
out of focus by the export situation, this kind of a view helps to give
a picture of the upper limits of the requirements of the coal mining
machinery industry for raw materials in time of war. Were the data
limited to US needs, it might even be possible to reason from them that,
given an econo~y of a certain size requiring a given amount of coal and
securing that coal'by a stipulated technology, it would take an allot-
ment of x tons of steel, and so on down the input list, to the coal
mining equipment manufacturers to meet the national need for coal. The
raw material inputs to the mining machine building industry could even
be stated as xa tons of steel per ton of coal to be mined. Could such
a figure be devised for the US, by appropriate adjustment of require-
ments for equipment, in terms of output, it could with some computation
be transposed to the USSR.
'In contrast to this approach, which seeks to match the needs of
an entire supplying industry with that of its consuming industry in the
context of the whole econorr~y, attention should also be called to the
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possibility of ascertaining the inputs needed by a whole industry to
build all machines performing a certain function, such as coal cutters,
without regard to lesser variations in equipment within the general
category. Such data are also to be had from the files of the War Pro-
duction Board (WPB) from World War II. As shown in Table 35,E the
coal mining equipment industry was allotted in 19~+t+ 7, x+91 .tons of
steel and 801,000 pounds of copper base alloys with which to build
1,067 coal cutters of all types, or about 7 short tons of steel and
750 pounds of copper per coal cutter. Similar input data can be
derived from Table 35 for loaders, conveyors, mine cars, and locomo-
tives. Unfortunately, however, tYie categories employed by the WPB
were very comprehensive. The term "coal cutters" includes not only
the shortwalls of all weights but also the heavy-mounted universal
cutters, as well as self-propelled trucks used to move shortwall cut-
ters from place to place in the mines. The loader figures also in-
clude equipment of various weights. Under conveyors are grouped all
underground types -- chain, belt, and shaker -- regardless of length.
Similarly, locomotives, shuttle cars, and even mine cars were grouped
together for purposes of classification. So numerous were the mine
cars, for example, that they establish an average of but 1.73 short
tons of steel per item in the class of mine cars and locomotives,
which would obviously be insufficient steel with which to build a
coal mine locomotive. The cutter, loader, and even the conveyor
averages, however, are not beyond the field of reason and would be
useful in extrapolating to a country whose mine technology was close
to that of the US. -
From the point of view of method this approach has its uses.
Moreover, with some effort it might be possible to apportion the inputs
derived from Table 35 for classes of equipment to particular types or
even models. This could be done if the trouble were taken to devise
conversion factors weighted according to the respective weights and
frequency of the kinds of equipment being considered. The possibility
of relating input weights to selling price should also be given some
thought. If it be assumed that shipments did not lag too much and that
there is a reliable relationship between the value of equipment shipped
in 19~+~+ and the weight of the inputs, then ratios could be established
from which it would be possible to extract inputs by weight of steel and
copper base alloys per each item of equipment either by weight or by
value.
~' Table 35 follows on p. 195?
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US WPB Production and Allotments Program of Underground Coal Mining Equipment
1944
1944 Program 506
Allotments 507
1944 Shipments 508
Allotment Per Unit
Steel
Copper Base Alloys
Steel
Copper Base Alloys
Code
'~
Item _/
US
Total
(Short Tons)
(Thousand Lbs)
Thousand $
~hort Tons)
(Thousand Lbs)
301
Coal Cutters
856
1,067
7,491
801
5,750
7.02
0.75
Shortwall
520
671
Universal
184
184
Crawler Trucks
152
212
304
Underground Coal Loaders
380
450
6,407
641
4,757
14.24
1.42
Crawler
300
370
Track
80
80
302
Underground Coal
1,072
1,246
8,995
330
4,703
7.22
0.26
Conveyors
Chain
616
722
Belt
72
85
Shaker
384
439
300
Coal Mine Cars and Loco-
29,332
29,462
51,056
481
12,167
1.73
0.02
motives
Locomotives
392
414
Shuttle Cars
244
352
Mine Cars
28,696
28,696
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It is also possible, employing a technique similar to the
above, to analyze inputs, not by industry, but by company. This method
has the advantage of permitting the focusing of attention upon com-
panies which specialize in certain products, thereby overcoming some of
the obstacles erected by the overgeneral categories used by the WPB.
To employ this technique, it would be necessary to check allotments of
materials to particular companies for a period long enough to overcome
errors due to lag in output. Average monthly allotments could then be
compared with scheduled monthly shipments. From the average price per
unit of machinery in any given category, such as coal cutters, it would
then be possible to reduce inputs to tons per machine scheduled to be
shipped.
Two other approaches to the problem were considered and tried
in greater detail. Both were based on the comparison of US and Soviet
types of equipment. The first involved ari examination of the equipment
building industry as a whole, based not on the WPB records, but on the
1947 Census of Manufactures. The second approach that was attempted
in detail consisted of working from the inputs to individual items of
US equipment to inputs for equivalent pieces of Soviet machinery.
The limitations of the former method became apparent almost
at once. In the first place, the coal mining equipment industry is
grouped in the census with the construction equipment industry. Al-
though production and sales for the former industry are reported sep-
arately by the census, raw materials consumed by the industry are re-
ported together with those consumed by the construction equipment manu-
facturers. Furthermore, even production and sales were not available
for all items.. Moreover, in the census, items are grouped more by func-
tion than by producing or consuming industry. Thus coal mine locomo-
tives are not included in the reports for coal mining equipment but to-
gether with transportation equipment. The breakdowns, even when by
types of equipment, tend to be comprehensive. Thus the category for
coal cutters includes all types, mounted and unmounted, heavy and light.
Although it was feared that the heavy items included in the con-
struction equipment industry would throw out of balance the lighter
,pieces built for the underground coal mining industry, it was decided to
proceed with an analysis of the census data, if only as a check on their
validity and an independent test for more intensive analysis of indi-
vidual models of machines that it was also planned to make subsequently.
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The 1947 Census of Manufactures reported inputs to the mining
and construction industry (3531) as $450,580,000. Separate inputs for
the coal mining equipment industry were not given by the 1947 census.
Shipments of the entire mining and construction industry totaled
$932,430,000, and shipments of coal cutters were valued at $11,844,000.
Assuming that-the ratio of inputs to outputs is the same for the
manufacture of coal cutters as for the entire mining and construction
industry, it was reasoned as follows:
$ Coal Cutter Shipments FOB ~ Inputs to Coal Cutters
All Mining and Construction = Inputs to Mining and Construction
Shipments FOB
Therefore ,
$ Coal Cutter Shipments x $ Inputs to Mining and
Inputs to = Construction
Coal Cutters Mining and Construction Shipments
__ $ 11 844,000 x $456,800,000
932, 30,000
_ $5,800,000
Or
$ Inputs to Coal Cutters _ $ Input Any Coal Cutter Component
Inputs to All Mining - Input Same Component to All Mining
and Construction and Construction
By applying this factor to the respective inputs to the entire
mining and construction industry as shown in Column 2 of Table 36,-~ dol-
lar inputs to coal cutter manufacture were computed in Column 3. This
figure was then divided by 1,533, the number of coal cutters built in
1947, to ascertain the dollar input per average coal cutter t;Column 4).
By methods explained in the notes to Table 36, inputs were derived di-
rectly from the census reports or else converted from dollar values per
coal cutter to material inputs. By appropriate conversion factors,
steel inputs were reduced to raw steel and fuel inputs to standard Soviet
fuel. These computations led to a series of inputs per coal cutter, as
~ Table 3~ follows on p. 201.
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shown in Column 10. When inspected, these values appeared to be higher
than experience warranted, thus confirming the prior doubts about the
validity of the assumption that inputs to coal cutters were of an order
similar to those to construction equipment. To overcome the overweighting
resulting from the inclusion of the heavy construction equipment in this
census category, recourse was had to WPB data for allotments to the coal
mining equipment industry for 1944. On the basis of these allotments it
appeared that only 8.2 MT of raw steel had been allotted to the coal
cutter industry by the WPB in 1944,_ as compared with the 13.4 MT derived
from the census of 1947. Using these steel ratios as an index, a
correction factor of 0.614 was computed,- and all inputs were reduced by
this quantity, as shown in Column 11. This may be taken as the inputs
per average US coal cutter in 1947. By a further adjustment, on a weight-
per-weight ratio, it could be applied to Soviet coal cutters.?~?~? By the
same procedure, inputs to US coal loaders were computed from census data,
as shown in Table 37.-~-~
Although these computations are reported here, partly as a
study in the methodology for the estimation of inputs to Soviet equip-
ment, it is now believed that this method is appropriate only where the
census categories embrace the confines of homogeneous industries. In-
spection of the results, even when scaled down by the WPB correction
factor, leads to the suspicion that the inputs computed in this fashion.
are high. It must be remembered, of course, that the coal cutters con-
sidered range from 3 to over 5 MT. Even so, an average input of 8.18
MT of steel would seem to be about 50 percent too much. It may be rea-
soned, then, that while the census study led to a gross approximation
of inputs, it was, if only for the difficulty of separating coal mining
~ For the derivation of this correction factor, see the notes to
Table 36.
~- 'Computations in Table 36 were carried one step further by estima-
ting in Column 12 the inputs to both riew equipment and to maintenance,
in conformity with US practice, with the exception of bearings, for
which maintenance according to recommended Soviet practice was avail-
able.
Table 37 follows? on p. 209.
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from construction equipment, too crude a measuring device. This hypo-
thesis was confirmed by subsequent study of inputs as reported by US
manufacturers on a model-by-model basis.
B. Input Requirements.
Inputs were next computed for each type of Soviet coal mining
equipment from data supplied by US manufacturers of similar machinery.
These inputs were worked back to raw materials, motors, bearings, la-
bor, and other components, at so much per machine, as described in the
notes to Table 38.~~ These inputs were then converted into inputs to
equivalent Soviet equipment on a proportional basis. Certain inputs
were obtained directly This process was carried 50X1
out on a model-by-model basis for coal cutters (see Table 38). Data
for coal combines are limited, since these have been developed only
recently. The combines were all assumed to have the same average in-
puts as the Donbas combine, which is a mediumweight type and the most
frequently built model. .Inputs to it were allocated on a weight-by-
weight basis as compared with the MV-60 heavy coal cutter (see
Table 39).~-~- This procedure appeared to be especially justified in
view of the fact that the power unit of the MV-60 is used to drive
marry of the combines. Cutter-loaders were calculated as KNN1P-1 cut-
ters to which loading plows had been attached. The 5-153 coal loader
inputs were figured from its prototype US machine with appropriate
weight adjustments (see Table ~+0).~ No data were available di-
rectly from manufacturers for the three types of rock loaders. A
weighted average was therefore computed for them, which was converted
into inputs in the same manner as in the case of the 5-153 coal
loader. Conveyor inputs were calculated from US equipment, with
adjustments to standard Soviet length (see Table 41, 1+2, 43, and
~+4).~-~--~-~ Locomotives were grouped into classes by weight. The l~+-
and 8-N?C types were figured directly from US equipment, and the light
models were figured in part from components and in part by proportion
from the heavier weights (see Tables ~+5, ~+6, 1+7, and 1+8). In
~ WPB records provide a good correction factor to the census
reports. To the extent that the inputs are too high after the applica-
tion of the WPB correction factor, it may be reasoned that the WPB
requests for allotments were in themselves too high.
Table 38 follows on p.
212.
Table 39 follows on p.
21~+.
Table 40 follows on p.
215.
Table 41 follows on p.
219;
Table ~+2, on p. 220; Table 43,
on p . 223 ; Table 4~+, on p . 22~+ .
~~~~~ Table 45 follows on p. 225; Table ~+6, on p. 227; Table ~+7,
on p. 229; Table ~+8, on p. 230.
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most cases, inputs were calculated on a machine-per-machine basis. Then,
total inputs required for estimated 1951 production were computed on a
model-by-model basis. These inputs were combined in Table 49~- to show
total inputs to (1) cutters, combines, and cutter-loaders, (2) coal and
rock loaders, (3) scraper and belt conveyors, and (~+) mine locomotives.
Table ~+9 thus shows the total inputs to that part of the coal mining
equipment industry that has been examined in this report.
Table ~+9 indicates that the Soviet coal mining equipment industry
may have consumed in 1951 as much as 77,000 NFP of steel in the construc-
tion of new equipment and as much as 115,000 N?.I' of steel if the manu-
facture of repair parts be included.-~-~ If these estimates are correct,
the industry required almost 2.4 million antifriction bearings, more than
500 NPr of copper base alloys, more than 5,000 NBC of rubber conveyor belt-
ing, and almost 15,000 motors, ranging in size from about 2 to 75 kw.
If all of this equipment had been built in only five plants, one
for each major kind of machine, as shown in Table 51,x- the industry
would have needed about 1,200 machine tools, 153 welders, about 40 over-
head crazies, over x+50 jib cranes, and 7 cupolas, together with other re-
lated manufacturing equipment. These items alone would have needed a
floor space of almost 90,000 square meters.
With the inputs shown here, the industry is estimated to have
produced in 1951 new equipment of the types considered in this report
totaling about 55,000 N1T. Counting repair parts, the industry may have
turned out a product whose net weight amounted to over 80,000 ~P', as
shown in Table 50.~~~ At only $1 per pound this product would have been
worth in the neighborhood of 200 million, a sum that suggests the pri-
ority being given to the construction of coal mining equipment in the
USSR.
~ Table ~+9 follows on p. 231.
~~ It should be emphasized again at this point that these are not the
total steel requirements of either the coal mining equipment industry or
the coal mines. The industry builds a great quantity of other items be-
sides those considered in this report. Its steel requirements for mine
cars alone may well total 50,000 MT more per year. This report does not
necessarily seek to cover the heaviest or most numerous items being built
for the Soviet coal mines. The focus of the analysis in this report has
been, instead, the more difficult items, such as the cutters and loaders,
which are a test of a,n economy's ability to build complex, heavy capital
goods.
Table 51 follows on p. 235?
~~~ Table 50 follows on p. 233.
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Table 36
Estimated Inputs to US Coal Cutters
1947
1
2
3
4
S 6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
Input to
All Mining
and Construc-
To Coal
Cutters
(Col. 2
Per Each
Cutter
(Col. 3
Cost per Unit
(MP Unless
Otherwise Total Units
Units to
Cutters
Units per
Cutter
Input per Cutter
tion Machinery
x 0.0127)
1,533)
Indicated) to Mining and
(Col. 6
(Col. 7
Corrected
WPB Correction
Plus Spare Parts
Item
S.I.C.
(Thousand $ ~$~
~
($)
Construction
x 0.0127
= 1 533
Amount
Unit
Totals
(Col. 10 x 0.6)
(Col. ll x 2)
_
Totals ~*-~
456,5$0
5,800,000
3,783.43
$2,845.86 X1,800
Labor ~
84,694 man-
1;080 man-
0.7 man-
1.05
Soviet
0.64 Soviet
1.3 Soviet
yrs
yrs
yrs
man-
man-
man-
yrs
yrs
yrs
To raw
steel (MP)
Total Steel ~
~
13.402
8.18 MP
16.4 MP
Blast Furnaces
3311
1,085
13,783
8.99
40
0.23
MP
0.23
Steel Works
3312
779,391 short
10,887 short
6.45 short
5.82
Nir
8.06 a
Iron Foundries
3321
21,933
278,615
181.74
tons
tons
tons
0.76
NIP
0.82 b
Steel Foundries
3323
178,029 short
2,261 short
1.47 short
1.3
NIP
1.40 b
Icon and Steel Forgings
3391
13,232
168,090
log.65
311
tons
tons
tons
0.35
NIP
0.61 c
Metal Stampings
3463
3,085
39,189
25.56
508
0.05
NIP
0.88 c
Wireworks
3489
2,641
33,549
21.88
460
0.05
NTT
0.09 c
Steel Springs
3493
325
4,128
2.68
209
0.01
NIP
0.02 c
Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
3494
7,959
101,106
65.95
440
0.15
NIP
0.26 c
Screw Machine Products
3495
5,000
63,516
41.43
451
O.Og
NIP
0.16 c
Fabricated Metal Products
3499
15
191
0.12
105
0.001
NIP
0.002
c
Cutting Tools
3543
4,155
52,781
34.43
257
0.13
MP
0.23 c
Special Industrial Machinery
3559
772
9,807
6.40
121
0.05
MP
0.09 c
Machine Shops
3599
5,938
75,429
48.20
158
0.31
NIP
0.55 c
Aluminum
236
321 short
3.7 short
0.002
NIP
0.001 MP
0.002 MP
tons
tons
*~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
~ Footnotes for Table 36 follow on p. 207.
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Total Electric Power
Purchased
Generated in Plants
4911
445 mil
__._ kwh
426 mil
kwh
19 mil
kwh
5.65 mil 3,686 kwh
kwh
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Estimated Inputs to US Coal Cutters
1947
(Continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Input to To Coal Per Each Cost per Unit
All Mining Cutters Cutter (MP Unless Units to Units per
and Construe- (Col. 2 (Col. 3 Otherwise Total Units Cutters Cutter Input per Cutter '
tion Machinery x 0.0127) = 1,533) indicated) to Mining and (Col. 6 (Col. 7 Corrected WPB Correction Plus Spare Parts
Item S.I.C. (Thousand $) ($) ~ ($) ($) Construction x 0.0127) 1,533) Amount Unit Totals (Col. 10 x 0.6) (Co. 11 x 2)
POL
Avgas, Jet Fuel
Motor and Diesel
Fuel
2911
0
1,232
15,649
10.20
3.25 bbls
0.52
MP
0
0.32 MP '
0
0.6 MT
Lubricants
632
8,030
5.25
20.00 bbls
0.44
NIP
0.27 MT
0.5 ~
Industries Not Elsewhere
Considered
Lumber
2421
3,380
42,936
28.01
63 per 450 bd ft
275 bd ft
550 bd ft
Paints and Varnish
2851
2,322
29,496
19.24
thous ft
$u ?75
$23.50
Structural Metal
Products ~
3441
2,820
35,823
23.37
$14.26
$28.52
Rubber Tires
Motors and Generators ~
30ll
3614
2 per truck
per yr
1-47 kw
2 per truck
per yr
1-47 kw
Bearings ~
3593
21 units
59 units
Electric Control Apparatus ~
3616
3,143
39,926
26.04
$15.85
$31.70
Undistributed ~
72,000
915,414
597.14
$365.00
Total Items under 0.5 Percent ~
135.80
$83.00
a. Wi.e_, the census gives inputs for components of the industry by weight or other units than dollars, these units are shown in Column In other instances, weights per dollar were taken fron the
census, as shown in Column 5, and reduced to weight per coal cutter in Column 9.
b. Soviet labor was calculated at 66.7 percent of the efficiency of US labor (US input x 1.5).
c. Corrections for raw steel are made in Column 10 as per WGC-D-3 (EIC), 20 December 1951. Small a indicates correction factor of 1.39; small b indicates divided by correction factor 0.92; (or
multiplied by 1.08); small c indicates correction factor of 1.76.
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Estimated Inputs to U5 Coal Cutters
1947
(Continued
d. Fuels listed herein were converted to bituminous coal of 13,000 Btu at the following ratio: anthracite, 12,700; coke, 13,000; natural gas, 1,150 Btu per cu ft; manufactured gas, 00 Btu per cu ft.
e. This item, composed of miscellaneous structural metal products, comprising about 1 percent per cutter in value of material inputs, could not be broken down into type of metal. It is therefore
reported in dollars.
f. Coal cutters require one motor per machine. These range in size from the fQ~1P-1, which uses a 47-kw motor, to the Mp-60, which is equipped with a 57-kw motor.
g. The FCNNE'-1 requires 21 antifriction bearings per machine.
h. This item consists chiefly of motor starters.
i. "Undistributed" refers to items not distributed by the 1947 census.
j. Consists of items totaling less than 0.5 percent in value per cutter. Other items, totaling $8ll per cutter, showed up in the census but were deducted from the coal cutter items as being properly
applicable to other types of mining equipment. These inputs consisted of items such as boiler shop products, pipe, valves and fittings, etc.
It has been indicated that the inputs per cutter shown in Columns 9 and 10 were based on the assumption that weights and values would be distributed in a valid manner throughout the segments of
the mining and construction industry. Inspection of the resultant steel weights indicated that this assumption was not correct. It appeared that the heavier weights per unit oP certain items of
construction equipment had overweighted the more compact coal mining machinery items. Accordingly, in Column ll, all allocations per cutter have been corrected according to data derived from WPB
allotments to the coal mining equipment industry for 1944 on the following basis:
$ Value of Coal Cutters Shipped in 1944 x Price Correction _
Weight of Steel Allocated to Coal Cutters, 19
$ Value of Cutters Shipped in 1947
Weight of Steel Inputs to Coal Cutters, 19 7
Therefore, Weight of Steel Input to Coal Cutters., 1947 c
6 42 MT x 11 844 000 = 12,625 MT of Steel
5,750,000 x 1.1
From this adjusted steel input figure a correction factor was calculated.
WPB Steel Wei ht 1 44 __ 8.235 ~ . 61.4 Percent
Census Steel Weight, 19 7 13.4 02 NIA
All calculations were reduced by this amount in Column ll which thus becomes an indicator of inputs per coal cutter built. Maintenance in this industry is a heavy item. Spare parts shipments
equaled shipments of new equipment according to WPB records. While this not be valid in acetime years, it is assumed that Soviet maintenance in cold war conditions will equal US maintenance
under hot war conditions of World War II. For antifriction bearings a yearly need of 38 replacement bearings per machine of ?21 bearings. In Column 12, therefore, figures
are adjusted upward by 100 percent to include inputs to the spare parts sector of the industry.
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Industries Not Elsewhere
.Considered
Lumber bd ft
450
783
501.
752
Paints and Varnish $
19.24
33.48
21.43
32.15
Structural Metal
Products $
23.37
40.66
26.02.
39.03
Motors and Generators 17-kw
units
Electronic Control.
Apparatus $
26.04
1
45.31
29.00
1.5
43.50
Undistributed $
597.14
1,039.02
664..37
997.46
Total Items under 0.5
percent $
135.80
236.29
151.23
226.85
Footnotes for Table 37 follow on p. 210.
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Table 37
Estimated Inputs to US Coal Loaders
1947
(Continued)
a. Inputs to US coal loaders were derived from the coal cutter inputs shown in
Table 3~6 by the following line of reasoning:
In uts to US Coal Cutters 1947 _ $ Inputs to US Coal Loaders 1947
Shipments to US Coal Cutters, 19 7 Shipments to US Coal Loaders, 19 7
or
$ 5 800 000 _ $ Inputs to US Coal Loaders 1947
11, ,ooo - ,579,000
$ Inputs to US Coal Loaders, 1947 = $4,201,131 per 637 Loaders, or
$6,595 per~Loader.
The. ratio of loader to cutter inputs was therefore $6 595 = 1.74.
3, 7 3
By means of this conversion factor, Table 37 was constructed. Census inputs
per coal cutter are shown in Column 1. These are then converted into census
inputs per coal loader by application of the multiplier 1.74. As in-the in-
stance of the coal cutters, it was found that the census inputs per coal loader,
being weighted by the association with heavy construction equipment, proved to
be excessive, as indicated by the high figures for steel inputs. Corrections
were therefore devised based on WPB allotments for the construction of coal
loaders, as follows:
$ Value of Coal Loaders Shipped in 1944 x Price Correction _
Weight of Steel Allocated to Coal Loaders, 19
Value of Coal Loaders Shipped in 1947
Wei.gk~t of Steel Inputs to Coal Loaders, 19 7
Therefore, Weight of Steel Input to Coal Loaders, 1947 =
5,766 x $8,759,000 = 9,453 M'f of Steel Input to Coal. Loaders, 1947.
~,757,DO0 x 1.1
_9.z_4~5~3 = 14..84 MT Steel Input per Coal Loader, 1947.
X37
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Estimated Inputs to US Coal Loaders
1947
(Continued)
From this adjusted steel input figure a correction factor was calculated:
WPB Steel Weight 1944 _ 14.84 = 0.64
Census Steel Weight, 19 7 23.32
This correction factor was applied in Column 3. The resultant figures
indicate the 1947 inputs per coal loader built in the US in 1947. Finally,
in Column 4 an addition was made to allow for the production of spare
parts. Considering that coal loaders are a relatively new Soviet product
and that the park is therefore of fairly 'recent origin, the spare part
factor was calculated at 50 percent. As in other calculations of mining
machinery inputs, Soviet factory labor was reckoned as being 67 percent as
efficient as US labor. Steel was converted back to raw steel as per
directions received. Fuel was converted to Soviet standard fuel of
12,600 Btu.
b. 6.86 at Soviet standard fuel of 12,600 Btu.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Cutters*
1951
1
2
3 ~+
5 6
7 8 9
]
1
Cutter
50-Hp US Shortwa
,
,
~
Finished Components ~'~' Stock !+l
Inputs per Cutter =/
Soviet Longwall Cutters ./
(Col. 1 (Col. 2
(Col. ~+
GTK-35 ~-1 MV-60
Item
Units
2 205 by Factor Units
by Factor
Units
Units (Units) (Units)
Steel Castings
2,150.1bs
0.98 ME 0.88 1.11 MT
x 1.08
1.20 MC'
Rolled Steel
2,985 lbs
1.35 MP ~ 0.84 1.61 MP
x 1.39
2.24 MP
Total Ferrous
5,135 lbs
2.33 Mr
3.44 MP
2.32 MP 2.91 MP 3.19 MP
Copper Cable ~
200 lbs
Copper Base Alloys
90 lbs.
0.04 MP
0.04 MP
0.1 MP 0.05 Mr 0.05 MP
Tin
10 lbs
0.005 MP
0.005 Ml
Motor and Controller
2,700 lbs
1 50-hp unit
1 50-hp unit 1 35-kw unit 1 47-kw unit 1 57-kw unit
Bearings
18 units
18 units 22 units
21 units
21 units
Labor
803 man-hrs
x 1.5
-
1,205 Soviet. 816 Soviet
man- man-
hrs hrs
1,024 Soviet
man-
hrs
1,120 Soviet
man-
hrs
Finished Weight 8,300 lbs 3.76 t~P 3.76 ~ 2.55 NL~ 3.2 ~ 3.5 MI'
* Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
~ Footnotes for Table 38 follow on p. 213.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Cutters
1951
(Continued)
a. These figures were obtained from a US manufacturer and consist of the finished weights of the machine. components. When totaled, they
add up to the finished weight of the machine. Weights and other items are entered in Column 1. Weights are converted to metric units in
Column 2.
b. The weights of finished components are converted by means of factors based on European practice in Column 3 to manufacturer's stock
in Column 4. Factors used consist of division by 0.88 for the machining of castings and division by 0.84 for the f~.brication and machining
of steel shapes and sheets. 509
c. Stock is converted back to raw steel according to procedures established for ORR Project 110-51: loss in the foundry is compensated
for by multiplying by 1.08. Losses in rolling mills are taken into account by multiplying by 1.3g. Totals in Column 6 thus represent
weights of raw steel and weights of nonferrous alloys. Motor, controls, and bearings are reported in units. US man-hours are converted
to.Soviet man-hours by application of the factor 1.5.
d. In Columns 6=g, inputs are derived for the three Soviet coal cutters believed to be in current production, according to the following
equation:
Steel Tlsput to Soviet Cutter in MP Steel Input to US Cutter in MP x Total Weight of Soviet Cutter
Total Weight of US Cutter in MP
steel inputs.
~
Data
for motors were obtained directly) as shown in Table g, p. 50, above. Requirements for bearings and copper
base alloys showed inputs to wearing parts of the IQ~IP-1 and also of the GTK-3M, the tre-
decessor of the GTK-35. Values for the MV-60 were assumed to be the same as for the HI~IP-1. 510
e. Inputs are figured to the connector plug and do not include the copper connecting cable.
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50X1
50X1
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Estimated Total Inputs to Soviet Coal Cutters, Combines, and Cutter-Loaders
1951
Cutters ~ Combines J Cutter-Loaders r~
cTx-35 i~-1 My-6o
Inputs per. Inputs per Inputs per Inputs per Inputs per
Item Unit Machine x 200 Machine x 500 Machine x 400 Maclaine x 240 Machine x 100 .Total
Raw. Steel MP 2.32 464.0 2.91 1,455.0 3.19 1,276.0 6.38 1,531.20 3.41 341 5,067.2
Copper Base Alloys I+Q 0.1 20.0 .0..05 25.0 0.05 20.0 0.1 24.00 0.05 5 94
.Motors and Controllers Units 1 200 1 500 1 400 2 480 1 100 1,680
Bearings Units 22 4,400 21 10,500 21 8,400 42 10,080 21 2,100 35,480
Labor Soviet man-hrs 816 163,200 1,024 512,000 1,120 448,000 2,240 537,600 1,040 104,000 1,764,800
a. Inputs from Table 38; production from Table 21, p. 138, above.
b. Inputs from Table 38; assumes average weight to be that of Donbas combine and to be twice that of MV-60 heavy cutter; production from Table 22, p. 142, above.
c. Inputs from Table 38; consists of addition of 100-kg plow to the HI~IP cutter-loader; production from Table 23, P? 149, above.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal and Rock Loaders*-
1951
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
Footnotes for Table 40 follow on p. 217.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal and Rock Loaders
1951
(Continued)
a. These figures, which were supplied by a US manufacturer of coal loaders, consist of the finished weights of the machine components. They were, therefore, processed in the same manner as
were the data for coal cutters considered in Table 38 in order to obtain the weight of the manufacturer's stock and to convert that back to raw steel and other components.
b. Production from Table 24, p. 153, above.
c. Total inputs to the US coal loader were then converted into inputs to the Soviet 5-153 coal loader in Column 7 by the following equation;
Finished Weight of Soviet Machine x In ut Wei ht to US Machine
Input to Soviet Machine = Finished Weight of US Machine p g
It was reasoned that the Soviet machine, though lighter than the US prototype, would require the same number of bearings, albeit of smaller size.
d. Because it has not yet been possible to secure from US manufacturers the inputs to their rock loaders, it ryas necessary to compute value for
from the coal loader data. For this reason, a weighted average for the Soviet rock loaders was computed as follows;
Finished
Number
Total Weight
of Those Built
Motor
Weight
Built
1951
Type
(MP)
1951
~
~
Type
Number
EPM-1
5.03
145
_
729.35
2 10.5-kw
290
PML-5
2.75
140
385.00
2 10-hp air
280
UMP-1
8.5
255
2,167.50
1 20.5-kw
255
3 282
825
Dividing the total weight of those built in 1951 by the number built gave an average weight of 6.08 MP per rock loader. By the formula stated in note c, these were reduced to their relative
input weights as compared with a US coal loader by the same technique that was applied to the 5-153 coal loader.
e. Soviet motors for the rock loaders are shown in the table in note d, above. See also Table 10, p. 69, above.
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Estimated Inputs to the Average Soviet Longwell Scraper Conveyor-
91 M (300 Ft~, 50 MT per Hr
1951.
Castings
Ro11ed.Stee1
Nonferrous
Motor
Bearings
Rubber
Labor
5 6
a. A US manufacturer's figures for a 300-foot scraper conveyor designed to deliver 50 short tons per hour were con-
verted back to raw steel and other inputs by the same methods used in Table 38. Although slightly shorter than 100
meters, this conveyor is believed to be similar to the average Soviet scraper conveyor.
b. Production from Table 25, p.. 160, above.
* Spaces left blanl~ in this table indicate that data are not_applicable.
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Table 42
Estimated Inputs to the Average Soviet Gathering Belt Conveyor*
762 MM (30 In), 15 Kw, 225 MT per Hr, 170 M (558 Ft) Long
1951
Stock ~
Inputs per Conveyors
Total Inputs
for 108.5 M of
Intermediate
Total Inputs
for 170 M
of 762-MM Belt
Sections
Conveyor, 15 Kw
(col. 1
Units i 2 205
(col. 2
by Factor) Units
(From col. 5,
Table 43)
225 MP per Hr
(Col . ~+ + Col . 5 )
Total Inputs d,
(Col. 6 x 1,500)
Steel Castings
1,100 lbs o.5o Mr
x 1.08 0.54 Mr
Rolled Steel
15,200 lbs 6.89 MP
x 1.39 9.58 MI'
Brass Strip
to lbs
0.005 Mi'
Copper Sheets
10 lbs
0.005 MP
Copper Wire and Cable
100 lbs
0.045 M1'
Copper Base Castings
100 lbs
0.045 MP
18.74 MI'
28,100 MI'
~ Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
~' Footnotes for Table 42 follow on p. 221.
S-E-C-R-E-T
.
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Estimated Inputs to the Average Soviet Gathering Belt Conveyox-*
762 MM (30 In), 15 Kw, 225 MT per Hr, 170 M (558 Ft) Long
1951
(Continued)
a. The inputs in Columns.l and 2 are for a US 200-ft, 20-hp, 30-in conveyor, complete with head and tail, equipped with rubber belt-
ing, and rated at 250 short tons per hour, but extensible to 1,500 ft by the addition of intermediate sections and belting. This
conveyor is believed to be similar to the average Soviet gathering belt conveyor, except for the length adjustments of Column 5.
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Estimated Inputs to the Soviet 170-M, 225-NFP-per-Hr Gathering Belt Conveyor
1951
(Continued
b. In this instance the US manufacturer supplied the weight of the manufacturer's stock. It was therefore necessary only to con-
vert these figures back to raw steel and other components. This was done, as in Table 38, by applying the factor of 1.39 to rolled
steel and 1.08 to castings.
c. From data supplied by the same manufacturer for inputs per each 100 additional feet of conveyor that it was desired to add to
the original unit, inputs were computed in Table ~+3 for enough intermediate sections and belting to extend the structure to 170 m,
which it is estimated would be a frequently occurring Soviet length. The additional sections are entered in Column 5 of Table ~+2
and totaled in Column 7.
d. Production from Table 25, p. 160, above.
e. The US conveyor was built up of 8-ft sections each of which contained 14 bearings. The basic unit thus contained 25 sections,
or 350 bearings.
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Table 43
Estims;'t~~ Inputs to Intermediate Sections of the Soviet Belt Conveyor Shown in Table 42 a~
1951 -
i
2
3 4
5
_ _ Stt~~l~
Inputs
to Intermediate Sections
Inputs per
108.5 M of Intermediate
Item
Units
(Col. 1
.:. 2
205
(Col. 2 by
Factor Units
Sections .
(Col
6 x 3
56)
,
.
.
Rolled Steel
3,840 lbs
1.74 MT
x 1.39 2..42 MT
8.62 MT
dubber Belt,
4-ply, 42 oz
1,000 lbs
p,45 MT
0.45 MT
1.60 MT
Ball Bearings
96 units
14 per 8-ft 175 units
623 units
Labor
-
section x
12.5 sections
1.5 x 65 98 Soviet
man-hrs man-hrs
349 Soviet man-hrs
a. That is, to 30..5 m 100 ft of intermediate sections for 7
Table 42, note ~.
2-mm 30-in belt conveyor. See explanation in
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Estimated Total Inputs
to Soviet Underground Scraper and Belt Conveyors
1951
Raw Steel
Copper Base Alloys
Tin
Motors and Controllers
Mic a
Bearings
Wood
Rubber and Rubber Belt
Labor
Unit
MT
MT
MT
units
MT
units
MT
MT
Soviet man-hrs
Scraper
Conveyors
Belt
Conveyors
Total
25,560
28,100
53,660
0
150
150
8
8
3,000
1,500
4,500
3
3
39,000
1,459,500
1,498,500
3
3
20.40
3,750
3,770
1,143,000
1,558,500
2,701,500
a. Consists of the sum of Table~+l, Col. 7, -and Tab Col. 7.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Heavyweight Coal Mine Locomotives
1951
Inputs to US 15-Short-Ton
or Soviet 14-NIP DC Trolley Locomotive Jam'
Inputs to Soviet
Stock Inputs per Unit 10-NIP DC Total Inputs
Trolley Locomotive
(Col. 1 (Col. 2 (Column 4 by Factor -- 14-NIP 10-MP
Item Units 2 205 by Factor) Units 10 13.6 = 0.74) (Col. 4 x 300) (Col. 5 x 125)
Steel Castings 321 lbs 0.15 NSP x 1.08 0.16 NLP
Rolled Steel 27,097 lbs 12.3 N4P x 1.39 17.10 NIP
Cast Iron 4,892 lbs 2.2 NIP x 1.08 2.38 NIP
Total Ferrous 32,310 lbs 14.7 NIP 19.64 NII' 14.53 NII' 5,892 Nff 1,816.25 MC
Lead 59 lbs 0.027 NIP 0.027 NIP 0.020 MP 8.10 MP 2.50 N2P
Tin 31 lbs 0.014 NIP 0.014 NIP 0.010 MP 4.20 MP 1.25 Mr
Total Nonferrous 90 lbs 0.041 MP 0.041 NIP 0.030 MP 12.30 NLP 3.75 N2P
Motor and Controller 6,815 lbs 3.09 ~ 3.09 ~
Motor Type 2 50-hp 2 37.50-kw 2 37.50-kw 2 25-kw 600 units 250 units
Footnotes for Table 45 follow on p. 226.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Heavyweight Coal Mine Locomotives
1951
(Continued)
3 4. 5 6 .7
Item
Bearings.
Total Weight ~,ess Bearings
Labor
Inputs to US 15-Short-Ton ,,~
or Soviet 14-MT DC Trolley Locomotive J
Inputs to Soviet
Stock
Inputs per Unit 10-Mr DC
(Col. 1
(Col. 2
Trolley Locomotive ~
(Column 4 by Factor --
14-MP
-
10-Mr
Units
2 205
by Factor)
Units 110
~ 13.6 = 0.74)
(Col. 4 x 300)
(Col. 5 x 125)
13 .units
13 units
13 units
3,900 units
1,625 units
39,215 lbs
17.83 MP
24.23 I~ff'
1.5 x
4,457 Soviet
3,298 Soviet
1,337,100 Soviet
412,250 Soviet
2,971 man-
hrs
man-
hrs
man-
hrs
man-
hrs
man-
hrs
Total Finished Weight 30,000 lbs 13.6 Mr
a. A US manufacturer supplied the input information for 15-short-ton DC trolley-type mine locomotives. Inputs were given by this manu-
facturer for the stock used in manufacture. Therefore it was only necessary to convert back to raw steel and other components as in
Table 41. The 15-short ton US locomotive was almost equivalent in weight to the 14-MI' Soviet model.
b. Inputs to the USSR 10-MP mine locomotives were calculated in Column 5 by proportions from the 14-MT type as in Table 40.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Mediumweight and Lightweight Coal Mine Locomotives*
1951
1
2
3 ~+
5
6
7
Inputs to US 8-Short-Ton ~}d Soviet 7.2-MR'
Locomotives a/~
Inputs per Soviet
Total Inputs
Stock
_
Inputs per Unit
3.2-MP
Item
Units
(Col. 1
? 2 205
(Col. 2
by Factor) Units.
Trolley Locomotives ~
(Col. 4 by Factor --
3.2 s 7.26 = 0.44)
To Medium-
weight Type
(Col. ~+ x 2
75)
To Light-
weight Type
(Col. 5 x 100)
Steel Castings
666 lbs
0.30 MP
x 1.08 0.32 MP
Rolled Steel
14,905 lbs
6.76 MP
x 1.39 9.40 Mr
Cast Iron
1,551 lbs
0.70 MP
x 1.08 0.76 ME
Total Ferrous
17,122 lbs
x.76 MP
10.48 MP
4.61 MP
2,882 MP
461 MP
Lead
44 lbs
0.020 MP
0.020 MP
0.008 ME
5.50 MP
0.8 Nff
Tin
31 lbs
0.014 MP
0.014 MT
0.006 MP
3.85 ~
0.6 MT
Total Nonferrous
74 lbs
0.034 MP
0.034 MP
0.014 MI'
235 Mr
1_4 MT
Motor and Controller
2,732 lbs
1.24 MI'
1.24 MC
Motor Type
2 40-hp
2 30-kw
2 21-kw
1 12-kw
550 ~.ts
100 units
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
Footnotes for Table 46 follow on p. 228.
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Estimated Inputs to Soviet Mediumweight and Lightweight Coal Mine Locomotives
1951
(Continued)
Inputs to US 8-Short-Ton an~ Soviet 7.2-MT
Locomotives a_
Inputs per Soviet
Stock
Inputs per Unit
3.2-~
(Col. 1
(Col. 2
Trolley Locomotives ~
(Col. ~+ by Factor --
To Medium-
weight Type
To Light-
weight Type
Item
Units
2 205
by Factor)
Units
3.2 7.26 = 0.44)
(Col. ~+ x. 275)_
.(Col. 5 x.100)
_
Total Weight Less Bearings
19,928 lbs
9.03 MT
Labor
1.5 x
3,242 Soviet
1,426 Soviet
891,555 Soviet
142,600 .Soviet
2,161 man-
man-
man-
man-
man-
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
a. Calculated as in Table 5 from-data supplied by US manufacturers.
b. Calculated by weight from Column 4.
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Table 47
Estimated Inputs to the Soviet 2-MT Battery Locomotive, AK-2~
1951
Weights in
Finished (Col. 1 by Col. 3 Total Inputs
Item Weight Factor) Units 2,205 (Col. ~+ x 900)
Total Finished Weight 4,410 lbs
Battery
Piug
Controller
Switch and Resistor
Motor
Total Electrical
Parts a/
400 lbs
15 lbs
20 lbs
28 lbs
110 lbs
573 lbs
573 lbs
1 2-kw
900 units
Other Metal
3,837 lbs
Lead
33 lbs
33 lbs
0.015 MT
13.50 MT
Tin
20 lbs
20 lbs
0.009 MT
8.10 MT
Total Nonferrous
53 lbs b~
53 lbs
0.024 MT
21.60 MT
Steel
3,784 lbs
x 1.35 c/
5,108 lbs
2.32 MT
2,088 MT
Bearings
7 units
6,300 units
Labor
1.5 x 400
600 Soviet
540,000 Soviet
man-hrs d~
man-hrs
man-i~rs
a. Estimated from US practice.
b. Estimated on basis. of Table 44, p. 224, above.
c. Assumes same ratio of ferrous metal between input and finished weight as in Table 44.
d. Estimated on basis of output of 10.8 short tons per man-year.
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Table 48
' Estimated Total Inputs to Soviet Coal Mine Locomotives
1951
Item
Unit
Heavy
Medium
Light
Very.
Light
_
14-MT ~
10-MT b
_
7.2-MT
3.2-MT d
2-MT e
Total
Raw Steel
MT
5,892
1,816
2,882
461
2,088
13,149
Lead
MT
8.10
2.50
5.50
0.8
13.50
30.40
Tin
MT
4.20
1.25
3.85
0.6
8.10
18.00
48.40
a. From Table 5, Col.
b. From Table 45, Col. 7.
c. From Table 46, col. 6.
d. From Table 46, Col. 7.
e. From Table 47, Col. 5.
Motors and
Controllers
units
600
250
550
100
900
2,400
Bearings
units
3,900
1,525
3,575
700
6,300
16,100
Labor
Soviet
man-hrs 1,377,100
412,250
891,555
142,600
540,000
3,323,505
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Table 49
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Produced in 1951
1
2
3
4 5
6
Coal and
Total
Including Repair
Cutters and
Rock
Parts
Item
Unit
Combines a ~~
Loaders b
Conveyors ~
Locomotives J Total
(Col. 5 x 1.5)e/
Raw Steel
MT
5,067
5.,198
53,660
13,149
77,074
115,610
Copper Base
alloys
r~r
94
l04
150
356
534
Lead
MT
30
30
47
Tin
MT
$
18
18
27
Mica
MT
3
3
4
wood
MT
3
3
4
Rubber
MT
97
3,770
3,770
5,655
Motors and
Controllers
units
1,680
1,035
4,500
2,400
9,615
14,423
Bearings .
units _
35,480
38,010
1,488,500
16,.100
1,588,090
2,382,135
Labor
Soviet man-yrs
(2,496 hrs)
707
683
1,082
1,295
3,767
5,651
Power
thousand kwh ~
2,982
2,300
19,721
5,3~
30,389
45,5+
Coal
Soviet standard
Puel in MT ~
2,456
1,893...
16,237
4,437
25,023
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not applicable.
Footnotes for Table 49 follow on p. 232.
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Table 49
Estimated Inputs to Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Produced in 1951
(Continued)
a.
From Table 39,
Col.
11. '
b.
From Table 40,
Col.
11.
c .
From Table 4~+,
Col .
3 .
d.
From Table.48,
Col.
6.
e.
Based on US practice.
f.
Computed at 500 kwh per short ton of finished weights, or 551.26 kwh per NgI' of finished weights.
See Table 50.
g. Computed for plants large enough to build equipment and spare parts as shown in Column 6. Based on
heating plants to 50oF' for 9 months.
. r
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Total
Finished Number Finished
Weight Built Weight
Item (MT) 1951 (MT)
Estimated Finished Weight of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment
Produced in 1951 ,~-
GTx-35 2.55 200 510.00
KMP-1 3.2 500, 1,600.00
My-6o 3.5 400 1,400.00
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1,100
Coal Combines 6.5 240 1,560.00
Cutter-Loaders 3.4 100 340.00
Total Cutters,
Combines, and
Cutter-Loaders
EPM-1 5.03 X45 729.35
PML-5 2.75 140 385.00
t1MP-1 8.5 255 2,167.50
Total Rock
Loaders
540 3,281.85
Coal 5-153 4.24 210 890.40
~ Footnote to Table 50 follows on p. 234.
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Total
Including
Repair Parts
Subtotals (Sum of
(MT) col. 5 x 1.5)
3,510.00
5, 410
4,172
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Estimated Finished Weight 'of Soviet Coal Mining Equipment
Produced in 1951
(Continued)
'Ibtal Finished
Weight - 55,127 82,691
a. Weights) as shown in III, above; combine weights
assumed to be average of Donbas type; conveyor weigYits estimated from
weights of raw materials; repair parts allowance based on US experience.
_ ~3~ _
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Estimated Machine Tool and Manufacturing Facilities
of the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
1951
Cutters and
Item
Unit
Combines
L
oaders
Conveyors
Locomotives
Total
Machine Tools
units
119
100
770
210
1,199
Welders
units
15
1~+
97
27
153
Overhead Traveling
Cranes
units
6
5
22
9
~+2
Jib Cranes
units
50
36
300
75
x+61
Cupolas
units
2
10 short
1
10 short
2
20 short
2
10 short-
7
tons per
tons per
tons per
tons per
hr
hr
hr
hr
Floor Space
s q m
9, 700
7
, x+78
u~+,120
17, 519
98, 81"
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A. Capabilities.
Because each of the Soviet Five Year Plans has aimed at the
further industrialization of the USSR, coal mining, which is essential
to industrialization, has received a high priority for more than 20
years. From 1932 to the end of 1951, coal output in the USSR was in-
creased from 6~+.7 million MT to about 283 million MT per year. To
facilitate this increase and to reduce the great quantity of labor
that such an expansion would have demanded had it been attempted by
hand-mining methods, the USSR has given a high priority to the develop-
ment of a coal mining equipment industry. Such an industry has, in
fact, been established in the USSR as a Main Administration of Coal
Machine Building. under the All-Union Ministry of the Coal Industry.
The Soviet coal mining equipment industry has been built up to
a point at which it now has more than ~+0 machinery building plants,
scattered through the major Soviet industrial and coal mining areas.
It is estimated that in 1951 these plants turned out almost 83,000 MT
(see Table 50~) of the specialised types of coal mining equipment
treated by this report. To establish this industry, the USSR not
only assigned to it plants and equipment but also allocated con-
siderable engineering talent and capital goods (see Table 51-x).
Where applicable, designs developed and matured in the West were copied
by the USSR. Differences in mining methods, however, forced the USSR
to strike out on its own, especially in the development of coal com-
bines and cutter-loaders which function as continuous and semicontinuous
mining machines, respectively. Although this equipment is difficult to
produce and the ability to build it satisfactorily is a good test of
the potentiality of an industrial economy, the USSR has over the years
established what might be termed a fairly mature coal mining equipment
building industry.
The intent of the USSR has been to render itself independent
of the West for coal mining e quipment. This has been a long-run goal
rather than one born of the current international crisis. In quantita-
~ P.. 233, above.
~- That is, coal cutters, coal combines, cutter-loaders, coal and
rock loaders, coal conveyors, and coal mine locomotives.
P. 235, above. '
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tive terms this goal has been achieved. The USSR is now capable of
meeting its own needs for coal mining equipment. It should be able to
produce, at 1952 output rates, sufficient equipment to expand its
underground coal output by the 20 million MT per year necessary to
meet the over-all plan to raise the annual output of coal mined to a
level of 500 million NAP by 1960. It has also become the chief supplier
of coal mining equipment to the Satellites. Although it appears that
at current production rates the USSR will be able to meet' its own
needs for expansion of coal mining and make a sizable contribution to
the expansion of mining in the Satellites, the USSR's output is such
that many hand operations will be only gradually replaced by mechanical
methods. '
Despite the difference in basic economic philosophies between
the USSR and the US, priority has been given to the coal mining e quip-
ment industry because it is more efficient to assign labor and materials
to the building of this apparatus than to continue to assign large
quantities of labor to hand-mining methods. This differential in favor
of mine mechanization also applies in particular. to the new types of
coal combines as against the older longwall coal cutters, because they
not only mine more coal than regular coal cutters but also break the
bottleneck of hand loading that has been in large part responsible for
the low output per man in Continental coal mines.
Although the USSR has been able to meet its demands for coal
mining equipment quantitatively, the equipment does not appear to be
so durable as equivalent.US equipment. Because of this factor, since
longwall mining methods subject equipment to more continuous service
than do US methods, and, perhaps, since the USSR operates its
equipment harder than do US mines, Soviet coal mining equipment does
not appear to last as long as US coal mining equipment. At present,
maintenance and replacement problems afflict the Soviet mines and drain
the facilities of the mining equipment industry, which could otherwise
be devoted to the more rapid mechanization of existing mines. Al-
though there is on foot a Soviet campaign to improve output per
machine by better scheduling of work, there does not appear to be any
strongly publicized effort to conserve the equipment itself.
Because the USSR is independent of the ~~7est for coal mining
e quipment, it is not directly handicapped in this area by Western
economic warfare. Proscript-ion of trading with the Satellites, however,
has forced the USSR to undertake to supply their needs for coal mining
e quipment as well as its own. This is no doubt a drain on Soviet
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resources as a whole and may have retarded the rate of mechanization
in Soviet coal mines. Moreover, since the USSR builds its own coal
mining equipment, it is also called upon to supply raw materials such
a.~ steel and finished components such as ant ifriction bearings,
electric motors, and controls. The extent to which these are in short
supply or in greater effective demand by the military needs of the
USSR may act as a limiting factor on the productive capacity of its
coal mining equipment industry. Insofar as economic warfare is con-
cerned, continued economic pressure against these and other machinery
components would appear to be an appropriate means of handicapping
the ability of the USSR to meet its needs for coal mining equipment.
As the possessor of a fairly mature coal mining .e quipment in-
dustry, the USSR is now relatively invulnerable to direct economic war-
fare against the equipment needed by its coal mines. However, economic .
pressure on the Satellites forces them to turn to the USSR for
assistance and thus tends to absorb Soviet productive capacity. In
addition, the interdiction to the Soviet Bloc of items such as bearings,
motors, and controls tends further to absorb Soviet energies and
facilities .
In the event of a hot war,the alternative of aerial attack
upon the coal mining equipment industry as compared with attack upon
the coal mines should be considered. The mines themselves are widely
dispersed, as compared with the equipment plants. Just as it may be
appropriate to attack the power supply and transportation networks of
the mines rather than individual mining installations, so it may be
wise to include in such considerations whether or not it would be good
use of resources to proceed against the mining machine building plants.
This report shows the coal mining equipment plants of the USSR
to be more widely dispersed than they were before ~~~orld War II, but not
so widely dispersed or inaccessible as to render them out of considera-
tion as practical targets. While the greatest concentration of plants
is still in the Ukraine, duplicate plants were built in the Urals
during World War II. Concentration of manufacturing still appears to
be determined more by the complexity and bulk of the product rather
than by military considerations of vulnerability to attack. Hard-to-
build combines are now built on a series basis in only two or three
plants, while +,he easier-to-build conveyors are being fabricated in
whole or in part at almost two dozen plants widely scattered throughout
I
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the country. Because of the dispersal of the industry as a whole in
more than 40 plants, it represents a spread-out target. However,
attacks against the two major coal cutter and combine plants, the two
large mine locomotive plants, and the six loading machine plants would
seriously handicap the capacity of the industry to build some of its
most essential items.
The effect of successful attempts to cripple the coal mining
equipment building industry would tend to be cumulative rather than
immediate. Such an accomplishment would impede the important flow of
spare parts as well as of new equipment. Measured against the experi-
ence of World War II, the USSR would be forced to retrogress in part
to the use of pneumatic picks and the blasting of coal from the solid
without undercutting. This would reduce total coal output and output
per man and at the same time tend to increase the demand of the mines
for labor. Such effects should begin to become evident within a few
months of the reduction or termination of the flow of equipment to the
mines .
In addition to considering the vulnerability of the coal
mining equipment plants to attack, attention should be given to the
dependence of these plants upon outside sources of supply. Alterna-
tive to the direct crippling of the coal mining equipment industry
would be the possib ility of attacks upon the basic steel industry, the
nonferrous metals refineries, the manufacturers of electric motors,
the producers of anti-friction bearings, or the power supplies of the
industrial areas. Major reductions of the supply of any or all of
these items would seriously embarrass the coal mining equipment in-
dustry and soon interrupt the flow of mining equipment and repair
parts to the coal mines.
C. Intentions.
1. Of the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry.,
The coal mining equipment industry of the USSR is
essentially a service industry. As such, it is subsidiary to and
managed by the Ministry of the Coal Industry. The objectives of the
coal mining equipment industry are therefore subordinate to the
objectives of the coal industry as a whole. The aim of the coal in-
dustry is to expand its operations with sufficient rapidity to keep
pace with the growth of the Soviet industrial econo~{}r and at the same
time operate in an economical manner. Despite the communistic
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orientation of its economy, it is therefore obliged to make plans in
terms of the allocation of scarce labor and capital goods in the
over-all economy. The major objectives of the Soviet coal mining
equipment industry may therefore be stated as follows: (a) to in-
crease coal output as called for by the national plans, (b) to help
increase the output per coal miner so as to release labor from the
mines to other segments of the economy including military service,
and (c) to increase the productivity of mining machines in order to
conserve capital-goods and make the fullest use of the productive
capacity of the economy.
The basic long-run objectives of the Soviet coal mining
e quipment industry have therefore been to facilitate the expansion of
coal output while at the same time improving the efficiency of the
operation in terms of both men and equipment. To bring this about,
not only has the industry sought to mechanize individual operations,
such as coal cutting, loading, and transporting, but also it has
succeeded in contriving in the form of the Donbas coal combine a
practical continuous miner that cuts, breaks, and loads coal onto a
conveyor as part of an integrated operation.. Technically speaking, it
is the intention of the USSR to devise more flexible variations of the
Donbas combine, which will be suited to coal seams of varying heights.
It is also the intention of the USSR to devise comparable combines for
special mining conditions such as thick seams, thin seams, and steeply
pitching seams. Experimental models of equipment designed to perform
these functions are now being tried in the mines, and some models may
already be in series production. Work has also been underway on a
very much-needed combine, similar to US continuous coal miners but
adapted to the cutting of both rock and coal in mine development opera-
tions.
2. Of the USSR as a Political Organization.
It is believed that to accomplish its announced plans for
the increase of the output of coal, the USSR will continue to re quire
large quantities of coal mining equipment during the next several
years. Maintenance of its present inventory level alone requires a
considerable production of machinery. The recently assumed obligation
of assisting in the mechanization of Satellite coal mines adds to the
total re quirement for equipment. Although the USSR does not report
annual production of coal mining equipment and although direct
accounts of operations within the plants are scarce, current indica-
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tions, judging from the reports of coal production, are that there has
been no major conversion away from the production of coal mining equip-
ment. The coal mining equipment industry has equipment and facilities,
however, which can be readily converted to military production. Be-
cause of the urgent need for coal mining machinery both for rapid
expansion of the Soviet civilian econorr~y and for the long-range devel-
opment of a strong industrial base for the military, partial conversion
would appear to indicate a policy of short-term build-up for war in
preference to the long-term development of the econorr~y. Full conver-
sion seems to be highly improbable because of the need for continued
repair and replacement of coal mining equipment during any prolonged
struggle. Full conversion would thus seem to indicate not only pre-
paration for hostilities but also a gamble on a swift victory or,
alternatively, desperate preparation for a last-ditch struggle.
Further decentralization, such as the moving of plants from
the Ukraine to the Urals or the Kazakh, as occurred during the last
war, would also be a serious indicator. Since the Ukraine is still
the most important single coal mining area within the USSR, however,
it is evidently believed to be economic to build coal mining equip-
ment in that area.
In conclusion, it may be stated again that the USSR has
assigned a high priority to the mechanization of coal mining because
it believes that coal is important to its industrial expansion. Over
the years it has-built a domestic coal mining equipment industry,
supplied it with numerous, well-equipped factories, and provided it
with engineering talent. Copying from the West when it could and
devising its own apparatus when its needs were unique, the USSR has
built a domestic coal mining equipment industry adequate to its aim
of mechanizing and expanding the mining of coal. As a result, the
coal mines of the USSR are now independent of the West for mining
equipment and hence immune to direct economic warfare. The USSR is
subject, however, to this kind of pressure as inflicted on the
Satellites, which it is also endeavoring to equip. Likewise, the
interdicting of industrial components, such as motors and bearings,
may lead to shortages in equipment needed by the coal mining equip-
ment building industry.
If self-sufficient for coal mining equipment, the USSR is
nevertheless vulnerable in the event of a hot war to direct attack
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on its major coal mining equipment plants or the plants that supply
them with raw materials, power, and finished components. Because
coal mining equipment has a high priority in the USSR, further dis-
persal of plants or cutbacks in production should be regarded as of
,grave import. If such moves have occurred, however, the facts have
been closely guarded.
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KEY PERSONNEL OF THE
SOVIET COAL P~IINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY
The Minister of the Coal Industry is Aleksandr Fedorovich
Zasyad'ko, a Ukrainian, who was born in the Donbas coal mining region.
Zasyad`ko is a mining engineer and a Communist. Since 1939 he has
held numerous administrative positions in the A~inistry or its prede-
cessor organizations. He became Minister of the Coal Industry of the
Western Regions in January 1947 and assumed his present position on
the merger of the eastern and western ministries in December 1948. He
received the Urder of Lenin as early as 1940 for bringing about an
increase in coal output. He is credited with restoration of the war-
ruined and flooded Donbas, the largest coal-producing basin in the
USSR. As Minister he has encouraged the completion of mechanization,
the development of coal combines, together with the 24-hour-cycle
schedule and other methods of improving mine efficiency and output. 511
Zasyad`ko is assisted by numerous deputy ministers. Of them,
Georgiy Vladimirovich Krasriikovskiy is of interest as having held the
position of the editor in
chief
of Ugol'
(Coal),
the
monthly technical
journal of the industry,
since
at least
19E~- He
has
also been Chief
of the Technical Administration (Glavtekhnika) of the Ministry. 512
Another of the deputy ministers with a background in mining
machine building is Nikolay Aleksandrovich Krylovskiy, an engineer,
wino was formerly Chief of the Main Administration of Coal Machine Build-
ing of tlae Western Regions. He is also a member of the Collegium
of the Ministry. Krylovskiy shared the 1948 Stalin prize for the
creation of the Donbas coal combine. 513
Another leading deputy minister is Dmitriy Grigor'yevich Onika,
descendant of a mining family, who was trained at the Moscow Institute
of Mining Engineering. After many years as a consulting engineer and
administrator in the coal industry, he became Minister of the Coal
Industry of the Eastern Regions in 1947. Following the consolidation
of the two ministries in the next year, Onika was made first deputy
minister for general affairs. Onika has been cited several times for
his inventions, but in recent years he has given more attention to
public relations. Author of several articles on the status of the
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industry in Ugol`, he was spokesman in 1950 at the annual I~~~iners'
Day celebration, which traditionally occurs toward the end of
August. 5i4
Giprouglemash is directed by a mechanical engineer, Aiekse;~
Vasil'yevich Topchiyev.~515 As an engineer with Giprouglemash,
Topchiyev shared a Stalin prize in 1945 for his share in making
improvements in open-pit mining that yielded increases in labor pro-
ductivity and coal production. 516/ rIe again shared a Stalin prize
in 1948 for helping to design the VNTI'S-1 cutter-loader and for
introducing this machine into the Donbas coal mines. 517 In 1949
he wrote an article entitled "New P~:achines in the Donets and T~Ioscow
Coal Basins" in a leading Soviet technical periodical. 518 In 1950
Ise headed a team of engineers that designed the new KID-,l coal com-
bine for the mechanization of steeply pitching coal seams. 519~~
Before the consolidation of the Eastern and Western Giprouglemash
organizations, Aleksandr Kalinovich Serdyuk was chief of the SKB, or
Machinery Designers' Bureau, of Giprouglemash of the West. Serdyuk,
who has also designed coal cutters and combines in his own right, shared
with Semen Semenovich Makarov, chief of the SKB of Giprouglemash of the
East, a 1947 Stalin prize for the design and production of the Makarov
combine for cutting, breaking up, and loading coal on conveyors from
longwall faces. 522
Although the two Giprouglemash organizations were united
in 1948,
the new combined institute has its regional affiliates. One
such,
located at Leningrad, is headed by A.G. Smirnov as director. 523/
Another affiliate, located in the Donbas, is under the directorship
of Aleksandr Il'yich Bashkov. 524/ Bashkov shared a Stalin prize in
191+8 for his part in the design and development of the~Donbas com-
b ine. 525/
~ Not to be confused with the Academician of the same name, a
leading organic chemist and petroleum expert.
~ The chief engineer of Giprouglemash has not been identified.
Boris Filippovich Aleksandrov is a deputy chief engineer. 520
While chief designer of the former Giprouglemash of the West, he
shared a Stalin prize in 1947 for his work in the pumping out of the
flooded Donbas mines. 521
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Available information does not permit the complete reconstruction
of the internal organization and personnel of Giprouglemash. Certain
of its engineers who are known to have specialized in the design of
particular types of coal mining machinery may nevertheless be iden-
tified. Recognition for the creation of the celebrated Donbas com-
bine, which may be regarded as the first really successful Soviet
coal combine, was granted not only to A.I. Bashkov, as already in-
dicated, but also to Aleksandr Davidovich Sukach, who directed the
operation as a member of the Donbas affiliate of Giprouglemash, and
to Vladimir Nikitin Khorin, engineer at Giprouglemash, aided by
Maksim Fedorovich Gorshkov and Nikolay Aleksandrovich Krylovskiy, both
engineers being directly affiliated with the Ministry of the Coal
Industry. Credit was also shared for this achievement by the director
of the Gorlovka Coal Mining Equipment Plant imeni S.M. Kirov and by an
engineer of the coal trust at which the machine was first tried. 526
This suggests that close collaboration is maintained among various
branches and levels of administrative, research, and operating organiza-
tions, insofar as the design and development of new equipment is con-
cerned.~
After the war the USSR systematically shifted its mines from the use
of shaker, or reciprocating trough, conveyors to chain, or scraper, con-
veyors for underground transport. For significant work in the improve-
ment of scraper conveyors, Nikolay Deomidovich Samoylyuk, then Chief
of the Machinery Designers' Bureau of Giprouglemash of the West, received
a Stalin prize in 1946. Collaborators with him were Suren Khorenovich
Klorik'yan, chief designer for Giprouglemash of the East, together with
Flor Grigor'yevich Savlukov, designer for the Podmoskovr~yy Scientific
Research Coal Institute of Giprouglemash of the West, and Aleksandr
Anisimovich Spivakovskiy; corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences
of the USSR and professor of the Moscow Mining Institute imeni
I.V. Stalin. 528
For the development of a coal-loading machine to be used in the
sinking of vertical mine shafts, Yakov Ivanovich Balbachan, head of the
''schnical Administration of Construction of the Ministry of the Coal
~ S.S. Makarov's award for the design of the combine that bears his
name has already been mentioned, together with the name of A.K. Serdyuk.
They shared honors with Mikhail Vinofeyevich Kolentsev, chief designer,
and Paul Pavlovich Denisov, group chief of the SKB, both of Giprougle-
mash of the East. 527
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Industry, aided by other mine construction experts, received a Stalin
prize in 1949. 529
Improvements in mine cages for the elevating of men and equipment
have also received considerable attention in the USSR in recent years.
Specialists in this area are Mikhail Kuz'mich Galushko, head of the
mine transport station, Makeyevka Scientific Research Institute for
Trlork Safety in the Mining Industry, who has collaborated with Ivan
Andreyevich Arbemanskiy, director of the same institute, and
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Magnitskiy; engineer of the Donets Affiliate
of Giprouglemash. This team designed a car to permit the mechaniza-
tion of the raising and lowering of miners in sloping mine workings,
for which they received a Stalin prize in 1949. 530
Blatant as is the disregard for life, safety, and human welfare
in the USSR, some interest has been shown in mine safety to the extent
of designing explosion-proof electrical equipment for use in mines.
Abram Markovich Kotlyarskiy, deputy director of the Makeyevka
Scientific Research Institute; Petr Fedorovich Kovalev, station chief
of the same institute; Vladimir Sergeyevich Kravchenko, senior
scientific associate of the Institute of Mining of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR; and Vladimir Konstantinovich Skurat, department
chief of the State Main Mining Engineering Inspection Ministry of the
Coal Industry, aided by various plant engineers and officials,
cooperated in the development of explosion-proof electrical equipment
for coal miner, for which each of them received a Stalin prize in
1950?- 531
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APPENDIX B
C OAL MINING EQUIPMENT PLANTS IN THE USSR BY ECONOMIC REGION
Region I
*Pnevmatika Mining Equipment Plant
**Gosudarstvennyy Zavod Pnevmaticheskikh Mashin "Pnevmatik
**~State Factory of Pneumatic Machinery "Pneumatics"
Region III
Krasnyy Luch Mining Equipment Plant
"Red Light" or "Red Ray"- Machine Factory
Brianka Mining Equipment Repair Plant
~ W orking name used in text.
~* Soviet name.
*** Literal translation (translation not given when it is the same
as the working name .
*~~~ World Aeronautical Chart Numbers?
*~*~-* Product Code:
1. Cutters or Combines
2. Coal Loaders
3. Conveyors
4. Locomotives
5. Cars
6. Pumps or Ventilators
7. Drills,~Compressors, or Picks
8. Processing Equipment
9. Miscellaneous
-2~+g-
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Region III (Continued)
Druzhkovka 0234
Toretsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov
Toretskiy Gorno Mekhanicheskiy Zavod imeni Voroshilova
Gorlovka Mining Equipment Plant
Gorlovskiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod imeni Kirova
Gorlovka Machine Construction Plant imeni Kirov
Suet Shakhtera Mining Equipment Plant
Khar'khovskiy Ordena Lenina Mashinostroitel:'r~yy Zavod
"Suet Shakhtera"
Kharkov Order of Lenin Machine Building Plant "Miners' Light"
Konotop 50X1-HUM
Krasnyy Metallist Electrical Plant
Konotopskiy Zavod "Krasnyy Metallist"
Konotop Red Metallist Plant
Kommunist Mining Equipment Plant
Krivorozhskiy Kommunisticheskiy Zavod Gororudnogo Oborudovaniy
Krivoi Rog Kommunist Mining Equipment Factory
Novo Kramatorsk Heavy Machine Building Plant (NKMZ)
Novo Kramatorskiy Zavod Tyazhelogo Mashinostroyeniya imeni
Stalina
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Region III (Continued)
15 Years of the Komsomol of the Ukraine Mining Equipment
Plant
Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod 15-Letiya Leninskoy
Kommunisticheskoy Molodezhi Ukrainy
15th Anniversary of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of
the Ukraine Machine Building Plant
Sergo-Kadiyevka
Sergo-Kadiyevka Mining Equipment Repair Plant
Rudoremontnyy Zavod
Repair Plant
Stalino
Stal'most Steel Construction Plant
Voroshilovgrad
Voroshilovgrad Mining Equipment Plant
Voroshilovgradskiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod imeni
Parkhomenko
Voroshilovgrad Machine Building Plant imeni Parkhomenko
Region IV
Novocherkassk Mining Equipment Repair Plant imeni Nikol's
Rudoremontnyy Zavod imeni Nikol'skogo
Nikol'sk Repair Plant
Shakhty
Shakhty Mining Equipment Repair Plant
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Region V
Gornyak Mining Equipment Plant
Zavod Ugol'nogo Mashinostroyeniy~ "Gornyak"
Coal Mining Machinery Plant, "The Miner"
Yerevan
Yerevan Mining Equipment Factory
Region VII
Electrostal' Machine Building Plant
Novo Kramatorskiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod imeni Stali
Novo Kramatorsk Machine Building Plant imeni Stalin
Laptevo
Laptevo Mining Equipment Plant
Moscow
Moscow Dynamo Electric Plant
Moskovskiy Ordena Lenina i Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo
Znameni Zavod Dinamo imeni Kirova
Moscow Order of Lenin and Order of Labor Red Banner Dynamo
Works imeni Kirov
Rudovka
Rudovka Mining Equipment Plant
Skopin
Skopin Mining Equipment Repair Plant
Skopinskiy Rudoremontnyy Zavod
Skopin Mining Machinery Repair Plant
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Region VII (Continued)
Batishchev Mining Equipment Plant
Tula Machine Building Plant
Tul'skiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod
Uzlovaya
Uzlovaya Mining Equipment Plant
Region VIII
Karpinsk Coal Mining Equipment Plant
Kizel
,Kizel Mining Equipment Plant
Kizel Gornyy Zavod
Kizel Mining Plant
Kopeysk
Kopeysk Mining Equipment Plant
Kopeyskiy Zavod Gornorudnogo 0 oru ovaniya imeni Kirova
Kopeysk Mining Machine Plant imeni Kirov
KApi (Formerly Aleksandrovsk)
Aleksandrovsk Mining Equipment Plant imeni Voroshilov
A~eksandrovskiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod imeni Voroshilov
Nev'yansk
Nev'yansk Armament Plant
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Region VIII (Continued
Sverdlovsk Transport Machinery Plant
Sverdlovskiy Zavod Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya
Anzhero-Sudzhensk Mining Equipment Repair Plant, "Suet
Shaktera"
Anzherskiy Rudoremontnyy Zavod "Suet Shaktera"
Anzhero Repair Plant, Svet Shakhtera
Kiselevsk Coal Mining Equipment Plant (UMZ~
Kiselevskiy Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod
Kiselevsk Machine Building Plant
Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod imeni Voroshilova
Machine Building Plant imeni Voroshilov
Prokop'yevsk
Prokop'yevsk Mining Equipment Plant
Prokop'yevskiy Zavod Gornogo Oborudovaniya
Kuznets Mining Equipment Plant
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Region IX (Continued
Tomsk ElectromecYianical Plant imeni V.V. Vakhrushev
(TEMZ~
Tomskiy Elektro Mekhanicheskiy Zavod imeni
V.V. Vakhrusheva
Region X
Alma-Ata Heavy Machine Building Plant
Alma Atinskiy Zavod Tyazhelogo Mashinostroyeniya
Karaganda Mining Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko
(KZP~
Karaganda Zavod Ugol'nogo Mashinostroyeniya imeni
Parkhomenko
Tashkent Mining Equipment Plant imeni Ilyich
Tashkent Zavod Gorno Mekhanicheskogo Oborudovaniya
imeni Ilyicha
Region XI
Cheremkovo Mining Equipment Plant imeni Karl Marx
Cheremkhovskiy Zavod imeni Karla Marksa
Cheremkovo Plant imeni.Karl Mark
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Region XI (Continued)
Krasnoyarsk 50X1-H U M
Voroshilov Arms Plant 50X1-H U M
Region XII
Primorskiy Metallist Mining Equipment Plant
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Estimated Facilities Needed by the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
1951
Item
Coal Combine and
CLitter Plant ~~
Loader Plant
Conveyor Plant
Locomotive Plant
Total
Total Finished Output
including Repair Parts (Mr)
8,115
6,258
53,663
1+,655
82,691
Total Machine Tools
Needed (Units)
119
100
770
210
1,199
Cold Saws
1
0
7
0
Lapping Machines
3
0
4
0
Lathes
29
25
178
5~-
Milling Machines
15
11
87
23
Grinding Machines
2~+
20
15~+
~+3
Drill Presses
l~+
l~+
g0
26
Boring Mills
5
3
26
6
Broaching Machines
1
1 ~
7
~+
Gear Cutters
8
5
~ 25
13
Bending Machines
1
~ 1
0
1
Bending Rolls
1
1
0
2
Key Seating Machines
1
1
0
3
Screw Cutting Machines
1
2
18
9
Planers
1
1
~
7
3
Presses
8
8
~+3 ~
1~+
Shears
3
3
17
5
Shapers
3
3
ntLn
18
4
~ Footnotes for Table 52 follow on p. 261.
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Estimated Facilities Needed by the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
1951
(Continued) '
Item
Coal Combine and
Cutter Plant a~
Loader. Plant Conveyor Plant
Locomotive Plant
Total
a
Total Machine Tools
Needed (Units)
(Continued)
Punches
0
1
0
0
Hobbing Machines
0
0
12
0
Blotters
0
0
1~+
0
Forge Presses
0
0
l~+
0
Drop Ha~?ners
0
0
4
0
Heat Treating Furnaces
0
0
1~+
0
Welders
15
l~+
97
27
153
Acetylene Cutters
1
0
0
1
2
Miscellaneous Machine
Tools
0
0
31
0
0
Overhead Traveling
Cranes
6
5
22
_
g
42
Jib Cranes
50
36
300
75
x+61
Cupolas
2~
l~
2 c,
2~
7
Air Compressors
1~
1~
2~
l~
5
Positive Blowers
2~
1~
2~
2~
7
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Estimated Facilities Needed by the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
1951
(Continued
a.
Working two shifts, ~ days. _
b.
Capacity of each 10 tons per hour.
c.
Capacity of each 20 tons per hour.,
d.
Each driven by 100-hp motor,
capacity 1,000 cu ft free air per minute, at 100 lbs pressure.
e.
Each driven by 400-hp motor,
capacity 7,000 cu ft free air. per minute, at 100 lbs pressure.
f.
Each driven by 200-hp motor,
capacity 2,000 cu ft free air per minute, at 100 lbs. pressure.
g.
Positive blowers, each driven by 25-hp motor.
h.
Positive blowers., each driven by 50-hp motor.
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Cutters
Loaders
Conveyors
Locomotives
Table 53
Estimated Coal Requirements of the Soviet Coal Mining Equipment Industry
1951
6 7
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