THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 89
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 19, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
)Y NO. 1)//
FOR RESEARCH AND REPORTS 50X1
SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS INDUSTRY
IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 14
19 November 1952
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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a
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS INDUSTRY
IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 14
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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CONTENTS
SimmAry
I. Introduction
A. Nature and Uses of the Principal Electronic Components
Page
1
2
and Related Products
4
1. Fixed Capacitors
a. Electronic Capacitors
4
(1) Paper Dielectric Capacitors
4
(2) Mica Capacitors
5
(3) Ceramic Capacitors
5
b. Oil-Filled Paper Dielectric Power Capacitors . .
?
?
6
2. Fixed Electronic Resistors
6
a. Composition Resistors
6
b. Deposited Film Resistors
7
B.
Organization of the Industry
7
1. USSR
7
2. East Germany
8
3. Hungary
8
4. Czechoslovakia
9
C.
Technology
9
1. Fixed Capacitors
9
a. Paper Dielectric Electronic Capacitors ?
?
9
(1) Aluminum Foil and Paper Dielectric Capacitors
9
(2) Metallized Paper Capacitors
10
b. Oil-Filled Paper Dielectric Power Capacitors ? ?
?
.
12
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2.
Fixed Electronic Resistors
a. Composition Resistors
b. Deposited Film Resistors
Page
15
15
15
II.
Supply
1'7
A.
Production
17
1.
USSR
17
a. General
17
b. Facilities
17
c. Total Production
18
2.
East Germany
21
3.
Hungary
24
4.
Czechoslovakia
24
5.
Other Satellites
24
a. Poland
24
b. Bulgaria
28
c. Communist China
28
B.
Costs and Prices
28
C.
Imports And Exports of Electronic Components
30
1.
East-West Trade
30
2.
Inter-Bloc Shipments
30
III.
Input Requirements
31
A.
Capacitor Paper
31
1.
1951 Requirements
31
2.
Sources of Supply in the Bloc
33
a. USSR
33
b. Czechoslovakia
34
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Page
3. Western Sources
34
a. Finland
34
b. France
34
c. West Germany
35
d. Other Sources
35
B.
Aluminum Foil
35
1. 1951 Requirements
35
2. Sources of Supply in the Bloc
36
3. Western Sources
36
C.
Mica
36
1. Sources of Supply in the Bloc
36
2. Western Sources
37
D.
Other Critical Inputs
37
E.
Significance of Critical Inputs
37
IV.
Distribution of Output
38
A.
Electric Power Industry
38
B.
Electronic Equipment Industry
39
C.
Indications of Specific Production Programs
39
V.
Summary of the Bloc as a Whole
39
A.
Capabilities
39
B.
Output of Electronic Components as Related to Electron
Tubes and to Electronic End-Equipment Production
4o
C.
Reliability of the Estimate
42
D.
Vulnerabilities
43
E.
Conclusions
44
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Appendixes
Page
Appendix A.
Descriptive Data for Electronic Components
45
1. US Joint Army-Navy Specifications
45
2. Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components
.
51
Appendix B.
Electronic Components Plants in the Soviet Bloc
?
?
59
Appendix C.
Methodology
73
1. Methodology for Development of Input Factors
?
?
73
2. Collected Input Coefficients
79
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CIA/RR 14 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORB Project 47-51)
SECURITY INFORMATION
THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS INDUSTRY
IN THE SOVIET BLOC*
Summary
This report, in general, has been directed toward an analysis of
production in the Soviet Bloc of fixed capacitors and fixed electronic
resistors, which are the primary components industries needed to support
an electronics program. Although shortages of a few specific components
have appeared in some sectors of the Bloc economy, the present output is
quite adequate to meet current requirements. These electronic components
appear to be more freely available within the Bloc than are electron
tubes. The production pattern indicates a heavy consumption for military
electronics applications.
Manufacturing techniques employed in the electronic components indus-
try in the Soviet Bloc vary somewhat from those in the US. An increasing
proportion of the fixed capacitor production is of the metallized paper
construction developed in Germany by the Robert Bosch Company, and the
predominant part of the Soviet paper capacitor output is of an indigenous
Soviet hermetically sealed construction. Nearly all the fixed resistors
are of the deposited film construction developed before World War II by
another German firm, Siemens-Halske AG. Although a result of these dif-
ferences in technology is to raise labor cost and unit prices in the Bloc
industry, components so constructed are more suited to rigorous military
applications than are most of those produced in the US.
The estimated Soviet Bloc output in 1951 of the electronic components
considered in this report is valued at $48.2 million -- $32.3 million for
fixed electronic capacitors, $14.1 million for fixed electronic resistors,
and $1.8 million for alternating-current power capacitors. Of the total
Bloc production of these components in 1951, the USSR supplied about 70
percent. There are strong indications that a significant increase in out-
put may be anticipated. Within 2 years the Bloc capabilities for producing
these products are expected to reach $95 million per year.
* This report contains information available to CIA as of 1 February 1952.
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There is no evident shortage in the Soviet Bloc of technical and
factory personnel or of basic plant machinery within the electronic
components industry. The weak point of the industry, at present is
the dependence of the Bloc industry on the West for high-quality thin
capacitor paper. This dependence is likely to continue for some time.
A complete and effective embargo against the shipment of this item to
the Bloc would reduce Bloc capabilities by 50 percent, with a COI"-
responding effect on Soviet military electronics programs.
Several conclusions are indicated by this report: (1) an earlier
estimate of Soviet tube production 1/* is supported, with the strong
probability that actual 1951 output may be higher rather than lower
than this earlier estimate; (2) the total Soviet electronics program
in 1951 was at least equal to the estimated $300 million and may have
been greater; (3) the Soviet electronics program is predominantly
military, and capabilities exist for quantity manufacture of components
required for radars, missile controls, and proximity fuses; and (4) out-
put of components will be increased significantly over the next 2-year
period.
I. Introduction.
The electronic components industry and the electron tube industry
together form the major segment of the electronics industry in the Soviet
Bloc. The electronic components industry produces a variety of products
that are primarily designed for use in the manufacture of electronic
equipment. The data provided in Table 1** are an indication of the rela-
tive value of output in the West of selected items, including electron
tubes, which are of significance to the electronics industry.
In an analysis of the electronic components industry of the Soviet
Bloc, two electronic components, fixed electronic capacitors and fixed
electronic resistors, have been selected for primary consideration.***
** Table 1 follows on p. 3.
*** Other components of significance to the electronics industry include
magnetic components, such as transformers, chokes, and small rotating
machines; piezoelectric crystals; coaxial cable and wave guides; batteries;
switch gear and hardware; and indicating instruments. These components
ate not dealt with in this report.
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I.
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Table 1
Illustrative Data on the Value of Selected Items Produced
by the Electronics Industry in the West in Percentages
of Total Value of End-Equipment Production a/
Item
US,
2.944 12/
US ,
1947 2/di
NATO Estimate
1952-53 _
Fixed Electronic and Power
Capacitors
4.3
4.7
9.0
Fixed and Variable Electronic
Resistors
1.7
2.0
7.0
Magnetic Components (Transformers,
Chokes, Fractional Horsepower
Rotating Devices)
5.0
6.5
5.0
Miscellaneous Components (Radio.
Frequency Coils, Piezoelectric
Crystals, and Others)
N.A.
15.0 e/
7.0
Electron Tubes 2/
14.0
12.0
17.0
a. End-equipment production value is in terms of net f.o.b. sales prices.
b. $2,834 million end-equipment shipments.
c. $1,100 million end-equipment shipments.
d. Preliminary estimate for $500 million NATO electronics requirements.
e. Approximate figure.
These two components are used in certain ways in almost all circuits in
electronic equipment, are more readily identified than other components,
and are generally produced in discrete sectors of the electronics industry.
Capacitors and resistors represent, after tubes, the major economic effort
in the industry. Statistically, a more or less fixed consumption ratio
exists among capacitors, resistors, and tubes. Thus a knowledge of the
output of capacitors and resistors supplements an analysis of the output of
electron tubes in measuring any electronics program.
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A. Nature and Uses of the Principal Electronic Components
and Related Products.* 3/
1. Fixed Capacitors.
Fixed capacitorsyin general, are divided into two major groups:
electronic capacitors and power capacitors. Electronic capacitors are fur-
ther subdivided into four subgroups: paper dielectric capacitors, mica
capacitors, ceramic capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors. Only one type
of power capacitor will be considered, the oil-filled paper dielectric
capacitor.
a. Electronic Capacitors..
(1) Paper Dielectric Capacitors.
The most common of the electronic capacitors is the
paper dielectric capacitor employed in electronic and communications cir-
cuits. This type of capacitor is intended primarily for filter, by-pass,
and blocking purposes where the alternating component of the impressed
voltage is small with respect to the direct voltage rating. To make this
type of capacitor, high-purity kraft paper may be impregnated with minor
crystalline mineral oil, synthetic chlorinated oil, or plastics. Impreg-
nated paper dielectric capacitors are usually made up in a multiple-layer
metal foil and paper structure of rolled construction and are impregnated
after winding. They are then placed in nonmetallic cases or are hermet-
ically sealed in metallic cases. US Joint Army-Navy Specifications
JAN-C-25 and JAN-C-91 provide a complete definition of the forms of
paper dielectric capacitors covered in this report. WS Joint
Army-Navy Specifications are given in Appendix Al.) In the USSR this
category of paper dielectric capacitors includes the Soviet type KB**
* Certain types of capacitors and resistors will be mentioned in the text,
tables, and appendixes but will not be given detailed treatment in the text.
These include induction heating capacitors (heavy industrial units), trimmer
capacitors (small variable units), electrolytic capacitors (relatively small
units employing wet or dry chemical solutions to increase the dielectric ac-
tion of the dielectric and thus to achieve greater capacitance in less space),
plastic film capacitors (similar to mica capacitors but with a plastic film
for the dielectric material), filter and pulse-forming capacitors (large
paper dielectric capacitors), and wire-wound resistors (resistors employing
high-resistance wire for the resistive element).
** For the purposes of this entire report, letters designating Soviet types
of components have been transliterated from the Cyrillic alphabet.
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paper tubular capacitor, the type BIK noninductive paper tubular
capacitor, and the metal-cased bathtub types BP, MK, and MKV.
catalogue of some Soviet electronic components is given in Appendix.A2.)
? (2) Mica Capacitors.
Mica capacitors are useful in electronic circuits
because of their low alternating-current (AC) losses and their high
electrical stability over a wide temperature range. These characteris-
tics of mica capacitors, along with the fact that they are constructed
to very close capacitance tolerances, make them ideally suited for use
in frequency-determining circuits. US Joint Army-Navy Specification
JAN-C-5 provides a complete definition of the mica capacitor covered in
this report. (See Appendix Al.) There are three types of mica capaci-
tors: molded capacitors, wherein the capacitor element is molded in
the case material; molded-case potted capacitors, wherein the capacitor
element is supported within a case of molded material and embedded in
some potting compound; and ceramic-case potted capacitors, in which the
case is an inclosure of cerpmic material. In the USSR the mica capacitor
includes Soviet types KSO molded units and SAM stacked-plate flat mica
units. (See Appendix A2.)
(3) Ceramic Capacitors.
Ceramic capacitors compete with mica capacitors in
certain general applications where the temperature coefficient is unim-
portant. One type of ceramic capacitor is used for temperature compensa-
tion of timed circuits as well as for many other applications. Another
type of ceramic capacitor offers the advantage of very high capacitance
in a small physical volume, but it has other properties that limit its
use to noncritical applications. One of the more common types of ceramic
capacitor is a hollow cylinder with the electrodes placed on the inner
and outer surfaces in the form of silver coating. Capacitance values of
the latter type are usually low, less than 2,000 micro-microfarads (mmfd),
and the dielectric constant and temperature coefficient of a ceramic body
can be varied widely to give capacitors with negative, positive, or zero
temperature coefficients of capacitance. US Joint Army-Navy Specification
JAN-C-20A provides a complete definition of this product category. (This
specification is not covered in Appendix Al.) The units covered by this
specification are of one grade, in several body designs, and of styles
commonly but not necessarily used as temperature-compensating devices. In
the USSR this product category includes Soviet standard-type KTK tubular
ceramic capacitors and type KDK disk ceramic capacitors. (See Appendix A2.)
Other Soviet varieties have been reported infrequently.
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b. Oil-Filled Paper Dielectric Power Capacitors.
When the load of distribution circuits of an electric power
system has a power factor below 85 percent during the higher load periods
of the day, it is desirable to make use of capacitors to supply the lagging
component of the current. Raising the power factor from 75 to 90 percent
reduces power-line current by 20 percent, thereby reducing distribution
and transmission losses and permitting a large saving in copper consump-
tion. To raise the power factor, 0.397 kilovolt-ampere (kva) of power-
factor correction capacitance is required per kva of load. In both the
US and the USSR this correction is now being supplied by installations
of oil-filled paper dielectric capacitors, designed for AC operation at
voltages from 220 to 11,000 volts. In the US these units are available
in standard sizes of 5, 10, 15, and 25 kva. In the USSR, units are avail-
able in standard sizes of 3, 5, 8, and 10 kva. Prewar Soviet types
included the KK, KOMI and KOS series, and postwar units are the standard
KM type. (See Appendix A2.) In addition to normal power-factor correc-
tion use in power systems, a recent heavy consumer of the oil-filled paper
dielectric capacitor is the atomic energy program, where the AC power
capacitors are required for particle-accelerator installations._ One
cyclotron or betatron may use up to 50,000 kva of such capacitors. Al-
though this class of capacitor is not, strictly speaking, a component
used in the electronics industry, it is closely related to some of the
larger electronic capacitors, may be produced in similar facilities, and
consumes similar production materials.
2. Fixed Electronic Resistors.
a. Composition Resistors.
Fixed electronic resistors, in general, are of two types:
composition resistors and deposited film resistors.* The great majority
of electronic resistors produced in the US and the UK are generally of a
type which has a resistive element composed of a combination of finely
divided carbon or graphite; a nonconducting filler, such as talc; and
synthetic resin used as a binder. These resistors are available in sizes
of 4-0 1, and 2 watts, insulated and uninsulated, and are made in large
quantities on automatic equipment at very low cost. US Joint Army-Navy
Specification JAN-R-11 provides a complete definition of this product.
(See Appendix Al.) In the USSR this class of resistor is available as
type LS fixed composition radio resistor but is used far less widely than
in the US. (See Appendix A2.)
* General-purpose wire-wound resistors (low-power and high-power types)
and precision wire-wound resistors are not covered in this report.
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b. Deposited Film Resistors.
The second broad class of electronic resistors is that
comprising a conducting film deposited on the surface of a cylindrical
core of insulating material. This design, originated as a commercial
product in Germany, is widely used on the European Continent, including
the USSR. Until recently the use of this resistor in the US has been
limited to precision applications -- a small part of the total require-
ments. The deposited film resistor, technically interchangeable with
the fixed composition resistor, possesses the advantages over the fixed
composition resistor of better stability, greater resistance to moisture,
and greater ability to withstand temporary overload. It is intended
primarily for precision applications rather than for a general use. Proposed
US Joint Army-Navy Specification Project No. 166 defines this type
completely. kSee Appendix Al.) In the USSR the deposited film resistor
is available as the Kaminskiy and TO types. (See Appendix A2.) Existing
manufacturing facilities would permit a partial substitution of the fixed
composition resistor in place of the deposited film resistor. The lat-
ter, however, is generally considered as the industry standard in the
Bloc and compares unfavorably with the composition resistor only in the
greater labor requirement. It is not likely that any significant substi-
tution will be made.
B. Organization of the Industry.
1. USSR.
Fixed electronic capacitors and resistors are manufactured
in the USSR by enterprises of the Ministry of Communications Equipment
Industry.* The manufacture of fixed electronic capacitors and resistors
appears to be concentrated in departments of a limited number of elec-
tronic equipment plants, plus a few specialized components plants. Power
capacitors, and probably some of the larger high-voltage units for elec-
tronics, are manufactured in a single capacitor plant of the Ministry of
Electrical Industry.
Much of the capacitor and resistor manufacturing capacity in
the USSR is provided by installations of special machinery removed from
Germany in 1946 and 1948. These facilities, supplemented by additional
Soviet machinery and supported by the intensive postwar exploitation of
German technology, have formed the foundation for a large and competent
components manufacturing industry in the USSR.
* It is reported that the Deputy Minister responsible for capacitors in
this Ministry is A.A. Shchurganin.
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The major portion of the fixed electronic capacitors and resis-
tors produced in the USSR is used in the manufacture of electronic appara-
tus at electronic equipment assembly plants of the Ministry of Communica-
tions Equipment Industry, the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, the Mini-
stry of Armaments, the Ministry of Agricultural Machine-building, and
probably the Ministry of Aircraft Production.
2. East Germany. 4/
The quantity production of fixed electronic capacitors and
fixed electronic resistors in East Germany is restricted to a few enter-
prises which are former factories or branch plants of German electrical
concerns previously supplying these items. In East Germany at the end of
World War II, many of the facilities for manufacturing these components,
including most of the facilities for manufacturing deposited film resis-
tors and fixed paper capacitors, were dismantled and removed to the USSR
in 1946 or 1948. The present facilities have been rebuilt since that time.
The single East German factory manufacturing fixed electronic
resistors and the three factories manufacturing fixed paper capacitors are
all important firms of the Association of People-owned Enterprises, Radio
and Communications Industry (VVB-RFT), and are, therefore, East German
plants. The single supplier of mica and ceramic capacitors is a member
firm of the Soviet-owned SAG (Sowjetische Aktien Gesellschaft) Kabel.
The East German manufacturers of fixed electronic capacitors
appear to be heavily dependent on the West for key production materials.
Although this dependence has resulted in production losses in the past,
these capacitor and resistor firms are adequately equipped and reasonably
efficient, and they are operating at levels adequate to meet requirements.
3. Hungary. 2/
In Hungary the only significant producer of fixed electronic
capacitors and fixed electronic resistors is the Remix Electrotechnical
Works Company Limited, Budapest. In 1947 the stock of this company was
owned jointly by the Hungarian Wolfram Company (Orion) and Agrolux limi-
ted, both companies in turn being entirely owned by Egyestilt Izzolampags
Villamossagi R.-T. (United Incandescent Lamp Company), commonly known as
UILCO "Tungsram." At that time the plant manager was N.J. Fodor.
After the socialization of industry in Hungary late in 1947,
.this plant was retained in the UIlCO "Tungsramn nationalized complex.
One document states that this plant was nationalized. as an independent
enterprise, but most evidence indicates that it is still operated in
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conjunction with UILCO "Tungsram."
4. Czechoslovakia. W
There are two plants in Czechoslovakia engaged in the manu-
facture of fixed electronic capacitors and resistors. The Lanskroun
Electrical Equipment Works in Lanskroun was formed by the combination
of the former German-owned Siemens-Halske AG plant and several smaller
Czechoslovakian companies taken over by the Communist government after
the coup. The Hloubetin Electrical Equipment Plant, formerly the
German-owned Always plant, is located in Prague (Hloubetin). Both of
these plants are now under the Tesla combine, which embraces all of
the electronics industry in Czechoslovakia.
C. Technology.
1. Fixed Capacitors.
Technological discussion is limited to fixed paper dielectric
electronic and oil-filled paper dielectric power capacitors because they
represent the bulk of the production effort and because there is more
reliable information available on production techniques and input require-
ments for these tvpes of capacitors than for the other components discussed
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a. Paper Dielectric Electronic Capacitors. I/
(1) Aluminum Foil and Paper Dielectric Capacitors.
The principal manufacturing method employed, in the
USSR for the production of fixed paper dielectric electronic capacitors
appears to be similar to current US practices. Thin aluminum foil and
kraft capacitor paper which have been cut to proper widths on rolls are
wound on a motor-driven arbor to form a cylindrical capacitor section
of the required number of total turns. Alternate metal foils are separated
by two, three, or more paper thicknesses. TO this capacitor section, held
together by several turns of lacquered adhesive paper, terminal connectors
are added by soldering them to the foil. A great many capacitor sections
are dried by baking and are impregnated in a vacuum chamber. In the USSR,
paraffin wax *pregnant probably is used for tubular paper-cased types of
capacitors, and mineral oil for metal-cased types. The drying and impreg-
nating cycle may run from several hours to more than a day. Most of the
Soviet production is reported to consist of hermetically -sealed metal-
cased capacitors, Which would be satisfactory over a temperature range of
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.from minus 50?C to plus 600c and would pass all US Joint Army-Navy
Specifications.
Materials used to manufacture the aluminum foil and
paper capacitors in the USSR appear to be primarily aluminum foil,
7 microns (0.00028 inch) thick; kraft capacitor paper, 8 to 14 microns
(0.00030 to 0.00055 inch) thick; and impregnants consisting of either
mineral oil or paraffin wax. There are also some indications of require-
ments for 0.00025-inch-thick paper for special applications.
The Soviet use of mineral oil impregnation for metal-
cased types of capacitors is strongly indicated by the lack of evidence '
that any significant use is made in Europe, including the USSR, of
anthraquinone stabilizer, which must be used to insure satisfactory life
in direct-current (DC) capacitors impregnated with the synthetic capacitor
liquids (chlorinated diphenyl) widely used in the US. The use of mineral
oil as an impregnant results in a requirement of 50 percent more paper and
aluminum foil per capacitor than would be required if synthetic capacitor
liquids were used. The mineral oil capacitor, however, should have good
life for normal DC applications without requiring the addition of special
stabilizers. It should have the further advantage of a permissible
operating temperature range greater than would be obtained by using the
stabilized chlorinated diphenyl impregnants employed in the US. These
drop off in capacitance value in low temperatures, reaching as much as
minus 20 percent to minus 30 percent at minus 50?C. For this reason,
these impregnants are unsatisfactory for certain military applications
where the value of capacitance is critical.
For the production of aluminum foil and paper dielec-
tric capacitors, basic factory machinery includes motor-driven hand-
winders for making capacitor sections, each winder producing on the order
of 1,000 capacitor sections per day; vacuum drying and impregnating systems,
with suitable pumps and controls; and electrical test equipment.
(2) Metallized Paper Capacitors.
It has been reported that the USSR has adopted a second
method for manufacturing DC electronic capacitors. In this method the
electrode is composed of a thin layer of zinc evaporated on the surface of
the paper dielectric. This method, developed before World War II by the
Robert Bosch Company, Stuttgart, Germany, and licensed to Siemens-Halske AG,
Hydra AG, and AEG (Allgemeine Elektrische Gesellschaft), was used widely in
Germany during World War II. The process was adopted and improved in both
the US and the UK, where it is used now to a limited extent.
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The Bosch method of manufacture uses high-density
kraft paper in rolls, in thicknesses of 8 and 14 microns. The surface
of the paper must be prepared by coating with a cellulose lacquer.
The lacquered paper is spooled through a vacuum chamber at pressures
under 100 microns, and the zinc is evaporated on one surface in strips
of proper width and location. The metallized paper roll is slit and
then made into capacitor coil sections in an operation identical to
that used in making the aluminum foil and paper capacitors. The foil
edges of the capacitor section are rolled in and sprayed with a metal-
lic deposit to permit the soldering of terminal leads. A large group
of sections is then dried by vacuum baking and impregnated with molten
paraffin wax. The time for this cycle is from 18 to 24 hours. Before
casing and testing, it is necessary to age all capacitor sectiohs on a
DC supply at 10 percent above the nominal test voltage in order to clear
faults. These units are assembled either in paper or in metal cases,
with or without hermetic seals, in a fashion similar to that used in
assembling the aluminum foil and paper units. Metallized paper capaci-
tors of four voltage ratings are produced in the USSR: 160, 250, 400
and 600 working volts direct current (WVDC). Test voltages of 250
volts DC are used for the 160-WVDC units, and 2,000 volts DC for the
400-WVDC units. The 160-WVDC capacitor uses a single layer of high-
density paper 8 microns thick; the 400.WVDC capacitor uses two layers
of the same paper, one of which is metallized, the other plain.
The metallized paper capacitor has several advantages
over the aluminum foil and paper capacitor: the size of the unit is
smaller for a given voltage rating, especially for low-voltage ratings;
the unit does not require aluminum foil; and the unit, because of the
special processing it receives, is generally self-healing when operated
at normal working voltage. The metallized paper capacitor also has
notable disadvantages: the high-density paper required is more difficult
to manufacture than the kraft paper used in the aluminum foil capacitor;
the lacquering and evaporation process cycles are costly; the unit cannot
use chlorinated diphenyl impregnants; and for medium- and higher-voltage
ratings, neither the size nor the life expectancy of metallized paper
capacitors is better than for standard paper construction using a stabi-
lized synthetic impregnant. Capacitance value ranges reported for the
USSR are from 0.1 to 30 microfarads, indicating a probable intent to use
this capacitor construction primArily for applications requiring larger
capacitance and lower voltages. Such applications might include low-
voltage filter capacitors to be used in place of electrolytic capacitors,
and special compact devices, such as proximity fuses. Key items of manu-
facturing equipment required for the metallized paper capacitor include
lacquering facilities, metal evaporation equipment, vacuum systems, motor-
driven hand-winders, vacuum drying and impregnating systems, and electrical
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_ _ _ _
test equipment.
b. Oil-Filled Paper Dielectric Power Capacitors. P./
These high-current AC paper capacitors for power-factor
correction were first produced in the USSR about 1938. The production
of this type of capacitor developed out of the manufacture of similar
units for use in industrial induction heating. By World War II, Soviet
output of the power capacitor had reached sizable proportions at two
plants, one in Moscow and one in Kiev. There are indications that the
life and performance of these earlier units were not up to expectations.
Manufacture was discontinued during World War II and reestablished about
1948 on a new standard product line which was designed more conservatively.
Except for differences in construction details, postwar
Soviet power-factor capacitors are manufactured by methods similar, to
those employed in the US. Capacitor units are metal-cased assemblies of
a multiple of capacitor coil sections internally connected in series and
parallel, filled with oilland sealed. Two basic coil section designs are
employed in the USSR -- one for the low-voltage (220- to 500-volt)
product line; one for the high-voltage (3- to 10-kilovolt) product line.
As in the US, the capacitor coil sections in the USSR are produced in a
manner similar to that used in making the coil sections of paper elec-
tronic capacitors, with a motor-driven hand-controlled winder. Each
section is wound individually on a cylindrical arbor, and two layers of
aluminum foil and several interleaved layers of capacitor paper precut
to the proper width are fed in from spools. To the capacitor coil sec-
tions, which may be either cylindrical or be pressed flat and clamped,
connectors are added. The required number of sections is inserted into
a rectangular capacitor case and covered. Both standard Soviet product
lines use 18 coil sections per capacitor assembly, connected in various
series and parallel arrangements to meet the rated voltage requirements.
Then, while still under vacuum, the assembly is filled with impregnating
oil and sealed. The final assembly is tested at three tines the rated
operating voltage. For use in large installations, the most frequent
application, groups of standard capacitor units are assembled in cabinets
complete with controls and switchgear.
At present, most Soviet production of power-factor capaci-
tors appears to be concentrated on making high-voltage (3- to 10-kilovolt)
units, which can be produced at a lower cost, and with less material, than
low-voltage (220- to 500-volt) units. The two standard postwar lines of
power-factor capacitors are described in Table 2.*
* Table 2 follows on p. 13.
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Table 2
Present Standard Soviet Power-Factor Capacitors
Type of Unit
Rated Voltage
(RMS AC Vols,
50 Cps) 21
Rating._ /
(Kvar) El
Capacitance
(gicrofarads)
Weight
(Kilo-
grams)
Net Price
(Rubles)
High-Voltage
Line
(Single-
Phase Units)
KM 10-10-1
10,000
10
0.38
23
760
Km 6-10-1
6,000
10
1.4001
23
760
KM 3-10-1
3,000
10
4.20
23
760
Low-Voltage
Line
(Three-
Phase Units)
KM 0.5-8-3
500
8
110.00
23
1,150
KM 0.38-5-3
380
5
110.00
23
1,150
KM 0.22-3-3
220
3
220.00
23
1,150
a. Root mean square AC volts at 50 cycles per second.
b. Kilovolt-amperes-reactive.
A line of large capacitor units has been proposed but pre-
sumably not produced, with 25-kva high-voltage ratings when impregnated with
mineral oil or with 40-kva ratings when impregnated with Sovol the Soviet
synthetic capacitor *pregnant, chlorinated diphenyl (noninflammable, with
a dielectric constant of 5.1).
These postwar Soviet power-factor capacitors use aluminum
foil, type AO or Al, 99.6 or 99.5 percent pure, in 0.0004-inch thickness,
and sulphate-pulp kraft paper, per Soviet Specification GOST (State All-
Union Standard) 1908-42, in 0.0003-inch thickness for low-voltage units
and 0.00044-inch thickness for high-voltage units (replacing the prewar
rag-stock paper). Since Soviet production appears to be concentrated in
high-voltage units, consumption is predominantly of paper of the 0.00011.1i._
inch thickness and is estimated at 1.76 pounds per kva per capacitor.
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Mineral oil is used as the impregnant (inflammable, with a dielectric
constant of 2.2) in the Soviet power-factor capacitor. A few prewar
units were impregnated with Sovol. It appears that difficulty was
experienced with these capacitors, caused by contamination of the
impregnant and ending in resultant shortened field life. At present
it is probable that mineral oil is generally used, with considerable
effort devoted to developing a stabilized Sovol for general future use.
The essential differences between these Soviet power-
factor capacitors and present US units are two: (1) the Soviet coil
section is designed to operate at lower-voltage stress, about 300 volts
per mil instead of 400 volts per mil; (2) the Soviet units use mineral
oil instead of synthetic impregnant, resulting in an effective dielec-
tric constant of 3.5 instead of 5.5. These differences result in the
Soviet use of 18 coil sections per capacitor instead of 12, in a kva
rating of 10 volts rather than 25 volts per capacitorland in the consump-
tion of more than 2.5 times the weight of paper and aluminum foil per kva
of capacitor.
Table 3 illustrates the significant differences between
typical US and Soviet postwar capacitor designs.
Table 3
Comparison of Soviet and US High-Voltage Power-Factor Capacitors
1948
Frequeny
Voltage (Cps) 2/
Number
of
Kvar12/ Coils
Volts
per Coil
Capacitance
per Coil
(Microfarads)
USSR
3,000
50
10
18
1,000
2.1
US
2,400
60
25
12
1,200
3.3
USSR
US
Thickness of
Paper Used
(Inches)
7 x 0.00044
6 x 0.0005
Volts
per Mil
300
400
Paper
Required
(Lbs per Kva)
1.76
0.65
Aluminum
Foil Required
(Lbs per Kva)
0.44
0.13
Net Price
per Kva
76 Rubles
$6.00
a. Cycles per second.
b. Kilovolt-amperes-reactive.
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The major items of factory machinery required for the
manufacture of high-current power capacitors are motor-driven hand coil
winders, vacuum drying and impregnating tanks and controls, and heavy
electrical test installations. In the USSR design the estimated average
output of the coil-winder is 200 coil sections per 8-hour day as compared
with an average US output for trained operators of 600 coil sections per
day per machine.
In view of the great advantage in saving materials and
cost by the use of high-voltage power-factor capacitors rather than the
low-voltage units, most of the Soviet production appears to be concentra-
ted in the 3- to 10-kilovolt units. For power-factor capacitors the
Soviet consumption is predominately of kraft capacitor paper of a thick-
ness of 0.00044 inch (10 to 12 microns) and is estimated at 1.76 pounds
of paper per kva per capacitor.
The Soviet plant manufacturing power capacitors is also
the supplier of related high-current capacitors, including power-factor
capacitors for induction heating systems; high-voltage AC capacitors for
carrier current applications to power lines; medium- and high-voltage DC
filter capacitors; and high-voltage pulse capacitors, including units
from 0.002 to 0.03 microfarad and 40- to 300-kilovolt ratings.
2. Fixed Electronic Resistors.
a. Composition Resistors. 2/
Although the composition resistor is the most commonly
used component in the US electronics industry, this product is not of
primary importance in the Soviet Bloc. In 1938 and 1943 the US supplied
the USSR with a complete complement of manufacturing equipment and pro-
vided the technical assistance required for the quantity production of
composition resistors in sizes of 71.1 1, and 2 watts. It is believed
that the present technology on this item does not differ greatly from the
technology now used in the US.
b. Deposited Film Resistors. 10/
It appears that most fixed electronic resistors produced
in the USSR, East Germany, and probably the other Satellites are basically
related to the deposited film unit developed by Siemens-Halske AG in the
mid-1920's. In the USSR, standard types of this construction are reported
to be available in the 0.5-watt size, with 5-, 10-, and 20-percent tolerances.
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The manufacturing process for the electronic resistor
of this type follows. Special hard-porcelain cylindrical core rods,
which are controlled for temperature coefficient of expansion, impact
strength, surface smoothness, and chemical properties, are inserted
into a vacuum cracking chamber at 9500C, and a hydrocarbon vapor is
introduced. With proper control over temperature, pressure, and time,
a hard-carbon conducting film is deposited on the ceramic rod, and
this film provides the resistive element of the unit. After removal
from the chamber the resistor units are coated at the ends with graphite
or silver, and metal terminal caps are placed over these coated ends.
Capped resistors are loaded, one at a time, into a small bench lathe,
and a spiral groove is cut through the conducting film by a high-speed
grinding wheel. The total turns and length of the resulting conducting
spiral are set by a mechanical stop to provide the predetermined resistor
values, within the 5- or 10-percent tolerances. When the unit is to be
used as a precision resistor, the length of spiral must be determined
by using a Wheatstone Bridge test set connected to the resistor during
the grooving operation. Flexible leads are soldered to the terminal
caps of the grooved resistor units. The complete assembly is twice coated
with a protective insulating lacquer.
Certain principal features of the fixed electronic deposited
film resistor should be noted. Because of the special porcelain cores, the
control problem in depositing the film, and the manual labor of grooving,
these resistors are relatively expensive. This type of resistor is well
suited to the needs of an industry requiring medium quantities of a wide
variety of resistance ranges, since the flexibility of the process permits
the production of resistors to required values. The finished resistor,
furthermore, has good stability and is superior to the composition resistor
for effects of short-time overload, high humidity, and variations during
life.
This product, which is not a precision resistor, is used
for general-purpose applications in the Soviet Bloc. Resistors with 10-
percent tolerances are quite acceptable for the majority of electronics
applications. The deposited film resistor should be definitely superior
to the composition resistor in use in US military electronics.
The two major items of factory machinery required for the
manufacture of deposited film resistors are as follows: a vacuum cracking
system, with controls, for film depositing and hand-controlled, motor-
driven bench lathes for grinding the spirals. On the assumption of general
conformity with East German procedure throughout the Soviet Bloc, the ac-
cepted rate per lathe is estimated at 350 to 500 resistors per hour.
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? ? ? ? ? ?
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II. Supply.
A. Production.
1. USSR.
a. General.
There are good indications that the expansion of Soviet
capacity for the production of fixed electronic capacitors and resistors,
which was initiated in 1946-47, has been carried out quite successfully.
It appears that the output of these products increased significantly
during 1948 and 1949 and that the domestic Soviet supply of these elec-
tronic components is generally now quite adequate to meet planned require-
ments. By the end of 1950, good manufacturing facilities -- on a par with
those of Western Europe -- had been established for metallized paper capaci-
tors, for paper and aluminum foil capacitors of both the tubular wax and
hermetically sealed styles, and for deposited film resistors. Composition
resistors are also manufactured in the USSR, but in much smaller quantities.
Production of high-current power capacitors, especially AC
designs of paper and aluminum foil Units for power-factor correction, was
reestablished about 1948. Although the output of these units has been
increased, there are indications that supply did not meet planned require-
ments in 1951.
b. Facilities. 11/
Fixed paper capacitors and fixed resistors are produced
either in departments of plants producing a general line of components
or in a few specialized plants which have been constructed for the sole
purpose of producing capacitors and resistors. Although the facilities
making capacitors and resistors are not so concentrated as the plants
producing electron tubes in the USSR or as the electronic components
industries in the Satellites, there is no indication that they are widely
distributed over a large number of apparatus plants.
High-current power-factor capacitors are produced
one factory, probably Plant in Kiev.
in only
50X1
Fixed electronic paper capacitors are produced in the
following plants: the Lenin Plant the Frunze Plant
the Lenin Institute OKB (Experimental Design Bureau), and the Frunze NII
(Scientific Research Institute), comprising the Myza complex located at
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? ? ? ? ? ?
50X11
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Myza near Gortkiy; the condenser .lant of NII departments of 50X1
the Kazitskiy Radio Plant departments of the Komintern Radio 50X1
Plant probably departments of the Radio Plant and 50X1
departments of associated Leningrad plants; the Serpukhov Condenser
Plant, Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast; and in Radio Plant 50X1
Novosibirsk.
Fixed electronic mica and ceramic capacitors are produced
at the Myza complex near Gorikiy; at the NIT and associated
Leningrad plants; and at the Radio Plant Novosibirsk.
Fixed composition resistors are believed to be manufactured
at the Radio Parts Plant in Novosibirsk and. fixed deposited film resistors
at the Myza complex and at NIT and associated Leningrad plants.
Less certain information indicates probable additional
manufacturing sources of some of these components at the Krasnaya Zarya
Telecommunications Plant, Leningrad; at the Elektrosignal Radio Plant,
Voronezh; at the Moscow Radio Plant imeni Krassin; and at another un-
identified capacitor plant in the general Moscow area.
c. Total Production.
Intelligence background on Soviet electronic components
facilities is largely qualitative, with occasional reference to output
or to installed machinery. The most important source of information
which provides a means of estimating output is the Soviet consumption of
capacitor paper, largely imported.
A necessarily approximate estimate of Soviet production
of fixed capacitors and resistors in 1949-51, based primarily upon
consumption of paper, as supported. by spot data on plants, is provided
in Table 4.* (Production of electronic components in the USSR is given
by plant in Appendix Bl.)
An estimate of Soviet capacity in 1952-53 to produce
fixed capacitors and resistors, projected from the production estimates
given in Table 4, follows in Table 5.**
* Table 4 follows on p. 19.
** Table 5 follows on p. 20.
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50X1
50X1
50X1
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mom ???? ???? mm. ???? awe
Table 4
Estimated Soviet Production of Fixed Capacitors and Resistors
1949-51
Power-Factor
Electronic Capacitors Electronic Resistors Capacitors (I)
Volume (Million Units) Volume (Million Units) Total
Value Value Volume Value Value
Ceramic ($ Deposited Compo- ($ Mil- (Thousand ($ ($ Nil-
,
Year Paper and Mica Total lion) !V Film sition Total lion) Kra) lion) !Y lion) 2/
1949
30
20
50
7.4
40
15
55
3.2
50
0.3
10.9
1950
80
50
130
19.5
90
20
110
7.1
100
0.6
27.2
1951
100
65
165
24.5
110
20
130
8.6
300
1.8
34.9
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent product categories: unit
prices of $0.20 for fixed paper capacitors, 50 percent of which are hermetically sealed; $0.015 for general-
purpose composition resistors; an estimated $0.075 for general-purpose film resistors; and an average of $6
per kva for high-voltage power-factor capacitors.
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Table 5
Estimated Soviet Capacity for the Production of Fixed Capacitors and Resistors
1952-53
Electronic Capacitors
Power-Factor
Electronic Resistors Capacitors
Volume (Million Units) Volume (Million Units) Total
Value Value Volume Value Value
Ceramic ($ Mil- Deposited Compo- ($ Mil-, (Thousand ($ Mil- , ($ Mil- ,
Paper and Mica Total lion) 2/ Film sition Total lion) 2/ Kva) lion) 2/ lion) 2/
250 100 350 57.0 250 25 275 19.2 500 3.0 79.2
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent product categories: unit
prices of $0.20 for fixed paper capacitors, 50 percent of which are hermetically sealed; $0.0l5 for
general-purpose composition resistors; an estimated $0.075 for general-purpose film resistors; and an
average of $6 per kva for high-voltage power-factor capacitors.
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2. East Germany. 12/
Until early 1951 .1.1e output of fixed electronic capacitors
and resistors in East Germany was seriously hampered by lack of plant
equipment and by recurring shortages in the supply of specialized produc-
tion materials. More recently, the materials problem appears to have
been eased, in part through increased imports. Although 1951 planS have
been reported for the initiation of East German production of capacitor
paper and aluminum foil, no significant results were obtained in 1951.
Certain classes of electronic components, such as precision
resistors and high-voltage paper filter capacitors, remained in short
supply through 1951 and had to be imported. In the aggregate the output
of the components industry increased in 1951, and 1952 plans are reported
to be for a considerably higher output.
The manufacture of fixed electronic capacitors and resistors
is even more highly concentrated in a few specialized plants in East
Germany than is typical in the US. Little or no effort has been noted
toward output in these product lines in departments of end-item manu-
facturers or of other large complexes.
Fixed resistors, in product quantities, are manufactured solely
in a single plant near Berlin, the RFT Dralowid-Werk VEB Teltow, Teltow.
Fixed paper capacitors are produced in one main plant, the RFT Kondensatoren-
werk VEB Gera, Gera, Thuringia, and two smaller plants, the IT Kondensatoren-
work VEB Freiberg, Freiberg, Saxony, and the RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB
Soemmerda, Soemmerda, Thuringia.
Fixed ceramic and mica capacitors are produced solely by the
Keramisches Werk Hescho-Kahla plant in Hermsdorf, with subsidiaries in
Gera, Kahla, and Koeppelsdorf, near Sonneberg, all located in Thuringia.
The annual production of fixed electronic capacitors and resis-
tors in East Germany in 1949-51 is estimated in Table 6.* (Production of
electronic components in East Germany is given by plant in Appendix B2.)
An estimate of East German capacity in 1952-53 to produce fixed
electronic capacitors and resistors, projected from the production esti-
mates given in Table 6, follows in Table 7.**
* Table 6 follows on p. 22.
** Table 7 follows on p. 23.
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Table 6
Estimated East German Production of Fixed Electronic Capacitors and Resistors
1949-51
Electronic Capacitor
Electronic Resistors
Volume (Thousand Units) Value Volume
(Thou-
sand
Ceramic Electra- ($ Thou-, East ,
Year Paper and Mica lytic Total sand) 2/
Value
Total Value (-)
(Thou- (Thou-
(Thou- sand sand
sand ($ Thou-, East/ ($ Thaw-, East ,/
Units) sand) 2/ DM) IV sand) 2/ DM) i"./
1949
3,950
7,000
410
11,360
883
17,190
15,000
1,125
6,000
2,008
23,190
1950
6,750
8,600
556
15,906
1,252
20,000
1,500
2,752
1951
10,150
14,400
720
25,270
1,871
30,000
2,250
4,120
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent product categories: unit prices of
$0.09 and $0.10 for fixed paper capacitors; $0.05 for ceramic capacitors; $0.30 for electrolytic capacitors; and an
estimated $0.075 for general-purpose film resistors.
b. East Deutsche Mark values are based on East German official data giving averaged product values for statistical
purposes.
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???? ???? ????? .?=0
Table 7
Estimated East German Capacity for Producing Fixed Electronic Capacitors and Resistors
1952-53
Electronic Capacitors Electronic Resistors
Volume (Thousand Units)
Value Volume Value Total Value
r=p1,0,==?????!/??
Ceramic / (Thousand
Paper and Mica Electrolytic Total ($ ThoUsand) If Units) ($ Thousand) 2/ ($ Thousand) 2/
18,000 20,000 1,000 39,000 3,060 50,000 3,750 6,810
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent product categories: unit
prices of $0.09 and $0.10 for fixed paper capacitors; $0.05 for ceramic capacitors; $0.30 for electrolytic
capacitors; and an estimated $0.075 for general-purpose film resistors.
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3. Hungary. 13/
The Remix Electrotechnical Works Company, Limited, is the
only known supplier of electronic components in Hungary. The only
data on production at this plant are as of 1947, at which time total
capacitor production was 3 million per year, while total resistor
production per year was 4.2 million. This information and estimates
of Hungarian production of electron tubes in 1947 and 1950-51, form-
ing the basis of an estimate of annual Hungarian production of fixed
electronic capacitors and resistors in 1947751, are presented in Table 8.*
(Production of electronic components in Hungary is given by plant in
Appendix 133.)
An estimate of Hungarian capacities in 1952-53 to produce
fixed electronic capacitors and resistors, projected from the produc-
tion estimates given in Table 8, follows in Table 9.**
)4. Czechoslovakia. 14/
Electronic components production in Czechoslovakia is centered
in the Lanskroun Electrical Equipment Works and the Hloubetin Electrical
Equipment Plant. Although some information as to output at the Lanskroun
plant is available, there is none available on the Hloubetin Plant. For
purposes of this report, the Hloubetin production is represented by the
addition of a conservative figure to the Lanskroun production figure. Thus
the estimates of the total production for Czechoslovakia are probably on
the conservative side. Taken in conjunction with the Capacitor-tube ratio
and the resistor-tube ratio discussed below, however, these estimates do
not appear to be excessively conservative. An estimate of Czechoslovak
production of fixed electronic capacitors and resistors in 1948-51, developed
from the available information, is presented in Table 10.*** Since there
Is no evidence of plans for expansion after 1951, the production figures
for 1951 may be taken to indicate production for 1952-53. (Production of
electronic components in Czechoslovakia is given by plant in Appendix B4.)
5. Other Satellites. 15/
a. Poland.
Mention is made of possible capacitor production at the
former Philips-Wola plant in Poland, but the extent of this production is
not known.
Table 8 follows on p. 25.
** Table 9 follows on p. 26.
4E44 Table 10 follows on p. 27.
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OWN, MOO MM. Amm.
Table 8
Estimated Hungarian Production of Fixed Electronic Capacitors and Resistors
1947-51
Year
Electronic Capacitors Electronic
Volume
(Million
Units)
Value 2/
($ Million)
Resistors
Volume
(Million
Units)
Value i
($ Millt on)
Total
Value a/
($ Million)
1947
3.0
0.24
4.2
0.32
0.56
1948 b/
3.9
0.31
5.5
0.41
0.72
1949 E/
4.9
0.39
6.9
0.53
0.92
1950 "C/
5.8
0.46
8.2
0.62
1.08
1951 C/
6.6
0.53
9.3
0.71
1.24
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices: unit prices of
$0.08 for capacitors and $0.075 for resistors. '
b. Figures for these years are interpolated between the figures for 1947 and
those for 1950 and 1951.
c. Figures for 1950 and 1951 are based on the estimated ratios for 1947 between
electron tithes and fixed electronic capacitors and resistors produced in Hungary
applied to estimates of electron tubes produced in Hungary in 1950 and 1951.
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WOO 11111 ???=. IMO ????
Table 9
Estimated Hungarian Capacity for Producing Fixed Electronic Capacitors and Resistors
1952-53
Electronic Capacitors Electronic Resistors
Volume Volume Total
(Million Value a/ (Million Value a/ Value a/
Units) ($ Million) Units) ($ Million) ($ Million)
8.3 0.66 11.7 0.88 1.54
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices: unit prices of
$0.08 for capacitors and $0.075 for resistors.
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Table 10
Estimated Czechoslovak Production of Fixed Electronic Capacitors and Resistors
1948-51
Electronic Capacitors Electronic Resistors
Volume
(Million Value a/
Year Units) ($ Million)
Volume
(Million Value a/
Units) ($ Million)
Total
Value a/
($ Minion)
1948
50.0
14.0
15
1.13
5.13
1949 b/
55.8
4.46
20
1.5
5.96
1950 E/
61.6
4.93
25
1.9
6.83
1951 ?
67.5
5.4
30
2.3
7.7
a. Dollar values are based on average current US f.o.b. prices:
unit prices
of $0.08 for capacitors and $0.075 for resistors.
b. Figures for these years are interpolated between the figures
those for 1951 on a linear basis.
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for 1948 and
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b. Bulgaria.
The Elprom plant, located in Illiyantsi, 5 kilometers
from Sofia, employs 3,500 workers who manufacture electric motors, lamps,
and radio parts. It is believed that this plant may manufacture radio
capacitors, but it is not possible to tell the extent of this production.
c. Communist China.
It is believed that the production of components is
negligible in Communist China. Orders for condensers, resistors, and
volume controls of all sizes have been received from China by US firms.
This fact, together with the lack of any substantial evidence of component
production, indicates the high probability of negligible production in
China of components.
The Central Radio Manufacturing Works in Kunming may be
making capacitors and rheostats of low quality. The extent of this
production is not known, but it is believed to be small.
B. Costs and Prices. lY
If among several economic areas there exist conditions of free
exchange rates and free movement of resources, then it will tend to be
true that the prices of goods in one area will be the same as the prices
of the same goods in every other area -- at any rate, the differentials
could never be greater than the transportation cost necessary to bring
goods from one region to another. If a differential should exist, it
would cause productive resources to flow from the high-cost or low-price
area to the low-cost or high-price area, thus over a period of time
equalizing conditions among the areas. This analysis can apply to rela-
tions among different countries or among the areas of a single country.
Where these conditions of free exchange rates and free movement of resources
exist among different countries, prices of the same goods in the different
countries will bear the same ratio to each other as the rate of exchange
of the currencies of the different countries.
When these conditions exist within a country, as they do in the
US, it can be said that the unit of currency indicates equal efficiency
from industry to industry or area to area. If among countries these
conditions do not exist, however, there will be differences among the
price ratios of the different commodities. Where one of the countries
has a currency of Constant efficiency significance from industry to indus-
try, then all the discrepancies among the price ratios of the two countries
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must be explained on the basis of either differences in efficiency or
differences in the manner of arriving at prices among the industries of
the second country. Evidence exists that the prices of electronic
components in the USSR are set at approximately the same ratio to cost
for all electronic components. (This is Largely true in the US.)
Therefore, differences among the price ratios of goods produced in the
US and the USSR may indicate relative efficiency in the production of
the different goods in the USSR. The same rationale applies to East
Germany.
For purposes of comparing efficiencies, it is necessary to have
comparable products. Comparable sizes of fixed hermetically sealed paper
dielectric capacitors, power-factor capacitors, and nonprecision deposited
film resistors have been chosen for estimating the relative efficiency in
producing the three types in the US, the USSR, and East Germany. Table 11
shows the ruble-dollar and East Deutsche Mark-dollar ratios of the prices
of these commodities. It should be noted that since there is no produc-
tion of nonprecision deposited film resistors in the US, the ratios
given for this product in Table 11 involve an estimate of what this
product would cost in the US.
Table 11
Price Ratios of Selected Goods: US, USSR, East Germany
Product Rubles per Dollar East Deutsche Mark per Dollar
Nonprecision Deposited
Film Resistor 14.6 5.7
Hermetically Sealed
Paper Dielectric
Capacitor 10.0 12.5
Power-Factor
Capacitor 12.7
The order of relative efficiency in the USSR finds the hermet-
ically sealed paper capacitor produced under the most efficient condi-
tions, with the power-factor correction capacitor and the nonprecision
deposited carbon resistor following in that order. In East Germany the
nonprecision deposited carbon resistor is produced under more efficient
conditions than the hermetically sealed paper capacitor.
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C. Imports and Exports of Electronic Components. 17/
1. East-West Trade.
In spite of the large production of electronic components in
the Bloc, and in spite of the fact that some components are exported from
the Bloc (Czechoslovakia, for example, has offered resistors to the US
and Denmark), there is considerable effort by the Bloc to obtain these
commodities from the West.
Hungary obtains a large quantity of fixed capacitors from
Switzerland, Austria, and Sweden, and resistors from Austria and Sweden.
There is evidence that Philips in Switzerland supplies Bulgaria with
capacitors, while China has made inquiries as to the availability of
electrolytic capacitors in the US. In addition, East Germany is depend-
ent on.West Germany for its requirements of high power capacitors.
Although the USSR appears not to deal in the trade with
the West involving finished components, it does import considerable
amounts of capacitor paper from France and Switzerland. West Germany
supplies East Germany with paper and aluminum foil and ceramic material
for capacitor production. The Bloc also obtains from the West vital
raw materials such as capacitor paper and mica.
2. Inter-Bloc Shipments.
The USSR apparently does not tale an active role in inter-
Bloc trade, except that it does male demands on the Dralowid-Werk VEB Teltow
plant in East Germany for supplies of precision deposited carbon resistors.
These items are also made in the USSR, but Dralowid-Werk is the plant which
originated this type of resistor, and presumably its advanced ability in
this field makes it profitable for the USSR to assign a part of its require-
ments to that firm.
In addition, the Keramisches'Werk Hescho-Rahla firm is East
Germany's sole producer of capacitors for radio-frequency application and
ships them to the USSR and various other Bloc countries. Czechoslovakia
exports both capacitors and resistors within the Bloc.
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III. Input Requirements.
A. Capacitor Paper.
1. 1951 Requirements.
Capacitor paper is a special grade of high-quality kraft
paper, included with cigarette paper, carbon paper, and bible paper in
the broad category of thin tissues. Fixed paper capacitors require
paper in thicknesses of from 6 to 20 microns. Paper of from 8 to 11
microns, which is especially free from pinholes and conducting particles,
is used mostly in the manufacture of electronic capacitors, while 12-
to 15-micron paper, which has an especially uniform dielectric constant
at higher temperatures, is used in power capacitors. Electrolytic capaci-
tors use a relatively smaller amount of heavier paper, manufactured to
different specifications.
The manufacture of thin capacitor paper, with its rigorous
mechanical, chemical, and electrical specifications, is the most diffi-
cult operation of the paper industry. This manufacturing process demands
the use of the best quality of wood-pulp fiber, of the purest mill water,
and of extended beating, varying from 12 hours for thick papers to 70
hours for thin papers. The paper machinery used must be capable of
handling stocks as thin as 9 grams per square meter', and capable of closely
controlling the calendaring process -- compressing when moist. The
production capacity of the paper machine is quite limited and decreases
rapidly for the thinner papers: for 14-micron paper, machine capacity
averages 2 metric tons per day; for 8-micron paper, 1 metric ton per day;
and for 6-micron paper, 0.17 metric ton per day. Owing to the need for
special equipment, high-quality raw materials, technical competence, and
familiarity with the electrotechnical industry, the potential suppliers
of capacitor paper have been limited to a few fine paper mills.
An extensive volume of good intelligence information concerning
Soviet Bloc imports and consumption of capacitor paper exists, especially
covering the period since 1948. The quantity of capacitor paper produced
in the USSR has been small, and the output has been limited presumably to
the thicker grades. An analysis of import data and of occasional reports
concerning Soviet electronics plants indicates the possibility that the
USSR, at least from 1948 through 1951, has been allocating most of its
domestic paper for the production of power-factor capacitors and has imported
all of its requirements for electronic capacitors. Table 12* gives an esti-
mate of the percentage distribution of Soviet attempts to purchase capacitor
paper as determined from an incomplete list of Soviet orders and inquiries.
* Table 12 follows on p. 32.
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Table 12
Pattern of Soviet Attempts to Purchase Capacitor:Paper.
1949-51
Thickness
(Microns)
Distribution of Total Orders
and Inquiries
(Percentage)
6
0,
7
4.3
8
71.2
10 to 11
19.2
12
5.3
14 and up
As indicated in Table 12, the primary Soviet interest has
been to acquire capacitor paper in thicknesses of 8 to 11 microns,
mainly 8-micron high-density paper, the specified material for metal-
lized paper capacitors. There has been little indication of require-
ments for 6-micron paper, which is predominantly used in fixed elec-
tronic capacitors, or for papers heavier than 11 microns thick, such
as those used for power-factor capacitors.
A sizable proportion of reported Soviet imports of capacitor
paper have been completely confirmed, and there is strong, but unconfirmed,
evidence of additional shipments. These data, as modified by the Soviet
requirements for certain thicknesses, are smmArized in Table 13.
Table 13
Confirmed and Probable Soviet Imports of Capacitor Paper
1949-51
Metric Tons
Thickness
Probable Imports
Confirmed Imports
(Microns)
1949
1950
1951
1949
1950
1951
7 to 11
250
770
850
50
200
250
12 and Up
60
100
250
40
90
150
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The manufacture of power-factor capacitors in the Soviet
electrical industry is primarily concentrated in high-voltage units
using papers of 12- to 14-micron thicknesses. Quantity production of
power-factor capacitors was common in 1948 and by 1951 is believed to
have reached 300,000 kvalabout 15 percent of the domestic increment
of generator capacity. Capacitor paper for this production would total
260 metric, tons, a quantity adequately covered by some domestic produc-
tion along with a small share of imports.
If the 1951 production of fixed electronic paper capacitors
is estimated at 100 million units, a total of 250 metric tons of 7- to
11-micron thicknesses of capacitor paper is required, mostly in the 8-
micron thickness. It is almost certain that the annual capacitor paper
imports have greatly exceeded these industry requirements, possibly by
400 to 600 metric tons. It is possible that these additional significant
quantities of thin capacitor paper could be consumed in the manufacture
of three special categories of capacitor products: large capacitors needed
for an extensive military radar and communications transmitter program; ,
energy storage capacitors, required for a quantity production ,program of
expendable units, including proximity fuses; and high-current AC power
capacitors, used for particle accelerators.
2. Sources of Supply in the Bloc.
a. USSR.
Little is known about Soviet factories producing capaci-
tor paper. It is apparent that the supply was limited through 1951 and
was of poor quality through 1950. Possible producers, as indicated by
unconfirmed sources, may include the Serpukhov Paper Mill, Serpukhov,
reported as one of the first Soviet users of power-factor capacitors; the
Oji Paper Mill in South Sakhalin, formerly a large Japanese manufacturer
of fine papers; the Soyez Paper Factory in Moscow, reported as producing
special electrical insulating paper; and a mill in the Riga area. Recently,
two modern Tervakoski thin-paper machines were shipped from Finland to
the USSR. These machines when installed and properly functioning will
provide an annual capacity of approximately, 600 metric tons of thin capaci-
tor papers, principally of 8-micron thickness. As a result, the present
Soviet dependence upon paper suppliers in Western Europe eventually could
be eliminated.
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b. Czechoslovakia.
The West Bohemian Paper Mill in Vrany, Czechoslovakia, on
the Vltava River, is a leading European producer of capacitor paper, first
producing this item in 1923 or 1924. Paper is manufactured as thin as
8 microns. In the past this mill normally exported capacitor paper to
Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, and Austria At present, in addi-
tion to meeting the domestic needs of the Tesla combine, this paper mill
in Vrany is believed to supply a significant amount of paper to the USSR.
The estimated annual capacity, expanded by the installation of one new
thin-paper machine in 1947, is believed to be about 600 metric tons of
capacitor paper, probably in the thinner grades.
3. Western Sources.
a. Finland.
The Tervakoski Paper Company, Tervakoski, Finland, with
offices in Helsinki, is one of the world's leading suppliers of quality
capacitor paper. The firm supplies. high-quality thin papers, including
both cigarette and capacitor papers, and manufactures some of the best
specialized paper-making machinery. Capacitor paper production of the
company totalled 730 metric tons in 1949, 705 metric tons in 1950, and
800 metric tons in 1951. Tervakoski can produce capacitor paper as thin
as 6 microns, although little of its output has been under 8 microns.
The firm has exported extensively to Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium,
the UK, and Hungary and now also supplies the USSR through direct ex-
ports, through Finnish reparations, and probably as transshipments through
Sweden. In late 1950 it was reported that Tervakoski paper was difficult
to purchase in Western Europe, and it has been definitely established
that at least 75 to 100 metric tons are shipped anzumily to the USSR. It
is probable that one-half of the 1951 Tervakoski output, about 400 metric
tons, was made available to the USSR.
b. France.
There are two capacitor paper mills in France: Papeterie
des Champagnes, with offices in Paris and a mill in Britanny, and the
Papeterie Bollore, with offices in Paris and a mill in Odet. In the past,
French capacitor paper was not of the best quality, and much of the French
industry's requirements were imported from the US. Since 1948 the quality
has been improved and meets most domestic requirements. Papeterie Bollore
has been a heavy supplier to the USSR since mid-1950 and shipped some paper
to Hungary and to Poland in 1951. Confirmed shipments to the USSR totalled
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200 metric tons in 1951, and evidence indicates that possible shipments
directly to the USSR may have totalled 300 metric tons in 1950 and 350
metric tons in 1951.
C. West Germany.
Two affiliated firms in the French Zone of Germany pro-
vide the sole source of thin capacitor paper in West Germany. Of a
combined output of approximately 1,200 metric tons per year of thin
(7.5 to 12 microns) capacitor paper, Schoeller and Hoesch, Gernsbach,
Baden, produces 900 metric tons, and Julius Glatz, Niedenfels, produces
the remainder. Part of this paper is consumed in West Germany, and the
remainder is exported to Italy, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands,
Belgium, and India. Exports directly to East Germany and indirectly
through Switzerland to East Germany have been reported. Some indirect
exports from West Germany to the USSR also have been reported.
d. Other Sources.
Two mills in Sweden produce heavier papers Which are
used primarily for power capacitors and are, in the main, for consump-
tion in Sweden and the UK. Three firms in the US produce capacitor
paper and have led the world in quality and quantity. There are indica-
tions that transshipments of US paper have reached the USSR through
Swiss and Italian firms. In the past, Italy has imported capacitor
paper from the US, Germany, and Finland. During 1950, however, in addi-
tion to increased imports, three Italian mills were reported to be engaged
in manufacturing capacitor paper. 50X1
the Soviets have attempted to procure large quantities of capacitor paper
in Rome.
It is estimated that during 1951 a minimum of 100 metric
tons, and probably 200 metric tons, of capacitor paper originating from
German, US, and Italian sources were imported by the USSR.
B. Aluminum Foil. 12/
1. 1951 Requirements.
The 1951 requirements of each of the countries in the Soviet
Bloc for aluminum foil, based on the output figures appearing in Section II,
above, and on the input coefficients appearing in Appendix C, are as
follows: USSR, 270 metric tons; Hungary, 13.2 metric tons; East Germany,
45 metric tons; Czechoslovakia, 134 metric tons; and the total for the
Bloc, 462 metric tons.
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2. Sources of Supply in the Bloc.
As far as is known, the only producer of aluminum foil within
the USSR is the Glavsvetmetobrabotka plant in Moscow. The VEB Metal
Works in Merseburg, East Germany, has probably been supplying some alumi-
num foil since late in 1951. Before that time there was no production
of that commodity in East Germany. Although the East Germans have im-
ported some aluminum foil from Czechoslovakia, the location of the
Czechoslovak facilities manufacturing this aluminum foil are not known.
There is no evidence of domestic production of this product in Hungary.
3. Western Sources.
East Germany, having been unable to produce aluminum foil
domestically until late in 1951, has had to rely on Western sources,
principally Switzerland, for its supplies. Large quantities of aluminum
foil have been sent to East Germany from Fritz Unger, Zurich, Switzerland.
There is little evidence available concerning Hungary's
sources of supply, although it is known that Hungary has made inquiries
of Italy with regard to this product.
Czechoslovakia produces some aluminum foil domestically and
imports some from Switzerland.
C. Mica. 19/
1. Sources of Supply in the Bloc.
The only country in the Bloc which has domestic production of
mica is the USSR. There are two major plants within the USSR: the "8th
of March" Mica Factory at Petrozavodsk and the Irkutsk Mica Factory at
Irkutsk. Two smaller processing shops are in Leningrad. Mica of good
quality is mined in several places in the USSR. It is believed that the
USSR does not import substantial amounts of good-quality mica and that
It does not export to the Satellites, the implication being that its
supply is just sufficient for its needs.
mica.
None of the Satellite countries has domestic production of
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2. Western Sources.
Since the Satellites have no domestic sources of mica, they
are obliged to secure it from the West. Hungary has a treaty with
Argentina which provides for the supply of this commodity. Czecho-
slovakia obtains mica from India and perhaps also from Argentina. East
Germany, typically short of strategic mica, obtains it from India and
Argentina and also substitutes ceramics for mica wherever possible.
It is thought that an embargo of this commodity, effectively
operated, would cause a tightening of the mica situation in the Bloc as
a whole, since presumably the USSR would have to divert some of its out-
put to the Satellites. The success of such an embargo would depend on
how easily the USSR could increase its own production of mica.
D. Other Critical Inputs.
Clear mineral oil and paraffin are employed in the Soviet Bloc
industry as impregnants for fixed paper capacitors. The 1951 require-
ment for the Bloc is estimated to be 500 to 600 metric tons of mineral
oil and paraffin, and there is no apparent limitation in the supply of
this material. It is believed that the use of chlorinated diphenyl
impregnants will be encouraged, particularly in the USSR.
The Soviet Bloc production of fixed electronic resistors is pre-
dominantly in the form of deposited film units, and a sizable require-
ment exists for the ceramic body cylinders. The porcelain used must
have special properties, for which a review of supply sources should be
made. At this time, however, there is no apparent evidence indicating
any quantitative limit in the current availability.
E. Significance of Critical Inputs.
One of the most significant features brought out by this analysis
of the Soviet Bloc electronic components industries is an unusually high
requirement for capacitor paper. This is particularly true of the USSR
but also applies to a lesser degree for East Germany, where reported
requirements for both paper and aluminum foil are higher than would be
expected. The probability of an extensive stockpiling program of capaci-
tor paper, over and beyond the build-up of normally high working inven-
tories, is not considered likely. There is no reported indication of the
existence of large capacitor paper stocks in the USSR, although Soviet
imports have been considerable as far back as 1948 and were large in 1951.
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In view of the apparent absence of extensive stockpiling of
capacitor paper, and of the additional production from new Soviet mills,
along with Finnish and Czechoslovak production, it must be concluded
that the output of fixed paper capacitors in the Soviet Bloc reached
very high proportions by 1951 and that a considerable future increase
has been planned. It is believed that the quantitative output esti-
mates provided in Sections III A,1 above, and V Al below, represent most
conservative conclusions.
Soviet Bloc imports of capacitor paper have been papers of
thicknesses and specifications, indicating predominant use in the manu-
facture of DC electronic capacitors. A small proportion of the imported
paper, supplemented by Soviet-produced paper, is consumed in the manu-
facture of a limited volume of power-factor capacitors. The pattern of
imports also indicates a probable heavy output of low-voltage DC capaci-
tors, including special metallized paper types.
A possible substitute for the fixed paper dielectric electronic
capacitor is the plastic film unit, which would avoid the use of capaci-
tor paper. Especially for low-voltage application, the plastic capacitor
is relatively more expensive and bulky. Although polystyrene film
capacitors are produced in both East Germany and the USSR, it is not
probable that any general substitution program is contemplated.
Metallized paper fixed capacitor construction eliminates the
need for aluminum foil, and, when mineral oil impregnants are used, the
metallized paper capacitor requires appreciably less capacitor paper
than the paper and foil construction. Extensive production plans have
been reported in the Bloc for the netallized paper type of electronic
capacitor, and it may be expected that this construction will begin to
replace the standard paper and aluminum foil design in increasing quan-
tities, especially for low- and medium-voltage DC electronic applications.
IV. Distribution of Output.
A. Electric Power Industry.
The most important products used by the Soviet Bloc electric
power industry from the electronic capacitor and resistor industries
are AC power-factor capacitors and motor-starting capacitors. For
obvious reasons of economy, most of the power-factor capacitors in the
Bloc are produced in the 3-kv, 6-kvl and 10-kv ratings to match distri-
bution voltage. Although the 1951 supply was insufficient to meet needs,
it appears probable that the output of this product will be increased to
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reach a kva figure comparable to 25 percent of the annual increment to
generating capacity. It is estimated that AC power capacitors comprise
about 7 percent of the total Bloc output value of fixed capacitors.
B. Electronic Equipment Industry.
The balance of the capacitors and the total production of the
resistors covered in this report are used in the manufacture or in the
repair and maintenance of Bloc electronic equipment. The detailed in-
formation available is inadequate to permit an estimate of distribution
by class or by end use of equipment.
C. Indications of Specific Production Programs.
From an analysis of the Soviet fixed capacitor industry, three
general trends appear in the production of electronic end items:
1. The magnitude and type of paper used, plus the pre-
ponderance of hermetic seals, indicate the industry effort to be
devoted largely to military electronics production.
2. Heavy consumption of special 8-micron paper, togeth-
er with installation of metallized paper capacitor facilities, indi-
cates the probable quantity production of compact, low-voltage DC
capacitors of types generally required for proximity fuses and mis-
sile controls.
3. The Soviet capacitor industry is manufacturing in
quantity high-voltage, high-capacity units of types generally required
as filter and pulse-forming capacitors in military transmitters and
radar equipment.
V. Summary of the Bloc as a Whole.
A. Capabilities.
Table 14* gives the estimated production of the Soviet Bloc of
electronic components in terms of quantity and value for 1951. A compari-
son of the output figures for components production in the Bloc in 1951
with the production of electron tubes in the Bloc in the same year 22/ re-
veals a resistor-tube ratio and a condenser-tube ratio substantially higher
than in the US. The implication of this comparison of ratios is that any
* Table 14 follows on p. 40.
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Table 14
Estimated Soviet Bloc Production of Fixed Capacitors and Resistors
1951
? Electronic
Capacitors
Electronic
Resistors
Power-Factor
Capacitors
Volume
(Million
Units)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) 21
Volume
(Million
Units)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) 21
Volump
(Thousand
KVa)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) 2/
USSR
165.0
24.5
130.0
8.6
300
1.8
East Germany
25.3
1.9
30.0
2.3
Hungary
6.64
0.53
9.32
0.71
Czecho-
slovakia
67.5
5.4
30.0
2.3
Total
264.0
32.3
199.0
14.1
300
1.8
a. Based on average current US f
.o.b. prices for equivalent products.
electronics programs which the Bloc is able to undertake from the point of
view of electron tube requirements, it is also able to undertake from the
point of view of components requirements.
An estimate of Soviet Bloc capacities in 1952-53 to produce fixed
capacitors and resistors, projected from the production estimate for 1951
and earlier years, is given in Table 15.*
B. Output of Electronic Components as Related to Electron Tubes
and to Electronic End-Equipment Production. 21/
The composition of electronic equipment implies the possibility of
a relatively fixed ratio between quantities of primary circuit components --
resistors and capacitors -- and quantities of tubes. For defense planning
in the US there has been assumed for the electronics industry a require-
ment figure of four fixed capacitors per tube and about the same ratio for
fixed resistors per tube. In 1951 the US industry produced about 3.7 fixed
capacitors and 4.o fixed resistors per tube. These ratios are meaningful
* Table 15 follows on p. 41.
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Table 15
Estimated Soviet Bloc Capacity for the Production
of Fixed Capacitors and Resistors
1952-53
Electronic
Capacitors
Electronic
Resistors
Power-Factor
Capacitors
Volume
Units)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) :11/
Volume
Units)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) 21
Volume
(Thousand
Kva)
Value
($ Mil- /
lion) IV
USSR
350.0
57.0
275.0
19.2
500
3.0
East Germany
39.0
3.1
50.0
3.8
Hungary
8.3
0.66
11.7
0.88
Czecho-
slovakia
67.5
5.4
30.0
2.3
Total
465.0
66.2
367.0
26.5
500
3.0
a. Based on average current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent products.
for the USSR: an analysis of four models of Soviet military radio equip-
ment and five models of Soviet civilian radio receivers averaged 3.8 fixed
capacitors used per tube and 3.4 fixed resistors per tube. These ratios
may be compared with those provided by the 1951 output estimates, which
indicate ratios of 4.7 capacitors and 3.7 resistors per tube in the USSR and
5.7 capacitors and 4.4 resistors per tube for the Bloc as a whole.
Further analysis of the interrelationships existing within the
electronics industry can be made by comparing the total production value
of end equipment with the total production values of tubes and primary
components. Table 16* illustrates these relationships, for different
areas at different times.
Since the estimates provided in this report for the Soviet Bloc
production rates of fixed capacitors are believed to be quite conservative,
examination of the above ratios indicates two probabilities: the estimate
* Table 16 follows on p. 42.
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Table 16
1
Soviet Bloc Production of Tubes and Components
in Percentages of the Total Value 21,/
of End-Equipment Production
US/ US / USSR / NATO Estimate 2/
1944 12./ 1951 F.J 1951 1./ 1952-53
Electron Tubes
14.0
14.3
13.5
17.0
Fixed Electronic Capacitors
4.3
4.3
8.4
9.0
Fixed Electronic Resistors
0.9
1.1
3.0
3.5
a. End-equipment production value is in terns of f.o.b. sales prices.
b. Records for 1944: 2,834 million end-equipment shipments.
c. Preliminary industry estimate based upon $3,500 million end-equip-
ment shipments.
d. Preliminary estimate for $500 million NATO electronics requirements,
at an annual rate of $200 million.
e. Estimate based upon $300 million annual end-equipment shipments.
of Soviet tube production is supported, with the strong probability that
actual 1951 output may have been higher than estimated, rather than lower;
the total Soviet electronics program in 1951 was at least equal to the
estimated $300 million and may have been greater.
C. Reliability of the Estimate.
The absence of adequate information on Soviet Bloc plant opera-
tions limits the reliability of the quantitative estimates for output.
However, relatively good information on the consumption of special produc-
tion materials by the capacitor industry indicates that the estimated out-
puts are quite conservative and can be considered as close to minimum
values. Three general conclusions may be made:
1. The accuracy of the estimate for the East German
industry output is reasonably good; the estimates for other Bloc
areas are subject to much wider tolerances.
2. The accuracy of the output estimate for fixed capaci-
tors is better than that for fixed resistors.
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3. The accuracy of the several country estimates of out-
put is better when expressed in terms of production value than when
expressed in units.
The 1951 Soviet Bloc output for fixed electronic capacitors is
estimated at $32.3 million; the range in possible output is believed to
lie between $30 million minimum and $50 million maximum. The 1951
Soviet Bloc output for fixed electronic resistors is estimated at $14.1
million; the range in possible output is believed to lie between $9 mil-
lion minimum and $20 million maximum.
D. Vulnerabilities.
The principal vulnerability of the Soviet Bloc electronic compo-
nents industry lies in the incapacity of the Bloc as a whole to produce
capacitor paper of suitable quality or in sufficient quAntity. The USSR
is thus far unable to make capacitor paper which is suitable for use in
electronic capacitors. The only two plants which are able to make this
commodity and which are subject to a degree of Soviet control are the
Vrany plant in Czechoslovakia and the Tervakoski plant in Finland.
Although this shortage may be somewhat relieved by the recent
shipment of paper-making machinery from Finland to the USSR, it is
probable that it will be some time before the engineering problems
peculiar to the manufacture of this product are ironed out and produc-
tion is established on a quAntity basis. Large imports of strategic-
grade paper have so far supplied the Bloc with its needs, and it is
believed that the supply of capacitor paper will be a continuing vul-
nerability for some time to come. It appears, therefore, that an effec-
tive embargo of this commodity would cut the Soviet Bloc ability to
produce capacitors by 50 percent.
A second vulnerability from the points of view of transportation,
logistics, and bombing is the relative concentration of the plants of the
electronic components industry in the Soviet Bloc, particularly in East
Germany, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia and East Germany
have two main plants each, and Hungary has one. The Soviet components
industry is more dispersed, however, with at least seven principal compo-
nents suppliers. The vulnerability of Soviet Bloc facilities for the
production of electronic components is lessened, moreover, by the rela-
tive ease with which such facilities may be established and reestablished
after damage has been inflicted.
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E. Conclusions.
1. The USSR has developed a capable and efficient electronic
components industry which is able to produce high-quality items Which
are suitable for military use.
2. Production figures for electronic components developed in
this report support the estimate of high Soviet output of electronic
equipment, and especially electron tubes
3. The major effort in the Soviet electronics industry is
devoted to the production of military equipment. There are two main
pieces of evidence for this finding:
a. The kinds of capacitor paper imported by the USSR are
not usually found in cheaper capacitors for hone radios. In addition,
there is a large effort devoted to the production of metallized paper
capacitors in the USSR, and these types are also not used in home radio
receivers.
b. Even assuming the USSR produces no capacitor paper,
and assuming the minimum level of imports, the USSR still disposes of
more capacitor paper per year than it possibly could if it were devoting
its main efforts to other than military applications. The implication
is clear that there is a high level of production of the larger types
of capacitors which are more commonly used in military applications.
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50X1
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APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTIVE DATA FOR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
1. US Joint Army-Navy Specifications. 22/
US Joint Army-Navy (JAN) Specifications have become the standard
for the manufacture of electronic components used in military elec-
tronic equipment in the US. There is reason to believe that some
of these specifications are followed in the USSR on some of their
components. Thus, although it is not clear on which components the
Soviets will follow JAN specifications, nor to what extent, it is
felt that descriptions of the JAN specifications for a few of the
more common components will add materially to an understanding of
the products under discussion.
a. Fixed Composition Resistors: JAN-R-11.
JAN-R-11 covers fixed composition resistors having nominal
power ratings under 5 watts. These are resistors with a resistant
composition mixture having tinned 1.5-inch leads, either embedded in
the ends of the composition, as in the insulated resistors which are
of usually 1 watt or less, or leads which are wrapped around the
ends of the tubular composition structure, as in the uninsulated types,
which are usually larger than 1 watt. The insulated types are color-
coded with colored rings, whereas the uninsulated types are color-
coded by means of the color of the body, one end, and a dot on the
body.
Table 17* shows some of the typical specifications found in
the more important tests which these resistors must undergo. The
table includes, for comparison, the corresponding specifications in
Project 166, prepared by the US Armed Services Electro Standards
Agency (ASESA) for applications involving fixed composition resistors
of greater stability and accuracy than JAN-R-11.
* Table 17 follows on p. 46.
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Table 17
Comparative Specifications for Fixed Resistors
JAN-R-11, ASESA Project 166
Specified Test
Resistance Tolerance
Power versus Ambient
Temperature Rating'
Maximum Voltage Rating
Temperature Cycling
Test Requirement
Short' Time Overload
Humidity
Voltage Coefficient
(for resistances in
excess of 1,000 ohms)
JAN-R-11
5%Y 10%Y and 20%.
100% rated load at 40?C, 0% rated load
at 110?C.
Power X resistance except, e.g., for
1..watt resistances 350 DC working vol-
tage. Other maximum voltage ratings
for other sizes.
When subjected to temperature cycles
from -55?C to 85?Csresistors must not
show mechanical injury, and average
permanent resistance change shall not
exceed 5%.
With 2.5 times rated voltage applied for
5 seconds, resistance change Shall not
exceed 5%.
Resistance change shall not exceed 10%
after exposure to an atmosphere of
40?C and 95% relative humidity for
250 hours.
The voltage coefficient shall not exceed
0.035% per volt for 1- and *-watt sizes,
and 0.02 volts per volt for sizes in
excess of 1 watt.
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Project 166
1%, 2%, and 5%.
100% rated load at 40?C, 0% rated load
at 120?C.
Power X resistance except, e.g., for
1-watt resistances 350 DC working vol-
tage. Other maximum voltage ratings
for other sizes.
When subjected to temperature cycles
from -55?C to 850C,resistors must not
show mechanical injury, and average
permanent resistance change shall not
exceed 1.5%.
With 2.5 times rated voltage applied for
5 seconds, resistance change shall not
exceed 0.75%.
Resistance change shall not exceed 5%
after exposure to an atmosphere of
40?C and 95% relative humidity for
250 hours.
Characteristic R, 0.002% per volt;
Characteristic W, 0.006% per volt;
Characteristic X, 0.02% per volt.
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Table 17
Comparative Specifications for Fixed Resistors
JAN-R-11, ASESA Project 166
(Continued)
Specified Test
Insulation Strength
Load Life
Temperature Coef-
ficient
JAN-R,11
Resistors shall be able to withstand
twice the rated working voltage applied
between the insulation and the leads
without damage.
Resistance diange after 1,000 hours of
intermittent operation at ambient
temperature of 400C at maximum contin-
uous DC working voltage shall not ex-
ceed 10% between any two successive
measurements.
Percentage change in resistance for
1,000-10,000 ohm resistors at -55?C
for characteristic maximum voltage
rating, 20%; for characteristic F, 10%.
At 105?C, characteristic maximum voltage
rating, 12%; characteristic temperature
coefficient, 6%.
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Project 166
Not available.
Resistance change after 1,000 hours of
intermittent operation at ambient
temperature of 40?C at maximum contin-
uous DC working voltage shall not ex-
ceed 3% between any two successive
measurements.
Under 1 megohm: Type R, 0.05%/?C
Type WI 0.08%/?C
Type X, 0.08%/?C
Over 1 megohm: Type RI 0.08%/?C
Type WI 0.14%/?C
Type X, 0.14%/?C
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_ _ _ _ _
b. Fixed Paper Dielectric Capacitors: JAN-C-91 and JAN-C-25.
JAN-C-91 covers fixed paper dielectric capacitors inclosed in
nonmetallic cases for use in blocking, bypass, and filter applications
where a low value of dissipation factor is not essential. Insulating
and impregnating materials for these capacitors include waxes, var-
nishes, and the like. The dielectric material of capacitors covered
by this specification is made of impregnated or treated paper or an
adequate substitute. Where the voltage rating is in excess of 150
volts, a minimum of three layers of 0.0003-inch paper must be used.
Provision is made to color-code these capacitors according to capaci-
tance and characteristic.
JAN-C-25 covers fixed paper dielectric capacitors hermetically
sealed in metallic cases, for use primarily in blocking, bypass, and
filter applications where the alternating component of the impressed
voltage is small with respect to the DC rating. The dielectric element
of these capacitors consists of two or more layers of fine-grade
capacitor paper. When the rated voltage is in excess of 250 DC working
voltage, three or more layers are used. The specifications applicable '
to this type of capacitor, as to the nonmetallic cased capacitors) must
be fulfilled after the capacitor has been dried, impregnated, and sealed
in the container.
Table 18* shows some of the more important specifications which
must be net by capacitors of these two classifications. These specifica-
tions have been arranged to show the comparison between the two sets,
where appropriate.
c. Fixed Mica Capacitors: JAN-C-5.
Capacitors covered by JAN-C-5 are fixed mica capacitors pri-
marily for use in radio-frequency applications. They are molded,
molded-case potted, and ceramic-case potted capacitors. Provisions
are made for color-coding these capacitors by means of colored dots
to indicate capacitance, working voltage, and tolerance. Leads are
made of wire which have been tinned to provide ease of soldering.
Table 19** indicates some of the specifications for these
capacitors found in JAN-C-5.
* Table 18 follows on p. 49.
** Table 19 follows on p. 50.
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Table 18
Comparative Specifications for Fixed Paper Dielectric Capacitors
JAN-C-91 and JAN-C-25
Specified Test
JAN-C-91
Dissipation Factor Shall not exceed 0.8%.
Insulation Resistance Capacitors shall withstand a voltage of
at least 100 volts but not more than
rated voltage applied between the
terminals.
Voltage Breakdown Each capacitor shall withstand without
breakdown or flashover 200% of rated
DC working voltage applied across the
terminals for 1 minute. 400%-rated
voltage shall be applied between the
terminals and the case of capacitors
rated at less than 600 DC working vol-
tage without breakdown or flashover,
and 200% plus 1,000 volts applied to
capacitors rated in excess of 600 DC
working voltage, where the case is a
terminal.
Capacitance Tolerances Type K: plus or minus 10
(Percentages) Type M: plus or minus 20
Type N: plus or minus 30
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JAN-C-25
Shall not exceed 1%.
Terminal to terminal: 1,500 to 6,000
megohms, depending on characteristic of
capacitor; terminals to case (where case
is not a conductor): 3,000 megohms.
Same as that for JAN-C-91.
Type K: plus 10,
Type L: plus 15,
Type V: plus 20,
Type M: plus 20,
Type W: plus 25,
Type X: plus 40,
minus
10
minus
15
minus
10
minus
20
minus
0
minus
15
Type Y: plus 60, minus 25
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Table 19
Specifications for Fixed Mica Capacitors
JAN-C-5
Specified Test
Capacitance Tolerance
(Percentages)
Dielectric Strength
Insulations Resistance
Life Test
Specification
Type G:
Type J:
Type K:
TYPe M:
plus
plus
plus
plus
or minus
or minus
or minus
or minus
2
5
10
20
Molded capacitors must withstand 200% of the
rated working voltage between 1 and 5
seconds. Potted capacitors must withstand
the rated working voltage for not less than
5 seconds.
Not less than 7,500 megohms
Molded capacitors: after being subjected to
1,000 hours of life test at 150% of rated
DC working voltage in an ambient temperature
of at least 85?C, shall be able to pass all
other tests.
Potted capacitors: after life test of 1,000
hours at a 60-cycle voltage equal to the
rated DC working voltage at an ambient
temperature of 750C, shall be able to pass
all other tests.
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2. Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components. 23/
A catalogue of some Soviet resistors and capacitors, with pertinent
characteristics, is given in Tables 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.*
* Table 20 follows on p. 52; Table 21, on p. 53; Table 22, on p. 54;
Table 23, on p. 55; Table 24, on p. 56.
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Table 20
Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components: Resistors
Type
Description
Tolerance
(Percentage)
Power Rating
(Watts)
Kaminskiy
TO
LS
Fixed carbon composition or deposited
carbon types with capped ends and
flat terminals.
Fixed or deposited carbon types with
wire leads.
Fixed composition resistors.
Plus or minus 5,
and 20
Plus or minus 5,
and 20
Plus or minus 5,
and 20.
10, 2
10, 14, 1-, and 3/4
10, 1, and 2
VK
Variable composition resistor, with-
out switch.
Not applicable
Not available
TK
Variable composition resistor, with
switch.
Not applicable
Not available
Omega
Variable composition resistor.
Not applicable
Not available
Vitreous Wire-
Wound
These are wire-wound resistors vary-
ing from 10 to 30,000 ohms for use
in circuits where high-power dissipa-
tion is required.
Not available
Not available
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Table 21
Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components: Electronic Capacitors
Capacitance
(Micro-
Tolerance
Temperature
Type
Description
microfarads)
(Percentage)
Stability
SAM
Flat, mica.
10-10,000
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Not available
KSO
Molded, mica (in 13 groups, depending
on size and design).
10-50,000
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Unlimited
KB
Tubular, paper dielectric.
0.005-0.2
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
0.50 0.2, 0.1
BIK
Tubular, anti-inductive construction;
paper dielectric.
0.005-0.5
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Not available
BP
Bathtub type; paper dielectric.
0.1-2
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Not available
MK
Bathtub type of smaller size than BP
type; paper dielectric.
0.25-2
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Not available
MKT
Same as MK type, except specially
resistant to moisture.
0.25-2
Plus or minus 2,
5, 10, and 20
Not available
KES-1 a/s
Electrolytic types.
5-2,000
Not available
Not available
KES-2-
KTK-1 through
5
Tubular ceramic (in five types).
Not available
Not available
Four unknown
ratings b/
KDK-1, KDK-2,
KDK-3
Disc ceramic.
Not available
Not available
Four unknowh
ratings b/
a. A number after a type designation indicates operating voltage.
b. The transliterated letters Zh, MI R, and S are the symbols of the ratings.
these ratings are unknown.
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The numerical values of
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Table 22
Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components: Filter and Pulse-Forming Capacitors
Type
Working Voltage
(Kilovolts)
Capacitance
(Microfarads)
Test Voltage
(Kilovolts)
Weight
(Kilograms)
FM 12-2
12.0
2.0
36.0
24.0
FM 6-8
6.0
8.0
18.0
24.0
FM 3-32
3.0
32.0
9.0
24.0
FM 24-0.5
24.0
0.5
60.0
25.0
FM 12-1
12.0
1.0
36.0
13.0
FM 6-4
6.0
4.0
18.0
13.0
FM 3-16
3.0
16.0
9.0
13.0
FM 24-0.25
24.0
0.25
60.0
13.5
FM 6-2
6.0
2.0
18.0
5.8
FM 3-8
3.0
8.0
9.0
5.8
FM 12-0.5
12.0
0.5
36.0
6.2
FM 6-0.25
6.0
0.25
12.0
0.6
FM 3-1
3.0
1.0
9.0
0.6
FM 4-4
4.0
4.0
12.0
5.5
FM 8-1
8.0
1.0
20.0
5.5
FM 3-2
3.0
2.0
9.0
1.5
FM 3-1 plus 1
3.0
1 plus 1
9.0
1.5
FM 6-0.5
6.0
0.5
12.0
1.5
FM 1.5-2 x 20
1.5
2 x 10
4.5
5.5
FM 1.5-20
1.5
20.0
4.5
5.5
FM 1.5-10
1.5
10.0
4.5
3.5
FM 1.5- 2
1.5
2.0
4.5
0.6
FMT 4-5
4.0
5.0
12.0
18.55
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Table 23
Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components: Power-Factor Capacitors
Type
Voltage
(Kilovolts)
Capacitance
(Microfarads)
Power
(Kilovolt-Amperes)
Weight
(Kilograms)
Cost per Kilovolt-Ampere
(Rubles)
KM-10-10-1
10.0
0.38
10
23
76
KM-6-10-1
6.0
1.0
10
23
76
K14- 3-10-1
3.0
4.2
10
23
76
KM-0.5-8-3
0.5
110.0
8
23
145
KM-0.38-5-3
0.38
110.0
5
23
225
KM-0.22-3-3
0.22
220.0
3
23
380
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Table 24
Catalogue of Some Soviet Electronic Components:
Induction Heating Capacitors
Type
PM 1-0-5
PM 2-0.5
PM 3-0.5
PM 1.5-2
PMV 1-1
PMV 0.75 ,
177- -
PMV 2.4-2
PMV 1.5-2
PMV 0.66-2.5
PMV 0.35
7.7515 - 2.5
PMV 0.750 2.5
PMV
-
PMV 0.375
0.750
Voltage
Cooling (Kilovolts)
Natural 1.0
tt 2.0
ft 3.0
Vt
Water
It
1.5
1.0
0.75
1.75-
2.4
1.5
0.66
0.375
67-5-5
0.750
1.5
0.375
5717
Power
Capacitance (Kilovolt-
(Microfarads) Amperes)
3.84 12
0.45 12
0.42 12
0.42 12
11.2 70
29.0
0.98
3.0
8.8 x 4.4
58.0
3.6.0
22.0
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100
70
85
90
125
125
150
Frequency
(Cycles
per Second)
500
500
500
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,500
2,500
2,500
Weight
(Kilo-
grams)
14
14
14
14
25
Cost per Kilovolt-
Ampere
(Rubles)
28
28
28
22
15
25 Not available
25 15
25 15
25 15
25. Not available
25 Not available
25 Not available
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APPENDIX B
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS PLANTS IN BAE SOVIET BLOC
1. USSR. 22/
a. Radio and Telephone Plant imeni Lenin, Frunze Radio
Plant
Comprising the Myza Complex, Myza, near Gor'kiy.
Lenin Institute ORB, and Frunze NII
cnyi
50X1
The Myza complex is one of the largest electronics centers in
the USSR, engaged primarily in design and manufacture of military elec-
tronic apparatus, test equipment, and components. It is comprised of
four units. Established in 1916 and enlarged in 1939, the complex has
been further reorganized and expanded in the postwar years. It is
located in a factory area approximately 1,500 by 800 feet, about 7 kilo-
meters south of the center of Gor'kiy. A new plant addition is planned 50X1
between the present factory area and Gortkiy.
Prewar employment has been estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 and
postwar estimates vary, but it is belfeved that about 4,000 to 5,000
persons were employed in 1946 and 6,000 to 7,000 in 1950.
Although most of the effort is devoted to the assembly of appara-
tus, there is a model shop for metallized paper capacitors and deposited
film resistors in the Lenin Institute OKB section and quantity production
facilities in Lenin Plant and possibly in Frunze Plant 50X11
for the manufacture of fixed paper dielectric capacitors, mica capaci-
tors, and fixed deposited film resistors. It is believed that most of
the paper capacitor machinery removed from Germany was divided between
the Myza complex and plants in the Leningrad area. Additional Soviet-
made machines were installed after 1947.
The lack of manufacturing details, together with the broad manu-
facturing program in the complex, makes an accurate production estimate
for components impossible. The few data known indicate the probability
of an extensive resistor production, and the manufacture of paper dielec-
tric capacitors employing metallized paper and aluminum foil, with a
probably capacity of 10 million to 20 million capacitors per year.
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b. Scientific Research Institute (NII) Sosnovka District, 50)(1
Leningrad.
The design, development of manufacturing methods, and plans for
production of fixed deposited film resistors and of fixed electronic
capacitors were initiated in 1946 at NII with the assistance of 50X1
German technical personnel. One capacitor plant affiliated with
NII is now located in a facrtgry_b1.211ding across the street. Close
contact is maintained between NII
and the three major Leningrad
electronics plants: Kazitskiy Radio Plant Komintern Radio
Plant and the secret military equipment establishment, Radio
Plant In view of this interplant liaison, and in view of
reported production materials and operations At these latter radio plants,
it is believed that the quantity manufacture of fixed capacitors and
fixed resistors is distributed between departments of these several
facilities.
Fixed electronic components manufactured include aluminum foil
and paper dielectric capacitors, metallized paper capacitors, deposited
film resistors, and probably ceramic capacitors. This Leningrad complex
includes the oldest radio enterprises in the USSR, and in addition to the
manufacture of electronic components, the complex is engaged in a small
production of civilian radio and telephone. sets and a large production
of a wide variety of military electronic equipment. Together, the several
plants form a very large facility and are generally subject to a very
? high degree of security. Total employment may be on the order of 10,000
to 20,000. It is probable that the manufacturing capacity for components
exceeds that of the Myza complex, and may be on the order of 20 million to 30
million capacitors per year, plus a large output of fixed capacitors.
c. Serpukhov Condenser Plant, Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast.
the Serpukhov Condenser Plant
is a medium-sized plant concentrating on the manufacture of capacitors --
primarily small fixed electronic paper dielectric capacitors and the
larger size of filter and.. high-voltage fixed electronic paper dielectric'
capacitors. The plant includes one prewar building and several new post-
war buildings. Manufacturing equipment is comprised mostly of machinery
dismantled from the Hydra AG in Germany, supplemented by postwar Soviet
machines. The exact location requires confirmation.
Several hundred workers are employed, and the estimated output is
believed to be from 3 million to 6 million capacitors, valued at approxi-
mately $1 million to $1.5 million per year.
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50X1
5UX1
50X1
50X1
5UX1
50X1
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d. Radio Parts Plant, Novosibirsk.
Facilities were moved into the Radio Parts Plant from Leningrad
in 1941 and were set up to make the component parts for other electronic
assembly facilities moved into Novosibirsk at the sane time. During
World War II the plant employed 1,500 and was equipped with good factory
machinery, much of it from the US, and probably including the composition
resistor manufacturing equipment supplied by the US in 1938 and 1943.
Production has been continued in the postwar years and includes fixed
electronic mica capacitors, some fixed electronic paper dielectric capaci-
tors, probably composition resistors, plus other sundry components. An
approximate estimate of the annual output is 10 million to 20 million
fixed capacitors and 15 million to 25 million fixed electronic resistors.
e. Radio Plant
Novosibirsk.
50X1
The Radio Plant one of the major electronics producers in 50X1
eastern USSR, includes a department manufacturing fixed paper dielectric
capacitors and possibly some types of fixed mica capacitors. This depart-
ment is reported to have been expanded in 1946. Possible output may now
total 3 million to 6 million capacitors per year.
f. Plant
of the MEP (Ministry of Electrical Industry), 50X1
Kiev 67.
Several published documents have referred to Plant of the 50X1
MEP as the producer of fixed power-factor capacitors and related high-
current fixed electronic paper dielectric capacitors. It is known that
prewar capacitors of these types were manufactured in a Kiev plant "Kieta."
In 1951 the Soviet-owned firm in Berlin, SAG Kabel, shipped galvonometers
and a capacitance bridge to Plant . Kiev, for the production testing 50)(1
of fixed capacitors. It appears probable that this facility in Kiev is the
primary Soviet source for high-current fixed power-factor capacitors; fur-
ther details are lacking, and the location of the plant requires confirma-
tion.
g. Other Producers.
Occasional reports referring to the manufacture of fixed elec-
tronic capacitors and resistors indicate the probability of. additional
Soviet producers. Most frequently, the information is not specific and
may well refer to other unrelated types of radio components, many of
which are normally manufactured by most of the larger radio set and elec-
tronic equipment assemblers. Additional potential producers of fixed
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capacitors and resistors may include the Krasnaya Zarya Telecommunications
Plant in the Vyborg district of Leningrad; the Elektrosignal Radio Plant
in Voronezh; the Moscow Radio Plant imeni Krassin, Moscow; and another
unidentified capacitor plant in the general Moscow area.
2. East Germany. 2Y
a. RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Gera, Parkstrasse 1, Gera, Thuringia.
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Gera, the former Siemens-Halske
Wernerwerk Gera, is now the largest East German manufacturer of fixed
electronic capacitors. This plant was twice dismantled by the Soviets,
in 1946 and in 1948. By May 1948 the second dismantling was almost
completed, and all important machinery, together with a number of key
personnel, were removed to the USSR. It was reequipped by the fall of
1948 and has operated since then as a member plant of the VVB-RFT.
Located in a large four-story building near the center of Gera,
the firm was reequipped to manufacture fixed electronic paper dielectric
capacitors, fixed electronic plastic film capacitors, and electrolytic
capacitors; by early 1951 the plant reached 30 percent of its World
War II capacity. In mid-1951, additional facilities were installed for
the production of fixed electronic metallized paper capacitors, with a
probable annual capacity of million units or more. Before it was
dismantled in 19118, employment was reported to be between 900 and 1,500.
In 1949 the number of employees varied between 340 and 450, increasing
during 1950 to reach 700 by the beginning of 1951. During 1949 and
1950, output of capacitors was limited by recurring shortages of capaci-
tor paper and aluminum foil. With increased imports obtained from
Switzerland and West Germany the situation improved in 1951. It is
apparent, however, that no domestic sources of capacitor paper and
aluminum foil in effective quantities had been established by late 1951.
Table 25* outlines the annual volume of production for this fac-
tory for different periods.
b. RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Freiberg, Silberhofstrasse 80,
Freiberg, Saxony.
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Freiberg, the former Hydra AG Freiberg
branch plant, is located in a single large building in Freiberg near
the center of town and produces all varieties of low-voltage and
* Table 25 follows on p. 63.
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?
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Table 25
Fixed Electronic Capacitor Production of the East German Plant
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Gera
1949-53
Paper Dielectric Capacitors
Volume
(Thousand
Year Units)
Value
(Thousand,
$ us)!
Value
(Thousauld
EDM) 13j
Electrolytic Capacitors
Volume
(Thousand
Units
Value Value
(Thousand (Thousagd
$ US) I/ EDM) 10/
1949
2,200
220
2,600
200
60
600
1950
3,350
335
N.A.
250
75
N.A.
1951
5,500
550
N.A.
300
go
N.A.
1952-53
11,000
1,100
N.A.
500
150
N.A.
a. Dollar value data expressed in thousands,_ based upon current US f.o.b.
prices for equivalent products: average of $0.10 per paper capacitor and $0.30
per electrolytic capacitor.
b. DM value data expressed in thousands of East Deutsche Mark, based upon an
average unit price of DM 1.2 for paper capacitors and DM 3 for electrolytic
capacitors.
high-voltage paper dielectric capacitors and electrolytic capacitors. Like
VEB Gera, the 1949 and 1950 output was limited by material shortages. In
1949 the number of employees was reported as 160. Employment and plant out-
put, however, is believed to have increased in 1951.
Table 26* outlines the annual volume of production for this factory
for different periods.
d. RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Soemmerda, Stadtring 20, Soemmerda,
Thuringia.
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Soemmerda was formerly the independently
owned firm, W. Ketski, and is now engaged exclusively in the manufacture of
fixed paper dielectric capacitors. As of April 1951, this enterprise was
consolidated under the administration of the RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Gera.
* Table 26 follows on p. 64.
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Table 26
Fixed Electronic Capacitor Production of the East German Plant
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Freiberg
1949-53
Paper Dielectric Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors
Volume Value Value Volume Value Value
(Thousand (Thousand (Thousand (Thousand (Thousand (Thousand
Year Units) $ us) !,/ EDM) b/ Units) $ us) 11 EDM) b/
1949
550
55
660
50
15
150
1950
900
90
N.A.
100
30
N.A.
1951
1,650
165
N.A.
150
45
N.A.
1952-53
3,000
300
N.A.
200
6o
N.A.
a. Dollar value data expressed in thousands, based upon current US f.o.b.
prices for equivalent products: average of $0.10 per paper capacitor and $0.30
per electrolytic capacitor.
b. DM value data expressed in thousands of East Deutsche Mark, based upon an
average unit price of DM 1.2 for paper capacitors and DM 3 for electrolytic
capacitors.
The factory experienced a shortage of aluminum foil, and production was cut
in mid-1949. Employment was reported at 200 in the fall of 1949.
Table 27* outlines the estimated annual volume of production for
this factory.
d. Keramisches Werk Hescho-Kahla, Hermsdorf, Thuringia.
Keramisches Werk Hescho-Kahla consists of the main plant in Herms-
dorf with other plants in Gera; KOenitz; Kahla; Koeppelsdorf, near Sonne-
berg; and Spergau. The five plants other than Hermsdorf are considered
subsidiaries of Hescho-Kahla but are actually production workshops of and
for the main plant at Hermsdorf, which itself is a subsidiary of the
Soviet-owned electrotechnical enterprise SAG Kabel.
* Table 27 follows on p. 65.
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Table 27
Fixed Electronic Capacitor Production of the East German Plant
RFT Kondensatorenwerk VEB Soemmerda
1949-53
Volume Value Value
(Thousand (Thousanol (Thousaad
Year Units) $ US) V Ert0 k/
1949
1,200
110
1,200
1950
2,500
230
1951
3,000
270
1952-53
4)000
360
a. Dollar value data expressed in thousands, based upon cur-
rent US f.o.b. prices for equivalent products: average of
$0.10 per paper capacitor and $0.30 per electrolytic capacitor.
b. DM value data expressed in thousands of East Deutsche Mark,
based upon an average unit price of DM.1.2 for paper capacitors
and DM 3 for electrolytic capacitors.
The Hermsdorf and Kahle plants of Hescho-Kahla became official
Soviet property on 7 September 1946. The plant at Kbeppelsdorf became
'official Soviet property in the spring of 1947.
Table 28* gives the number of persons employed by Hescho-Kahla
in January of 1950 and 1951.
The plants at Hermsdorf, Gera, and Koenitz produce the following
types of products: high-voltage porcelain; low-voltage porcelain; porce-
lain articles for chemical and technical purposes; and high-frequency
porcelain parts, including capacitors, ceramic coil forms, ferromagnetic
cores, and ceramic parts for high-frequency equipment. The plant at
Kahle produces porcelain articles for households and restaurants. The
plant at Kbeppelsdorf produces small- and medium-sized radio sets and
electrolytic capacitors.
The total production for 1950 at Hescho-Kahla included 8.6 mil-
lion high-frequency capacitors and 344 metric tons of other high-frequency
porcelain products, together amounting to 11.9 percent of the total company
* Table 28 follows on p. 66.
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Table 28
Employment in the East German Hescho-Kahla Plants
Plant
1 Jan 1950
1 Jan 1951
Hermsdorf Plant (Technical Porcelain)
2,418
2,931
Gera Plant (Technical Porcelain)
549
560
Koenitz Plant (Technical Porcelain)
249
522
Total
3,216
li,O3
Kahle Plant (Household Porcelain)
1,907
2,127
Koeppelsdorf Plant (Radio Sets)
918
1,037
Spergau Plant (Kaolin Mining)
34.
27
Total
6,075
7,206
business for that year; 76,000 radios and 106,000 electrolytic capaci-
tors, which together amounted to 44.1 percent of the company business.
Hescho-Kahla's main plant in Hermsdorf is the only factory in
East Germany able to manufacture fixed ceramic capacitors, porcelain
parts for high-voltage equipment, and chemical columns.
During 1950 the total output of all Hescho-Kahla's plants is
closely estimated at DM 57 million; this was increased, reaching an
estimated total of DM 68 million in 1951. Table 29* outlines the an-
nual volume of production of fixed electronic capacitors for this
factory for different periods.
e. RFT Dralowid-Werk VEB Teltow, Potsdamerstrasse 117-119, Teltow,
near Berlin.
This plant, the former Dralowid-Werk of the Steatit-Magnesia AG,
is the only quantity producer of fixed electronic deposited film resistors
in East Germany. The facilities were rather completely dismantled and
* Table 29 follows on p. 67.
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Table 29
Fixed Electronic Capacitor Production of the East German Plant
Keramisches Werk Hescho-Kahla
1950-53
Ceramic
and Mica Capacitors
Volume
(Thousand
Year Units)
Value Value
(Thousand (Thousand
$ US) bi ENO 2/
Trimmer Capacitors .:_a/
Volume
(Thousand
Units)
Value
(Thousall4
$ US) Ef
Value
(Thousand
EDM) c/
Electronic Capacitors
Volume
(Thousand
Units)
Value
(Thousand
$ US) b/
Value
(Thous4nd
EDM E/
1950
6,778
340
11,000
1,859
93
3,100
106
32
320
1951
11,400
520
3,000
150
150
45
1952-53
15,000
750
5,000
250
200
60
a. See footnote on p. 4, above.
b. Dollar value expressed in thousands, based upon current US f.o.b. prices for equivalent products: average of
$0.05 per ceramic or trimmer capacitor and $0.30 per electrolytic capacitor.
c. DM value data expressed in thousands of East Deutsche Mark, based upon average unit price of DM 1.65 for
ceramic and trimmer capacitors and DM 3 for electrolytic capacitors.
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removed to the USSR in 1946, and the factory has been since reequipped.
Although few details have been reported on actual plant operations, it
is believed that most of the output consists of fixed deposited film
resistors, based on the prewar Siemens-Halske development:, In addition,
the Dralowid-Werk manufactures presumably smaller quantities of precision
resistors, both carbon film and wire-wound types. As of September 1950,
it was decided that all fixed electronic resistors made by the VVB-RFT
industry sector should be produced by the Dralowid-Werk. Since only a
negligibly small quantity of electronic resistors are produced in East
Germany outside of the VVB-RFT, in member plants of the SAG Kabel, this
indicates the Dralowid-Werk to be the only East German manufacturer of
electronic resistors.
The Dralowid-Werk is believed to have several hundred employees
and is equipped with production quantities of the special bench lathes
required for grinding carbon resistor spirals; the firm quoted prices
on a Soviet inquiry totaling 16 million fixed electronic deposited film
resistors. It is probable that the annual output of the Dralowid-Werk
is on the order of 25 million to 35 million resistors per year.
f. Other Producers.
In the VVB-RFT, wire-wound variable potentiometers are manu-
factured by the RFT-Schalter and Widerstandbau, Berlin (JOhannesthal);
carbon film variable potentiometers are manufactured by the RFT Elektro
Plant, DorfheimiSalle. Other member firms of the SAG Kabel producing
fixed electronic resistors and capacitors include the Werk fuer Fernmelde-
wesen HF, reported to be producing a small quantity of fixed deposited
film resistors, possibly several hundred thousand per year; Siemens-Halske
AG, Zwoenitz, reported to be manufacturing a very small quantity of high-
precision resistors; and the Electro-Appaxate Fabrik, Sonneberg, Thuringia,
producing electrolytic capacitors at about 120,000 per year.
3. Hungary. 21/
The Remix Electrotechnical Works Company, Limited, an independent,
nationalized concern which probably operates under, or in conjunction
!with, the Tangaram combine, is located at Tuzoloto-Utca 59, Budapest IX.
This company specializes in the production of capacitors, resistors,
voltage dividers, and volume controls. Before nationalization, Remix
was owned jointly by the HOneptrian Wolfram Co. (Orion) and. Agrolux
Limited, both subsidiaries of UILCO "Tungsram." After nationalization
Remix was made an independent state enterprise. It is likely, however,
that close cooperation continues to exist between Remix and UILCO "Tungsram."
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In 1944 the labor force was 210 workers, and in 1947, before nationaliza-
tion, the labor force consisted of 280 production workers and 40 nonproduc-
tion workers. The manager at that time was N.J. Fodor.
This plant made all the resistors manufactured in Hungary as of the
end of 1947. Little other information of a positive nature is available
except that in a 1947 report which gave the estimated production figures
for 1947. It is known, however, that Remix was interested, in 1948, in
the manufacture of deposited silver capacitors and that they hoped to male
the equivalent of 6 million average-size capacitors of this type per year.
It is not known if this level of output has been achieved. It is also
known that Remix was interested in 1948 in the production of deposited
resistance variable resistors.
4. Czechoslovakia. 28/
a. Lanskroun Electrical Equipment Works.
The Lanskroun plant was formed from the old Siemens-Halske AG
plant in that city with the addition of several smaller plants taken over
by the Czechoslovakian government after the coup, such as Ideal-Radio in
Kolin, Gustav Klein in Krnov, and the former Blaupunkt plant, a subsidiary
of Robert Bosch Company in Stuttgart.
The principal items produced by the Lanskroun plant are condensers,
including fixed electronic electrolytic capacitors; resistors; and poten-
tiometers. There is some indication that this plant formerly assisted the
Hloubetin plant in the production of electron tubes, perhaps fabricating
some of the parts for tubes, but it is now believed that with the emergence
of the Hloubetin electron tube plant in Roznov pod Radhostem as the princi-
pal center for the production of tubes, the Lanskroun plant probably does
not engage in this activity any longer. Batteries and telephone equipment
are also made.
Resistors are produced in sizes of 1, and 2 watts. A -i--watt
size is being developed, but quantity production of miniature fixed elec-
tronic resistors has entailed very high costs to the Czechoslovak elec-
tronics assembly industry. Resistances have been standardized in values
from 1 ohm to 1 million ohms.
Fixed electronic mica capacitors are manufactured in three voltages
and are available in capacities from 1 to 1,000 micro-microfarads (mmfd).
These mica capacitors consist of silver electrodes sprayed on the mica
sheet. Difficulties encountered in their- production include breakage of
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the mica with temperature changes, the peeling off of the silver coating,
and changes in the capacity of the capacitor with changes in temperature
and humidity. Tubular paper capacitors are available in capacities from
250 mmfd to 0.5 microfarads (mfd) in sizes of 750 and 1,000 volts. Paper
capacitors of 0.01 mfd are made with a 3,000-volt rating. The principal
difficulty in the manufacture of these capacitors is insecure leads.
No fixed ceramic capacitors were made in Czechoslovakia in 1949.
The Lanskroun Electrical Equipment Works manufactures yet elec-
trolytic capacitors in sizes of 4, 8, 16, and 32 mid, rated at 450 volts.
Low-voltage fixed electronic dry electrolytic capacitors are made in
capacities of 10, 25, 50, and 100 mid. Fixed electronic electrolytic
capacitors have proved unsatisfactory because of excessive size, they
have tended to short easily, and the wet electrolytic capacitors have
tended to dry up.
All the difficulties enumerated above in the manufacture of the
various classes of capacitors can be attributed to an unsatisfactory
level of engineering and technical skill. The result of this condition
is that the electronics industry in Czechoslovakia tries wherever possible
to use foreign capacitors. Captured German stocks were in common use,
especially in the ceramic types.
The labor force at the Lanskroun plant was given as 1,700 in 1948,
and it was expected that it would be 2,400 by the end of 1949 and 3,500
by the end of 1950. The plant works in two shifts. A third shift would
increase production significantly. It is believed that at the time of
the report telling of two-shift operation an unfavorable market situation
was responsible for the plant's not operating the third shift.
The capacitor section included five production lines in 1949.
Capacity for resistor production was 26 million per year in 1948, but
this was only 50 percent utilized, because of the unfavorable market
situation alluded to above. It is believed that an expansion of facili-
ties amounting to approximately 25 percent had taken place by the begin-
ning of 1951 as the result of building scheduled to be completed by that
time. This is consistent with the proposed increase in the size of the
labor force mentioned above. New machinery is being continually added,
and these facilities are considered relatively up to date.
The inputs of Lanskroun come from a variety of sources. Paper
for capacitors comes from the Vtany paper mill; plastics, from Plastimat
In jablonec and Ruetgers in Moravska Ostrava; and sheet metal, from the
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Rymarov,rolling mill. From sources outside of Czechoslovakia the
Lanskroun plant obtains the following commodities: boric acid from
the UK, carbon contacts from France, glycol from Switzerland and in
1949 from the US, and metal foil shipped through Switzerland.
Seventy percent of the output of this plant is believed to go
to the USSR and the Satellites, principally Poland and Bulgaria, and
the remainder to the other plants of the Tesla combine. There is a
significant effort devoted to the production of fixed electronic metal-
lized paper capacitors. These are shipped only on the approval of the
military department of the plant. Foreign deliveries of these capaci-
tors have been made only to the USSR, Poland, and Bulgaria.
There are no machinery or materials shortages facing the Lanskroun
plant. Its principal problem is the procurement of skilled technicians,
engineers, and workmen.
b. Hloubetin Electrical Equipment Plant.
This plant, formerly the German-owned Always, is located in
Prague (Hioubetin), close to the other Tesla plants in that city.
Unfortunately, little or no information exists on which to base
a description of this plant specifically. It is believed, however, that
much of the information on production and production problems at the
Lanskroun plant also applies to this plant. It is definitely known
that fixed electronic capacitors are produced there, but magnitudes are
not known, nor is there any specific information on resistor production.
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
1. Methodology for Development of Input Factors.
a. Estimating Output by Means of Input Coefficients.
The volume of production of an economic unit is a function of,
or depends upon, the quantities of the various inputs used in the
production process. An input coefficient is defined as the quantity
of that input necessary to produce one unit of product. If A produces
a product P, then A = a is the input coefficient of A in the production
of P. If B is also required to produce PI then 23_ = b is the input co-
efficient of B in the production of P.
Input coefficients are calculated from the input-output rela-
tions existing in economic units for which this information is available.
By means of these coefficients the outputs of other economic units may
be estimated from the quantities of inputs used by them.
For example, if it is known that 50 units of input A are required
to produce one unit of product P, and then if it is known that 500 units
of A are used by a given economic unit, the estimate of the output of this
unit will be 10 units of P. If it is also known that this unit uses 40
units of input B, and if 4 units of B are required to produce one unit of
PI then it is possible to make a second, independent estimate of the out-
put of the economic unit.
Two basic conditions must be satisfied in order that input co-
efficients may be employed in this fashion. Input coefficients must be
(a) stable through time (intertemporal stability) and (b) they must be
stable from one economic unit to another or from one geographic region
to another (interspatial stability). The likelihood that these two
conditions are satisfied will be considered in this section.
In the production of any given product the values taken by the
input coefficients depend upon the particular production methods employed.
The criterion used as a guide by an economic unit in the choice of a
production method is, in general, related to the relative costs of
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alternative methods. An economic unit desires to minimize cost for a
given level of output and will choose accordingly the method requiring
the least-cost combination of inputs. The enterprise, of course, does
not have complete freedom in its choice of method, for the area of its
choice is bounded by technical conditions unique to the particular prod-
uct produced.
Any change in the price of one input relative to that of another
introduces an important incentive for the economic unit to substitute
more of the cheaper input for the dearer input, subject, of course, to
technical restrictions. Thum intertemporal stability of input coeffi-
cients will depend in part upon the stability of the relative prices
of the various types of inputs used, relative to their technical sub-
stitutability in the production process.*
Further variations arise from the differential time periods
required for adjustments arising from changes in resource supplies and
in levels of output. These differentials are so pronounced that inputs
are frequently classified as fixed and variable inputs, according to
the length of the time periods required for adjustments to be made. It
is implied in this distinction that at least some of the coefficients
will tend to vary with the level of output.
There is also a considerable amount of variation in input co-
efficients among economic units producing similar products in different
geographical locations. The chief cause for this variation is that
different regions, both international and intranational, possess
* In a free market decentralized economy where prices are flexible,
price changes result from two possible sources: (1) given the total
amount of the resource available, changes occur in the amounts of the
resource desired for employment in alternative uses; or (2) given the
types of alternative uses and the respective quantities used, a change
in the over-all quantity of the resource available occurs. The solu-
tion of this resource allocation problem in a decentralized economy
is achieved through adjustments in the proportions in which the inputs
are employed, on the level of the individual enterprise. In a planned
economy, where the allocation of resources is determined by a central
planning board, a similar result is accomplished by an entirely dif-
ferent means. Both types of economy are subject, of course, to the
same constraints: that it is not possible to use more of a resource
than is available, and that it is undesirable for resources to be un-
employed.
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resources in varying proportions. Given this unequal distribution of
resources, the least-cost combinations of inputs, or production methods,
will vary with respect to geographical areas. It follows that substan-
tial error may result from incautious application of input coefficients
calculated in the US as a basis for estimating input coefficients for
other areas of the world. However, these variations will be smaller as
the degree of technical substitutability of processes and inputs is more
limited. The making of electrolytic copper, for example, requires a
fixed amount of electricity per unit of copper wherever it may be produced.
Methods of collecting input coefficients so as to avoid most of
these potential difficulties are suggested below. It is clear, however,
that all input coefficients will not be equally stable. When applying
them it is important, where choice is possible, to place the greatest
reliance upon those input coefficients that are the more stable.
(1) Choice of the Economic Unit to Be Studied.
The choice of the economic unit to be studied depends upon
the nature of the problem to be solved. The desirable economic unit is
an operation or a department within a plant performing a single operation.
The focus on such a narrow category facilitates the comparison of input
coefficients among economic units. However, inasmuch as information on
inputs sufficiently detailed to permit a departmental breakdown is seldom
available, a workable compromise is to concentrate on the plant level.
Extreme care must be taken in a study made at this level that the input
coefficient used to estimate output be obtained from an economic unit
performing a comparable number of operations. For example, if a labor
input coefficient is used to estimate the volume of output of a plant
which makes all of its own parts, the input coefficient must not be? taken
from a plant which purchases all of its parts and performs an assembling
operation only.
(2) Information Required.
The use of input coefficients to estimate output requires two
types of information in addition to the values of the coefficients. This
additional information may be classified as (a) information concerning
the quantities of inputs used and (b) information concerning the product
mixes.
Frequently, when study is focused on the departmental level,
and aImobt always, when focused on the level of an entire plant, it will
be found that many different products have common inputs but differing
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requirements per unit. In this case, given the quantities of the inputs
used, the absolute volume of output will be a function of the proportions
in which the various products are produced, or the product mix. Where
information is known concerning inputs which are not common to more than
one product, this problem will not occur. Otherwise, it will be necessary
to have independent information on the proportions in which the products
are produced in order to estimate the volume of output by the application
of input coefficients to input quantity data.
(3) Conclusions.
An important feature of estimating output by means of input
coefficients is the mechanical and explicit manner in which the estimates
are derived. It may appear that at times intuition would be a more use-
ful, or more reliable, method, producing more reasonable results. This,
however, is not the case. Intuition and judgment enter into the construc-
tion and choice of the mechanical devices employed. But once these
devices have been selected, use of them should be made in a completely
explicit manner. Such explicit use makes possible a check of the esti-
mate by other persons and will facilitate a reestimation at a later date
by the same analyst in the light of additional or improved information.
b. Calculation of Input Coefficients.
(1) Choice of a Product Definition.
Two procedures of defining products for purposes of calcula-
ting input coefficients have frequently been followed. They outline two
possible extremes. In one, input coefficients have been calculated for
single narrowly defined products: In the other procedure, products have
been aggregated into commodity classifications, dividing an entire econ-
omy into from 50 to 450 commodity categories.
For most purposes related to intelligence research, a compro-
mise between these two procedures is indicated. Many of the products of
interest to intelligence research would be completely buried in the 450
industry approach. On the other hand, inasmuch as there are thousands of
individnnl products -- and the possibilities of further nnrrowing the
definitions are almost infinite -- it is necessary to combine products to
some extent.
The appropriate method for combining groups of products for
the purpose of calculating input coefficients is based on some one ele-
ment, or unit of measure, common to all. This common element may be an
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exterior characteristic, a principal input, or, in cases where the prod-
ucts are exceedingly heterogenous, money values. It is desirable that
this common element, if not an input itself, be proportional in amount
to the amounts of the principal raw materials inputs. For example, the
combination of many types of electric motors by kilowatt capacities is
useful when, as one moves from motors of lesser kilowatt capacities to
motors of greater kilowatt capacities, the amounts of the inputs required
to produce them increase proportionately. an this fashion, one may speak
unambiguously of the amount of copper, for instance, required to produce
electric motors per kilowatt. If the relation is not proportional or
does not even approach proportionality, it is always necessary to specify
the composition of the particular product category (or product mix) on
which such a figure is based, in terms of the types and quantities included.
The resultant input coefficients will be applicable only in cases where
the composition of product is identical.
Because of the necessity of making international comparisons,
it is more useful to use physical units rather than value as a unit of
measure. The calculation of "purchasing power parity" conversion factors
for detailed product types is difficult and time consuming. In many cases,
where proportionality does not hold because of the heterogeneity of the
product mix, it is possible to break down the definition of the product
only slightly in order to approximate this proportionality.
(2) Dealing with Interspatial Instability.
Because of the possibility of substantial variations in input
coefficients as a result of differing production methods, little reliance
should be placed upon coefficients calculated on the basis of the produc-
tion method employed in a single plant. It is highly desirable that as
msny separate calculations as possible be made of the same input coeffi-
cient in order to check the spread of the coefficients. It is likely that
the spreads of the coefficients will not be the same for different types
of inputs. There will be little or no spread between enterprises of some
coefficients, because of the limited technical possibilities for substitu-
tion. On the other hand, for some coefficients the spread is likely to
be great. Because these variations will not be due significantly to
errors of measurement but to variations of circumstance, the taking of an
arithmetic mean of the coefficients is meaningless. These variations can
serve to indicate the degree of reliance which may be placed upon their
application to other plants.
In general, itis to be expected that the coefficients relating
to raw materials and semifabricated products will show the smallest amount
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of spread, whereas the coefficients related to energy, "capital," and
especially labor, will show the greatest amount of spread because of
the greater technical freedom for substitutions.
(3) Dealing with Intertemporal Instability.
This class of problems is probably the most difficult to be
encountered. Again the coefficients derived from raw materials and
semifabricated inputs will show the greatest stability. Significant
shifts in the proportions in which these inputs are employed usually
are accomplished only very slowly and painfully. On the other hand,
coefficients of energy, "capital," and labor are likely to prove highly
unstable. In response to changes in the over-all availability of the
inputs, rather large substitutions can frequently be made.
Capital, energy, and labor input coefficients will also vary
importantly with the level of output. Capital, defined here as buildings,
moving and fixed machinery, and such, measured in terms of either value
or of physical units such as number of machines, horsepower of prime
movers, or square feet of floor space, is ordinarily not variable with
respect to short-run fluctuations in output. The greater the capacity
utilization at the time of the calculation of the input coefficient,
the smaller the value of the coefficient will be. The same is true of
energy, although to a lesser extent, because a certain proportion of
energy purchased will fluctuate with the volume of output. On the other
hand, the labor coefficient will decline up to a certain point as capa-
city utilization is increased.
It is desirable that the calculations of input coefficients
for a given product at a given plant be made for varying levels of out-
put, with an explicit effort made to obtain the measures at or near the
level of designed or "normal" capacity utilization. The spreads of the
values of the coefficients between differing levels of output will again
suggest the reliability of the coefficients between differing levels of
output and will indicate the reliability of the coefficients for applica-
tion to other plants.
In the absence of fairly detailed information on such matters
as the history of resource supplies and technological change, there is no
criterion which may be applied to limit the length of time period which
may be permitted to elapse between the calculation of the input coeffi-
cients and their employment for estimating output in other plants.
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2. Collected Input Coefficients.
The input coefficients as used in this report do not fulfill in all
cases the requirements outlined above. The following is an attempt to
evaluate them in the light of the criteria presented above and to indi-
cate those which are believed to be the most useful.
a. Capacitors.
Those input coefficients believed to be the most useful are as
given in Tables 30 and 31.*
Table 30
Input Coefficients for Power-Factor Capacitors
Capacitor Paper
Mostly 0.0005 Inch Thick,
Using Chlorinated Diphenyl
Impregnant (Pounds)
Capacitor Paper
Using Mineral Oil
Impregnant (Pounds)
Aluminum Foil
Mostly 0.00025 Inch or 6 to
7 Microns Thick, Using
Chlorinated Diphenyl
Impregnant (Pounds)
Aluminum Foil
Using Mineral Oil
Impregnant (Pounds)
Winding Machines
(Hours per Machine)
* Table 31 follows on p. 80.
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Input per KVa
0.9
1.6 to 2.0
0.3
0.5
0.0128
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Table 31
Input Coefficients for Fixed Electronic Paper Capacitors
?
Capacitor Paper
Mostly 0.0003 to 0.0004 Inch
Thick, Using Chlorinated
Diphenyl Lnpregnnt (Pounds)
Capacitor Paper
Mostly 0.0003 to 0.0004 Inch
Thick, Using Mineral Oil
Impregnant (Pounds)
Aluminum Foil
Mostly 0.00025 Inch Thick,
Using Chlorinated Diphenyl
Impregnant (Pounds)
Aluminum Foil
Using Mineral Oil Impregnant
(Pounds)
Winding Machines
(Hours per Machine)
Input per Thousand Units
3.5
5.5
2.5
4.o
5.33
Other input coefficients which may be of occasional use but are
generally subject to a wider variation are as follows: the minimum
coefficient of man-hours per 1,000 units of all capacitors* in the US
is 0.033 to 0.04 man-hour, and in the UK is 0.099 to 0.12 man-hour.
The input coefficient of mica is 11.5 pounds per 1,000 mica capacitors.
Table 32** provides data on specific input coefficients for
various categories of capacitors, as available from the indicated
sources. This table served as the basis for estimating the collected
input coefficients in Tables 30 and 31.
* Of all types of capacitors produced, fixed paper dielectric capaci-
tors amount to about 50 percent.
** Table 32 follows on p. 81.
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Table 32
Input Coefficients for Various Categories of Capacitors
?
Item
Capacitors, All Types, US, 1947 a/
Capacitors, All Types, US, 1951 22/
Capacitors, Fixed Paper Dielec-
tric, US, 1951, Using Chlorinated
Diphenyl Impregnant 12/
Capacitors, Fixed Paper Dielec-
tric, US, 1951, Using Oil Impreg-
nant
Capaci ors, Mica, US, 1951 d/
Capacitors, Power-Factor, U5,
1951 e/
60 Cycles per Second, Using
Chlorinated Diphenyl Impregnant
50 Cycles per Second
(360 to 480 Volts, AC)
Unit
Total
Man-hours
Capacitor
Paper
(Pounds)
Aluminum
Foil
(Pounds)
Motor-Driven
Hand-Winder Machines
(Units per Hour)
1,000
1,000
37.2
28.6
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,000
N.A.
3.5
3.0
5.33
1,000
N.A.
5.25
4.5
5.33
1,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Kva
N.A.
0.8
0.17
N.A.
Kva
N.A.
1.2
0.5
0.0128
Mica
(Pounds)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
11.5
N.A.
N.A.
a. 22/ US shipments of fixed electronic capacitors were 440 million units, at $49.2 million. Estimated payroll
for all electronic components was $156 million, or 60,000 employees. Man-hours were allocated to fixed capacitors
on the basis of the ratio of labor cost to total value of shipments.
b. 31/ Capacitor paper varies from 0.0003 to 0.0004 inch in thickness.
c. 2/ Use of mineral oil impregnation requires 1.5 times as much paper and foil per 1,000 capacitors.
d. These data are for an average mix of both transmitting and molded-mica types. Transmitting types require beat-
quality mica, molded-mica types use fair-to-good stained mica, and in many applications green mica is just as good.
e. Seventy-five percent of the capacitor paper requirement for power capacitors is for paper of 0.0005-inch
thickness, and the remainder for paper thicknesses of from 0.00025 to 0.0004 inch. For paper impregnated with
chlorinated diphenyl, the dielectric constant is 5; for paper impregnated with mineral oil, the dielectric constant
is 3. Mineral oil requires about 1.7 times the amount of paper and aluminum foil required for other impregnants.
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b. Fixed Electronic Resistors.
No specific input coefficients are recommended for fixed elec-
tronic resistors. Man-hour and copper wire input requirements, however,
are available and will furnish rough approximations for a few types.
The man-hour coefficient per 1,000 resistors is as follows: US minimum
coefficient per 1,000 resistors, 10 man-hours; US coefficient for fixed
composition resistors, 5 man-hours; and European coefficient for fixed
deposited film resistors, 25 man-hours. The copper wire input coefficient
for pigtail leads on all types of resistors is 1 pound.
-82-
S-E-C-R-E-T
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