COMMUNICATIONS MANUAL OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE USSR -- PART II: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADIOTECHNICAL SUPPORT IN THE AIR FORCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 143
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 8, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 19, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material liOntains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized pe
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Laws "axle
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Communications Manual of the
Armed Forces of the USSR --
Part II: Communications and
4 Radiotechnical Support in the
Air Forces
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION. SOURCE GRADINGS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
REPORT
DATE DISTR. 19 February 1963 50X1
NO. PAGES 140
REFERENCES RD
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the Communications
Manual of the Armed_Forces?of the Union of_SSJK,F?aiit_LU;
c tin the Air Forces
pus ise yte inistry o e ense in 'oscow in.
1960. It carries the Soviet classification SECRET.
c?F?r?R?P.T
STATE
2 1 ARMY 11 0 I NAVY 13
AIR
lio1NsA 14
NIC 1 ONE 1 OCI 1 ORR 2
WA
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(Note: Washington distribution indicated by IC"; Field distribution by "#".)
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MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF SSR
SECRET
COMMUNICATIONS MANUAL
OF THE ARMED FORCES
OF THE UNION OF SSR
PART II
COMMUNICATIONS AND RADIOTECHNI CAL
SUPPORT IN THE AIR FORCES
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF SSR
MOSCOW 1960
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ORDER OF THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE AIR FORCES
No. 0155
11 May 1960
Moscow
To put into effect the announced Manual for
Communications of the Armed Forces of the Union of SSR,
Part II, Communications and Radiotechnical Support in the
Air Forces.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Air Forces
Chief Marshal of Aviation
K. Vershinin
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The Manual for Communications of the Armed Forces
is issued in four parts, correspondingly for the Ground
Forces, the Air Forces, the Navy, and the Troops of the
Antiair Defense of the Country.
Part II of the Manual sets forth the regulations
for communications and radiotechnical support in the Air
Forces, taking into account the modern _requirements that
are levied against troop control under conditions of the
employment of atomic weapons and other means of mass de-
struction.
The first section of this part of the Manual
presents the basic regulations for communications in the
Armed Forces, taking into account the special features
peculiar to the Air Forces and the general principles
for organizing radiotechnical support in the Air Forces.
The second section presents the problems in
organizing communications and radiotechnical support in
aviation large units and units of the Air Forces.
The regulations and instructions for communi-
cations and radiotechnical support contained in the
Manual must be adopted to changing conditions.
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Section One
Basic Principles of Communications and Radiotechnical
Support
Chapter I
Fundamentals of Communications and Radiotechnical
Support
General Principles
I. The employment in modern combat and oper-
ations of atomic weapons and other means of mass destruction,
the decisive and mobile nature of combat operations, the
rapid changes in the situation, the varied nature of tasks
performed by aviation, the need for aviation to maintain
close and continuous coordination with the ground and
missile troops and with the navy and the troops of the
antiair defense of the country, and operations of aviation
in small groups and as individual aircraft have sharply
increased the role and the significance of communications
and radiotechnical means in ensuring aircraft control.
Communications and radiotechnical means are the
basic means for ensuring aircraft control on the ground
and in the air.
The timely organization and the maintenance of
uninterrupted operations of communications and means of
radiotechnical support are the most important duties of
commanding officers and staffs.
2. Radio, radio-relay, wire, mobile and sig-
naling means of communications are used to provide
communications.
Included in the means of radiotechnical support
are ground radio beacon and light (radiosvetotekhnicheskiy)
and radar means.
3. By means of radio, radio-relay and wire
means of communications and their corresponding stationary
equipment, it is possible to have telephone, telegraph,
facsimile, television, remote signal (telesignalnyy),
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and special types of communications.
Telephone and telegraph communications are
used for direct conversations by commanding officers
and staff officers and for transmitting (receiving)
commands, orders, instructions, reports and warnings.
Facsimile communications are employed for
transmitting (receiving) combat documents, maps and
sketches.
Television communications are used for
transmitting (receiving) moving and stationary images,
combat documents, maps and sketches.
Remote signal communications are employed for
transmitting information, ',_control'and command c
signals to aircraft crews and to control points.
Special types of communications are employed
for transmitting information and commands between
devices of automatic and automated systems installed
at control points and on aircraft.
Mobile means of communications are used for
delivering combat and service documents.
Signaling means of communication:are used
for transmitting short commands and messages with the
aid of prearranged visual and audio signals,
4. Ground radio beacon and radar means are
employed for the radiotechnical support of aircraft
control and for the support of the combat operations
(flights) of aviation.
Radiotechnical support is a complex of
measures for the organization and support of unin-
terrupted operations of radio beacon and radar means
which are used for aircraft control, air navigation
support, bombing, control of cruise missile flights,
drops (landings) of airborne landing forces, identi-
fication of airplanes (helicopters) and missiles,
aerial photography, target designation, and landings
of airplanes (helicopters).
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5. Te means of communications and radio-
technical support are employed in accordance with their
tactical-technical characteristics, with the tasks per-
formed by aviation, and with the situation. Depending
on the actual conditions of the situation those means
should be used whose characteristics ensure the fullest
and most reliable aircraft control on the ground and
in the air.
6. Communications and radiotechnical support
are organized in accordance with the decision of the
commanding officer, the directives of the chief of staff,
and the orders of the higher headquarters, and by taking
into consideration the situation and the availability
of forces and means of communications and radiotechnical
support.
7. The chief of staff is responsible for
the organization of communications and radiotechnical
support in the aviation (aviation-technical) large unit
(unit). He directs the work of the chief of communi-
cations (chief of communications and radiotechnical
support) and, on the basis of the commanding officer's
decision, assigns communications and radiotechnical
support tasks to him.
The chief of communications is directly
responsible for the timely organization and for the
condition of communications and radiotechnical support
in the large unit (unit).
8. The basic tasks of communications are:
-- the timely transmission of orders, in-
structions, directives, and commands that relate to
aircraft control, to subordinate commanding officers
on the ground and in flight and to the headquarters of
aviation large units and units; the reception of re-
ports and reporting documents from them; and ensuring
the capability of conducting conversations;
-- the timely transmission of signals and
information to flight control instruments, (devices)
aboard aircraft and missiles;
-- the reception at control points of tasks,
cpwands, and documents concerning coordination, from
the control points of coordinating formations, large
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units, and units of other arms of troops;
-- the timely transmission and reception of
mutual information between the aviation formations,
large units, units, subunits and the crews of airplanes
(helicopters), as well as between aviation and coordinating
formations (large units, units) of other arms of troops;
-- the transmission of directives (instructions)
and requisitions to large units, units and rear area
installations, and the reception of information from
them concerning materiel, airfield-technical, and engineer-
airfield support;
-- the reception and transmission of warning
signals about the air enemy and about the danger of an
atomic or chemical attack;
-- the transmission of instructions and com--
mandsto crews of radiotechnical support means and the
reception of necessary data from them at control points
and by crews of airplanes (helicopters) in the air.
To perform these tasks, a communications
system,is created.
A communications system is the aggregate of
signal centers, stations and lines aombined in a definite
order corresponding to the commanding officer's decision
for the organization of aircraft control and to the nature
of their combat operations (flights) and the tasks that
are being carried out.
9. The tasks of radiotechnical support are:
-- providing commanding officers (headquarters)
with data on the air enemy and on friendly airplanes
(helicopters) and cruise missiles located in the air
and observed with the aid of radiotechnical means;
-- controlling the flights of friendly air-
planes (helicopters) and cruise missiles, determining
their location with the aid of radioteehnical means,
and transmitting 'Idhdataby.ithe xnennsiV-vord; missing7
control points or to crews of airplanb-?- (helicopters):1
ensuring the timely and accurate operation
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of ground radiotechnical means, that are used by crews
in the air in determining their location, in arriving
at a definite point or landmark (target, landing field,
and other points), in determining the moment for dropping
means of destruction or an airborne landing force (cargo),
and in identifying friendly troops; and for landing and
regulating the movement of aircraft on the airfield.
Ground radiotechnical means may also ?be used
for reconnaissance of meteorological conditions.
In order to perform these tasks, a ground radar
support system and a radio beacon support system are
created.
A ground radar support system is a complex
of radar centers, posts and stations located in a
definite order for the purpose of creating a single
radar field over the territory of combat operations
(flights) of aviation or over areas (ihstallations) which
are being covered.
A radio beacon support system is a complex
of radiotechnical, beacon (svetotekhnicheskiy), and
pyrotechnical means and of navigation and landing
means located in a definite order for the purpose of
creating a single radio navigational field over the
territory of combat operations (flights) of aviation,
as well as for ensuring the safety of flights in areas
of airfields and the landing of airplanes (helicopters)
on them.
10. In order to set up communications between
the senior commander (higher headquarters) and subordi-
nates, radio, radio-relay and mobile means are allocated
by the higher headquarters and its subordinates, and
the wire lines (channels) of communication are allocated
by the higher headquarters. The higher headquarters
is responsible for communications with subordinates.
When communications with the senior commander (higher
headquarters) are lost, the subordinate is obliged
to take measures to restore them.
In all cases the capability of carrying out
communications with the next lower echelon is provided
for; and communications with airplanes (helicopters)
in flight are provided for down to the crews of in-
dividual airplanes (helicopters).
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When the commanding officer is located on the
ground and away from control points, he must have com-
munications with the senior commander, with subordinate
commanding officers and with hisleadqdarn this case,
communications with coordinating formations, large units
and units are established through their own headquarters
or through the higher headquarters.
When the commanding officer is located in the
air, he must have communications with his ground control
point, with the control point of the senior commander,
with the crews of airplanes (helicopters), within
the combat formations of which he is carrying out the
flight, and, when necessary, with the control point of
the coordinating large unit (unit).
11. Combat orders, instructions and reports
which are transmitted over open channels of radio, radio-
relay and wire communications are first encoded or en-
ciphered.
Transmission in plain text over radio and radio-
relay means is permitted:
when issuing combat commands in flight;
when effecting control in aerial combat;
-- when transmitting reports from airplanes
(helicopters) on observed ground (sea) and air targets;
-- when guiding friendly aviation to air
and ground (sea) targets;
4.
-- during forced landings or forced abandoning
of an airplane (helicopter), if encoding is impossible
because of the lack of time;
-- when issuing commands during take-offs
and landings;
-- when giving a warning on the danger of an
atomic, chemical or bacteriological attack and when giving
a warning about the appearance of the air enemy.
In all cases of transmission in the clear,
the numbers and designations of units, the duty assign-
ments and surnames of commanding officers, and areas
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and points of the terrain are encoded.
12. Communications among coordinating formations
(large units, units) of different branches of the Armed
Forces, arms of troops, special troops and adjacent troops
are established by instructions of the commander or the
commanding officer (headquarters) organizing the coordination
of troops during the preparation and course of an operation
(battle). In the absence of instructions or in case of
loss of communications, the commanding officers (headquarters)
of all coordinating large units (units, subunits) must
take immediate measures to establish communications among
themselves.
The best conditions for ensuring uninterrupted
communications between coordinating formations (large units,
units) are achieved by personal contacts by commanding
officers (commanders) and by locating control points jointly
or in the immediate proximity of each other.
13. Communications of aviation large units (units)
with coordinating formations (large units) of ground troops
are established: by radio, through forward command posts,
through operational groups or through ground control and
target designation officers of aviation large units who
come to control points of ground troop formations (large
units) with their own radio means; by wire and radio-
relay communications lines, through signal centers of .
coordinating formations (large units) of ground troops
and through signal centers of higher headquarters.
14. Communications of aviation large units (units)
with coordinating missile large units (units) are estab-
lished: by radio, directly by the means of each of the
coordinating large units (units); by wire and radio-relay
communications lines, usually through signal centers of
senior commanders (higher headquarters).
15. Communications of military transport aviation
with an airborne landing force are provided at the departure
area for the landing, by the instructions and means of
the staff of the formation employing the airborne landing
force; with the departure of the airborne landing force
for waiting areas and to the airfields (landing strips)
for boarding (loading) and when the landing force is in
flight, by the instructions and means of military-trans-
port aviation.
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16. Communications of aviation large units (units)
of front and long-range aviation coordinating with formations
and large units of the navy are established: by radio,
through operational groups of aviation large units or through
ground control and target designation officers who come
to coastal command posts of formations and large units
of the navy with their own radio means; wire and radio-
relay communications on shore, by the order of the commander
(headquarters) organizing the coordination.
Aviation representatives who come on board ships
are issued radio communications means by the commanding
officers of the ships.
As a rule, communications of aircraft with sub-
marines are carried out through shore signal centers of
the navy and through signal centers of formations (large
units) of front, long-range and naval aviation. Direct
communications of aircraft of long-range aviation with
submarines are established only for a prearranged period
of time or by instructions transmitted from control points
of fleets and formations (large units) of long-range
aviation.
17. Communications of aviation large units (units)
with coordinating large units (units) of antiair defense
troops of the country are established: by radio and mobile
means of communications, by the means of each of the co-
ordinating:large units (units); by wire and radio-relay
communications, by the order of the headquarter 8 Organizing
the coordination.
18. Communications between large units (units)
of fighter aviation and antiaircraft means, as well as
between fighters in the air and control points of anti-
aircraft means, are established: by radio, through the
forward command posts and through operational groups
of fighter aviation large units arriving with their own
radio means at control points of commanders of antiair
defense troops of ground forq,eeformations. Here, radio
communications of the commander of antiair defense troops
with control points of antiaircraft artillery are effected
on his means, while communications with control points
of fighter aviation large units and with fighters located
in the air are effected on the means of forward command
posts and of operational groups of aviation large units;
large units (units) of antiaircraft artillery and anti-
aircraft guided missiles are warned about the location
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i) and operations of friendly fighter aviati n fay me inxor-
mation radio net, organized by the chief of the antiair
defense troops of the formation. In addition, control
points of large units (units) of antiaircraft artillery
and antiaircraft guided missiles tune their receivers into
tile'control radio net of fighter aviation.
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19. Communications between aircraft of coordinating
aviation large units (units) of branches of the Armed Forces
are effected over radio nets whose composition and operating
procedure are determined by the Rfieadquarteis.organizift the co-
ordination.
Communications between aircraft of front fighter
aviation and of fighter aviation of the antiair defense
of the country are effected by radio on a common frequency
of coordinating large units of fighter aviation.
Communications between aircraft of front, bomber,
long-range, mine-torpedo and military-transport aviation
are effected by radio on a common frequency of the co-
ordinating large units.
Communications of fighter aircraft with the air-
planes (helicopters) of large units of other arms of
aviation being covered can be effected by radio on the
frequencies for controlling fighter aviation large units
(units), on the frequencies for the coordination of fighter
aviation, or on frequencies specially allocated for these
purposes.
20. Communications between control points of
large units (units) of the various arms of aviation are
organized on the order of the commander or of the com-
manding officer (headquarters) organizing the cooperation,
and are effected: by radio, in the coordination radio
net of the higher headquarters or in the radio nets
(radio links) organized by the coordinating aviation
large units; by wire and radio-relay communications,
usually through the signal center of the higher head-
quarters; by mobile means of communications, by the
means of each coordinating large. unit (unit).
Communications between control points of co-
ordinating fighter (fighter-bomber) aviation large
units (units) are established: by radio, in the ground
radio nets of control points of fighter aviation; by
radio-relay and wire, directly or through the signal
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centers of the higher headquarters.
Responsibility for the timely establishment of
communications is levied /2 or 3 words missing7 higher
headquarters on the commanding officer (headquarters)
of one of the coordinating large units (units).
21. In order to transmit warning signals about
the air enemy, special radio nets are organized on the
order of the higher headquarters; and, when necessary,
use is made, regardless of any operating procedure, of
the radio, radio-relay and wire communications of the
aviation large unit (unit, subunit), as well as of the
signaling means of communications.
In addition, in order to receive reports from the
nearest radar posts (centers) of antiair defense, radio
receivers at the control points of the aviation large
unit (unit) are tuned in to the reporting radio net
'(radio link) of this post (center); and,in individual
cases, direct radio and wire (radio-relay) communications
are set up with them.
22. The most important requirements levied against
communications and radiotechnical support are: timeliness
in establishing communications and organizing radiotechnical
support; continuous operation of communications and means
of radiotechnical support; speed and security of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support.
23. Timeliness in establishing communications
and in organizing radiotechnical support is achieved by:
-- the assignment of tasks by the chief of staff
(commanding officer) to - the chief of communications
taking into account the time needed to organize communi-
cations and radiotechnical support;
-- the adoption of measures to organize communi-
cations and radiotechnical support;
-- the employment of such means and methods of
organizing communications and radiotechnical support
that will permit, under given conditions, the establish-
ment of communications and the carrying out of radio-
technical support measures in the stipulated periods of
time;
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-- the assignment of tasks to communications and
radiotechnical support units and subunits and the issuance
of instructions to headquarters of subordinate aviation
(aviation-technical) large units (units, subunits), taking
into account the time needed for the organization of com-
munications and radiotechnical support;
-- the timely informing of flight personnel concern-
ing the necessary data on communications and radiotechnical
support;
-- the constant readiness of communications and
radiotechnical support units (subunits) to carry out
assigned tasks, and a display of initiative and skill in
operations by all the personnel of communications and
radiotechnical support units (subunits).
24. Continuity in the operation of communications
and radiotechnical support means is achieved by:
-- the utilization of the means of communication
and radiotechnical support in accordance with their tactical-
technical qualities and with the conditions of the situation;
-- the comprehensive employment of the various means
of communication and radiotechnical support, as well as
the creation of alternate communications on the most im-
portant axes with the use of duplicating means of radio-
technical support;
-- the constant /Y to 4 words missing7communications
and radiotechnical support units (subunits)?for carrying
out assigned tasks;
-- the constant availability of a reserve of com-
munications means and of radiotechnical support means;
-- the timely putting into operation of signal
centers and means of radiotechnical support;
-- the proper organization for the displacement
of the means of communications and radiotechnical support
when aviation large units and units change bases and
when control points .are displaced;
-- the carrying out of a maneuver by the forces
and means of communications and radiotechnical support
during combat operations;
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-- the carrying out of technical measures that en-
sure the stable operation of the means of communication
and radiotechnical support;
-- the carrying out of measures to protect radio
and radio-relay communications and the means of radio-
technical support from enemy radio jamming;
? -- the carrying out of measures for the protection
of forces and means of communications and radiotechnical
support from atomic weapons and other means of mass de-
struction;
-- the quick repair of damages to signal centers,
communications lines and means of radiotechnical support;
-- the protection and defense of signal centers,
stations, and lines, as well as the means of radiotechnical
support.
25. Speed in establishing communications and in
organizing radiotechnical support is achieved by:
-- the employment of means and methods in the or-
ganization of communications and radiotechnical support
that permit the carrying out of the transmission of orders
and instructions fiine line missini7 data, as well as the
detection and definition of coordinates and the identifi-
cation of airplanes (helicopters) within set periods of
time;
-- the employment of high speed apparatuses and
of apparatuses with automated (automatic) systems;
-- the employment of multichannel means of communi-
cations;
-- knowledge on the part of commanding officers,
staff officers and flight personnel concerning the
tactical-technical capabilities of the means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support and the ability to use
these means in accordance with the situation;
-- the ability on the part of commanding officers
to use documents and means of communications for the
secure control of troops and the ability to conduct con-
versationscbriefly;
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GROUPI
.1vd.dhwno0onw6c
docoagroding
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-- the employment of prearranged short signals
for transmitting reports, commands and information;
-- a high level of training on the part of
personnel of communications and radiotechnical support
units (subunits) ;
-- knowledge on the part of personnel concerning
the location of message centers to which combat documents
are delivered;
-- the location of terminal equipment of communi-
cation and radiotechnical support directly in the working
areas of the control point crew.
26. Security in communications and radiotechnical
support is achieved by:
-- maintaining the strictest secrecy concerning
the organization of communications and radiotechnical
support;
-- employing scrambling devices for conversations
and transmissions;
-- employing high speed apparatuses and reducing
to the maximum possible degree the transmission time of
the means of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- limiting or completely prohibiting the use
of some of the means of communications and radiotechnical
support for definite periods of time, depending on the
situation;
-- limiting the number of persons permitted to
conduct conversations over technical means of communi-
cations;
-- a high degree of vigilance, personnel discipline,
communications, discipline, and radiotechnical support
discipline;
-- carrying out measures for radio camouflage and
for the camouflaging of areas where means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support are located.
27. Communications and radiotechnical support
discipline consist of the strict observance of the pre-
scribed operating procedure for communications and
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declassification
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radiotechnical support; and the fulfilment of require-
ments of regulations, manuals, rules, and instructions,
as well as the directions of commanding officers (com-
manders) who define the organization and the procedure
for using communications and the means of radiotechnical
support.
Communications and radiotechnical support discipline
are achieved by:
-- a high level of training of commanding officers,
staff officers of aviation large units /6-ne line missing7
on questions of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- a sound knowledge and observance of existing
regulations concerning traffic and conversations over
means of communications, and of the prescribed procedure
for using the means of communicatiorrand radiotechnical
support;
-- the strict observance of the regulations for
secure troop control;
-- the establishment of strict control over the
use of communications and the means of radiotechnical
support.
Commanding officers and chiefs of staffs are
obliged to demand the observance of communications
and radiotechnical support discipline and to educate
subordinates on a continuing basis in the spirit of
unsweriring fulfilment of all the requirements of
discipline.
28. Radio camouflage is a combination of
measures designed to hinder enemy radio intelligence
in its attempts to discover the organization of
communications and radiotechnical support and the
location of control points and airfields, and in its
attempts to receive data which would reveal the com-
position and the activity of our aviation.
The basic radio camouflage measures are:
-- the employment of methods of radiotechnical
support, organization of radio communications and
carrying out of radio traffic, as well as methods
of designating and changing radio data, that will
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downgrading and
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ensure the greatest security under specific conditions;
-- depending on the situation, limitations on
transmissions by ground and aircraft radiotechnicil means,
including the checking of radio communications at airfields
prior to take-off, during take-off and during the landing
of aircraft;
-- the observance of communications and radio-
technical support discipline;
-- the employment of high speed apparatuses and
other measures for reducing transmission time;
-- the operation at low power of radio sets and
other means of radiotechnical support;
-- the employment of directional antennas;
-- the removal of the medium and high power trans-
mitting equipment of the communications and radiotechnical
means of support beyond the limits of control points and
airfields;
-- the organization of dummy radio nets and radio
links, the transmission of false commands, instructions
and reports over any radio net or radio link, and the
organization of the work of roving means of radio com-
munications and radiotechnical support in accordance
with prescribed operational camouflage measures;
-- a high degree of vigilance and discipline on
the part of personnel.
29. In order to carry out the tasks of organizing
communications and radiotechnical support, each chief
of communications must have, in any situation, a reserve
of forces and means of communications and radiotechnical
support and must constantly look after its replenishment.
30. A maneuver by forces and means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support is effected by using
reserves and regroupings of forces and means to carry
out new tasks that arise in the course of combat opera-
tions.
31. In order to ensure secure troop control and
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declaccificotion
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convenience in conducting conversations over radio,
radio-relay, telephone and telegraph sets and over
radiotechnical support means, code names and call signs
are assigned and a uniform procedure is established for
addressing documents transmitted over communication means.
Call signs are also assigned for commandigg officers,
commanders, responsible staff personnel, and commanding
officers of aircraft crews.
The procedure and time schedules for changing
call signs are established by the higher headquarters.
Radio Communications
32. The radio is one of the basic means of
communications, and for controlling aviation in the air
it is the only means capable of ensuring continuity of
control under complex conditions of the air situation.
Radio communications permit, the carrying out of
rapid transmissions of combat orders, instructions, reports
and signals simultaneously to a large number of commanding
officers, staffs, control points, airfields and airplane
(helicopter) crews.
33. When organizing and supporting radio communi-
cations, it is essential to take into consideration:
-- the possibility that the transmission will be
intercepted and that intentional radio jamming will be
created by the enemy;
-- the possibility that the enemy will be able to
determine the locations of transmitting radio sets with
the aid of radio direction finder stations;
-- the dependence of stable radio communications
on atmospheric and local electrical interference at the
reception point, and also on the conditions of radio wave
passage;
-- the possibility of mutual interference created
by the operation of friendly radio and radio-relay sets
and radiotechnical means.
When organizing radio communications, particular
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attention must be devoted to measures for protecting it
from radio jamming by the enemy.
34. Depending on the situation and on the avail-
ability of forces and means, radio communications can
be organized on radio links and radio nets.
The radio link is a method of organizing radio
communications between two commanding officers (control
points, headquarters), wherein each of them is given a
radio set that operates on radio data established for
this radio link.
A radio net is a method of organizing radio com-
munications between several (three or more) commanding
officers (control points, headquarters), wherein each
of them is given a radio set that operates on radio data,
established for this radio net.
In aviation large units and units the radio net
is the most prevalent method for organizing radio com-
munications between ground control points (headquarters),
control points and airplanes (helicopters), as well as
between crews of airplanes (helicopters) in the air.
Operations in a radio link can be organized on a
single frequency or on different frequencies for trans-
mission and reception.
Depending on the use for which it is intended,
the operation of a radio net can be organized on a common
frequency or on different frequencies for transmission
and reception, on one call sign and on several operating
frequencies, and on standby; reception frequencies and
transmitter frqquencies (combined radio net).
In case of need, radio communications can also be
organized by mutual participation in radio nets and by
using an intermediate radio set.
35. In order to organize radio communications
the higher headquarters establishes the operating pro-
cedure for radio means and assigns radio data, frequencies,
radio set call signs, radio recognition signals, keys
and radio documentation.
In order to ensure communications between coordinating
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CFCDFT
troops, it is necessary to assign frequencies that are
in the bands of the radio sets of all coordinating large
units (units).
Radio recognition signals are employed to establish
the affiliation of radio sets.
The use of arbitrary radio data is prohibited.
Changes of radio data are carried out on the order
of the higher headquarters.
Essential radio data must be drawn up for sub-
ordinate large units (units, subunits) in a manner that
would give them the capability of carrying out communi-
cations not only with the senior commanding officer (head-
quarters) but with the next lower echelon.
36. In the resubordination of an aviation large
unit (unit) during combat operations, the chief of com-
munications of the formation (large unit), of which the
aviation large unit (unit) is a part, is obliged to
send radio data immediately to the chief of communications
of the resubordinated aviation large unit (unit) and to
indicate the operating procedure of the radio means.
37. Radio communications between control points
(headquarters), and also between control points and
airplanes (helicopters) in the air, may be effected
directly or through intermediate radio sets. Inter-
mediate radio sets are employed in those cases when
direct communications cannot be carried out because
of the inadequate range of operation of radio sets or
because of unfavorable conditions for radio wave pass-
age, when working on radio sets with different bands,
when strong radio interference is present, and when
needed for purposes of camouflage. Intermediate radio
sets can effect the transduction or relay of trans-
missions. In aviation large units (units), airplane
(helicopter) relays may be used for these purposes.
38. In each radio net and radio link, the
radio set of the senior commander or the higher head-
quarters is the main one. The main radio set in the
coordination radio nets and radio links is designated
by the headquarters organizing the coordination.
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All requirements of the main radio set must be ful-
filled immediately by the radio sets of the radio net (radio
link).
39. Attached to the commanding officer of the
aviation large unit LI line missing7 must always be radio
sets. Radio communications of the commanding officer of
the large unit are ensured through these radio sets, one
of which must be constantly tuned in to the radio. net of
the senior commander (higher headquarters) and the other
to, the radio net of the commanding officer (headquarters)
of the large unit !(unit).
All the radio operations of the subordinate and
coordinating aviation large units (units, subunits) must
know the call signs of the radio sets of the commanding
officers (commanders) by heart,'
40. In order to increase the security of radio
communications operations, it is necessary to maintain
strict communications discipline and radio control.
The chief of communications is responsible for the
organization and maintenance of control over all radio
nets and radio links organized by his instructions.
Control over the observance of communications
discipline is effected by the main radio sets of the
radio sets and radio links, by radio control points, and
by specially allocated control radio receivers that
record, as a rule, on magnetic tape.
Commanding officers and commanders at all levels
must take immediate measures to suppress violations of
communications discipline and rules of secure troop con-
trol in radio operations.
41. Protection of radio communications from radio
jamming created by the enemy is achieved by:
-- the organization of several radio circuits on
one link, with the use of radio sets with different bands;
-- the use of radio equipment with high interference-
killing features, and the use of special equipment;
switching to alternate frequencies with the
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simultaneous change of call signs;
-- the organization of secure radio nets (radio
links) which are used to ensure control in cases of
neutralization by the enemy of radio communications in
the main radio nets (radio links);
-- the use of more powerful radio sets in the
main radio nets (radio links), by the employment of
directional antennas, and by changes in the transmission
band and in the mode of operationcof radio sets;
-- the conducting of radio traffic through inter-
mediate radio sets;
-- the use of bypass routing of radio communications
-- the detection and destruction of enemy radio
jamming stations.
42. The detection of radio jamming stations lo-
cated on enemy territory is carried out by direction-
finding by the means of radio intelligence. The de-
struction of detected stations is carried out by artillery
and missile fire or by aviation strikes on the orders of
the higher headquarters.
The detection and destruction of radio jamming
stations, dropped into our troop disposition areas by
the enemy, are carried out by specially allocated teams.
The destruction of enemy aircraft carrying radio
jamming stations on board is carried out by missiles, by
ahtiaifcraft artillery and by fighter aircraft.
Radio-Relay Communications
43. Radio-relay means, which combine
of the positive characteristics of radio and
of communication; are one of the basic means
munications and represent great capabilities
control of aviation large units and units on
under complex situations, during a change of
bases, and during a change of control points.
a number
wire means
of corn-
for ensuring
the ground
aviation
As a rule, radio-relay means are used independentyy
to build radio-relay lines. In addition, they can be used
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deeleisifientien
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for the-augmentation of wire lines and radio circuits
and for remote control of medium and high power radio
sets.
44. Radio-relay means permit dual multichannel
communications to be carried out at a high level of
quality and with little dependence on the time of the
year, the time of day, and on atmospheric inter-
ference.
When organizing and employing radio-relay com-
munications, it is necessary to take into consideration
its dependence on the relief of the terrain, the possibility
of transmission intercepts, and the creation of radio jam-
ming by the enemy.
45. Depending on the situation and on the avail-
ability of forces and means, radio-relay communications
can be organized on a link.and on an axis. In individual
cases it can be organized on a net.
A radio-relay commOnications link is a method of
organizing radio-relay communications between two com-
manding officers (headquarters), in which communications
are effected over a separate radio-relay line set up
directly between their control points.
A radio-relay communications axis is a method of
organizing radio-relay communications in which the com-
munications of a commanding officer (headquarters) with
several commanding officers (headquarters)ate carried
out over one axial radio-relay line. The main axial
line is built along the direction in which the friendly
command post (headquarters) is displaced.
Communications channels of an axial radio-relay
line branch out at the terminal and intermediate sets
and are transmitted to signal centers of subordinate
and coordinating large units (units) over wire or radio-
relay connecting lines and, in individual cases, with
the aid of ultrashort wave radio sets.
A radio-relay communications net is a method of
organizing radio-relay communications in which the
communications of a commanding officer (headquarters)
with several commanding officers (headquarters) of
subordinate or coordinating large units (units) are
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declassification
?
?
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carried out successively with the use of one radio-relay
set.
46. In order to organize radio-relay communi-
cations, radio-relay communications data are assigned on
the order of the higher headquarters: wave lengths and
call signs of radio-relay sets, recognition signals, keys
for documentation, and the operating schedule.
Radio-relay communications data are changed in
accordance with the orders of the higher headquarters.
The employment of arbitrary data in the operation
of radio-relay communications is prohibited.
47. Radio-relay communications between two com-
manding officers (headquarters) can be effected directly
or through intermediate radio-relay sets.
Intermediate radio-relay sets are set up in those
cases when direct communications cannot be provided be-
cause of the considerable distance between the terminal
sets, and because of the relief of the terrain, as well
as when it is necessary to allocate channels at the in-
termediate point.
48. On each line of radio-relay communications,
the radio-relay set- of the senior commander or the
higher headquarters is the main one.
The main radio-relay set on radio-relay lines
between coordinating large units (units) is designated
by the headquarters organizing the coordination. All
the requirements of the main radio-relay set must be
immediately carried out by all sets of the radio-relay
line.
49. When organizing and providing radio-relay
communications, it is essential:
-- to distribute the wave lengths among the
radio-relay sets in a manner which will avoid mutual
interference;
-- to select routes for radio-relay lines and
deployment areas for intermediate and terminal radio-
relay sets, taking into account the relief of the terrain;
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-- to move radio-relay sets forward to indicated
points in a timely manner and to deploy them quickly;
-- to camouflage thoroughly the radio-relay sets
from enemy air and ground observation and to take measures
to protect them from atomic weapons and other means of
mass destruction;
-- to guard radio-relay sets effectively;
-- to effect constant materiel and technical sup-
port of the radio-relay sets.
50. Protection of radio-relay communications from
enemy radio jamming is achieved by:
-- properly selecting routes for radio-relay lines
and places for deploying radio-relay sets;
changing operating wave lengths;
creating bypass communications links;
using high-speed equipment;
carrying out radio camouflage measures;
-- changing the height of the antenna and the
power of the radio-relay transmitter;
-- changing the polarity and the direction of
the antennas.
Wire Communications
51. Wire communications are widely used to pro-
vide internal communications at control points (headquarters)
and at airfields. Depending on the availability of forces
and means and on the situation, wire communications are
also used between control points (headquarters) and air-
fields.
Wire communications are effected by field and
permanent cable and aerial communications lines allocated
by the higher headquarters, as well as by organic equip-
ment.
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52. Wire means of communications ensure a high
quality of communications which are not dependent on the
time of day or year or on atmospheric interference. They
also ensure convenience of conducting communications and
relative security of conversations and transmissions
L-3- or 4 words missing7 with the aid of an apparatus br
multiplexing several communication4channels.
53. When organizing and providing wire communi-
cations, it is necessary to take into account:
-- the bulkiness of the materiel used in construc-
ting (laying) communications lines;
-- the need for a large number of forces and means
for constructing (laying)Iforcpperational servicing, and
for guarding communicationglines;
-- the comparatively low speed in the construction
(laying) of communication?lines;
-- the great vulnerability of communications lines
to atomic bursts, aviation strikes and artillery fire of
the enemy, and the complexity of constructing (laying)
them in contaminated terrain.
54. Depending on the situation and on the avail-
ability of forces and means, wire communications can be
organized on a link or on an axis.
A wire communications link is a method of organizing
wire communications between two commanding officers (head-
quarters) in which communications are effected over a
wire line laid (constructed) directly between their con-
trol points.
A wire communications axis is a method of or-
ganizing wire communications in which the communications
of a commanding officer (headquarters) with several com-
manding officers (headquarters) is effected over one
axial wire line. The main axial line is laid (constructed)
along the direction of the displacement of the friendly
command post. As a rule, a wire communications axis is
used for communications with the forward command post
and with commanding officers (headquarters) of large units
(units) operating along the axis of the main strike, with
adjacent troops, and with rear area control points, and
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during a
location,
command post.
In
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move of the command post (headquarters)
it is also used for communications
addition, a wire communications
to a new
with the old
axis can be laid
in aviation for the communications of an aviation for-
mation with airfield basing centers for bomber, transport
and reconnaissance aviation.
On a communications axis there are organized:
auxiliary signal centers, control-testing points, and
repeater stations to which connecting communications
lines are laid (constructed) from control points of
subordinate or coordinating large units (units).
55. In order to safeguard wire communications
lines from damage while they are being laid (constructed),
use is made of the protective features of the terrain
and of trenches and connecting trenches; and at the
approaches to signal centers and on routes of transport
and tank movement, communications lines are buried in
the ground and are thoroughly camouflaged.
Television Communications
56.
Television communications are effected
with
the aid of teleVision equipment over special channels of
electrical communications. Television communications
permit Stationary and moving objectives to be viewed
at a distance by receiving their images on a screen.
57. In the troops, television communications
are employed to transmit observations on the deployment
and movement of friendly and enemy troops, of combat
and special equipment LI to 3 words missing7 by artillery,
missile and bomb bursts, and to transmit combat documents
(maps, diagrams, photographs and textual documents).
In addition, it can be used to observe the terrain
and to transmit images of the persons conducting con-
versations.
58. Television communications ensure speed and
authenticity in the receipt of data on the situation
and control over the combat operations of friendly troops
When organizing television communications, it is
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necessary to take into account:
-- the dependence of the sharpness of transmitted
images on lighting;
-- the possibility that the enemy may intercept
transmissions and create interference;
-- the dependence of the range of transmissions
on the relief of the terrain or on the flight altitude
of the airplane (helicopter) with the television equipment;
-- the dependence ofthe angle of view on the optical
devices employed.
59. In order to organize television communications,
a combination of television equipment is employed con-
sisting of television cameras, relay and reception points,
and receiving-transmitting points. Also, special com-
munications channels are allocated.
Television cameras are intended for the observation
and transmission of images, and the transmission of the
speech, of the observer over special channels of electrical
communications. They are installed on the terrain (in
trenches and slit trenches), on motor vehicles and in
armored objectives, as close to the objective being ob-
served as possible. They are also installed in airplanes
(helicopters).
Relay points are intended for receiving television
and sound transmissions from television cameras and re-
laying them to television reception points. They are
located on the terrain with consideration given to en-
suring geometrical visibility between the antennas of
television cameras (reception points) and the relay
point.
Reception points are intended for the reception
of television afid sound transmissions. They are installed
in control points of large units and formations.
Receiving-transmitting points are intended to pro-
vide video communications and the transmission of documents.
They are installed at control points.
60. Depending on the situation and on the avail-
able means, television communications are organized on
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television links and on a system of television relay
centers.
When organizing television communications on a
link, the transmission of images and the accompanying
pound are effected directly from the television camera
to the reception point.
When organizing television communications on a
system of television relay centers, the transmission of
images and the accompanying sound are effected from a
group of television cameras to the relay center, from
which any of the transmissions drerelayed to the re-
ception point.
In any method of organizing television communi-
cations,the television cameras can be located either for
forming a solid line of observation or for the separate
obsertiation of small sectors of the terrain (separate
objectives).
Special Types of Communications
61. Special types of communications include
telemechanic, telemetric and telecode communications
carried out on radio, radio-relay and wire communications
channels.
62. Telemechanic communications are used to
provide semiautomatic or automatic control of piloted
and pilotless means from a distance.
63. .Telemetric communications are employed for
the automatic transmission of the results of geophysical,
meteorological and other measurements to control points.
64. Telecode communications are employed for the
transmission (reception) of information, coded commands
and separate signals between automatic and automated
control devices.
Communications by Mobile Means
65. Communications by mobile means are widely
used in all types of troop combat activity to deliver
combat and other service documents.
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Liaison airplanes (helicopters), automobiles,
armored carriers, motorcycles and other means are em-
ployed as mobile means of communications. In some
cases, on the decision of the commanding officer, combat
airplanes and helicopters can be used. When organizing
and providing communications with mobile means of com-
munitations, it is necessary to select flight paths for
airplanes (helicopters) and routes1;for the movement of
motor vehicle transport that would ensure the swift de-
livery of combat reports LT to 3 words missing7.
66. Message centers are organized in order to
receive, send and deliver documents by mobile means.
They are located so as to provide convenient access to
them without revealing the control point.
The locations of message centers are communicated
to headquarters of subordinate and coordinating large
units (units, subunits) and to the higher headquarters.
Communications message centers mounted on vehicles
and bearing a special identifying indicator have the
right of way on all roads and the right to pass columns.
67. Depending on the situation and on the avail-
ability of forces and means, communications by mobile
means may be organized along a link, a circular route
or an axis.
Communications along a:Aink is a method of or-
ganizing communications by mobile means in which the
documents are delivered to the headquarters of the sub-
ordinate or coordinating large unit (unit, subunit)
along a certain route, designated for a given head-
quarters.
Communications along a circular route is a method
of organizing communications by mobile means in which
the documents are delivered to the headquarters of sub-
ordinate and coordinating large units (units, ?ubunits)
successively, depending on their location along the route
of movement.
Communications along an axis is a method of or-
ganizing communications by mobile means in which documents
are delivered to the forward message centers iT tine
missini7 coordinating large units (units) along an axis
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or a circular route.
68. Mobile means of communications are dispatched
from message centers in accordance with the timetable for
sending documents. -
Exceptions to sending documents according to the
timetable are made on orders of the chief of communications
of the large unit (unit).
69. The safekeeping of combat and other service
documents sent through message centers is ensured by:
-- the clear-cut organization of the work of
message centers and the strict observance of the rules
for sending and receiving documents;
-- guarding the message centers, and the documents
en route to being delivered;
-- the delivery of documents strictly along routes
established for the mobile means of communications.
In cases of necessity, on orders of the chief of
staff of the large unit (unit), a special guard is
assigned to persons delivering documents.
70. Landing strips are prepared in the area of
the large unit control point in order to send and re-
ceive liaisoncairplanes (helicopters).
Communications by Signaling Means
71. Signaling means are employed in all types of
troop combat activity for transmitting short commands
/7 to 4 words missing7 orders, target designations,
delineation of front lines, support for the coordination
of units and subunits, and warnings.
Visual signaling means, sound, infrared and radio-
technical means are employed as signaling means.
Signals received visually may be used for com-
munications of airplane (helicopter) crews, between
themselves, and with control points (airfields).
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72. Signals must be simple, easily remembered,
and clearly distinguishable from one another. Warning
signals must be especially distinct. There must be
limitatiolisr2on the number of signals used.
73. Signals for coordination and mutual recognition
are established, as a rule, by the higher headquarters.
Signals which indicate the location of troops and
the front line must be known to all coordinating large
units (units, subunits) and flight personnel.
Radiotechnical Support
74. Radiotechnical support is organized in all
aviation formations, large units and units, taking into
consideration the nature of their combat activity. More-
over, the area where an aviation large unit is based con-
tains systems and means of radiotechnical support, and
airfields are equipped with systems or individual
/geveral words missing7.
75. When organizing radiotechnical support, it
is necessary to anticipate:
-- the need to create continuous radio navigational
and radar fields at definite altitudes within prescribed
boundaries;
-- the proper location of the means of radiotechnical
support and the capability of controlling them reliably;
-- the protection of the means of radiotechnical
support from radio jamming;
-- the possibility of using the radiotechnical
support means of coordinating formations, large units
and units;
-- the determination of the procedure and operating
data of the means of radiotechnical support and their
timely delivery to subordinate aviation large units (limits,
subunits) and flight personnel;
-- the creation of the necessary reserve and the
capability of maneuver by the means of radiotechnical
support, depending on the situation and the tasks being
performed;
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-- the contintWns,materiel and technical support
of units (subunits) of communications and radiotechnical
support.
Signal Centers
76. A signal center is an organizational-technical
communications means formation, deployed in a specific
place to support the communications of a large unit (Unit,
subunit).
The most important conditions for ensuring con-
tinuous communications are the proper location, the timely
deployment, camouflaging, preparation from an antiatomic
standpoint and the efficient operation of signal centers.
77. Signal centers are subdivided into field and
stationary ones.
Field signal centers are deployed in a designated
plape for the period of time that they provide communi-
cations from that point. In order to save time in de-
ployment and in order to increase maneuverability, mobile
field signal centers are employed.
Stationary signal centers are prepared in special
premises (structures).
78. As to their designation, signal centers are
divided into signal centers of control points and auxiliary
signal centers.
79. The signal center of the command post of an
aviation large unit (unit) is the main signal center and
is deployed so as to ensure the communications of the
commanding officer and headquarters of the large unit
(unit) with the senior commander and the higher headquarters,
with the commanding officers and headquarters of subor-
dinate and coordinating large units (units, subunits),
with the forward command post (operational group) of their
large unit, with airplanes (helicopters) in the air, and
with the command post (headquarters) of the aviation--
technical large unit (unit).
80. The signal center of the forward command post
is deployed to ensure communications for the commanding
officer of.the aviation large unit with the senior com-
mander, with the command post (headquarters) of his large
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unit, with the commanding officer of the formation (large
unit) of the ground forces (navy) being supported or
covered, with commanding officers of subordinate and co-
ordinating large units (units, subunits), and with airplanes
in the air. The signal center of the forward command post
must be highly mobile. When organizing communications
from the forward command post, special attention must be
devoted to ensuring continuous communications with airfields
where subordinate units (subunits) are based.
81. The command post signal center of an aviation-
technical large unit (unit) is deployed in order to provide
communications for the commanding officer (headquarters)
of the aviation-technical large unit (unit) with the senior
commander, with the commanding officers (headquarters)
of the aviation large units (units) being supported, with
the commanding officers (headquarters) of subordinate rear
area units (subunits), and with installations.
82. Auxiliary signal centers are deployed to in-
crease the stability and maneuverability of communications,
to create bypass radio and radio-relay links and wire
communications, to increase the effectiveness of multi-
channel radio-relay and wire equipment, and to ensure
communications with the commanding officers (headquarters)
of large units (units) which are located at a considerable
distance from the command post or which are moving.
Auxiliary signal centers are assigned the following
tasks:
-- allocating communications channels which are
set up on radio-relay and wire communications lines, by
links to large units' (units') control points, with which
communications are effected through the auxiliary signal
center;
-- providing radio-relay and radio communications
with commanding officers (headquarters) of large units
(units), that are moving;
-- effecting a maneuver by communicationichannels
created on radio-relay, radio and wire lines (links,
axes and lateral lines (rokada)) and setting up bypass
and tandem communications channels;
-- coupling channels of radio-relay, wire and
radio communications.
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83. Auxiliary signal centers are located in places
where it is necessary to concentrate a large number of
communications channels and from where it is more convenient
to use them for communications with control points of sub-
ordinate and coordinating troops: on links and on axial
communidatioffilines, at the intersections of the lines
of communications of an axis and of links with lateral
lines, and in the rear area.
84. During combat, reserve signal centers can
be set up, when necessary, in those areas to which the
control points of aviation large units (units) will move
85. A signal center may include:
a radio group;
a group of radio-relay sets;
a telephone station;
a long distance communications station;
a telegb'aph station;
a signal center terminal room (kross);
a power supply statio4-;
a cable desk;
-- a message center;
landing strip.
86. The equipment which an auxiliary signal has
depends on its intended purpose and may include:
--radio-relay and radio sets;
--telephone and telegraph equipment;
--multiplexing and voice-frequency carrier telegraphy
equipment;
--switching devices and power sources.
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SFCRFT
Depending on the affiliation, the designation and
the situation, some elements of signal centers may be con-
solidated or may be lacking. In addition, other special
equipment may be included in the preparation of a signal
center.
87. A radio group is intendedfor ensuring radio
communications and consists of radio sets, radio receivers,
and switching devices.
The radio means of a radio group can be used sep-
arately or in a centralized manner.
In the separate use of radio means, each radio
set operates independently in receiving and transtittigg
over a definite radio net (radio link) directly or through
a radio telephone switchboard, irrespective of the work
of the other radio sets of the radio group.
In the centralized use of radio means, reception
in radio nets (radio links) is conducted at the radio
reception point (radio reception center); and for trans-
mission, radio sets (radio transmitters) are used grouped
in the radio transmitting point (radio transmitting center)
and located at a distance from the radio reception point.
Control /T. line missing7 radio reception point (radio
reception center) over connecting lines with the aid of
gwitching devices; here, each transmitter can be operated
in any radio net.
The centralized use of radio equipment permits
the ensuring of radio communications with the minimum
number of radio transmitters, and the improvement of
control over the work of radio communications.
In the centralized use of radio means, it is
necessary to anticipate the possibility that the indivi-
dual radio sets will be operated independently.
88. Radio reception points (individual receivers)
and portable radio sets are located directly at the
signal center close to the main departments (sections)
of the headquarters; automobile radio sets are located
in such a manner that they will not disclose the control
point of the aviation large unit (unit) and will not
create mutual interference.
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89. The radio means of operational groups and of
ground control and target designation officers of aviation
large units arriving at the control points of combined-arms
formations and large units are located in the area of these
control points in strict accordance with the directions
of the chiefs of communications of combined-arms formations
or large units.
90. A group of radio-relay sets is intended for
the support of radio-relay communications. Radio-relay
sets should be located in a manner that they will not
create mutual interference, will not be subject to in-
terference from other means /1 line missing7.
91. A telephone station is intended to provide
telephone communications and is equipped with telephone
switching equipment.
A telephone station is located in a manner that
will permit the internal communications lines to be as
short as possible.
When deploying several telephone stations of
various arms of troops at one control point, the
telephone station of the signal center of the combined-
arms formation (large unit) is the central telephone
station.
92. A long-distance communications station is
intended to provide long distance telephone communications.
The following activities are carried out at a long dis-
tance communications statbn: the multiplexing of communi-
cations lines by high frequency telephonic equipment;
the creation and allocation of audio frequency telegraphic
channels; the amplification of long distance low frequency
tiephone communications and directing-: them to sub-
scribers.
The long-distance communications station is
located in a manner that will permit connecting lines to
the terminal room of the signal center and to the tele-
phone station to be as short as possible.
If a long-distance communications station is not
to be set up, the amplifier, the high-frequency telephonic
equipment, and the audio frequency telegraphic equipment
are deployed at the telephone station.
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SFCRFT
93. A telegraph station is intended to provide
telegraphic communications. It is equipped with tele-
graphieLAnd,facsimile equipment and may be composed-0'
several instrument rooms (apparatnaya). In addition,
secrecy equipment for telegraphic communications is
installed at the telegraph station.
The telegraph station is located near the operational
department (section) of the headquarters.
94. A signal center ternlinal room is intended to
provide the switching of circuits: wires and telegraph
channels of wire, radio and radio-relay communications;
and it is equipped with line switching And measuring
equipment.
Connected into the switchboard of the terminal room
are the wire communicationRlines and the connecting lines
from the telegraph station, the long distance communications
station (telephone station) the power supply station, a
radio group, and a group of radio-relay sets.
95. A power supply station is intended to provide
electric power for station equipment located at the
signal center. It is equipped with electrical assemblies,
storage batteries, electrical rectifiers and distributing
devices.
The power supply station is located near the
terminal room and the telegraph station.
96. A cable desk is intended to receive telegrams
(radiograms) for transmission from departments (sections)
of the headquarters and to deliver telegrams (radiograms)
to the departments (sections) of the headquarters.
The cable desk is located near the telegraph
station or jointly with it.
97.A Mes$3ge.._gerttar: .isintended to receive, send
and deliver combat and other service documents and consists
of a cable desk and a group of mobile communications means
98. A landing strip is prepared in areas that
are convenient for the take-off and landing of liaison
airplanes (helicopters) at such a distance from the con-
trol point that the arriving and departing liaison airplanes
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(helicopters) will not disclose the location of the control
point.
Camouflaging and Guarding Signal Centers and Stations and
Means of Radiotechnical Support
99. The camouflaging of signal centers and
stations and means of radiotechnical support is achieved
by:
-- locating signal centers and stations and means
of radiotechnical support in areas concealed from enemy
observation;
-- using issued and improvised means of camouflage;
-- arranging the approaches of wire lines to signal
centers by a cable laid underground;
-- using low-lying and underground antennas;
-- limiting the movement of persons and transport
in the disposition areas of signal centers and means of
radiotechnical support;
-- strictly observing light discipline.
The camouflaging of signal centers, stations and
lines and means of radiotechnical support is effected
by the forces and means of the units (subunits) of
communications and radiotechnical support. The most
difficult camouflage work requiring special preparation
is carried out by special rear area. subunits.
100. In order to confuse the enemy intelligence
and to increase the stability of radiotechnical support,
dummy positions of means are created Zr. line missing7
bothlby the operating stations and by their dummies.
The selection and preparation of dummy positions
are effected in accordance with general camouflage
measures.
101. The guarding of signal centers and the means
of radiotechnical support is effected according to the
general plan for guarding and defending control points
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SFCRFT
and airfields of an aviation large unit (unit). The
direct guarding of elements of a signal center and means
of radiotechnical support deployed separately is effected
by units (subunits) of communications and radiotechnical
support.
Signal centers and stations and the means of radio-
technical support are guarded around the clock.
Protection from Atomic Weapons and Other Means of Mass
Destruction
102. Protection from atomic weapons and other
means of mass destruction is organized for the purposes
of: preventing or reducing to a minimum the destruction
by the enemy of the forces and means of communications
and radiotechnical support; of ensuring their uninterrupted
operation; and of preserving the combat efficiency of
units and subunits of communications and radiotechnical
support.
103. The chiefs of staffs of aviation g to 7
words missing7 are responsible for the organization of
measures for the protection of the means of communications
and radiotechnical support from atomic weapons and other
means of mass destruction.
The chiefs of communications and the commanding
officers of units (subunits) of communications and radio-
technical support are responsible for the exact and
timely execution of measures for the organization of
protection. They are also responsible for the organi-
zation of the actions of the personnel of communications
and radiotechnical support units (subunits) after warning
signals are given and when removing the aftereffects of
an enemy attack.
104. As a rule, in order to protect signal
centers from atomic weapons and other enemy means of
mass destruction, they are set up in closed structures
prepared by the forces and means which carry out the
preparation of command posts from an antiatomic stand-
point. Shelters are prepared for radar and radio beacon
means which are located separately.
105. Protection from atomic weapons and other
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means of mass destruction includes:
-- warning communications and radiotechnical sup-
port units (subunits) and signal centers and stations
about the danger of an atomic attack, a chemical attack,
radioactive contamination, and the employment of bacterial
means by the enemy;
-- setting up shelters for personnel and for the
means of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- conducting radiation, chemical and bacteriological
reconnaissance;
-- providing units and subunits with means of pro-
tection and carrying out measures toIrotect personnel from
injury by toxic and radioactive substances;
-- carrying out sanitary-hygienic and special
prophylactic measures;
-- eliminating the aftereffects of the enemy
employment of weapons of mass destruction.
106. Warnings are given to communications and
radiotechnical support units (subunits) and to signal
centers and stations about the danger of an atomic
attack, a chemical attack, radioactive contamination
and the employment of bacterial means by the enem
through the duty officer for communications and radio-
technical support (communications duty officer). As
soon as it is received, the warning signal is immediately
transmitted to the personnel in the prescribed manner.
107. The engineer preparation of shelters and
positions for signal centers and stations And for means
of radiotechnical support, as well as for the locations
of communications and radiotechnical support units (sub-
units), is the basic measure that ensures the uninterrupted
work of communications and means of radiotechnical support
and the safeguarding of the combat efficiency of units
(subunits) under conditions of enemy employment of atomic
weapons and other means of mass destruction.
In the departure area for the offensive, and in
the defense, the communicationsmeans and the ground radar
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CrrI)PT
and radio beacon means of the forward command points of
the operational groups, and of the ground control and tar-
get designation officers of an aviation large unit must,
as a rule, locate in shelters.
During combat operations, when there is not enough
time for engineer preparations, signal centers and stations
and the means of radiotechnical zr line missini7 with the
compulsory use of the protective features of the terrain.
108. In the interests of protecting signal centers
and stations and means of radiotechnical support from
fires and from the effects of light radiation of an
atomic bursti-,as well as from enemy incendiary means,
shelters are equipped from a fire prevention standpoint
and are equipped with fire fighttng equipment. The
terrain in the vicinity of the shelter is cleared of
highly inflammable objects and materials.
109. Radiation, chemical and bacteriological
reconnaissance are conducted by all communications and
radiotechnical support units and subunits while they
are carrying out tasks of establishing and supporting
communications. They also conduct such reconnaissance
in their disposition areas, for which specially trained
observers (dosimeter operators) are assigned. In
addition, communications and radiotechnical support
units (subunits) use the data from radiation, chemical
and bacteriological reconnaissance of the headquarters
of aviation and aviation-technical large units limits).
110. Protection of the personnel of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support units (subunits)
from injury by radioactive and toxic substancesand
by bacterial means is ensured by the skilful:_ and timely
use of individual means of protection and of shelters
prepared from an antichemical standpoint; also, by
controlling the exposure and contamination of personnel
and by limiting the time spent in the contaminated area.
During prolonged operations of communications
and radiotechnical support units (subunits) in contam-
inated terrain, it is essential to provide for alternating
rest periods for personnel, to organize the feeding of
personnel in uncontaminated terrain, and to carry out
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When
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degree of
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relief of subunits.
carrying out the work of setting
and organizing radiotechnical support,
the terrain, depending on the situation
contamination, are either bypassed
up communi-
contaminated
and the
or negotiated
by using individual means of antichemical protection. As
soon as the situation permits after leaving the contaminated
area, steps are taken for the sanitary processing of per-
sonnel and the decontamination, degassing and disinfection
of equipment, armament and transport.
111. For purposes of antibacteriological pro-
tection of communications and radiotechnical support
units (subunits), the following is anticipated:
-- the maintenance of the appropriate sanitary-
hygienic conditions in the disposition areas of units
and subunits and of centers, stations and means of radio-
technical support;
-- the strict dbservance by personnel of the rules
of personal hygiene and ?of the prescribed manner of using
foodstuffs and drinking water;
-- the carrying out of preventive inoculations
for personnel by order of the senior commander.
112. The removal of the. aftereffects of atomic
weapons and other means of mass destruction employed by
the enemy is done for the purpose of reestablishing as
quickly as possible the uninterrupted work of communi-
cations and means of radiotechnical support in accordance
with the assigned tasks.
This is sialikaWdr by:
-- effecting a maneuver by the forces and means
of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- carrying out emergency repair and rescup
work and medical evacuation measures at signal centers,
stations, and lines and at the means of radiotechnical
support;
-- extinguishing fires in signal centers and
stations and in disposition areas of communications and
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radiotechnical support units (subunits);
-- giving immediate aid to the injured and medical
observation of personnel who were subjected to bacteriological
means or who received a radiation dose above the permissible
limits;
-- the sanitary processing of personnel and the
decontamination, degassing, and disinfection of armament,
equipment, engineer structures, uniforms, cequiptent:and
terrain;
-- purifying water and rendering food harmless;
-- conducting dosimetric control;
-- combating insects and other carriers of contagious
diseases;
-- replacing personnel, communications equipment
and ground means of radiotechnical support of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support units (subunits) which
were subjected to attacks;
-- restoring the reserve of communications and
means of radiotechnical support.
Reconnaissance of the Means of Communications) the Means of
Radiotechnical Support and the Terrain
113. Reconnaissance of the means of communications
and the means of radiotechnical support is conducted for
the purposes of: establishing the availability and the
condition of the local means in the new basing area of
the aviation large unit (unit) and the possibilities of
using them for communications and ground radiotechnical
support; discovering equipment and depots left by the
enemy; determining the means of communications and the
means of radiotechnical support employed by the enemy
and his methods of using them; and for discovering
radio jamming stations;
Reconnaissance of the terrain is carried out
for the purpose of obtaining the necessary information
about its special features that:Anfluence the establish-
ment and maintenance of communications and the organization
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of radiotechnical support: the configuration, soil,
protective features and passability of the terrain; the
presence and nature of natural barriers and shelters,
roads, and landing strips for liaison airplanes (helicopters);
and the presence and nature of areas for the procurement
of poles for permanent overhead communications lines.
114. The chief of communications of an aviation
large unit (unit) organizes reconnaissance of communications
_means, of radiotechnical support means, and: of:the terrain
in:,thenew basing area of the aviation large unit, assigns
reconnaissance tasks to commanding officers of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support units, and issues
instructions to subordinate chiefs of communications.
115. Reconnaissance of communications means,
of radiotechnical support means and of the terrain is
conducted directly fif to 6 words missing7 communications
and radiotechnical support when they carry out their
tasks, and also by groups (teams) specially assigned by
the chief of communications.
In necessary cases, tasks for the reconnaissance
of means of communications and radiotechnical support
are carried out by airplanes (helicopters) .at the re-
quest of the chief of communications and on the order of
the senior commander.
116. Reconnaissance of communications means, of
radiotechnical support means and of the terrain is
effected by a direct examination of the airfields bf the
new basing area and of the terrain. In addition, nec-
essary information can be obtained by studying maps,
photographs, and military-geographic descriptions of
the area of combat operations; by studying intelligence
information and documents of the means of communications
and radiotechnical support captured from the enemy; and
by participating in the interrogation of prisoners and
defectors and in the questioning of the local population.
117. When constructing (laying) communications
lines and equipping signal centers, control-testing
points and stations, and when distributing means of
radiotechnical support, it is necessary to carry out
engineer reconnaissance for the purpose of detecting
mine barriers in work areas and also to conduct
radiation reconnaissance.
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118. Information received from the reconnaissance
of communications means of radiotechnical support means
and of the terrain, is taken into account when organizing
communications and radiotechnical support, and is given
to the higher chief of communications.
New models of communications means, radiotechnical
support means, and radio jamming LI or 2 words,missing7of the
enemy, as well as information on their use by the enemy,
are immediately submitted to the higher chief of communi-
cations.
Communications and Radiotechnical Support Troops
119. Communications and radiotechnical support
troops of the air forces are special troops and are de-
signated for the performance of the following basic tasks:
-- timely establishment and maintenance of continuous
communications that ensurer the control of aircraft;
--radar support of the control of aircraft;
-- radio beacon support of combat operations
(flights) of aviation under ordinary and complex mete-
orological conditions during day and night;
-- ensuring the operations of automated (automatic)
systems of aircraft control.
120. The successful execution of tasks assigned
to communications and radiotechnical support troops is
achieved by:
-- high political morale among communications
and radiotechnical support troops, their constant combat
readiness, a high level of training and skill in operating
under conditions of enemy employment of atomic weapons
and other means of mass destruction;
-- harmony in the operations of communications
and radiotechnical support subunits;
-- the timely assignment of tasks to communi-
cations and radiotechnical support subunits;
-- the firm and continuous direction of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support troops in the
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performance of their tasks;
-- the timely materiel and technical support
of communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits).
121. In the air forces the communications and
radiotechnical support troops consist of communications
and radiotechnical support troop units (subunits) and
communications and radiotechnical support units under
army or central subordination.
The composition of communications and radio-
technical support troops also includes units (subunits)
of automated control systems, military postal in-
stallations and workshops for the repair of the means
of communications and radiotechnical support.
122. Communications and radiotechnical support
troop units (subunits) are intended for the support of
communications and radiotechnical support in aviation
(aviation-technical) large units (units) and at airfields.
Army communications and radiotechnical support
units are intended for the support of the communications
of an aviation formation; and, jointly with troop units
(subunits),, also for the radiotechnical support of air
navigation2bombing, guidance of airplanes (helicopters)
to ground (sea) targets (landing strips), and for the
detection, recognition and ensuring the guidance of
aircraft to air targets.
In individual cases, army units my be used to
reinforce communications and radiotechnical support
troop units.
123. Communications and radiotechnical support
troops are equipped in accordance with their designation,
with means of communications and radiotechnical support,
and have radio, radio-relay, line, telephone, telegraph,
radar, radiotechnical, beacon and military-postal subunits
in their composition.
124. When planning communications and radio-
technical support p the basic organizational units are:
-- for radio and radio-relay subunits, the crew
(station);
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-- for telephone and telegraph subunits, the
platoon, squad, team (statio0;
-- for line subunits, the company, platoon, squad,
team;
-- for radar subunits, the center, group, post,
crew (station);
-- for radiotechnical and beacon subunits, the
system, platoon, crew (station);
-- for mobile means subunits, each unit of mobile
means (airplane, helicopter, motorcycle, automobile and
other means);
-- for radio jamming subunits, the group, point,
crew (station).
Jamming of Enemy Radio and Radio-Relay Communications and
Radiotechnical Means
125. The suppression of the work of enemy radio
and radio-relay communications and radiotechnical means
by jamming represents a part of overall radio counter-
measures. Jamming is created in accordance with the
general radio countermeasures plan designed to disorganize
enemy troop control and to create the most favorable
conditions for the combat operation of friendly aviation.
Radio jamming is created in all types of troop
combat activities, as a rule on the main axis of operations
of friendly and enemy troops and is employed suddenly and
in mass.
126. Radio jamming is effected by the forces and
means of units (subunits) special designation, and also
by crews of airplanes (helicopters) of all arms of aviation
which have jamming equipment. In addition, on the order
of the higher headquarters, use may be made of adapted -
organic means of communications and means of radiotechnical
support.
Aviation large units (units) may use organic or
attached jamming means.
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duct .'r
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Necessary initial data on the radio and radio-
relay communications and on the organization of the enemy
employment of those radiotechnical means that are to be
suppressed by jamming, are obtained from all types of
intelligence and mainly from radio intelligence.
127. When jamming, it is necessary to provide for
measures that will preclude the disruption of friendly
radio and radio-relay communications and of the work of
friendly radiotechnical support.
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declassification
?
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Chapter 2
Direction of Communications and
Radiotechnical Support
General Principles
128. Direction of communications and radiotechnical
support consists of the timely execution of measures for
the organization and support of uninterrupted communications
and radiotechnical support during the preparation and course
of combat operations.
The chiefs of staffs of all levels effect the
general direction of communications and radiotechnical
support. The immediate direction is effected by the chief
of communications.
Direction of communications and radiotechnical
support provides for:
-- the maintenance of constant combat readiness
of communications and radiotechnical support units and sub-
units and high political morale on the part of personnel;
-- the planning of communications and radiotechnical
support;
-- the timely assignment of tasks for establishing
communications and organizing radiotechnical support to com-
munications and radiotechnical support units (subunits), as
well as to subordinate chiefs of communications;
-- the organization of the preparation of the forces
and means of communications and radiotechnical support for
the fulfilment of assigned tasks;
-- the organization of uninterrupted operations
of communications and radiotechnical support means under
various conditions of the situation;
-- the timely restoration of the communications
and radiotechnical support reserve as well as the replacement
of losses in personnel and in the means of communications
and radiotechnical support;
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declowificotion
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-- the organization of the protection of forces,
means and structures of communications and radiotechnical
support from atomic weapons and other means of mass destruc-
tton;
-- the execution of measures for the protection
of communications and radiotechnical support means from
enemy reconnaissance and jamming;
-- the materiel and technical support of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support units and subunits;
-- the control over the condition and use of
communications and radiotechnical support in aviation large
units and units;
-- the organization and the execution of combat
and political training of the personnel of communications.
and radiotechnical support units and subunits.
129. The chief of communications of an aviation
large wilt (unit) is the immediate chief of the personnel
of communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits)
that are organizationally part of the large unit (unit) and
attached to it.
The chief of communications has the right to
issue instructions to subordinate chiefs of communications
on questions of communications and radiotechnical support,
special preparation, and the materiel and technical support
of communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits).
All the work of the chief of communications must
be carried out in close coordination with the chiefs of de-
partments (sections) of the staff and with the chiefs of
services.
130. The chief of communications must:
-- know the combat mission of the large unit (unit),
the decision made by the commanding officer, the ground and
air situation, and the disposition areas of the control points
of the senior commander of his own large unit (unit) and of
coordinating formations, large units and units;
-- plan communications and radiotechnical support
in large units (units) in advance, and also work out orders
for communications and radiotechnical support;
-52-
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downgrading and
declassification
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-- assign tasks to commanding officers and officials
of communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits)
and direct their work;
-- give necessary instructions to subordinate chiefs
of communications in a timely manner;
-- control the condition of communications and
radiotechnical support in an aviation large unit (unit, sub-
unit), the timeliness of transmission (delivery) of combat
documents and messages by communications means and the
fulfilment of the requirements of concealed troop control
when utilizing means of communications;
-- take immediate measures to restore disrupted
communications and ensure uninterrupted operations of radio
beacon and radar means;
-- organize proper utilization and operation of
camouflaging and secrecy devices;
-- develop data for the organization of all types
of communications and radiotechnical support and call signs
for officials, and participate in the development of pre-
arranged message codes and signal tables;
-- organize the protection of radio and radio-
relay communications and of radiotechnical support means
from enemy jamming;
-- organize reconnaissance of the means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support;
-- organize the protection of forces and means of
communications and radiotechnical support from atomic weapons
and other means of mass destruction;
-- organize the carrying out of exercises of
communications and radiotechnical support with the flight
personnel and staff officers;
-- provide communications and radiotechnical
support data for flights and overflights to crews flying
past;
-- direct the combat and political training of
communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits);
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dodo-wirier:flan
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-- organize the recording of additions and changes
to the lists and regulations for the radio beacon support
of flights, and inform aviation large units (units) about
these additions and changes in good time;
-- study and collate the combat experience of units
and subunits on the organization of communications and radio-
technical support and inform the personnel of the general
conclusions in a timely manner;
-- plan the support of aviation large units (units,
subunits) with means of communications and radiotechnical
supports, and organize the repair of equipment and check on
its constant combat readiness, its proper use, upkeep, storage,
and accounting;
-- direct the work of the military postal service.
131. The chief of communications must maintain
a working map on which the following are entered: disposition
areas of control points, signal centers and means of radio-
technical support; lines of radio-relay and wire communiE*
cations; routes for the mobile means of communications;
message centers; landing strips for liaison airplanes
(helicopters); mail exchange points; disposition areas of
the communications and radiotechnical support reserve; the
line of the front and the dividing lines of formations;
132. The direction of the work on the disposition,
deployment and operation of the means of communications and
radiotechnical support is the responsibility of the com-
mandigg officers of communications and radiotechnical support
units (subunits). The direct management of this work is
given to the chkef of the signal center, the chief of the
radar center (post), the communications and radiotechnical
support duty officer (communications duty officer) and the
chiefs of the axial link and the communications links.
133. The commanding officer of the communications
and radiotechnical support unit (subunit) bears full respon-
sibility for the constant combat readiness and the timely
/2- to 4 words missine tasks assigned to the unit (subunit).
He is obliged:
-- to know at all times the situation and the con-
dition of communications and means of radiotechnical support;
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-- to prepare subunits for the fulfilment of
assigned tasks and to provide them with the essential materiel
means;
-- to direct the work performed by the unit (sub-
unit) and to control the timeliness and quality of this wotk;
-- to direct moves of signal centers and means of
radiotechnical, support, and their placement and preparation
when changing control points and basing areas;
-- to exercise control over engineer preparations
of shelters and positions for signal centers and stations
and means of radiotechnical support;
-- to organize the protection of the forces and
means of communications and radiotechnical support of the
unit (subunit) from atomic weapons and other means of mass
destruction;
-- to maintain the communications and radiotechnical
support reserve in constant readiness for operation;
-- to direct the combat and political training of
the unit (subunit) as well as the study and collation of
combat experience;
-- to take measures to replenish units (subunits)
with personnel, materiel and equipment;
-- to ensure the maintenance of communications
equipment and means of radiotechnical support in good re-
pair, their proper safekeeping, operation 77 to 4 words
missing7.
134. The staff of a communications and radio-
technical support unit organizes its work in accordance
with the requirements of the Manual on the Field Service
of Staffs, taking into account the special features of
the tasks being carried out by communications and radio-
technical support troops.
Besides its general duties, the staff of a com-
munications and radiotechnical support unit is assigned;
-- the preparation of calculations, diagrams,
tables and documents on communications and radiotechnical
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' ciarengtading and
declassification
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support in accordance with the instructions of the chief of
communications;
-- the supplying of officials of communications
and radiotechnical support subunits with maps, instructions,
tables of call signs, diagrams, radio data, prearranged
message codes, and other documents that are necessary to
carry on the service;
-- the accounting of the forces and means of com-
munications and radiotechnical support that are in operation
or in the reserve;
-- the organization and maintenance of the guarding
and the defense of communications and means of radiotechnical
support centers (stations) and their preparation from an
antiatomic and antichemical standpoint;
-- the organization of the disposition, camouflaging,
guarding, and defense of communications and radiotechnical
support units;
-- the organization of the relocation of the unit
(subunit) to new disposition areas;
-- the organization of combat and political train-
ing of personnel as well as the study and collation of the
experience of the unit's work.
135. The chief of a signal center is responsible
for the timely deployment and the technically correct pre-
paration, operation and relocation of the signal center.
He is also, responsible for ensuring conversations and the
passage of documents through the signal center. All the
personnel who service the signal center are subordinate to
the chief of the signal center.
He must:
-- direct the deployment, preparation, camouflaging
and relocation of all elements of the signal center and or-
ganize the internal telephone communications of the control
point;
-- direct the work of the signal center personnel,
provide them with the documents necessary to carry on service,
and look after the condition, maintenance and operation of
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dirdassification
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SFCRFT
the means of communications deployed at the center;
-- know the condition of communications; and
take immediate measures to restore disrupted communications
and report this fact to the chief of communications and to
the commanding officer of the unit;
-- take measures to remove the aftereffects of
weapons of mass destruction employed by the enemy;
-- control the proper procedure and timeliness
of sending, receiving and delivering documents which pass
through the signal center and keep a record of them;
-- know how the guarding and the defense of the
signal center are organized.
136. The chief of the radar center (post) of an
aviation large unit (unit) is responsible for the timely
deployment and the constant combat readiness of ground
radar means, and for the timely transmission of air situation
data to the control point.
On questions of employing radar means for the
control of aircraft, the chief of the radar center (post)
carries out the instructions of the chief of the command
post.
The chief of the radar center (post) is obliged:
-- to know the situation and the task being per-
formed by the large unit (unit);
-- to direct the work of personnel in providing
the command post of the large unit (unit) on time with data
on air targets and friendly aircraft in the radius of op-
eration of the radar means;
-- to control and ensure the maintenance of radar
means in constant combat readiness;
-- to direct the work of the selection of positions
and of the relocation of radar means to a new area;
-- to organize And control the guarding and defense,
and the camouflaging and engineer preparation, of the positions
of radar means;
-57-
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downgroding and
declassifrcation
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50X11
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enemy jamming
personnel,
work of the
SECRET
50X1 -HUM
50X1
-- to organize the protection of
and from-weapons of mass destruction;
-- to direct the combat and political
and to study and collate thepxperience
center (post).
radar means from
training of
of the
137. The duty officer for communications and
radiotechnical support is appointed from the officers (NC0s)
of the communications and radiotechnical support unit
(subunit). He keeps track of the condition of communications
and radiotechnical support; and he is responsible for re-
ceiving, sending and delivering combat documents (messages)
on time, for switching the radiotechnical support means on
and off, and for ensuring that conversations take place on
time.
In regard to sending and receiving combat documents,
he carries out the instructions of the operational duty
officer; and on questions of using the means of radiotechnical
support, he carries out the instructions of the command post
duty officer.
The duty officer for communications and radiotechnical
siapport must:
-- know the organization and the condition of com-
munications and radiotechnical support in the aviation large
unit (unit); and take immediate:pleasures for the restoration
of disrupted communications, for the elimination of short-
comings in the work, and for the replacement of faulty means
of radiotechnical support;
-- report immediately to the chief of communications
concerning any disruption of communications or breakdowns
in the functioning of radiotechnical support means, the steps
taken to restore communications, and the resumption of operation
of communications and radiotechnical support means;
-- know the disposition areas of the control points
of the large unit (unit), of the coordinating large units
(units) and of the senior commander;
-- control the readiness for operation of the
means of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- receive requests for the operation of means of
radiotechnical support; report such needs to the chief of
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declataficanen
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?
SECRET
communications and issue commands for switching on these
means;
-- know the time of take-off and landing of air-
craft for which means of communications and radiotechnical
support are ordered;
-- direct the work of the duty shift of the
signal center;
-- ensure that conversations are conducted and
that combat documents and messages are received and sent
(delivered) on time; and also control the work of those
means of radiotechnical support which were ordered, in-
cluding those ordered from on board an aircraft;
-- know the signals for combat alerts and for
warnings of an air enemy and of an atomic or chemical attack
by the enemy; the procedure for transmitting these signals;
and the operating procedure at the signal center when these
signals are received;
observed;
-- see that camouflaging at the signal center is
-- conduct time checks at the signal center.
The duty officer for communications and radio-
technical support must have instructions, a schedule for
sending documents, tables of call signs, communications
diagrams, diagrams for the placement of radiotechnical means,
prearranged message codes and signal tables, the necessary
regulations and registers for the radio beacon support of
flights, and a list of the personnel permitted to conduct
conversations. The communications and radiotechnical
support duty officer maintains a daily chart of the con-
dition of communications and a log of radio beacon support
of flights.
To aid the duty officer for communications and
radiotechnical support, assistants may be appointed for
radio and radio-relay communications who will be responsible
for the condition of radio and radio-relay communications
and who will direct the work of the duty shift of the radio
group and the group of radio-relay sets.
When there are no means of radiotechnical support
in the large unit (unit), a communications duty officer is
appointed.
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138. The officer in command of a communications
link (axial link) is responsible for the timely establishment
and maintenance of communications on the link (axis).
The officer in command of a communications link
(axial link) must:
-- know the location of control points with which
he is maintaining communications and the direction of their
relocation during combat operations;
-- carry out reconnaissance of the link along
which the communications line will be laid (erected), conduct
engineer, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, and carry
out reconnaissance of the means of communication;
-- lay (erect) wire and radio-relay lines of the
communications link (axial link); deploy auxiliary signal
centers and intermediate stations on the axis in accordance
with the assigned task;
-- organize the servicing of lines, the guarding
and defense of auxiliary signal centers and stations being
deployed on the link or axis, and their engineer preparation
and protection from weapons of mass destruction;
-- have a communications reserve and constantly
take care of /-22 lines missing 7.
/?new heading 7
139. /-7 lines missing 7 when determining the
locations and the procedure for deploying means of communications
and radiotechnical support, as well as when determining measures
to ensure the uninterrupted operation of communications, radio
beacon and radar means.
50X1
In order to plan communications and radiotechnical
support, the chief of communications must know the situation,
the task of the aviation large unit (unit) and the decision of
the commanding officer; he must study the instructions of the
chief of staff and the directives on communications and radio-
technical support of the higher headquarters; and he must
evaluate the situation on communications and radiotechnical support.
140. The chief of communications receives data on the
task and nature of the forthcoming combat operations of the aviation
large unit (unit) from the commanding officer or the chief of staff.
In addition, he receives data on the situation from departments
(sections)of the staff and from the chiefs of services.
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When evaluating the communications and radio-
technical support situation, the chief of communications
studies and takes into account:
-- the operations of the enemy that influence
the stability of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- the combat composition, the basing and the
nature of the forthcoming operations of his aviation large
unit (unit), as well as the procedure for supporting coor-
dination during combat operations;
-- the condition of communications and radio-
technical support in the aviation large unit (unit);
-- the condition and the materiel support of
communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits)
and the possibility of using local means;
-- the nature of the terrain in the area of the
forthcoming operations (relief, natural barriers, roads);
- the influence of weather and the time of day
and year, and the probable condition of thelonosphere;
-- the availability of time for the organization
of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- the possibility of using data obtained by the
radiotechnical means of ground troops (navy), antiair
defense troops, missile troops and other aviation large
units and units;
-- the procedure for organizing communications
with the higher headquarters and the instructions for
support:.during combat operations.
The chief of communications must always be ready
to present his proposals for the organization of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support and the location of con-
trol points to the commanding officer and the chief of staff.
141. On the basis of the decision of the commanding
officer, on the basis of the instructions of the chief of
staff and the directives for communications and radiotechnical
support of the higher headquarters, and on the basis of the
evaluations of the situation, the chief of communications
develops a plan of communications and radiotechnical support.
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declossin. lion
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technical means
navigator.
carries out
detail on the
communications
SECRET
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The procedure for distributing and
is determined jointly with the
When there is time the chief of
reconnaissance for the purpose
terrain the conditions of the
and radiotechnical support.
using radio-
chief (senior)
communications
of developing in
organization of
142. The communications and radiotechnical
support plan consists of:
-- in an aviation large unit - a radio communi-
cations diagram worked out on a separate form; diagrams of
wire and radio-relay communications and of communications
by.thobile means; diagrams of the locations and operating
zones of the means of radiotechnical support; and a chart
for the dispatch of documents;
-- in an aviation unit - diagrams of radio and
wire communications and a diagram of the locations and
operating zones of radiotechnical means of support.
In an aviation-technical large unit a communi-
cations plan is developed which consists of: a diagram of
radio communications worked out on a separate form; diagrams
of wire and radio-relay communications and of mobile means
of communications; and a chart for the dispatch of documents.
The diagrams of wire and radio-relay communications
and of mobile means of communications and the diagram of
the locations and operating zones of the means of radio-
technical support are, as a rule, worked out on maps.
Estimates of the forces and means of communi-
cations and of the means of radiotechnical support, plus
other necessary data, are presented on diagrams (maps)
with a legend.
The communications and radiotechnical support
plan is made up in a single copy. It is approved by the
chief of staff and is the working document of the chief of
communications.
The chief of communications of the aviation large
unit (unit) presents the diagrams of the locations and
operating zones of the means of radiotechnical support to
the higher chief of communications.
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rtteTwe
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cFCRFT
Under no circumstances should the drawing up of
the plan slow down the work of organizing communications
and radiotechnical support.
143. The chief of communications of an aviation
large unit organizes the work of subordinate chiefs of
communications concerning the coordination of communication
and radiotechnical support problems between the coordicating
units (large units).
This work is ensured to the greatest degree by
the personal coordination of problems of organizing communi-
cations and radiotechnical support in coordinating units
(large units) that have common tasks,or by sending officers
of the communications department (section) to subordinate
and coordinating units (large units).
All the necessary data on communications and
the data on the operation of radiotechnical means must be
transmitted to the coordinating units (large units) in a
timely manner.
144. When organizing communications and radio-
technical support with a limited amount of forces and means
it is necessary:
-- to make broader use of the methods of organizing
wire communications along an axis, radio-relay along an
axis and a net, radio communications on a radio net, and
communications with mobile equipment on circular routes;
-- when possible, to use the radiotechnical means
of the ground troops (navy),of the antiair defense troops
of the country of the missile troops, and of other aviation
large units (units);
-- to use local means of communications and radio-
technical support;
-- to employ centralized control of radio trans-
mitters and to organize the work of radio sets according
to a schedule.
The Assignment of Tasks and the Direction of Communications
and Radiotechnical Support During Combat Operations
145. On the basis of the plan of communications
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and radiotechnical support and of the order of the higher
headquarters, the chief of communications of a large unit
works out an instruction for communications and radiotechnical
support.
The instruction on communications and radiotechnical
support is the basic document that includes the necessary
directives for the staffs of subordinate large units (units)
for organizing communications and radiotechnical support.
The instruction on communipations and radiotechnical
support indicates:
-- the location and time of readiness of signal
centers of control points and the direction of their re-
location;
-- the organization of communications with the
subordinate large units (units) that provide ground radio-
technical means (with whom, by what means and methods com-
munications are organized, where the auxiliary signal centers,
radio-relay points and intermediate stations are deployed),
the-time when communications will be ready and the procedure
for supporting them during combat operations;
-- the organization of communications between
coordinating large units (units);
-- the organization and procedure for ensuring
communications with aircraft and between /2" to 7 words missing7;
-- where, when and what ground radiotechnical means
must be deployed and prepared for operations, the procedure
for using them and for ordering them from the ground and
from aircraft in the air;
-- the procedure for using the means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support of the higher headquarters
and of adjacent and coordinating large units (units);
-- the procedure for warning subordinate and
supporting units about the threat of an air enemy attack,
about the danger of an atomic or chemical attack, and about
radioactive contamination and the employment of bacteriol-
ogical means by'the enemy;
-- the directives for ensuring secrecy in the
operation of the means of communications and radiotechnical
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means, the procedure for
using
camouflaging
and secrecy
devices,
and the measures
for
the protection of radio-
technical
means from all
types
of reconnaissance and enemy
jamming;
-- the procedure for organizing and using com-
munications and ground radio beacon means during flights;
-- the procedure for moving means of communi-
cations and ground radiotechnical Meansduring:.thetimethat the
aviation large unit is changing its base;
-- the procedure for using local communications
and radiotechnical means;
-- time schedules for introducing new communi-
cations and radiotechnical support data;
-- the procedure for checking the time;
-- the time and place for exchanging mail;
-- the procedure and time limits for presenting
reports on communications and radiotechnical support.
Added to the instruction on communications and
radiotechnical support are:
-- a table of the composition of radio nets and
radio links, with radio data for communications on the
ground and in the air;
-- data for organizing radio-relay communications
;1
-- data for organizing ground radio communications
in subordinate aviation large units (units);
-- the keys for prearranged message codes;and-code
words, and the procedure for using them;
-- the call signs of officials, centers and
stations, and indices of flight personnel;
-- a listing of the ground radiotechnical means,
indicating their location and their operating data.
146. Data for the operation of communications
and radiotechnical support means include;
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-- for radio means - operating frequencies, call
signs, the conditions and type of operation, prearranged
signals for requests;
-- for wire means of communications - the call
signs of telephone-telegraph stations and the numbers of
lines and channels;
-- for radio-relay means of communications - the
call signs of stations, the frequencies, the numbers of the
channels and their designation;
-- for beacon means - the condition and type of
operation, and the prearranged signal for requists;
-- for pyrotechnical means - the form of signals,
the color of signals, the operating conditions, the call
sign, and the prearranged signal for requestt-;
-- for infrared means - the condition of operation,
the call sign, the prearranged signal /7 words missing7;
147. The instruction on communications and radio-
technical support is signed by the chief of staff and the
chief of communications of the aviation large unit. In the
aviation large unit (formation) the data for radio and
radio-relay communications and the operating data for
means of radiotechnical support may, when needed, be trans-
mitted to the units (large units) in the form of separate
directives under the signature of the chief of communications
148. The instruction on communications and radio-
technical support is sent out to the chiefs of staff of?
subordinate large units (units) and is submitted to the
higher headquarters. Coordinating large units (units)
receive excerpts from the instruction which apply to them.
The instruction for communications and radio-
technical support must be,sent to subordinate staffs, as
a rule, simultaneously with the combat order (combat in-
struction).
In aviation units (subunits) directives on the
organization of communications and radiotechnical support
are given orally by the chief of communications; necessary
data for the operation of communications and means of
radiotechnical support are transmitted to the operators
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SFCRFT
in the form of excerpts from diagrams and from the in-
struction on communications and radiotechnical support of
the higher headquarters.
In order to allow more time for the organization
of communications and radiotechnical support, the chief of
communications issues preliminary directives.
50X1 -HUM
149. The procedure and operating data of means
of radio beacon support aredetermined by lists and regulations.
The list of operating data aid the location of
troopL means of radio beacon support of flights are worked
out and issued by the staffs of the aviation formations.
Regulations for the radio beacon support of flights
on aerial routes, plus identical lists of flight support
means of airfields outside the routes, are worked out for
the aviation of all branches of services.
150. Lists and regulations contain the following
information:
-- the cgsignation of the means of radio beacon
support;
-- the coordinates and places where the means are
installed, with an indication of nearby populated points or
airfields;
-- the operating data and the procedure for using
and requesting means.
Those means of radiotechnical support that are
part of thellanding systems are assigned a tie-in with the
air strip.
In addition, the lists and regulations, or the
supplements to them, include a description, a tie?in, and
a sketch of the airfields, as well as diagrams of the
cloud cover, the approaches, and the landing schedules.
The necessary means of radio communications
and the data for their operation are also included in the
lists and regulations.
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Changes in the operating data and in the dis-
.position of troop means of radio beacon support of flights
az carried outheheadquaeltTstiat: issue the lists with an
advance report of this line missine of the large units
(units) to which the lists were sent.
The lists and regulations are maintained by
persons appointed by the order of the commanding officer
of the unit (subunit).
151. The chief of communications personally
assigns tasks for establishing communications and for
organizing radiotechnical support to the commanding
officer of the communications and radiotechnical support
unit (subunit).
Tasksfor the chiefs of signal centers, axial
communications links, communications links and radar
centers (posts) are assigned, depending on the situation,
by the chief of communications or, by his order, by the
commanding officer of the communications and radiotechnical
support unit (subunit).
152. When assigning a task to a commanding
officer of a communications and radiotechnical support
unit (subunit), the chief Of communications indicates:
-- the necessary data on the situation;
-- the places, the time of deployment, and
the procedure for moving signal centers and means of
radiotechnical support;
-- with whom, with what means and methods, and
by what time communications have to be established;
-- the communications and means of radiotechnical
support reserve and its location;
-- the procedure of engineer preparation,
gamouflaging, guarding and defense of signal centers,
Stations and lines and of means of radiotechnical support;
and the measures for their protection and for the protection
of personnel from weapons of mass destruction;
-- the procedure for protecting communications
and means of radiotechnical support from enemy reconnaissance
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declanikation
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SECRET
and jamming;
-- the procedure for providing officials and
communications and radiotechnical support subunits with
the documents and data that are essential for the work of
communications and radiotechnical means, the time for
putting them into operation, and the replacement procedure;
-- the measures for materiel and technical
support of communications and radiotechnical support
subunits in order to enable them to carry out their assigned
tasks.
In addition, the commanding officer of the unit
(subunit) is given the disposition areas, the procedure for
moving units (subunits), and the measures for combat training.
153. When assigning tasks to the officer in charge
of the signal center, the following are indicated:
-- the necessary situation data;
-- the forces and means allocated for the de-
ployment of the signal center;
-- the location, time and procedure of deploy-
ment and of engineer preparation and camouflaging of the
signal center;
-- with whom, with what means and methods, and
by what time communications have to be established; the
officers in charge of communications links and their tasks
for establishing communications;
-- the procedure for organizing internal communi-
cations of the control point;
-- the chart for the dispatch of documents;
-- the procedure for changing the call signs
of telegraph and telephone stations, and for changing
radio data and radio-relay communications data;
-- the restrictions on the use of communications;
-- the measures for protecting communications
from enemy reconnaissance and jamming;
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-- the procedure for moving the signal center and
fort transferring communications to the new signal center;
-- the procedure for guarding the signal center;
the schedule and procedure for checking communi-
cations.
154. When assigning tasks to the chief of a
communications link (axial link), the following are indicated:
-- the necessary data on the situation;
-- the forces and means placed at the disposal of
the officer in charge of the communications link (axial link);
50X1 -HUM
-- the disposition areas of the control points of the
friendly aviation large unit (unit) and the direction of their
relocation;
-- with which commanding officer (headquarters)
communications are to be maintained, his location, the time
by which communications should be ready, and the procedure
for providing communications during combat operations;
-- the direction along which communications lines
are to be laid (erected), the number of circuits (channels)
on it, the places for deploying auxiliary signal centers and
intermediate stations and the procedure for using local means
of communications;
-- the sending and receiving procedure for con-
necting lines which lead from links to a communications axis;
-- the tasks for reconnaissance -64 means of com-
munications;
-- the call signs of stations and officials;
-- the time limits for submitting reports.
155. When assigning tasks to the officer in
charge of the radar center (post), the following are indicated:
-- the necessary data on the situation;
-- the disposition areas of contrbl points;
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-- the time by which the radar means are to be
ready for operation and the procedure for relocating them
during combat operations;
-- the restrictions on the operation of radar means
and the measures for campuflaging and protecting them from
enemy reconnaissance and jamming;
-- the measures for engineer preparation, camouflaging,
guarding and defense;
-- the measures for flying around zones of visual
observation (when necessary);
-- the procedure for materiel and technical support;
-- the time limits and procedure for submitting
reports.
156. When assigning tasks to the officer in
charge (commanding officer of a subunit) of an automated
(automatic) sytem, the following are indicated:
-- the necessary data on the situation;
-- the time and place of deployment and the com-
position and procedure for moving centers (stations, posts,
points) of an automated (automatic) system;:
-- the procedure for organizing communications;
-- the measures for engineer preparation, cam-
ouflaging, guarding and defense;
support;
reports.
-- the procedure for materiel and teChnical
-- the readiness of the system for operation;
-- Vie time limits and procedure for submitting
157. In the course of Combat operations,de-
pending on the situation, the chief of communications, in-
troduces necessary changes into the organization of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support, directs the work of
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subordinate /I line missing7Chiefs of signal centers and
communications links. He also controls the work of subor-
dinate chiefs of communications of large units (units,
subunits),and gives them the necessary directives on questions
of communications and radiotechnical support.
In this case, particular attention is devoted to:
-- ensuring the uninterrupted operation of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support means when moving control
points of one's own and subordinate large units (units, sub-
units),, as well as during abrupt changes in the situation;
-- providing communications between coordinating
large units (units, subunits);
? moving out of the communications reserve and
the means of radiotechnical support on time to points that
are convenient for use and from which they can be brought
quickly into operation;
-- providing timely materiel and technical sup-
port to communications and radiotechnical support units
(subunits) and replacing the expended reserve.
158. The chief of communications of an aviation
large unit (unit) submits ': a report on communications and
radiotechnical support to the senior chief of communications
by a specifically set time. This report includes:
-- an evaluation of the condition and operation
of communications and means of radiotechnical support,
interruptions in the operation (the duration and causes)
and the measures taken to restore communications and the
operation of the means of radiotechnical support;
400-
-- changes in the location of ground radio-
technical means of the friendly aviation large unit (unit);
-- data on the jamming of radiotechnical means by
the enemy (on which frequencies, the nature of the jamming,
and the degree of influence on operations);
-- losses in personnel and in communications and
radiotechnical means;
-- captured communications and radiotechnical means.
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Chapter 3
Political Work in Communications and Radiotechnical
Support Units (Subunits)
159. Political work must be directed toward firmly
and consistently implementing the policy of the Communist Party
within the Armed Forces, raising the combat effectiveness and
combat readiness of the communications and radiotechnical
support unit (subunit), strengthening the political morale
and military discipline of personnel, and successfully executing
the tasks of establishing and maintaining uninterrupted com-
munications and organizing radiotechnical support during
combat operations.
Political work under combat conditions is organized
on the basis of the decisions of the Central Committee of the
CPSU and the Soviet Government, orders and directives of the
Supreme High Command, and directives and orders of the Chief
Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy. The sub-
stance of political work under various conditions of combat
activity is also determined by the combat orders of commanding
officers, by the nature of combat, and by special features of
the situation.
160. The commanding officer of a communications
and radiotechnical support unit (subunit) is completely
responsible for the political work in the unit (subunit) and
for the political morale and military discipline of the per-
sonnel.
The deputy commanding officer for political matters
organizes and conducts political work directly and is re-
sponsible to the unit (subunit) commanding officer and to the
political organ for the state of the political work. He is
obligated to direct the work of subunit commanding officers
and political workers on the political and military education
of their subordinates, striving for the successful performance
of the tasks confronting the communications and radiotechnical
support units (subunits).
161. All commanding officers (commanders) are
obligated personally to conduct political and military education
of their subordinates daily, relying on the Party and Kom-
somol organizations, in this work and fully utilizing their
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influence for the successful performance of the tasks con-
fronting the communications and radiotechnical support unit
(subunit).
Contact with subordinates, the comprehensive study
of their political, combat, and moral qualities, personally
setting an example for bravery and valor - these represent
the constant duty of all commanding officers (commanders)
and political workers.
50X1 -HUM
162. The tasks of political work in a communications
and radiotechnical support unit (subunit) are:
-- rallying personnel around the Communist Party
and Soviet Government; explaining tbmservicemen the leading
and guiding role of the Communist Party;
-- educating the enlisted men, noncommissioned
officers and officers in the spirit of Soviet patriotism
and unlimited love and devotion to the Socialist Fatherland,
the Communist Party and the Soviet Government; in the spirit
of friendship of the peoples of our country and of proletarian
internationalism; in loyalty to the oath of allegiance, and
personal responsibility for the defense of their Fatherland --
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
-- explaining to personnel the reasons for, the
nature, and the political goals of the war and the problems_
confronting the Armed Forces; explaining the international
and the internal situation of the USSR, the superiority of
the Soviet social and governmental system over the capitalist
system, as well as widespread propaganda of the combat suc-
cesses of the Armed Forces at the front and the labor exploits
of the Soviet people in the rear;
instilling in. enlisted men, noncommissioned
officers, and officers a hatred toward the enemy, faith in
the righteousness of our cause and victory over the Enemy,
high offensive spirit, courage, initiative, ability to endure
staunchly all the burdens and hardships of the combat situation,
and readiness to defend .thd=interestsofrtheSoviet State
under any-circumstances and at any price;
-- maintaining in the personnel a spirit of con-
stant readiness to act manfully and decisively in conditions
of enemy employment of atomic weapons and other means of
mass destruction, provide, under any conditions, the commanding
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50X1 -HUM
officer and his staff with uninterrupted communications with
troops, and radiotechnical support of the control of aviation
combat operations; maintaining in strict secrecy all measures
concerning the employment of atomic weapons and other means
of mass destruction;
-- mobilization of personnel for the timely and
qualitative fulfilment of the work of equipping and using
centers, stations, and lines of communications for the dis-
position and use of the means of radiotechnical support, as
well as for the rapid shifting of communicationncenters and
means of radiotechnical support;
-- strengthening one-man command, educating per-
sonnel in the spirit of conscientious obedience of commanders
and respect for them, unquestioning and precise fulfilment
of the orders of commanding officers(commanders)and constant
readiness to protect them in combat;
-- developing in military personnel, a faith in
the strength:land power of their weapons, a sense of res-
ponsibility for mastering and caring:tor equipment and
materiel, constant striving to improve their combat skill
and increase their competence, as well as practical habits
in working with means of communications and radiotechnical
support in conditions of radio jamming created by the enemy;
explaining- to personnel the necessity of studying the equip-
ment and organization of communications and radiotechnical
support of the enemy;
-- training enlisted men, noncommissioned officers,
and officers in the spirit of the combat traditions of the
Armed Forces, of their own large unit and unit, in the spirit
of allegiance to the colors of the unit and the striving to
cherish it as the apple of one's eye; strengthening military
comradeship, mutual support, and help in combat;
-- educating personnel in the spirit of combat 51
to 6 words missing7 'Socialist Camp and propagandizing
their combat successes;
-- publicizing heroic deeds of military personnel,
as well as selfless, skillful actions, and actions with
initiative and examples of successful fulfilment by units
(subunits) of communications and radiotechnical support of
tasks assigned to them; being concerned with timely encourage-
ment and recommendation for awards to those who have
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distinguished themselves in combat;
-- educating into the personnel high vigilance and
a sense of personal responsibility for safeguarding military
and state security, for the secure execution of all measures
of organizing communications and radiotechnical support,
strict observance of discipline, precluding cases of enemy
eavesdropping and interception of official conversations;
prOtecting one's unit (subunit) from penetration
by spies and diversionists, suppressing and exposing enemy
propaganda and any enemy provocations;
-- instilling in personnel a high sense of res-
ponsibility for safekeeping, accounting for, and timely'
dispatch and delivery of combat and official documents to
addresses;
-- mobilization of the personnel of military-postal
establishments for uninterrupted postal support of troops,
for the timely delivery of personal letters, newspapers,
magazines and other types of mail to military personnel;
-- taking care of uninterrupted support of per-
sonnel with all the necessities of life and combat,
especially ammunition and rations, as well as providing
rest and meeting the everyday material and cultural needs
of enlisted men, noncommissioned officers, and officers;
-- taking care of timely medical assistance and
evacuation of the wounded and the sick from the battlefield,
as well as organization of the burial of Soviet soldiers
who have fallen in battle for the Fatherland;
-- establishing and maintaining correct mutual
relations between military personnel and the local population;
taking care to preserve historical monuments and cultural
treasures, located in the area of the unit's combat operations
163. Political work in a communications .and radio-
technical support unit (subunit) must be purposeful and con-
tinuous.
This is achieved by:
-- the timely assignment of tasks for political
work and by instructing commanding officers and political
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workers regarding the substance, forms, and methods of this
work with personnel;
-- the political workers knowing the decisions
that have been made and orders that have been given concerning
the organization of communications and radiotechnical support;
-- the constant enlisting of a large number of Com-
munists, members of the Komsomol, and the combat aktiv of
the subunits for participation in the political work;
-- the commanding officers (commanders) and
political workers daily influencing their subordinates
personally; ?
-- strengthening Party and Komsomol organizations
by correct distribution and exemplary behavior of Com-
munists and members of the Komsomol in combat;
-- knowing the requirements and frame of mind
of the personnel and by reacting to them in good time.
164. The deputy commanding officer for political
matters, on the basis of the assigned taskr and the combat
order issued to the large unit (unit, subunit), works out
measures for political work during the preparation for and
conduct of the operation (combat), and organizes its ful-
filment.
The more complex and intense the combat situation,
the more actively does the political work in a communications
and radiotechnical support unit (subunit) have to be conducted.
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Chapter 4
Supplying Troops with Equipment, Communications Materiel
and Means of Radiotechnical Support.
Technical Support
General Principles
50X1 -HUM
165. The continuity of communications and radio-
technical support depends, to a significant degree, on the
timely and complete supply of the communications and radio-
technical support units and subunits with equipment, materiel,
operating and repair materials, and spare parts, as well as
on the timely and efficient organization of technical support.
166. Supplying the communications and radio-
technical support units and subunits with equipment and
essential materiel, as well as providing them with materiel
means of the other types of supply is organized and accom
plished by the rear services of the aviation formation, and
for ground radar means - by the artillery armament service
of the front.
Supplying Equipment, Communications Materiel and
Means of Radiotechnical Support
167. Supplying units and subunits with equipment,
materiel, expendable /4 to 6 words missing7 apparatus,
sets of spare parts, and sources of power Is effected in
accordance with the planned order on the basis of tables
and norms in effect.
168. In order to fulfill the requirements of
communications and radiotechnical support units (subunits)
the following are used:
-- equipment and materiel being supplied in
accordance with the order of chief of communications, the
chief of the aviation formation rear services and the chief
of the artillery armament service of the front;
-- equipment and materiel stockpiled in local
economic organizations;
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-- equipment and materiel (friendly and enemy) collected
on the battlefield.
169. The items of equipment supply, communications
materiel and radiotechnical support include;
-- radio sets and radio receivers;
radio-relay sets;
-- ground radar detection and guidance stations;
-- equipment for radar recognition and for
preventing jamming;
-- radar altimeters and range finders;
-- automatic control and guidance systems equipment;
- radio reconnaissance and radio jamming equipment;
-- field television equipment;
telegraph, phototelegraph, and telephone equipment
- high frequency telephone and voice-frequency
telegraph equipment;
-- secrecy devices telephone, telegraph, and
phototelegraph transmissions;
mobile signal centers;
auxiliary equipment and measuring devices;
- sources of electric power supply for means of
communications and radiotechnical support;
-- field telephone, telegraph, and connecting
cables;
line materials for construction (laying) of
permanent and field overhead and cable communications lines;
-- means for mechanizing:the work of constructing
laying communications lines;
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aircraft;
systems;
stations;
^ mobile communications shops;
- radio direction-finders;
-- homing radio stations;
radio beacons;
- radiotechnical aircraft landing systems;
- navigation-landing beam systems for landing
-- ground stations of radiotechnical navigational
-- ground precision bombing and target approach
- technical lighting equipment of airfields;
- light beacons and searchlight stations;
- means of visual signalling;
-- spare parts, semiconductor and electrovacuum
devices, materials, tools, and accessories for maintaining,
storing, and repairing communications and radiotechnical
support equipment.
170. The requirements for equipment and materiel
is determined on the basis of the combat task of the aviation
large-unit (unit), tables in effect, and supply norms.
171. The chief of communications of the aviation
formation works out a supply plan for all organic means of
communications and radiotechnical support for the aviation
and aviation-technical large units (units) that are supplied
by the aviation formation. The plan for supplying these
means is approved by the commander of the aviation formation.
For the remaining materiel the supply plan of
the aviation formation is worked out by the departments in
charge of supply jointly with the chief of communications,
and is approved by the,.chief of the rear services.
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The chief of communications of the aviation and
aviation-technical large unit and the commandingcofficer of
the communications and radiotechnical support unit (subunit)
make up estimates for supplying the units and subunits with
equipment and materiel.
172. Organic communications and radiotechnical
support technical materiel is issued from depots, including
the depots of the chief of communications and the chief of
the artillery armament service of the front, as well as from
depots of the aviation-technical large units according to
requisitions of supplying services in accordance with the
orders of the chief of communications of the aviation
formation (large unit), Issue of other equipment is carried
against orders and requisitions of the supplying services.
173. The delivery of equipment and materiel is
carried out by all types of transport:
-- to aviation large units and units ?by the means
of the aviation-technical large units (units);
to separate communications and radiotechnical
support units subordinate to the army by the transport
of these units.
To get motor vehicle means of communications and
radiotechnical support a representative of the communications
and radiotechnical support unit (subunit) is dispatched
with automobile drivers.
, 174. Stockpiling of equipment and materiel in
local administrative organizations, establishments, and
industrial enterprises by communications and radiotechnical
support units (subunits) may be carried out at the direction
of the chief of communications of the aviation formation
within the limits of funds approved and allotted for this
purpose, and may be spent only for planned supply in
accordance with the established norms.
50X1 -HUM
175. The organization of the collection of friendly
and enemy equipment and materiel in the area of combat op-
erations is the duty of all chiefs of communications and
commanding officers of communications and radiotechnical
support units (subunits).
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The collection of equipment and materiel is carried
out by teams appointed by order of the commanding officer
of the aviation-technical large unit (unit), which, without
fail, include communications and radiotechnical support
specialists g to 6 words missing7,
Collected materiel is concentrated in depots where,
if necessary, it is subjected to decontamination, degassing,
and disinfection, and it is sorted out and inventoried
according to type and degree of serviceability.
50X1 -HUM
Serviceable equipment and materiel are, by permission
of the senior communications chief, used as replacements,
and those in need of repair or surplus are given to the
depots on the order of the aviation formation rear services.
176. At radio, radio-relay, radiotechnical, and
power-supply stations (charging units), a minimum level supply
of fuel and lubricants is created within established limits
which is used only by permission of chief of communications
of the aviation large unit (unit), and in individual urgent
cases, --with the permission of the commanding officer of
the communications and radiotechnical support unit (subunit).
Technical Support
177. Technical support in units (subunits)
consists of organizing and fulfilling the proper use,
servicing, and storing (safekeeping) of means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support, as well as carrying
out their timely repair and evacuation.
178. Constant good repair and readiness for work
of the communications and radiotechnical support equipment
are ensured by precise adherence to the operating instructions,
by carrying out timely periodical inspections (routine
maintenance work) and checking technical status, by having
spare parts and materials for their maintenance and repair,
and by timely repair.
179. Technical support is organized by the
commanding officers of communications and radiotechnical
support units (subunits) in accordance with instructions
of senior chiefs and the requirements of instructions
and manuals for technical service.
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In regard to problems of technical support, the
chief of communications indicates to the commanding officer
of the communications and radiotechnical support unit (subunit):
-- the procedure and the time limits for preparing
means of communications, means of radiotechnical support,
and motor vehicle transport for the performance of impending
tasks;
-- the procedure for employing repair subunits,
their tasks, and the location and time of their deployment
during the preparation and in the course of combat operations;
-- the procedure for using local enterprises and
materials for repair of communications equipment and means
of radiotechnical support;
-- the procedure for evacuating communications
equipment and means of radiotechnical support.
180. The deputy commanding officer for technical
matters of the communications and radiotechnical support
unit works out a unit technical support plan in accordance
with the instructions of the chief of communications (com-
manding officer of the unit).
The technical support plan usually indicates:
-- the measures for the preparation of means of
transport and repair subunits for performing tasks and the
scheduled time of their readiness;
-- a list of means of communications and radio-
technical support subject to repair by the personnel of
the unit repair elements, the volume and the time limits
for performing repair work;
-- the means of communications and radiotechnical
support subject to repair by the personnel of the repair
elements of aviation formations and repair enterprises of
the artillery armament service of the front;
-- the time limits and the order for carrying out
periodical inspections (routine maintenance work);
-- the procedure for evacuating defective and damaged
equipment and turning it over to repair units.
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The technical support plan is approved by the com-
manding officer of the unit.
181. The deputy commanding officer for technical
matters, in compliance with the technical support plan,
submits requisitions to the supplying elements for the re-
quiite materiel.
50X1-HUM
182. The repair of means of communications and
radiotechnical support, depending on the nature of the defects
is subdivided into routine maintenance, field maintenance,
and general overhaul.
183. As a rule, routine maintenance is carried
out by the personnel of crews, *teams, and details, and by
the units' (subunits') communications and radiotechnical
support repair shops.
Field maintenance is carried out in mobile com-
munications repair shops and repair enterprises of the
aviation formations, and for radar means --in repair enter-
prises of artillery armament of the front.
General overhaul of all means of communications
and radiotechnical support is carried out in repair enter-
prises of the Air Forces, as well as in coordination with
the chief of communications of the front in repair enter-
prises of the front.
General overhaul of radar means of detection,
recognition, and guidance is carried out in repair enter-
prises of the Chief Artillery Directorate,
184. Routine maintenance of motor vehicles on
which communications and radiotechnical support equipment
is installed is carried out by the forces of communications
and radiotechnical support units (subunits) with the use
of complete assemblies that are provided by the rear
services of the aviation formation (large unit). Field
maintenance and general overhaul of the chassis of these
motor vehicles is carried out in repair enterprises of
aviation formations for the repair of special motor
vehicle transport.
185. Motor vehicle means of communications
and radiotechnical support are shipped to mobile repair
shops of aviation formations, to aviation-repair enter-
prises of the Air Forces, and also to the repair enterprises
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of the front rule, by motor vehicles
that are in good repair.
50X1 -HUM
186. Motor vehicle, communications and radiotechnical
support equipment?depending on the situation, may be sent
to the aviation-repair enterprises at the order of the chief
of the Air Forces rear services by motor vehicles with defects
which, after the removal of communications and radiotechnical
support equipment, are turned over for repair to the repair
units (plants) of the motor vehicle-tractor service.
187. Routine maintenance of radio sets and radio.
centers mounted on armored personnel carriers is carried
out at the repair shops of units, and field maintenance
and general overhaul?in mobile shops of communications
and radiotechnical support aviation formations and at
aviation-repair enterprises of the Air Forces.
When armored personnel carriers with medium power
radio sets or with radio centers are in need of general
overhaul, the radio equipment is removed, if possible, and
forwarded for repair to aviation-repair enterprises of the
Air Forces and the armored personnel carriers-- to the
appropriate repair units (to plants).
188. Routine maintenance and field maintenance
of all types of gasoline generators and power Supply units
mounted on automobile and special diesel engines is carried
out by the personnel of the communications and radiotechnical
support units (subunits), and also by mobile shops of com-
munications and radiotechnical support of aviation formations
with the use of prepared assemblies provided by the rear
services of the aviation formation (aviation-technical large
unit).
General overhaul of all types of power plants (small
displacement, automobile, and diesel engines) is carried out
at motor vehicle repair bases (plants) of the aviation form-
ation and the rear services of the Air Forces.
Field maintenance and general overhaul of
electrical machinery and generators which are part of the
communications equipment are carried out in the aviation-
repair enterprises of the Air Forces.
Field maintenance and general overhaul of power
units of ground radar equipment are carried out in repair
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enterprises of the front and in central repair elements of
the ground forces at the order of the artillery armament
service of the front.
189. In order to speed up the repair of com-
munications equipment and means of radiotechnical support
in field conditions, repair brigades from the composition
of the communications and radiotechnical support mobile shops
are sent out directly at the order of the chief of com-
munications of the aviation formation to the communications
and radiotechnical support units (subunits).
190. Defective means of communications and radio-
technical support are evacuated to the repair elements by
the forces and means of the communications and radio-
technical support units (subunits).
Evacuation of mamscd communications and radio-
technical support equipment to aviation-repair enterprises
of the Air Forces and repair elements Of the front with
defective motor vehicles is carried out by the forces of
the evacuation units of the motor vehicle-tractor service
of the front.
191. Communications and radiotechnical support
equipment are sent for repair An the following manner:
-- to unit communications shops?at the order
of the deputy commanding officer for technical matters;
-- to mobile communications and radiotechnical
support shops of the aviation formation? at the order of
the chief of communications of the aviation formation;
-- to an aviation-repair enterprise of the Air
Forces (formation)? at the order of the chief to whom
the repair enterprise is subordinated;
-- to communications and artillery armament
stationary repair enterprises of the front-at the order of
the chief of communications troops and the chief of the
artillery armament service of the front;
-- to centrally subordinated stationary repair
enterprises of communications and artillery armament --
at the directive of the chief of the communications troops
armament and supply directorate and the chief of the -
artillery armament repair and supply directorate of the
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Chief Artillery Directorate.
192. The communications and radiotechnical support
equipment sent for repair to the mobile communications and
radiotechnical support shops of the aviation formation are
not removed from the unit (subunit) records, and after
repairs are returned to the same units (subunits).
193. Means of communications and radiotechnical
support sent for repair to stationary repair enterprises of
the front and enterprises of the Air Forces are removed
from the unit (subunit) records, with the exception of
radiotechnical landing systems, powerful radio and radio-
relay sets, and ground radar detection and guidance equipment
that are not removed from the unit (subunit) records and. are
returned to the same units (subunits) after repairs.
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Chapter 5
Military Postal Service
194. The military postal service is intended to
provide postal communications for large units, units, in-
stallations, and personnel of the Armed Forces of the USSR
among themselves, with the population of the country, and
with civilian establishments and organizations.
The military postal service is responsible for:
receiving, transporting, and delivering dispatched mail-,
periodicals and other printed publications addressed to
large units, units, warships, installations, and personnel
Of the Armed Forces, as well as the handling and dispatching
of military correspondence and parcels to its destination.
195. All types of outgoing mail are urgent
military cargo and must be delivered unhindered to their
destination within established periods of time.
Military postal service motor vehicles must bear
a special identification symbol (a white diagonal strip on
both sides of the vehicle). Postal service motor vehicles
have the right of way on all automobile roads and the right
to pass columns.
196. Management of military postal service work
is effected /4 to 6 words missing7 the organization and
ensuring uninterrupted postal service for troops.
Delivery of military mail is effected by chiefs
of military-postal service installations in accordance with
the directive of the chief of communications.
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When registering with a postal enterprise of the
Ministry of Communications USSR the mail certificate is
presented to this enterprise only to make a notation of
registration or deregistration And'is held in the head-
quarters of the unit.
200. Military postal service performs its tasks
through military-postal installations of the front (combined-
arms armies) and military mailmen of the units.
The basic military-postal service installations
are: military-postal sorting points, military-postal
bases, and military-postal stations of large units and
garrisons.
Military-postal sorting points and military-
postal bases organize ekbhange points for exchange of
mail with military-postal stations.
A military-postal base is usually located in the
area of the combined-arms formation rear area control point.
In aviation (aviation-technical) large units only
military-postal stations are organized.
Military-postal stations of aviation (aviation-
technical) large units carry out exchange of mail with the
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exchange points of the front (combined-arms army) and with
military mailmen.
Military mailmen are appointed by orders of unit
commanding officers and chiefs of installations from among
the best trained enlisted men and noncommissioned officers.
Military mailmen arrive at military- g to 6 words missing7
correspondence in accordance with the schedule approved by
the chief of communications of the large unit.
201. In the army the exchange points are located
in forward sectors of army military motor vehicle roads or
at the military-postal stations of corps headquarters and
are moved to a new location in such a way as to ensure
regular exchange of mail within established time limits.
Military-postal stations can detail a post
office from their composition to service the command post
and to exchange mail with military mailmen of first echelon
units of the large unit. The post office- is located in
the area of the large unit command post.
202. In all types of troop combat activity
delivery of military correspondence, parcels, and printed
publications to large units and units is carried out:
from the military-postal sorting points and
military-postal bases to their exchange points or, de-
pending on the situation, directly to the military-postal
stations of large units-- by means of military-postal
sorting points and military-postal bases;
-- from the ex0hange point to the military-postal
stations serviced by it ? by the means of military-postal
stations;
-- from the military-postal stations of large
units to military units and installations -.by means of
military units and installations.
203. In order to ensure uninterrupted postal
service, the chief of communications of the aviation
(aviation-technical) large unit carries out the following
measures:
-- timely registration of the military-postal
station and units of the large unit with the military-postal
basear' the military-postal sorting point, and deregistration
from them when departing;
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-- establishes the location of the military-postal
station, the procedure for moving its working hours, and
the time limits for exchanging mail with military mailmen.
-- supervises the work of the military-postal station
and military mailman, the accuracy of the addressing of military
correspondence and the timely return of correspondence, received
at the addresses of departed units, to the military-postal base
or to the military-postal sorting point;
-- when necessary, takes measures to reinforce the
military-postal station with means of transport.
204. The chief of communications of an aviation
(aviation-technical) unit is responsible for the postal
service of his unit.
It is his duty to:
-- register the unit with the military-postal
station or the postal enterprise of the Ministry of Com-
munications USSR, and deregister when. the unit departs;
-- make sure that the unit personnel understand
the requirements concerning the procedure for addressing
and carrying on personal correspondence;
-- organize timely receipt of personal mail, news-
papers, and magazines, by the military mailman and their
delivery to unit personnel;
-- establish the procedure and times for dis-
tributing correspondence, newspapers, and magazines to
personnel of the headquarters /-2 to 4 words missing 7;
-- maintain control over the work of the military
mailman and the proper addressing of military correspondence
sent and received by the unit personnel;
-- ensure organized delivery of money orders and
parcels addressed to the unit personnel.
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Section Two
Communications and Radiotechnical Support in Large Units
(Units)of the Air Forces
Chapter 6
Organization of Communications in Aviation and
Aviation-Technical Large Units and Units
General Principles
205. The mobile nature of combat operations of
aviation large units and units, the dispersed disposition
of control points and air bases, and their considerable
distance from operational objectives determine the following
basic features of the organization and support of communi-
cations in aviation large units and units:
-- the necessity to provide communications
simultaneously between control points, control points and
with airplanes (helicopters), and between airplanes
(helicopters) in flight;
- the broad employment of radio communications,
which constitute practically the only means of communi-
cations with airplanes (helicopters).
- strict limitation, including total pro-
hibition to transmit over means of radio communications
during combat flights in individual sectors of the flight
path;
-- the necessity to provide simultaneous radio
communications with a considerable number of small groups
and individual aircraft, as well as between cooperating
aviation large units (units, subunits) on the ground and
in the airs
-- the complexity of ensuring radio communications
with aircraft operating at low altitudes and over long dis-
tances;
-- the necessity to organize and maintain com-
munications between cooperating large units (units, subunits,
groups) of branches and arms of aviation, as well as with
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supported or covered formations (large units) of the ground
forces, and cooperating large units (units) of the missile
troops and antiair defense troops;
-- the constant readiness of communications to
provide control of their own aircraft as well as of air-
craft of cooperating aviation large units (nits);
-- the need for communications with means of
radiotechnical support;
206. Communications, organized in the Air Forces
are divided into ground and air communications.
Ground communications include all types of com-
munications between ground aviation control points, supporting
and servicing large units (units, subunits, installations),
and between headquarters, as well as of control points of
aviation large units (units) with control points of cooperating
formations (large units) of the ground forces (navy), missile
units (large units) and antiair defense troops. Besides,
ground communications include all types of internal com-
munications at the control points and in the headquarters
of large units (units).
Air communications include all communications
between ground control points and airplanes (helicopters),
between airplanes (helicopters) in flight, and also between
airplanes (helicopters) and ground means of radiotechnical
support.
207. The organization of communications in an
aviation large unit (unit) is determined by: the nature of
assigned tasks and the conditions for their fulfilment; the
conditions of basing; the disposition of control points (head-
quarters) of the large unit (unit) itself, subordinate
cooperating and supporting large units (units, subunits);
the type and number of airplanes (helicopters) brought in
for combat operations (flights); the availability of com-
munications personnel and means, and the time available to
organize communications:; and the degree of preparedness of
communications units and subunits. Besides, the organization
and work of communications are influenced by the nature of
the terrain, the climate, and the time of the year and day.
208. When organizing communications in an
aviation large unit (unit), special attention must be given
to providing continuous control of aviation in the course
of combat operations. For this it is necessary to make
provisions for:
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-- ensuring uninterrupted communications of aircraft
in the air with any control point of their aviation large
unit (unit), and control points of the formation, from which
control may be effected;
ensuring uninterrupted aviation and ground
communications when moving control points and when changing
the base of'an'aviation large unit (unit, subunit, based
at a separate airfield);
ensuring communications with cooperating
formations, large units, and units;
-- the procedure for ensuring communications with
the forward command post, operational groups of the aviation
large unit, and guidance and target designation officers;
-- measures for protecting communications forces
and means from atomic weapons and other means of mass
destruction;
measures for protecting communications means
from reconnaissance and enemy radio jamming;
-- a reserve of communications forces and means.
209. In the aviation large unit communications
are organized at the command post and at the forward command
post, and also between airplanes (helicopters) in the air.
Besides, the communications forces and means of an aviation
large unit may be allocated for thecorganization of com-
munications to the commanding officer, to operational
groups, and to guidance and target designation officers
located at control points of cooperating formations and
large units.
In an aviation unit communications are organized
at the command or take off-command (command-dispatching)
post and between airplanes (helicopters) in the air. Com-
munications forces and means are also allocated for internal
communications at the airfield.
In an aviation subunit based at a separate air-
field, communications are organized from the take off-
command (command-dispatching) post and between aircraft
in the air. Communications forces and means are also
allocated for internal airfield communications.
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210. At an aviation large unit command post com-
munications are organized:
-- with airplanes (helicopters) in flight;
-- with the command post (forward command post)
of the aviation large unit;
-- with command posts of subordinate aviation units;
-- with the forward command post and operational
groups of the aviation large unit;
-- with the command post of the aviation-technical
large unit (unit);
-- with ground means of radiotechnical support.
When necessary, communications with supporting
or covering formations (large units) of the ground forces
(navy), and with cooperating aviation large units (units),
large units (units) of the missile troops, and troops of
antiair defense, may be organized at the large unit command
post.
211. From the forward command post of an aviation
large unit communications are organized:
-- with airplanes (helicopters) in flight;
-- with the aviation formation command post
(forward command post);
-- with the aviation large unit command post;
-- with command posts of subordinate aviation
units and with take off-command (command-dispatching);
posts of subunits based at separate airfields;
-- with guidance and target designation officers
and operational groups of the aviation large unit, who are
located in the ground forces (navy) large units (formations)
that are being supported;
-- with the forward command post of the combined-
arms formation being covered or supported.
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Depending on the situation and the tasks being per-
formed, communications from the forward command post of the
aviation large unit may also be established:
-- with command posts of cooperating fighter
aviation large units and control of points of antiair
defense troops;
-- with the auxiliary guidance points and the
nearest radar posts of antiair defense of the country.
212. As a rule the operational group of the
aviation large unit must have communications:
-- with aircraft in flight;
-- with the command (forward command) post of the
aviation large unit;
-- with the guidance and target designation
officers;
-- with the forward command post of the aviation
formation and with command posts of subordinate aviation
units (when necessary).
213. Guidance and target designation officers
of the aviation large unit must usually have communications:
-- with aircraft operating on behalf of the aviation
large unit that is in flight and is being supported;
-- with the forward command post (operational
group) of the aviation large unit;
-- with the commanding officer (headquarters)
of the large unit being supported.
214. At the command post of the aviation unit
communications are organized:
-- with aircraft in flight;
-- with the command post (forward command post)
of the aviation large unit and, when necessary, with the
operational group of the aviation large unit;
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-- with the commanding officers
of subordinate
subunits;
-- with the commanding officer (headquarters)
of the aviation-technical unit (subunit);
-- with the take-off command post (command-dis-
patching post) of a unit or subunit based on a separate
airfield;
-- with ground means of radiotechnical support;
-- with the control point of the antiaircraft
weapons covering the airfield.
Beside? forces and means, may be allocated at the
command post of the aviation unit for communications with
cooperating aviation units, as well as for receiving re-
ports from the nearest antiair defense radar post of the
front.
215. The take-off-command post (command-dis-
patching post) of a unit (subunit based at a separate
airfield) must have communications:
-- with airplanes (helicopters) when they are
on the airfield, as well as during the take off, landing,
and flights in the area of the airfield;
-- with the command post of the aviation unit;
-- with the duty man in charge of airdraft landings;
-- with ground means of radiotechnical support.
The take-off command post (command-dispatching post)'
of a subunit based at a separate airfield may have communi-
cations with the forward command post (operational group)
of the aviation large unit.
216. As a rule, at all control points of an
aviation large unit (unit) radio equipment must be avail-
able for reception of warning signals in the radio .network
of antiair defense of the front.
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The Organization of Ground Communications in Aviation Large
Units and Units
217. In the course of combat operations, with
frequent shifting of control points of aviation large units
(units), the basic means of communications are radio and
radio-relay means.
218. Radio communications in an aviation large
unit (unit) are effected in radio networks and radio links
organized at the order of the headquarters of the large
unit (unit) and at the order of higher headquarters in such
a way as to have the basic radio networks and radio links
of the aviation large unit (unit) remain in the course of
combat operations without any substantial changes. In all
cases, besides the operating radio networks and radio links
secret radio networks and radio links are organized.
219. In each aviation large unit radio links
(networks) of headquarters voice or teletype communications
are organized in the composition of radio stations of the
large unit headquarters and the headquarters of subordinate
units (subunits).
Besides, in an aviation large unit, depending on
the tasks being fulfilled, other radio networks.L(link?)care also
organized including:
-- the radio network of the commanding officer of
the aviation large unit (call for aviation) made up of the
radio stations of the large unit commanding officer, the
large unit headquarters, the chief of the operations group
and the commanding officers of subordinate units and sub-
units based at separate airfields;
-- the radio network of aviation large unit con-
trol points made up of radio stations of the aviation large
unit commanding officer, the command post, the forward
command post, operational groups (guidance and target
designation officers), and command posts of commanding
officers of subordinate units and subunits based on separate
airfields.
220. Radio stations (radio receivers) of aviation
large units may, by order of higher headquarters and 'the
headquarters organizing cooperation, be included in the
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following ground radio networks and radio links:
-- radio networks of the aviation formation (large
unit) commander ( commanding officer);
-- the radio network (radio link) of voice radio
communications of the higher headquarters;
radio link (network) of teletype communications
of the higher headquarters;
-- the radio network to call for aviation;
-- the aviation-dispatcher radio network of the
formation (large unit);
-- the formation (large unit) duty radio network;
the formation radio network for multiple-call
transmissions of priority signals;
-- the formation radio:network:4?k information ? on
conditions;.
-- the control point radio network of the formation
fighter aviation;
-- the radio network (radio link) for cooperation;
-- the radio network for warning the antiair
defense of the front;
-- the radio network of emergency airfields;
-- the radio networks (radio links) for de-
centralized warning of radar posts of the front (navy, the
antiair defense troops of the country);
-- the radio networks of the aviation fordiation
(large unit) rear services;
-- the radio networks of the higher headquarters
to communicate through the chain of command.
221. In each aviation unit, the following radio
networks are organized:
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the radio network of the unit commanding officer
composed of the radio stations of the command post, the take-
off-command post (command-dispatcher post) of the unit, and
commanders of subordinate subunits;
-- the internal communications radio network of
the airfield composed of the radio stations of the command
post, of the take-off-command post (command-dispatcher:post)
of the commanding officers of the servicing ad supporting
units (subunits).
222. Radio stations (radio receivers) of aviation
units, by order of the aviation large unit headquarters, may
be included in the following radio networks (radio links);
the radio network of the commanding officer of
the aviation large unit (for requesting aviation);
-- the voice or teletype communications radio
network (radio link) bf the aviation large unit headquarters;
-- the radio network of the fighter aviation control
points of the aviation formation;
-- the coordination radio network;
the formation radio network for information
on the meteorological situation;
^ the radio network for warning the antiair
defense of the front;
-- the radio network of the formation for
multiple-call transmission of priority signals;
-- the emergency airfield radio network;
the radio network of the higher headquarters
for communications through the chain of command;
223. In each aviation subunit based at a separate
airfield an internal airfield communications network is
organized composed of radio stations of the take-off-command
post (command-dispatcher post) and of commanding officers
of subordinate supporting, and servicing subunits;
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Radio stations (radio receivers) of aviation
subunits based at a separate airfield include. , by order
of the aviation unit headquarters, the following radio
networks (radio links):
the aviation
quarters;
the radio network of the commanding officer of
large unit (for requesting aviation);
-- the radio network of the aviation unit head-
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-...- the radio network of the fighter aviation control
points of the formation.
224. Radio-relay communications in an aviation
large unit are organized by utilizing organic radio-relay
means and radio-relay channels allocated by the higher
headquarters.
Communications may be established:
-- with command posts of subordinate units.;
-- with command posts of cooperating aviation large
units (units)-- over communications channels allocated by
the headquarters organizing the cooperation or through signal
centers of the higher headquarters;
-- with the forward command post of the friendly
large unit-- over communications channels allocated by the
combined-arms communications chief or through signal center's
of combined-arms and higher aviation headquarters;
-- with ground means of radiotechnical support --
through signal centers of subordinate aviation units and the
higher headquarters;
-- with the headquarters of the aviation-technical
large unit (unit).
Besides, in large units of fighter and fighter-
bomber aviation, the radio-relay communications may be
established with organic or attached ground -detection,
recognition, and guidance radar stations (centers, posts)
and the nearest radar stations (posts) of the antiair
defense of the front (navy, antiair defense troops of the
country).
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225. Radio-relay communications of an aviation
large unit with the senior commander (higher headquarters)
and cooperating large units (units) are organized by order
of the higher headquarters.
In individual cases radio-relay means are used
to establish trunk lines from signal centers of the aviation
large unit and to remote control-testing points, at which
communications links (channels) are allocated to the aviation
large Unit for building up wire communications lines and
for establishing radio-relay inserts (vstavka) in them, as
well as for control of radio transmitters inside the centers.
226. Wire communications in an aviation large
unit are organized under any conditions. Depending on the
availability of forces and means, wire communications may
be established:
-- with the command posts (headquarters) of sub-
ordinate units;
-- with the command posts (headquarters) of
cooperating formations and large units (units);
-- with the command post (headquarters) of the
aviation-technical large unit (unit);
-- with the ground means of radiotechnical support.
Wire communications of the aviation large unit con-
trol points with the aviation-technical large unit (unit),
the emergency airfields, the senior commander (higher head-
quarters), and cooperating large units (units), are as a Tule,
over lines (channels) allocated by the higher headquarters.
227. Wire communications in an aviation unit
(subunit based at a separate airfield) are established:
units;
-- with the commanders of subordinate subunits;
-- with the command posts of jointly based aviation
-- with the aviation-technical unit headquarters;
-- with the ground means of radiotechnical support;
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-- with the control point of the antiaircraft
means protecting the airfield, as well as with the near-
est radar post (station) of the antiair defense troops.
228. When two or more aviation units (subunits)
are based at the same airfield, the procedure for using
communications is established by the senior aviation com-
mander.
229. Communications by mobile means in an aviation
large unit (unit) with subordinate units (subunits) are
organized and supported by the forces and means of the
aviation large unit (unit) by links and circular routes,
irrespective of the availability of other types of communi-
cations.
Communications, by mobile means, of an aviation
large unit (unit) with the senior commander (higher head-
quarters) and with cooperating large units (units) are
organized by order of the higher headquarters of the head-
quarters organizing cooperation. Liaison airplanes and
helicopters are, as a rule, used as mobile communication
means.
Organization of Inf light Communications in Aviation Large Units
and Units
230. The basic and practically the only means
of communications with aircraft in flight is radio. In
addition to radio, in order to provide communications with
aircraft, in individual cases signalling by ground lights)
aircraft navigation lights, the fire of aircraft weapons,
and other means and methods of signalling may be used.
Aircraft inter-com devices are used in multiplace
aircraft to provide for internal conversations between crew
members and for intercommunication through the aircraft radio
stations.
231. The responsibility for maintaining unin-
terrupted communications between aircraft crews in the air
and for the proper use of aircraft means of communications
rests with the crew commander.
When a group of aircraft is flying in general
combat formation, the responsibility for communications of
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the group of aircraft with ground control points rests
with the group commander, in case of an independent flight
of a crew or when it leaves the general combat formation --
with the chief of the aircraft crew;
232. In order to ensure stable radio communi-
cations with aircraft crews, communications chiefs must
give special attention to the distribution of frequencies,
radio concealment and carrying out measures to protect
radio communications from enemy reconnaissance and radio
jamming.
233. In order to ensure uninterrupted control of
aviation units, subunits, and individual crews in the air,
and to avoid mutual radio interference in group flights,
onlytke group commander (leader) is allowed to transmit
over the radio in order to transmit commands and reports
that are necessary for the fulfilment of assigned tasks.
The remaining crews only use their receivers and
have the right to communicate with ground control points or
with their own commanding officer located in the air only
in case of separation from the combat formation, when
circumstances threatening the safety of the fligh-Larise,
or of an unavoidable forced landing (ejection), the sudden
discovery of an air enemy, and also when answering an in-
quiry of the commanding officer.
During the operations of individual aircraft, each
crew maintains communications with the ground control point
independently.
234. In order to ensure concealment of air
bases, secrecy of take-off, assuming the tombat formation,
the flight along the route, and surprise of approach to the
target, as well as to ensure secrecy of shifting of bases
by aviation units (large units), the use of all transmitters
of radio stations located in aircraft must be strictly
limited, and in some cases completely forbidden.
235. Depending on the equipment of the aircraft
and of the ground control points, inf light radio communi-
cations may be effected by radiotelephone, radiotelegraph,
or by a remote signal system.
236. Communications by radiotelephone are used
by aircraft crews during take-off, assembly, landing and
flights in the area of the airfield between the crews in
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the course of a combat flight, when guiding aircraft to
aerial and ground targets (landing operation zones), for
controlling aircraft and transmitting information to them,
when aircraft crews speak to the ground control points of
cooperating large units (units), and when shifting control
from one control point to another.
In fighter and fighter-bomber aviation, the radio-
telephone represents the only means of inf light radio com-
munications. Radiotelephone communications are usually
effected by the crew chief.
237. Radiotelegraph communications are used in
aviation large units (units) of long range, bomber, military-
transport, and reconnaissance aviation in order to ensure
control from ground control points of the aircraft crews on
the flight paths and in the target area, beyond the range
of the JatMshort wave communications band. In the air-
craft this type of communications is effected Lone line
missing7
238. Remote signalling communications are used
for the transmission of information, control, and command
signals that are received visually or by sound.
239. Control of aircraft in flight is provided
for in the radio networks organized by the aviation large
unit (unit) headquarters, as well as in the general radio
networks organized by higher headquarters.
Radio data (frequencies, radio station callsigns,
recognition signals and keys) for the organization of in-
flight communications of the aviation large unit (unit, sub-
unit) as well as the procedure and operating conditions of
radio means, in the course of supporting the flights, are
established by the higher headquarters.
240. In order to ensure control, the following
radio networks arepas a rule, organized in each aviation
large unit:
-- radio networks for the control of aviation
subunits, units, and large units for guiding aircraft to
air and ground (sea) targets (landing operation zones),
as well as for ensuring control of crews within combat
formations; aircraft radio stations of the subunit, unit,
large unit and control points of the large unit (unit),
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and when necessary, also the radio stations of the control
points of senior commanders are included in these radio net-
works; in them it may also be possible to effect aircraft
control during the take-off, landing, and flights in the
area of the airfield;
the long distance communications radio network
of the aviation unit (large unit) for control of aircraft
along the flight path and in the area of operational ob-
jectives made up of aircraft radio stations and unit (large
unit) control points;
-- take-off-command radio networks of aviation
units for control of aircraft during take-offIlanding, and
flights in the areas of their airfields; these radio net-
works include radio stations of aircraft and control points
of the units;
-- the radio network of aerial reconnaissance of
the aviation large unit for control of crews conducting
aerial and weather reconnaissance in support of operations
of subordinate aviation units and subunits, and for receiving
reconnaissance data from reconnaissance aircraft crews; these
radio networks include aircraft (helicopter) radio stations
and radio stations of the large unit (unit) control points;
-- tanker aircraft control radio networks made
up of the radio stations of aircraft being refueled and
the tanker aircraft;
-- radio networks for the control of aircraft of
the military-transport aviation guidance groups make up of
the radio stations of the guidance group aircraft, of the
control points of large units, and radio navigational
systems.
241. Inflight communications in units and sub-
units of auxiliary aviation operating within the boundaries
of the front are as a rule, organized by the headquarters
of the aviation formation. Control of auxiliary aviation
flights beyond the boundaries of the front is effected in
the general radio networks of plotted air routes .
242. Inf light communications in aviation subunits
(units) included in the composition of the ground forces are
organized by the chiefs of communications of combined-arms
formations -(large units). Moreover the necessary data
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(frequencies) for the organization of communications are
allocated by the chief of communications of the aviation
formation.
243. General radio networks of inf light communi-
cations are organized for control of aviation flights within
the territory of the country (theater of military operations,
front), ensuring the safety of flights and cooperation
between aviation large units (units, subunits), as well as
cooperation of aviation with formations (large units) of
ground forces (navy), and large units (units) of missile
and antiair defense troops.
The general aviation radio networks include:
the control and cooperation radio networks of
fighter aviation of the front and of the fighter aviation
of the antiair defense troops of the country;
-- the control and cooperation radio network of
fighter (fighter-bomber) aviation of the aviation formation;
the radio network for cooperation of fighter
aviation with other types of aviation;
-- the cooperation. radio network of bomber aviation;
-- the cooperation radio networks of aviation with
formations (large units) of the ground forces (navy), and
with large units (units) of missile troops and antiair
defense troops of the country;
-- the radio networks of operational and tactical
aerial reconnaissance of the aviation formation;
bases;
-- the radio direction-finding networks;
-- the radio network of radio direction-finding
-- the emergency-rescue service radio network;
? -- take-off command radio networks of the territory
of the country (theater of military operations, front);
-- the radio networks for flights on air routes.
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244. Control and cooperation radio networks of
fighter aviation of the front and fighter aviation of the
antiair defense troops of the country are designated for
control of fighters and for cooperation between them when
conducting joint combat operations. These radio networks
include the aircraft radio stations and radio stations of
ground control points of fighter aviation.
245. The control and cooperation radio network
of fighter (fighter-bomber) aviation of a formation is
intended for target designation and guidance of fighters
(fighter-bombers) to air and ground (sea) targets, as well
as for the handing over of the control of fighters (fighter-
bombers) from one control point to another. This radio
network includes aircraft radio stations and radio stations
of control points of the aviation formation and, when
necessary, also control points of fighter (fighter-bomber)
aviation large units and units.
246. The radio network for the cooperation of
fighter aviation with other types of aviation is intended
for communications in the air between crews, as well as
for communications of crews with ground control points
of coordinating large units (units) of fighter, long range,
front bomber, and fighter-bomber, torpedo and minelaying,
reconnaissance, and military-transport aviation, This radio
network includes radio stations of aircraft and control -,'
points for coordinating aviation large units (units).
Communications in this radio network are, as a
rule, effected on the frequency of the fighter aviation
control network.
247. The radio network for coordination of
bomber aviation is intended for communications between
aircraft crews in the air, as well as for communications
of the crews with ground control points of long range,
front bomber, torpedo and minelaying, and military-trans-
port aviation. These radio networks include aircraft and
control points for the coordination of aviation large units
(units).
248. Radio networks for coordination of aviation
with formations (large units) of the ground forces (navy)
and with large units (units) of missile and antiair defense
troops are intended for communications between aircraft
crews in the air and control points of coordinating troops
(ships); these radio networks include radio stations of
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aircraft, control points, operational groups of aviation
large units, and guidance and target designation officers
who are located with the troops (on board ships) engaged
in coordinated action.
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249. The aerial reconnaissance radio network of
an aviation large unit is intended for control of reconnaissance
aircraft and for receiving reconnaissance data from them.
This radio network includes radio stations of reconnaissance
aircraft and of the control points of the aviation large
unit and aviation reconnaissance units. When necessary,
this radio network may include radio receivers of control
poiftts of aviation large units and formations (large units)
of the ground forces (navy), and the large units (units)
of missile troops for whose benefit the aerial reconnaissance
is being conducted.
250. The radio network of the tactical aerial
reconnaissance of an aviation formation is intended for
control of reconnaissance aircraft and for receiving re-
connaissance data from them. This radio network includes
radio stations of reconnaissance aircraft, control points
of the aviation formation, control points of aviation re-
connaissance units, as well as the radio receivers of
aviation large units, and formations (large units) of ground
forces (navy), and the large units (units) of missile troops
for whose benefit the reconnaissance is conducted.
251. Radio direction-finding networks are in-
tended for communications of aircraft crews with radio
direction-finders. These radio networks include radio
stations of aircraft and of radio direction-finding points
of airfields. When necessary radio stations of control
points of aviation units,are included in the radio network.
252. The radio network of the radio. direction-
finding bases of an aviation formation is intended to
support pilotage. These radio networks include radio
stations of aircraft and radio direction-finding command
posts.
253. The emergency-rescue service radio network
is intended for communications of the emergency-rescue
fif to 6 words missing7 ships allocated for the rescue of
crews that have made?an emergency landing or bailed out.
This radio network includes radio stations of the emergency-
rescue service, and of aircraft, helicopters, and ships
allocated for the rescue of crews.
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254. The territorial take-off-command radio net-
works of the country (theater of military operations, front)
are intended for control of aircraft during take-off and
landing on all military, airfields. These radio networks
include radio stations of aircraft and airfields of all
types of aviation.
255. The radio networks for flights on air
routes are intended for control of all branches and arms
of aviation during flights in the course of the changing
of bases by aviation large units (units, subunits),,during
the flight of individual aircraft and groups of auxiliary
aviation, as well as when ferrying aircraft from industrial
centers to air bases of the aviation formation.
These radio networks include radio stations of
aircraft, command posts of aviation formations and large
units, radio stations of plants and intermediate (air
route) airfields, as well as airfields of the bases of
aviation formations (front).
The Organization of Communications in Aviation-
Technical Large Units and Units
256. Communications in an aviation-technical
large unit (unit) are established:
-- with commanding officers (headqUarters) of sub-
ordinate units and subunits;
-- with rear area installations, units, and
forces;
-- with commanding officers (headquarters) of
the supported aviation large units (units);
-- With the rear area control point of the
aviation formation.
257. Radio communications of an aviation-
technical large unit with subordinate aviation-technical
units, depots, and other rear services installations are
organized within the radio networks that comprise the
headquarters radio stations of the aviation-technical
large unit and radio stations of subordinate units, depots,
and rear services installations.
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In addition, radio stations (radio receivers) of
the aviation-technical large unit also included in:
-- the radio network (radio link) of voice or
teletype communications of the rear area control point of
the aviation formation;
-- the duty radio network of the aviation formation;
the radio network of the rear services of the
aviation formation;
-- the front warning radio network:
258, Radio communications of an aviation-technical
unit with subordinate subunits and the commanding officer
of the aviation unit being supported are organized within
the airfield intercom radio network. Prior to the arrival
of the aviation unit at the airfield the reception of data
in the warning radio network of the front (navy, troops of
antiair defense of the country)is effected directly by the
aviation-technical unit, and with the arrival of the aviation.
unit at the airfield.- via the aviation unit command post.
259. Radio-relay communications in an aviation-
technical large unit may be established:
-- with subordinate aviation-technical units;
-- with commanding officers ((headquarters) of the
supporting aviation large units.
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Radio-relay communications with subordinate aviation-
technical units are effected by the forces and means of
the aviation-technical large unit. In order to support
these communications, channels in radio-relay communication
lines of the aviation large unit may be allocated.
Radio-relay communications of an aviation-technical
large unit with an aviation large unit rear area control
point and the commanding officers (headquarters) of the
supported aviation large units, are effected by the forces
and means of the aviation formation.
260. Wire communications of an aviation-tech-
nical large unit with subordinate units are effected on
permanent lines (channels) of communications allocated
by the higher headquarters.
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Wire communications with the rear area control point
of an aviation formation and with commanding officers (head-
quarters) of supported aviation large units are effected over
permanent communications lines (channels), allocated by the
higher headquarters.
If such lines (channels)are not allocated, then
the wire communications are effected through signal centers
of the aviation large units (units) being supported.
Wire communications, of an aviation-technical unit
with subordinate subunits and with the commanding officer
of the aviation unit being supported, are organized over
a field (permanent)airfield intercbt cable line by the forces
and means of the aviation-technical unit.
261. Communications by mobile means in an aviation-
technical large unit (unit) with subordinate aviation-tech-
nical units, depots, and installations, are organized by
links and circular routes by the forces and means of the
aviation-technical large unit (unit).
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Chapter 7
Radiotechnical Support in Aviation Large Units and Units
General Principles
262. Radiotechnical support in an aviation large
unit (unit, subunit) is organized and effected by means of
organic and attached forces and means, as well as by em-
ploying radiotechnical support means of other aviation
large units (units) and radiotechnical means of antiair
defense troops.
263. Ground means of radiotechnical support
are subdivided into stationary and mobile ones. In an
aviation large unit, (unit, subunit) primarily mobile means
are used.
Ground means of radiotechnical support operate
in a complex with appropriate equipment available on aircraft
(helicopters).
264. The most important conditions for organizing
radiotechnical support are: proper selection of positions
and their engineer preparation; fast deployment, camouflaging,
and concealment of means of radiotechnical support from enemy
observation and enemy destruction; uninterrupted operation,
and protection from enemy radio jamming.
50X1 -HUM
Means of radiotechnical support must be in a state
of constant readiness for operation. Three stages of readiness
of these means for operation are established.
Readiness No. I (first readiness).
The equipment of the radiotechnical means has been
checked out, tuned in, and is completely ready for operation
and for immediate switching on. Power supply units have been
warmed up. Communications are ready for operation, means of
radio communications and radio direction finding are receiving.
All personnel of the duty shift are at their respective work
stations/.
Readiness No. 2 (second readiness)
The equipment of radiotechnical means has been
checked out, tuned in, and is completely ready for operation
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and for immediate switching on. Power supply units have been
warmed up. Communications are ready for operation. When wire
communications are not available, radio communications and
radio direction finding means are receiving. A skeleton duty
crew is at its work stations. The rest of the personnel are
either working, studying, or resting in places designated by
the commanding officer.
50X1 -HUM
Readiness No. 3 (third readiness).
Means of radiotechnical support are deployed at
positions. The equipment of these means and radio communications
is completely ready for work, is checked out, and is switched
off. %Power supply unitshave been lubricated and refueled.
Personnel are working, studying, or resting in places designated
by the commanding officer.
265. The degree of readiness of means of radiotechnical
support for operation and the time for transferring these means
from one readiness to another are determined by the commanding
officer of the aviation large unit (unit).
Putting into operation all or part of the means that
are at first or second readiness is carried out at the command
of the commanding officer (chief of staff)of the large unit(unit),
the flight control officer, the commander of the command post,
or upon request from an aircraft.
266. Radiotechnical support includes radio aid and
illumination, and ground radar, support.
Radio Aid and Illumination-
Technical Support
267. Radiotechnical support represents a complex of
measures for equipping airfields, airways, and the territory
where the aviation formation is based with radio aid and
illumination means, and organizing uninterrupted operation of
these means usedfor takeoff and forming of combat formations
of aircraft in the air, control and regulation of flights,
meetings of coordinating aviation subunits (groups), piloting
of aircraft, guiding aircraft (helicopters) to ground (sea)
targets and to landing operation zones, bombing zones, zones
of landing (dropping) of landing forces (cargoes), guiding
aircraft (helicopters) to the airfield area, and their landing
in complex meteorological conditions during the day and night,
and for designation of friendly troops (front line).
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268. The basic means of radio aid and illumination
support are:
radiotechnical systems of long-range navigation;
radiotechnical systems of short-range navigation;
aircraft landing systems;
radio rangefinder bombing systems;
- long-and short-range radio direction finding points
and bases;
stations;
-- precision approach radar and radio broadcasting
-- radar responder beacons;
-- technical illumination and pyrotechnical means.
269. A radiotechnical system of long-range navigation
is an organizational-technical complex composed of three or more
stations installed on the territory of the country for air navi-
gation and for guiding aircraft to ground targets (objectives).
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270. A radiotechnical system of short-range navigation
is an organizational-technical complex of equipment, installed
at airports and on the territory of the aviation formation bases
in order to ensure air navigation, guiding of aircraft to stationary
ground targets, and to landing airfields, as well as to support the
landing of aircraft.
271. An aircraft landing system is an organizational-
technical complex of communications, radiotechnical, and tech-
nical-illumination equipment installed at airfields for supporting
the take-offs, control and regulation of the flights of aircraft in
the airfield area, guiding them to the airfield, and supporting
landings under difficult meteorological conditions during the day
or night.
272. A radio rangefinding (rangefinding) bombing
system is an organizational-technical complex of navigation
and communications stations installed at two to four points
on the basing territory of an aviation formation to support
landing force (cargo) drops, air navigation and guiding air-
craft to the target areas (landing zones) and bombing areas,
and for determining coordinates of ground objectives in aerial
photography.
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273. A long-range radio direction-finding base is an
organizational-technical complex composed of two or three or
more radio direction-finding centers installed on the territory
of the country in order to determine the location of aircraft
during long-range flights and for transmitting these data to
the aircraft or to the command post.
274. A short-range radio direction-finding base
represents an organizational-technical complex of two or three
or more radio direction-finding points established on the
territory of the aviation formation base for determining the
location of aircraft (helicopters) and transmitting the
information to the aircraft or to the command post.
50X1-HUM
275. A radio direction-finding ,point (center)
consists of radio direction-finders and radio stations installed
on the basing territory of an aviation formation for taking
bearings on an aircraft radio station and transmitting the
meaning of the bearings to the aircraft (helicopter) or to the
command post.
276. The precision approach radar radio stations
are installed at airfields and the basing territory of the
aviation formation for control of the route, and for guiding
aircraft (helicopters) to the target areas (landing zones),
and guiding them to landing airfields.
277. Radar responder beacons are used for marking
individual objectives, for target designation, and for
designation of landing zones.
278. Technical illumination means are installed at
airfields for illuminating take-off--landing strips, for creation
of artificial landmarks used during take-off, landing, and moving
of aircraft (helicopters) on the airfield during complex
meteorological conditions and at night as well as for marking
airfield and points on the aviation basing territory.
279. Pyrotechnical means are employed at airfields,
on the basing territory of the aviation formation, and in areas
of aviation combat operations, for signalling, guiding aircraft
(helicopters) to the target area and to the landing zones, for
marking points on the ground, and for the creation of artificial
landmarks.
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280. When organizing and carrying out radio aid and
illumination support, the following is envisaged:
-- preparing the basing territory of the aviation
formation, the airfields, and airways with radio aid and
illumination means, maneuvering them in the course of
combat operations (flights) depending on the tasks being
fulfilled by the aviation, basing conditions, and the
developing situation /-2 or 3 words possibly missing 7;
-- determining the procedure for employing radio
aid and illumination means, operating data, and their
transmission to aviation large units, units, subunits, and
to the entire flight personnel
-- timely transmission of the data obtained with
the help of radio aid and illumination means to the
appropriate control points and to airplane (helicopter)
crews located in the air;
-- ensuring uninterrupted operation and proper use
of radio aid and illumination means.
281. The procedure for organizing the outfitting
of airfields and the basing territory of an aviation
formation with means of ground radio aid and illumination
support is determined on the basis of:
-- the tasks and composition of aviation in the forth-
coming combat operations (flights);
-- the conditions under which aviation large units
(units, subunits) are based at airfields:
-- the tactical-technical data of the means of radio
aid and illumination support available in the armament;
-- the need to create continuous radar and radio
navigation fields at certain altitudes within designated
boundaries;
-- the need to exclude mutual interference during
the operation of radiotechnical means;
-- the need to cover the combat operations area with
operational zones of the radiotechnical means;
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?-- the availability of means and the need to create a
reserve of radio aid and illumination means and operating
frequencies /2 or 3 words missing 7;
-- the amount of time available for the organization of
radio aid and illumination support.
282. In order to support the flights (cross-country
flights) over airways radio aid and illumination support
means are employed which may be used during the flights
(cross-country flights) regardless of their departmental
designation.
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283. The equipping of the basing territory of the aviation
formation with ground radio aid and illumination support means
is done in accordance with the distribution plan, worked out
by the chief of communications jointly with the chief navigator
and confirmed by the chief of staff of the aviation formation.
The distribution of means is effected so as to provide the
airplane (helicopter) crews with the possibility of simultaneous
use of several different types of means. The distribution of
means and the assignment of data for their operation are carried
out taking into account the need to avoid mutual interference.
The selection of working positions and the placing of
radio aid and illumination means is effected by communications
chiefs of aviation large units and commanding officers of
communications and radiotechnical support units on the basis
of directives of the aviation formation (large unit) headquarters
284. To support the take-off and assembly, of aircraft
and for guiding them to the landing airfield and ensuring
their landing means of mobile or stationary landing systems and
individual radio did and illumination means / one or more words
missing 7 are placed at airfields and on the?approaches to the
airfields.
285. The distribution of the equipment of stationary and
mobile landing systems on an airfield and on the approaches to
itis-lcatried.out in accordance with standard diagrams that
are identical for the aviation of all departments. Distribution
of the remaining means of radio aid and illumination support is
determined by the large unit (unit) commanding officer.
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236. When equipping airfields with landing systems it is
necessary to envisage:
-- ensuring safe landing of aircraft under any conditions
of the situation, during the day and night, including conditions
of jamming created by the enemy;
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-- carrying out radio and light discipline measures;
-- ensuring uninterrupted control of all radio aid and
illumination means and landing systems from the take-off
command post (command-dispatcher post) of the airfield.
287. The selection of operational sites for the installation
of landing systems means, the overflight of the operating zones
of the means, and checking their proper disposition at the air-
field are effected by special commissions assigned by commanders
of aviation formations and commanding officers of large units.
The commanding officer of an aviation large unit (unit,
or subunit based at a separate airfield) must organize periodic
overflights of radio aid and illumination means in accordance
with the instructions in force, and carry out a systematic
check of operational quality of these means.
jr s1288..; Radio aid and illumination means operate during the
perio&pf time that is determined by the regulations (lists),
as,well-as-,by:order, The order for the operation of radio aid
and illumination means is effected simultaneously with the
requests for support of the flight (cross-country flight) or
from aboard the aircraft (helicopter).
, .289, Activation of the operation of the radio aid and
illumination,is effected in accordance with the schedule
indicated in regulations (lists), as well as at the order of
the_flight control officer, the communications chief, or the
duty officer for communications and radiotechnical support.
When a request for the operation of radio aid and illumination
means is made from onboard an airplane (helicopter), the
means are turned on immediately.
290. Air navigation, approach to the airfield (target)
area, and the landing of the aircraft by instruments with the
help of means of radio aid and illumination support are carried
out independently by airplane (helicopter) crews.
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The duty shift responsible for the operation of radio
aid and illumination means constantly observes the established
regime and procedure of their operation in accordance with
the instructions in effect.
Duty operators of radio direction-finding points (bases)
determine the bearings of aircraft radio stations, establish
the azimuth (coordinates) of the airplane and transmit the
results of radio direction-finding to the aircraft or to the
command post (command-dispatcher of take-off command post of
the aviation unit or subunit based at a separate airfield).
291. Control of air traffic in the area of the airfield
(airport) and rendering assistance to the crew in the approach
and the calculation of the landing are carried out by the
flight control officer or his deputy (the landing control
officer), using the landing system radar.
The aircraft crew must carry out the commands of the
chief flight control officer or his deputy (landing control
officer),accurately and in good time, while observing the
necessary flight safety measures.
The duty operators of the search and dispatcher radar-
sets detect aircraft, identify them, establish their position,
and transmit the necessary information to the flight control
officer or to his deputy for use in regulating aircraft traffic.
292. The maneuver of means of radio aid and illumination
support is carried out for:
? 7- equipping airfields and combat operation areas when
shifting bases of large units and units;
-- replacement of means rendered useless as a result of
.-
coMbat losses or technical disablement;
supporting air navigation, bombing, control, air drops,
and landing of aircraftin conditions of radia jatming created
_
by the enemy;
- marking sectors for flying over the front lines
The procedure for maneuvering with means of radio aid
and illumination Support is established by the commander
(chief of staff) of the aviation formation (the largeunit
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commanding officer) on the basis of the suggestions given by
the communications chief and the chief (senior) navigator, and
is reflected in the communications and radiotechnical support
plan.
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Ground Radar Support
293. Ground radar support includes a complex of measures
on the deployment and organization of uninterrupted operation
of ground radar means employed for the detection and identification
of aerial targets, establishing their coordinates, and directing
friendly aircraft to the air enemy.
294. Ground means of radar support include:
-- radar detection and guidance stations;
--range-only radar and radar altimeters;
-- radar identification stations.
295. Ground radar means are located in the area of the
aviation large unit (unit) control points, and are used to
perform the following basic tasks:
50X1
-- detecting aerial targets, establishing their coordinates
(azimuth, range, and flight altitude) and characteristics (the
approximate numbers, types, combat formations, and other data);
-- establishing whether or not the aerial targets belong
to friendly armed forces, as well as their individual identification;
-- direction of fighters by station indicators, a plotter,
or with the aid of computers.
Besides the performance of basic tasks, ground radar means
may be used for control of airplane (helicopter) flights,
ensuring the meeting of coordinating subunits (crews) in the
air; weather reconnaissance (detecting thunderstorm centers,
thunderclouds, cloudbursts, and radioactive clouds); detecting
areas of airfields and launching pads (sites) of enemy missile
weapons by areas where targets systematically appear and
disappear.
296. Employment of radar means is organized in accordance
with the decision of the aviation large unit (unit) commanding
officer and at the order of the higher headquarters.
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297. Radar detection and guidance means, supporting
control points of the aviation large unit (unit), and as
a ruleAhaving, a different wave band, are organizationally
technically joined into a radar center (post).
298. The total complex of radar centers (posts) of
the control points of an aviation formation, large unit,
and unit makes up the radar sypport system of the aviation
formation. This system is a component part of the general
ground radar support system of the front.
The control points of aviation large units (units)
usually recieve the first information concerning aerial
targets from the radar centers (posts) of the antiair
defense troops of the front (country).
299. The disposition of radar center (post) means in
the area of the aviation large unit (unit) control point
must ensure:
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-- the creation of the necessary radar field that permits
the detection, identification, and tracking of the air enemy
(targets) at the maximum range, and the accurate and timely
direction of friendly fighters to it;
-- the resistance of the means of the center to radio
jamming;
-- the possibility of using a minimum number of the radar
means that have been put into operation;
-- the possibility of using radar means of coordinating
aviation large units (units) and antiair defense troops;
-- the reliable camouflage of radar means from enemy
aerial, ground, and radio reconnaissance, security, defense,
and engineer preparation of positions for protection against
the effects of means of mass destruction.
When locating the means of a radar center (post) one
should also take into account the level of industrial and
mutual interference, the presence of access roads, water
supply sources, operating communications channels (lines),
and power supply lines.
300. When selecting positions for the radar center
(post) it is necessary to take into consideration:
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-- the possibility of deploying means in an operational
condition;
-- the availability of areas which are level and free
of rises and falls of terrain, angles of coverage and shielding
obstacles that are inadmissible for a given type of radar means;
-- the necessary removal distance from the control point.
The proper selection of positions for the means of a
radar center (post) is ensured by the study of their deploy-
ment area on a large-scale map (aerial photographs), and
by reconnaissance and topographic work on the terrain.
301. The means of the radar center (post), besides the
basic positions, must always have prepared alternate positions
that satisfy the same requirements as the basic ones. The
alternate positions must be selected within the area designated
for the radar center (post), taking into consideration the
possible shifting of the control point.
Shiftiftg_ of the means of a radar center (post) from
basic to alternate positions is effected At the decision of
the aviation large unit commanding officer.
302. Concealment of radar support means from air,
ground, and radio reconnaissance consists of disguising the
work and camouflaging the disposition of radar means.
303. The disguising of the work of radar means from
radio reconnaissance may be effected by:
-- limiting or completely forbidding the operation of
new types of radar means;
-- limiting the retuning of frequencies;
-- switching on the minimum number of means when detecting
and tracking aerial targets;
-- reducing emissions in the direction of the enemy;
-- concealing the effectiveness of the influence of radio
jamming on radar means;
-- limiting the operating time of radar interrogators;
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-- the use of dummy radar means.
304. The camouflaging of the disposition of radar
means from air and ground reconnaissance is achieved by:
-- utilizing protective features of the terrain;
-- selecting positions to the side of typical radar
ground landmarks, especially contrasting ones from the radar
standpoint;
-- employing special reflectors to distort radar land-
marks located close to the positions of radar stations;
-- engineer preparation of positions;
-- using organic and improvised camouflage
means.
Preparation and engineer equipping of the positions
(basic, alternate, and dummy) are carried out by the forces
and means of the aviation-technical unit and of the
engineer units and subunits, and by using the personnel
communications and radiotechnical support units and sub-
units.
305. The operating range and the accuracy of the work
of radar center (post) means deployed at the basic or alternate
position are checked by an overflight carried out in accordance
with the instructions in effect, and when special equipment is
available -- by the method of no overflights..
Dependingon the situation, the overflight of the zones
of operation of the radar center (post) means may be carried
out by aircraft especially assigned for this purpose, as well
as incidentally while they are performing combat tasks.
306. Coordination in employing friendly radar means
and the radar means of coordinating large units (units) and
antiair defense troops is achieved by:
-- combining control points of coordinating large units
(units);
-- organizing communications and using available channels
and means of communications remote control and radio relay
lines for mutual information on the air situation, composition,
disposition, and time limits and the operating procedures of
radar means;
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-- transferring control of aircraft from certain aviation
control points to others;
coordinating problems of organizing radar detection
fields.
307. The continuity of the operation of the radar support
system in conditions of enemy employment of radio jamming is
achieved by means of creating a concealed system by reserving
part of the radar means.
The disposition of the concealed system of radar means
must ensure the possibility of their employment by the same
control points that control the operating system.
The time limits for readiness and the operating procedure
of the operating and concealed systems are established, as a
rule, by order of higher headquarters.
308. When organizing and effecting radar support, measures
must be planned and carried out for the protection of radar
means from enemy radio jamming.
Measures for the protection of radar means from enemy
radio jamming are subdivided into organizational and technical
ones.
309. The organizational measures envisaged when planning
radar support include:
-- the tuning in of the same type of means on various
operating frequencies within the limits of their wave bands;
-- the simultaneous employment of means operating on
different wave bands;
-- the creation of a reserve of means with bands that
differ from those in operation, and activation of the reserve
in case of absolute necessity;
--? .the use of radar means of coordinating aviation large
units (units) and antiair defense troops, not subjected to
radio jamming;
-- the establishment of a procedure for employing the
means that ensures the maximum concealment of their operation;
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310. The technical measures include:
- the employment of equipment and devices for radio
jamming protection;
50X1 -HUM
? the altering of working procedures and the adjustment
of equipment with the goal of improving the ;conditions for
isolating the useful signal against the background of jamming;
-- switching off the channel effected by radio jamming
while providing for reception on other channels (on multi-
channel stations).
Technical measures for the protection of radar means from
interference-are effected by personnel in accordance with the
nature and /-one line missing 7.
311. When organizing operations of the means of radar
support for detection and tracking of enemy missile weapons
the following should be taken into account:
-- the high rates of speed and the range of missile
flight altitudes;
- the relatively small reflectingi_surfaces of targets
that hinders their detection at long ranges;
-- the probability of appearance of,
as a rule, dispersed along the routes;
-- the difficulty of identifying and
characteristics of the targets,
single targets,
determining the
In order to detect, track, and intercept pilotless
means of air attack it is essential to envisage the possibility
of simultaneous operation of the means of the radar centers
(posts) located along the axis and on the flanks of the
effected flight paths of these targets.
312. The operation of ground radar means is supported
by duty shifts. The composition of the duty shifts and the
duties of the personnel are determined by appropriate in-
structions.
The smooth operation of the duty shifts of radar stations
and crews of command posts, the timely assigning of tasks to
them, and the continuity of control of the operation of radar
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sets, represent the most important conditions for ensuring
successful combat with the air enemy.
313. When assigning a task to the duty shift of a radar
center /-2 or 3 words missing 7 operating made of sets, the
most important axes (sectors) of observation, probable flight
paths and altitudes of the air enemy, and the speed of trans-
mitting data about aerial targets and friendly aircraft. In
some cases, a radar set is assigned a definite sector for
observation of the air situation.
314. The turning on of ground radar means is effected in
accordance with a chart approved by the chief of communications,
or at the order of duty officer at the aviation large unit
(unit) command post.
Information concerning all detected targets is transmitted
from radar stations for the aviation large unit (unit) control
point. Subsequent tracking of targets, elaboration of their
characteristics, and the tracking of friendly aircraft are
carried out in accordance with directives received from the
control point.
315. The search for the air enemy is conducted in a
designated sector or by way of all-around observation. Upon
detecting the targets, the radar station team (crew) must
determine, within the shortest possible time, the coordinates
and characteristics of the targets, identify them, and transmit
data concerning these targets to the control point of the
aviation large unit (unit).
When directing aircraft to aerial targets, at the radar
stations /-2 or 3 words missing 7 a mode of operation is used
which assures reliable simultaneous /-one word missing 7 of the
air target (targets) and the direction /one line missing 7.
316. When directing aircraft, the crew of the radar
center (post) of the station must:
50X1 -HUM
-- keep track of the air enemy and, using friendly air-
craft, quickly determine their coordinates and transmit them
immediately to the control point of the aviation large unit (unit)
-- establish and report in good time to the control point
of the aviation large unit (unit) the disappearance from the
screens of images of the aerial targets and the aircraft being
directed, separation or the appearance of new targets, change
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of flight attitude of targetslas well as friendly aircraft,
and also use of radio jamming by the enemy;
support uninterrupted operation of radar means;
50X1 -HUM
-- observe the established procedure for radio communications
and radio traffic regulations;
-- report in good time to the command post the departure of
air enemy or friendly aircraft from the observation zone of radar
sets.
317. Relocation of ground radar means during the course
of combat operations is effected by decision of the aviation
formation headquarters, depending on the movement of control
points in such a way as to ensure maintenance of a solid radar
field and reliable control of the aviation large units (units)
covering the main grouping of troops of the front (army).
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cFCRFT
Chapter 8
Communications and Radiotechnical Support
When Changing the Bases of Aviation
318. The tasks of communications and radiotechnical
support when relocating the bases of aviation are:
equipping territory, control points, and airfields
at the new basing location with means of communications and
radiotechnical support;
50X1 -HUM
? -- organizing and carrying out the relocation of com-
munications and radiotechnical support means to new basing
areas, and their timely readiness for operation;
? providing the commanding officer and the staff with
uninterrupted communications with air and ground echelons
of the large unit (unit, subunit), and with new airfields;
-- control of airplanes and helicopters by radiotechnical
means, and keeping the commanding officer (staff) informed on
the whereabouts of the crews in flight from the old base to the
new, and on the air situation;
? rendering assistance to the crews in flight in air
navigation and approach to the airfields of the new basing
sites;
-- providing support in landing of airplanes (helicopters)
on new airfields;
319. In preparation for relocation of basing, the
communications chief of the aviation large unit (unit)
must:
-- ascertain which air centers (airfields) the aviation
large unit (unit, subunit) is being relocated to, the proper
sequence, time schedule, and itinerary of the relocation .to
the new basing sites of ground and air echelons, and inter-
mediate and emergency airfields;
ascertain the sequence and time of relocation of con-
trol points, and their locations in the new basing area, as
well as organization of control during the course of basing
relocation;
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-- establish which aviation-technical large units (units)
will support the aviation large unit (unit) in the new basing
area;
50X1 -HUM
-- ascertain which communications and radiotechnical
means are being relocated to the new site and which are remaining
at their_old locations, and the procedure of their further use;
-- establish the time of readiness of communications and
radiotechnical means at the new site;
-- determine which communications and radiotechnical
means of other large units deployed along the routes of basing
relocation may be utilized;
-- establish which aviation large units (units, subunits)
communications are to be organized with at the new basing
site, and what are the time schedules;
rone word missing 7 features of operation of means
of communications and /-2 or 3 words missing 7 during relocation;
-- determine the procedure of radio concealment during
basing relocation.
320.. For equipping the territory, control points, and
airfields in the new base area with communications and radio-
technical support means, reserve forces and equipment, as
well as part of the forces and equipment transferred from the
previous base area are used. Interruption of communications
and termination of operation of radio technical support means
in the previous basing area are carried out upon clearance
from higher headquarters.
321. Communications during basing relocation may be
maintained by radio, radio relay, wire, and mobile means of
communications. Employment of one or the other means of com-
munications is established by the higher headquarters on the
basis of the existing situation. In all cases of employment
of technical means of communications, especially those of
radio and radio relay, radio concealment and security of
basing relocation must be strictly observed.
322. Radio relay and wire communications between the new
and Old basing areas are effected via the communications center
of higher headquarters. In some cases radio relay or wire
channels may be assigned by order of higher headquarters for
establishing direct communications between the new and old
basing areas.
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323. Mobile means are used for organizing communications
between new and previous basing areas, as well as for cOmmuni-
cations with ground echelons along the route of their movement.
324. During relocation by ground /-line missing 7 by rail-
road, water, or air transport, communications with th-gm can be
maintained through active communicationschannels of railway and
water transport, and through the channels of radio communications
of transport aviation.
325.. Means of communications and radiotechnical support
needed for,the support of airplane (helicopter) flights during
basing relocation are determined by the chief of staff of the
aviation large unit (unit) upon the recommendation of the chief
air navigator and chief of communications. A request for
operation of means along the route of basing relocation is
made by the communications chief through higher headquarters.
326. In order to provide .continuous control of aircraft
during the period of relocation of control points, it is
necessary to have at the communications centers of. the aviation
large units means of.radio and radio-relay communications which
will ensure communications during.the move.
327. When relocating bases of aviation large. units (units,
subunits) to other airfields within the boundaries of the front,
radio communications with airplanes (helicopters) in flight are
maintained within the inf light networks of aviation large units
and units. The nature of radio traffic within these networks
during the relocation flights must not differ from the nature
of radio traffic during combat flights. For control of flying
echelons and relocation flight support, use is made of means
of communications and radiotechnical support of air navigation
and landing control of one's own as well as other large units
(units) of the aviation formation deployed in the flight zones.
328. During basing relocation flights of aviation large
units (units) to the new airfields which are located beyond
the boundaries of one's own front, radio communications with
the aircraft, and radiotechnical support,of the flight, are
carried out according to the data found in the effective
regulations and lists of radio aid and illumination technical
support of flights, using means of communications and radio-
technical support along the relocation flight routes regardless
of their departmental assignment.
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329. Take-off of the aircraft for the _new basing area is
approved only after confirmation is received of operational
readiness of the requested means of communications and radio-
technical support, and after the acquaintance of the personnel
with the data and procedure for using these means in the
course of the flight is verified.
330. When organizing relocation of means of communications
and radiotechnical support it is necessary to:
-- determine the composition of the forward detachment,
and organize its preparation and dispatch to the new basing
area;
-- determine the sequence of taking down and relocating
the means to the new place of disposition;
?'work out a diagram of location of the means in the
new basing area;
--select positions and organize deployment of the means
in the new basing area;
?determine which means of communications and radio-
technical support of other large units, deployed along the
routes of basing relocation, can be activated or support
of control of flight echelons and support of relocation
flights in the course of /-one line missing 7.
331. During the course of relocation of means of communi-
cations and radiotechnical support, it is necessary to:
-- control the taking down and relocation of means;
-- render necessary material-technical assistance to
the units and subunits of communications and radiotechnical
support being relocated;
-- carry out, when necessary, a maneuver of means in
the course of basing relocation;
-- control the operation of means assigned by other
large units for support of control and flights of air echelons
during the course of basing relocation.
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50X1-HUM
332. Upon completion of basing relocation and deployment
of means of communications and radiotechnical support in the
new basing area, the communications chief of the aviation
large unit (unit) submits a report to the higher communications
chief on radiotechnical means ready for operation, indicating
their respective locations, operational data, and the setup
of the operating plan.
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Chapter 9
Automatic and Automated Control Systems
50X1 -HUM
333. In view of the sharp increase of flying speeds of
aircraft, the appearance and rapid development of missiles
of different classes, and the transition by aviation to
operations (flights) with numerous small groups and single
aircraft under any meteorological conditions, during the day
or night, reliable and continuous control of aviation is best
ensured by the employment of automatic and automated control
systems.
334. An automatic or automated control system represents
an organizational-technical complex of ground and airborne
means of automatic equipment, telemechanics, telemetering,
communications, and radiotechnical support. The means of
automation of these means of control are based on electronic
computers.
The automatic /-remainder of line missing 7 of control
/-remainder of line missing7 by formations, rirge units
7-iemainder of line missing-7 assure:
-- rapidly /-remainder of line missing 7 to the user
/-remainder of fine missing 7;
-- rune missing _7 on fulfilment of assigned tasks
(results of combat operations);
-- assembly, accumulation, processing, and storing of
various information on enemy troops, as well as friendly
troops;
-- making operational-tactical calculations necessary
for aircraft control;
-- control of group and single airplane (helicopter)
flights;
-- direction of aircraft to aerial and ground targets,
as well as the direction of missiles of the surface-to-air"
class to aerial targets;
-- retargeting of aviation;
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SECRET
GROUP 1
Excluded front automatic
downgrading and
declassification
?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
SECRET
-- direction of aircraft (helicopters) to areas of air-
fields for landing;
-- landing of aircraft (helicopters) under various
meteorological conditions,
335. Ground means of automatic and automated systems
are installed at control points, communications centers, and
radar centers (posts).
Airborne equipment of the systems is installed on board
aircraft (helicopters) and missiles.
336. Digital electronic computers included in automatic
and automated systems are meant for:
50X1 -HUM
-- assembly, accumulation, processing, and storing of
information needed for operational-technical calculations and
references (information-logic machines);
-- for production on an earlier /-1 or 2 words missing 7
program of operational- /-3 or 4 words missing_7 necessary Tor
/-4 or 5 words _7 of operations /-line missing 7;
-- for fulfilling various calculations in headquarters of
aviation formations and large units (general-purpose machines).
Aside from that, analog electronic computers may be employed
in control systems for handling a number of very specialized
computation problems.
337. The telemechanics means of automatic and automated
control systems provide automatic and semiautomatic remote
control and command by various control system devices.
338. The telemetering means of the automatic and semi-
automatic control systems provide for the measurement by
remote control of various values by automatic or semiautomatic
reduction and transmission to control points or directly to
aircraft (helicopters) and missiles in the air, of the findings
of measuring instruments and output indicators.
339. Exchange of information between various means of
automatic and semiautomatic control systems is fulfilled
through the lines of telemechanic, telemetering, and tele-
code communications.
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SECRET
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgroding and
declossification
50X1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28 : CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
werriewerew ere
mi....rm.. ? -
SFr-RFT
50X1 -HUM
Besides, in the control systems, for exchange of information
between the teams of control points and crews of aircraft (heli-
copters), use is made of telephone, telegraph, /one word missing 7
and remote signal communications.
340. Means of radiotechnical /-one word missing 7 of auto-
matic and automated machines Cone Tword missing 7 of control of
air forces /-2 to 3 words missing _7 of detection- /-3 or 4 words
missing 7,-7Of coordinates of aerial and ground taFgets, as well
as for "individual identification and determining of coordinates
of friendly aircraft (helicopters) and missiles.
341. Planning and organizing the employment of automatic
and automated systems of control are carried out by the aviation
formation staff in accordance with the decision of the commander
and directives of higher headquarters.
The ground means of automatic and automated control systems
are placed on the territory of the aviation formation base in
such a way as to provide uninterrupted control of aviation.
342. Selection of positions and placing of ground means
and equipment of the automatic and automated control systems
are organized by the communications chief of the aviation ?
formation in compliance with the plan confirmed by-the
commander (chief of staff).
Besides, units and subunits of radiotechnical support are
charged with the, task of ensuring uninterrupted operation of
all the equipment included in the ground means of automatic
and automated control systems.
343. Communications and radiotechnical support, when
employing automatic and automated control systems, are organized
in compliance with rone word missing _7 regulations stated
in /-two words missIng 7.
SECRET
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
?
?
50X1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
SECRET
50X1-HUM
50X1
AVERAGE WORK NORMS WHICH MUST BE USED AS A
BASIS IN PLANNING COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNICAL
SUPPORT, AND ASSIGNING TASKS TO UNITS (SUBUNITS) OF
COMMUNICATIONS AND RADIOTECHNICAL SUPPORT
1. Means of Communications
1. Setting up vehicular radio stations
type of antennas being used):
High power 1 to 10 kilowatt R-110 6 to 10 hrs.
Medium power .1 to 1 kilowai4R-102 up to 1 hr.
R-118, R-820, R-830 up to 30 mdn.
Low power up to .1 kilowatt R-829 up to 15 min.
2. Setting up portable radio sets R-105, R-106, and R-809
p to 5'min.
(depending on the
3. Setting up radio-relay stations:
Heavy type: R-400 up to 1.5 hrs.
R-400*, R-402 up to 2 hrs,
Light type (two half sets) up to 40 min.
(one half set) up to 20 min.
4. Laying of field cable lines of communications:
Heavy cable by a section
Telegraph cable by a section
Telephone cable by a section
Telephone cable by a team
2 to 3 km p/h
3 to 4 km p/h
4 to 5 km p/h
2 to 3 km p/h
5. Construction of a permanent overhead communications
line, one circuit being installed per working day, (10 hrs)
By a platoon 2 km
By a company 5 to 6 km
6. Construction of a permanent overhead communications
line, with one circuit being installed per working day
(10 hrs) using mechanized means of line installation work:
By a platoon 3 to 4 km
By a company
SFCRFT
9 to 12 km
GROUP I
Excluded hom automatic!
downgrading end
dedestiArnfnn
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
SECRET
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7. Installing one circuit on existing poles by a platoon
in one working day (10 hrs) 50X1
8 to 10 km
8. Operating maintenance of permanent overhead com-
munications lines by a platoon is 60 to 100 km with possible
installation along the line of one monitoring-testing point
and three monitoring telephone posts.
9. Setting up communications centers mounted in mobile
installations:
.Command post of a large unit up to 1.5 hrs.
Forward command post of a large unit .up to 30 min.
2. Radio Aid and Illumination-Technical Means
-1. Setting,up mobile radio range-finding bombing systems
(Rym-b" and_ DBS-2m)
up to 1.5 hrs- -
2. Setting up mobile radiotechnical systems of short-.
range navigation (RSBN-2)
up to 3 hrs.
3. Setting up mobile approach radio sets PAR-7 and PAR-8
up to 1.5 hrs.
4. Setting up mobile radio direction finders.-ARP-6
up to 1 hr.
5. Setting up mobile radio direction finders R-301
2 to,3 hrs.
6. Setting up mobile aircraft landing system OSP
3 to 5 hrs.
7. Setting up mobile aircraft landing system SRP
1 to 1.5 hrs.
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SECRET
GROUP
Excrudod from automatic
downgrading ond
doclossificotion
?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
SECRET
50X1 -HUM
8. Setting:up mobile landing radio-beacon group.PRMG-2
up to 1.5 hrs.
9. Setting up light beacons KNS-1P and APM-90
up to 30 min..
3. Radar Means
1. Setting up mobile radar deteation and control stations,
and mobile radar range-finders (P-30, P-35)
4 to 5 hrs.
2. Setting up mobile radar detection stations P-15
10 min.
3. Setting up mobile detection, control, and target
designation radar stations and height finders (P-10, PRY-b)
up to 1.5 hrs.
4. Setting up mobile radar stations P-12M
up to 1 hr.
5. Setting up mobile control points of air forces
fighter aircraft RL-30P
up to 2 hrs
The rate of speed of communications and radiotechnical
support subunits' work at night, in winter time, and in
conditions of difficult terrain is reduced by 25 to 40 percent.
The time needed for setting up radio aid and illumination-
technical and radar means is given without considerating the
time needed for selection and preparation of sites.
?139?
SECRET
GROUP I
Excluded front automatic
downgrading and
declonification
50X1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7
50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/02/28: CIA-RDP80T00246A030100090001-7