THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS IN SURVIVAL RATIONS

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 275
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 19, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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PYS'O CCJL. BL eis ;viz vAsnOps SURYIYAI- RATIONS
ut 1. The Efitas?tcrof Young Men Linde$ Towero?e. Coact...inns *.
THE PHYS10JDGIC.AL 'BASIS FOR VA.;101./5 03;1511111ENTS IN SURYIVI. RATIONS
Pcrt: 1: Az Efficiency of Young Ihn Under Tetrpeta.te Conditions
June 195:
STAT
JtNE 1954.
ARIGHT AIR DEAE1.01".11..\if CEIiTF.R
tiere4-t Air Develoirnent .Center
Aar Rer.eozch rid Development Command
Polled States kr Force
right. reetterron . er Force Hew, Ohio
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1. rn order ti arri..e at c-nclusive jud,:oments on the problem
or all-nuroose, 411_, ,v4r?,-,.nt sur7ival ratioos, cornrehensive studies,
r hiuii nt.v-iDlc?c-1, 1 ' nutr1 tonal, and clinical approaches,
.tf c--.ducted t t6: 1d i 1 in hce.nitIls with emphasis on the
.rfects of rhv.,ical work, ..:eater, aPd in'ol; on thP bndy efficiency and
ortan function cr the survivor.
A*" din-'tc the nesults of the present study, the all-purpoie
r4C-n should he rianned to provide:
a. i c,loric lnta..e aperoxinatin, 20G0 ner d4y, and more if
o-s"..sle. The potcntIally deleterious effects of the
reRimens studied df,creased in the order: starvatiw, 1000
CalcrieJ, 2r(0 Calories, mad 3000 Calories.)
b. A di tri: Alen or caleriee crproxtratinz 151 protein, 52%
carhohver4te, and 131 fat. ;The Rrrater the deviation from
this distribution, the -ore deletfrious the nutrient com-
bination tended to 1-ecome.)
3. The castaway should f,e provided with water in amcuntm as liberal
as feasIble. (Limitation of water to 9C.0 rl/day was always deleterious
re:,ardloss of the nutrient mixture.)
h. OP the basis oi crf.vious military and civilian work, the castaway
should be provided vith adequate amouPts of all known vitamins. (In tho
present study luxus arounts of vitamins were rrcvided in all experimenta)
mixturcs and at all times.)
Tf they ;are to he inco-corated in survival rations, certain
present components should be imnroved technologically in order to
c"iate c,!rtain undesirable clinical symotems mnd siRns which they
nrorhIced. (Especially when water was limited, the chocolate bar,
meat bar, and cereal biscuit, in that order, frequently evoked gastro-
intestinal svmntoms. The cand,: components often evoked symrtoms
In the moth.)
iv
S. .
TABLE OF CONTIMS
(Each Section Is Preceded by a Detailed Table of Contents)
Page
Su=nary of Conclusions
List of Figures
List of Tables
Section I: General Introduction
.Section II: Methods
iv
vii
1
? 4
??
A.
Tho Subjects
6
B.
Protocol of Complete Study
11
C.
Nutrient Mixtures and Dietetic Methods..
17
D.
Collbction and Preservation of Specimens ? ? ?
?
42'
E.
Ndtriel.t and Otl'or Balances
46
F.
Clinical Patholory
53
G.
.xospiratory Function vnd Tntensiblo Woivht. Loss
.
71
H.
Cardiovascular Function
75
?
.1.
Central Nervous S7stem
.75
J.
Body Composition
81
K.
Clinical Observations and Methods
91
L.
Combined Tests
92
M.
Statistic/Al Methods
99
N.
Summary Table of Ilethoos and Normal Ranges ? ?
?
105
Section :II: Results
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TAP1J7, OF CTIT=NTS (cont.)
Pat:e
A. Introduction
110
0:
B. Balances End Intakes
110
177:
C. Body Composition
?
150
?
D. Organ and System Function
?
181
E. Hematology
272
F. Clinical E7aluation of Nutrient Combinations
. .
280
?
Section IV: Discussion
290
A. Introductiun
291
B. Important Unsolved Problems
??
.299.
Section V: Summary
301
Bibliography
.107
Appondix I: Methods
321
?
Appenc.ix II: Expor!.mental Data
'339
Appondix III: Dietoticn
457::
./4,enCiii IV:. Clinical Obsoritations
476.
Appendix V: Metoorological Data
501
Appondix VI: Forms
509
?
vi
LIST OF FiGUHES
Number And Title
. ?
,;?8 ?
II. 1 Ttisting Protocol for Typicel To-Wook Portod . ? :? 15
. ? .
II. 2 Kinocycle Used in Experiments on Involuntary
and Voluntary Nork 72 ?
. ? ?
II. 3 Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Reaction
Tido and Reflex rime ?17 ?
III. 1 Caloric Balance - I 1 il
. ?
III, 2 Caloric Balanco - II 113
III. 3 Water Balance - I 119
III. t. Water Balance - II .
119
III. 5 Nitrogon Balance - I 7?.?
III. 6 N:trogen Balanco - II ? *.? 125.
TYr. 7 Nitrogon Bglance vs. Nitroi,on, Caloric And
Water Intakes r . ?..a2.6 ?
. .
III. 3 Iiitrogon Balanco vs. Nitrogen Intako .121
III. 9 Sodium Balance - I ? UT.
III.
III.
Ill.
III.
10
I.???
Sodium Balance.- II
. .
l'
Potassium Balange
- I
;143
12
Potassium Palance
- II
. 1113*.
13
CalciumeBalance -
I
???'
'149 ?
14
Calcium Balance -
II..
? .?
'144'.
? ??
15
Phosphorus Balence
- I..
.
.. ' 155
...
16
Phosphorus Balance
- II
. .
..
..
? ...
% ..
,
. . .
17
Chloride Balance -
I.
?
?
?
? :159
? ? ?
18
Cblorido 3alluls. -
II
.
e. ..
.
? .
, .159
? ? '
r
, ? I.-, ?
'STAT
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LIST 60 FIGURES (cont.)
Page:
III. .19 Urinary Acidity vs. Diet 161
? ? . ?
III; 20 Body Composition: Woight Loss 16e
11 AntipyrIne apace vs: .Diet.(Antipyrile apace
? Expressod as ilody WeigW . . , . , .. 171
III. 22 Antipyrine Space vs.
Expressed as Liters)
171
111. 23. Water Diuresis I 173
III*. 24. Water Diurds.is 11 . : 173
. . ? ?
III. 25 Livor 'Serum Cholinestersse 1 184 ?
.III: 26. Liver Fur.,7tion: TotaI Serum tole.sterol 191.
rir. 27.Liver.Function: 3?oz,um?Choloster.1 Eaters . ? ? ? 191 ?
III. :28
Liet.(Antipyrine Space
Total Urtnnry Sollds vs. Diot ? .202
III. 29. Ronal Function: Endogonaus Ceeatinim Clearance
? Jaa'Detemnir." 1-).24 How Test . . . . 203.
39 Urine/bnrum Onmot.ic Ratiqa Related TA
Solute Load Daily Data) . . e . .. , .... 207
Urino/Seruth Osmotic Ratios (Weekly AVerages) . . 207
B1ood:Nitrogo:,?1 Solum Urea. Nitr6gen ? 219
Fochl Whight vs. Caloric Intake 219.
Total Focal Fat vs. Total. Calorio?Intake
41"1.
TT?'
All.
31
32:
.33
34
35 17-Katosteroids:
2-3.-Dky Pod l (No.
?
36 17-Ketoriteroids:
2-3-Day Pool (No.
220
7-Day P001 'IS. f
7) ? 231 ?
??i
? ,
1
?
?
7-Day Pool vs.
8)
III. 3.7 Urinary .17-Kotosteroid Exmetion
38 floating !jetab6listh
IIL. 39 'Blood Glucose vs. Diet
. ?
... ? ? ?
. 231
? ? ?
? viU ?
232
241
244.
L!ST OF FIGURES (cont.)
.?
Page
I ;
?
III. 40 Exorcise-Stress: Pulmcrary Ventilation I . ? :..
254.
in. 41. Exerciso-Strons: Pulmon!ry Vent.l.lation II . . .
?
254
.41.'
?
III. 42. Exorcisl-Stress:' Not Work Oxygon Consumption ?
?
255
43 Exorciso-Stress: Not Work R. Q
25
III. 44 Hematology: Sedimentation Rate
278
I*
.
III. 45. Organic Furictional Roactioris I, .
282
III. 46 *Organic Functional Roactions II. . ? ? .?. .?
.
'iii.
47 0-galic Functionql Rsactions III ..
288
IV. 1 Ran -Order Ratinrs of 411 N.:.triont Combinations.
. .
.%
294.
,?????????:,??-t. ? -
?
? ix
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*LIST OP TABLES
Nuaibor And Title
II. 1 Some Characteristibs of the I'welve.Malo
? ' . . Voluntoor Aubjocts
II. 2 Observations -:Survival Ration Study. ?
.
Page'.
? 6
13
?
.
? I/.
3
Timo Table of Study ?
14
II.
4
Order Of Subs.istende on Experimental Matz:lent
?
.'
Mixtures . ?
18
II.
5
Exporimoiltal Nutrient Mixtures
r
20
.
II.
6
17holo Blood Ascorbic Acid
21
?
II.
7
Tho Five Menus Of th'e $-in-1 Ration*
23
II:
8
Numbor of Subjer4s Silbei_st?ing on Difforent
Experimental Rogimons
25
?
9
Timo Each Subject Subsisted on bliferent
.II.
.Nut:ion.t Mixtv.ros
'
.26
Mineral Analysis C!.L_,p-irro County Tap later
.(Illinois State W.ater?Surv Divisn)
Chemical Analysis of RatinI:. '7emionents
and. Special Supplemen.r. . ..
3?
?
. 40
II. 12.Nutriont Balance Sheet . . 46
II. 13 Cotogortos of'Diily MUNOZ:7 4.61
? II. 14 Comparison Bets:room Enuoge-,wa Creatinine and
Inulin Clearance . . ? 65
? ?
? .
41". 15
Reproducibility pf Motabulle Measuremonts of
"Resting" State: Festing es. 110-1-Fasting
II. 16 Validation of Meth oe 3_ J%Idging Pavsage of Time, 8a
?
II. 17 Critfclue of Measuremont or Bo6y at. by Skinfold
Thicknoss Tochniquo ?
II. 18: Protocol of Organic Function-Reating Metabolisin
Tost' ? ? -
-????-? ?-?
x.
89
93
1.
?
1.;
" )
LIST OF TABLES (cont.)
11..19 Protocol for Assessing i-'unctionnl Activity'
of the Auconumic Nervous System
Nage
. 96
II. 20 Hematology: ra_idation of Methods
?
101
.
..II. 21. Approximation for Croatinino, Daily Urine
Molno ovar Two'Litore
103
II. 22 Approximation for Total.Oemotic Proesuril Whon
Daily Urine Volumes are Creator Than Ti.o L'ters
104
If. 23 Normal Rangos
105
A. Wholo Blood
Serum
.B.
C. Urine
D. Fecos .
Functional Tests ??? ?
?
UI. 1 Averggo Daily Total Caloric Intake
III. ? 2 Average Daily .Caloric Balance
112
3 Avierrge.Dally Water Consumption: Liquids,Pro,Formed,?Pltis Metabolic?. . .
114
? ?
III. 4 Avorago i7ator Balance During Several
Experimontal Regimens
.
;15
III. ? 5 Water Deficit Potential of Various
.
Nutrient Combinations
11()
III. 6 Thirii Provoking Qualities of
Nutrient Combinations
116'
? ? 0
III. 7 Mean Pro-Period Insensib10 Water L350 (1. W.i
117:
III.. 8 Ineensiblo Perspiration in pelation .to ?
1
Dietary Regimen .
117
'III. 9 Averago Daily Protein Intako
10 Avercgo Daily Nitrogen Intake
.
120
121*
1.
.III. 11 Pre-Period pata for Urinary Total Nitrogen ?
?
121 ?
??
III. 12 Urinary Fxcrettun of Nitrdgmn.
122. ?
xi
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III. 13 Pro-Period Data on Fecal Nitrogen 122
III. 14 Focal?Nitrogen 123
III. 15 Average Nitrogen Balance During
.
Experimental Regimons : 124
,
'. Ht. 16 Nttrogon Balanco in Two Subjects Successivoly
on Low Caloric Intakes
III: 17A Influence of Preceding Diot. on 'Nitrogen .
Balance in Pira of Subjects ,
III. 17B Standard Deviation vs. Moan Nitrogen
Balance in Eight Subjects ?129
LIST OF TA3LES (cont.) ?
. ?
?128
129
?
III. 18 Pro-Period Data on Urinary Excretion of Sodium,
Potassium, Chlorid'a, Phosphate, and Calcium . . . 130
ITT. 19 Pre-.Period Data '.i.ean Daily Focal Sodium,
Potassium, Phnspl.orus, and Caloium' 131,
41/IIT. 20 Average Daily CorreCted Sodium Intake 133
?III. 21 ?Urinary Excretion of 'Sodium 134
ITT. 22 Focal Sodium . 13.5
? III. 23 Average Daily Corrected Sodium Belanca During
Several Fxparimentrl Regimens
?
III.* 24 Avorago Daily CO-2ted Potas.iium Intake ? ? ?
.45 Urinary Excretion of Potassium
.136
;38
1 3 9
0 11.. 26 t
l P
c
Feaoassium
. ? . 140
? ?
III. 27 Average. Daily Corrected Potaasium Balance :
'During Experimental Rogimons 143.
Average Daily Calcium Intake . 144
Calcium . . . 145
Focal Calcium ? 146
Calcium Balance 147*
Urinary
?
Excrotion'of
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LliT OF TABLES (cont.)
'Page .
I f
')
?
III. 32 Average Daily Phosphate Intake
?
150
1.
?
III: 33 Urinary Ercrotion of Phosphate
151
III. .34: Fecal Phosphbrus
.
152
ITT. 35 'Average Phosphate Balance During
?Experilnontal Regimens'
.153
.1
I ? '
III. 36 Avorago.Daily Chloride Intake
IIT. )7 Urinary Excretion of Chloride
III. .3.8 Average Chloride Bala:Ica During Experimental
Regimens
? ? ?
III. 39 Pre-Period Data on.UrinAry Titnable Acidity
and pH . . . .
.I11..40 Urinalysis: ?Ketonuria
? Il..I. 41 Urinary Acetone
. 8
III. 42 Urinary A-monia Nitrogon
III. 43. Average Doily CarbOhydrate Intake
III. 44 Average Daily Pat intake'.166
. . ? ?
III. 45 weAr:ht T,GS9 in Relation to :lutrient.Mixturo,
'. Caloric Intake, and Water Intak e
. .
II1: 46 'Mean Dailyei6ht. 6f Subjocts Poring.
'tho Pre-P:ribd ? ?
. ?
III. 47 Antipyrine Space in R'elation'to'Epprim'ontal
? Nutrient Yrkturo . . .
? : ? . .
III. 48 Body Water Determinations 6y Simultanacus ?
intravenous Infueion D'20 fuid Antipyrine .
III. 49 .Rocov:su?of Water L.7,ad v.s. Water Balanco .
.
.
..
?
:
.117724.
157
15i3
.160.
'162
. .'
1,63
16.4
165
167
169
?
170
.
?-?
. ? .
5c) Moans and Ranges of Body Fat.DIrimg Pr'3-Poriods.
.
. . .
:III. 51% Body Composition:. ?c:.lango in Body Fat During. ?
Succ.evoing Pro-Periods
. ? ?
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. LIST OF TABLES (cont.)
III. 52 Body Composition: Per Cent 7ody Fat.ln
Relation to Dietary Rogimen
?
III. 53 Body Composition: ? Body.Fat,
to Dtetary Rogimm
fIT. 54 Influence?of Chrszac Dohydration?on Body Fat
as Determined by SKInfold Thiclaioas Method . . .
III. 55 Proquency DIstributiOns pf N/P Ratkos in Food
'and Excrota
Kg,
in Relation
Pro-Period Data for Nitrogen/Phosphorus Ratio
Nitrogen/Phosphorus Ratios in Relation'to .
acporimental Hegimon ?
III. 58 Correlation Botwoen Theoro.tical-and Actual
Nitrogon Balance in Seven-Day Periods . . . . 182
Liver Function: .*Pm-:Period Data :or Tuo-Hour
Urobilinogen and Sprum?Cholinostaraso .
.III. 59
i
. ?
?
Page
177*
. 179
180
. ?
III. 60 Liver Function: .Two-Hotir Ur9bi1inogon Test- .
III. 61 Liver Function: 24.1Lr/48 Hr Cophalln
Flo,:culation Reaction ?
? ? ?
III. 62 Livdv Function: 24 Hr/48 Hr Cepnalin
FlccCulation Reactions in Throe Ropeatedly. '
Posaivo Reactors
?
.? 183
. ? 185
. 186 ?
. 188
III. 63 Pro-Poriod Data for. Serum Chtilwatornt 189
64 Analysis of Variance:. Total Seruit.Cholestorol.. 192..
III. 65 FrOo Cholesterol' in Consecutive Pro-Periods. . ? .193
66 Pre-roriod Data for Cholbsteiol Esters and Free
Cholesterol ps Percentage of Total Cholesterol . , 193..
?
III. 67 Cholostorol Estors as Paicentags of%Total
Cholesterol
III. 68 Froe Cholesterol as Porcontaga of Tctal
Cholesterol
-?;;?
?
xiv
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?-'1^
Air
? ..
!???-?? ? ? "?
Lisr OF TABT.F. (co'ht.)
?
?'? ?
III. 69 Urinnlysip: Probilinogon .(Ehrlich's Tont) . . ?196
Page
7D? Pro-Roriod Data for Uriilary.Volume and SPecifio
? ?197.
. .
^ III. 7iA Urkno.Wolqmo:'Unlimited Neter 198' '
'III. 71B Urine Volumo: Limited Water
199
LII. 7.2A UFinary Speeifi:c'Gravity:Tnlintod Water ? . . ,. .200
Iii..7?3?Uri?nary 'Specific G?aviti: Li-:!Cod Nfttei" ? 201
Pro-Perfod Data on Endogolln,li Cf?eltitline
. ? Clearance ?8 . .? ? ? 202
? ? ?
in. 74 "Serum Creatinino 204
?
? III. 76
?
III. 77
III. 78
Pro-Poria rtta tor Urin-lry
UrIn'ary Croatinine .... ..
?
Mean Serum Csmolar Concentration for
Eight Subjects ? . . . .
? ? . ;
. 204
?
205
Pre-Period Data for Sorum Urea Nitrogon
?
?
79 Addis Count: Pro-Period Data
90 Addis Count I. Casts
81 Addis Count II. Ro.ci Blood Cella
'?
82
?
? ? ?
. .
. .
Two-Hourly Urinary Ex6retion.of.Formed Elononls.
During Starvat.ion by IndiviJull.Subjects
205
209'
211
212.
213 ?
214.
III". 83 T4o-RouP1y Urinary?Exc.r.etion cf Formed Elements
Daring Puro tarbonydrato?Rogim.m by Indilidual
.Subjects. 215
84. Addis Count ITI:"Lbukocytos :?? ? ? 216
fIl.
85 Addis Count
'IV: Epithelial Cclls. 217
- ?
in. 86. 3astrointostlnal Function: ^ Avoingo Daily Wet
Wolght of Feces Durinc, tho Several
Exf,erimentA.1 Rogimens ? ? 21$
?
. ?
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it
LT's; OF TABLES (cont.) . -) .
? ,
*Fat
Page
.?
?
I ?
III. 87 Pro-Pertod Data for Focal .
219
I.
80 Total Focal Fat in Relation to Exporimontal
Regimons
221 ?
?
?
in. 89 Qualitativo Analysis of Feces:IFat bv Sudan IV :
?
222
III. 9b Fat AbsorptiOn in Relation to Experimontal
? . Rogimons
22
III. 91 Qualitative Analysis of Feces: Musclo Fiber
22,3
III, 92 Effoct of 5-in-1 and Exporimontal Ration
.romponents on Fecal Bonzidino Reaction
224 ?
.?
111..91 Individual Variability in Focal BPnzidine
ReActions Lluring Periods of 5-in-1 Ingestion.. .
.
225
?
ITT. 94 Relationship botwoon Procoding Diet and Focal
Bonzidino Reaction Duri'n6 Saboaquont Recovery
22.6
.?
III. 95 Benzidino Roactionp of Stools frim To Subjocts
?
. on Various Moat Diets
226
III: 96 Pro-Period Data for Urinary.17-Metostotoid
Elcrotion
230
. .
97. PreLPoriod Data for Serum Electrolytes . .
.
237
III. cgl Serum Sodl:?.m in Roaatio'n to Experimental
Rogimens
?
III. 99 Sorum Potassium in Relation to Experfmental
238.
Regimens
. ?
?
2.39.
. ?
III. 100 Sorum Chlortdo'in Rolation to ExperimontEil
? Regimens
240
?
.III..101 :Pro-Por.iod Data for Heating Metabolism
? ?
249
III. 10? Pro-Period Dat.a for Urinary Creatine ?
24.1
III. 10,3 Urinary Croatino in. Rela.tion to Exporimontal
Regimens. ?
242 ?
104 Pro-Period Data for Whole Blood.Glucoss.
.20 ?
.
?
.xvi
I
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?
LIST OF TABLES (cont.).
Page ?
III. 105 Pro-P,drio.d Date for Slood EnzYmcs
245
III. 106 Pancreatrc Function: Serum Amylaso
246
NT. 107. Pancreatic Functipn: 3orum Lipase
III. 108 Parathyroid Functic LI Serum Clicium ? ? ? ? s ?
. ?
248
III. 109. Sel.um Inorganic Phophate
III. 110 Pre-Pertod Data for Resting Resr!netory.
F.-motion: PCmonary Ventilation,.Oxygon Con,
Lption: and Respiratory quotient
249
III. ill Reapiratory Function: Resting Pulmonary
Votrtilation
250
'TII.'112 Rsspiratory F%,.ncilen: Resting Oxygon ?
?Consumptkon . ?
?
251
III. 111. Rospiratory Funi.tion: Resting Gross
fleapiratory Quotient
P52
III. 11.4 Cardiovascular F.tnction: Pre-Poriod Vnluos for
? llosting Blood Prossuro and Pulec
256.
III: .115 Cardio.vascular Function: Routing Systolic Blood
? Pressure
257
Iii. 116 Cardiovascular Functinn: Resting Diastolic
Blood Pressure
III. 117 Cardiovasclaar Function: Resting Puiso hato . .
.258
259 ?
?
III: 118: Circulation Timo in Indivi.tual Subjects
260 '
III. 119 :Pro-Poribd Values for Resting Qral Tomporattre.
260
III. 120 Re'sting Orel Temporature
261
III:. 121 Mean 'Reflex and Reaction Time in golatIonto
.Experimental Regimen
263. .
122 Pro-Poefod Data for Passage df Tiro
263. ?
'II/. 123 Panflago of Time I. 26 Soconds
'264
?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
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LIST OF TA3LES (cont.)
III. 124 Passage of Time II. 45 Seconds
III. 125 Passage of Time III. 70 Seconds
Page
265
266
III. 126 Preferences for Ration Components in Relation
to Regimen at Time br Testing
269 ?
III. 127 Rnbitnation to Poet Components of 5-in-1
'9ation
III. 128 ?or Cont Of Calories from Marious roods During
Pre-Periods and Recovery
III. 129 Pre-Period Data for Hematology: Red Cell Count
Hemoglobin, Remstocrit, and Sedimentltion Rete
During Fre-Periods
270.
: .271
272
273
275
276
276
130 Hematology: Hemoglobin
131 Hematology: Hamatocrit
Pre-Period Data for Total Serum Protein
Average Serum Protein . . .
....
Pre-Period Data for Hematology: Mean
Corpuscular Volume, ',lean .3orpUscular Hemoglobin
and:tean Corpuseular Hemoglobin Concentration . .
During Pre-Periods 277 .
III, 135 Pre-Period Data for Hematology: White Cell Count,
Neutrophil Count, LymphoCyte Count, Dir,sct
Eosinophil Count and Direct Platelet Count
During Pre-Periods
IV. 1 Rank-Order of Nutrient Combinations:
292
IV. 2 Yensurements Studied and Not Included in
Table IV. 1 Because. Relation to SurvIval
Potential Unproven ,
IV, 3 Symptoms. and. Signs Developing During
Experimental Periods
"Survival Potential"
279
iv. 4 Paler Expeditionary Rations of Peary and
Amundsen
295
297? .
. 299
??
,
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? - ? fi ? - V*1-
. SECTION: 1 .
.GE'!ERAL INTRODUCTION
: ? .
. ?? ?
? .? "
?
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:
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? Thir, One year .study'wha dssigned a6 'a Contributidn.te tycl*
lirolem?bf thu all-purpose, all-envirprimeiit sur:iival.ratIon. , . . .. ??
:eithin the.sxperimee.tia, conditibns spocifiod by the'contract,.tt '.... .:.
wis ;,'roposed that a ebnprehewvi.ve :it,ti'dy '3,roul.d be mpde of yowls
-men subsisting on a '.:riety'of.nutrient combinatonis.undorriemper, ?
.ui:e conuitidn., and wiX1Conly ncOerate.phYstcal aeti.vi.ty, ..in ordur ?
. td provtde systematic', complete, stAtiatically va1:0 in.ovma!?ion.
1
.r
. : ?
?? ? I
? ? I
on bolily officiency.and. or&n.functi8n. *Such a si..udy?would'
perhit e?lbccluent? juigsments to. be macie-orl.tnO-rblui.ve%merits-of ? ?
a.vetriety of. nixtrfent combination's ip sustaining maximally.tv ?
,
"suivival potent,i41" (Kline and Dymw,.. 1953).of.castdydy??forcbd: . .
to Aurvixe, esaape, end.uvaio. under .any 6ir'cuinsange3 of?egvirbriz- ? ? ;
mon 't and physical eertion.
,
.. ...''
? In the inif'al,plunning of tbo.present st.udy.,-.P.A4 'base.C.bn '. .
. ?
the puolir'ied.literature concorning'surv.i.val rationa,' i,i %a-up . ?,
?theu4it iret .%,c) overriding considurations woult) be .water..iiitake,
toial ciklorie int's;-and the tatibs of?pnifotn, orig)eh'ydrste aAd
. '...? ... ? ?
fat. At Lirst, the imporance or inorgrmis , :.tabolit,en wars mini- . . .
mized; (4.s. the st4y progressell, the pbssible,phyiiologicAli'ole .. :.. :. ?
.bf these p.lements in the'maintenRnce 'or.Z,rcan Nnction?and bodily. ' . ? - ?
e-felciencY tecartie apparant:'7Hence, .the prose-I-It r,00rt'Aill . ? .% :
. emphasize four., not,threc.. 41ajor ?variabl.ss. ? . ' .
.: ? ? ? ? ? ' ?
' In this.fudy, .wl:lich.was t:-.3ndu.ated in. a. metabalib N4ard:.1ri a ?
? un,fverscty hospita14. it was .cot even initi.ally?prapose?cl to e'Famino' %
. three.pehpr varidoles rhibh:are flanamental,in'thinking about? .. . ?
'su2vivlid situationi.-L--.. yrOric, Weather, and. injury.' These'vaPiabIeS
. theilld ba studied domprehens1y617 in the rutuTo, when the present ... .
? bnsc-line data can be?given their,tTue evalbgtipri as a..part.of a ' .. .: , ? .
. 'much largur, Fiord complex picl,ture tlian we werwable to ;study.. : ?
. , ?
... . ' : , ? ?
. ,. ,
?
Proviout inve4tigalors th thisistreaihnve.overempnt6iZed- . ... 1...:.* .
. .
. primarily brw or. anothor.11mitoS amact pf,tha sorVA.V'al problOm. . . .
They Ilave st:essedi fbO?tho'arost.'parbr'a'spetitt such: 0.-a9ceptabi1:'-,'
it:y, palatability, field .4til.ity;-staaility Of cb:Mponenta?,.:ndtrient,, ..',.,. j-
b-,lance; especially v,ith.respect td r:.1.tro&en'i hnd-frtirilmn1 watei.'?
sre-utr4-ents without. much reE'era to the eTficlbucT of.the body at ? , ...,
...si whole and with Almost'no syfitem,itic dtte4t-i.d.n to t.no nortr.al ? . ? ?
...furdOods of 'the ha.l.or: 1.)ody organ'iYst.ems. ' prifoftunately,-hudgntary .',:... .
,
.1 'T
?
..r
rectricions and luck of space .and .pe.rson-nel have necesit.ated for ?
most ob5ervers e less than sritiaTwei.pr7.stati3t1l for ' .
04.poMmentx: T,45 major 'Cr.itYelsmi, ihteti can e levelled wt ? .? ?
moSt..p.ovio?us stlidtes on Phis 45cst,ici.,..h..in the katora%ory and? ?
?
7
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
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. .
11, - -1:n Plo 'field;, -arc failure comprchensivoly to study the ?elultiplo: .:.. .
? nuti:f t tonal 'Interrelations v.hich must, be conskda.:od in any -survival
! ? ? r at ion; ' viz.; ?degroe of water doficit, amount of calorie deficit,... ;
? ? and vitr:Ong.'raios Of protein, carbqhydrato, and fat in the survivta
? . retion. ? donaoquently, the major defects lie ilsmilly in ladk of.'
ade.qu'ate ?paire4 controls; in lack df *adequate ranzo of water deftcit, '
.. ' c?aldr.fe .(1.t.of.ii.t, .and nutrient co,* innt ions ; .and (as in Phd?preat
. ?. ? .. i'
? stady7..inadequote. corisidnration. of stress, ,ather, oXer.clse,
. .aacy: ? :
., .
? injury'i tcreei.h6r: wi.th tl-,1 b:si,c nutritional vari . abloa. ' ' ? .
, . .. : . . ?t .
? Rucoht so ices of infor?mation on the 'ourvival probl.em are tvo: : ?
. .61:11t/iry evidUnco from .f.* ield exparienco, field pe3t3, .field experi-. ?
.?.
n'en.ts gtv.1 laboratory oxporimPhts; and civilian evidencb frol?Chs? ..'
? liter:A:6;re' of explorers; cl rnical inydstf6-ation'espe'cislli dur !Jig ?
? 'Ina' aTter ? LTor)d War: II in malpbur 'shed populations and in concem-
' . :' . 't'at ton e.li71P.d.?,,id 1,:bOrntory InVeti&atlona spo-cifiberify dosigned
..
? . to ?study dno Or tin? thin' A spe'e t of ?cnronic and acute mhlriuifition. ?
. . : ? ? ? ? ? .
? .qoosizse. pr the 6xigenoies of military campargns in Mst.
1 ? ?
. half op tne cent.ury, most of the .emphasis' orr: eurxival
. ?
' zonteted about the ?problem of military perscinnel , ?
lbalated this in Dthe i.,-,.br for -unce of natty() duty.. From iim'o
?
? . ?
? '? - ' e tiod, e-*Ipha'sis has qh if Lod drastically" durih y- among thneZ3 ? ? ? .
l????
' ... ???
mnjar consid?cratlons i.o.,? the logistic :(field utility, stability,. ???
? .
? ? . calbric ?donsi ty) i th& nutritional biochemical (vitamins, .n.itilogoii? ? ? .?
1 ? balanco);.?azid what might be termed the clinical (ra.limal efficiency, ?
? adoluato calorfezt ahd ?wat.nr). At: the present time it might appotir ..*
that we are in, a phase of ovvromphasis on the logistic and nutri- :
tionai.bioz.hernical aspects ot survival rations and reso.'r?ite'undar- ? ?
o.tphasis ?01?1 tne tptal ef?ficioncy and organ .functi.dn of thb casta'war?
Ihitssol.f. ??? . ? ? ... ? '
. . . .?
.
? ? . ? ? .. v ."
?
.? tm. spite of tho fact that much bf the writt6n literaturp.has ?
do.alt with the militar.y problem, it is emphasized .hare .that therei
Is a v:ory ift?portant civilidr. problem. In times. of national : ? ?? . ??
.. ? eisArncy it-,11,:y. beCCar.o necessary that large segments of Our ? ? ???
? .? .? roptilstion.; o..sr..ocially urban, !, ill hip: 0 to ?be providod witth minal .
?
? SubsISto?nce taf e.er usual avanues of transportation .have*.broken dor.
i '? *;(4.?lbcied.. grpups. of: 'civil.inns nay be ongag.1-3 in guerilla warfare.....' ?
,?? .. ?
? . 'In -peaco? tie, Flan. groups of 'exp.lorors always Taco ti..) 'pro?ISIem .'?
?? ? Of esur.vi-vsl... thlter all these conditions, it is cortain.that the'.
.. .?.
; . . .. , ? .
.. ? .? czlincopt's of-,the -military survival ration will 'apply to the ci:v51.1ans.
??
4 ? . . .
. .? *.?,Tlio. reaent n
' 'study had. two major dis. Tho first .W.A3 to. extend .
? .? ?
??'
' prevtrou3??Icoo1.edga of survival rations Dy a .at 1C ?Sui?vey? of . . ? ? ?
.? ? theli.. of ft?...: is . on* 11u.7..r.r. r.:1?:.1.1,cot3 of t.1..3 posible cpmbinati ons of : ?? ? .
.
w.L.t.,i, fnt.ske:, ?csaorie" intake, and nctrogen/a7:bohydr?atejltfat nattoi ? ' `??? .
? in pcitdrittal siji.tv..1.val ration, the emphasis boing prir.cipally On. . ??? " . ..?
? .. .0.^ '1:1..c tency ;of 'the bady as a idiblo and the functiohing. of: impqrtant. . ? '
? .. .. .orgen stf5ms. In other words,, our er?..thasis was -,n to 4...asilth ?? ??? ? ..
...' .. and weilfaf?e o.f? the: c.astawliy himself, in addition .-.o oz:thodbx? ?
. . .:
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-. .*iochcr-i'cal ahd AitTr.it, lona' into-prettains. of intalTs, t,Ilanoos
' ? ' a -8. cd-rcstri,on of blp ?si. an,j.(rxeretp, '3(-0 .,:. , he .1. t A oh( ained .
. ?
? ct.Z:r. tn,tse :flax:mai :Foun6 'ren...In?.cn tenf-vrato c ln.litA. n1 , exposed to ? ?
:- ro v ic is itudes. of uniqe stees:; or v4ra::':or Jr '1.1.jury, 'v.uuld .servo ?
. . as contrdl data fon Inti-p: ?.tta"..1 on dc Atil,'.1e2 to .loo -.ado'. nlaye- ? ? .
: ?? . (Itlerktly or einf-?Nn fn t :e.:f ' ,' : .1 %In ' .r* ,-.. --:!4.t 1,,an. of v x.tre -n Lela .
? ' . .. 'Md .ld Ind In !".>"rvi-? .n:)I1 ., r*c.irle t,' n :. t-ulat lov f .oscnpo
: ? neld.:e33j:cn: 11' rt-or 3 ?,'"'..nter nnd 'o-P-c ...v. Ivonri, :it s. As a .
. b-p,tno t 'durt,'..1 -ins..1-.1.11t, 4 J'?,:est:t or 1-1 -.1-h' 1.1;?.;r-..Ct. i ln as
rogaiSlo
. . . .
? c^::ilir., .ti,o ot.1:,,r i? %-c' pnt .rrtIlt?nsz. vi.z. ,' rohn',111.?,t fon of. %
? -'?ttw 141- nchoci ec..2.., %.:7,.:: .,,. .... 1 :1 :t:.., .. ipnal -, i'l t d a f.-'..- in-1
? ? : .r.t.ion?wl,on t..o I ;*C r .?,.f ;.:(cs:?nnd -Ionths. . .
. ? .? ?? . ? ? ? .. . .
, ::En:satabli!-.:?t.,; ey.,:01-:.- ? -,,f 0,st,:i,t.fla to c
. . . .
. . . ...
.. ,j0 .4....,?::. ;frot,i..57? !;!..t.:11. o414,tf:ii,7 c ...'t tlops o".' 1 tro.t): 'sae I la tine.,
-. ' qt-Y.,1- f'"rrl:cnnel., co,- at 't.1- sr.--e t?f"-.N :?r,i4 a tat:.3. lc:11 :1.,,I.11d..:.on-
, ?clusiong fr. i7. a ..'?-e 1. t:T-1 e:...:: af (.1,?:t11::, ','cy,-. -i!c:il, vhysloloWal ?
. and c'llrlicn1 .,:.::- -ori -414%. 7 ,, ,- 'G Of't 1..,f C, :tr.) Is ce-o ., .r1-1-:0 Int .
%. '? 1.n.t-s, Iltttrit.o do:r5ic.q. .:., ?)11.1):",t 1,ns '1 ?-1' L
13 C 1. %% )1 in t?'et
? . .?
ho Itm al.:.,2.y's. :.3.:31sc...d .f - n oile. v..0111 nn n -femat'e ration, t.ei .
.. . ,. r017..t,70.:? :J.ek.g.*:bn .the. ov,:vj.-- If, n1 'ndtbi c.c.: .. b i nn Lion; ? xi f fnnliy .
?'? 'f2i. 0.10 .4,:l.:% on. a' 1 th 2j3 r?s;,n:',11t.Att, rw-loh In 10,1:h 'fi 6' hnd ? ?
, wat.er ..4.erd lInfstrit.S.A 1 In .,:f.;nn:.:?I ty.: . A sc;con4 kind of control was . . ?
? : that-of potr4 ttsntrcl. For e vul,y subject for' v,hom unt or Int ako . ?
wap llmi?ted,. there two ?s1.=1tano )sly anothor sub just subsiat.inz ?
on 'the snno nu.::rIcnt co-lb inat.ion, 'hut wi'th qnradtrid i,od. wator. ..
,.
. /I: tniTd. cczneel-t of cont?rol tra.s intrcJacdd bY. sahjocting at. one
t 1_^, or 'Andther every s?Iloject to .a pf;r1o.d of starvpit ton, in thlch '
presumably survival is lenit prot"?led and also. :to, a r:ori:od.of.t.'wd .
Ceok.s on 'a 3C0.0 calor ie .W..et qa.iegunte .in op 1 .rrwr..n itricint.s. This,
...1 after 'Las c:1d"r?-'d. to..Tro-1.:t.e ,,,,ti-al ly "Iuriival potential," .-
.Znd the. de't.',Et 1: :,-.-?3 .out 't%e v61.I 51 ty of. v.i'l- ,-,neelit :.f* "1,0S1 G is:ro
con'tS61" end "ragative .conteol.%1 ? . ... ? ... . L. .. .
. . . ... . , ? . :-
. . . . .
: rn% the course ?'.:.f .1-.:e ti?:%, 111 oonti r:..e. I '19 Acre. at?iliod.of: ..
cai.cTio, intWo .6t .3*(-v, .2..:.,3, l'iyc, And .,' 1 r? ? ,v, 'n or intake or *
% ,,:.:U.,m1 per. drly an3 lz-I.4!-;4:ed In .TnAltity;. hrt.1 di n!.r?P' ut io?ratiod :-. . ..
. of ,:. a.:15,rfos o .1 de d fT.c": ., ::(-.', -i n, 1.:.:: 'r4tr, lnd .fnt rting.fng ..
? from v.(.ry. 1.,%4 Ifo. -1,ry Ili .1:n q'"?:-. -, -12n ct to enche , ? 7',.:1, 20 n itr i out
? 'eft' b'in t .ip-Is acire **cat,. !, n y ,-,T. . ?1, r,' r9 ...!A(.!;S 10...re ;mint'. ?
? .:?.:?Distrrt c''.:-? nt.'s.?:?.!x?-?-?`-s. in?.?.1.,N i??? -1, ???k 1. 1.,! t. ri.t...i.?c^'' fair)),
..".7.nt:crsli :,:::-:tta: at t...rni..crq'ty of?'s : ::.::,.o m:.-.b.rs . ??
. . ..1:f tr!c-r:t '-)til,.:*:'_. - :-_r, n:,s, t ?s'%, '-:f ..-r.,::,n'.f'1%t/on, .el.inicpr: .:
? . ? ots.sTys.t1c)-Iff.:.r.:1-71.r. :1':4,11 ,:al. r..7. ?'' ' d, of 111' , 4. n%1.1 e.'CrilL3 viero'
. ,L...s-ds ?a:t rt.-,..t. 11 .1- .in tn rv a Li. .7 r ?!..A.,Jt1:3 %f n 1 1 .( ?r --ostnthis pro .
? .'.. .,%:.,c.:,,,Ite Ih .? -:(..7t 'sc,:".t.!')n. .f. t It '0' roet ( S.?,..t ion 1I)% -,. ... ?
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. ? , ? ? ... . . . .
- 'f-a-tton.6t ...zetl-er,tr.i.nd vf,: c... sta',1:1*-.% .t .r..0 :le.: 't ning 71.y9.i ol 00 eal :. .
. , -anzl. dlin' rc.l. tases. 9.1.dcli.:...o to;%t nta cr.n.h11.d..0,o test .. '..
i., 'ad.d.. -15pt-Vccpt4ul.e .r.et.sbp. f or .surv/ vors: .
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
? -.
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. ? ? ?
YETHOI)S': TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A. TYle?Suojocts . ? . 6
1. Colo otton. of aubjecis 6 .
' 2. Handling or Subjocts .: ' 7 . ?
. ? ? ?
. ,
.B. Prwtocol of. Comp1eto'Stgdy: . ' .. 11
).? Groaps'of'Subjeci'a , . ? ? ?12
2. Portods and Phasos of Investigation ? 12
?.?
3. Snhedmling of Toots , ? 14. ..
It. Tho 1:1112nal Cycle ? ? 16 ? ?
5.: Ord.er of Snloalstenco on E4pwrimentfi1 Nutrient
? rixturos : ? .. .. 16.
?E!.. rothodologY' from Tho Point of 1..'io.* Of The . ?
. i?:told Tr.1.i.1 ?17'
,
,
? :
C. NutrivntTixtures and Diotottc Methods ? . % 17
II' 1.%Nutrient Mixtures17
'...
2. Proparation.of Food . ???
. -. .
29 ?
? .
3.. ...Poals?ruld Service ... , .. ? . , .. ? , . - . 31
4. carcuaatigna. ? ? 314. ? ;.(
5.: Chomieal Analysis of Foods ..... .'. .
.. . . , : ? 38 .
6? Acc'optability and?Paltitability. '39 . .
i?[
?
D. Collection'and Prosorvaion of'Spocinons. e ? 4? .
*1. 'Food ? ', . : ....... .. ..
:2. Eicrota 0..... . : , ..? . . .142
2 .i
. .; . %. ?????
3. . 6lood ? . ; ? . ". % . 45 ..
? . . :
. .
E. Nutrient and Other Balances ..? 46 . I
0 ..i..* .0 .. ..aloric . .*. 47. ?
? 2. Viatiq?? . ? ? ? ? A
ri ?
3. troson '
'. ? . : I '
4. Fat Abserpon % .. .. ..... . .: Si. . *I
5. Minerals ? . i 51
E) ? ?
.
. vi tamins ? ' .
J% Acid-Baso 'Balance . ? . : .. ? .... ? . ? .. ??? . . . 5
52 ? . .?
:
. .1
. .
F. Clinical.Patholosy ? ? ? .
.? 53? ? ..
1.-? 1!e7:at61osy .53 ? I ?
2.,' Clinic-al. Chemistry . ? ? ?
54
3. 0U:s1nAlysix ?? . 58' .
)1,.. An'ttlysis%of Ppcos - .... - . ..?., . . 59
5; Lfvel: Funcitpn ? 60 .
6. Kldnoy'Funcion .. . . 63'
,
4. *?,Endcwrcno'F4notions ? 69 ,
?
? .
. ' ?
?
40
14
?Z?????, ftP,a.?? ,,??? .01pb?????,??-?,,,,,...4 ? "VT m.m.mo.o???.". ????????,??????/.... ?
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?
. ?
? [
?1 ?
.^ 1
?
? ???
?
. . ?
I'n8o
G. Bvs pl:Tatory Function and Insensible Voight Loss ? ? ? 71
1. Collol!ttin, Scv:plint:, nr14Annly'sis?or Expirodr.ae? 71 ri
. ? 2. Insfu.stblo gelea- Loss . ?73 ? il
3. Roproludibility of "ReWnr?Eottlymihution's ? ? : 74
. ? .
. .
H. Sardievnsoular Funttion . . ?? ..... ? .. ??? . . .. %
7Y
? 1. Bloba Rrossure :
..
. 75
? 2. 'Pulso !lac& ? ? 75
?3. Circulation.Ti o? .
? I
75
?
J. Elloctet,cordiosram /5 ? l'
: ? . I
? I. Control NOVV011.3 *%StOM ? /5 1
? . 1. Phomotoi Tostz: 9eacot1on qines on, Pcflox.Timo. '76
2. P:yeholoal Tosts. . . ? ? . ? 78 .
?
3:. 1%octrouncbpho1osraphy .
%
? 1 8 .
1 . ? .
S. Poi,iy CompostLioa. ? ? ? ? el . 81' .
. i
1. ? ? Body ' aeight . . 82
2. Body Wator . 82 1
_S. Body ''at ? :. 87 i
4,- Lubli 3ody Muss : ? v0
0 . .
e K. Clinical Observations and Methods , ,..'. % ' ... .-. . . 91
'.
L. Combined Tests ' . . 092
. .
1. OrganicTudot%ontRpsting Motabplisrli Test 92
. ..
2: Exorc1o.o Strias in As13es'ar"nt of.Antonomic .
?
Function.
. ?? 94
? ?
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M. Stattstical Mot.hods '' . ..... . . 99 .
.1. Tho Concept of S'elf-Control . . 99
i
-2. 'Th' v Concept?Of P)sit,ive and 1:L%gat1vo Control . : : 99'
3. Vulldatten f All rethods. - . ?.,1' .. ? . . .
% .4. Diszussion of tho Handling.of itlinuoCs of Urine?for'?
:.?,. .. the CRloulation of Mean,Vaily Exork,Lion ? 101 . 1
? ' ? ? ? ?
? ? N., Suzary Tablo-ofTothods and ?:orcial RtUlgos 10.5 ,
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II
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/19: CIA-RDP81-01043R003700220001-2
?
. A . TP SU9JECTS
1.. 5eloction ef 5:1:bidets
. .
? ILO most critical nLpect of a,ny metabolic study /3 the propqr?
r3c1-ect1 C' .rolnnte.er ubect. ? %Vol th?te.orts .;:ust be in good .
healt.11, pl./el-03.1o; lan11-:oriont.od, and intellic;nt. These
roqui.ra-'-itt an;ti?1 uo led as close?ly t5 h0f; 0..1310 ao that the
jects c.anbec+Ipected to wi ??1-.stand tr.e. stress of prolpnFed ?
sub.113tonce za3nr.tonous and strail:e iiots tmdur riin1y controlled
and oxtre-l?nly conlitiona. With th.3 cb..ctives in mind
the Iivot.24tcra irtet?vie.-.1d a nui--er of volunteerl: Tho objectives
Of ;the erperl.nent; ware o?t:-Ilained Icgo?-?e: ....:1-ch? the I ,25able restric-
tions, (Int:toe, and bo illy reactions. If the candidate appeax:ed to
the t.;; e nf ! n.11 ..id:;:r1 given n thorn &Fin physical
ion by a .pny 3 ician and an .E.I.%9.) .chest pinto, resting .
? -stabol ic rote, *arinaly Its, and. complete hemt&tolc,y ..7ore tone. If
.the ltrry, ph"..sic61 e:taminition, and 1,..J??)ratory teats failed to
Ahro?..er.1 any TiCAl or, poycholo 'abnormal rtie -hich might be
g&-....?rjt?ed
by the ?1 tress of the inv?edti gat fort, trio irldt viduai was
Wcceptod /13 a 31.1130C.t rer t he* C4'.r.arl:rerit ? 7.r.C.,;11 t..t3 et oup of
?voluntucu:s intervies:od and. .nrnined, twelve yo in; -en were chosen.
Vitra statist.ical data on thes.s ren are given in Tabl 1.1. 1. ?
' ?
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TICTIL.E I. 1. ? .
.?
. ?
?
sov*F. cv,kRAorr?nirs-rics ?T AT.,LVE ALE VOLUNTL SURJECTS ?
Sp:b j oc t ? A,-se Itoight? Initial
.No. yr .? in . , ,701.??Int Color ?heligion .... ?
. . , . ? lis- ?
All '2- 41 ? ' 66 ? ? ? ? 152,
23 1:73E:0 ? Protestant
68 ,? ?? 156 , Winitm . Hebrew
2'5 71 185 ? White -Protestant
.14. 25 73 . 182. White
' 5 ? White Codholic
.22
P9 itot ? Habra.. ?
6 ? 20 67 ?1113 White 'Ilebrew
7 . y. 26 71 147 ..4'hite Protestant,
.8 27. .70 1146 ??? ' KM t e :Prgtdstant
9 .. 2, 'tz.E3 151 ? Wt, Protestant
10 214 ? .61c ? 160 ahite Hebrew .
11 ..27 . 69. ? 144 *. : Whitb ,Catholic
? 12 .24 72 . ? 161 ? White Iic,brew
^ ?
Apperr.113; IV are givi'n tlfe. complete case histories.' df each
of these twelve volunteers together wl..th the results of the
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,-2?rolininory lab ;ratery 0