SCIENTIFIC SESSION ON HYDROLOGY AND ON REGULATION OF WATER COURSES (RUNOFF)

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STAT
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DITELLIGENCETRANSLMON
'Buig.hydrology
? ? ?
PAGE NUMB STAT
SCIENTIFIC SESSION ON HyppliAgAUR6ON:REGUIATIR 14TER COURSES? RUNOFF)
PubleBy the Technical InsA:tqa.,Sthe Bulgarin, 4.1dcmy of SCiencese
197 p..*Sofia01957.
P.3)
(Transl. by,sClaudito F.Mayer0M.R.0Aug.1958).
PREFACE.
The great importance of waters in the development of the national economy in
our country had been already recognized at the earliest times. Yetoin the past the
waters were exploited to a limited degree ,and the water economy as well as the en-
terprise of water constructions developed slowly.
Before 9 September 19440 the power of all hydroelectric centers amounted to
about 60,000 kilowattspand the improved areas measured about 7400000 decars(740000
hectare) of which 350,000 are drained and situated Chiefly along the side of the
Duna River and at the Black Sea0 and 386 000 are irrigatedpsituated in the basin
of the rivers Marica0Tandtha0Strama and Mesta -- in Southern and Southwestern Bul-
garia.The improvement of the rivers was very slight and unsystematic so that the
effect of the improvement works was insignificant. This state of water economy and
thin condition of the water-construction enterprise had its repercussion also upon
the status and development of hydrology in the countryoUntil recently0we had not
have a united single good logical and scientifically based hydrometrical network;
the observations on the water stands and the measurements of the water volumes in
the water sources were not done regularly and systematically so that their data were
uncertain.
Radically different are the conditions after 9 September 1944 when the rule
went over into the hands of the Nationowith the Bulgarian Communist Party(BCP) at
the head, By learning from the rich experiences of the U,S,S:R?the National Repub-
lic of Bulgaria started with deliberation upon the road of socialismOand in a uhort
time it was transformed from a lagging.behind agrarian land into an industrial -agra-
rian country0with colle4tive treatment of the land and strongly increased productive
forcea.With the development of productive forceo0 the requirements in relation'te
the water resources were also enlarged. The need of water for irrigation, for gain-
ing power and for watering has grown incredibly much. On the other handowith the
nacionalization of the industry and with We creation of the Work Cooperative Agra=
rian Economy("TKZS") the obstacles which in the past were pressing the water econ-
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INTELLIGENCE TRANSLATION PAGEN6MBESTAT
Bulg.h drolo 8
may have been removedilsii/dgCRisibilitinp;it'AlCiWi.ts development.In a com-
paratively short timed). 'iliffiuWof.waterjil;adinters were investit;ated?plan-
ned and constructed? as and (PO4) drainage systems and hyfiro-
technical equipments for them such as dams? tunnelsobridge-canals(aqueducte)etcno
of which no one would even dare to dream in the paet.,Let us recall some of them only:
-- the dams "Vasil Ko1arov"011Aleksandr Stambolijski"0"Georgi Dimitrov"0"Studena"
(Cold)and the "Stalin"g . the water electric centrals "Asenica I?0 "Asenica II",
ha"(Sorrow),"Rosica% "Batosheve? "Petrokhan","Klisura"(Gorre),"Georgi Dimitrov"
"St0Zagora"0"Pasare1"0"Kokaljane"0"Batak"0and others; -- the irrigation systems
"Stalin" (The Brushljansk and. the .Sandrovsk lowlands)00Plirvomaj"0"Pirinska Bistrice
"Cherven Brjae(Red Coant,0 "Rosicano "Staagora" and others. There were construct.
ed about 600 small dams and reservoirs and more than 1000 sounding wells by which
the local waters are used for irrigation and for other water economical needs,
The Second Five-Year National Economical Plan(1953-1957 years) provides for
the doubling of production of electric energy in relation to the year 1952 and for
the enlargement of the irrigational areas to 5 million decarspor to a size from 13
to 15 times more than that in the year 19440
With the expansion of water economypand with the use of the water resources of
the country for energypirrigationalowatering and other purposesothe requirements for
hydrological investigations have also increased and changed0investigations which
give strong impetus to the development of hydrology and call to life also the need
for the development of the hydrological science.In the year 194601n the State Poly.
technical Institute? a special chair was created for hydrology and hydraulicsoIn the
year 19510the Service for Hydrology0which formerly- used to belong to the Ministry
of Electrification and Improvement? was united with the Service for Meteorology into
a single service whenoparallel with it, the services for engineer hydrology were
created in the planning organisations, In the very same time0from 1945 until today?
the Scientific Research Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology and the Branch for
Hydrology in the Technical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences were cre=
ated.Important achievemnts of practical and theoretical nature have been noted.Yet0
together with the achievements of the peopl_eothere are also a series of weaknesses
the more substantial of which areg= the still, existing lack of an unified scientif-
ically grounded hydrological network; the lapse izto formalism at the study of the
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INTELLIGENLE TRANSLATIONPAGE NUMBER
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regime of the wAter pourcest the neglecting ofrcextninOielde important in the man-
agement of waters such iNvIlnedhydrological foreoastaoeSezeill this urges the necessity
of basic survey of 'the)xmOitionz of hydrology andoof r,the hydrological science in
our ceu.ntry and the need to oUtlineoas much as this is possible? the trends and the
tempos of their future development.
P.5)
In its desire to satisfy these needsothe Technical Institute of the Bulgar-
ian Academy of Sciences takes the initiative for the organizationojointly with the
Scientific Research Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology? of a united scientific
conference. _o
The regime of our riversohowevero is such that the correct and purposeful
uee of their waters is possible only through an artificial regulation of the water
courses and through their adaptation to the needs of the society of people.With ref-
erence to thispin the agenda of the conferenceoreports are also included on the reg-
ulation of water courses nd the sphere of organizers of the conference was widened
-- with the participation of the VTO( Departmental Technical Organization)"Hydro-
energy Project.)
The conference was held on 27 and 28 February 1956,with the following agendas
1) Openingowith a brief address by Academician LoCHAKALOVoSecretary of the
Class for mathematicaophysical and technical sciences of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciencee.
2) "Development of hydrology and of the hydrological science in the National
Republic of Bulgaria"... ra-part of Engineer Professor B0MARCHINKOV0member of the
Scientific Council of the Technical Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences?
3) "New trends in the development of hydrology"-- renort of Engineer RJA-
PAZOVJunior scientific coworker in the Technical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences?
4) "Scientific foundation of the hydrological network in the National Repub-
lic of Bulgaria"? report of Engineer IVAN MARINOV0Director of the Scientific-Re-
search Institute for Hydro/ogy and Meteorology?
5) "About the hydrological forecasts". report of Engineer R.MINCHEVOunior
eoientific coworker in the Scientific Reseaie...h Institute for Hydrology and Meteorolo
6) 94ethods for regulation of water =rims and their application in our
coantry"-- report of Engineor SHELI BENATOVA and Engineer RORAJKOV0 Departmental
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Technical Orgav.i iatioi10%yd.Wetfe'rfgr Pro'Sectt..4.12 erlt IAlotsmv
7) "ReflectithisOALtliethydr6logical7oharabteriO4ce at the regulation of
water courses"... reportlnkcItigineYer Rola...MOT and atigilieert.SliELI BENATOVL? Depart.
mental Technical OrganizatVon "Hydroenercr Project". ?
8) Discussion of the delivered reportee' 3
9) Closing of the?deliberation with an *Advise by Corresponding Member?
Engineer Prof.D6VELEV0 Director of the Technical Institute at the Bulgarian Academy
of Sclenceso
The interest in the conference wan creat._ more than 150 engineers of the
production0and scientific workers have attef iedo After the reports? lively discus-
sions were arranged. in which 35 pecrole tuck part. (P,6) A proposal was also submit-
ted. wbich was unanirously accepted? to have the materials of the conference _- the
?
reports and the statements... printed in a separate publication so that it could be-
come the property of a wider circle of scecialistso
The present work appears as an answer to this proposal t3 it contains the re-
ports?some of this nost essential discussions and the conclusions and recommendations
..STAT ?
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made at the conference,We remark with regret that for technical reasons it was im
possible to insert; all discussionsoalthough many(almost all) contained valuable
thoughts end recommendationsaor those who are interested in the omitted parts also,
the sT.enogr.tms o. the conference stand at disposal.
Sofia ,May Corresponding MemberDIMO VELEV0
(continued on next page)
Um, yam.. 1111??????.. ?1101.
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INTELLIGENCE TRANSLA.TIOLZ
Bal&hydrology
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DEVELOFIENT HYDROIAMAND THE HYDROLOWOWSOIENCE IN OUR COUNTRY.
Introducttos,
The water has always played a great role in the economy of all countries.
Unlike other treasures of Nature such as coaloilemineral ores, the water resources
are constantly renewed? andethanke to the circulation of the waters of the Earth
globe ,,they represent one ever lasting source, Man has been always striving,with re-
ference to the technical development in the corresponding era, to exploit the waters
for satisfying his needs and for improving his mode of life. While in the past times
this was achieved elth cOmparatfwely primitive meanse more recently,with the ad a
eancemente of technics, an aspiration has been alive after much greater utilization
of the water sourcesoTodayewith the high level upon which the hydrotechnical con.o
struction works standethe waters are utilized much more purposefully and systemat-
ically for irrigationefor water supplyefor obtaining the electric energy,for water
transportationpand so one
in certain cases howeverethe waters tarn out harmful effects,too3-- with
an unfavorable situation of the waters on and under the land surface, swamp forma-
tion or high stand of the ground waters is provoked by which the health and hygien-
ic coelitions of the affected regions are deterioratedeor the regular growth of the
agricultural plantations is imeededeOn the other handewith floods due to the swell-
ing of the rivers? bridges,dams and similar other equipmentsefloodee valuable cul-
tivable areas and populated places may become damaged or destroyedewhlle not infre-
quently even human victims are taken.
And in both inetanceseappropriate measures are taken which in the first ins-
tances have the purpose of utilizing the waters in the given direction, and in the
other instances, of removing or minimizing their harmful effects
The measures by which the utilization of thawater_resouroes is realized in
a given direction are called "water economical" or "hydrotechnical". The water econ-
omical measures presupeose the construction of a series of equipments,
TO have built a given water economical measure with the greatest economical
effecteit is necessary to draw up basically the sce.called "ember economical studies"
(P.8) -- plans which show the main stages of the planning,But while with the plea<
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INTEZLIGENCE T-H-AN-SCATIOI:
Bulg.hydrology
U
STAT
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ning of other engineering constructions knowledgentalAthil regime o,z' a utilizable
water source ii not reqiiiilaiailihis holds gooefiaxifilly only for certala engineer
0.1 aril
constructionsowith the water structures the basis cognition of the regimes of the
water sources to be utilized represents the absolattly necessary i -n--1 ft-s- stePsWithout
basically recognizing the regime of the water soussesoit is impossible to expect ei-
ther an accurate planning of the water economical weaeuresoor a pull eseful exploit-
ation of the same.
The non,erecognition of regimes of the wateas sources may lead either to the
construction of large and expensive equipment: with overestimation of the water car-
1: -3
It
rentso or to an irrational use of the water currents with an underestimation of the
same.Similarl Y with an overestimation of the high watersoit may esme to a complete
compromising of the equipment and to human victims.That is why a fundamental duty
of any hydrological service today is to study the regime of the water seurom
In the studying of the water sourcesoa epeeist science, hserology is $11 en.
gaged which tepresente one of the gmoophysisal disciplines. As a part of geophys-
icso--the general science which studies the physical and other processes that arise
on our planete--hydrology is also in contact with the other geophysical discipliess0
--such, as Efltanaliw with which they join in the studies of rainfels, of t'es. eveps
orations and of the other climatic elementeo and Esamy (which etwiiac the entrails
of the Earth) with which it joins in the general study of the prob,(sse about the
drifts and the subterranean waters.Hydrology has a close contact IsSffll geographyotoo.
We cannot present the hydrological features by tearing them out of the environment
in which they appears
At todayos stage of the development of hydrologyothose sections are in or-
der which have differentiated into separate disciplines-- hydrometryo hydrogeology,
oceanology.This does not seem however any reason for their losing connection between
themselves,On the contrarY0 with their shaping as independent disciplinesothey acquire
a wider basis and their connections witn# other disciplines are better realized?
with which they have common points of contact.Thusofor instanceolimnology includes
not only the studies which are related to the balance of the water murceso but also
those related to the balance of the materials and of the energies.In the science
about swampsoin addition to the questions about the water courses? the questions of
morphology? genesis? physico-chemistry and geography of the swamp formations are
also considered.
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INTEIUGEThANSLAflOI
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It vill be aleOatAxteakto anouner A*Ipmx*Iigl./wlsopi.usl Avg which there is
no moan? undorstanikinicoutittko,ovledge in our comIttyvs
4hils in the past41.1wasAthought that hydrology tu general was a scientif-
ic branch which had for its goal to serve the hydroteChnical construction industry
and it was even mistreated Agra section of hydroteChnicsotodayOthanks to the high
level on which hydrology is kept in the ILS.S.R.othe understanding for these prob-
lems has radically changed.As the experience has shown in this first socialistic
,country in the world in which hydrology holds the first place all over the world?
the famous Soviet hydrologistse...aorof.M,A.VELIKANOV0 Prof, IJ(p9) CHEBOTAREVO
Prof.D.SOKOLOVSKI and others-. think that the great development of hydrology and
the pre-eminent role of this science in the U.S,S,R0 are due to the opportune sep-
aration of hydrology into an independent discipline which gives service not only to
the hydrotechnical construction industry but also to the other branches of the na-
tional economyoincluding ale() the defense of the country. It is however In radical
contradiction with the staging of hydrology in the other countries. Even up to the
present dayoin many countries hydrology is a supplement of the hydrotechnical dis-
ciplinesan his work "Hydrology of the 1and1t019480 Prof.M.A.VELIKANOV states;" HY-
drology as a science is a Child of the Great Octrobiet Revolution", In the same
work he further announces" We think that hydrology as a science about the activity
of the waters of the Earth and hydrology as a science about the hydrotechni:al con-
struction industryoas an engineering technical disciplineo ought to be striltly die-
tinguiehed from each other,. Every science grows out of the needs of life and in
front of the practice it justifies its existence by useful resultsotogether with
thisohowevero it also has its own proper logicsoThe science always represents a
system".
S.B,NIKITIN in "Principles of River Hydrology"(195.2) states 'rom a sub -
midiary science of hydrotachnicsothe Soviet hydrology grew up to become an indepenc.
dent geophysical science which developed and branched off into a series of separate
disciplines,"
A,IT?OHEBOTAREV in "Hydrology of the Land and River Confluence"01950,ftates3
* Primarilyohydrology has developed in close connection with hydrotechnics and phys-
ical geography which is the main reason that hydrotechnics and geographies have pre-
tended to include it in the sphere of their own jurisdictionohaving no coneidera-
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rINTELLIGENCE TRANSLATION
Bulg hydrology
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Tgree-Tiffitli-
8
tion for the roleairlor/thenWrtance ofliyitif6Weefitschieizidependent outgrowth
Of scientific knowledge.TWdathree decades havithalafimpasied since hydrology pres-
ented itself as an indepaidirMlfeotpline and:thfetriiartseare:evident at hand."
AA we see? hydiologi is a young sciende end it conquered its place as an
independent discipline in the Soviet Union. Inspite-of'the fact that even in other
countriet it has acquired e;-well-known development; it would be daring to say that
what had been achOieved in certain countries in the colirse of one century and a
half it came about a little quicker tt the U.S.S.R. in the last 2-3 decades.
This lagging behind of Vt.:13 other cou#tries5iscdue to the inaccurate under-
standing that hydrology woild be directly subordinated'to the hydrotechnics and that
the hydrological studies must be directed only in reference to the bydrotechnical
constructive industry.As an example of this wrong development of hydrology we must
put in evidence the unilateral evolution of the same in the various countries. Thus?
in France0Austria0and Rungarychydrology chiefly developed in connection with the
fight against inundations? in Bavaria0in Switzerland0Sweden and South France-- in
connection with the use of the water energy? in the U.S, and in Italy-- in connec-
tion with the improvements and in Germany-. in connection with the development of
the water ways.The same was observed in Russia0too0before the revolution when hydrol-
ogy has developed chiefly in connection with water transportation and with the im-
provements.(F010).ftsic results in connection with it are not achieved? and for this
reason the water sources and the technical regime are not studied at all.
Especially in the U.S.S.R. this situation had been put to a re..evaluation,
and already in 19190in relation with the electrificational plan? the question was
put for the creation of an independent State Hydrological Institute which would be
charged with the task of organizing the whole-sale study of regimes of the water
sources in the U.S.S.R. There is nothing to stop us in the development'of hydrology
of the subsepnent decades, in the methods of work and in the achievementobut we
shall only remember that the building of such structures as are the Great Construc-
tions of communism is possible only with hydrological studies which stand upon a
very high level. But to lead up to this high level of hydrological studies it was
also necessary to solve the question of the personnel staff? This was sire sol7ed
in a radical way in the U.S.S.R. Special hydro-meteorological institutes were there
created which prepare specialist hydrologiSts(engineer hydrologists). From these
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Buig.hydrology
111?111.1119.
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facts it is evident thilVtiCeirtiftAlecees in theill,t,Lin.,the field. of hydrology are
due to the timely sepaxiaittLEOPhydrology into;Ahe),4cience and the practice and Vito
its development into anindObrident disciplinfao;
1, Develmunt of klytilEame_i? our country..
Immediately after the Liberation there was no type of hydrological construe-
tionindustry.
Activity in this direction was manifested in the administration of the ir-
rigationin the Marishka Valley which was accomplished by primitive methods inherit-
ed from the Turks for whith-hydrological or hydrometrical studies were not required.
This is the main reason that even an embryo form of hydrological investigations is
lacking.
Gradually,with an arrangement of the affairs of the waters by means of reg-
ulations in regarl to gicing right for the utilization of the waters by private
people and in regard to administering the irrigation, during 1910 the question arose
about constituting a few water reading stations on the Marica River for the purpose
of studying the regime of the water level and of helping the Waters Administration
with the distribution of the water in the various irrigation districts,Yet,this
did not go into effect? and no stations were opened on the chief irrigation canals
which would service the irrigationoespecially on the canal "Pashaark", on the canal
"Njakhrikebir", on the canal "Nniark",etc.
With this othe first period starts in the development of hy-
drology,For this time, with the purpose of getting water readings on the Marica
River at the city of Pazardzhik? at the city of Plovdin, at the village of Papas-
lij? to get water stands at the river Topolnica in the village of Kaluger and at
a few other points, by the initiative of the management of the Waters Service, brig-
adee were established in which the engineers P0ABADMIEV0V.VASILEV and others had
participated,They prepared water.reading scales from woodowith metal membranes pas-
ted onto them that represented the lining of the scales? These water-reading scales
were distributed to their local desiguations0and fastened onto the bridge pillars
of the corresponding pointso(P011). Thereafter the levelling of the mmll points
of the water readIngs(8 bench marking) was made,whiCh is found by the contemporary
"Reports of the Water Stande"?as the informations were called which the observers
promulgated to the administrators of the'water services. The observations themselves
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INTELUGENCE TRANSLATIOu
Bulg.hydrolOgy
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were made according,toisipea4TiastructionseanftombpleaMoiag.ol tne observers, It
should be recorded thatinfVftilikel.inch? Mater reaclingeiWANdiahed at these places and
the registration of the water etands0 which conldeaqthbenlmd even for the assumed
purpose for which they were organized.( the administration and the distribution of
the waters)0nothing else .was- accomplished. But es!Imigach sa beginning from which
something more could develop faded away.
With the entry into the Balkan War in 19120 the account giving on the water
stands at these few posts was discontinued.After the end of the Balkan War a few
water readings were still made-of the rivers in Northernaulgaria0and these were
supplemented in Southern Bulgaria 0but the observationa for these readings did not
differ at all from the one practiced at the originally established stations.
In the period from 1913 to 1915, nothing, more was consequently achieved nei.
ther in the understanding about the organization of the water reading stations? not
in its purpose either. The impression is even gained that the water stands were ob-
served0without being used for any concrete purpose:tt simple registr
tion without without concrete utilization of the co 1-
lected dat a.
The European War which came in 1914 had an influence upon this beginning
(during the time of the war the observation of the water stands was abandoned at
most places for the second time), Thus thd works have also continued after the con-
clusion of the European War-- before 1920, and with this thefirst period in
the development of the hydrological studies comes to an end. In common features, it
is characterized by a lack of clarity in the goals of the original works themselves,
and by an almost complete unusability of the collected data, The measurements of
the water quantity are almost missing, which would however exnlainuat least to a
certain degreepthe regime of the rivers at the posts at which the water reading sta.
tions have been established. In general, before 1920 the observations have been car-
ried out in 48 stations.
The second period begins in 1920. Stimulus for it was given by the
coming into force of the Law about water syndicates and about the State program
for the waters. In the same Law for water syndocates and the State prorrram for the
waters, the river basins are pointed out which have to be built up0 and the places
where the dams will be constructed,The other hydroteChnical measures were also point-
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AGE NUMBER
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ed out. In general and as a prinaPleo the waters affairs? and the relations be-
tween the State? the private users of water and the cooPerative associations-- the
a
water syndicates were organized. In a special paragraph the importance of the by
c
drological(eo-called hydrographical) studies was accounted foroas the studies were
enumerated which had to be completed -- observations of the water stands, measure-
ment of the water amountso of the directions? of the evaporation, photographs of
the river.basinsoetc, According to the Law for water syndicates provision was made
that the Waters Service should have four departments of which the Department of By-
drography would administer the water usage and would also carry out the hydrometric-
al and hydrological studies. For this speaks also the circumstance that the setting
of the water reading stations was chiefly started at the sites of the future hydro
technical objectsowithout abandoningoof course? even the setting of water readings
for the general characterization of the regime conditions in the other rivers.
It Should be considered that the beginning of the hydrometrical network
was thereby established in our country, however imperfect it might have been and
however on its basis the Chief principles might have not corresponded with the stand-
ards of hydrology in the other countries of those days, Almost the entire country
was covered by a network of water reading stations the density of which was not
large and it hardly counted about 80 stations as it represented mainly the chief
rivers... MaricaoIskp,TundzhaoChayaoWcha?EliderepOspaYantra and others.All this
makes again the impression that the high mountanous areas were not represented,in
spite of the fact that a few of the dams in the State Waters Program were foreseen
at these places.It must be also noted that no serious steps were made to start the
measurement of the water quantities at the water reading stations0and thereby to
have anypthough just orienting data received on the regimes of the rivers whereby
the observation of the water stands would be rationalized.
Exactly at this timeoVolume I of the Archives of the Ministry of Agriculture
with the title "Tha Water Forces in Bulgaria" was published by engineer Iv.MAVROV
in which workobeside pointing out the water sources for utilization in the country,
thehydrological studies of some of the rivers
are also given at which rivers the constructions of hydrotechnical objects were
planred;- the rivers VchaoTopolnicao OsiAmo Chayao and others. The lack of whatever
may be a hydrological basis in the country before this moment( as we shall also see
thereafter for quite a while)
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12
JO) 3th0 trl-i-Alt
thereafter for quite a while) becomes evident from the circumstance that in this work
I
the regime of the rivers ii put into an extremely unsatisfactory light. This shows that
in our country complete vagueness was then been in existence ooncerning the relation
of the hydrological regime of the rivers which vagueness led to the condition that
engineers of good preparationothia type might have been also engineer Iv.MAVROV?
were given an estimate on the water passage of the river TOpolnica at the village of
LesiChevo at an average of 640 million m3. On the other handothe correlation of the
water passage of the rivers Tbpolnica and Vlicha is such that the Topolnica river was
stated as having more passage of water than the 14Cha river whose water passage is
still far from what it has in reality. The 21 times overestimation of the water pas-
sage of the Topolnica river however( and it is the same with the other rivers) is
Characteristic for a Leek of perfPct orientation about the relation of conditions
of the water passages of the rivers in our country,
In the period from 1920 until now, the observation of the water stands was
carried oat more accurately. The same is true also for the instruction of the obser-
vers of the water readin stations. In 19230the first instruction for the observation.
at the water reading stations was published d as it gave the basic elements how to
do the observations. In the instructions the ordinary waters are differentiated from
the extraordinary rises0 of waters(wavesotides)oand for the latter the times of ob-
servation are given in general.There exist a series of regulations which allow
make the conclusion that o unlike the first period of the hydrographic service, light
was thrown upon the methodology of making (p,13) the observations of the water
stands and upon the aim that was pursued by these observations. Something more than
the service for water,, In the city of Pasardshik they organised the taking of tam,
pies for sedimentation from the river Topolica to determine its tarbidity.The me-
thod by which the samples were taken was a primitive oneo and the handling itself
of the samples thmselves was a still more primitive one.111 this again shows the
progress and that the aims which were pursued in the taking of these samples were
clear for the organisers of the service. But not only this hapeened;-- in the alb=
segment yearsoafter collections of materialothey ease to publishing the data for
the water stands for the period from 1924 to 1926 inolnsively. In this publication
?
? --cu ? .?
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13
The water stands are given for the observed wateral4 stations on maps
and on graphs of the moveheitt'lines of the water stands, Besidesoin the Yearbook
for 1925 an analysis was given of the flood of the Marica River at the town of
Pasardehikoand also the key curve of the water reading No.4 of the same river,Es-
timate wag given on the flood of the Marica river in 19110and valuable conclusions
were made. The area flooded by the river Maricaoin the district from Paeardehik to
Plovdiv was represented on themap., It may be said that these are the first infor-
mations in the literature whichoalthough in a scanty formo give a few plausible
characteristics on our rivers,
If the period from 1920 to 1926 was poor concerning the measuremnts of the
water amounts by means of hydrometrical screw? such measurements started in 1926
and were continued until now, The start coincides with the entry of engineer
GAWEV into the hydrographical service mpon whom was put the task to organise the
works of hydrometry.From that year onomeasurements of the water quantities were
started at some rivers in the country such as the rivers VItchaoTopolica,Blidereo
0haya00s00 Mpiviro Kamchaya0VitoTandeha0and otherso by means of a hydrometric
screw. A new instruction was worked out for the observation of the water standsoand
similarly such for the methodology of measuring the water amounts and of the comput-
ation of the water amounts themselves,A model was also composed by which the equal-
isation and the key carves of the water amounts could be obtained by a method of
the least squares.These are the first key carves for our rivers whichoalthough even
just approsimative, already give an idea about the conditions of the water pas-
sage at seme posts of the countrwo Moreovero in 1928 In the hydrogranhic service
overflows were projected and such have been constructedlfor instance) at the river
MOtivir in the village of Sersemkaleoia the land of the village of Mukhov0 and
the ice of the river Topolica was stabilised with a threshold at the village of
Lesichevoin the Pasardshik district?This staiteilleation plays a positive role for
some time, However, the constructed overflow of the river Mpiwir was not able to
fulfill its purreseobecaase the river is very rich In alluvial dragoand in a short
time the tract behind the overflow was obstructed so that it could not further func-
tion as an overflow. As we Shall teeo such mistake was also admitted more recently
at the overflow of the river Vidimaoand at other placessIn the same year? a hydro
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Page.
14
401 IV IN*
metric brldgelet was coneTERAed,e.ni.the river Ilk041 go 35 plus 900 by the highe
eay to the town of Samokov(aear,the. place of the constriction of the Stalin dam).
There was not sufficient leaway,provided (p0.4) for it in height, and it was de-
molished at the time of a, high water stende Tetuit accomplished its function for
a while until it was carried away; a series of measurements were made by it which
measurements are Characteristic for the regime of the river Iskft,
Everything that was said as far about this period ;peaks for a greater
eompetence-- even for a specialisation In thirmatter4Howeverothe organizators of
that timeO in the service have looked =Oh narrower upon the task of the hydrologe
ical investigationsoand they were contented with doing partial investigations of
the water passages at a few poets only?The reason for this must not be sought in
them so mach as In the material basis which was very weak, But even this partial
activity was interrupted in the year 1930 when engineer Iv,Ganev left the service,
Therewith came the end of these investigations and actually of this period ,too.
In the years from 1930 to 1934 almost nothing had been done beside the ob-
servation of the water stande?The publication ef the year books was also stopped,
The water stands have been obeervedobut they were left to the observers themselves,
and were hardly controllee lee anyone, The obtained reports in the Water Service were
distributed into the files and there they remained? Things went on this way until
the year 1934.0nly a few revlsions of the precipitations were accomplished which
were made by the then chief of the Water Departmenteengineer Ya?Zelkov; however,
this was his persona/ activity, In all the same time we establishedejointly with
engineer ZoIkov? the hydroloeical year for Bulgaria to run from November the first
until October the thireyfirst,
The third period started in 1935. In this year In the budget
of the water Department -- which had four subunit inspectorates studying, hydroge
repby?atructurepand water syndicate,? the Inepectorate for Hydrography was provided
with a special hydrometrical service with two engineers.) three techniciansoand two
notaries(ecribes),It must be noted that until that time the Inspectorate for Hydrog-
raphy had its own list of functionaries who were engaged only in the administrae
tion of the usage of water? The provided new functions were exclusively for hydrol-
Asmosmiec
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ogical and hydrometrical etadiesoInto this newly constituted service came at this
e?t 106 ?
time the engineers Smpenev sad Marchinkov, The difficulties which they had to cope
with were extremely largeaabove allotrained people were lacking who could assume
-net
the works and who could carry out the works saccessfally. In the same Water Depart-
ment a part of the management personnel had a negative attitude towards the newly
created service ,which has been considered as unnecessary. The new service could exe
ist and advance only with the support of management personnel of the Water Depart-
ment which support was not given. The same preparation of the two engineers who en-
tered the service was itself unsatisfactory for them to cope with the tasks assigned
to themoince until then no systematical hydrological atudies had been carried out
and no experience was available, The circamstance that a new service was created
indeed a special ?service? compelled it to be correctly organized,
The first and fundamental problem which arises in connection with the organ-
ieation of the new service would be then the reorganization of the preexistent hy-
drometrical(p.15) network ceilidh was not in correspondence with the contemporary Te-
auirements without OlanEes.. The network itself was constructed in an elementary man-
ner, The water reading stations were spread Chiefly in the middle and the lower rano
of the rivers, With foreseeing the great difficulties which would come if the net=
.
work were reorganized when large numbers of the existing water readings should have
been replaced, it was decided to work with this not..
work for & certain time while it was being reorganized and
filled out gradually, To this resolution the circumstance also contributed that at
the moment when the hydrometrical activity started we did not have any idea of the
water passage conditions in the country, To basically reorganize a network,it means
that the water par/mega condition of the rivers in the country are known at least
partially,That is why the work is continued with the existing network,There were
six sets of hydrometrical propellers supplied, four of which were sent to the prey-
inces and two remained at the central service, It has to be remarked that at this
time the waters were administered by seven regions and five districts, Some of these
servicem had. old hydrometrical screws most of which were not in use and were put
lintc, activity, The next task of the newly constituted service was to compile ins-
tractional for the observation of the water stands, Such instructions were worked out
ie all provincial services, Latereinstruction was also compiled for the measuring
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,
of water amounts. As a basis for this instruction eerved the already in 1929
ecei iP.79 "e-!;!
printed work of engineer Iv.Ganev entitled "Directions for meesaring with the
ee,y e. e e
Veltman screwm.The new instraction in form of a circular was elaborated for the
-2 erev:
provincial services to serve as a guide in the carrying out og the hydrometrioe
STAT
measurements. At the beginning of the autumn of 1935u swo sets of hydrometrica:
reopellers were inspected and two brigades were constitute each composed of three
people e- an engineer? a technician and a *erne.- one of the teams for Northern
Bulgaria and another for Southern Bulgaria hich teams bad to do the measurement
t.
of the water amounts.- more specifically of the low autumnal waters along about
20 posts in the two parts of Bulgatia.This first envelopment of the network with
a purpose of measuring the waters had great significanceosince at the same plane
we became acquainted with a certain number of points of the networlu and with the
observers themselves. It was established that the observers up to that moment were
left alone to themselves and that almost no kind of control was exercised above
their workoneither were they in the knowledge until that time how to act in certain
specific ceses(observation of high waters. . measurement of the temperatures of the
water noting of the apnearance of iceoetc.),Lfter the brigades were completed? a
detailed instruction was worked out for the observation of the high watersewhieh
had to be teemed over to the property of the observers through the corresponding
regional and district engineers. Moreovero it was determined that to perform the
meaeurement of the water amounts an average of three-four days were necessary for
one neasurement.It was the decision of the central hydrometrical service to do mese
ourements twice annually- in the months of April and Mayo and September and Octo-
ber since by the regions and the districts still 3 to 4 measurements are to be done.
It to a pity that it is impossible to realize these measurements thoroughly since
not each service was provided with hydrometrical(p16) propellers. Then it was or-
dered to a few of the regions and districts which owned propellers to perform the
measurements in the neighboring regions and districts which did not have such prep-
elleroewhich was not well acoepted.Inspite of thisosuCh measurements have been pore
formed.Xt should be considered that with 5-6 measurements annually the key carve
could be compiled for each water reading(the annual) which follows? and for 2e3
years we had already an ideaothough not a very precise one? about the water pas .
mage conditions in our country.Many misleading facts and mistakes were disseminated
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. eqe efe,
about the relations of the water passage: in oav country.
.4t et) eo,
Thie number of 4.5 measurements yearly was aleo vary small according to
our opinion? but there was no way to increase their nutber.It was considered to
have the measurements made upon the high waters in the regions and the districts,
and they(the regions and dietricts) wee instructed to do such meaeuremente.Hore?
however,we were not able to get help which we had expected from the regions and the
districts because of the nnhapny attiMe of the management to the by-
drological investigations.There had beenohoweverocesee at which the regional and
the district engineers chewed a special interest and love toward the hydrological
inveatigaeionse7which is the came with the regional engineers of the regions of
Starogagor, Paeardehi, TOnovo Kyustendilo and Shuman. With a special accuracy were
performed the forks in tie Starozagor region.
In the meantimeoin the service the problems about subterranean waters were
put to condideration?also the problems of the measurement of the medimentations?of
the evaporationsoetc. Beside a few investigations of organized character, At was
not possible to accomplish almost anything in this area because of the weak material
eupporteAccomplished was the experiencegThe experience was gained) that a set of
mounds was suppliedobut the people who were put in Charge of the set wore unable
to fulfill their obligation.Two sedimentation apnaratuses were ordered in Germany
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together with a series of sieves which were delivered very late?, one at the end
of the year 19430 and because of the evacuation of the servicepthey could not be
put to use.
After 9 September 19440 the perspectives for the development of the hydrol-
ogical eervice had considerably grown.Xt must be remarked that ?always in connection
with the outlined development, the perspective widened for the utilization of the
waters An the country and for the reorganisation and enlargement of the sereice0 The
Soviet hydrologists who are present in the capital(of the service of the Soviet
Army) had paid visits to the service and had given valuatle recemmendatione.In this
wayoa contact was establiehed with the hydrologists KochetkovcDehoganyaGB.Kaeancev,
Miehchenko0S.Zanokhvalow0rt was asked by the Waters Director that they should give
from their point of view a written opinion concerning the condition of the Service.
After one weikoe study?Kedhetkov on his part came out with a written declaration
to the Directorate of Waters in which he said that the service was correctly ori-
onted,but it was toe small In comparison with the size of the tasks which have to
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be fulfilledothat the network must be widened(both the hydrological as well as the
e et_ go e,, tto/aw fL
meteorological this Chiefly at the mountainous districts the highland sectors).
le-era:sea .11-1
8that the studies should be also started into other elementse-evaporationoprecip.
oeev
itation and underground waterspand there Should be a start made for the prediction
of the eater passages. He stated that among all the Belk= states we got to the
first place in hydrological Investigations. (p.1?) "31csee are countries-- Greece where
such a service doe not eeist in general, These recommendations had been fulfilled
about undertaking of a few small reorganieational %failures? since it was still not
possible at all to undertake large measures? on account of budget reasons.
The subsequent years after September 9019440 do not emerge as a new period
since no measures were yet undertaken which would create a new setting of work In
the hydrological service. The personnel of the service was enlarged0but the struc-
ture of the service completely remained the same This way it went on until 1949 when
the service0which by 1947 went already over to the Ministry of Electrificationoat
the suggestion of the Soviet specialist engineer Ntelseev? was reorganized.
The period from 1935 until 1949 may be considered as such in which we had
a hydrometrical service which was organieed0tholegh small. Systematic measurements
were accomplished?thoagh not In that range in which such measurements should have
been oadeOfor which the conditions were lacking?The service established itself and
made efforts and achieved indisputable results,The workers in the service had to
euroltunt exceptional difficulties at the performance of their jobs and they had to
protect the service until 9 September 1944, It may be said that the achievements
were obtained thanks to individual workers who have worked in the service without
total cooperation of the management of the Waters Service.In this relation there
is an essential difference in the understanding before and after 9 September 1944c.
Though still unorganized, after 9 September 2944 a radical change came into the
ttitude toward the service.
In this period It had been possible to collect hydrological data which will
be used by the planners as well as by the service itself for an outline of the hy6
drological regime of the country, Lot as consider only in what position we would
be if In this period these investigations would not have been done which even up
to now are being utilised for the Characterization of the water oassages.In such
a case our entire hydrotechnical construction enterprise after 9 September 1944
would have been laid upon a sandy basis.
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?
In this period wora so puniished the year books for the hydrological ob-
servations In the cotuitineefrdre:1934 until 1940eThe firat two year books for 1934
and for 1935-..- contain in teniYstematic form the water stands at the observed water
readings of the rivers( including the river Dune.) end of the Black Seavand also
the water stands of the wells for the underground watera in the Karaboae and the
Vidin lowlands.There were also the waterecollective regions given of the water-read-
ing points and the benchmarks of the water-reading posts. To each yearbook annexes
were attached-- charts for the yearly rainfalls with projected water readings and
the pluviometric stations, and charts for the distribution of wells in the Vidin
and the Karaboas 1owlande6
In the same periodean experimental hydrological section was created on the
XOtina riveroat the village of Derilo, jointly with the Forest Service.At this small
water-collecting region five pluviometric stations and a constructed overflow were
placed ,The water-collective region was outlined and the investigations(the studies)
(p018) of the water amounts and of the rainfalls were started(through measuring
the remainder behind the barrage) .For unknown reasons,however,immediately after 2944,
the raiafall measurements were net communicated to the people (they were taken by
some service and placed(posted) eleeWhere),and this undertaking which ehould have
thrown light upon the precipitation and the water passage regime of a small river
eould not be realized. In this period the first computation of the carve was worked
out by a method of mathematical statistice6It was done on the Topolica riveroat
the village of Lesichavopas the water amount of 1858 Was inquired into.
The fourth period starts with the year 19496 The service for
hydrology was organieedWith the new organizationolocal central water quarters were
organized which were put under the direct administration and action of special
persons-- eater-overseers who controlled the work of a group of observers of water
readingeoThe central administration was reorganized,ohanges were also accomplished
in the networkInvited was also the Soviet specialist hydrologue engineer P6BLISEEV
who introduced valuable improvements into the network and into the methodology of
the work of the service6By his recommendatione,a scientific council was organized
which started to be engaged In the actual problems in connection with the new ets.
ging of the workers, The new service started to publish In 1950 the review organ
entitled nHydrologlaclo The Scientific Council was convoked frequently and problems
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were placed about the diatrietAivisioning ofothaloimentraflin hydrological relation,
about the hydrological terpinologyt about theawmmuOgiving of the irrigational
waters between two water...reading stationspetce Torthe service two consultants were
also nominated to the Scientific Department-- protestors. The instrumental support
was also improved as well as the instructing of observers, There was also created
a staragO(repair)(1) station with a circuit basin at the Army Ramp. The service
is independentothough it is under the Ministry of Electrification.
The reorganized service comprises two sectors-. a hydrological and a met-
eorological,: In the meteorological sector there is nothing to stop us except In
the cases where the work of the two sectors in interwovenp This combination,done
at the suggestion of the Soviet speciolists? Is logically the result of the connec-
tion which exists between the hydrological and the meteorological elementsoThe
drological sector in the service is shaped with the following four sabdivisionsa
a) a hydrological scientific department which treats the methodical and scientific
problems b) a department Vetworkss which administers the hydrological network,
receives and controls the performed observations, gives instructions for the per-
formance of the observations,and similar others s c) a department sHydrological
werk6ups-- carries out the working-upothe treatment of the data obtained from the
observations and measarementsuit compiles the key curves and it determines the pri-
mary hydrological characteristics and d) a department "Water Oadastres(Register)
which Is engaged In works for systematizing and arranging of the received hydrol-
ogical Characteristics Into & single syetem? with regard to their convenient usage
by planners and other interested peopleoThis department performs also the physico-
geographical description and arrangement of the climatical elements in the corres-
ponding water-collective regions?
0.19) In this period the widening of the network was accomplished inasmuch,
aa the mountainous regions were much more represented, i.e.? water readings were
arranged which controlled the water passages of the small water-collecting areas,.
At the start of the year 1950 there were 228 stations, 8 posts and 20 wells, The
question of opening and also of closing some stations will be considered in a spe-
alai report.. Here we only give the results of the reorganisation of the network in
relation to the number of stations as in 1950 there were 265 stations observed,
The water reading stations,found in the following years,ipet,after the uni-
on of the hydrological service with the Meteorological Institute, show the follow.-
ing courses:
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195f e
19528
195381
19548 0
`1..'"ii? '276 stations .ad 44 Tickets
? 281 " " 14 "
afi a -.275Is . - .
e a 275Is 10 "
y
Special attention must be paid to the fact thatoin distinction from the
P21
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past(actually before the year 1940 Dobrudzha was not at all under our government)
we have mach stations also In the Dobrudehaowith regard to the study of the com-
plicated hydrological regime in this region.
Depending uton the elements which are observedothe stations are grouped in
four sets.At the hydrological investigationsoattention is also paid to the regime
during the winter.
For the accomplishment of the work by the network,- observing the water
stands and measuring the water amounts? the territory is divided into 4 regions
(formerly into 7 regions) scitthat each region has an engineer? a technician and oth-
er administrative and assisting personnel. For the more operative performance of
the control on the observation of the water readings and on the work of the stationso
the country is generally subdivided into 60 districtsoach of which is administer-
,
lug and Checking a group of water readings.The managers of these districts have
gone over qualifying courser of two montheduration and they are familiar with
every work that is to be dcne at the water readings.
Even up to the present timeo the system of observation of the water stands
did not changet. the observations are made by the ordinary water-reading scalp.Self-
registering water readers are not in use.The earlier introduced minimum and maxim.
um water readers had not given resultsoyet nothing was undertaken for their improve
mento Considerably increased isohowevero the number of measurements which are be-
tween 156.20 and 35.40 a year. The measurement of eater amounts is done with the hy.?
drometric screw0Provisionally,measurement had been also made with a floaterobut
this was abandoned.As a method for the measurement of water amounts they introduced
the chemical method or a method of matehingowhich is carried out at great turbidity.
After the information received from the serviceothe same method gives good results..
The measurements of the water amounts are made by determined schemea the speed is
measured at 0.2 N (from the surface)0 at 06 SO and at 90 No and the average steed
is calculated by an adequate formula. Actually-this is an abbreviated method for
?
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Alm wolo
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doing the measurementsoiddtWe'Service mustrfurthe,rexlistimthis schemesor
u 4
ly the appticatian of ancitlier ichemesit gives:7400,rpsAtIrs:In this respect it must
0,!
. ,
be considered that the Service has made haste with (p.20) the application of the abc.
breviated methodsswithout checking them. Regretfully? even up to the present times
the measurement of the high water amountss respecti,ely of the high tidesshas not
definitely improved. ThasSwater amounts are not measured at different water stands
of high tides. When the importance of the form of the high water is considered for
the planning and for the genetic estimation of the water passage as well as the more
. .
precise estimation of the water passage itselfoit must be thought that this is a
serious omission in the Servicepthe more so because swith the present dayvs setting
of so strongly emphasized centralisation s the facilities are present.
The measurement of the drift is at 104 pointssquestion arises only about
the muddiness since the question on the trailing drifts in generals is in the stage
of research with reference to both the organizations and the methods of the work at
taking samples and elaborating the results? It must be noted however that erten the
samples taken for muddiness do not characterise the same since on one hand the mud,
dinessof high tides is not studieds and on the other hand individual samples are
taken during a certain interval of time, This explains the marked underestimation
of muddiness at points at which a considerably greater muddiness ts expected. In
generalvin this field there are seriousomissions and the service should take steps
for the rapid solution of this problem?
One of the problems which have not been even attempted to be solved until
now is the one about the underground waters which has a great economic importance
for our country That which has been done is due to the initiatives of a few among
the planning organizations to which the problem is.of special interests but this
is only partial it concerns a specific region? and the investigations will last
a certain time until the data which are necessary in reference to the planning have
been collected. This problem remains open in front of the Servicesand it is wait-
ing for its solution.(*FOOTN0TE3 By a Decree of the Ministerial Coancilsurged in
the HMS? a subdivision was organized which will organize the studies of underground
waters).
I%cAMIEVEMENTS0.
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.2 C.1 00 'IS MO Op WO MIP Mb IP
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60. W4mm. CCP ??? eilm
,1110.6,$0g tl4t! 1,,, ,
IIAACRIEVEMENTS.
.t !,efev eeTe
In the Services, the subject-matter scientific plan has been regularly placed
and tied together with the most actual hydrological problemso in connection with
the building-up of the water engineering construction enterprisepand the servicing
of other sectors of the Economy. Thus.priority is taken by the problems about the
water passage(course) in the separate river basins. problems on the drifts(method-
ology)0 on the coefficients of the ruggedness of the rivers which0 in addition to
the hydraulical, also have a great hydrological interest? the problem about hydrol-
ogical predictions.etc.
Xt must be expected that the scientific workers of the Hydrological Sec-
tion will go to their scientific sessions with finished achievements of their own
elaboration,
After its union with the Central Meteorological Institute in the year 1952.
the Service started to publish the review "Hydrology and Meteorology"(p.21) which
to a certain degree is the continuation of the review entitled "Hyerology". The rev-
iew journal is well compiled.and therein are contained reflections as well as achie-
vements of our hydrology and meteorology0 even the achievements in the U,S..S.R. Cer-
tain original studies are also published but less in number. It 'seems also that
this review will rise to the place which it should have and that it will reflect
the meteorological and the hydrological ideas in the countryeIn the review journal
place is also given to problems which have greater practical significance?
The Service and the Scientific Research Institute(Its Hydrological Section)
have not come out until now with publications of subetantial importance which would
help in practice.Tearbooks were published about the water stands for 1941 and for
1942 which is actually a continuation of the publication of the yearbooks of 1940.
In this yearbook the old structure has been retained. Yearbooks were also published.
for 1936 and 1937 which contain the water amounts in a tabulated form.The yearbooks
before 1940 were put intopi etesi.
A Chart was compiled by the engineer ILRUSEV with isceelines of the modulus
to
of water passages so that the data on the water passage frow 1935 IMIL PEZ 1955
have been used.By the same author a chart was also compiled on the water.passage
coefficients in the country for the same period. The two charts were also examined
by the Scientific Council.and the recommendation was given to print them with a few
?
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a
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?
corrections? but until the present time this was not done, We think that these Charts
ahould
. ---
which reilresent,;the first approximation of these values for the entire country/sould
ed,2
get a publicity. With the shown occasional deficiencies their subsequent revision
will deal.
In the current year the Service was again reorganized.- the Scientific Ins-
titute was constituted.Therewithothe Service itself is getting detadhedstogether
with its operative work also.0 from the purely scientific work in the fields of met=
eorology and hyrIrologyoIt must be remarked thatowith the constitution of a scient-
ific institute and with a proper selection of the personnelo greater achievements
will be obtained. Such are also expected for the operative services which at the
moment are working after instructions&
The problem of the pereonnel(the cadres) in the Hydrological Service is a
consideration
very acute one.Above allo a/provision must be made that the Hydrological Section
does not have the facilities for specialization such as had been available for the
people to become meteorologues. In spite of thiso the hydrological cadres which
work in the HMS(Hydrological Meteorological Service) have increased their qualif-
ications considerably.
The problem of the lower cadre hat not been solved well, I think that the
district workers must be entrusted to technicians and that the regional workers
must be increased in number. The engineers cadre in the provinces is very email,
Greater number of subdivisions must be createdc . a form mast be found how they
occupied
are calledsand/engaged by engineerseWe cannot be satisfied with 4 regions and with
the regional director not having the chance to test and still less to take part
in the works which are done in his region. With smaller subdivisions and with more
in number which will be occupied by engineer-hydrologists the director will have
to personally perform a series of studies and investigations of physico.geograph-
teal and of meteorologo.climatological 14 nature, This waysthe decentralization
will bring results which now? with the weak competence which the responsible func
tionaries now possess in the districtsocannot be achieved.(p.22)
Generally? about the lats periods. i?e,0 the period after the unification
of the Hydrological Service with the Meteorological Institute the following may
be saids..thanks to the cares of the Party and the Governmentogreat attention has
bben paid also to hydrology and to the hydrological studiessand for the provision
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st. ,Ft as ass cm Co a a tsss sow a
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OM IMP ?Im. ???%. ..... CIA Ion
of the Service considerable means have been granted.Of this care. the governmental
documents also give evidence by which the problem of its future development is
solved.Sudh trend of development was unthinkable before 9 Sept019440and its main
reason is the radical difference in the attitude of the National Government toward
the building up of our water engineering construction enterprise which before this
date had been in an embryonal and incomplete form of existence. The results which
have been achieved until now must be confirmed and enlarged,
SUBJECTS FOR THE YEAR 1956.
A124212gi cal Pred1oti
"SHORT TERM PREDICTIONS FOR THE DUNA RIVER". The topic is timely and neces-
sary in connection with the navigation on the Duna River. With the data of the year
1955 an attempt is being made at improving the data obtained until the present time
by the accepted methods,
a) To the problemg"Regime of the river rum..off".
We obtained and established the dependences and relations between the dis-
tribution of the runoff and the weather, the altitude above sea level, the geogra-
phical latitude.the Mediterranean and the continental influences and others on the
basis of which an attempt is being made to determine the seasonal distribution of
the ran-off and the beginning of the hydrological yearn
b) Regime of the run-off of the Arda River.. By the balancing method.the
relations of the run-off of waters to the physico.geographical and climatical fac
tors 'fere obtained. On account of the unqualified nature of the data there are eene,
tam n difficulties,
e) Regime of the run-off of the Vlicha River.. The regime of the Vicha River
was established, including the dhemism and the drift regimee The empirical(deduc-
tions ) relationships about the influence of distribution within the year,which is
a gradient of the water collecting region, have been concluded,
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY.
* * * * * * * * * *
In the planning organizations of "Water Project" and Energy Hydroproject"0
special mections were created for the needs of planning which have the purpose of
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elaborating the hydrological data
7
sures. In connection with this, a
?
of decisive importance0 and on the
P 26
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required for planning the water economy met .
AP09111 Oldirt9
number of hydrological problems arise which are
ed ear: ,
ir correct estimation depends the stabliity of
the euqipment as well as the economical interest(aspect) of the measure in general.
(p023) In the engineering hydrology of the two planning organizations the follow.
tug more important problems are developed;
1. The problem of the standard of run.off0assurance and distribution.
2, The problem of high waters and wavess. assurance and form of the high
water.
3. The problems of alluvial floating and drifting.
4. The problem of evaporation?
5, -Problems in reference to the rainfalls.The intensity of rainfalls re.
presents here a special interest since a question arises about the measurable wa=
ter volumes at the equipments which are not observed.
6. The question about the lengthening of the hydrological series(theories)
also stands out sharply0since these sets of numbers are very short to give the Char=
.
acteristice and to be used with the balancing method for equalization of the run.
offs.
In connection with these Chief problems on the part of the specific organ.
isatione, -a number of requests,are submitted to hydrologyprespoto the Hydrological
Meteorological Service which must be answered by the service..
IV, HYDROLOGY IN INSTRUCTION& ,
Before 9 September 19440 in view of the fact that there had been no special
hydro.engineering profile at the State Polytechnicum, neither was there a special
Chair for hydrology.. A part of the material of hydrology was read under the title
"Hydrographes at the Chair for Water Construction to the students of the Construe.
tion Department.Immediately after 9 September 19440para11e1 with raising the ques-
tion about Opening a cultural engineering department? the probelm also arose to
create a Chair for Hydrology. Such was provided as the Chair for Hydrology and Hy5,
draulicepand it was opened on 1 March 1946.; The following subjects were read by
the Chairs a) to the students of the Construction Departments= hydrology 3 hours
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..... VP ??? ?C? 02
weekly In one semeeterowhen general hylrological questions were considered in con-
nection with the practice of construction engineering; b) to the students of the
Cultural Engineering Departmento 6 hours of lectures were read on hydrology(2 sem-
?eters? each 3-3 hours)0 and in addition to thiso 2 hours of lectures on meteorol-
ogyo 2 hours water engineering* and one hour water cadastre. In coneequenceoafter
the Water Engineering Faculty opened? the Chair for Hydrology and Hydraulics was
divided into two chairs-- a) for hydrology and meteorology? and b) for hydraulics
Therewith it was intended to get larger specialization of the members of the two
chairsoin regard to the heterogeneity of the disciplines? With this divisionothe
.subject of water engineering went to the Chair of Water Supply and Canalization?
At the Chair of Hydrology? lectures have been also read to the students of the Conc.
struction Faculty-. for hydrologly and hydraulics as well as to the students of the
Mining Geological Institute... for hydrology and hydrometrics. In view of the fact
that in our country we do not have a special hydrological profile which would cre-
ate the specialists required for the practice? the Water Engineering Faculty has
been Charged with reading hydrology in a widened type0(P.24)0 It must be kept in
consideration that this also applies as to the condition of hydrological resear
Ches in our country which are not at a high level and almost each water engineer
must be occupied with working out complex hydrological problems which require a
greater comeetence in the hydrological' relations than in those countries where
the hydrological foundation is better guaranteed? In the U.S.S.He? specialized
topeelevel scholarly institutions are available where engineer hydrologues are pre-
pared who carry an adequate part of those studies into practice and are reliev-
ing the water engineers themselves. In our countryot000the opening of this spect.
alty has been consideredobut it was determined that about 5e6 persons would be
needed every yearonad because of this it had not come to an openinee.The role of
hydrology has not been sufficiently appraised? and consequently in the State Poly.-
technicum it came to the suspension of the subject of "Water Cadasteeo and after-
wards the subject of meteorology has been also discarded; and it was at this moment
when in the U0SeS0ll. the problem about the new trends in hydrology was submitted
to discussion where the genetic method stands at the first echelon,;' At the present
timeo hydrology is read to the specialist water engineers in two semesters in 3
hours weekly( for the specialists of the Water-Improvemente Construction and the
HydrceeElectrical Construotion)o while the specialty of Water Supply and Canalize=
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tionis attending one course in one semester with 4 hours weekly.At present? lectures
on hydroloaosre4lso read to the students of the Mining Geological Faculty... spe.
cialty of Hydro.geology..0 2 hours weekly? while exercises are also additional*
done in one hour weekly To the students of the Specialties of Industrial and Civ.
titan 0Onstruction0 and of Roads and Railroads? lectures on hydrology and hydraul..
ics are read in 3 hours weekly(, Moreover? lectures are also read to the students of
the State University.. specialty of Geophysics and Meteorologya.. in 2 semesters in
2 hours weekly.
In a main course that is read to the students for the specialty of Hydrol.
ogical Meteorological Service and HydroI.Electrical Service? the following mater
ials are entereds
1) Introduction; 2) hydrography of rivers; 3) hydrometrics; 4) climatolog-
ical factors of the runoff. of waters; 5) application of mathematical statistics
to hydrology; 6) underground waters...; hydrological problems; 7) water runoffs and
methods for their investigationr8) extreme conditions of the runoff; 9) alluvia;
10) hydrological prediction; 11) methods for performing water.economical studies
(regulation of the runoff); 12) water cadaster; 13) dynamics of the small river
ourrents),
The five hours provided in the program are extremely insufficient for the
consideration of all these questions the more so since the course of hydrology al-
so includes meteorology( in view of the climatic/ factors and the water cadaster),
The underestimation of hydrology as a scientific discipline0which has a
profound significance for our national economy and especially for the building up
of the water resources? is brought to the point that the Chair for Hydrology and
Meteorology also includes the subjects belonging to another chair.. for the uti],.
isation of water energy, Therewith hydrology is deprived from the chance to devel:-
op as an independent discipline. Hydrology? which originates by the Great Octobrist
Revolution and is one of the geophysical disciplines which have their own (P.25)
methods and must have their own independent way of development? is reduced to stay
as a supplement of one of the practical water engineering disciplines. I believe
that this shall be well understood and that the Chair will be restored? thi, more
so since the preparation of the staff of the merged two chairs is heterogenoue.and.
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P29
there is no benefit from this merger as their year old co-existence indicates.
Lectures on hydrology are also read in the Geographical Faculty.- for gen-
era]. hydrologyphydrometrics and hyerology of the land.In this relation I think
that the specialists of this profile may be considered as auxiliaries for the hy-
drologues in practice at the elaboration of the physico-geographical side of the
hydrological problems,
V.PUBLICATIONS.
In generals, in the field of hydrology we do not have many publications
which would comprehend the various hydrological problems.The reason for this is
that the hydrological personnel in our country has been formed in a comparatively
short period of time.and at the moment an exact hydrological basis which would serve
as basis for hydrological research is completely missing. Until now the following
publications have been made:
1. On the hydrography of Bulgaria, ProfrA.ISHIRKOV.19010
2, Yearbooks for the hydrographic observations in Bulgaria0192401925,1926.
3. Yearbooks for the hydrographic observations in Bulgaria 1934. 1940.
4. Yearbook for the hydrographic observations in Bulgaria01941.
5. Yearbook for the water amounts of the rivers in Bulgaria in 1936 and
in 1937.
6, Yearbook of the Duna Measurement Service with the Direction of Water
Reports. vol.1, 193791940.
To The swamps in Bulgaria.- Prof.G.BONCHEV,
6, Floods in Bulgaria.- Engineer B.ANGELOV01943.
9. The catastrophal flood of the Basica River in 1939.
10. The runoff relations of the rivers Tundsha and Topolicapo. Engin.
YA.ZELKOV.
11. Application of mathematical statistics to hydrology.- Engin.IV.MAVROV.
In the Isv0BIA.1941.
12. Rev ."Hydrology." 1950; Rev?"Hydrology and Meteorology" ,l95219531954
1955.Its publication is continued.
VI.HyDROLOGY IN THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
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The .TEC1.3/11...3?M......_o_a_.2....CALTUTEBASo
In -the' Billiarlan Academy of Sciences(B0A050)0hydrological problems-are elab-
orated at the Section for Water Economy in the Technical Institute? Here are worked
at the problems- on the regime of runoff of a few of our riversb hydrology of the
River Bell and Levi Iskft, the problems of heavy raidfalls, the problems on the
statistical computations in hydrology? abbreviated methods for measurement and in-
vestigation of the "progressive hydrological seriesnoIt should be noted that the
lack of a special list of hydrological employees does not give a possibility for
complete development of the hydrological work. A special section mast be created
,for hydrology at the Technical Instittate which section would take up the elaboration
of the most acute problems in the fields of hydrologyg. water balance, the alluvia
(sedimentation), the hydrological forecastsuetco
CONCLUSION S?
In its development,hydrology in Bulgaria has not made such achievements
which would completely satisfy the requirements of the water engineering construc-
tion enterpriseoBefore 1935, the work had been done in an extremely unsystematic
way, and only in 1.935 did the period start which gave results that were used in
practice. This was however still wholly unsatisfactoryoThe present needs urge the
Hydro-Meteorological Service, the Technical Institute at the Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, the services for engineering hydrology,etcoOto have a more purposeful
recourse to a larger,greater,a11-enveloping investigation of the hydrological prob-
lems,whi/e complete coordination is established between the works of the institutes
and chairs and services and the Bulgarian Academy of SciencesoIn connection with
this ,the following problems ariseg
le The Hydro-Meteorological Service (HMS) must reorganize its supported
hydrological network,and must pat it upon a completely scientific foundationo
2? The HMS will elaborate a scientific methodology for the investigation
of hydrological phenomena,as it conforms with the achievements in the U.S.S.R.
3o With reference to the practice, the HMS must give the primary data in
a form that will permit the use of these data without resorting to additional
elaborations, before making the data more precise, as the corresponding services
for engineering hydrology revise them in regard to their goalso
4? The services for engineering hydrology at the planning organizations,
with regard to their specific engineering hydrological problems, must also organ-
-
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P31,
ise their own operative network.The coMposition of these services as well as their
material basis should be widened.
50At the hydrological researches,, especially of the HMS and of the seri..
vices for engineering hydrologypone should apply the genetical method for the pos-
sibility of which the neceesary data are there? since in regard to this theHMS is
reorganizing its network and its researches.
60To use three basic methods in hydrologyg- standard? reconnaissance? and
laboratory methods.
7. To open experimental hyerological districts b balancing stations? and
hydrological experimental quarters. To pay attention to the non-investigated elem.enta;., underground waters? evaporation? and alluvial drifts.
8. To restore an independent Char For Hydrology and Meteorology at the En..
gineering Construction Institute.
9, The Hydro-Meteorological Service should regularly print its hydrologic-
al yearbooks and publications.
(next article starts on next page)
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(P027) ENGIYEER; RADOI PAPAZ0Vg
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NEW TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY.
Before the start of this centuryphydrology has not been a separate sci.
ence. Certain knowledge on the hydrological phenomena was taught in the courses
for water communications? irrigationoetc. The existing institute and establish .
ments had been measuring only the water stages and water amounts of the rivers and
of the sea in connection with water transnortation0 and primitive irrigation and
the utilisation of the water energy.
Later.with the growth of the needs for the engineering sciences and with
the developmentof the science on natural reservoirs and on the action of water on
the land surface? hydrology began to assume a shape as a separate science with its
own methods of research.
*
Complete contents of hydrology as a doctrine on the total action of water
upon the surface of the Earth 0 according to M.A.VELIKAMOV . had been given the
first time by the Soviet Union in the twenties of this century. He believes that
hydrology as a unified and total science became differentiated after the Great Oc.
tobrist Revolution which brought to life the manysided and total exploitation of
the water resources of the country, and therewith chances were also opened for the
development of hydrology.
The hydrological science has grown out form the needs of the practie of
water engineering and.by satisfying the needs of the latter? it rightfully demands
its independent development.
Any science and any branch of knowledge which has for its final goal to
support Mau in his efforts at subjugating Nature? to give him the Chance to study
Nature? also to enable him to rule Nature? is a useful scienceoand its existence
Is justified.
The existing features of hydrology as a science are included in the follow-
ingg 1) its object is the water regime of the land on the whole, and not only its
separate element... the runoff; 2) it studies the origin and development of water
regime ?and its elements for the Impose of regulating them; 3) it is closely re-
lated with the practice of the socialistic construction enterprise? and it is a
basic discipline0when planning the water engineering structures; 4) its task is
to disclose the regularities of water regime.
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At the present time0the development of water economy puts such a task upon
hydrology which to solve correctly will require its full development as a separate
sciencepand as such to also elaborate the very small hydrological problems which
as separate links are participating in the solution of a number of huge practical
tasks.
a.
(P.28) The socialistic economical system lends a plan-like character to
hydrological researches. It sets up the problem on the complicated utilisation of
the river basin for the purposes of water transportation, of energetics, of water
supply, and of irrigation. Such combined usage of the water resources puts the mod-
ern engineering hydrology upon new foundations and requires from it a new solution
of the existing water-economical tasks.
In the field of engineering hydrology,the Soviet research hydrologues have
achieved great successes. They successfully combine the genetic research of the
phenomena of runoff with the mathematical elaboration of the results obtained from
the observations,when they are widely using the physico-geographical means and the
profound mathematical analysis.'
The high standard of Soviet hydrological science,compared with the inves-
tigations of the bourgeois research hydrologues, deserves special attention. Noth-
ing would we learn from it by applying it mechanically in our countryosince our
rivers and reservoirs have their special conditions.
In the directives of the Sixth Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party
and the Decree of the Government and of the Party about the further raising of the
rural economy,etc., a number of tasks were stated for the assimilation and the ira
rigation of 8 million docares(1/10th of a hectare) of agricultural areas, for the
improvement of 5 million decares of high-mountain pastures, for the construction
of a number of energy sources, dams,etc,, The correct solution of these tasks re-
quires the full exploration of the water resources in our country.
To correctly and adequately develop the water resources in the countrY0
complete and reliable hydrological data are needed. We cannot construct water en=
ginearing structures, irrigational and drainage systems,without studying in adal
vanes the hyOrology of the given water source,without improved and deepened water=
economical research.
By the complicated investigation of the elements of the runoff and of the
factors conditioning itothe prerequisite is created for planning and consaeuction
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of the hydrological structures upon a solid
ution of the tasks charged by the Party and
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P 34
basis,and therewith also for the
the Government to our water economy,
In reference to such stated tasks it is essential to clarify the methods
and the formulas by means of which the regime of the rinarial runoff is determined.
l. EXISTING METHODS AND FORMULAS FOR THE STUDY AND COMPUTATION
OF RIVER RUNOFF2.
As it IS well known, to define the regime of a water source it is neces=
sary to determine; 1) the normal runoff; 2) the size of runoff and its variation;
3) the annual distribution of the runoff; 4) the characteristic high and low wat-
ers.
For the definition of these elements of river runoff, a number of methods
(analytical and graphical) and formulas are in existence.
At the determination of the normal runoff or of the average annual runoff
for a sufficiently long period( about 35 years) one must(p029) start out from the
data of the hydrometrical observations and must determine the relation to the equa.
tion of the balance of waters. The normal runoff and the annual and intraannue1
distribution of it are some of the most important characteristics of the rivers,
and they serve as basic values of departure in water economical investigations
and plannings of water engineering structures.
Another extremely important problem is represented by the investigation
and determination of the maximum waters-- the catastrophic flood wave. They have
a rather different characteroince they contain an element of chance,and they de.
termine the destructive capability of the river. They must be approached by an.
other method,oince they start out from the physico-geographical peculiarity of
the drainage area and the probable occurrence of a torrential rain of very great
intensity or an intensive melt of the snow covers.
The minimum waters in the summer period are relatively more steady values.
They depend upon the precipitations occurring in the summer months and upon the
accumulation of the ground water of the vernal and winter periods,and they demand
the smallest economical 4emand) effort for their regulation and controlowith re-
gard to the needs of irrigation. The within the year distribution of runoff great-
ly depends upon the physico-geographical Characteristics of the drainage basin and
upon climatological conditions.
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At the determination of the normal of runoff as well as at the determine,-
tion of the maximum and minimum waterso three cases may happen at the present time:
2) where we have a sufficient number of observations and measurements on the regiae
of the river for a longer period(35 years); 2) where we have a shorter period of
observations and measurements (5.10 years); and 3) where no kind of observation and
measurement is available on the regime of the rivers? In the first oaseothe aritha
metical average value of a number of measurements is used so that? by means of the
method of mathematical statistic s? the error of deviation of the observations from
the standard (rid:)(1061.0the standardA error) is determined?whieh we add to oor de-
duct from, the arithmetical average
45)
01, -yr
0
I y +O.
ny 0 It
and 6ja
In the second caseuthe method of analogy is used for extrapolating the se=
ries,and then we deal with a problem as in the first ease; in the absence of any
kind of observation we are using the large number of empirical formulas, graphs,etc.
The existing empirical formulas include different factors such as the drai-
nage basin and a number of other factors which depend upon the climate and the phy-
sico-geographical characteristics of the drainage areao without investigating these
factoroo however? Different authors have given different interpretations to the
coefficients? They received different results because of the fact that they elabor-
ated elements for different basins?
Here we ma F mention the empirical formulas for the determination of the
normal runoff by MGAJELIKANOViAlaSOKOLOVSKI,B?V.POLYABOVoand by P?S.KUZIN0 and
the one for the normal of the maximum rate of runoff by KLESTLIN, NIKOLAI, by ZBRO*
ZHEK and PROTOMAKONOV0
(D?30) According to M.A0VELIKA1'IOV and D0140501COLOVSKI0the normal runoff is
given by the equation 110 20(xo0 depending upon the normal rainfalls and the an-a
nual average loss of moisture from the air of the drainage basin?
The normal runoff ,according to B?V.POLYAKOV and P?S, TEUZIN,is given by the
same equationohoweverofor the 6(coefficient of runoff these authors give a differ-
ent value and structure of expressionoSimi1ar1y0S011.1CRIOKI and M?F?MENTVL are ex,
Dressing the coefficient of runoff in the loss of moisture?
The best conformity with the observations is obtained by the formula of
B?V0POINAKOV
9
c13 9
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in 01180 of an insufficient number of observations, the normal runoff is
?
determined by means of a comparison related to the neighboring adjacent river an-
&league.
The river runoff is Chiefly a product of the climatic elements--precipitae
tion ane. evaporation.-?whieh Odeeending upon the various physico-geographical pece
uliarities of the drainage area, will give one or another kind of runoff. Therefore,
more accurate is the method which uses the equation of the balance of waters,
?
Y
where x is the average precipitation for many yearsewhich has occurred in the drain-
age area, z is the average evaporation in many years, u is the fluctuation of the
underground water storage, and y is the runoff.
CS2
We will consider this method in greater detail since at this time it is
the only one which gives good conformity between the river runoff and its condition-
ing factors.
At an investigation of river runoff by the method of water balance, a seri-
es of difficulties are met with s-- the determination of the evaporation, of the
transpiration from the vegetal cover, and mostly the fluctuation of the stored un-
derground waters in the innermost parts of the drainage area. In support of the let-
ter investigations, the works of Y.A.1
? 1 ?
0 and B.I.KUBELIN are coming into ac=
count which also open favorable perspectives for the genetical quantitative deter-
mination of the underground supply of the rivers,
The equation of the balance of waters is composed of two parts: a) an in..
come part into which enter: precipitations falling on the surface of the earth,
condensed water vapor from the atmosphere, water from underground tributary which
comes over from the adjacent drainage area b) a part of expenditure which consists
ofee surface runoff, evaeoration from the ground, and from the water surfaces, and
transpiration from the vegetal cover, underground runoff flowing into foreign drain.,
age areas.
Or, the equation of the balance of waters consists Chiefly of precipitation,
runoffpand evaporation
me' yOtho ?and a part of Am that represents the
etorage of reserve moisture in the drainage area,'
A number of Soeiet hydrologists have investigated the latter element. Thus,
for instance? G,P.KALTNIN and D.D.LIKHOLETOV propose the following relation between
the annual runoff and the rainfall of the Upper Volga:
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11.31) y g x 331t 007D x. where Du 7. 0.74 D x
This computation of Du is made on the basis of the fact that the evapora-
tion is taken for constant thra the yearspand on the basis of the relation of Du
to the difference of the precipitations during the summer period(June-Sept.) of
two subsequent years,
According to DOL.SOKOL^VSKI("Biver Flow"- 1952)0this assumption is corres-
ponding to the reality though in an incomplete wai,but it refers to the Volga basin
which is in the zone of a surplus humidification.
This value of Du namely gives a variable character to the runoff ,and it ex-
presses its annual variation,while it leaves out of sight the fluctuation of the
rainfalls.
With the supposition that the reserve of the underground waters is balanced
in a longer period,this equation could be admitted in a simpler forms xo
which represents the ration between the average pluriannual value of the precipi-
tationso the runoff and the evaporation.
The method of water balance stays on the basis of the genetical method and
it creates a connection between the elements which are conditioning the river runoff.
At investigating the variations of the annual runoff in the hydrometrical
datapthe method of mathematical statistics is used. By the curve of assuranceocal-
culated by its three parameters? Q0007 and C50 theassurance of the average annual
runoff is determined,or that of the maximum and minimum waters for a given period.
The calculation of the curve of assurance is done by the tabulations of
S.N.RIBKIN in which are given the relative deviations from the average ordinate of
the binomial carve of assurance at Cy Ul 10 and the different percentages of aesur-
ance.
After the construction of the empirical curve of assurance by means of the
formula m o.5
g 100%
or P - 100 %
la+1
for the corresponding assurance the observed values..the modulated coefficients,
are put down. Thi way a check is made how far these points are dispersed on the
theoretical carve.
For the calculation of the normal as well as for the extreme values of the
annual averagea.- maximum and minimum values-- or the ruboff, the formal statistic-
al method is used which is discussed at present.
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This is the method of the mathematical statistics about which more will
,
be said somewhat later?
Another method,which has lately arisen? is the 'genetical method(analysis)
of the phenomena and of the river runoffoOnly in the last decades ,by using the dia-
lectical method for analysing and explaning the hydrological phenomena,did the Sov-
iet hydrologists start the studies of those factors on which the formation of the
river runoff and its genesis depends?
In recent yearsothe elements of runoff0the normal of runoff,the maximum
and minimum of waters,were placed upon the genetical basis as a mutual relation=
ship is sought between the factors which condition the river runoff and the runoff
itself?
(p032) we will briefly stay at the various theories of the formation of the max..
imam and minimum waters and of the normal runoff which may be grouped in a) em,
pirical formulas? b) formulas which are determined from the regime, and c) hydro
mechanicaltheories of the runoff, d) voluminous formulas which account for the
entire form of the flood waters and not only for the phase of the maximum(D.L,
SOKOLOVSKI?.?Biver P1ow01952).
One of the theories on the formation of maximum waters is that of Prof.
VeF?SRIBEN? He has independently worked out the theory of runoff in 1937-400when
he outlined the drainage basin and the curves of the wabsupply of ranoffs,which
according to him could have three forms of increase.,. rectangle, trianglepand
parabole0By taking into consideration the intensity of the precipitation and
the curve of the supply, ProfoSBIRIN obtained the formula,
Qt 2 16,7 09,1, Fp and later,after
a number of revisions,he came up with the formula,
951gOPEMP m3/sece
Other theories of runoff are also available as that of Prof0DUBBRIRA,
of ProfoPOSTOMOV and eandoTechn.sciences LeDATURDUMOV who all are proDosing dif-
ferent outlines,particularly the last mentioned,by starting out from the river
network?
Bat all these formalas?though they include a few physico-geographical,
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P39
climatologicalpand other factorspremain entirely empirical formulas in which the
relationship between the factors of the runoff and the runoff itself is expressed.
On account of the nature of the formation of maximum waters,the formation
of maximum vaters on one hand from the snow-meltpand on the other hand from the
heavy rains must be separately considered.
Along with the method of V.F0SHIBIN0methods and formulas are in existence
by Prof,A,V,OGIEVSKI, Corresponding Member Prof.M.A.VELIKAN0V0 Pof,D,L,SOKOLOVSKID
and others who propose different schemes and formulas,
Prof.A,V,OGIEVSKI proposes the following formula for the territory of Ilk-
raina S,S.R. and more particularly for the Dneplir Rivers
- 0.023 AF m
Qm pfrItm3/sec.
Clk(10347$30)
which contains a number of parameters that express the influence of the different
climatological and physico-geographical factors,
Thus9e0g?it expresses the influence of the drainage area upon the runoff,
the duration of the running-off and of snow.melt, the slope of the river and the
declivities? the hydrographic length of the riverpand a number of other parameters
which reflect the forest coverage and the swampiness of the drainage area,the co-
efficient of regularity and the coefficient of repeatability.
Prof.A.V,OGIEVSKI also gives a number of formulas for the maximum waters
at torrential rain in which the influence of the various factors of the river run-
off is expressed,
(p.33) Corresp.Member Prof.M.A.VELIKANOV,as he starts from the dynamics of the
surface runoffois dividing the drainage area by lines which unite the spots with
identical time of flowing,called isochrone s.
At this scheme of the drainage area,M.A.VELIKANOV notes three eases for
the time of flowingg. I) when we survey the runoff for short period of time
during which the underground runoff does not succeed in reaching the river; in
such a ease in the equation of the balances of waters the underground runoff is
taken as a loss.In such a ease it is characteristic that M.A.VELIKANOV,aside from
the dynamics of the surface runoffpalso starts from the equation of the balance of
watersee2) When in the drainage area we also have sloping parts on which the sure,
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face runoff is almost absent and all the fallen rain soaked into the soil.. 3)
When in the drainage area we also have a steep terrain where the entire fallen
precipitation is running off0without feeding an underground runoff.
While he is using the equation of the balance of watersoand including the
influPnce of the separate factors of runoff? M.A.VELIKANOV arrives at a differen-
tial equation which he then puts into the following forma1a2
Qm ck f) ZS1 e m3/sec.
M.A.VELIKKNOV points out that the maximum waters of the sno.melt represent
an extremely complicated set of phenomena which may be divided into three main pro-
cesses; 1) melting of the snow? 2) inclined flowing off of the melted waters, 3)
movements of the waters which were formed from the melting of snow.downwards to the
rivers and reinforcement by the water masses coming from the side. When he divides
this complicated set of phenomena into separate processes, Prof.M.A.VELIKANOV sp.
proaches the genetic analysis of the phenomena of the river runoff.
When he considered how the maximum waters are formed from heavy rainON.A.
VELIKANOV thinks that the following matters represent relatively rare phenomena(
1.0, falling of rain with great intensity and duration over a large drainage area
is rare). That is why the runoff of a storm represents a practical interest only in
reference to a very small drainage area which is fed entirely by raina. According
to him, the maximum waters of a heavy rain must depend upon the size of the area
affected by the rainfall,upon its duration and intensity. The maximum waters ?the
form and their size depend upone 1) size and the configuration of the drainage a=
rea; 2) the direction of the moisture-laden winds; 3) the width of the rain-bear-
ing clouds,and 4) the position of the cloud in relation to the point of survey as
it is seen, with a number of meteorological peculiarities.
When he proposes the method of the isochrones,M.A.VELIKAITOV obtains a basic
equation for the storm ranoff.This equation and the formula for the runoff of snow..
melt is successfully used in the Central Institute for the forecasting to a number
of small drainage areas?
(p.34) D.L.SOKOLOVSKI in 1937 came out with the formula?
Rat 2 Ap E0.75 m/sec?
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and more recently CIA, A.0 F(475 b b? m3/sec0
which has acquired a wide use. In exchange of thisoit has been simplified and it
gives account of certain physico-geographical peculiarities which make it approach
the formula of genotic analysis.D.L.SOKOLOVSKI lately has new investigations and
formulas on the formation of the runoff;
qmg
f
3600 tn
0.28
f m3/sec.
nm
In 19510A.D.SAVARENSKI published a new method for the study of the river
runoff which he constructed upon a genetic basis.
For the examination and calculation of the river runoff0A.D.SAVARENSKI
proposed the following groups of data as basic and in1t1a1g-1) characteristics of
the weather and the climatic conditions of the drainage area(prediction for the
flow of the rains,temperature,moisture,etc.),or the probably possible typical char-
acteristics of the weather; 2) characteristics of the drainage area(relief,soil,
vegetal cover,forest coverphydrological conditions,and their changes in the peri-
od of investigation); 3) investigation of the conditions of the drainage area at
the beginning of the period of measuring; 4) existing and newly established rega
ulations and methods of computing the process of advancement of the air moisture,
ovaporation,runoff at the slopes,and the icing of the river, accumulation and
formation of moisture, infiltration of rainfalls into the lower strata and their
ge4ating to the surface of the ground in the forms of springs; 5) actual data on
the runoff.
On the basis of the spetified datava number of preparatory works must be
done,and they are
1c; FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DRAINAGE BASIN; a) elaboration of the
models of the runoff of the drainage basin( defining the area of supply, the ways
and the time of runoff of the water particles and the areas of their outflowing);
b) composition of schemes for calculation of the drainage area(their division into
basically generalizing types,slope,and determination of the percentual composition
of these types in regard to the various tarts of the drainage area); c) division
of the area into typespravinsohydrological zones, and d) finally,division of the
rivers Into sections.
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2. FOR THE CHARATrRIZATION OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITIOYS; a) establishment
of the general type of course of the coming of the precipitatien upon the surface
of the drainage area and the probability of this line of course; b) and an outline
of dividing the investigational period into separate sections of time,
On the basis of some new studies of the laws and methods by which the mouo.
ment of water is followed by the slopes and the soilothe following methods are
available z a) simplified methods for determination of the volume of the accumulated
moisturenof the seepage and of the runoff at parts of various types of the drain-
age areas, for the different main storages of moistare0 of the intensity of (p.35)
of arrive/ of water and tributary from the side; and b) reference tables for the
quick calculation of runoff at concrete conditions of types of slopesoravins and
other parts of the river network for a given years time.
According to A.D.SAVARENSYI, the ratio must be established which expresses
the process of runoff in dependence upon the elements of water balance at different
types of conditions. or
'19 ( X.M80110.S11) Sn gtiv( X.Mi.v?.%) and V" g)(X,Mg.VSb)
where the value of the runoff is M. The underground waters (Su) and the, storage of
humidity at the end of the observation period(V) are determined as the function
of the complex of the local conditions(X)oof the value of the tributary which comes
from the drainage area(N0)0 of the main storage of humidity in the drainage area
for the observation neriod,and of the humidity arriving from the atmosphere(Sb).a
precipitation .etc.
The calculation of the runoff consists in the following solution of the equaa
tion of the balance of waters of the form.
N g. Mole% e. Sn4-(" 1/1?)0
With the aid of the above relation the water balance is determined for the entire
drainage area--. for its surface and underground portions and the dynamics of move-
ment of the water masses is traced at a given time by the coverage of the entire
drainage area.
When the detPrmination of runoff is summed up this way and the time of aal-
culating the surface and underground runoff is counted together. the runoff curve of
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P43
the waters coming from different parts of the drainage area is constructed.
The scheme of A.D.SAVARMSKI for the calculation of the runoffein spite of
its complaity and the few deficiencies which could be avoided at a more detailed
fore
elaborationD represents a step forward at the investigation of the river runoff
on the basis of a genetic analysis of the phenomena which are shaping it.
From what was said above about the different methods for the calculation
of river runoffoit is clear that two trends are basically in existence= the first
a=the formal statistical method of investigationo and the second .a calculation and
investigation of the river runoff by the genetic method and analysis of the phen.
omens, of the factors which are shaping it.
2. ESSENCE OF THE FORMAL STATISTICAL METHOD AND BASIC
METHODICAL SHORTCOMINGS.
The employment of mathematical statistics and of the theory of probability
at the investigation of the variations of hydrological phenomena consists therein
that thc; curve of distribution is determined. for the statistical values which re?
present the chance phenomena to find the coefficient of variance and of asymmetry
of the number of observationso and thereafteroon the basis of the parameters 0100
evoaso to construct the curve of assurance which is the integral form of the curve
of distribution. By means of the method of mathematical statistical, In a days time
not only the variations of the water runoff are determined(p036) but also a few
extreme values of the normal runoff? of the maximum and minimum of waters0 by ina
traducing the assurance.
The method of mathematical statistics has found application the first time
in 1914 by the American hydrOlogist Allen HAZEN in an articleg"Determination of
the regulability of water reservoir for municipal water supply".
In 1930 it was imported into the Soviet Union by D.L.SOKOLOVSKIfland it was
elaborated by S.N.KRICKI and M.F.MENKFL. Characteristic is for it that the investig?
ations are resting directly on the direct measurements of the river runoff.
?By setting out on the road of empirical investigation of the laws' ?a assert
C.N.KRICKI and M.F.MENTRT,?.1#we are compelled to reduce them to a system of situa,
tions and to work oub hypotheses justified only in such a case in which they in
themselves are corroboration of the observed material".
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These hypotheses include the following situationst
1) The Law of the annual cycle of the runoff appearing as a reflection of
the shift of seasons throughout the year,
2) The hypothesis about the subordination of the annual fluctuation of pha=
sic homogeneous values of runoff to the Law of Large Numbers,
3) The postulate of the invariability of the average normal and the Law
of variation of natural river runoffs unaltered by human action during this period
(of not a great length) in which the effect of the engineer structures is not sub-
stantial,
Such are the prerequisites from which SoNeKRICKI and M,F,MENKEL started
out with the theory of the regulation of the river runoff with which they introd.
uce the assurance of the latter,The curve of assurance reflects a number of prop.
erties of the statistical combination?But what is a statistical combination, It
is a combination of objects or phenomena whiqh,by the determined signs, do not re-
present anything congenerous and homogenous,
At an investigation of the hydrological phenomena we can never suprbse
that anyone of them by their signs is homogenous and congenerous.
Neither ahould we forget that even the most complete statistical descrip-
tion oannot give the completeness of the studied phenomena since at its descrip-
tion the phenomenon is examined out of its normal relations with the surrounding
medium.But there is something else;- the characteristics of statistics do not of-
fer a possibility and they cannot directly establish the existing relations bet-
ween the phenomena and their causative agents.
The employed values of mathematical statistics may take different signif-
icance so that the occurrence of each of the significances will correspond with a
definite probability,Such values represent the chance event,The juxtaposition of
the significances to the chance values and the corresponding significances of
the probability of their occurrence reeresent the Law of the distribution of
probability of a given event,
(pen) These are the initial elements of mathematical statistics at de.
termining the river runoff?Now we must male ourselves acquainted with the natural
phenomena and with the factors that are shaping them,
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In hydrology we may consider two kinds of phenomena
a) complicated events0which represent mass combination of the elements or
of the simple physical phenomena, and b) complexes(syndromPs) of events or of phe-
nomena,which consist of mass combination of complicated events.The river runoff
and its shaping rePresents a complex phenomenon. An element of chance may be col-
lected in the elemental simple phenomenapin their regular structure which repres-
ents elements of Wrological events,These elements in every investigated phenom.
enon represent such a heterogenous combinationpand their Chance character has a
more or less influence upon the phenomena.
MOA,VELIKANOV( see his Hydrology of Land01948) thinks that for the differ-
ent categories of phenomena a corresponding approach of statistical analysis Should
be found and that for the determination of the curve of distribution one must start
with the regular depenence of the elementary physical events,
The complex events represent a definite combination of the heterogenous
events which are theoretically unrepeatable(non-repetitive).Eadh one of the events
may happen only once. In two different rivers,the same high waters cannot be ob-
served, but even in one and the same river two phenomena of the same high waters
cannot be repeated either qualitatively or quantitatively. The gathering of stat-
istical materials in respect of such complex events as the high waters from a heavy
rainfall ,from melting of the snow, the deformation of the river bed and many oth-
ers,will anyhow be .nsufficient for the determination of the probability of their
repetition in a quatitative relation.
MeA,VELIKANOV thinks that the complex events must be dismembered into a
limited number of simpler events for a few of which the curve of distribution,de.
duced directly from the observed data,may be obtained approximately better.
Thus,for instance0M.A,VELIKANOV thinks that we have no possibility to con=
struct the curve of distribution of the maximum waters of the spring high waters
at a given section of the river when the observations have been only conducted for
a few decades,which is to short a period to have the curve of distribution sim-
plified.-However, if we genetically divide a given complex phenomenon into simpler
ones0when we study senarately the curve of distribution for the temperature in-
crease in the inveetigated period and districtoit is poseibleoit is even thought
that better results will be accomplished.And this is even more possible since in
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? ?
these elements the factor of chance may be amassed to a considerable degree.Also
in both catidie(tiirii: are limited by a given drainage area of the river,and weymay,lpon?
duct observations of different parte of a physico.geographical district,and there-
after the so obtained curves of distribution( reflecting the chance element in each
phenomenon) are combined with the method of hydromechanital(p.36) analysis of the
precess of runoff of the melting waters on the slope and in the bed of the river.
And in this way?by taking into consie.eration the physico-geographical factors,we
shall determine the runoff of the river.
Not all hyerological events Should be considered as by chance. The forma,
tion of high waters by heavy rainfallhas a Chance Character in a considerable de=
greeoand especially so in small drainage areas? as the Chance character is present-
ed by the chancy falling of the heavy rainm however the average annual runoff and
the minimum runoff are of a rather different character.Even the high water resulting
from the snow-melt does not represent an event which would be qualitatively and
quantitatively identical with the high waters after a heavy rain. The high waters
of snow-melt are conditioned by the intensity of melting of the snow and the ran
of the temperature.
For the possible utilisation of the statistical methods when anyone of the
hydrological phenomena is studied these events mast be genetically homogeneous,i0e,
of an equal origin.When the conditions of homogeneity are not observed,this will
lead in no matter which may be the ease to inevitable mistakespoccasionally to
rather significant ones.
At the present moment,the deviation of the annual runoff from its normalo
the determination of the minimum and maximum waters is done by the method of math.
ematical statistics,by basing it upon the curve of the Pearson III Type,yet with=
out taking into account the fact that its employment is wholly formal.
We shall spend some time on a few peculiarities of the method of mathemat-
ical statistics which show how it is forma/ and inconvenient for the determination
of the different characteristics of the runoff.
When we investigate the characteristics of the two parameters Cs and Ovowe
must understand what accuracy they are calculated with. The value of the probable
error is theoretically given only by assuming that the normal distribution, as
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in general it can be confirmed by cases, decreases with the quadrate root of the
number of observations.
The American hydrologist FOSTER has computed the probable errors for Cv and
s with the supposition that the data of observations on the runoff follow the theor-
etical curve.These data are given in the following tabulation from which it is ev-
ident that with 100 years of observation the error at the determination of Cs is
from 8% to 11%. In our country commonly we compute the curve of assurance by the
observations of 10.15 or of 20-25-yearly periods, at which according to FOSTER
the error for C reaches the order of 29.30% so that when we are talking about riv-
e
ers with observation periods of 5-10 years the error will reach 70.80%.
LEGEND of rubrics of TABLE on p.383 1) number of years g 2) Error at Cv in
percentages 3) error at Cs in percentage,
(p.39) We could also determine such an error at the calculation of Cv and Cs by
the observations of our rivers ?by the studies of Prof.Boris MARCHINKOV0 by means
of the advancing series where for the given series the coefficient of variation
Cv varies within great extremes in the advancing period into which different years
enter.
From this it is evident that at the calculation of the ordinates of the
curve of assurance the coeffieient Cs is ueed0computed with error that may reach
up to 30% with 20-years? observations, but.at smaller number of observationsflit
may reach up to 50-80%. This circumstance will not make us confident in the scour.
acy of the determination of these parameters.
The American hydrologist Allen HAZEN has computed the value for 50 Americ-
an rivers with observations for 25.28 yearspand he has established the ratio of
C5/C.. ',I 2.
This ratio takes on values from 1.03 to 1.70 which values are less than the value
which Pearson gives as obligatory.
This is still a defect of the method of mathematical statistics.
On the basis of the data from 31 points with observation years of 33 to 38,
D.L.SOKOLOVSKI arrived at the conclusion that,for the computation of maximum waters
of the ordinary rivers in the plainsothe correlation Cs 2 3 Cv could be accepted0
and for the mountain rivers Cs ;.--t 4 Cv? These correlations are however determined
on the basis that the value of Coas well as the carve of assurance.will in the
best way correspond with the empirical material.
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Prom all what has been said as faroit is evident that the methods of maths.
. '? , ?4
ematical statistics used for the computation of the curve of assurance and the lat-
ter are subject to doubtpand they do not have the necessary scientific proof at
the investigation of the river ranoffoThey are however used as approximations in
the practice?
At the study of the physicoageographical factors and in result of the by
drological analysis of these factors we shall further obtain good results if we
determine the relations between the water runoff and the factors which are shaping
Here is what BoVePOIYAKOV(in his book:Hydrological Analysis and Computation?
Hydrometiedat Pub1001945) is saying about the method of mathematical statistics
and about its formalism:" Furthermore we remark that among some of our hydrologa
ists there is enthusiasm for the theory of probability and for mathematical stat-
istics0Such an extreme statistical trend gives a lopsided development to science?
and it harmfully reflects upon hydrological studies?A few hydrologists are spend-
ing their whole time and activity in the false conviction that the chief thing in
hydrological researches is exhausted in the determination of Cv and Cell?
From the analysis of the method of mathematical statistics which we have
made we may arrive at the conclusion that it is formal and that in hydrology(p040)
the main thing is not the computation of Cv and 080and particularly of the curve
of assurance,
S,F,AVERYANOV( in his book: About the Soviet Hydrological Science,Isvesto
USSR,DeptoTechn?Sco0No0601952) point out the following basically erroneous posi-
tions in the formal statistical method at the study of the river runoff0which we
ourselves have also found on the basis of the above exposed statementsa
1) The formal statistical methodowhen it is using the theory of probabil-
ities on one hand and when it is accepting observations by chance and mechanical-
ly without their explanations on the other handois denying the individual scien-
tific method of knowledgeaathe dialectical method0according to which the chance
events are such events which result by necessity in a chancy Andeedobecause of
not simultaneous operation of the factors that are conditioning them, This method
starts from the chancy fluctuation of water runoffbwithout especially elucidating
what this fluctuation is due to
Instead of disclosing the basic relations and the opposites in the water
runoff and the elements that are shaping itoq.- which requires the dialectical
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method at examining the events of Naturee-,by thinking that the runoff is a come
plex combined physical phenomenonothe formal statistical method is taking into come
sideration one sign only, the magnitude of the runoffewhen it is extecting that
the events will be arranged by chance, and it is remaining in dark without knneing
how to advance.This elementotaken as a number torn out of any kind of physical 11
sense is elaborated by mathematical statistics after which the empirical curve of
distribution is extrapolated to which curve the observations are Anproeimately
eubjected,and by the curve of assurance the probable repetition of a given maga
nitude of runoff is sought for.
ReallIroisnot it evident that if we only use the runoff as an observed num=
berowithout taking into consideration all the playsico-geographicalegeological.and
climatological factorsoce would get entirely wrong results?? Thus,for instance,at
the determination of the runoff in the karst=type localitiespbelow which the wae
ter reading is made, we had not have a true idea about the runoff.its magnitudes
and its distribution. This is also true at the diversion of a portion of the ran_
off into channels for milts.fulling millspetc. Observation of the runoff by read-
ing the water below(beyond) these equipments had not given a true picturenand the
formal statistical method didenot reach the actual course of the runoff.
The neglect of these circumstances will lead up to the erroneous idea on
the entire runoff of the river.--not only in respect to its normal,but also in
regard to its variation.
2. At the investigation of the water regime of the rivers.the foreal stat-
istical method takes for its subject the magnitude of the runoff as a NUMBER when
it tears off the quantitative half of the process form its qualitative half.
For the illustration of this,let us stop at the formation of high waters
from heavy rainfall and from snow-melt. These are two different phenomena which
the mathematical statistics assumes as identical(p041) when it takes the quantit-
ative side of the phenomenon only. It is not taken into consideration that the quan-
titative phenomena are caused by wholly different qualitative phenomena.
Finally?the runoff of water,represented as a number0only gives the quantit-
ative characteristics.without letting us have an idea about its qualitative side.
And furthermore,is it possible that the formal statistical method could
answer the problem of what may cause one or the other runoff of a river in one or
more years when it starts out from the hydrometrical observations only In our
opinion, YO.
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(p041)All these ways of investigating he r*itoff have a more or less metaphysic-
al Characterlthey.are non-scientificOand their use by the progressive hydrologic-
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al science must be restricted.
3) The formal statistical method essentially denies the idea of the Change
of the river runoff.SeN,ERICKI and M,F,MENKEL,in theirotork of regulating the riv-
er runoffostart out from the postulate of the invariability of the average normal
and of thevariation of the natural river runoff,and they arrive at the invariabil-
ity of the latter,which denies the idea of development and change of the runoff.
Bot not only this, At examining the river runoff ,by starting out from the
observations for separate yearsothe values of thr runoff are torn away from each
other when it is thought that they are obtained by chancewithout an interrelation
between themselves, It is known however that a relationship exists between two
years ,or a number of years,at the determination of the average annual and the
nual runoff,For'each year,an equilibrium exists between the elements of the water
balance,The annual runoff,considered as an element of the water balance together
with the underground and surface runoff,obtains a Characteristic strictly In re-
latAon to dynamic laws of a number of climatical and physico-geographical factors.
Their interrupted changing and movement is also conditioning the persistent Chang-
ing and fluctuation of the runoff,
4) The formal statistical method does not follow the interrelation of the
river runoff with the general water regime,since under water regime not only the
river runoff is understood but also the underground runoff,the moisturesothe eva-
poration0etc,
5) The formal statistical method cannot satisfactorily solve the question
of regulating the water regime of a given river;it does not give the prediction
of the runoff,siOce it starts out from the prediction of the factors which are
ahaning it,
We must more precisely define the concept of the formal statistical meth,.
od,Uader this we understand a method which,at the investigation of the river run-
off,uses the hydrometric observations only,without looking for any correlation or
reason of them in the remaining other factors of the runoff.
A distinction must be made between the magnitude of the runoff,-- the nor=
mal,the maximum and minimum water quantities.
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The steering of the processes of Nature(including the river runoffs also)
is only possible when the required relations are known which are conditioning the
processes.Only at such a case(p42) is a scientific provision possible. This is
where our forces must be directed to and this is the kind of method which must be
used in the research of Nature28 phenomena.
3.Tils: ESSENCE OF GEN"PIC ANALYSIS,METHODICAL BASIS AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE GENETIC 47THOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE RIVER RUNOFF.
What is the essence of. the genetic method of investigations
Under the concept of genetic method one must understand the method which
takes the task of studying and utilizing in its investif;ations the existing rela-
tions between the formative factors and the phenomena of runoffs and the task of
detecting the laws,the origin and the development of the water regime.
The genetic method0contrary to the formal statistical method, is surveying
Nature not so a chance-wise accumulated mass of objects and phenomena, torn out of
connection with each other,but as phenomena which are associated0which depend up-
on each other and ax's in continuous change.
By this positionothe river runoff cannot be considered as an isolated phe,
nomenonotorn away from the factors which are influencing its shaping directly or
indirectly.
The factors which take part in the formation of the runoff may be divided
into two groupss- into constantly acting and slowly chaning such as the physic?,
geographicaloadologicalogeological,etc.conditions,-- and variable factors such
as are the climatic factors, The latter factors to which belong the precipitations,
temperature ,and evaporation are unstablegthey quickly change and also cyclically.
They are the main factors of the runoff. the remaining physico-geogranhical factors
are only interrupting,one way or anotherothe main factors, By using the meteorol-
ogical and hydrological predictions,sciette may disclose the relationship and may
establish the correlation between the separate simpler nhenomona.The meteorolog-
ical phenomena,however variable they may bepare all again subordinated to some
laws ,and they do not run indiscriminately in Nature, However0these phenomena must
be studied,and the relationship must be established between them and the runoff.
Thus,the dialectic materialism is surveying things,and.by being guided by it, the
genetic method must consider the phenomena at the Investigation of the river run,
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off by the same method.
It should be remarked that at the hydrological investigations of runbff
the various characteristics of a future runoff are of no interest. In other words0
we must provide for the runoff of a given river.but not through the assurance ac-
cording to my opinion.
How and by what method would this become possible? What data and what type
of relations are we using in this investigation?
The data of the observations on the runoff.the rainfallsothe temperature0
and so on,do not give a possible basis that,by means of the existing dependences
and relationships between themove could start out from the past for the provision
for future phenomena,They do not make it possible that we could calculate the av-
erage monthly and the average yearly valueo.the variation of the annual(p43) run=
off ,its dynamics orotransferred upon grapha,to track down its Changes in the course
of a given period.The elements of the runoff aro originated in different ways and
by different factors.
The computation of maximum waters should have been based upon the basis of
their
(4echnic4 genesis since all those factors are used which condition them, Herepthe
qualitative aspect of the phenomena has an influence upon the quantitative side.
It is not indifferent in what way and how the maximum waters originatenwhich the
formalistic statistical method is unable to detect or solve.
Nature and the river runoff cannot be considered as a status of rest and
immobility,of standstill and invariability; they mast be regarded as the status of
direct movement and change(STALTV), The method and the staging cannot be corredt
when some natural phenomena are assumed to hapPen by chance. The river runoff is
formed by definite factors.It depends not only upon the precipitation fallen in
the year but also npon the amount and volume(size) of the underground runoff and
upon a number of stilt other facters.
The attempts at making the examination of the river runoff from the equaa
tion of the balance of waters are correct and the only successful method, since the
the water balance includes the whole cycle of phenomena which comertse the proct.
esees of forming the river runoff.
Thuspaccording to V.PoVALESYAN.on the basis of the regularity (under anal-
ysis) of the distribution of the components of the water balance in general and of
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their factors in particularpit was determined that almost all factors which influ,
once the runoff,and especially the amount of precipitations, the temperature of
the airothe strength and the direction of the winduthe atmospheric prensurepthe
solar radiation and others,and even the human water economical actions, are relat-
ed to the altitude above sea-level of the place.The disposition of the main moan,
thin peaksOcreste and the remaining forms of the relief and their directionothe
absolute and relative altitude above sealevel of the separate riparial drainage
areas influence in a definite way the distribution of precipitations and evapora,
tion, and thereby also the runoff.
What relations exist between the different factors and elements and how do
they influence the river runoff?
Here,we will discuss some of them.Thus,e.g?there is a relation between
the temperature and the altitude above sea-levelbetween the altitude above sea-
level and the precipitstionecThere exists a relationship between the temperature
and the deficit of humidity,and hence also the evaporation.
On the precipitation,-rain or snow?the temperature has an influence where
the rain or the snow?fallen upon a terrain,makes the amount of runoff different or
slows down its formation.The influence of the temperature on precipitation turns
out to be also an influence upon the runoff.The direction and strength of the wind
exercises an influence upon the formation of precipitationsoupon the evaporation,&c.
The brusque change in the conditions of the runoff also comes when there
Is change in the temperature of the air and of the ground at its transition through
freezing degrees in the fall and In the spring, and also in winter time at the
free2ing of the rivers,freezing of the groundpetc.
(p.44) With rivers of the mountain type which are fed from glaciers or
from large snow covere0the course of temperature has great influence upon the for-
elation of the runoff,Our high-mountainous rivers have different course lines in
comparison with those of the plains.Their maximum significance is seen in the sum,
mer months.
One of the components of the equation of the balance of waters is the sum,
mary evaporation.The evaporation of a given territory depends upcn many factors.
Especially important factor which influences the process of runoff is the
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deficit of humidity which determines the evaporation.and itself is dependent upon
the temperature.
That is why the basic climatic factors which influence runoff are the pre-
cipitations,the temperature.and the evaporation.
These as well as a number of other correlations between the climatological
elements and the runoff are in strict regularity and cyclicity(periodicity) and
they must be kept in view at the investigation of the runoff.
.As an example we may give the researches of A/VO OGIEVSKI who gives a num-
ber of graphs on the relationship of runoff, precipitation0 and evaporation when
he uses the equation of the balance of waters,Re(in his booktHydrology of the Lind.
19510Sel0khoegie) gives three basic characteristics between these events:
1) Direct rae.0 between runoff and precipitation and the almost constant
small change in the value ot evaporation.
2) Markedly expressed relation between evaporation and precipitation.with
a small dependence upon precibitation for the ranoff(River Oka. )
3) Rather sharply expressed relationship between precipitations and both
runoff and evaporation(River Elba),
6
A basic relationship and regularity betieeen.the climatic elements as is
also the relation between the runoff and a number of physico-geographical factors.
The size,the form.and the direction of the drainage area exercise a con,
eiderably large influence upon the volume of runoff and its distribution; especial-
ly large is this influence upon the formation of flood wave.
Howeveruthe larger the sllrface area of the drainage region isOthe smaller
is the likelihood to have precipitations falling all over the entire regionor
to have an occurrence of simultaneous melting of the snows.Otherwise the snow melt-
ing is possible since it is in relation with the temperature and the altitude ab-
ove sea-level.and in altitudinally homogenous drainage areas it is more probable
to have a large front fo snow-melt. These influences reflect upon the formation of
high waters which are causing catastrophes.With the heavy rains for high waters,
the intensity of precipitation is of importance; at the melting of the snow covers
-- the temperature and the hot currents of air are decisive.
The relief of the terrain has also in influence upon the dynamics of the
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dynamics of the runoff.The steeper is the drainage area and the greater is the
slope of the river bedothe higher is the speed of the flow-off and the smaller is
(the shorter is) the time of the runoff.Influence is also exercised by the ground
and the plant cover.
(p,45)The relief however also has another significance.It influences the
distribution of precipitations since the peaks are driving the air masses to rise
to different directions.
The forestationowhich represents a surface of great roughnessoretains the
waterpreduces the passage of the surface runoffoenlarges the seepage and therewith
it reduces the time of the flow-off,The forestation(if it consists of tall trees)
also influences the microclimateuIt causes ascendant air currents;it retains the
moisture-carrying currentedaud it helps the falling of the precipitations.
The plant cover,in the process of its vegetative life, is consuming much
water from the gaoundoand at the same time it exhales as much water into the at-
mosphere,
The ground and the plant cover influence the distribution of the runoff,
of the surface and the underground runoffs which again in their turn will influ,-
ence the correlation between the high waters in the spring and the average summer
runoff of the rivers The forestation reduces the average' annual runoff to a con,
aiderable degree.
In this wayothe influence of forestation is also differentg- some factors
uhich have influence upon the feeding of the rivers have a positiveoand others a
negative effect,Forestation also exercises an influence upon snow melting,and hence
also upon the surface runoff.. The runoff is also influenced by lakes, swamps and
glaciere,
The subterranean feeding of the rivers is in close relationship wetth the
density of the river network.It is in dependence upon the reliefothe precipitations,
a
the groundoand the forestation.INLLomAjportion of the precipitations reaches
the river bed through the underground runofftthe sthaller are the surface water runs &c.
MAN with his action at changing Nature is also Changing the surface area
of the drainage regioneoand hence the course and the flow-off of the runoff,He acts
upon the natural runoff In the bed of the river when he constructs a number of
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structures,dams,and other measures to regulate the runoff.Ne changes the plant
cover, the area of forestation,and the swamps, the composition of the groundothe
character of the surface runoff,as well as the direction and way of the runoff.
Hence,the significance which the action of MAN has as a factor conditioning the
river runoff is evident.
Until now,we pointed out those complicate settings and the complexity of
the phenomena at the formation of the river ranoff,the diversity of the factors,
their action and the existing relations between them.Only with complex surveying
of these actions in toto would we have a complete,scientifically grounded research
of the runoff.
In its researches,the genetic method starts out from the circumstantially
basic study and elaboration of the regularities existing between the nhenomena of
NatureBut these regularities must be studied in detail.The actions of the basic
factors must be studied between which the regularities exist.This is the direc-
tion in which the eyes of the hydrologists mast be turned when they are studying
the phenomena of the runoff with the aid of the genetic method/4/
In support of the method of genetic analysisothe opinion of a number of
Soviet hydrologists should be cited such as D,L.SOKOLOVSKI0(p.46) who maintains
that " the fluctuation of both the maximum and minimum annual runoffs in accord-
ance with the weather may be considered as by chance, i.e.? as a basis of the op-
erating factors which are :so much Changing with the weather(whose law of flucti-
ation with the weather is not accurately known at this moment) that their cern -
bined action and obtained regularities can be studied by the method of probabil-
ity at a given phase of the development of hydrological science.Howeverothese
valueepas well as the values of the maximum and minimum waters to some extent,
do not appear chancy since they are strictly based upon complex physico-geogra-
nhical conditions, The mutual relation and the mutual reason of the latter must
be studied by the genetical methodpand the apparatus of mathematical statistics
must be used to such extent as it is necessary to use in the elaboration of the
observPd data"
" This way,the methods of probability and the statistical methods are as
auxiliary methods in studying the change of the runoff in accordance with the wea-
ther.The basic method for the research of the runoff as a magnitudephowever,
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in strict dependence upon the elements of the geographical landscape, is the dia,
lectical method of learning the mutual relationship and the mutual dependence be-
tween the phenomena"( River F1o0p.11691952).
And furthermores"The simplicity and the standard character of the methods
of statistical calculations-- sufficient for all engineering-- will in many speci-
alists create the false Impression of the supremacy ofE these methodsuthe false i-
dea that they are independent methods of research, and hence also their fetisbi-
eation and the giving an imperfect account of the substance of the p1enomena," *
(FOOTNOTEsD.L.SOKOLOVSKIs On the genetical and statistical methods in hydrology.
lev.AN.SSSR, Sect.Techn,Sc., No0501952).
A,V.OGIEVSKI thinks" ?that the method of mathematical statistics must
undoubtedly serve as one of the means in the procedure of hydrological investiga,
tions,but the substance of the problem on river runoff must be investigated upon
a genetical basis"00*(FO0TNOTEs A.V.OGIEVSKIs On the application of the statist-
ical and genetical methods in Rydrology.Ibid., No.19 l952).
And indeed, If the genetic analysis is not confirmed by the corresponding
elaboration of the actual/ data,it may become scholastic,but the statistical elab-
oration,finished without a genetical analysis, may become formal and is such a one,
In the discussion that occurred at the Technical Department of the Academy
of Sciences in the USSR on the distribution and the development of Soviet hydrol-
ogy,the scheme of A.D.SAVARENSKI was put to scrutiny, It represents,as we had also
mentioned earlier, a study of the river runoff on the basis of the equation of the
balance of waters, by dividing the drainage regions into zones with determination
of the underground,surface.-ravine and rivar runoff, and also it thus examines the
(p.47) supply feeding of the runoff, the transient and underground flowing waters
of the surface level, This scheme investigates the process of runoff so as it is
formed and as it comes to life. N.A?KOSOLAMOVA thinks that this scheme investig,-
ates in a most general case the study of the ranoff,but it is not deprived of a
methodical basis and that in Nature one also meets with a great variety of dif-
ferent types of drainage regions.
In hyerological resnect, the proficiency of the drainage areas is different,
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There are well-investigated drainage areas where the genetical analysis may be used,
but there are also such which are not studied in any direction. H.AoKOSOLAMOVA PEO*
poses that a number of typical schemes Should be elaborated by the genetical meth,
od which may serve as instructions in further investigation carried out on the phe-
nomenaoetc. Each of the drainage areas conaists of slopespand she thinks that the
slope represents the combination of different Characteristics for the homogeneous
conditions of the microclimate in the valley.
This way the so determined conditions for the slopes may be united in groups
and the investigation may be completed on their basis.
Others of the participants of the discussions? as SAG KRIM and M.F.MEN-
KEL think that the scheme of A,D,SAVARENSKI is practically unfeasibileowhen they
write a" How could be practically determined the relationship and the elements of
the water balance of a given drainage areas How could be measured and computed the
entry and the division of the water into surface and underground pathways? the evap-
oration from the ground o the transpiration from the vegetationpetc.e How could these
tasks be solved at partition of the drainage area not by the water divide but by
arbitrary lines limiting "landscape zones" and "typical slopes"? How will be estab-
lished the distribution of the underground level of water? how will be broken up
the drainage area into vertical zones7 and how will be determined the exchange of
moisture between theme"
In the discussion? opinions were pronounced about the coexistence of the
statistical method and the genetic method? and about the impossibility of their op-
position. A number of participantsohowevero as A0V,OGIEVSKIe DolaSOKOLOVSKI? V.P.
VALESTAN, 14,FoAVPHYANOVOAOLSAVARENSKI,N.A.KOS0LA14OVA0 spoke against the possibil-
ity of such a coexistence,
In conclusionoon the basis of the above exposed factsowe can say that there
are essential differences at hand between the two methodsoand that on this account
It is not even possible to think of their joint utilizatiot? Another matter is the
problem of using mathematical statistics at the elaboration of the data of the ge-
netic method,This is possible and urgentaand in this sense a number of hydrologists
have spoken.
It must be also added that hitherto the formal statistical method has accfai-
red large spread in the practice due to the fact that it only uses the data of the
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phenomena concerning the runoff of the past and that therefore the required data
are not available in reference to the factors which influence the formation of the
runoff,the genetical method which (p.48) requires the elaboration of a number of
relationships and dependences between the factors that condition the runoff is more
difficult to use in practice.
Our rivers and river basins have not been sufficiently studied.Beside the
known data on the water stand and the water amounts of the hydrometrical net of our
rivers and the precipitations,we do not have at our disposal almost no other addi-
tionally elaborated data of the elements of runoff. In our studies we widely use the
formulas and the methods of the Soviet scientific hydrologists0These formulasphoc
everpare in reference to the Soviet Union.and they must be tested with the data of
our conditions.
In the planning organizations,the method of dathematical statistics is used
for the drainage areas and hydrometric stations where we have observations for at
least a slightly more protracted period of time as the observations are subjected
to critical estimation of their certainty.Observations on the water stands and wa
ter amounts of our rivers are in existence for periods of 15-20 years.
Along with the method of mathematical statisticsothe planning clrganisations
also use the balance method("Energo-hydro-Project),for which longer observations are
necessary.It gives a certain consistency and Characteristic of ranoff.when it uses
the course graph and total graph of the course graphs for a longer period.,but it
also has quite a number of defects.
At the investigation of runoff for small rivers and river basins which have
not been studied,and on which sufficient number of observations on the runoff are
not availableflour planning organisations use the Soviet formulas,without verifying
a number of coefficients in the formulas whose values may be different under our
oonditiona.In such a case,in our planning organizations a number of dependences are
looked for,without being able to elaborate them in detailOsince we do not have a
series of observations on the different factors of the runoff.
At the study of the regime of our rivers for planning of structures where
the observations are of 5-10 years? period, our research departments are endeavour-
ing,through prolongation of the number of observationsOthrough analogy and correla-
tion, to use the method of mathematical statistics.
1
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The genetical method has slight application in our country for the reason
that the factors between which relation exists have not been studied or not suffi-
ciently well studied,and that the problem of studying of the physico-geographical,
climaticalogeologicaloand other factors has not been put upon the required level
and with the required seriousness before the scientific research institutions.
In the Hydro-Meteorological Serviceonly the precipitational amounts are
recorded,as well as the temperature of the air, the strength and the direction of
the winds, the absolute and relative humidity of the air, the thickness of the snow
eoat,etco The compactness of the snow is not measured, neither are the number of
correlations followed up between the ;now coat and the rest of the factors. The
front and the rear area of snow melting in not studied, the relations between the
compactnessathicknesspradiational propertypalbedo-- heat conduction and evaporation
of the snowabetween the intensitfyor snow melting and the temperature are not stude
ied and not investigated.
(p,49) The study of the process of snow melting punder our climatological condi-
tions, represent an enormous study and practical interests not only for the spring
time high waters and flood waters, but also for the establishment of the course of
the spring time acuumulation of the humidity in the ground,so necessary for the rua
ral economy.
At investigating the high water of heavy rainothe intensity of the rain must
be knownoNeither the Hydro-Meteorological Service(HMS) nor the rest of the scienti-
fic research institutions studied and investigated with sufficient profoundness the
relations between the length and the intensity of heavy rains, between the length
the intensity and the area irrigated by the rain for small drainage areas, The self=
recording pluviometers have been not sufficiently well placedoeepecially in the moun-
tainous districts, to make it possible to follow the course of the rainvits in-
tensity and strength?
At the investigation of the average yearly or of the yearly runoff 01naddi-
tion, data are necessary on the precipitations and the evaporation,t000 The HMS and
the rest of the scientific research institutions do not have sufficientobservations
at their disposal on the deficit in the humidity of the air; they do not have direct
observations of the evaporating surface of the water and land, located in the drain.
age areas? Data of a number of studies such as those of BoVoPOLYAKOV and POSJUZIN
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on the computation of evaporation have not been determined nor investigated for our
conditions. The retaining power of the mountains in respect of the surface runoff,
the absorption and the filtration(seepage) has not been studied.We do not have suf-
ficient data on the investigation of the underground watersotheir formation,their
volumepetc.
Conclasionse
When we start out from the methodological deficiencies and the formalism of
the statistical method, of their metaphysical position at the computation of the
value of the runoff and of the requirements of our water engineering construction
enterprise, we have to make the following conclusions;
1, At solving the problem of the river runoff? of the average annual water
amount for maximum and minimum waters) it is not necessary that the method of ma-
thematical statistics and the curve of assurance be used as the single scientific
method, but as an auxiliary supplemental aid to the genetical method.
2. The curve of emir/knee may be used for the calculation of the fluctuation
of the runoff ,but in the upper and lower ends it gives unreliable results which
often times may be misleading.
3. The construction of the curve of assurance is on the basis of ungrounded
assumptions between the relationship of Cs to Cv.
4. Our efforts at examining the river runoff mast be combined with the me-
thod of genetical analysis(as the data of hydrometrical observations are used with
corresponding statisticaa elaboration), with (p.50) the studying of the factors ,
their influence and. the relations between them, with the research and consideration
of the hydrological phenomena.
5. Closer collaboration is necessary between hydrologists and water engin-
eers, meteorologists, hydrogeologists, pedologists, and geographers who jointly
should solve a number of probleme,should look for and detect the basic relations
between runoff and its factors,ehould systematize them and use them at the investi-
gation of the dynamics of the river runoff.
6 A scientific foundation and harmony is necessary between the hydrological
and the meteorological networks as well as to widen the network of the evaporating
surfaces of water and land,
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(p.51) Engineer I,MARICHOV:
SCIENTIFIC FOINDATION OF THE NETWORK OF HYDROMETRIC STATIONS
IN THE PEOPLE0S RFPUBLIC OF BULGARIA.
Preface
In the present work,the entire problem of the hydrometrical network is exe
amined the first timepand a proposition is made as to the number and the distribue.
tion of the network of hydrometric stations over the entire territory of the Peoples
Republic of Bulgaria.
At the composition of this project for the hydrometric networkponly the
most basic elements are taken into consideration which influence the runoffosince
it is absolutely impossible to pay attention to all factors which are taking part
in its formation, while their great number is well knownpand especially those
very diverse combinations which are met with in Nature among them,and hence the
great diversity comes in the shaping of the runoff.
The main principle at the compilation of the project for the network of hy-
drometric stations ins- with a minimum number of stations to fully cover the hydrol-
ogical Characteristics of the entire country.
ThasOthe composition of the project only represents a general scheme which
mast be worked out in detail locally both in reference to the closure and the re-
moval(transfer) of the existing otations as well as in reference to the opening of
new etations.
Therein, the problem is investigated about the supeorting hydrometrical net-
work only, while it does not exclude the possibility of the existence of a special
network of hydrometrical statione which could be opened mainly for the needs of the
different jurisdictions and could have a rather temporary character,
To this special network many of the stations which are proposed to be closed
and transferred whouls be paseed over.
In this respect,the task of the work is chiefly to removed all admitted er-
rors at the creation of the existing network of hydrometric stations which were
chiefly due to the chancy and ungrounded opening of many stations, and to give a
possibility for creating a network which will be in condition to give data adequate-
ly for a complete and total elucidation of the hydrological regime of the country.
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At the analysis of the solution of this charged taskompeceaany valuable
help was rendered by the specialists of the review "Hydrology" (p.52) of the Insti-
tute and of the review "Networko" of the Service; they are engineer Rangle MINCHEV,
engineer Kiril TODOBOV? engineer Stefan STEFANOV, engineer Aleksandr PETKOV0 engina
en' Gaucho STOJAMV, Trifon STANEV0and station technician Vladimir GIDIKOV to whom
we express our sincere thanks.
INTRODUCTION
Water is an enormously vital factor of Earth.It has been always playing an
important role in the life of Man.Originally0with the primitive mode of life.water
was at the service to satisfy his elementary needs. But laterowith the development
of technics and with the progress of aultureoits use as a factor which is creating
welfare had been steadily improved. And today0with the high development of the wat-
er engineering construction enterprisepim almost all of the more advanced countries
we find an endeavour at the most wide-spread utilization of the waters for water
supply, irrigation, for production of electric energy,for water transportatioapetc,
In the pastofor all types of water usage--energy productionoirrigatiagowater sup?
plyingneteop separate water enginer ring structures were constructed while today of
particularly great importance is the complex utilization of the water resources which
makes the maximum effect for national economy since0at the given investment of CMD?
italomore than a few water economical tasks have been solved.
In our country the problem of the complex utilization of waters for ameli-
orative? energy productive, water providing, industrial and for other economic goals
was set up at its total range after 9 Sept.1944 only. The reconstruction of our waa
ter economy takes one of the important places in the general plan of the quickly
developing socialistic construction? since for the latter the water resources of
the country are widely and in many ways utilised. The development of the water mix-
omy of Our country imnoses enormous requirements in respect to the hydrological mat-
erials needed for the planning of the new water engineering measures as well as for
a rational exploitation of the erected stractureso
Without a good hydrological foundation,however, even with technically very
well elaborated projects, unsatisfactory economical effects can be reached.Aa erect-
ed structure may happen to stay for a number of years without water,or it may not
be fully able to fulfill the functions wor which it had been designated, and these
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structures are frequently destroyedochiefly for the circumstance thaZ the catastroph-
al waters had been incorrectly computed. All this indicates the extreme importance
-e
of the hydrological researches for the total construction of the waters ever a giv-
en territory.
The main water sources which Man endeavours to utilize are in the first place
the riversoand then the underground waters and the lakes.It is characteristic for
them that in their uninterrupted course they show fluctuations? in some cases at
sufficiently large amplitudes the limits of which can be determined after systematic
observations over years-long periods( usually 25-35 years)0calleda normal ,
Only the observations throughout such a cycle can give a clear idea(p053) about the
variation and fluctuation in the runoff of a given water source throagh the differ-
ent seasons of the yearpand in the different periods of the year.Therewithotogether
with the examination of other elements of the water source?too0(turbulence? iciag
phenomenapetc.) its regime is determined,
In hydrologyothe conclusions are based above all upon the statistical data
about the hydrological elements.Lately0the Soviet scientific hydrologists cleverly
began to caret:sine the genetical research of the phenomena of runoff with the statist-
ical elaboration0when they have been using widely the physico-geographical means
aad the profound mathematical analysis.
For the correct and purposeful construction of the water resourcesOcomplete
and serious hydrological investigations are necessary.
Through the complex study of the elements of the runoff and of the factors
which condition itothe complete characterization of a water source can he madeoand
a given water engineering structure can be also planned and constructed upon a sound
basis.
That is why the water sources as a national treasure are the object of bap...
sic and systematic studies for many years which are accomplished almost everywhere
by the State.These studies over a given territory or State are made through creat-
ing a network of hydrometrical stations. The site and the number of these stations
is so determined that ?with the data fro ir them? it is possible to get the full hp=
drological characteristics of the river regime.
This network of hydrometric stations ever the given territory must he spread
out in such a way that from the hydrological and meteorological elementsobserved
at the different stations? the hydrological characteristics can be determined with
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sufficient accuracy.
The hydrometric stations must be reread out ia such a way that they give the
possibility to study the regime ef the chief river at its upperomiddle and lower
course,and in addition to this to characterise also the regimes of the tributaries
and their influence upon the main river.
The number of the hydrometric stations mast be as small as possiblejet it
should be adequate for obtaining the full characteristics of the regime of the river
at its different sections.ThereforeDat the distribution of the stations along the
course of the riveroboth the increase of the drainage area and the variation of the
physico-geographical and meteorological factors must be taken into consideration.
The distribution of the hydrometric network gayer a given territory is a com-
plicated taskpand it may be correctly solved only on the basis of profound and many-
sided studies of the hydrological peculiarities of both the different water struc-
tures and the entire territory over which its establishment is organised. The hydro-
metric stations and postspby their destination, are divided into supporting and spe-
cial ones. The network of the supporting hydrometric stations over a given territory
suet be be so distributed that with the data on meteorological and hydrological elements,
observed at these stations, the complete and total hydrological characteristics can
be given for the entire territory.
(p.54) The special hydrometric stations are opened for the needs of the ju-
risdiction or organization whose more specially arising needs cannot be staisfied
with the general data of the supporting network.They have a limited period of ac-
tivitys
The object of the present reasoning is particularly the supporting network
of hydrometric stations.
At the distribution of the supporting hydrometric stations and posts the
following must be taken into considerations
1) The variability of the hydrological and meteorological elements in dep-
endence upon the physico-geographical Characteristics of the territorypas well as
the homogeneity of the natural conditions of the geographical environment as a whole.
2) The representability of the observations in the station, i.es, do they
?
express the characteristic peculiarities of the given district?
3) The degree of accuracy by which the hydrometric elements and the phenom-
ena are determined in correspondence with the requirements of science,ef aational
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economy, and the national defense.
4) The plan for the construction of the water engineering measures and
5) Economieing(thrifty) structures at otherwise equal conditions.
Each hydrometric stationothough all these conditions are being observed at
their erection,presents itself in the course of time(with the appearance of new needs
and greater requirements as well as with the construction of many water engineering
structures which have a repercussion upon the natural regime of the river system)
to become exposed to re-appraisal(criticism) as the new conditions are taken into
consideration.
Such a foundation of the hydrometric network in our country prevails also
for the reason that the entire aporaisal hmd not been done,and while provision has
been made to do it in phases, chiefly for the needs of the different jurisdictions,
there will surely be lacks or deviations in it in one way or another. Such a founda-
tion also prevails for the reason that many meteorological and hydrological elements
which condition the distribution of the network have been already elaborated or
a longer period.
The problem of the scientific foundation of the hydrological network is suf-
ficiently important and serious.Its correct solution is of profound importance to
our national economy.The first attempt at reorganizing the network had been done in
1950.Th1s reorganization was exclusively only on the basis of the peculiarities of
physico-geographical Character. /t is clear that such a foundation is not enough.It
is not a whole, since it is not in conformity with the remaining hydro-meteorological
elements upon which the distribution of the network depends.That is why such a foun-
dation is prevailing,with the purpose to include in it the prerequisites which are
more or less taking a part in the correct solution of this problempand which are
consequently influencing the accuracy of the collected hydrological data.For thii
reason it will be urgent to open eventually new stations as well as to transfer and
to close existing stations. At the transfer and at the closure of the existing sta...
tionsof particular interest is the period of observations and the quality of the
data at these stations,wherefore it is necessary to delay briefly at the development
of the hydrometric network in our country.
(p.55) The first recorded water stands in our country are dating from the
year 18760mith the unusual observation of the Marica river, a fact which was recorded
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os the side of the church "Prosperity of the Holy Mother of Christ" at the town of
Pasardshik.
The oldest water reading was started in 1901 at the Black Seaaand laterpin
19050 such stations were also opened for the Marica river which in 1911 have reached
eleven in number.
Generally?the period before 1920 is characterised by the fact that the hy-
drological network was created by accidentoand no scientific engineering basis had
been available.Only in 1920?vith the bringing of the Law on the Water Syndicates,
was hydrography mentioned since the problem of opening water measuring posts and of
collecting the data was also settled. In spite of thispbefore 1924 the work went
along the same way.Ia this period062 stations were created0yet no useable data were
at hand.
Oaly in 19240under the editorship of the late engineer Boris ANGELOV,the
first yearbook for hydrological observations had been published.
The yearbooks were arinted in the subsequent two years,too,--in 1925 and
19260and then their publication was discontinued. In these yearbooksothe water stands
were published only,and there were no data OA the measured water amounts.Ila the De..
nod frog 1906 to 1935.the Department for Waters had probably at its disposal a Volt
Veltman screw also, but from the preserved records it seems that a few measurements
were only made of the Marica river at Plovdiv and Pasardshik, and of the Tandsha
river at Koprinka.
With the development and the strengthening of the water syndicates,the need
ef more complete hydrological data became acute,due to which in 1935 new Voltman
crews were brought in,and from then onothe systematic measurement of water amounts
has started.
Generally, the data from 1935 on till now are considered as useable hydro).?
ogical data.
In a brie summary, the hydrological network developed before 1949 in the
same veitl, as the stations increased in number as fo1lows8
TABLE 18 LEGENDS a) year, b) number of stations?
?.! wt. es O.
At the end of 1949 there were 259 hydrological stations open; of these020
were wells for the study of the underground waters, and 8 were Pests at the Black
Sea and at certain lakes.
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The huge water engineering construction after 9 September 19440and particul-
arly after 19470 in reference to the two-year and to the five-year national econom-
ic plans? required more accurate and more complete hydrological data for water econ-
omical investigations both at the planning and at the exploitation of the already
erected objects0too. The data of the hitherto opened stations couldeaot staisfy these
enormous needs of the practice.The most enormous weakness of the network(p056)creat-
ed before 1949 consisted in the distribution of the stations. They were opened cap-
riciously in more than one eases. A leading start has been that they should be near
railroad lines ex* near other arteries of communication so that they could be easily
serviced by the teams created for the measuring of the water amounts.Therewith0a
great number of stations was explained(in relation with the network of that time)
for the river Marica and for its tributaries.0a the ether handpat that timepit
was the goal to Chiefly satisfy the needs of the water syndicates of irrigation for
data, but not the need2 for energy production or for water sapply0etc.0too. At the
opening of the stations? the most suitable site was not always selected? which led
to the transfer of the same station repeatedly, Thuspe
0?0 the station of the river
Cibroat the village of D.Oibitenevas transferred, four timesothat of the Lade. Yana at
Sbor four times0 that of the river Iskft at Kurile) three times? the station at Nae
tan three times, and so on. The variabilities of the water amounts at the stations
are email in number for years(mostly 102)0 and they are Chiefly produced at low and
iddle stands of the water. As an exceptioa0 different individual meaeurements of
noderately high and high waters are met with.
All these defects resulted in the condition that when our practice required
hydrological data from the Hydro-Meteorological Service? the data were accompanied
by many restrictions each as for flood waters the key curve is for orientation
only" ; "above so many cubic meters the water amounts are computed"; "the station
is local for the periodoote.
All this urged in 1949-50 to put hydrology upon its feet as soon as possible,
The arrival of the Soviet specialist hydrologist engineer XLISEEV had also made
matters easier in this respect. With his active aid,the deficiencies of the network
of that time had been investigatedpand proposals had been made for the closure of
certain stations and for the epening of sone new ones. As a result of this, in
19500 38 stations have been closed, and 44 new stations opened due to which tho
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number of the stations has been raised to 265 in 1950. Sabsequentlyoas seen from
Table 10 the number of the stations until this year was increased by 17 placesoMore-
overoin one section of the network, the observation of other hydrological elements
such as tarbulenceodhemical analysis and others has been also introduced.
By estimating the importance of the hydrometric data for our socialistic economy0
the Central Comaittee of the Bulgarian Communist Party and the Cabinet Council came
out in 1950 with a special arrangement for the unification of the Hydrological Sera
vice of the Ministry of Electrification oand of the Meteorological Institute of the
Ministry of Agriculture in a single Hydro-Meteorological ServiceoTherebyothe begin-
ning of a new phase in the development of hydrology and meteorology was established
in our country.Rogional services of the Hydro-Meteorological Service(HMS) had been
also created? Each region is divided into sections each with 2-3 stations where at
least two people are working on the collection of hydrological dataobesides the vol-
untary observers of the water stands0A large number of devices were imported from
abroad for the measurement of the hydrological elementsoand made in our countryo
many instructions and guide books were written on the measurement of the different
hydro-meteorological elementsok larger member of flood waters(p057) were subjected
to measurements by which the extrapolation of the key curves was improved.From the
data collected for periods of 15 yearsocertain hydrological elements such as the
modulus of the runoff(M0)0 the coefficient of runoff(gA),the coefficient of vari-
ance(0v),and others have been already elaborated.A taring station was made for tar-
ing of the hydrometric screwsoAlmost all stations have been provided with equipment
for measurement of the flood waters? Some courses were carried through for instruc-
tion of the technical personnel that does the measurement at the stations. The first
runoff landing areas have been created in our country for the investi=ation of the
runoffoetc.
This is then briefly the development of the hydrological network in our country
up to the present year.
At the present timepthe hydrological network consists of 292 hydrometric stations
which are divided into two categories= supporting and special stations. The sup-
porting network which is composed of 282 hydrometric stations has its main mission
to elucidate the entire hydrological regime of the countryoThe remaining ten sta-
tions are specialoi eo stations opened temporarily for the needs of other jurisdic-
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Terfieuftee
70 ?
tions0The period of observations in the stations of the supporting network is very
different which is evident from Table 2,
TABLE 2:LEGENDS; a) period of observation in years; b) poets; c) number of
stations; d) water amounts; e) chemical analysis; f) floating drifts.
From Table 2 it is seen that the larger portion of the stations have a period
of observation from 1 to 5 years, Only 60 stations have a period of observation more
than for 15 years.
Along with the observations of the water standof the temperature of the water,
and with the measuring of the water amounts,at 85 stations chemical analysis of
the water is also performed, and at 103 stations the turbidity is measured.
The distribution of the stations over the entire territory of the country is
given in Chart I in the Annex wherefrom it can be clearly seen that there are die=
tricts in which an extraordinary large number of stations has accumulatedechiefly
in the higher sections? e.g. in Petrokhan where there are 9 stations for a homog-
eneous area of 50 square kilometers; in the upper course of the Marica river? Ibir
river and others, stations are found at distances from 3 to 5 Km without addition-
al tributary waterspand so on, and at other places there are rivers of which no ob-
servationo are made in general, as at the river Little Loin? at some of the contri-
butaries of the Marica river? at some rivers which flow directly into the Black Sea,
etc
The water engineering structures built in the last few years-- water elec-
trical centrale,water reservoirs0dams0(p.58)0etc.0 disturbed and destroyed the re-
gime of many riversedue to which a large number of stations are either 6ncorrect1y
giving the regime of the rivers? or they are purposeless in general. Such is the
case with the dations of the river Lem at the village of Upper Lom, of the river
Ritehe at the village of G. Village? of the river Yidima at the village of Vidima,
where the regime is disturbed by the erected centrals? of the river Iskft at Rase-
dec--disturbed by the water reservoir of the irrigation systemoetc.
On the distribution of the network it had been also of an influence to a large ox...
teat to which jurisdiction the hydrological service belonged. Thus0e.g.0 while the
Hydrological Service had been with the Ministry of Agriculture? the hydrometric sta.
tions opened chiefly in the flatland areas in regard to the needs of the water ern-
dAcates, and after it has been transferred to the Ministry of Electrification,the
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network has been widened in the high-mountainous regions.- chielfyYChiefly for the
needs of energy production?
Moreover, the charts compiled with isolines for 15.year period for a few hydrol-
ogical elements ouch as the modulus of the runoff(M0)0the coefficient of ranoff00
the coefficients of variance(C) and of asymmetry (Cs) as well as with the finished
studies at the elaboration of the charts with isolines for the turbidity and chema
teal analysis have indicated that lacks,i.e.,weakly covered areas, are met with at
many places.
All this urges to make a basic appraise/ of the hydrometric network,as the founa
dation of each station is given,as well as the proposal is made for the opening and
closing of some stations in regard to securing the complete hydrological character-
ietics of all hydrological elements for the future.
At the present layout, the following more importan lements ,which determine the
number and the distribution of hydrometrical stations, are yaken into consideration:
I. Peculiarities of the drainage basin in physicoageographical respect?
a) vegetal cover of the drainage area,
b) declivity of the drainage area,
c) forestry cover of the drainage area,
d) pedoageological structure of the drainage area.
IIc The Iste.d.s_lajmillasaisal data in the construction, national economy0 and
the national defense:
a) the constructed water engineering stracturee and their exploitation,
b) a perspectival plan of the AI water engineering construction.
III? The variability of the observed hydrological and meteorological elements0
a) arecipitations,
b) temperature,
c) modulus of runoff,
d) coefficient of runoff and the coefficient of variance?
Beside these elementeaat the recommendations for either a transfer or a closure
of an exisOing station, the period of observation of the hydrological elements is
also taken into consideration.
(p,59) In this order the influence of the different elements is investigated
upon the distribution of the network of hydrometric stations in our country.
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I.PF,CULIARI TIES OF.-..THE DRAINAGE BASINS IN PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHI CAL RESPECT.
One of the most important factors which condition the number and the site of
the hydrometric stations is the homogeneity of the natural circumstances in the ter-
ritory over which such a network will be opread. The more heterogeneous is a given
geographical environment in regard to the elements that influence the runoff, the
larger must be the number of the hydrometric stations.They must be so ditributed
that with the data which they collect it should be possible to give the complete
hydrological characteristics of the river flow as well as these data should serve as
analogues for those rivers at which such stations have not been opened. For this
purpose it is necessary that the stations be distributed in proportion to the growth
of the area of the drainage basinfland this Should be done so that all the most Char-
acteristic changes are embraced such as the slope.the forest coverothe density of
the river network,and the geological structure of the drainage basin.All these elem-
ents allow the most different influence at the formation of the river ranoff,Thue0
for instance.with the increase of the slope of the drainage basin.the time of run-
ning off of the fallen precipitation to the river bed is reduced, Contrary to this,
with the increase of the forest coverage the running off of the fallen precipita-
tions to the river bed is delayed by which the possibilities for the seepage of the
water into the ground are also increased and the subterraneab storage of the river
flow is aesured. The latter is also in proportion with the geological structure of
the drainage baein.The combined influence of all these elements is best expressed
in the density of the river network.
For the correct distribution of the hydrometric network in the country it is
necessary to examine how the influence of each of these elements is separately DrOV-
idecL
THE VEGETAL COVER OF THE DRAINAGE BASIN.
If we throw a glance upon the map of the hydrometric network (7)(see the map
in the Anne of the original text) and upon the diagrams on the vegetation of the
drainage basins(S),it can be seen that there is a distinct grouping of the rivers
at some sections, and also that there are larger districts which are not distin=.
gaished in this respect.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER STRUMA,- In regard to the vegetal cover of the
drainage area of the Struma river.the hydrometric stations.taken generally, are well
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distributed. Even the nore important tributaries on both sides of the river :71
covered. Independently from this,however, it may be said that there are also saper-
fluous stations such as the station for the river 0logoshka whose drainage area is
entirely too small and its character is very close to that of the rivers Novoselska
and Bistrica; the station for the river Bistrica which is under the reservoir of
the water supply of the town of St,Dimitrov and its data are compromised; the stela
tion of the river Sashichka whose drainage area is very small and not a representa-
tive one. (The same station must be transferred along the course of the river so
that it would give the complete characteristics); the station for the river Strums
at the town of Pirin which is very near to the station at Kupnik and it is without
an especially adequate tributary net; the station of the river Petrovska which has
been opened for the needs of the Central only. Along with thisothere are districts
which have not been elucidated such ay.- the district of the river Konska,with a
El EN TRANSLATION
Bh1g.hydrology
drainage area of about 350 Km2 which crosses the Breenishko field that is char ?ter-
ised by a small surface runoff; the district of the river Treklyanska which is of
a drainage area of about 0 510 sq.Km.and with a considerable runoff; the district
of the river Struma between the stations Rphdavicsawith a drainage area of 2171
e?m, and Krupnik,with 6777 sq.Km, due to which it is necessary to open a station
directly under the inflow of the river Dsherman. Independently from the made pro-
posals, the impression is gained that the number of the stationsoespecially on the
slopes of the PirinOis large,yet it is thereby the purpose that the measurement of
the modulus of the runoff should be better comprehended ,with the increase of the
altitude above the sea-level.
For an improvement of the data of the station of the Bistrica river at Gftlyano,
whose regime was destroyed by the Central, a station must be opened for observation
of the canelOtoo, This need ariees due to the lack of suitable quarters below the
inflow of the canal into the river as well as due to the disturbance of the regime
of the river by the many irrigational reservoirs.
RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER MESTA.= In the river basin of the Mesta river.the eta
tions have the same peculiarities as in the basin of the Struma river.In the high
mountainous sections of the basin the number of the stations is relatively larger
than eapected which is due to the disturbed regime of the runoff in the lower sec-
tions of the river and of its tributaries bt much water-taking for irrigation. Along
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with this 0in some districteea superfluous accumeeaelee we
kGE NumBER -STAT
i
74
$ found as
those of the river Retisheof the river Bresnishka? and of the Kornishka river?
as
well as the three stations of the river Karadehadere.Because of the uniform charac-
ter of the drainage areas of the first three rivers, and because of the relatively
small vegetal cover of the drainage areas of the river Karadzhadere, the stations
of the rivers Retizhe,Kornithka,and that of the Karadthadere at the village of Zmej-
ea Gan be eliminated.
On the other handothere are also less strongly elucidated districts as those of
the river Byalspand of the river Draglishtenska for which hydro-meteorological sta.
tions must be opened in their lower course. TO elucidate the runoff regime of the
river Dospatothe opening of a station at its upper course is similarly necessary,
RIVER BASIN OF THE MARICA RIVER.- It is the largest and the most varied basin
in physico-geograbhical respect in our country,Becease of this varied Character and
because of the great importance of the Marica river and of its tributaries for our
national economy in regard to improvement and energy production, the first hydrol-
ogical observations have been started here,and the largest number of hydrometric
stations has been opened here the large portion of which originally was special sta.
tion,and then they were included in the supporting network,without hacing made a
more profound estimate of their necessity. (p.61) Thus,the accumulation of many ste.
tions in small drainage areas ef uniform terrain can be explained. This is also con-
firmed by the following etationw. In the upeer course of the river, above the sta,
tion at Badail, with a drainage area of 97 sq.KM, there are five stations of which
three are at the Marica itself. UP to the station at Radail the drainage area of
the Marica is uniformom this account one of the station pairs could be closed:-
stations 232 and 233 for the Marica river, and 234 and 235 for the !br river.The
stations 233 and 234 are proposed for closure. Almost the same is the case with '
the river Kriva,toopabove Sestrimo;for this reason the station 245 can be closed
whose data are anyhow very uncertain due to the la* of facilities of observation.
In the upeer course of the Stara riveruat an altitude of about 1900 moof drainage
areas similar in size and character, two stations are in existence(255 and 256)
one of which may be closed( No.256). For the same riverobelow Belingrad,above its
emptying into the Marica, two stations are found(257 and 249) who differ very little
in respect of the drainage areapand even the tributary system between them 1$ email,
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AGE NUMBER
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without substantial tributaries. Consequentlyoone ofhe stations can be closed,
as station 257 is proposed which is anyhow very near to the station in Velingrad.
Nothing justifies station 271 for the river Giadicaoa tributary of the Stara river
at Peshterao along whose course there are four stationsothree of which have almost
eoual drainage areasowithout any peculiar Characteristics.
In the upoer course of the tributaries of the river Vytcha,-- Shirokolyishkao Te?
nooder.e and Trigradskao--there are three stations with almost identical drainage
areas and of homogeneous characterosituated over one of the almost similar slopes.
One of these stations can be closeoas station 276 of the Tenesdere has been proposed.
Because of the disturbed regime caused by the water reservoir for the water supply
of Plovdivoand due to the impossibility to transfer the station to above the water
reservoillostation 303 of the river Pirvenecka should be the one to be closed.hn
other station in the river basin of the Marica which could be closed is 337 of the
river Stara at LevekigradOoa tributary of the Strema river. Moreover, with the pres-
ence of stations 24202410and 2430the station of the river Topolnica at Mukhovo is
not justified since the differences in the drainage areas of the stations 242 and
243 are very slight.
Because of the large number of stations in the basin of the river Maricaofew
are the sections in which the opening of new stations would be necessary. In view
of the fact that the vegetal cover of the drainage area mast be properly covered
it would be necessary to open a new station for the river Marica,--between the eta-
-
tions at Pftvomalowith a drainage area of 12 u2(
0722 AM2 ),and Ilharmanliowith
19,6502 as the most suitable parts around the town of Dimitrovgrad. With the
present distribution of the stations along the river Vitcha a station must be opened
for the same river below the influx of the river Shirokolyishka which is in its up-
per course(of the river). Another more characteristic tributary for which a new
statioa should be opened is the river Biserka which collects the waters of a char-
acteristic channel-crossed region.
(p.62) With such a distribution of the stationsothe impression remains that the
left portion of the drainage area of the river, exactly from the basin of the river
Strmma UD to the basin of the river Tundshapie not well elucidated with hydrom6tric
stations. However, in this sectio4 al/ tributariesowith the exception of the river
Syatlijkaoand this chiefly for its great length, are of almost equal marks? i.e.0
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their waters gather freg?i4romall ravine; in thelitadlo and tee lover course the
fall of the river bed is very small; some of themearireut and stay so through a lar-
ger part of the year0 and 'those which do not dry up are of a regime disturbed by
the many water takers which are along their course.
RIVER BASIN OF THE AREA.- Generally speaking? the hydrometric stations in this
river basin are well distriouted from the point of view of the vegetal cover of the
drainage area. Almost all larger tributaries are covered. Proposition for the open-
ing of a new station can be made only for the river Chamdere which gathers its wa-
ters from the most eroded parts of the Eastern Rodopi Mountains,and it directly flows
into the section above the pool of the future 11Klirdiehalim dam.In return for this,
the station 318 at Srednogorci could bet closed which is about 10 Km away from the
stations at Rudozem and Vekhtino. Moreover. the hitherto recorded data are almost
compromised by the constantly Changing river bed.due to the materials which are
washed up by the mill.
RIVER BED OF THE TUNDZBA.- The drainage area is especially characteristic by its
form-- great length and little width, as well as by its very great asvmmetry, Almost
all tributaries are from the right side of the rivereThe impression is gained that
aost of the hydrometric stations of the tributaries are at their more upper courses
which is duo to the regime disturbed by the numerous water takingsoafter tka rivers
enter into the plain section. However0 because of the uniform Character of the drain-
age areas of these stations? some of them should be closed; for instancepone of the
etations 329 for the river Akdere and 330 for the river Leshnica whose drainage
areas are very similar in character. The same is try also for stations 339 for the
river Enina and 340 for the river MAliehka, as it is proposed to close the station
of the Eaina# river. In the middle section of the river are sOituated the stations
375.374oand 371 the first of which gives the Characteristics of the tributary of
the Belenska river, and the remaining two are distributeds- the one above the influ-
ence of the tributary. the other below the influence. Consequently0 on of the latter
two stations is eaperfluous.and.since station 374 has the longer period of observe-
tionsostatioa 371 should be closed more properly. Similarly unjustified is the si-
multaneous existence of the two stations in the lower course e- 372 and 373 where
the vegetal cover of theedrainage area from one station to the other is about 180
Km20 As priority is given to the station with the longer period of observations,
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it is station 372 which should be closed?
ALONG THE RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACv SEA ABOVE THE ICA..!CRIYA RIV7R0
The rivers in this section of the country are small and mostly uniformowith the ex
elusion of those which originate from the Strandeha0(p?63) due to which fact, with
one or two stations the most, their regime can be elucidated? Generallypit may be
said that the network of the stations for these rivers is well distributed, as along
those which have a more uniform character only one station opened for each river,
and along those which take their origin from the Strandeha? two-two stations were
opened for each rivera. one in their upper courseoand one in the lower courseollere,
it may be possible eventually to close station 363 of the river Mladeehka, since it
is. very close to the station 361 for the Veleka river? The river Rusokastrenska re-
mains not well elucidated with hydrometrical etatlions in this district; the charac-
ter of its drainage area is very similar to that of the river Sredeeka and Aitoska
between which it is situated?
RIVER BASIN OF THE KAMCITIYA RIVFR.- In this river basin there aro altogether 8
hydrometric stations which are sufficient to give the complete hydrological charae-
teristice of the river basin? In the middle course of the Up-oer Kamchia,and its
tributary river Brana, three stations are grouped at near distances two of which are
OA the Upper Kamehia.- one below the influx of the Brana riveroand the other above
STAT
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77
the influx,The drainage area between these three stations grows to about 300 sq?Km,
Moreover? the way they are distributedowith the two stationso being able to give
the same characteristics that would, be rendered by the three?too? it follows that
one of them can be closed, as it is proposed for station 8 which is of a shorter
period of obsereationsoand in addition to thisolts data are less qualified. Near to
the mouth of the river, at the place Facia, there is station 22 which should be also
closed, on account of the data compromised by the back flood,and the large spilling.
of the river in it lower coarse, The removal of the station outside the area of
the backflood is not justified since it would come very close to station 11.
The district not-covered by stations is the upper course of the river tYpner ICam-
chia, where stations ehould be opened in the district of the Ticha which is esneciiial-
ly urgent due to other elements which are considered later.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE PROVADIISKA RIVER,- For this river basin only the trans-
fer of station 30 from the Kriva river to the Xamenica river must be proposed where
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rinT3E1STAT
78
the drainage region will be more representative for-the river.
THE RIVERS IN THE DOBRUDtHA.- The network of hydrometric stations in the Dobrud-
she has been revised and built up after 19510 with the excention of two stations.As
it is well known,the regime of the rivers in the Dobrudtha radically differs from
that of the rivers in the remaining part of the country.They have water constantly
In their upper courses only which gradually decreases as we go along the couree of
the rivers ,while at one section of them there is entirely no water in the lower
course.Most of them take their origin from karst-like springs.For the complete elu-
cidation of the hydrological regime0mainly two-two stations have been placed on each
riveronothwithetanding their lengthpand in the river basin of the river Sukha,even
four stations were opened.Ve think that the number of the stations(13) and their
distributions are satisfactory for the hydrological characterisation of the Dobrmdsha.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER RUrENSKI LOM.- The existing four stations for hy-
drometry in the river basin of the Rusenski Lom are not enough for the complete hy-
drological cl.aracterization of this basin,
(see continuation on.next page).
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(p,.64) The river Ru.senski Lout is formed of four tributaries which are very c1eee
to each other as to regime and. character of the drainage areas?with the excention
of the tributary Banski Loin which has a rather semi-Balkanian character. In relation
with this? a hydrometrical stations should be opened before its emptying into the
Black Sea.This way, together with the station of the ChoLomobelow the influence of
the Banski Lora, the full characteristics of the two rivers can be also obte.ined.
For the Bell Lomoonly one station is in existence,namely the one at its upear metes&
In order to obtai4 the full characteristics of the hydrological elements of the
Mali Lom(gLittle Loin) and the Belt Lom(gWhite Lom)0 in addition of the stations
Nocl and No.20another station must be also opened in the lower course of one of
the two rivers,It is proposed to open one for the Bell Lom which is a little more
water-filled and with a larger drainage area.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER YANTRA.- The river basis of the Tantra is
characterized by great uniformity in physico-goographical respect and by a dense
river systetm.. It gathers its waters from the ridge of the Sara Planina( gOld
Mountain) down to the Duna river. All this has made necessary to create a thick
network of hydrometrical stations.In an endeavour to cover all characteristics of
the river basin some stations were opened at unsuitable places.Such is the case
from
with stations 77,85,73 where the drainage area/01 station 73 to station 85 grows
with 69 Km2 only, From this it seems that these stations are aompletely doubled,
hence one of them may be closed, It is proposed to close station 73. Mcaeover? on
account of the closure of station 75 of the Belica rivernstat,on 85 would be more
apPropriately moved to the lower course of the Belica riverpbelow its confluence
eeith the river Dryanovska. By such distribution of the stations 77085?and 76 the
Lull characteristics will be given for the rivers Dryanovaka, Belies., and Yantia
from the town of Tyrnovo to Gabrovo city. The closure of station 75 is justified
by the fact that from two sides of its drainage area completely homogeneous drainage basins are in existence.
Along the river Risica? especially in its upper course? there is also an
accumulation of stations which is the case with stations 68 and 72 from which the
closure of station 72 is proposed.
A tributary of the Rosica river is the river Vidima, Along the course of
this river() only the stations at the State Nursery near the towns Sevlievo and
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P80
Gumoshtnik should remain-The station at the village Vidima should be closed,since
it is no more in a cendition to give the natural regime of the riverobecause it is
seriously disturbed by the regime of the VEC(Vodna elektricheskaya centralater
electric central) called "Vidiman, The influence of this VEC extends pretty far,
down to the village Gumoshtnik? For this reasonoand also as a result of the fact
thatthe basin of the station at Gumoshtnik village reeresents a peculiarity in
climatological and hydrological respect? the proposal also comes that this station
should remain in the supporting network,. In the entire river basin the river Dziau-
lyunica is not elucidated with stationcohence it is proposed to open a station in
its lower course, This station will make it possibleo together with stations 80
and 780 to give also the characteristics of the river Golyamaoa trautary of the
Lefedzha river.
(p,65) THE RIVER BASIN OF THE osymp/ RIVv.110- With regard to the length of the
drainage area the stations in the river basin are well distributed., All character-
istics of the river are covered? The influence of the Duna river is shown upon
station No066 which forces this station to be removed more upstream, In the case
of by this removal the station would be very close to that in Levski Station
66 should be closed,
This circumstance holds good for all near-Duna stations and it may be taken
as a rule.
Tee RIVER BASIN OF THE VIT RIVER. The number of the hydrometrical stations
in the river basin is sufficient0 and, in general,the stations are well distributed.
In the midele section of the river,to make it possible to receive the complete char-
aeteristics for its tributary river Katunishka through the stations 54 and 67,the
latter station(C7) should be moved directly below the confluence of the river with
the Ugirchineka rivera Moreoveroas it Is well known, in the upper course of the
Vito directly below the influx of the White and Black Vito a large portion of the
waters is lost in a place? on account of which it is necessary to open a new sta-
tion directly below this disrict so that an experience is gained for the elucida-
tion of the regime of the river in this section?
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE ISM RIVER,- The river basin of the Isker river is
standing at the first place in the country in respect to its size and it is dharac-
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P 81
terited by its wide variation in respect of physima.geogranhical characteristics.
The river IsklAr gathers its waters from the highest mountainous parts in our cowl
-
try-- the Rila and the Old Mountain. Because of its peculiarities, in the river
basin of the Is4r river a large number of stations have been opened which are ful-
ly sufficient to a complete characterization in hydrological respects- many of the
stations in the river bald* had been originally operative, i,e? opened especial-
ly for the needs of some jurisdictions p and then pwithout much consideration, in-
cluded in the sunporting network. On account of these reasonop some of the stations
seem to be superfluous.Sudh are for instance the stations at Reselec and Kunino,
between which the drainage area is only 96 Km2, without a special additional net
of tributaries, Due to the disturbance of the regime of the river by the water re-
servoir for the irrigation system,the station at Reselec should be justly closed.
In the upner course of the Little IskVx two stations are in existence for drainage
areas which are almost equal in site and similar as to physico-geogranhical charac-
teristics., of which stations one should be closed. No.107 station is proposed for
closure. The large number of hydrometrical stations is impressive along the tri-
butaries in the Sofia flield, however this is mostly necessary for the great well
fare measures which will be carried out in the near future in this district.. In
this section of the basin perhaps sometimes in the future tne station of the river
Pancharevska(Egylya) whould be closed which characterizes an entirely small drain-
age area that by its character is very close to that of the itation of Vladaiska.
Also the latter station,which could be discarded in the river basin of the Iskft,
this is No.102,whose drainage area is completely identical with that of No.103
of the Black Iskft,
TBE RIVER BASIN OF THE SKITA. RIVER.- The river basin is caaracterized with
two stations-- one in the upner course of the river and one in the lower course,
(p.56) These station') are fully sufficient ?with the nrovision that station 119
is removed outside the boundaries of the influence of the Duna.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER OGOSTA, . This river basin is characterized
by an extraordinarily large number of stations in the inper course of the rivers
where for an area of about 50 Km2 9 hydrometrical stetions are in existence, This
Is due to the great interest in the energy relationship of this section of the riv-
0
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P 82
STAT
er basin The stations had been special originally0 and then they remained in the
aaFv ?
supnorting,netwarkoAt the examination of the upper section of the river basin?Aherein
are also included the stations of the rivers SrebVrnaoSredna,Ginska,and Vodenichna
from the southern part of the Balkan, whose waters are driven through two channels
into the eualizer of the Brsiya river % For this reason (in this way) unlikely data
had been obtained for the runoff od the river Wrziya0 To get the correct hyt'rolog-
,
ical characteristics of this section and to avoid the superfluous e7penditures at
the maintenance of the stationseit is proposed to keep in the supporting network
the fol1owin6 stations only g- on the southern side of the Balkan to keep station
141 of the river Ginska, which will render data on the waters that are in the river
above the water reservoiroand to onen two stations at the two channels which trans-
fer the waters from this district to the north? through which this artificial trt-
butary of the BiArsiya river will be given an account; at the northern slope to keep
only the stations at Vyirshec and Berkovica which are outside the boundaries of the
violated regime of all the small rivulets above them and are sufficient to give the
characteristics of the section of the basin, This way,the stations 1400166,142,170,
180 and 224 should be closed. Entirely artificially are also condensed the stations
137 and 136,as also 138 and 1390 whose drainage areas are very slightly different
as to surface area and charecter0 The closeare of stations 137 and 136 is aroponed.
Fr station 121 the same holds good ,which is said also for station 119?Along with
the closure of the so saecified stations a station must be opened in the lower
coarse of the river Byttrziyao as well as one station for the river Ogosta,directly
below the influence of the Bftziya0 With thee stations the characteristics of the
river Ogosta above the influence of the Bpsiya river can be also obtained,
BITERS WEST OF THE OGO5TA0. The regime of the larger part of the rivers in
this district Is characterized by one-one stationonamely in the lower course0For
these stations the same holds good what was also said for the other stations dlr.
ectly do the Dana, 10e00 they must be removed from within the limits of the influ-
eace , Whereas for the rivers Topolovica and VoiniShka these stations are complete-
ly sufficient ?for the river Olbrica which is relatively longer a station should
be opened at its upner courseodirectly above the violation of its regime by the
many water takers? At the river Archar,two stations are opened,namely in the upaer
course of the riverochiegly because of the disturbance of its regime directly below
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P .a,83
,
the station and because of this the two stations must also be keet, The only river
in this district along which a larger number of stations are open is the river Lom
namely especially its upner course? By the water reservoirs constructed directly
below station 131 the regime of the tributaries before the Hydroelectric Central
is violated,on account of which station 129 could be closed? and station =It 128
should be equipped for the correct observation of the hydrological e1ements.(p,67).,
With the provision that station 133 is removed outside the boundaries of the in-
fluence and thus it gets much closer to station 135, the latter should be closed.
SITUATION OF THE HYDROMETRICAL STATION IN RELATION TO
SLOPE OF THE DRAINAGE AREA.
The slope of the drainage area also show a large influence upon the nume
ber and site distribution of the hydrometrical stations, The hydrometrical station
must elucidate as such as possible the regime of a homogenous drainage area,i,e?
the drainage area with a persistently average alone and with uniform declivities.
Moreover the hydroeetrical stations must be evenly distributed also in a vertie
?al direction? 10e00the mountainous and the plains sections of the country must be
evenlyrcovered? Upon the correct distribution of the stations in this respect the
characteristics of the runoff and its relation with its conditioning factors such
as precipitation and temperature, the determinetion of the start of the hydrologe
ical year and gf the seasonal distribution of runoff depend to a great deal,The
provision of the drainage area with hydrometrical stations at an altitude is es-
pecially necessary for the correct statement of the hydrological forecasts0Thhe
factor gi plays a particularly important role for countries with great diversity 0
in the configuration of the terrailWilith the exception of the rivers in the Dob-
Ludogorie
rudeha, thePlad Mountains9(Ludogorie) and parts of these which flow into the Black
$ea ,all the rest have their origin in the high maountanous peaks, they cut through
the preemountainous parts and after a sharp meandering in the plains they flow in-
to the Duna or directly into the sea, On account of this character of the rivers,
the hydrometrical network in our country must be so dispoded that all these pecue
/larities are reflected? The formation of runoff in the high mountanoue parts is
entirely different from the formation of runoff in the preemountains and in the
plainseAnd as the great differences of the meteorological elements are added to this,
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P 84
the differences in the precipitationotemperature0w
eoration,00,r, the nMfoe
; ;) 1
a correct dietribution of the hydrometrical station in altitude and by the elope
stands clear.
As the hyerometrical network of our country is inspected, it Is evident
that more stations are distributed correctly in respect to these elements. Covered
are the high mountains, the pre-mountains and the plains sections? This is /par-
ticularly clearly expressed in respect to the slones of the Old Mountain and the
Central Mountain? Correctly are elucidated the defiles of the larger rivers as the
Ieky.r, Strums, Kamehiyapetc? Yet, along with thisOthere is also a number of dis-
tricts characterised in respect of the slope which are not elucidated with hydro-
metrical stations, such as the stations which are giving characteristics of non.
homogenous drainage areas. The proposals for the opening of new stations, for the
transfer and closure of existing each stations are made on the basis of the map
on which the mountains, the premountains and the plains regions are clearly out-
lined, (p.68),
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUMA, To give the full characterization of the runoff
with the increase of the altitude above sea-leveloit seems to be necessary to open
two new stations in the river basin of the Struma river:- one near the origin of
the river,at an altitude of about 1000 modirectly above the "Studena" dam, and an-
other directly below the influx of the Deherman river from where the narrowing of
the valley into a defile actually begins? Moreover, station No.190 for the river
Rieke shoald be transfered to below the village of Ella where the river leaves the
declivities of the Balkan slope?This way,along this river0two stations will be
situated;- one will reflect the runoff regime of the greater uniform heights, and
etstion 190-- the runoff regime of the entire slope, This way0the full character-
istics of the distribution of the runoff will be obtained for the entire slone,cov-
ered by these two stations, The same holds good also for station No?195 of Gradev-
W-ra which,by similar considerations? Should be directly trabsferred below the de-
narture from the mountainous rections? Along with the nroposal for opening and
transferring the etationaD stations No0205 for the Strums. and No.199 for the riv-
sr Petrovska should be closed since the first gives entirely similar data in res-
pect of the slone(similar to those of station 202), and station 199 gives the char_
actr:ristics of a very small drainage area directly at the state borders, In the
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Bulg.hydrology
f
STAT
iGE CABER
river basin of the river Mestaaor the taking of a prefile and for the eastern
slopes of the Pirin, at least one station should be opened for the river Byala,dir-
ectly under Razlog, In exchange for thisone of the stations 2580and 259, and
114 and 1146 should be closed sincethey reflect the characteristi? of uniform drain-
age areas.
ALONG THE DOSPAT RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES station 262 could be closed which is
very near to stations 263 and 261, in exchange for which a station could be opened
in the upper course of the Dospat river.
Larger changes in respect to the slope and the altitude above sea.level are
sought for the stations in the upper section of the RIVER BASIN OF THE RARICA, This
is this to a large degree to the great diversity of the terrain's configuration in
that district.
Directly below the only origin of the Marica river and of its tributary river,
the Iblirothere are four stations -e teo at the height of 1900 m andtwo at the height
of 1400 m, The drainage areas of these etations along the Marica and the IbOr are
very similar in res-ect to the slope eharacteristics,for which reason it would be
all right to keep only two of them-- one at the altitude 1900 m for the Marica riv-
erpand one at altitude 1400 m for the Ip IWr river which will make it possible,
with the aid of station 231 also, which is directly below the influx of the Ibft
river into the Marica river, to obtain the characteristics of both rivers,too.Almost
the 8SMO is also the case with the Kriva river above Sestrimo where three stations
are in existence-- station 238 at altitude of about 1900 1110 and Bo.245 and No.246
at the height of about 1400 m. On account of the entirely close site001 station 246
should be closed since the remaining two stations will be in the position to give
the characteristics of the runoff distribution at the increase of the above-the-
sea-level altitude. However, after the construction of the nBelmeken? damothe re-'
gime of the Kriva river will be violated ,and the observation in station 238 discone.-
tinued,for which reason the proposal is made to close station 245 whose water re-
ame(P.69) will be anyhow disturbed after the construction of the den. At the river
Yeeenicaoin regard to the fact that the uniform character of the drainage area
should be taken entirely, the station should be transferred to the riveros lower
course,At the river Chepinska,due to the uniform slope between stations 2540257,
and 249, station 257 could be closed. Similarly, one of the stations 256 and 255
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Bulg.hydrology
1?110WV
STAT
AGE UMBER
86 -
dould be closed due to tlachiesely similar Character of:the drainage areas,while a
transfer should 'be the share of station 256 which characterizes a small more uniform
drainage area.For the river Stara and for its tributariesothe rivers Gisdica and Ray_
nogorskapalmost at the same altitude, with the same type of drainage area in respect
to zie and Character0 three stations are in existence:- 269. 271 and 2720of which
the station Wo0271 could be closed.and station 270 ihould be transferred by the course
of the river, to the exit of the river from the mountainous section. In the river ba-
sin of the 4cna river.because of the uniform terrain in the drainage areas of the
stations No026O and 267 above the "V.Solarov " dame one of these stations should be
closed. For the same reasonspone of the stations 275 and 276 should be closed, It is
proposed to close station 275 which gives the characteristics of a small non-homog-
eneous drainage area. Together with this.a station should be opened directly below
the unflux of tne river Shirokoloshka which station will serve for giving the charac-
teristics of the Sycha river and of its tributaries as a whole.before it flows into
the river Devniska that gathers its waters fmom a drainage area of a higher altitude
above the sea level.Station 2730in accordance with the slope of the drainage area0
should be transferred to the exit of the river from the defile.The existence of sta-
tion No0343 for the river Yugovska is likewise unjustified:it characterizes a drain-
age area not homogenous in respect to slope, and very similar in character to the
drainage areas of the stations ;ff 325 and ? 324 for the river Chaya. For the same
reaeone. station 344 for the river Dobrich could be also closed. Because of the almost
unchanging character as to the slope of the drainage areas of stations 2410242.and
243 for the river Topolnica. station 242 at Mukhovo should be closed. For the com-
plete characterization of the distribution of the runoff along the southern slopes
of the Middle Mountain.a station should be opened in the upper course of the river
Omurovska at an altitude of about 700 m. In the river basin of the river Arda.the ?
stations are properly distributed.In the upper course of the river.there is a cer-
tain unnecessary density.for which reason one of the stations in the Srednogorci
and the Vekhtino could be closed.in exchange of which a new one Should be opened in
the lower course of the river Chamdere.Along the river basin of the Tundzha river0
the stations in its upner course.numbered 332 and 329 and 330. Characterize almost
the came drainage areas as to the slope.Conseeuently.at least one of these stations
should be closed.or transferred to the exit of the river to the plains. However.
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BA FliC="-INEWL4TION
Balg.hydrology
station 329 expresses the character of a similar drainage areaoas well as the regime
of the rivere below the site of the stations is disturbed by witer takers; consequent-
lyonothing else remains but to close one of these stations. It is proposed to close
station 329 of the Akdere riverosince its drainage area lies between the remaining
two stations0No.332 for the river Tphapand No.330 for the river Leohnica. The
tions 339 339 of the river Eninskao and 340 of the river Mliglishka also characterize
drainage areas(70) in resnect to slope similarD for which reason it is proposed to
move station 339 along the course of the river to the exit to the plainsotoor, in
order to make it possible this way to have the complete Characteristics of the soua
them n slope of the Stara Mountain in this district. Because of the entirely short
length and the heteregeneous character of the drainage areas of stations N0.372 and
373 in the lower coarse of the river Tunzhaoit is proposed to close the first of them
since it has the shorter observational period. For the same reasons it is proposed
to close stationO/No.371 also at Strupec. The hydrometric stations along the rivers
.in the Dobradzha and along those rivers which empty directly into the Black Seaogen- 4
erally taken are well dist!eibated in regard to altitude above the sea-level and slope
of the drainage areas./n this part,only station 363 for the river Mladeshka can be
cloced since it is ouch which characterizes a small and heterogeneous drainage area.
On the other handaa new station should be opened in the upper course of the river
Ootamgiya at Ticha which will characterize a uniform drainage area that cannot be
obtained by the nearest station No.70 For the same reason that was pointed out at
the eeaminateon of the extent of the drainage areaostation 8 may be closed while
station 30 at the Eriva river should be also moved to the river Kamenishka.
THE RIVER lam OF THE RIVER RUSENSKI LOM is characterized by a terrain that
Is but slightly changing as to altitude above the sea level. For the covering of the
entire homogeneous terraina station should be opened at least for one of its triba
utariego namely above the influx of the river White Lom.Along the river basin of the
Yantra river.dite to the homogeneity of the drainage areasoit is proposed to close
etatiod 62 for the river Ostroshkap and station 73 for the river Yantra since they
characterise the same drainage area No.85. In the river basin of the Vit riveroto
eecure in this section a Profile of the northern slope of the Old Mountainoa station
should be opened in the upner course of the White Vitoat an altitude of about 1400 in
as well as a station should be opened at the exit of the river from the mountainoi.e.
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EMIL RANSLATION
Bulg.hydrology
111111.10?6411????????
fauld be closed due to tacaosely similar character o& the drainage areas,while a
transfer should be the share of station 256 which Characterizes a small more uniform
drainage aree.For the river Stara and for its tributarissothe rivers Gizdica and Bay -
nogorskapalmost at the same altitude, with the same type of drainage area in respect
to zie and character0 three stations are in existence:- 2690 271 and 2720of which
the station No0271 could be closed0and station 270 should be transferred by the course
of the riveroto the exit of the river from the mountainous section. In the river ba-
sin of the Vena river0because of the uniform terrain in the drainage areas of the
stations No0266 and 267 above the "V.Kolarov " dam? one of these stations should be
Closed, For the same reasonsoone of the stations 275 and 276 should be closed, It is
proposed to close station 275 which gives the characteristics of a small non-homog-
eneous drainage area. Together with this0a station should be opened directly below
the unflux of tne river ShirokolQiWka which station will serve for giving the charac-
teristics of the Nrvicha river and of its tributaries as a wholeObefore it flows into
tfle river Devniska that gathers its waters foom a drainage area of a higher altitude
above the sea leveloStation 273 01n accordance with the slope of the drainage &reap
should be transferred to the exit of the river from the defile.The existence of sta,-,
tion No0343 for the river Yugovska is likewise unjustified:it characterizes a drain-
age area not homogenous in respect to slope0 and very similar in character to the
drainage areas of the stations Fff 325 and p 324 for the river Chaya. For the same
reaeone0 station 344 for the river Dobrich could be also closed. Because of the almost
unchanging character as to the slope of the drainage areas of stations 241,2420and
243 for the river Topolnica, station 242 at Mukhovo should be closed. For the com-
plete characterization of the distribution of the runoff along the southern slopes
of the Middle Mountain0a station Should be opened in the upper course of the river
Omarovska at an altitude of about 700 m. In the river basin of the river Arda?the '
stations are properly distributedoIn the upper course of the river0there is a cer-
tain unnecessary density0for which reason one of the stations in the Srednogorci
and the Vekhtino could be closedoin exchange of which a new one should be opened in
the lower course of the river Chamdere.Along the river basin of the Tundsha river?
the stations in its upner course0nusibered 332 and 329 and 3300 characterize almost
the same drainage areas as to the slope.Consequentlypat least one of these stations
should be closedor transferred to the exit of the river to the plains. However,
STAT
______fl STAT
86 ?
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LIAGaliCE ..EANSUTSON
Balgohydrology
MT-a AMT. ? STATi
87
qtation 329 expresses the Character of a similar drainage areaoas well as the regime
of the rivers below the site of the stations is disturbed by wdter takers; conoevent-
lyonothing else remains but to close one of these stations? It is proposed to close
station 329 of the Akdere riverosince its drainage area lige between the remaining
two stations0No0332 for the river Tyishaoand No.330 for the river Leehnicao The sta-
tions 339 of the river Eninskao and 340 of the river M4glishka also characterize
drainage areas(p070) in resnect to slope similar? for which reason it is proposed to
move station 339 along the course of the river to the exit to the plains0too1, in
order to make it possible this way to have the complete characteristics of the sou-
thern slope of the Stara Mountain in this district? Because of the entirely short
length and the heterageneoue character of the drainage areas of station? No0372 and
373 in the lower course of the river Tunzhaolt is proposed to close the first of them
since it has the shorter observations' period? For the same reasons it is proposed
to close stationO/No0371 also at Strupeco The hydrometric stations along the rivers
in the Dobrudzha and along those rivers which empty directly into the Black Sea,gen-
erally taken are well distributed in regard to altitude above the sea-level and slope
of the drainage areasoin this partoonly station 363 for the river Mladeehka can be
clooed since it is such which characterizes a small and heterogeneous drainage area?
On the other handA new station should be opened In the upper course of the river
CoKamgiya at Ticha which will characterize a uniform drainage area that cannot be
obtained by the nearest station Noo70 For the same reason that was pointed out at
the eeamination of the extent of the drainage area0etation 8 may be closed while
station 30 at the Kriva river should be also moved to the river Kamenishka.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER RUSENSKI LOM is characterized by a terrain that
is but slightly changing as to altitude above the pea /evelo For the covering of the
entire homogeneous terrainpa station should be opened at least for one of its trib-
utarieeo namely above the influx of the river White LomoAlong the river basin of the
Yantra river,due to the homogeneity of the drainage areasoit is proposed to cloee
statiod 62 for the river Ostroshkao and station 73 for the river Yantra since they
characterize the same drainage area No085. In the river basin of the Vit riveroto
secure in this section a Profile of the northern slope of the Old Mountainna station
should be opened in the upner course of the White Vitoat an altitude of about 1400 m,
as well as a station should be opened at the exit of the river from the mountainoioe?
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israTh-rearrsismffa?To-Fr?
Bulg.hydrology
1.12.110.1310.
STAT
re-e-EMTEs
88'
directly above the influx Of the river Kalnik.Similaityostation 63 should be trans-
ferred along the course of the Kalnik river by which a larger drainage area of the
same character will be covered.
IN THE RIVER BSSIN OF THE RIVER ISKVRO because of the homogeneous and very close
drainage areasoit is proposed to close one of the stations 102 and 103 for the riv-
er Black Iskft and of its tributaryoas well as one of the stations in the upper
course of the M.Iskp at Etropoleonamely stations No.107 and 108. In exchange for
the latteroit is proposed to open a station at the M.Isyft at the village Dehurovo
by which a profile will be secured in the southern slope of the Old Mountain.For the
same reason that was stated at the examination of the dimensions of the drainage
areas it is proposed to close one of the stations at Kunino and Reselec.Because of
the disturbed regime of the Reselec riverothat one is proposed for the closure.
Also the following changesoproposed for hydrometric stations, refer to the
RIVER BASIN or THE RIVER OGOSTA AND LON:- these of the southern slope of Petrokban
whose waters are carried into the river Wrsiyaothe tributary of Ogosta.In this riv-
er baeinodue to the homogeneity of the slope(p71) of the drainage areas and to
their small surfaceoit is proposed to close one of the stations:- Station 140 for
thu river Srebvirnao and Station 155 for the river Srednag Station 170 for the river
Shirineo and No0224 for the river Desna; 10.139 for the river Chiprovskao and No.
138 for the river Ogosta as well as stations No.128 for the river Loin, and No,129
for the river Golyama.Besideso station No.136 for the river Little Ogostaosince
at Its present location it characterises a drainage area which does not differ much
from that of the hydrometric station No.137.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HYDROMETRIC STATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE FOREST
COVERAGE OF THE DRAINAGE AREAS.
The influence of the forest coverage upon the running-off of the produced prec-
ipitation is too complicated.It is the result of the simultaneous participation of
many acting factorsodifferent in accordance with the various places and conditions,
The vegetal cover represents a surface sometimes greater than the land area which
It covers whereby the running off of the surface waters is restricted? and in ratio
with thisothe time of the runoff of the fallen precipitations into the river bad
{-----
is lengthenedpand the infiltration is increased whereby again the surface runoff is
decreased.
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STAT
PAGE NUMBER
89
On the other handathd vegetal cover absorbs fron%the ground a large portion of
the water that had infiltrated into the groundpand it evamorates into the atmosphere.
In connection with thisothe moisture of the ground is decreased down to the depth
of the root system of the vegetal cover,which shows an influence upon the formation
of the underground waters,the main factors in the supply of the fluvial runoff.
It can be seen thereby that the influence of vegetation upon the formation of
the surface runoff is very complicated,and it may be both positive and negative.
The positive influence of the vegetation includes the following:
1. The dens and thick vegetation stops the low moisture-laden winds ,and it
helps the formation of ascending currents propitious for the falling of precipita-
tions.
2. The vegeaation reduces the warming up of the land surface whereby the evap-
oration from the ground is considerably decresed. This decrease may reach up to
50-55% in the ease when the ground is covered with dry leaves.
3. The thick vegetationotogether with the dry leaves that are under itoincreae.
GOB the infiltration into the ground.
4. The thick vegetation also lengthens the period of snow-melting.
The negative influences of the vegetation are reflected chiefly in the followings
1. The vegetation is transpiring a considerable amount of moisture from the
ground,and therewith the runoff is decreased which,by the underground pathway,would
oupport the fluvial runoff; and
2, One part of the precipitation remains at the vegetation from where it evap-
orates,without reaching the land surface.
(p.72) The influence of the vegetation is different at the various slopes of
the drainage region.Thus,for instance, a thick vegetation on the plain areas ren-
dere a runoff at intensive precipitations only.Similarly, the influence of the dif-
ferent kinds of thick vegetation upon the runoff is also different which depends
upon the root system and on the perspiration of the vegetation. The influence of
the vegetal cover is also different upon the runoff in the different seasono.Thuso
for instanceot the present limeothe problem on the influence especially of the
forest coverage on the surface runoff can be thought solved in its general features
in which two basic situations are distinguished:- influence of the forest cover
upon the springtime flood waters, and influence of the forest cover upon the mia-
imum runoff.
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Balg.hydrology
STAT
--Rmnroumm-
90
The influence of thei4fdreite upon the srningtims floods consists in the fact
that the floods are latb and-prolonged? i.e., the forests control the springtime
floods, Simultaneously? a-certain decrease in the volume of the runoff is possible?
which is due to the increase of infiltration into the ground.
On the influence of the forests upon the minimum runoffOit may be said that it
depends upon other factors such as the physiological needs of the various types of
tree and the depth of the water-impermeable layer in the ground. In the case when
the amount of precipitations exceeds the physiological needs of the forest and the
water-holding layer is at a relatively greater depth? the underground waters will
increase whereby the surface runoff is reduced.And in the case when the precipita-
tions are smalloand the water-holding layer lies at a not too great depth,the for-
est can
spend larger amount of what would have been gathered in the river of the
surface runoff if there would not be a vegetal cover whereby the minimum runoff is
reduced.
All this varietypin which every element has an influence according to its @lee
and strength,is working very strongly on reducing the possibility to extract ac-
curate indicators for the influence of the forest cover on the runoff at every see
-
tion of the drainage area. Indicators on the influence of the individual elements
upon the formation of the runoff can be determined only by systematic ? differenti-
ating and very precise observations of the precipitations, of the runoff? of the
temperatur0 the humidity? the evaporationnetc. For this purpose the so-called
"stock" stations are employed.
Particularly large is the influence of the vegetal cover on the size of the
solid runoff in the rivers. With the increase of the vegetal cover in the drainage
area? the erosional role of the surface runoff is reduced, and therewith the solid
runoff in the river systems is decreased.
From all that was said until now it is evident what a large importance the re-
gular distribution of the stream-gage stations has in respect to the forest cov-
orpand mostly in respect to those stations in which observations are carried out
on the solid runoff.
By principle? the stream-gage stations mast be so distributed that they should
cover homogeneous uniform drainage areas as far as forest and slope are concerned?
even that the different types of vegetal cover are taken into consideration.
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rsTiaor
Bag.hydrology
(non) From the map of the forest coverage it can be seen how great a diversity is
in our country in respect to forest coverage; consegnently0 such an ideal distribu-
tion of the hydrometric network is impossible. This is the reason why at the exe
amination of the supporting network of hydrometric stationsowe shall endeavour to
cover each of the different forest coverages by some stationsoalso a more complete
characterization of the elements of the runoffpand especially the solid runoff in
the different parts of the individual river besins.
RIVER Bile:IN OF THE STRUM RIVER:- The forest coverage in the river basin is very
various. There are but very few stations that cover drainage areas with uniform for-
est coverage; for this reason a few new stations should be opened. Suitable sites for
opening of such stations are directly above the pool of the "Studene dam; ia the
lower course of the Konska river whereby ee entirely deforested drainage area is
covered; in the lower course of the Treklyanska river0whereby a drainage area of
about 50% uniform forestation is covered. There are also stations which should be
transferred so that drainage areas which have uniform forestation will be covered.
As such stations the following are proposed s- Station 190 for the river Rilska,
where the drainage areapin respect to the forest coverage, is stretched up to the
Rile village; consequently the station should be transferred to this section of the
river since it is anyhow very close to Station 192. By the same consideration,Ste-
tions 227 for the river Sushichka, and Station 198 for the river Bistrica should be
also transferred. Because of the uniformity of the forest cover of the drainage areas
of stations 1830184 and 1850 one of them could be closed0and it is so proposed for
Station 184.
In the river basin of the river liestaobecause of a fully uniform forest coverage
in the adjacent drainage areaspone of each of the following station pairs should be
closed= 209 for the river Belichka, and 210 for the river Votrachka: 214 for the
river Breznishka, and 2146 for the river Kornicka; 258 for the river Vishterica0and
259 for the Kanina river.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE MARIOA RIVER.- This river basin is also characterised by
a great diversity of the forest coverage. While it is very massive on the right-hand
section of the river basin? on the left-hand section it is wholly disruptedpand a
decision can be hardly reached in the determination of the site of the stations. Be-
cause of this character of the forest coverage on the left side of the river basin?
GE NuraBER STAT
91
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Bulg,hydrology
AGE NUMBER STAT-
92 -
only the station for riverETOpgica,near Mukhovoaccvald. be closed? because in res,
peat to the drainage are it. character is showing bat a very slight difference from
the character of the drainage area of such stations as Station 240 and 243; and eta
tion should be opened for the river Bratnica at Badnevo whereby the characteristics
of a clearly deforested are will be given.
On the right-hand section of the river besinosomewhat larger changes must be
made.whidh changes are reflected in the following:- because of the likeness of the
drainage areas in regard to the forest covergaeone of the following stations must
be closed:- Station 273 for the Marica river, and Station 235 for the river Ibis':
Station 245 for the Ktiva river, and No. 246 for its tributary; VO. 254 and No. 257
for the Stara river at Velingrad; Ao.255 for the Sofan riverpand No. 256 for the riv-
er Balpdere; No. 266 and No. 267 above the dam "V.Kolarov"; No. 275 for the river Tri-
gradska, and No0276 for the river Tenesdere; No.270 for the river Stara near Peshte-
ra.and No.271 for the Gi2dica river; No.343 for the Yugovska river, and No.324 for
the river Chaya at Bachkovo. To cover(p074) the entire forested section of the Vlicha
river which is covered exclusively with coniferous vegetation a station must be op-
ened at Levin. To completely cover the forested parts of the drainage areas of the
rivers Yadenica and V4cha0 stations No.274 and No.273 must be transferred by the
course of the rivers to the point where they leave the forested districts.
Due to the great diversity in the drainage area of the Arda river in regard to
forest coverage,the forestation could be hardly covered by hydrometric stations
(with the eceotion of its forest flow).To obtain the characteristics of the very
deforested and eroded district in the river basin, a station must be opened in the
lower course of the river Ohamdere,in exchange of which Station 318 could be closed
at Srednogorci whose water drainage area is very similar to that of Station 315
at Vekhtino.
In the course of the Tundeha river,by the same consideration that have been also
pointed out for the river basin of the Marie& riverone of each of the following
station pairs could be closed:- No.372 and 373 of the Tundshk river; No. 371 and
374 also of the Tundsha river; No.329 of the Akdere river, and 330 of the Leshnica
river; to entirely cover the forested section in the basin of the Eninska river,
Station 339 should be moved to the exit of the river from the forested section.No
clear need arose for opening of new stations in the river basin in reepect to forest
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rrau7.70-1Wr'Rmistanou
Balg.hydrology
coverage.
The hydrometric network in the district of the rivers which directly flow into
the Black Seapsuch as those in the Dobrudzha and in the Ludogorie, generally taken:
is well distributed. Thus.for instance0a/most all stations in the forested coarse
of the rivers in the Dobrudzha are covering entirely stadia districts with an aver-
age forestation of 25 . 30%. There are also many other stations which cover dis-
tricts of different degree of uniform forest coverage; the following stations can
be specified as sach:- Station 2 for the river White Lom; No.6 for the river Vra-
na; Bo0379 for the river L.Kamehiya; No.365 for the river Sredeckapand so on. As it
has been already said, the role of the forest coverage denends upon the matter, too.
what type is the forest vegetation, To cover a drainage area which is completely
forested with beech forest, a station has to be opened in the upper course of the
river G.Namchiyanat the village of Ticha?which is in direct neighborhood of the
drainage area of Station 379 that is forested almost entirely by ashtree and elm.
A station mast be also opened below the influx of the Little and White Lom.Along
with this, one of the following stations might be closed:- Station 363 for the riv-
er Mladezhka,and No.361 for the river Veleka, as adjacent and uniform drainage areas.
Similarlypone of the followi4g stations may be closed:- Station 7 and No.8 for the
river Kamchiya, and preference is given to Station 7 because of the longer obser-
vational period.
In the river basin of the Yantra riverOthe stations are correctly distributed
in respect to the forest eoverage.i.e., a large part of the network characterizes
uniform drainage areas,while all the characteristics in regard to this element are
covered.Thusofor instance. Station 86 entirely characterizes the non-forested area;
Station 81-- about 15% forested drainage area; Stations 61 and No.71-- about 20%
forest coverage; Stations 590629and 72-.. entirely forest covered areas;because of
this, Station 62 could be closedpand in exchange for it0a station could(m75) be
opened for the river Yantra at the village of Eti#0.Similarly.one of the stations
No.73 and No.85 should be closed.as characterizing identical drainage areas. Here
also, it would be proper to transfer Station 83 for the river Belica whereby a
drainage area of uniform forestation(about 201 forested) would be covered, In this
case, one of the stations N0075 and N0076 could be closed. This way, the eastern
section of the river basin remains the less elucidated area? for which it is prop
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rinliLLA ERCE TRANSLATION
Bulg.hydrology
110111?1111i,
'01?110Il?S?0109
riGE NuMaut STAT771
94 ?
osed to open a station in the upper course of the river Golyama whereby a drainage
area of about 35% aversege forestation will be covered..
In the river basin of the rivers Oslim and Vitothe forest coverage is well taken
care of by the existing hydrometric statione.To cover accurately the limits of the
different types of forest coat0a few stations seem to be necessary to transfer at
small distencespas it is the wee with the following stations s- No.65ein whose drain-
age area also enters a small section which is not forested; No.860 where a small
part is also included with smaller forestation(about 151,); No0570which,1f moved
a little along the course of the riverpwill entirely cover a forested district of
beech trees. The same holds good for the stations 51 and No.52 also,for the rivers
of white Vit and Black Vit,However?because of the long period of observations in
these stationeptheir transfer is not jlestifiedpand it is imeossible for stations
51 and No0520e2nce the river starts to lose its waters directly below them?
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE ISIIR RIVER,- In this river basinothe forest coverage
is very well taken care of by the hydrometric stations s- covered are the districts
of different forestation. However, there are also some stations whose drainage
areaspin regard to the forest coatpare very cimilarpand some of them could be dis-
continued,Ls such may be pointed out the stations No01020nd No0103, also No0107
and No.1080 as well as No415 and No01160 one of each part may be closed. To com-
pletely cover the forested district of the river Husalenska Bistrica at Borovec,
Station No.225 should be moved by the course of the riverallso here, as at the ex-
amination of the slope of the drainage areas, a station BOOMS to be necessary to
be opened for the river Little Iskftonear the village of Dshurovo?whereby the for-
ested district in the upper course of the M/Iskir river will be entirely covered.
In the district of the rivers west of the Iskft riverodue to the very similar
character of the drainage areas,it is proposed that some of the stations,mainly in
the district of PetrokhanOshould be closed.Moreover,here,the regimen of the river
is disturbed for the reasons already mentioned in connection with the examination
of the vegetal cover of the drainage areas for this reasonpsmall Changes are prep-
osed? namely to close the stations N00170,No.224,140.140 and No0142. The Character-
istics which were received from the first two stations will be obtained from the
stations No,178 and 179. For the same reasonpone of stations No0l2F and No,129
may be also closed in the upper course of the Los river.
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?au?1 sagsnoN
Bulgohydrology
PAGE NUMBERSTAT
95
---,In the upper course of the rivers Chiprovska and Ogostapthere are two stations
for each river very close to each otheroand it would be the best to move one of
each to entirely cover the forested sections of the upper course of these rivers.
(p076) DISTRIBUTION OF TYE NETWORK OF 11YDR^-11TRIC STATIONS IN REGARn TO
THE FEDOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF TYE DRAINAG?; AREA.
The soil characteristics and the geological structure of the drainage area
show a considerably influence upon the runoff,This influence deaends upon many pad-
ological and geological elements which also explain its rather complicated form?On
a sandy surface,the runoff and the evaporation are usually smaller than with soils
which are only slightly penetrable and wettable-- sandy-clayish soil, turf, black
earht, The decrease of the runoff and of the evaporation in case of a sandy soil
is the result of the fact that such a soil enables the moisture to quickly pene-
trate into the earth crust where it is stored in the underground waters, This way
the ground strata which are less permeable at greater depth become reservoirs of
the underground waters which reservoirs are little accessible to evaporationpand
they serve for the steady supply of the rivers during the seasons or even during
the years when precipitation is poor,
At the interruptio4 of the river bed by karst-like outgrowths,one may observe
S more or less disappearance of the water in the ground which may even reach a
degree where the entire river vanishesflin consequence of which very large springs
may appear at other sites, Such cases are many in our country s- Zlatna Panega,M4
Debnya, Iskrecka Khubchapetc. On the surface runoff,influence is also exercised by
the physical conditions(saturation with moisture,and freeeineand especially by
the structural condition of the ground,
The etructureless grounds imbibe less water of the precipitated rain,for which
reason larger surface runoffs are the result. With structured groundothe precipit-
ated rain quickly penetrates,and in large quantities, deep into the ground, The
evaporation is greater in case of structureless groundpand smaller when the ground
has structure,
The geological conditions of the basinpindependently from the pedological char-
acteristicspehow influence upon the general flow of the underground ran according
to the different qualities and slopes of the water-permeable and water-impermeable
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Bulg.hydrology
?
layers of the earth,
STAT____
PAGE NUMBErc
96 ' ?
I
Since the Size of ilifiltration depends upon the moisture of the groundothe lat-
ter may be considered as one of the factors actively influencing the runoff.
The influence of the pedo-geological factors, and especially of the latterois
etill not sufficiently studied.One of the reasons of this is the multiplicity of
combinations betwen the individual factors that may be present at one or the other
drainage area.
In connection with thispit is very difficult to mike a complete and correct dis-
tribution of the hydrometric stations in regard to the pedo-geological structure of
the drainage region. This it whyflat the exnmination of the network of hydrometric
stations in regard to this element, more serious atterilion is paid to the soil Char-
acter and the karst-like outgrowths of the geological structure of the drainage
areas.
At. the examination of the hydrometric stations in regard to the soil character-
isticeflattention is paid Chiefly to the opening of (p.77) new statiOnipand to the
transfer of existing ones,with the purpose of covering uniform drainage areas in
regard to the soil condition. Attention is also paid to those stations which are
proposed for closure in regard to the already examined elements.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUM RIVER.- In this river basin,proposal is made for
the opening of three new stations of which one is in the upper course of the river
Struma,directly above the "Studena" damothereby adrainage area of brown forest soil
will be covered. IX Another drainage area of the same soil will be also covered when
a station will open in the lower course of the river Treklyanska. The third station
which is proposed for opening is in the lower course of the Konska river whereby a
drainage area of black earthy bituminous substance will be coveredAith the eame
consideration,the transfer of Station p /90 on the Rilska river,directly above
the village of Rila,is proposed. On the other handobecause of the extremely similar
character of the drainage areas one of each of the following station pairs could be
closed;- Station No.1840on the Glogoska river, and No.185 on the Novoselska river,
and No0202 and No. 203 on the Struma river.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE MESTA RIVER,- Because of the closely similar pedological
character of the drainage areas in this river basin,one of the stations No. 214-a at
the Breanishka river? and Station No0214-b on the Kornicka river could be closed?
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Bulg.hgdrology
GE NUMBERTAT-
97
and for the reason that the _entire drainage area of the.. riverDospatenta and of its
tributaries is homogeneous in soil condition(brown forest eoil), one of the follow-
ing stations could be closed.. Station No.261 and No.262 on the river Karadeha. By
the same consideration,proposal is made to transfer one of the stations No. 258 on
the Visherica and No.259 on the Kanina directly below the influx of these riversii.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE ARDA/t river.- The hydrometrical stations along the main
river are well distributed.The station at Vekhtino ?and all above it, give the
characteristics of the drainage area of brown forest sone; consequently,in regard
to this elementoweight must be given to the already examined elemente(Hydrometrical
station No,. 318)0 The station at Krdehali covers the transition from the brawn for-
est soil to the gray and dark-gray forest soil. The remaining part of the drainage
area is very diverse as to soil aharacteristics,and therefore drainage areas of
homogeneous composition cannot be covered.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE MARICA RIVER.- The homogeneous soils in the river basin
of the Karim river occupy vast'areas,while on the left side of the river basin
the brown forest soils occupy entirely the upper and middle courses.
Hence,it follows that the number of stations in this part can be reduced,yet a
proposition has not been made for this,and the soil character in this district is
not taken into consideration at the euamination of the network in regard to the
other factors. In the lower course and on the right side of the river,the diversity
of the coil characteristics iz larger but generally tekn it is well covered,due to
which the proposal is made to open only one station0in the lower course of the river
Obcharica.This way the drainage area will be entirely covered that is coated with
black earthy bitumenous substance.It must be that the station No,306 is trans -
ferred to a more up-0r coursepto the village of Little Borisovo0whereby an area
of drainage with cinnamon colored forest eoil--podsolized,will be entirely covered.,.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE TUUDZHA RIVER.- With the existing stations,the districts
of brown forest soil are entirely embraced(No.3280332033003390and 340) ,and the dis-
tricts of cinnamon colored forest soils(podeolized) are covered by Stations No.331
and Vo.334,, To entirelt catch also the drainage areas of light-gray forest soils,
Station No,341,on the river Radovapshould be transferred upstream the river to ab-
out 5 Km. Because of the wholly identical character of the drainage areas, one of
the following stations pairs could be closed.
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ELUGEK tWaMATION
Bulg.hydrology
STAT
TdririfntTa--'
98 ?
.No.329 on the river Akdored=and No.330 on the riverrZeshnica; No.339 on the river
Eninskaoand No0340 on the river Mftlishka0wh11e those of the latter two stations
which will stay should.be transferred by the river course a couple kilometers only;
No0371 and No.374 on the river Taut:1211a? No.372 and No. 737 also on the same river.
(737 to be read 3737)
For the district of the rivers which flow directly into the Black Sea the need
was established to open one station only in the lower course of the river Ruse-
kastrenska whereby the drainage area of black earthy bitumenous material will be
covered entirely.
In the Dobrudaha and the Ludogorie0due to the homogenous soil characterpat
the opening and closing of stations advantage le given to the remaining factors,
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER YANTRA.- With the existing stations0the various
types of soil Characteristics in the river basin are properly covered. Because of
identical conditions, one of the following station pairs should be closedg- Station
No.76 on the river Belies., and No.76 on the river Dryanovska; stations No,68 and
No.62 on the river Rosicapwhile preference is given to station No.68 whereby the
district of the light-gray and gray forest soils will be entirely covered.
THE RIVER BASIN OF THE ISKVII RIVER.- Because of the very similar soil charac-
teristics of the drainage areasoone of the following station pairs could be closed:
- station No0102 on the river Pryaka0 and No.103 on the Black Isklir; No.107 and No.
/08 on the river Little Iskft above Etropole; No.115 and No.116 on the river Iskft,.
The station in Borovec should be transferred by the coursepwith its penetration
into the Samokovsko field, To cover,at least by one stationothe drainage area of
mountanious meadow soils it is recommended to open a station in the upner course
of the river of Black Isklir.
In the district west of the river IskOrpthe changes in the network at the upper
course of the rivers are necrseitated exclusively by the already investigated fac-
torsoeince the soil Characteristics of the drainage areas0 are very similar.
In this part it is imperative to opus only a station on the river Ogosta at
Hikhailovgrad whereby the district of light-gray and gray soil will be entirely
covered in the course of the riveaBy the same consideration? station No0145 Should
be transferred on the river Botunya closer to the village of Krivodol.
Having made such an estimate of the network in regard to the soil Characteristic
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1 ererdrteriMseiv?FroTi
Bu..1gzkaskter
STAT
reGE NUMBER
99
11?1?110.1M1111???????.,
we shall delay a while to consider the need of new stations for the elucidation of
the influeOce of the strongly expressed karst-type districts upon the surface runoff,
Ai a result of the strongly manifested karst-like districts of a few places,
a more or less penetration of the surface runoff into the ground is Shown which some-
times may even come(p079) to a drying Up of the river,and very large springs will
appear at another site, To express its influence upon the surface runoff, a hydro-
metric station should be opened at each one of such springs sites, The observation
at these stations will be conducted by special instructions,according to which the
number of measurements would be minimumpand mainly distributed by the seasons,and
the observation of the water stand would be made once a day,and in some eases through
several days,too?
There are many such well-manifested karst-type districts in our country, namely
chiefly in the basins of the rivers Struma, Mesta, in the Rodopi Meuntains,and in
the mountainous slopes of the Middle and the western Old Mountain ranges, Because
of this, the country is ribh in karst-type springs of which the greater part are
small-02,4d they do not show any particular influence upon the runoffeThe larger and
the permanent stirings,for which hydrometric stations Should be opened for the in-
vestigation of their regimen, are the following:-
1, In the river basin of the Struma river-- for the Skakavica springspbetween
the rivers Treklyanska and Mitshdavec;
2, In the river basin of the Mesta river-- for the springs Thew and 'stoke
--
while statione are opened for the collecting Channel,dorectly above the equaliser
3. For the river Musomishka-- directly below the Central;
4. For the river Kanina-- directly below Ognyanovo where the sprines come up,
Rowever,a station could be here opened,and a certain number of measurements could
be made whereby only the discharge of the springs would be determined
5. The old river at r Volingrad-- for the Kleptuza spring;
60 For the springs at the river Toplika-- below the "V?Kolarov" dam;
7, For the spring in the lower course of the river Shirokollishka-- above the
Bedenski Baths.;
S. For the 40 springs at the village of Muldavo,Asenovgradsko
90 In the river basin of the river Arda-- for Ihnbcha,
10, For the Devnensk springs( there is such a station),
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nirsitiMRETWATroTee
Bulg.hydrology
STAT
PAGE alumna
100
11.For the river Whitt,Idompat Razgrad;
if.
12. In the basin of the Vit river-- for the Kalnik river( there is a station,
yet for the study of the surface runoff a station must be opened at the village of
Dehurovo);
lel. For the river Vit.-above Toros whereby we could elucidate the question on
the loss of the waters of the Vit river in the district below the influx of the
White and the Black Vit;
14. For the river Zlatna Panegapd:rectly below the spring;
15. For the river Iskrecka?directly below the spring;
16. For the Blato river.at Opievete
II.NEED OF THE HYDROMETRIC DATA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
AND FOR THE NkTIONAL ECONOMY.
At the construction of Socialismone of the most important tasks is to general-
ize the possibility that the natural phenomena(resources) be managed in accordance
with the needs of the national economy,i.e., to transform Nature in such a way that
our needs are beet satisfied.
(p.80) The natural regimen of the rivers is subjected to constant changes as a
result of human activity which is chiefly exnressed in two directions;
1, changing the surface of the drainage areas,and thence,changing the course
of the surface runoff, and
2. effecting directly the river runoff by constructing artificial structures
in the rivers as well as by taking water from them for other needs orovice versa,
pouring strange waters into them.
The changing of the surface of the drainage area may be manifested by a change
in the vegetal cover.in the condition of the soil cover, and in the direction of
the surface runoff.
The direct effect of Man ilipon the river regimen is mainly generalized in two
directions; a) creating water reservoirs for the regulation of the river runoff,
and b) taking a part of the fluvial water for irrigation, water supply, industri-
al and other needsporon the contrary, pouring water into the river from adjacent
drainage areas.
At the creation of artificial water reservoirs for the regulation of the runoff,
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I:1116MM TI3LkTLOLL
iulguhydrology
STAT
not only the regimen of the fluvial course is changegwater amountosolid runoff?
and the ice regimen) but also the reserve of the underground watersothe evaporation
is increased which depends upon the water surface of the reservoir.The water reser-
veirs redistribute the runoff, and particularly substantially influence the maxim-
um water amounts while they lower them. The consumption of the river water from
the water reservoir for various water economical needs is accounted for by gaging
the consumed water.Thence it follows that,below each constructed damohydrometrical
stations must be erected directly through which the overspilling waters are regis-
tered as well as the waters that are taken for national economical needs.
For this purpose?directly below each already erected dams,or dams now under 004-
struction0hydrometric stations mast be provided by which the overspilled water is
measured,and the water is also measured which is redistributed by the Central at
the damfeand in ease if the waters of the dam are also used for irrigation.suchAn-
tions mast be also installed at the beginning of the main irrigational channel,
when they are provided with limnigraphs.
In connection with the statements hitherto said, stations must be opened below
the dams StudenaDStalin.V.Bolarov,Batak,G.Dimitrov,and Al.Stambolijski,as one is
also kept at the Topolnica dam.
Beside the erected dams and those under construction,data must be also secured
for the straight construction industry whiehoon its part,demands that a few more
stations should be opened:- for the river Konska below Breznik, in the lower course
of the river Treklyanska; for the river Struma.below the influx of the river Dzher-
man; for the river Mesta,directly below the influex of the river Eleshnica; for the
river Bryagovska at Bryagovo; for the river Ogosta--at Mikhailovgra; for the river
Golyame,-at Yastrebite; for the river Stara?at Lesiche, Along with this,Station
1360on the river Ogosta should be transferred as well as Station 127 on the river
Lompbelow the influx of the river Golyama,while at the sameplace the following
stations are also kept:- ...on the river Tadenica(p,81)0Station 262 on the river
Karadsha-dereotributary of the Dospatska(while Station No.261 on the same river is
to be closed) No.342 on the river Yugovska,and No.318 on the Arda at Srednogorci,
Frequently, a portion of the river runoff is used for irrigation,for water
supply and others war which reservoirs are constructed in the river bed,Occasional-
ly,to satify these needs by the riverpalmost its entire holding is taken.
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IV.L.10;ME
Bulg.hydrelogy
-111=semetaaxlmaleMelmalalmier
111....14.1?MEMMIIMIN10011?110111110
STAT
AGE IlUidLIER
102 ?
At the irrigation syStems of larger scaleothe water loss due to filtration into
the channels and into the irrigational surfaces may be also considerable.This water
is made to revert into the river by an underground pathwayoand occasionally also
by a surface flow-offowhile neither it the possibility excluded that at some pla.
ces swamping is produced.
This method of returning a part of the water into the river may cause a certain
redistribution of the river runoff which is determined by more special investiga-
tions only; this cannot beohowevero among the tasks of the supporting networkoes-
pecially at the scale of our irrigational system. That is wgy attention in only raid
to the water takings which have already reached considerable number and are partic-
ularly strongly disturbing the regimen of our rivers.
For the determination of the regimen of water taking for irrigational needs it
is proposed to provide hydrometric stations at the water reservoirs of the already
erected irrigational systemoequipped with limnigraphs. For this purrose it is prop-
osed to open stations at the beginning of the main canal of the following irrigs,.
tional syatems:- Cherven Bryag(Red Bank) at Smdovoo on the river Vito on the Ir-
e
rigational canals of the dams AloStambolijskioand G.Dimitrovo on the Pazardzhik
irrigational systems. Along with thiso Station No.132 on the river Ciblir must be
transferred outside the irrigational system.
Together with thisofor the needs of the future irrigational systems(according
to the prospective perspectival plan of the "Vosistroin(water Construction)onew sta-
tions must be opened which must fulfill an operative roleoandpafter the new ir-
rigational systems have been constractedo permanent stations must be organized.
In our countryowaters of one drainage area mast be all too frequently thrown
into another for energy production or for irrigation. In such a caseothe regimen
of the water amount which is transverted must be determined as well as the water
that remains in the river.Such is the case with Petrokhan whereoby means of two
canalsothe waters of 4-5 rivulets are collected from the southern slope of the
Western Old Mountainoand they are transmitted into the basin of the river BOreiya.
To get the characteristics of the runoff of the Byirsiya river it is proposed to
open two new stations at the two southern canalsodirectly above their influx into
the equalieerowhile in addition to this the stations determined by the examination
of the vegetation of the areas are retainedoand one stations is opened directly
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NEIMENC fiUgr-J -MON
iul eh drolo
?itelplaanneseelypos........114.101
the latter Central in ti4basin of the river?
..STAT--1
PAGE Nutgem
103
The specified stations of some of the rivers above the collecting canals must
be also retained which will serve for the characterisation of the regimen of the
higher parts of the drainage area so as it is specified by an examination of the
factors -- vegetation of the drainage areaoslopeoforest coverage0etc.(p082) Similar-
ly0we have such a thing also at the hydroelectric channel "Batakmowhich will be
examined after it hes been completed?
From the hitherto made analysis of the distribution of the network of hydromet-
rical stationsothe following Changes were found necessary
In addition to the propositions made for changes in the network of the hydrom-
etric stationsothe requirement must be added that the stations in the lower course
of the rivers that are flowing into the Dana riveromast be transferred outside the
sone of backpaehoWith the situation that the so transferred stations are brought
very near the more upstream stations erected on the corresponding rivers,one of them
could be cancelledoafter a warvey,at the site where it seems to be advautageous,
It is evident thereby thatofor the entire country? it is proposed generally:
to close 42 hydrometrical stations
to transfer 10 n n
to open 46 n n
_
Horever? it must be noted thatoin the so made proposals for changes in the
hydrometrical network? each of the hitherto examined factors does not have identic-
al weight? Preference is given first of all to the vegetal cover of the drainage
areeato the slope and to the erected or planned water engineering constructions.
There are also stations where al/ factors urge that they ahould be closed,yet,
in spite of thatothey still remain for the needs of the direct development of the
country in the field of energy Production and irrigation? As examples may be cited
the stations on the river Karadzhadere at the village Zmeicanin the lower course'
of the river YUgovskaothe river Arda at Srednogorcio on the river Topolica at the
villape of Mukhovooand others.
But there are also such stations on which some of the examined elements imposed
Into
that they be closedotransferredoor openedoand they have not been taken itno consid-
erationos-ch as the stations s a) in respect to the increase of the area in the
lower course of the river Draglishtenkapin the midele course of the river Dospata
skaoin the lower coarse of the river White Lomoin the lower course of the river
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lid ELLIGEtICE TRANSLATION
Bulgohydrology
WOOER-
?STAT
104--1
Vidima; .b) in respect to slope:- the middle courseeo4rthe river Dospatskao river
Trigradskao river Stara at the_Hydroelectric Plant_Peshtera; c) in respect to for-
est coverage:- river Pirinska Bistrica, river Sofano river White Lorno river Chiprov-
ska.; d) in respect to soil character:- river 13otanya0 river eisiglishka? river Onnarov-
skao and many of the stations in the upper and the middle courses of the river Mari-
caothe rivers in the Dobrudzhaoand part of those in the Ludogoriepand others. With-
out taking into consideration the influence which the different factors show e.t some
of the stationsodue to the complexity at the combined effect of all examined factors,
it is impossible to give the same weight to each one of themosince in the opposite
case a very large number of hydrometric stations would be obtainedowhich is econom-
ically an evil.
At the present timeolet us consider the thus more precised hydrometric network
in respect to some of the elaborated meteorological, elements which are of partiog-
army high significance for the formation of the runoff as well as in resnect to
some of the already elaborated hydrological elements.
(p.83) TABLE 3:(LEGEND of words and. phrases as lettered and. numbered in the
original) g
All- Number of series; B. river; C. Changes and locations a) closureob) trane-
ferg c) opening; D.. Factors which urge the changes.
I.THE RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUM.
1) B: River Glogoska; Ca: village of Zhilenci; D.-geowth of the ares.oforest
coveroand soil characteristics... 2) B... river Bistricag Ca- village Bistrica; I)...
growthof the area and disturbed. regimen of riverodue to water reservoir for wpter
supnly of the town of St.Diesitrov.- 3) B.. river Strums; Ca- town of Pirin; D.
growth oe the aree.oslone and soil. characteristics.... 4) Bzriver Petrovska; ca...
village of Petrov(); lee growth of the areaoslope and its construction..., 5) B.
river Anoka.; Co- from Pastra village to below Rile village; D., ingpmaria growth
of e,reaoslope,forest coverageoand soil characteristics.- 6) B- river Sushichka;
Cb. from the village of Sushica to Krupnik village; growth of the areajoreet
coverageoeaid slope.- 7) Struma river; Cc above the pool of the Studena dam;
D. Slopepforest coverageoind soil characteristics. - 8) B- Struma river; Ce.. below
the dam wall of the Studena dam; D- erection of a. water engineering structure.....
9) B- Koneke, river; Cc- near its influx into the Struma; D. growth of the area,
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elYirniLIGEMCF. MANSIATION
Balg.hydrology
STAT
WIREMla
105
forest coverageosoil Characteristics? and future water engineering structure.-
.
10) Ba Treklyanska; Ca. pear its influx into the Strama; D. growth of the areaofora
est coverageosoil characteristicsoand a future water engineering structure.- 11)
Ba spring; Ca- at Skakaviihkiya falls; Da elucidation of the influence of the spring
upon the hydrolorical Characteristics of the Struma river.- 12) B- Struma river;
Ca a below the influx of the Dzherman river; Dib growth of the areaoslopeoand future
water engineering str&cture.
II,THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIV-R MESTA.
(Table 3 continued)
13) B. river Petisha; Ca- the village of Gostun; Da growth of the area.- 14) 2-
the Kornishka river; Ca- the village of Kornica; D6 growth of the areapslopeOforeet
coverageoand soil characteristics.- 15) Ba the river of Karadzhadere; Ca= Zmeica
village; Da growth of the areaosoil characteristics.and slope.- 16) B. river Vish-
terica; Ca from the forest house above the village Kovachica; D- slopeoforest coy-
erageoand soil characteristics.- (p084)(Table 3 cont.) -17) B. at the springs; Cc=
for the canal above the equalizer of the Hydroelecttical Central aslog; Da the
karst-type springsa-Yaeo and Iztok.. /8) B- Istok(outflow); Cc- below the town of
Raslog; Da growth of the areaoand slope.- 19) B- river Mesta; Cc- below the influx
of the Eleshnica river; Da future water engineering structure.. 20) Ba river Muso-
mishtenska; Cc- the village of Musomiehte; Da karst-type springs.
1110 THE RIVER BASIN OF THE MARICA RIVER.
21) 2a the Ubvir river; Ca. elevation 1900; 3116 growth of the areapslopeoforest cov-
erageoand soil characteristics.- 22) B- river Marica; Ca a elevation 1400; La growth
of the area. slope.- 23) 2- river Kriva; Ca a the place of Khadehidedejea; Da growth
of the areaolopeoforest coverageoand soil characteristics.- 24) Ba.river Ballikdere;
Ca- the forest house Chekhlovo; D6 growth of the areaoforest coveragepand soil
characteristics.- 25) 2a river Stara; Ca- village Korova; Dasgrowth of the area,
s1ope0 forest coveragepand soil characteristics.. 26) Ba river Gizdica; Ca- town
of Giedica; Da same as above.- 27) B. river Chernodere; Ca- the V0Kolarov dam;
Da same as above.- 28) Bariver Tenesdere; Ca- village Mugla; Dib growth of
the areaoforest coverageoand soil characteristics.- 29) R. river Pftvenecka; Ca-
village of St. Seas; D6 disturbed regimen at the water reservoir of the water sup-
ply of Plovdiv.- 30) B. river Baneka; Ca= place Durkhana; D6 growth of the areas
and slope.- 31) Bariver Stara; Ca- the hydroelectric Central Levski Grad; D6 growth
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L:ELLMENGE I ISIAIN="*.
Bulg.hydrology
-61-frumErSTAT
106 ?
ry., 7sys.4
of the areas.- 32) M. river Topolica; Ca. village Mukhovo; m. grow el of the areaso
slope.. 33) B- The Kleptufaa spring; Cc-the town of.Vilingrad; Db karst-type spring.--
34) B. river Miitnica; Co. below the y Battle dam; r1.6. iiw-Water engineering structure
.-
35) B. river Begliehka; Oc below the dam V.Kolarov; D6 erected water engineering
stracture.. 36) B river Toplika; Cc the spring of the place Poroen Bridge; 116.
karst-type spring.
(13085) (TBAIX 3 continued). 37) 186 river Shirokolushka; Cc- the springs above the
Bedenski Bathe; D- karst-type spring.- 39) B. river Vpha; Cc- below the influx of
the river Shirokolsishka; D6.- growth of the areasoforest ooverageoslopeosoil oharac-
teristics.- 39) B- the forty springs; Cc- at Asenovgradg D. 4arst-type springs
.-
40) B. river Bryagovskag Cc. village Bryagovo; D= Future water engineering strmc-
tare.- 41) B= river Omarovskag Cc- in the upper course; 11= slope.- 42) B- river Ma=
rice.; Cc- Dimitrovgrad; D6 growth of the areas.- 43) B. river Blatnica; Cc- village
Radnevo; D- forest coverage.- 44) B- river 0wcharica)(0etharica); Cc- above its in=
flux into the Syutlijka; D. soil characteristics.
IV. RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER ARM)
45) BI- the Khubcha Spring; Cc- village Sokolovcig D. karst-type spring,- 46) B.
river Chamdereg Cc= above its influx into the Ards.; Deo growth of the areasoforept
coveragepand slope.
VJIVER BASIN OF THE TUNDZHA RIVER
47) B. river Akdereg Ca village of Skobelevog D. growth of the areaoforeet cover-
ageoslopeos&il characteristicsoand disturbed regimen.. 48) river Tundeha; Ca.. vil-
lage Strupecg 106 growth of the areas, forestry? soil characteristicspand slope,
49) B- river Tundsha; Cap. village Konevec; D. growth of the areas, forestryosoil
character and elope.- 50) B- river Euinska; Cb from the water reservoir above the
village of Enina; D6 for slopeoforestryoand soil characteristics.- 51) B- river Tnn-
dshag Cc- below the GODimitrov damg10.6.. erected water engineering structure ,- 52)
B- river Mochurica; Co. above Polyanovgrad; 1U growth of the areas.
VI. THE DISTRICT OF RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA
53) B. river Mladeshka; Ca- place Karamlvika; D. growth of the areajorestryoand
e/ape.- 54) B- river iamchiya; Ca. village Salamanovog DA0 growth of the areaeofor-
eetryoand slope.- 55) IL river Kamchiyag Cap. place of Poda; D. growth of the areas
andomostlyothe impossibility to mraeure the water amounts because of large spilling,
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.7.--15
Bulg.hydrology
6 STAT
771EpTii
56) 2. river Krivag 0.4. from Novi Pa2.r growth of the
ue bile Anionsav,luA.m aLvcat
areapand slope.- 57 (p.86) B. river Big Kamchiya; Ce. above the village Ticha;
D. growth of the areasolope and forestry.
VII.RIVER BASIN OF RUSENSKI LOM
58) B. river White Lom; Cc- the springs at Razgrad; D. karst type springs.- 59) B=
White Lomg Cc- above its influx into the nittle Lom; D. growth of the areas,fores-
tryolopepand soil characteristics.
VIII.BIVER BASIN OF THE YANTRA RIVER
60) B- river Yantra; Ca- village Vetrenci; D. growth of the area,forests.and slope.-
61) B- river Bailee; Ca village of Vsiglevci; D. growth of the areasoforestsfland
soil characteristics.- 62) M. river Rosica; Ca- village of Valevci; D- growth of
the areas0and soil characteristics.- 63) B. river Ostreshka; Ca- village of Ostrec;
D. forestry,slopeoand soil characteristics.- 64) 2- river Yantra; Cb- from the Hy-
droElectric Centre/ "Sini Vir"(Blue Pools) of the river Belica below the influx
of the river Dryanovskag D. quick growth of the areas.- 65) B- The Stara riverg.
the upper course; D. future engineering structure.- 66) B.river Dzhulyanish.
Dzhalyunica
ka; y Cc. village Dzhalinica D6 growth of the areas.- 67) B- Gorna river; Cc..
the upper course; D- future water engineering structure.- 68) 11. river libelee;
Cc. below the dam Al.Strambolijski; D; erected structure of water engineering.-
69) B. river Yantra; Ce. village Eterpg D. growth of the areas and forestry.-
MEIJER BASIN OF THE VIT RIVER
70) B. river Katunishka; Cb- from the village Katunica below the influx of the riv-
er Ugftchinskag D- growth of the area.- 71) 11..river White Vit; Cc-village of Ribs-
rice; D- slppe; - 72) B- river Vit; Cc-below the place Boaza; D. growth of the are-
as; slope and karst-type phenomena,- 73) B. river Kalnik; Co.below the influx of
the river Lesidrenskag DI= for the slope and determination of the inflaeuee of the
karst-type springs on the hydrological characteristics of the river by transferring
the hydrometric station No. 63 of the springs.-
(p.87)(Table 3 cont.) X?BIVER BASIN OF THE IS*/ RIVER.
74) B- river Pryakag Ca- village of Govedarci; 106. growth of the areas,slope,
forestspand soil characteristics.- 75) B-river Pancharevska Bistrica; Ca- village
Panchareva(-vo); D. growth of the areas.- 76) B- river Sukha; Ca- place of Rayne.;
D. growth of the area,slope0soi1 characteristics,and forestry. - 77) B. river Isklir;
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N
Bulg.hydrology
78) B. river C.Bistricafieb.4rom the V.1.4.4.0160 IOVJAPw w
GE NUMBER STAT-
108 ?
ponds; D- for-
estry and soil characteristics.- 79) B-river Iskitir; Cc. village Pasarel below. the
dam wall; D6 rected staucture of water engineering.- 80)B. river Ch.Iqur; Cc-upper
course; D- soil characteristics.- 81) B river Blato; Cc= village of Opocvet; 116.
karst-type springs.- 82) B- river Iskrecka; Cc- at the springs; D.- karst-type spring
82)(83) B- river Little Iskft; Cc-village Dshurovo; D. slope and forestry.
XI, THE RIVERS WEST OF THE ISKVR RIVER
84) B- river Srebvirna; Ca- village Komoshtica; D- growth of the area,forestry.eloPeo
and regimen disturbed by the irrigation canal.- 85) B-river Srodna; Ca- village of
Komoshtica; II- growth of the area, forestry, slopepand regimen disturbed by the
Irrigation canal.- 86) B- river Vodenichna; Ca.. place Petrokhan; 3)6 growth of the
areapsoil character0forestry0and disturbed regimen, = 87) B. river Stara; Ca- above
the village Zanoshene; D. growth of the area,. 88) B-river Shirine; Ca- place Pe-
trokhan; D, growth of the area,slope and forests.- 89) B. river Dyasna; Ca- village
of Bif(rsiya; D. growth of the area and forests,. 90) B. river Chiprovska; Ca- Chip-
rovci; D. growth of the areaaand slope.- 91) B-river Golyama; Ca.. village of G.Lom;
D- growth of the area,forestry,and'slope.- 92) 2- river Little Ogoeta; Cb- from the
village Goveshdapabove its influx into the Ogosta; D. forestry?slopepand soil char-
acterietics.- 93) B- river Cibrica; Cb- from the village Cibyir above the irriga
tional system; D- regimen disturbed by the irrigational system.- (p,88) 94) B- riv-
er Stanevska; Ob from the village of Borodica above its influx into the river Lom;
D. because of a future structure of water engineering.- 95) B- xk at the left Ir.
rigationa1 canal at the Place Petrokhan; Cc. above the equAliser; D- due to waters
thrown from the southern slopes into the basin of the river Bytrgiya.- 96) B. at
the right irrigational canal of the place Petrokhan; Cc. above the equaliser;
due to the reason under No.95.- 97) B- river **stye; Cc- above the influx into ?
the Ogosta river; D- growth of the area and disturbed regimen of the river.- 98)
B- river Ogosta; Cc- at Mikhailovgrad; D- growth of the areaosoil characteristics,
and future structure of water engineering.
-(TABLE 3 end.-
0 0 0
III. CHANGES OF THE OBSERVED HYDROLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL ELEMWTS
IN RESPrOT TO THE THUS PROPOSED NETWORK OF HYDROMETRIC STATIONS
In the formation of the surface runoff 0a series of meteorological factors such
as precipitation, temperaturepevaporation0humidity?etc.?exercise an influence ,but
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TEIXEMICE.
Bulgehydrology
STAT
PAGE FlUtilkJEE1
109
we shall consider the dibtribution of the network of _hydrometric stations only in
reference to the precipitationsothe temperature and the deficit of humidity.Of par-
ticular interest is also the evaporation,butodue to insufficient data about itowe
cannot say much about it.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HYDROMMTRIC NETWORK OF STATIONS IN RESPECT TO
PRECIPITATIONS FOR THE PERIOD 1896 / 1945.
The precipitations are the most important meteorological factor at the formation
of the surface runoff.With all other conditions equaluwith the increase of precipit-
ations the runoff is also increesed.The magnitude of the runoff depends not only
upon the amount of the fallen precipitations but also upon the circumstance when
and how these precipitations have occurred, Thus,for instance,if the precipitations
have occurred in winter time,the larger portion of them will go in the form of a
surface runoff into the river= the same precipitations have occurred in the sum..
mer warm periodothe percentage of loss by infiltration and evaporation would be
considerably larger.
On the ot%er handOthe runoff in a given year is undoubtedly influenced also by
the precipitations of the preceding yearpand in some instances also by several pre-
ceding years.The indirect influence of precipitations of the previou s year is also
manifested in the preparedness of the drainage area for a curface runoff during the
next(current) year. (p.89) Because of this mentioned different influence of the pre-
cipitations upon the runoff 01t becomes necessary to uniformly cover all districts
of different precipitations by the network of hydrometric stations.
The full idea of the distribution of hydrometric stations in the thus proposed
network pin reference to the precipitations, can be gathered from Table 40and for
the map of precipitations(6),In the Table,the distribution of hydrometrie stations
is given according to the volume of precipitations.
TABLE 4; (LEGENDS of the columnar heads) g a- precipitation in mm; b- precipita-
tion volume in million cubic mg c- number of hydrometric stations; d- precipita,
tion volume corre,p_onding to one stationoin million cubic n.
C,P 0 0 0 1..?
On the basis of the data of Tabel 4, on F1g.1 the ratio # between the precipita-
tion volume and the distribution of hydrometric stations is graphically represented.
FIG01:(TAGEns); a) ordinata; Precipitation volume in million cubic mg b)on
abscissa; Humber of hydrometric stations.---
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ELLIGUICL. idANSLATION
Bulg,hydrology
ER ?STAT
From the thus deteiidied functional relationsnwatt,can we riGVAA
in reference to the precipitation volume? the hydrometric stations are evenly dis-
tributed for the entire country.
The data of Column 4 of Table 4 show that ?with the exception of the precipi-
tations between the isohyets 1100 and 12000 there is a precipitation volume of 310
million cubic m to 201 million cubic m per station. The upper limit of 310 million
cubic m is related to the lower plains sections where the precipitation gradient
is the smallestOand the phys4co-geoaraphical conditions are the most homogenous.
Between the isohyatal lines 600 and 7000relatively smaller precipitation volume
the
ia
corresponds to the individual station This is due to a large number of stations
in this zone which must be opened chiefly(p090) for the needs of future larger wat-
er engineering structures. If these stations are not takne into consideration, about
250 million cubic m of precipitation volume is reached per station. According to
this precipitation limitothe precipitation volume0corresponding to the individual
stations, steadily decreases?which fully coincides with the increase of the precip-
itation gradient and with the increase of the diversity in respect of physico-geog-
raphical characteristics. The latter characteristics particularly well illustrate
the correct distribution of the network in respect to precipitation.
All these characteristics are deduced on the basis of generalizing the Precip-
itation data for the entire country where the positive and negative deviations in
the individual river basins mutually cancel each other. That is why the individual
drainage areas mast be examined, and the network of hydrometric stations in them
must be subordinated to the so deduced relationship.
From Table 501n which the precipitations are given by the different drainage
areas, it can be seen that there are districts between the separate isohyete which
are characterized by few stations or there are no stations in them?while there are
aloo such districts in which a certain accumulation of hydrometric stations can be
foand?Of the 1 tterothere is nothing that would catch our attentionosince they are
forced by the already examined elements, and we shall only consider those districts
in which new stations must be opened in regard to the precipitation volume,
The districts with insufficient number of stations in the individual river ba-
einsoas well as those without stetionspare examined in regard to the precipitation
volumes for the corresponding isohyets(Table 4a, column 4). The results are given
in the next column of Table 50according to which new stations should be opened in
GE1 ?141JOMB
hat in general
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ELLIGENC.E TRANSLATION
Bulg.hydrology
the following river basins:
STAT.-
3111-aroTri
111
RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUM RIVER.- In the river basin of the Struma river,accord-
ing to the finished analysis08 stations should be openedonamely between the iso-
hyets 800 and 1000. The districts with this precipitations are in the high sections
of the Pirin?Rilaoand Vitosha mountainspand along the western border itself. The
that
characteristic for this districtowith the exception of Vitotha? is/the precipita-
tion gradient after isohyet 800 is decreasing evenly and significantly. Moreover,
while the great maintenance difficulties of the hydrometric stations in the high
mountayfinous sections are taken into considerationoit is proposed to open only 3
stations, namPlys- one in the up-ner course of the river Eleshnica,at the village of
Rakovog one in the upner course of the rivers Blagoevgradska Bistrica and Sandanska
Bistrica. With these stations.the change in the precipitation gradient is chiefly
enveloped. Along the Vitoshapthe precipitation gradient does not change,on account
of which no provision was made to open new stationsonotwithstanding the fact that
there are districts with such precipitation.
RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER .RDA.- In the river basin of the Arda river,only three
stations should be opened one of which should be between the isohyets 700 and 800
and two between 900 and 1100. Between the isohyets 700 and 800 a station is opened
for each riverowith the exception of the river Davitkovska,which in regard to pre-
cipitation gradient is not different at all from the Chamdere river; for the latter,
it was planned to open a station. The districts with precipitation over 900 are
around Smolyan and along the southern border itself.The district around Smolyan is
sufficiently elucidated by hydrometric stations for which reason(jump to p,93)only
one station is planned for openingonamely for the river Syutlijka at the town of
Zlatograd which coincides with the mid.continental-marine moisture-bearing air car-
rentsfland has a strongly torrential character.
(p.91).TABLE % 5s(LEGEND s Average yearly precipitations by river basins for
the period?.
(COLUMNAR HEADS OF TABLE 5)s a. river basin; b. precipitation in mm; c-- volume
of precipitation in million cubic mg d. number of hydrometric stations; e- number
of hydrometric stations to be opened.
(RIVER BASINS LISTED ON TABLE 5,)s f- Struma; g. Mesta; h. Ards; i- Marica;
J. Tundsha; ka mouth of the river Kamchiya; (p.92 Table 5 cont.) 1. Kamehiya; m-
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ELUGENCE TfiAtISIATitJli
Bulg hydrology
;E NUMBER
112 ?STAT
1
m. Frovadijska; n. the Dobrudsha rivers; o- Ensensee eo,T, F. A , 0,0 ; r. Vit;
(p.93) s. IskVr; t. ()gouts; u. west of the IskOr; v. Totale(FOOTNOTE: In the number
of etations(263) the posts along the Black Sea and the lakes as well as those of
the karst-type spring; were not included).
(text of p.93 cont.) ROM BASIN OF THE '1111CA, RIVER,. As it is seen from Table
5, in the river basin of the river Mariceein regard to the precipitation volumeoonly
one station should be openedonrmely in the district between the isohyets 600 and
700.In this districtoon the left side of the river basinoone of the stations prop-
osed for closure may remain for the river Gizdica at Peshteraofor the river Chepin.
aka below Velingrad and for the river Ilirvenecka whose regimen is disturbed by the
water reservoir for the water supply of the city of Plovdiv.While the distribution
of the precipitation gradient is taken into considerationothe most suitable is to
continue the existence of Stations Vo.303 for the river Pftveneckaowhile it is trans
ferred in regard to the fact that the disturbance of its regimen is avoided. In this
section of the riverofrom the isohyet 600 to the isohyet 8000 a marked increase of
the precipitation gmadient is observable.
(p.94) On the left side of the river basinothe precipitation gradient is very amallo
and there is no sense in opening a new station.
IN THE RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER TUNDZHA only one station Should be opened be.
teen the isohyets 500 and 6000Because of a slightly dhanging erecipitation grad-
ient in this district of the river basin oit is not planned to open this station.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA SOUTH OF THE
KAMCHIYA,- In this district the number of stations is also sufficientothough it
should not be subordinated, to the common relationship. In the larger section the
precipitation gradient is very smalloend in that part where the gradient is larger
the stations are sufficient in number, By this consideration one station might be'
only opened for the river Rusokastrenska at the village of Rasokastro,
NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA.- In this section of the country the river basin of the
rivers KamdhiyaoProvadilskio Rnsenski Lom and the rivers in the Dobradzha are in-
cluded.Hereothe precipitations move beteeen 500 and 700 arao with the exclusion of
the river basin of the Kamchiya river where it reaches also up to 800 mmo From the
map of precipitations(8) it is seen that the precipitation gradient is very smallo
an while attention is paid also to the fact that in the Dobrudzha the number of
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Bag hyd rology
uerurtsiseirSTAT
113
rivers is small0onei, also takes into consideration tbat?a larger vart of them are dry
in their lower course owaterlesspne may think that the already oven stations and
those which are planned for opening according to Table 3,will be sufficient and cor-
rectly distributed in regard to rainfall.
RIVER BASIN OF THE YANTRA RIVER.- In the river basin of the Yantra river.accord-
ing to the already established relationships? 6 new stations should be opened.How-
everoby the completed analysisoit i roposed that between the isohyets 700 and 800
a station be opened for the river Zlatarica and that the existence of Station No.75
on the river Belice should be continued. The first is in a district of small precip-
itation gradient? and the other is directly under the zone of a large gredtent.To
continue the existence of Station 72 on the river Rosicaobetween the isohyets 1000
and 1100,which covers a district of a strongly changing precipitation gradient,a
station between the isohyets 1100 and 1200 cannot be opened since this district is
In. the highest section of the Balkanoand it can be hardly maintaihed and serviced.
The remainder of .the stations are not proposed chiefly on account of the uniformly
changing precipitation gradientoand for lack of special Characteristics.
RiVeR BASIN OP THE osym RIVER.- According to Table 5.1n the river basin of the?
river Osftofour stations must be opened.Howeveroon accoent of the special form of
the drainage area of the river-- long length and narrow widthowithout a more import-
ant tributary -- it is proposed to open no new stations. It has been thought to open
a station in the upmost course of the river to embrace he district of large preci-
pitationee-above 1000 mm, but for the already pointed-out reasons in regard to the
Yantra riversuch a proposition is not made.
RIVER BhSIN OF THE RIVER VIT.- In this river basinotwo stations are planned for
opening.The first of them is between the isohyets 600 and 7000which district is of
very slightly changing precipitation gredientoand moreover it is embraced by two
stations,on account of which it is not proposed for ovening,The second is in the
upper section of the riverowith precipitations above 10000but here(p95) directly
under the isohyet 1000 the opening of a new station has been proposed; hence it is
not necessary to open a second station.
RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER In the river basin of the IsktEr. three stations
are proposed for opening one of which is betw, en the isohyets 500 and 600 and two
are between the isohyets 800 and 900. The first does not have any sense absolutely
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risuaTiori
Bulgohydrology
1L4
mince?
since this is chiefly a:district of the lower course,:ofthe river where the precip-
itation gradient is verY,nmall And moreover tnere are no more important tributaries
of the riveroBetween the isohyets 800 and 930 a station could be opened,only for the
river White Iskytr which was also urged by other elementsobut because of the regimen
disturbed by the White Isklir dampand for the impossibility to maintain a station of
the Hydrometeorological Service in this district on account of its defensive(milit-
ary) nature, opening of a station is not provided for .
From the thus completed analysis of the hydrometrical stations in regard to
the precipitation volumepit is proposed to open six new stationspand to continue
the existence of three of the old stations.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HYDROMETRIC STATIONS IN REGARD TO THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE FOR THE PERIOD 1916/1945.
From what had been said about the precipitationsoit can be seen that precip-
itations are one of the most important factors in the formation of the surface run-
off.The different amounts of precipitation and their regimen of occurrence,however,
are associated with a number of climatic factorsomah as temperaturephumidity of
the air,air currentspevaporationoetc. That is why the temperature of the air must
be related to the basic climatic factors of the runoff.
The temperature of the air influences the formation of runoff in other ways also
slitamely, the negative temperatures condition the falling of precipitations in sol-
id form(comnosition),and during winter time the positive temperatures produce the
melting of the snow cover,due to which the spring high waters are reduced.On the
other hand,the high temperatures during spring, summer andfall provoke (produce)
great losses of the fallen precipitations.This way the temperature of air directly
Influences the magnitude and shape of the runoff?
Almost in all empirical formulae for the determination of the surface runoff,
the temperature also takes a part.The Soviet hydrologistspin their formulas for
the computation of the annual runoff,also take into consideration ?together with
the precipitations, the magnitude and the distribution of the temperature during
the year.
As the thus proposed network of hydrometric stations is arranged in juxtaposi-
tion with the map of distribution of the temperature(8)0the results are obEt.ained
which are given in Table 6,
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_STATai
ti? ELLIENCa TRANSIACION Xritirratit
Bulgohydrology 115
With the data obtained frob the above Table, Fig02 1018 constructed from which it is 1
peen that with the decrease of the average temperature the correspondingof
areas
the given stations also decrease0which fully coincides with the increase of the
temperature gradientoThis is especially(p096) characteristic for the district with
an average temperature above 100 0, from where the temperature gradient is rising
very rapidlyoAt getting this relationshipothe areas and the stations above 14? C,
which are only two, were not taken into consideration.
TABLE 6; (LEGEND of columnar heade): a- temperature; b- erases in sqoKm; a. num-
ber of hydrometric stations; d- area per station?
FIG 2(LEGENDS) g a) square Km; b- are per hydrometric station0
ea ea Of ae I= ea
If analysis is made of the distribution of the hydrometric stations in respect
to the temperature in the individual drainage areas, similarly to those which have
been made at the examination of the precipitationoonew stations chould be opened
(see Table 7)0
1UV1R BASIN OF TRE RIVER STRUMAo The lower and the middle couree of the riv-
er are characteristically marked by an un6formly variable temperature gradient,
and the upper couree.- by a slightly changing oneoAccording to Table 70in the riv-
er basin eleven new stations should be openedoOf these? two are between the iso-
therms 12 and 140Th1s district stretchesphowever?in a narrow stripe on both aides
of the river where the regimen of the tributaries is disturbed by numerous primit-
ive water takers during the larger part of the yearpfor which reason the existing
stations have been opened above this zoneoDue to this reason,the opening of this
station is not consideredoh new station between isotherms 8 and 10 is not recom-
mended because of the slightly variable temperature gradient in the larger portion
of the river basij(p097) Under isotherm 8?, only three stationsoinetead of 8,are
proposed for openingonamely the following; - one on the river Eleshnicaflat the vile,
/age of Rakovo?between isotherms 4 and 6,direct1y at isotherm 40, and one on river
Blagoevgradska Bistrica0between isotherms 6 and Mt is superfluous to open the
remaining stationsosince a large part of the river basin is a high plateau of one
and the same temperature(Bresnishko and Radomirsko fields)o ,
TABLE ?;(LEGEND a- river basins; b- temperature; c- area in square Km; &=
numberof existing hydrometric stations; e- number of hydrometric stations to open.
(contoTable)
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IlleENCE RADISLATION
Bulroh drology
(Entries in colum 14)-1.; Struma; 1 b: below 4 Ar a;
_ ,ree
-6-Numr-S TAT
116
4- Tundzha;
6o south of Kamchiya; 6. Kamthiya; 7- Provadijska; 8. the rivers of the Dobrudsha;
9- Wantra; 10. 00m; 11- IskOr; 12- Ogosta0
(Text continued) RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER ARDA.. As the district between the
isotherms 10 and 120 is outlined, it is seen that the single chance for opening a
new stations is that for the river Syutlijka,at Zlatograd.
RIVER BASIN OP THE MARICA RIVER,- In the river basin of the Marica river, only
two stations should be opened one of which is between the isotherms 12 and 14? and
one is between 6 and 800Instead of opening a new station between the isotherms 12
and 14? it is recommended to continue the existence of one of the Stations No.303
on the river Plirvenedka, and No0344 on the river Dobrich,while Chiefly the first
is preferred because of the fact that it is also urged in respect to precipitations.
As to a station between the isotherms6 and eflit is recommended also that one of
the following stations Should be kept: Station No.276 on the river Renesdere, and
No.245 on the river Krivapabove Sestrimo, while preference is chiefly giben to that
which is also urged by some other factors,
IN THE RIVER BASIN' OF THE TUNDZHA RIVER, according to Table 7, there seems to
be need only for one station for the elucidation of the district between isotherms
6 and 8?. Thie district is directly under the ridge of Old Mountain where it is
very difficult to supply and to maintain a hydrometric station,and also additional-
ly,directly above the isotherm 8? there is Station No. 340 on the MiAglushka river
whose drainage area is entirely in this zone.
IN THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA AND OF THOSE
IA THE DOBRUDZHA.the average temperature moves in the range from 10 to 130,with the
exception of a very small district in the southern portion of the seashore where.
the average temperature reaches 140 as well as in a small district in the upner
course of the river Kamdhiya where the temperature reaches up to 80 Prom this it
can be seen that over this section of the country the temperature gradient changes
but very slightly.Consequentlypit cannot be the decisive factor at the opening of
new stations,and also it does not require a large number of stations.That is why
in this district new stations in regard to the temperature are not recommended for
opening,
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WiseXEDIAMINUON
BuliAydrology
(Entries in colas al) L. Strums.; 1 b: below 4?; 2. Ards0,
-
umega'S TAT
116
. 4- Tundeha;
5- south of Kamchiya; 6. Kaathiya; 7- Provadijska; 8.3 the rivers of the Dobrudsha;
9- Tantra; 106e 00m; 11. Iskp; 12- ?goats,0
p p P
(Text continued) RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER ODA.. As the district between the
isotherms 10 and 120 is outlined, it is seen that the single chance for opening a
new stations is that for the river Syntlijkapat natograd.
RIVER BASIN OF THE MARICA RIVER.- In the river basin of the 1:larica river, only
two stations should be opened one of which is between the isotherms 12 and 140 and
one is between 6 and 80.Instead of opening a new station between the isotherms 12
and 14? it is recommended to continue the existence of one of the Stations No.303
on the river POrveneeka, and No.344 on the river Dobrich,while chiefly the first
is preferred because of the fact that it is also urged in respect to precipitations.
As to a station between the isotherms6 and 8?,it is recommended also that one of
the following stations should be kept: Station No.276 on the river Renesdere, and
No. 245 on the river Krivaoabove Sestrimoo while preference is chiefly giben to that
which is also urged by some other factors,
IN THE RIVER BASIN7OF THE =4MA RIVER? according to Table 70 there seems to
be need only for one station for the elucidation of the district between isotherms
6 and 6?. This district is directly under the ridge of Old Mountain where it is
very difficult to supply and to maintain a hydrometric station,and also additional-
ly,directly above the isotherm 8? there is Station No.340 on the MOglushka river
whose drainage area is entirely in this eone.
IN THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA AND or THOSE
IN THE DOBRUDZHAothe average temperature moves in the range from 10 to 1300with the
exception of a very small district In the southern portion of the seashore where.
the average temperature reaches 140 as well as in a small district in the upeer
course of the river Kamdhiya where the temperature readies up to 80 From this it
Can be seen that over this section of the country the temperature gradient changes
but very elightly.Consequently,it cannot be the decisive factor at the opening of
new stationspand also it does not require a large number of statione.That is why
in this district new stations in regard to the temperature are not recommended for
opening.
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minaormumanuff------
Balgohydrology
Mi....STAT
fra-TAIR
117
RIVER BASIN OF THrtRIVERIANTRA?- In the river babin of the Yantra riveroac...
cording to Table 70four new stations should be openedarom the map of isotherms it
7;
can be seen that after isotherm 8? the temperature gradient in the river basin is
quickly risingoThereforpit is 01, necessary to open stations above this isotherm.
For the complete coverage of the change in the gradient in this section of the riv-
er basin it is proposed to open new stations on the river Zlatarica, a little below
the isotherm 10, and on the river Belicapdirectly after its influx into the rivers.
It mould be also necessary to open in this district a station for one of the
rivers Vidiam--at Novo Selo, or the river Rosica--at Stokite; yet because of the
fact that directly below isotherm 100 there are stations in existence for the two
riversoit is not recommended to open new onesoBetween the isotherms 6 and e?the
most suitable place for opening a new station. is on the river Yantra at Etlirytt.This
waypin this teeperature sone0there shall be two hydrometric stationsonamely correct-
ly distributed, Lee, one in the eastern side of the river basin,and the other in
the western halfo
For the river basin of the river OsOmpthe same'lholds good that was said at the
examination of precipitationt,for which reason it is not recommende to open. a new
station.
RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER 'SW.. Hereponly one station should be opened-- below
the isotherms 10 and 12?,yet this tone covers entirely the lower and partly the
middle course of the river where the temperature Changes very littlepand this is
anyhow the district which is elucidated by eight stationsodue to which the opening
of a new station is not recommended.
RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER OGOSTA,- Here alsoOthe need seems to be only for one
station,namely between the isotherms 6 and 8?0However0 directly above the isotherm
80 three stations are in existence 3- on the river Ogosta--at (p.99) Ghiprovci on
the river Wlgodelska, and on the river Botunya--at Vlirshec, due to which it is
entirely superflucous to open a new station in a direct proximity to these stations.
For the single remaining tributary,the river Bersiya,there is no Chance to open a
station because of the distfarbed regimen of the rivers in its upper course,
In this same way, an attempt was made to examine the network of the hydromet-
ric stations also in regard to the deficit of humidity ; yet,tatisfactory results
had not been reached which is due first of all to the insufficiently accurate map
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1NVELUGEICE TRANSLA ON
Ruldehydrol gy
,TarkimemiSTAT
ll
on the deficit of humidity which had been constructed for entirely different pur.
poses? ete ' the
Independently from this? the well expressed relationshin between # number of
the stations in the network on one hand, and the precipitations and the temperature
en the other hand may be accepted as satisfactory? Of course, it would be much bet-
ter if sufficient amount of data en the evaporation and on the distribution would
be at our disposalpand the network could be harmonised in regard to this element!!
too,
The existing relations between the precipitations and the temperature with the
above-sealevel altitude corroborate the correct division *distribution) of the
stations in regard to this elementotoo?
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NETWORK OF HYDROMETRIC STATIONS IN REGARD TO
The MODULUS OF RUNOFF FOR THE PERIOD 07 1935/36 . 1949-50
One of the most importanttask of the network of hydrometric stations isoby
the data which are collected in itoto render the complete Characterisation of the
modulus of the runoff for the entire country.Thorefore,it is essentialpin addition
to a sufficient number of stations, that these stations should be correctly dis-
tribated also so that they would cover all characteristics of the ranoff.A good
possibility for the correct distribution of hydrometric stations in regard to this
element is given by the map of the isolinee for the modulus of the runoff during
the period from 1935/36 to 1949/50, worked out in the Hydrometric Service,At the
preparation of the map for the modulus of the runoffogreat difficulties were ene
countered which chiefly consisted in the fact that very few stations had at their
disposal 15-year period if observations,and it was urged to a larger degree by the
stations which took part in the composition of the map that the series should be
lengthened(extrapolated),which led to a certain uncertainty? And there were also .
districts in which no hydrometric stations existed, and the isolines were passed
over very vaguely?ButOindependently from these weaknesses,the thus prepared map
could be successfully used at the distribution of the hydrometric stations in the
countrypas by these stations those sites were namely filled where the need was
felt for them during the elaboration of the modulus?
On the beets of the map of the modulus of runoff(S) Table 8 was prepared from
which it can be seen that up to Me 20 //sec in2 a well-expressed relationship exist
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1 5 ELMTGE TWINSLATION
Alg.hydrology
urr-cuie-3Er
119
STAT
between the runoff andniheleabliiiif hydrometriclittationa:-
From the reoultsAtinibieJIWEigure 3 was COmPiieedswhieh corroborates this re-
lationship. The deviatioeilrifM,tais relation everi(p0100)'Mo: 21 1/sec Xm2 is due
to the fact that in the top"districts of the river more 'stations were opened,whiCh
is entirely not superfluous since there the runoff is the largest and usually the
least explained,because or'the difficult conditions for observetion.
TABLE 8:LEGEND of columns& a- Modulus of runoff in liter/sec 1Cm2; b- runoff
volume in liter/sec; c-'nueber of hydrometric stations; de runoff volume Der one
hydrometric stationpen liter per sec0
FIG03: LEGEND& a) (ordinata) Modulus liter/sec/Km2; b) (abscissa) liter/sec;
c) runoff volume per one hydrometric station0
By gradual re-addition of the runoff and the stations, Table 9 and Figures 4
and Fig.5 were composed, which also confirm the good relationship between the mod-
ulus of the runoff and the number of stations.
Apart from the existence of such a relationship in general for the entire coun-
try between the modulus and ranoff,and the number of the etations in the separate
river basins, as seen from Table 10, Columns 7 and 9, certain deviations exist ,as
in a few river basins the number of stations is insufficient(StrumapArda,Tantragetc.)
and in others the number of stations is sufficient and even excessive(Mesta,Marica,
Ogoeta,and Iekiir).For these river basins or for a part of the basins in whoih the
number of the stations appears to be larger than what is necessary in respect to
the modulueoproDosa/ for the closure of the stations is not made since their exis-
tence is forced by the elements considered in paragraphs I and II(sections)
By subordinating the separate river basins to this general relationship between
the modulus of the runoff and the number of stations, the following results are ob-
tained:
(p.101) RIVER BASIN OF THE RIVER STRUMA:- in accordance with Table 10,in the river
basin of the Struma river seven stations should be opened three of which are between
the isolines of Mo.': 10 - 15. As the most suitable places in resmect to the distrib-
ution of the modulus ?the upner courses of the rivers are Droposede-Vlakhinoka,
flowing into the Struma at the town of Pirin; Blagoevgradska Bistrica,Sandanska Bis-
trica,and Elishnica.The following stations which should be oDened are those in the
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ELLIGEMCETha Limon
Bulg.hydrology
STAT
120 ?
district of the isolintgolkia4d02,2? Sum disIrcsgArstpinans nignest parts of the
mountains of pirin011414ua45nt.e!ha0but hereLths,8mainte.nance of the hydrometric sta-
tions is very difficuI4eam441most impossibleacrXhichcreason it is not proposed
to open a station. The same holds trupnamely with a still-greater difficu1ty0 also
for the station between thejsolines 30 and 35.
DIG04sLEGErDs a- Modulus liter/sec/Km2; b) liter / sec; runoff volume per one
hydrometric station.
FIG.58LEGEND: a) Modulus liter/sec/Km2; b) number of hydrometric stations.
RIVER BASIN OF THE ARDA RIVER.- In the river basin of the Arda river, three sta-
tions are planned for openings- the stations between the isolines 10 and 25 on the
river Syatlijka at Zlatograd; between the ieolines 7.5 and 100on the river Chamdere.
The stations below 7.5 1/sec/Km2 are not proposed for opening because of the very
accurate spacing of the existing stations? and the station above 25 25 --- because
of the fact that this district is directly at the very border line.
RIVER BASIN OF THE TUMDZHA RIVER0.. Rere0it is necessary to open only three sta.
tionsonamely between the isohyets(isolines) 10 and 20 liter/sec/Km2. The isolines
in this zone are evenly distributed with ene and the same gradient,for which reason
it is recommended to open only one stationonamely in the upper course(p102) of the
Radova river0and to transfer into this district and to continue the existing sta.
tion No.320 on the river Akdere.
RIVERS FLOWING DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA.- In this district ,of all aeven sta.
tions which must be opened according to Table 100 it is proposed to open only four.
Two of them are for the river Rusokastrenskapand the river Dvojnica,which OEM are
not hydrometric stations at all. The remaining two are recommended to be opened on
the river Ueda Kamehiya at the village of Lyulyakovo0and the village Gradecowith
which the changes in the specified gradient of the river basin are covered.
MEL 9s LEGEND a. Modulus of runoff in liter/sec/Km2; b. runoff volume in
liter/sec; c. number of hydrometric stations; d- runoff volume per one hydrometric
stationoin liter/sec.
IN THE DOBRUDZHA it is planaed to open only one station which is proposed to be
at the upper course of the Sdkha riverpabove the village of St,Karadzha.
RIVER BASIN OF THE !ANTRA RIVER.- In the river basin of the river Tantra three
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-7fflauer?=scaTaTiariou
Balgohydrology
GE HUMI3ER
121
STAT
_
--.1stations Should be olienedito of these stations must .be,t1between the isolines 7.5 and
100for which it is propeeedAwcontinue the existip010.75 station on the river Be-
licaoand Station 72 on theoriver Bodes, The third station may be opened for the
Yantra river at the village of Etplt.
IN THE RIVER BASIN OF THE osym AND VIT riverso new stations are not pro-oosed
for opening between the 'salines 15 and 20 since even for the two rivemostations
(p.107 jump) are available directly below the isohyet 15 and still two stations
to open is wholly unnecessary and formal.
(p.103) TABLE 108 MODULUS OF THE MEAN MULTI.ANNUAL RUNOFF
T'ERIOD 1935/36 - 1949/50.
(LEGEND OF COLUMNAR HEADS); 1- Modulus of runoff between the isolinee; 2- run-
off volume in liter/sec; 3- number of stations; 4- persistent sum of the runoff
volume in liter/oec; 5. persistent sam of the stations; 6= runoff volume corres-
ponding to one hydrometric station in liter/sec; 7- consistent sum of the required
number of stations; 8- number of stations to be closed.
(LIST OF RIVERS; ) Strumao Modem Mesta, Ardao Marica(p.104 cont.) Tundzhao
Aouth of the Kamchiyao Kameh1yagp.105 cont.) Provadijskao rivers of the Debrudshao
Rueenski lomo Yantrao Oslim;(p.106 cont.) Vito Iskfto Ogostao (P0107 cont.) west of
the Iskikr.
(Text continued on p.107) RIVER BASIN OT THE isynD- In the river basin of the
IekOr riveroall four stations Should be opened one of which is below the ieohyet 1.
This district coincides with the zone of backpush of the waters in the river a
caused by the Dunapand there is no sense in opening it.Of the remaining stations
the existing Station No.107 is to be continued on the river Sukhaoand the possib-
ilities are studied for the opening of a station on the river White Iskft which is
also urged by many other reasons.
DISTRIBUTIOY OF THE NETWORK OF HYDROMETRIC STATIONS IN RESPECT TO THE
RUNOFF COEFFICIENT AND THE COEFFICIENT 07 VARIATION
FOR THE PERIOD OT 1935/36 . 1949/50.
Similarly to the elements examined until now an analysis has been made of
the network of hydrometric stations both in respect to the runoff coefficient and
the coefficient of variation.
The results of this snelysis are given for the runoff coefficient in Table 110
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-LUGER TRANSLATION
Bulg.hydrology
STAT
32 NUMB
122
and Fig.60 and for thejedifficient of variationlei,12 and )1g.8.
From Fig.60it catIe1401rAseen that betweellthernnoff coefficient and the
number of stations.expreiied in surface area.eorresnonding with me station(p0108)
a certain relationship exists.This relation consists in the fact that with the in.
crease of the runoff coefficient.the surface area. corresponding to single stations
is decreased.
TABLE lls(LEGIND)s a) runoff coefficient; b. area iu square Km; a- number of
hydrometric stations; 4. area in square Km per one station.
C. cc co gm
FIG.6s(LE0END)ta. (ordinata) runoff coefficient; b)(abscissa) surface area per
one hy rometrie station in square Km.
This indicates thatogenerally takenothe network of hydrometric stations is cor-
rectly distributed ?and it covers well the characteristics of the runoff coeffici-
ent. Howeverothis relation is not so closeoi.e..not so well expressed as with the
modulus of the ranoffowhich is due to a large number of factors that influence the
runoff coefficient some of which are not taken into consideration.For the reason
that this relationship moves in a wider range it is not used for the enlargement of
the number of stations in the individual drainage basins.
The relationship which is obtained between the coefficient of variation and the
number of stations is till weaker expressed(rig.7). Bspecially very much deviated
from the mean dependence are the points above Ov: 0.6. This kd is due to the fact,
t000that a number of factors have not been taken into consideration which factors
influence the coefficient of variation.Thus.e.g..it can be seen from the map of
isolines of the coefficient of variation that there are even districts in which,
with the increase of the runoff. the Cy coefficient also increaseseand there are
also increasing some additional other deviations.
For this reason this relationship is also discarded in enlarging the density
ef the stations in the individual drainage basins. In exchange for thisuthe change
of the gradient of the coefficient of variation has been examined in detail(P.109),
TABLE /2:(LEGEND of columnar heads) a. coefficient of variation; b- area in
square Km; e- number of hydrometric stations; d. are in square Km per one hydromet-
ric station.
CP CI C.6 C2 CD
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irTRELLAGKCE 7EZEWSLATION
gulg,hydrology
MINIMIllants?Orammememiemas
PAGE NUMBER
123
FIG.7sLEGENDs a0(ordinata) coefficient of variation Cvs b-(abscissa) area
per one hydrometric station in square Km.
CD 1.2 CD CD CD
(Text continued )..from which it can be seen that with the proposed network of
hydrometric stations and the addition to it in conformity with the precipitations,
and the temperature and the runoff, all characteristic changes in the coefficient
of variation are covered.
From the meteorological and hyArnlogical elements examined until now it is
proposed to open 13 more new stationsoand to keep five of those that were proposed
for closure.
//
/I
//
//
1/
//
?
In this way the data given in TABLE 13 are supplemental to Table
This way, a network of 304 hydrometric stations is obtained of which stations
eight are posts at the Black Sea and some lakes. A complete list of the so re-
formed network of hydrometric stations is given at the end, and its distribu-
tion is given on the map in the Annex. In this number,the hydrometric stations
which are proposed for opening at the head of the main canals of the irrigation,.
al system are not included.
(p.110) TABLE X2 13s(LEGEND or C1LIJMNAR HEADS)s app. number in series; b- river; c=.
to be continued; d- transfer; e- opening; f factors which demand the change.
I6 RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUM RIVER,
lob- Eleahnica; fa- village of Rakovo; f- precipitation,temperature and modulus.-
Blagoevgradska Bistricas e- in the uprer course; f- as in 1.- 30b- Vlakhinska;
in the upper course; f- as in 1.
II, RIVER BASIN OF THE LEDA RIVER.
4,b- Ohandere; e- in the lower courses f- precipitationotemperature,and modulus.-
5.1)- Sypitlijkas e- Zlatograds f.- same as 4.
III.RIVER BASIN OF THE MABICA RIVER.
601,- Pftvenecka; Cc= middle coarse; f- precipitations and temperature.
IV. RIVER BASIN OF THE TUNDZHA RIVER.
7.b- Akderes c-the upner course; f- modulus,- 8.1)- Radova; e- the umner voiree;
f- modhlue.
V.RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE BLACK SEA DIRECTLY.
9.1)- Rasokastrenska; e- village of Rusokastros f- precipitatiens.modulus,and co..
efficient of variation.- 10,13 Dvejnicas e. in the lower course; f= modulue.-
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111?01100101?????1201111111111?00.11
PAGE NU/4(
STATl
Bulg?hydrology 124 *
8w
1101)- L.Kamchiya; e- village of Lyulyakovo; f= modulus.- 12,b- L.Kamchiya; e- vil-
lage of Gradec; f- modulus.
VI.RIVERS IN THE DOBRUDZHke
13.b- Sukha; e- in the lower course; f-modulus.
VII, RIVER BASIN OE THE 'MATRA RIVER.
14.b- Yantra; e. village 01 EVrt; f- temperature and modulus.- ura 15.b- Rosicaz
a- village of Valevci; 1- precipitations and modulus.- 16.13- Banat; e- village of
Vglevci; I. precipitationeptemperature and modulus.
VII.RIVER BASIN OF THE lap.
170b- Sukha; c- Ravna; f.. modulus.- 180b- White Iskpl e- in the up;:er course;
modulus0precipitations andtemperature.
....EftELLIGENCE TRANSLATION
Generallypfefr the entire country it is proposed
to close. 0 . ? 0
? : :? 70 hydrometric stations
to transfer. .
tO open ?
0 . .59
(p.111) In the thus proposed number of hydrometric stationsothose along the Duna
are not included where three hydrometric stations of the existing five stations are
completely sufficient for the elucidation of the regimen of the stream in the dis-
trict of our border?
As the most suitable for closure tires- the station in Lem0which is very close
to the station in Novo Selopand the station in Silistraosince the latter is at the
border where the river leaves our countrypand the hydrological data are without
any significance for us.
After such an analysis of the network of hydrometric stations in regard to the
hitherto enumerated elements0the network is also considered in reference to the
density of the river network0For the purpose the map ?compiled en the density of
the river networkohas been used(8)0
From Table 14 and Fig.80it can beseen that a good relationship exists between
the density of the river network and the number of the hydrometric stations. The
network of hydrometric stations is correctly distributed0as with the ihcreaso of
the coefficient of density the area per station quickly increases..
TABLE 14; (LEGEND OF mamma HEADS); a- coefficient of density; b= to area
per square Img.c. numbo'r of hydrometric stations; ?d area per one station,
0 Li CZ Ca 0
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PAGE NU AlDELIS TAT
125
Since on its part the density of the river net Mostly depends upon the precip-
itationsoon the forest coverageoon the slope and the pedo-geological structure ef
a given region, the relationship thus obtained once more corroborates the correct
distribution of the network of hydrometric stations in regard to the examined phy-
sico-geographical characteristics.
For the acquisition of N complete and good hydrological characterization of some
of the hydrological elements, the correct distribution of the hydrometric stations
alone is not sufficient.but the given area must be also well elucidated by meteor-
ological and pluviometric stations. Very frequently in the hydrological practice it
happens that characterisation of a given hydrological element is made or inter-
pretation of some hydrological phenomena is given,only on the basis of data for the
meteorological elements.
All this requires an ootimation of the distribution of meteorological and plu-
viometric stations in regard to the drainage areas of the hydrometric stations. For
this purpoeepon the map of the drainage areas.all meteorological and plubiometric
stations have been marked,and on the basis of this,Table 15 was compiled.
(p.112) 7rom Table 1501t can be seen that the meteorological and the pluviomee-
ric stations are almost sufficient and evenly distributed ever the entire territory
of the country.Only a few small drainage areas are not provided with pluviometric
stationsonamely chiefly in the high mountainous sectionsoTo cover also these gaPeo
for the country in general it is proposed to open 39 pluviometric stations distrib-
uted by the drainage areas in accordance with the attached list and Map 10 of the
Annex.
Finallypit must be remarked that all the proposals made for opening of new sta-
tions,both hydrometrical and meteorological,must be specified as to the very site
so that the most suitable qyarters are selected.
Moreover, the stations which are proposed for closure and transfer must be in-
vestigated jointly with the interested authorities when those stations which are
necessary for these purposes pass over into the special network.
This way as the scientific elaboration of the network is combined with the sel-
ection of the suitable quarters for the stations and the good provision of the same
quarters,the collection of good and high-quality hydrological data is secared.so
necessary for our construction enterprise and for the national economy.
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?1WELLIGEfiCeTaMMT?
Bulg
warmiumrsTAT
FIG06; LEGEND; a. drdinata: coefficient of density; b* abscissa: surface area
.hydrology
126
in square Km per hydrometric station.
ani, 11.11
v70
%
TABLE 15: LEGEND 07 COULMMAR WEADINGS: a- surface area of the drainage region
in square Km; b- number of drainage regions; c number of meteorological and pluvie-
metric stations;(from to); d. Average number of meteorological and pluviometric
stations in the drainage area; e- new meteorological and pluviometric stations;
f- are per one station? in square KM.
COMOLUSIOVS
The foundation of the network of hydrometric stations made thus over the area
of our country is but a general scheme which should be worked out in detail at the
site of each station.
From the final result of the accomplished analysis it is seen that the number
of hydrometric stations is increased very little0whidh shows that with the correct
placement of the existing stations good results can be obtained.
In this number of hydrometric stations those are excluded which should be op-
ened at the main canals of the larger irrigational systems as well as along the
Dana river which at the present time are under the Ministry of Transportation and
Communication.
On the other handpit is seen that the closure and transfer of the existing sta-
tions and the opening of new stations concerns nearly is third of the network. This
compelles that all these changes be made gradually according to a plan worked out
in advanceoas the possibilities for these changes are taken into consideration at
sitepand in case of closure or transfer-- also the needs of the other organizations
and jurisdictions.
Special attention must be *paid to the hydrometric stations whose regimen is die
-
turned by water engineering structurespas in the first place suitable quarter must
be sought for the transfer of the stationpand finally their structure is used for
hydrometric purposee(according to the methodical instructions of the Hydrometeerol-
ogica/ Service of the USSR,- No034).
Specially carefully must be solved the question on the hydrometric stations in
the lower i6 courses of the rivers which are flowing into the Dunaosince they must
be transferred outside the area of the backpashc.
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iri-Eu.-WirrictrAlisiernnon
tulg.hyrology
111??????????111
AThrBEIT'STAT
127
At the already COttitittaird Urge water fiffetvdtieflcomplex hydrometeorological
stations must be orani4reei4
:,.0*?etIJOC
In the ecientiftcnitiattriiii now made thireVilmainoposal offered for a net-
work of hydrometric siLtiChs In which the solid rUnoMWould be observed-- the
floating drift and the chemical substances of the water.This will become possible
only after during this year the data of current observations of these elements
are elaborated and generalised.
USED LITERATURE
Y.L.BYKOY: Hydrometry.
A.V.OGIEVSKIJs Hydrology of the Land.
Prof.Eng.Khristofor BAIDANOV; Hydrology.
A.B.BORSUKs Supporting hydrometrical net. Ing Meteorology and Hydrology.Book 5.
1946 y,
HANDBOOK and information.published by the Hydrometeorological Service.
HYDROLOGICAL reference book for the rivers of the Peoples Republic of Bulflaria.
Vel.I and vol. II; under the editorship of engin.I.MARINOV.
THE WORKS of the Hydrometeorological Service.
(p.114) a) Map of the average annual nrecipitationa for the period 1896-1945.
b) Man of the average annual temneratures for the perlod 1916 - 1945.
e) Map of the runoff modulus for the period of 1935/36 - 1949/50.
d) Map of the density of the river net.
MAP of the forests of Bulgaria.published by the Ministry of Agricaltureoand
State Estates.Department of Forests and Hunting and Fishing.
Map, of the soils in Bulgaria.published by the Joint Bulgarian-Soviet Exnedi-
tion for the study of the soils in Bulgaria.0019480
TABLE; LIST OF THE HYDROMETRIC STATIONS WHICH,ACCORDING TO THE FOUNDATION
OF THE NETWORK.ARE PROPOSED FOR CLOSURE.TRANSFER.OR OPENING
GENERAL HEADINGS OF COLUMNS s st,-. serial number; b- river; c- changes and sites;
d- closure; e= transposition; f- opening.
RIVER BASIN OF THE STRUMA RIVER.
1,river Glogoska; d. village of Zhilenci.- 2.Eleshnica; f. village of Rakovo.-
30Bistrica; d- village of Bistrica.-40river Blagoev.Bistrica; f- in the upner course
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WIMIMI57
1
STAT2811
5.riveVlsikhinika;.f.tAAWAplw course,,Apnylvothdlpint 7.Petrev.
aka.? ;d- village of ?strove.- 8.Bilska; e from thtiPAY140 of Pastra to below
the village of Bila....icirtTer,Aushioka; s...tro041.11age of Sushica to the
10.Strumm river; f... above the pool,of,the Studena dam.- 12.river
Konska; f- near its influx into ,the Strums. river.- 13. river Treklyanska; f- near
its influx into the Struma.? 14.river Izvor; f. at ,the.Skakavithki water falls.-
16. river Struma; f. below the influx of the Dsherman river.
II. RIP:RUSIN OF THE MT:STA RIVER.
160river Retizha; dd. village of Gostun.- 17.river Kornishka; d. village of Kornica.
180 river Karadzhadere; d. village of Zmeica.- 19. river Viihterica; d- from the
Forest House above the village of Kovadhica... 20.at the springs; f- at the canal
above the equalizer of the "Razleg" Hydroelebtric Plant.- 21. outflow; f- below
the town of Razlog.- 22. Mesta river; f. below the influx of the river Zleshnica.-
23. river Musomishtenska; f- Musomiihte.
III.BIVER BASIN OF THE MABIOA RIVER.
24. river Ibyir; d. altitude 1900 me- 25. Marica river; 46 altitude 1490 m.- 25,
Kriva river; d- place of Hadthidedeica.(p.115.List cont.)(tame headings as on p.
114); 27. river Ballikdere; d. Forest House "Chekhllovon.- 28. Stara river; d- vil-
lage Of Norova.- 29?river Giedica; d- place Gizdica.- 30. Chernodere river; d- the
"V.Kolarov? dam.- 31.Tenesdere river; d. place Dukkhana.- 34. Stara river; d-
Levskigrad Hydroelectric Plant.- 35. Elentusa spring; f- Velingrad town.- 36.Myitni-
ca river; f- below the dam "Batak",; 37. Beglizhka river; f- below the dam B.Kela-
rov.- 38.Toplika river; f. Spring of the place Poroen Most... 39. river Shiroko-
lviahka; f- the springs above the Bedenski Baths.- 40. river Viteha; f- below the in.
flax of the river Shirokolyishka.- 41. the 40 snrings; * f- at Asenovgrad.- 42.riv-
er Bryagovska; f- village Bryagovo.- 43. river Omurovska; f- in theupper course....
44. river Marica; f- town of Dimitrovgrad.- 45. river Blatnica; f- village of Bad-.
nevo.- 46. river Ovcharica; f- above its influc into the Syutlijka.
IV.HIVBR BASIN OF THE RIM ARDA.
47. spring Khubcha; f. village of Sokolovci.- 48. river Chamdere; f- above its in-
flux into the Arda.- 49, river Syntlijka; f- town ?,f Zlategrad,
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r. litfaiSLATION
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rit?irfiERSTAT
129
V;TIVIIRrBASIN;OF THE RIVvR TOME,
50.river Radova; f?lfugetlredUree... 51.river_,TutidshaV44s)village of Strupec.- 52.
river Tundzha; d- villagdjdf KOnoveco. 53.river Entnika; e- from the water reser-
voir to above the villa& Entna.- 54. river Tundrhe4 f. below the dam G.Dimitrov.-
55.river Modhurica; f, above the town of Polyanovgrad,..
VI.TITE DISTRICT OF RIVERS WHICH FLOW DIRECTLY INTO THE BLACK SEA.
560river Mladezhka; d-place Karamlfta.- 57, river Rukokastrenska; f- village of Ru-
kokastro.- 58. river Dvoinica; f- in the lower course.. 59. river L.Kamchiya; f.
village of Lyulyakove... 600river L.Kamdhiya; f. village of Gradec,- 610river Kam-
chiya; d- village of Salamanovo.- 620river Kamchlya; 6- place Poda.-63.river Kriva;
e- from N.Pazar to the river Kamenishka.- 64. river G.Kamchiya; f= above the vil-
lage of Tidha.
VII. (p.116 cont.same legends of columns)
VII.RIVERS OP THE DOBRUDZHA.
650 river Sikha; f- in the upper course.
VII/RIlm.2 BASIN OF RUSENSKI LOM.
66.river White Lem; f. the springs at Razgrad.- 67.river White Lam; f- before its
influx into the Little Lem.
METER BASIN OF THE RIVFR YANTNA.
68.river Yantra; f= village of Etsplytt.- 650The Matra river; d- village of Vetren.
ci.- 700 river Ostresihka; d. village Ootrec.- 71 river Yantra; e- from the hydroel-
ectric plant "Sint Vir" at the river Belida, below the influx of the Dryanovska.-
72.01d river("Stara reka"); f- the upper course.- 730river Dshulyuniihka; f- vil-
lage Dshulyunica.- 74. Big River(G.Reka); f- the upper course.. 75.river 'beim;
f- below the dam "Al.Stambolijski".- 76.river Yantra; f- village of Etplt.
LEIVER BASIN OF THE VIT RIVER
77.river Katunishka; e- from the village Katunica below the influx of the UOrchin-
oka river.- 78. river B.Vit; f. village of Ribarica.. 79, river Vit; f= below the
place called Bosiza.- 80. river Kalnik; f. below the influx of the river Lesidren.
ska.
Xi. RIM BASIN OF THE RIVER ISK9E.
81. river Pryaka; d- village of Gevedarci.- 82. river White Iskft; f- in the unper
course.- 83, river Pandharevska Bistricn; d. village of Pancharevo.. 84.riv,I2kft;
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Bulg.hydrology
Fra-gurices,----s TAT
130
(1- village of Reselec?. GSM:Cater "IL,Bistrida; at:WettlerlHorovec to below the fish-
ponds.- 86.river Iskjr4tAtilealige. of PasarelebelowItittifdam wall.- 87.river Ch.
Iskft; f- the upper ocsirmted 88ftiver Mato *illagile Opicvet.- 89.river Is-
krecka; f- at the springs :',.904 -river Little I sklir; ?Z.%!*illage Drhurovo.
XII.RI\ERS,,WEST OF THE RIVER ISXV110
91 river SrebIlirna; d- viflage Xomoshtica.- 92,rivir :Sredna; d- village of Komosh-
tica; 93. river Voleniohna; d. place Petrokhan.- (p0117) (T/BLE cont.gtame colum=
nar legends). 94.river.Stara; d- above the village Una thane.- 95.river Shirine;
d- place Petrokhau.- 95. river Dyasna; d- village of Bpsiya.- 97. river Chiprov-
aka; 111.. village ChiprOvciz. 98.rever Golyama; d- village G.Lom.- 99.river Little
Ogosta; gX e- from the village Goveshda to above its influx into the Ogosta.- 1000
river Cibri ca; o- from the village D.Cibft to above the irrigational system.-
101,river Stakevska; e- from the village Borovica to above its influx into the
river Isom.- 102.at the left irrigational canal of Petrokhan place; f- before the
oqualiser.- 103, at the right irrigational canal at Petrokhan place; f-above the
equalizer.- 104. river Nrsiya; f- above the influx of the river Ogosta.
TABLE
LIST OF HYDROMETRIC STATIONS PROPOSED FOR OPENING?
(LEGEND OF COLUMNAR HEADINGS): a- -serial number; b. river basin; c- river;
d-
1.5 STRUMA 8
loc- Glogeska; dc upner course.- 2?a- Eleshnica; d. upper course; 3,c- Gra-
dovekag d. upper course0...?4.c- Sandanska Histrica; d- upper course.. 5.c.-Lebnica;
et=. upper course.
6.7 BLAGOBISTRI CA:
6.0- Blag.Bistrica; d= upper course;-7.c- Bilska; d. upper course.
8.12: MESTA.
8.c. Belica; d- upper course.- 9.c. White Mesta; upper corse,.. 10.c- ror6
nishka; d- upper course.- 11.c.Despat; d- upper course.- 12.c. Itradshadere; d..
upper course.
13-20gMARICA
13.c- Stara; d. above Xostenec.- 14.c- Shepinska; d. upper course.- 15,c.
Vcha; d. upper course.- 16,c- Trigradika; d- upper course.- 17.c- Beglishka;
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ErrTMUT.07=-E Limoitiuis N
Bulg.hydrology
t
STAT
PAGE NUMBER
131
duper course,- 1800,Platnica; d- Nova Zagora.. 19,c.Syutiijka; d- upner course.-
20. c. 0 chushn ca ; d.,.?apaty 61,99.7,1M0.,
*
21-23;ARdL.
:ndCAOrti
o 0
'AS lo (ftn!btlf,
21.c. Elkhovska; upper course,- 22.c- Krumovica; d- unner course.- 23.c-
Byala; d- upper course.
? :
24.28: TUNDZHA:
24.e- Akdere; d- middle course,- 250c- Tarijska; d- middle coarse.- (p,118).
26.c- Eninska; d- upper course.- 27.c- Radova; d- up er course.- 28.c- Belenska;
d- upner course.
'
29.b- Kamchiya; c. Lower Kamchiya; d. upPer course.
30.b. Dobrudzha; c- Sukha; d- Tolbukhin.- 310b. Dobrudsha; c. Sukha; d- upper
course.- 320b- PROVAM/JVAA; c. Kriva; d- upper course.- 33.b- FESE7SKI LOM; c-
White Lom; d- upner course.- 343b- "VIT; c- Cherni Vit; d- upper course. -35,1) -
OSUM; c- Osum; d- upper course.- 36.b- OSUM; c- Osum; d- AleksarCrovo.- 37.b-
IKSUR(ISKUR); c- White d . upper course.- 38.b- ISKUR; c- d.= up-
per course.- 39.b-LOM; c- Lom; d- upper course.
MAP(*Attached); HEADING.-- HT7ROMFTRIC NETWORK OF BULGARIA.,
II. NOTESs(on map) a hydrometric station number;
b- new hydrometric station;
c. hydrometric station to be transferred;
d- hydrometric station to be closed;
0- water divide line for the mouth of the river;
f. water divide line for the hydrometric stations;
re. altitude in meters.
III.(At lower left corner); Compiled and formed by the p3o0KARTPROJECT at
the UGK0. AuthorsEngineer Iv.MARINOVoof the Scientific Research Institute for
hydrology and meteorlogy.
(In lower right corner); Printed by the Karto -Geo-Utensil Factory of the UGX,
Sofia01957.
(next paper on next page).
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rELLIGENCE, RANSLATION
Bulg.hydrology
engineer RoMINCTIEV:tila .0 41%
4.1.3-Jaudesan#,JG
Concerning the HTDBOLOGICAL PR0JITTIOW8WA9A2,4)
* * * ? ? * ? ? ? ? ? * al * * *
i
6 - t-EnvrSTAT
132 ' *
The prognosis(prediction) is the foreseeing of the future development of
tt.
events (actions)
The need for learning the future regimen of the hydrological events forced the
study of the past and the observation of the present evolution of these eventsowith-
out datapit is impossible to project for the future runoff and to construct any
kind of aquatic work. The more accurate the forecastothe more correct the projecting
and the more profitable the construction, The flood watersoat their extravesatiob?
will cause damages if they are not foreseen,and preventive measures are not taken
in time.
The beginning of hydrological predictions is put by engineer BELCRAN to 1850
in France where he foresaw the catastrophal waters of the Seine riveroIn the Soviet
Union much work has been done in this respect after the Great Octobrist Socialistic
Revolution.The Soviet hydrologists N.V.LEBNDEV.B.I.OLDEKOF, L.K.DAVIDOV1, A.V.ODIa
EVSKI,V,A,NAZABOV?F.I. WIWI and others created the best methods for hydrological
predictions.In our country0at the present time,experiments are made for hydrolog-
ical forecasting.
For the purpose that we correctly estimate the need and the possibilities of
the hydrological forecasts, we have to examine theyr types and methods.
We may divide the hydrological forecasts according to various principles
s-
1) by the time range; 2) by their subject matters; 11) by their objects; 4) by their
accuracy? 5) by the methods which are ueedoeto.
1. By the time range we distinguith ihort-term and long-range forecasts.
The short-term forecasts are for a period from a few hours to ten days which
depends upon the site of the rivers, The long-range predictions are for a period
longer than ten daysowhiCh may go up to several months or years.
2. By their subject matters we distinguish forecasts:- a) of the water stands,
b) of the runoff, c) of the drifts, d) of the temperature ,e) of the ice conditions?
etc.
30.Aeolltpts of the water predictionsothe following may serve:- rivers, swamps,
lakespunderground waterspetc.
4. As to accuracy we may distinguish among the water predictions such types as
a
.1.1001???????
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I T FACE TRANSLATION
Bulgohydrology
orientational, qualitattV?d.t quantitative tines-
The oriantational predictions. are of lest Vccurannand they are given in lack
of sufficient dataosafddapfthe-oeresence of a itieniit6tot thigh waters?
(p.120) The qualitative forecasts give a mon i complete characterization of the hy-
drological events-- amount0fluctuation0amplitude0given in relation to the weatherAm
The quantitative ones-give in figures the probable size of the foreseen hydrol-
ogical event, its repeatability? and the average square error.
5. As to methods(materials) the water predictions can be classified as hydrom-
Nwra-afforS TAT-1
133
e trica- hydrome teorologi cal 0 hydrological ,hydro- synop ti cal? periodical ?and complex.
The hydrometrical predictions are based upon the hydrological and meteorologic-
al characteristics and data.
The hydrological mredictions are based upon the hydrological methods? research-
es,and characteristics made on the basis of hydrometric and hydraulic data.
The hydro-synoptical predictions utilize the synoptic meteorological forecasts
and the hydro-meteorological researches and dharacteristics.The synoptic meteorol-
ogical forecasts on their mart are based upon the dharacteristics0observationsland
data on the special course of the meteorological events. The hydro-synottical fore-
casts provide usually for a short period of time? one to two days? and they are
chiefly used for the forecasting of icy conditions.
The prriodical hydrological predictions are based upon the prerequisites of
periodidly in the course of hydrological events0whieh is due to an imposition of
elementary wave-like movements upon its course0mrovoked by a wave-like course of
some of the factors.
The complex hydrological predictions are given on the basis of the simultaneous
use of some tyr.ies of the above mentioned predictions.
All types of forecasting cannot be possibly made for every river0but they are.
not necessary either.
We shall investigate in general lines the more imnortant types0as we also em-
phasize the degree of their feasibility in relation to the different rivers.
The short.term hydrological predictions foresee the regimen of the water stands?
of the runoff ,and of the other hydrological eventspas it is said? for a period of
a few hours to 10 days0which tines depends upon the contents of the river0reemect-
ively upon the distance between the hydrometric stations and the speed of the water
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rff G Etm--mTlis u um
Bulg,hydrology
_______STAT
AG g Ntimilf"
134
waves, wherefrom it follow:1,E; fthet for our skil:iriy.torNhthe short-term predictions
will have a much loweAlmpemttlimit of dating.;/-.f' 2 !ft, Tr/ Ji
The ihort-term waterkipripliotions chiefly unewtherivATometric methods. for our
small riversphowever0 the. use of the hydrological, methods is enforcedpand for the
lengthening of the time rangepthe forecasts of the weather may be also used.
The short.term hydrometric predictions may be divided into such types which usea
a) the correlation of the water stands,
b) the. correlation of the runoff,
c) the, isolines .
d) tendency to preserve the course of the hydrological processes,
e) (p.121) the balance of runoff and others.
The hyerometric prognosispbased upon the correlation of the water stand spor the
runoffpproposed by MORAN? is the most accurate and the most frequently anolied one
Its essence consists in the following:
From the characteristic points in the course of the water stand spor of the run-
off, two or more hydrometric stations of a riverpor of a river region, determine
the time which is necessary for the one-phase runoff waves to travel the distance
from the more upstream to the more downstream hydrometric station, By the estab-
/ished ration of the one-phase water stands or runoffspand their noted values at
the upper hydrometric stations? the values of the same element are foreseen for the
lower standing stations. This method gives better results for forecasting the hy-
drological processes of large rivers. The runoff and the time period of the latter
rivers fluctuate relatively less. In their lower courses the upper narts of the
runoff are equalised. The atmospheric events,which are chancy for the small drain..
age areaspare smoothed out and summed up on the large surfaceareasp and they ob-
tain an expression of regularity. The time range at the surging and running-off of
the high waters fluctuates but slightly. At relatively large di stances.the unob-
served additional onflow system is percentually but slightly increased, and the
observed onflow(tributaries) may take part in the prediction.
In the correlation,important role is played by the dynamics of the runoff wave.
The theory is still not sufficiently elaborated for it. Some considerations(By
BESHE) can be mentioned which again have a value. The formation of the runoff wave
is step=wise -- it grows much at certain sectionspwith influx of the tributaries,
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?
ICE IRADISLATIOX
mmurao
Bulg.hydrology 135
and it gradually decreasepeat the sections without.tributeriesodue
ence in slope and depth aleng the length of the river.(F1g.1).
41.
Fig.13(NO LEGYYD)
STAT
its differI
-
Let the curves ABC and AgBgeg (Fig.2) represent the change of the level at
the travel of the flood peak in time to the distance(p.122) between two sections
F1g.2:(110 LEGTTD)
CCP 4:=11
x and x#Dx0 and the change in time Dt. For this timeo volume v will change by Dv.
This change in a longitudinal section will be represented by the widened Dart
(enlarged part) (F1g.2). The change of the volume may be expressed as
Dv Q b.Dh.Dx . ? ? ? . ? .1)
This increase in the volume may be determined also as the difference of the prod.
act of the time Dt and the second runoffs in the two sections Dq.
Dv :fp" (q 3 Da)Dtq?Dt = Dq.Dt . . .2)
If we equate the results of 1) and 2)0we will get
b.Dh.Dx Dq.Dt
b.Dh.Dx Dq.Dt 00
for the finite values
bodh.dx dq,dt = 0
bg 0
dt dx
The way of the work by the correlation method can be seen from an example, We
shall take as each the prediction of the water stands of the Duna river at the town
of Vidin made by the observations at Budapest and of the tributaries Drava at Barcso
Tisza at Szeged? and Szava at Bred.
By the observations of 1947 lentil 1953 the needed regularities have been deter-
mined.
For the determination of both the dynamics and the strengthening of the runoff
waves of the Duna and of the tributaries, course lines have been composed of the
fluctuations of the water level (h) as a function/ of time(t),
h f(t).
The latter is changed into a function of time(t) of the fluctuation of the levil(h)
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ELIA MGM SWUM
Bulg.hydrology
which when integrated by -the,fiactuation(h) wt13Itiire
A
FIG.33(LFGErD): (en ordinate) t days,
AGEp-----u----m3ER STATi
136 ,
MEIMMIMMISMM
(p.123) The correlation is established separately for the tributaries and for
the main flow of the river for intervals:
for the Tisza in the intervals from 23 Apr. 1954 to 24 May 1954,
for the Drava If
for the Stara
14 May 1954
for the Duna at Budapest " 2 1 May 1954 to 31 May 1954.
By the thus established correlations0 the dynamics of the ranoff waves are de-
termined.on the basis of which the curve of their confluence is compiled(Fig.4).
FIG.4;(LEGEND):a(ou abscissa); ...t days0
b(names on curve.from upper left corner along the line:)Budapest,Barcs.
Duna.Drava.Brod. Ssva.Sseged.Tiszajeman.Beigrad.Vidin.
For the followed waves0 a correlation ratio (Fig. 5) has been established by
which the prediction is made along the course of its travle to the town et Vidin.
The thus predicted values of the water stands are compared with the observed values
(Table 1-5) and the error is determined whose course is reoresented on F1g.6.
The errorpas it is received0 is expressed in the percentages of the multi...an.
nual amplitude0 and it is an average of 0.7%.and the maximum 3.2%; thereby. 25% of
the cases are with an error of 1.14 to 3.20%0 and 50% are with errors of 0.94 to
3.30%/.
The term of the prediction is increased if it is made by observations at more
rezote stations; however, thereby.the accuracy is decreased.due to the increase of
the additional tributaries.
A deficiency of the method is the Chance element in regard to the additional
tributary system which is correlatively determined.
The balance method was hydrometrical and hydrometeorological.
The hydrometrical balance method is based upon the equilibrium of the observed
runoff at the upper points.vith forecasting (text jumps to bottom of p.125) the
runoff at the lower key point of the river which may be expressed this way:
( (13- (12 # 43 # ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? e ) (1 k)
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"INT LUSSUCE 'afillISLATION
Aulg.hydrology
where
(p0124)
ei7.1-3M MrSTAT
137
FIG.5; LEGEND,! a)(ordinata),.in.,centimeters
b)(abscissa):Vidin water stand in centimeters; scale 1 cm:10 cm.
(LEGEND on side of ordinata):Sum of the water stands: Duna at Buda,
pest 0.40 h; Szava at Brod 0.10 h; Tisza at Szeged 0.28 h; Drava at Barch 0,12 h.
(LEGETT OF INSERT MA?) Drainage basin of the Dana; rivers marked
DunapTisza,DravaoSzava; towns marked; Vienna0Budapest0Barce, Szeged0Brod0Delgrad.
VidinoRase).
0 0 0 0
(p,125) FIG.(LEGEND): a) abscisea:...days
b) top curve legend:..observed water stands
c) middle curve:..foreseen water stands;and observed stands
d) lower curve:opaline of errors.
0 0 0 0 0
(p.128) (cont.from p. 123) where Q is the preducted runoff at the lower point of
the river; ql,q20c2...are the observed runoffs at the higher situated points of
the river and the tributaries; k...is the coefficient which expresses the addition-
al unobserved tributaries,
By the observation of the paston the coefficient k is determinedoisochrones
are composed for the course of the runoff waves by which their future course and
the confluence of the correlated runoffs at the lower points is determined, In
case the course of the waves is not directly observedoit is determined by empiric-
al formulasoor from the mean speed at the upper and the lower points of observe=
tionWith this methodothe prediction of the runoff of the river Tundsha at the
village of X Banya was composed by the observation of the G,Dimitrov dam,
According to the described method D&S with the porgnoais for the Dunao the dy=
namics of the waves are determined. The function of the runoff (Q) is by the time-
(t).
Q f(t)
which is changed into a function of the time(t) by the runoff(Q)
tgy(Q)
whichowhen it is integrated for the runoff(Q)
t Sy (Modct
with equal values of the integrals if (q)aq, for the lower point and
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?-?
GEKCE USIA 0 1 N M ? Nit SI-AT-1
138
i(qi)dqi for the upper points determines the ontaphase runoff waves.From the
same onesothe dynamicsitiecOnfluence0 the'intaniiti'ef the waves and their course
at the lower point is determined
The additional tributary system is not observed,and it is comparatively large;
hencepit is important thatoinstead of expressing it by the multiplier (1 # k)pit
should be determined by observation of the precipitations by which the formula for
the balance of the observed runoff must be supplemented by us with this for the
water balance of the unobserved additional tributaries.
x y +4.
2 WO 11
in which x?.the annual precipitations, y... the annual runoffo s?.the annual eve-
porationo u...the change of reserve of moisture in the basin. The formula gives
a possibility to define the annual runoff(y) on the basis of the annual precipita-
tions(x)0 and for the prediction the daily runoff is necessary. For its determine,-
tionOwe must take the intensity of the daily fluid precipitations(x)0 its runoff
coefficient( ( )0 the 'mew coverage ?and the intensity of the telting of the snow.
Thenowe shall determine the runoff (qv) from the expression
Bulg.hydrology
qv= IASX* dr # Dqc # q
where qvcois the runoff of the unobserved drainage area; 0? ...the runoff coeffi-
cientg X.?.the intensity of precipitations; F...the drainage area; Dqc,.the growth
of the runoff by the melting of the snwog q...the runoff of the corresponding pre-
vious day.
In this expression? c4 and and Dqc are unknown.
The intensity of precipitations(X) may be determined from the entire prebipita=
tion fallen during 24 hours.and from its time durationpas an average for the cor-
responding period of time,
(p.127) The growth of the runoff from the melting of the enow(Dqc) depends
upon the snow cover,and upon the course of the temperature.Between these values the
correlative ratio is determined by vhich the daily runoff from the snow-melt,by
which also its growth is determined, is predicted.
The runoff coefficient(alpha) is a variable qgantity which is not observed. Its
change depends upon the moisture-loadedness of the drainage basin. The latter on
its part depends upon the precipitations and on the evaporation of the preceding
periodpand it is Oto a certain degree, reflPeted in the runoff during the corresp-
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G I isLATioN
.Bulg.hydrology
STAT
1GE NUMBER
139
ending preceding time. By obsrrvations of 1936-19450correlative ratio has been al-
so established between the runoff coefficient(alpha).the precipitations(H)Oand
the temperature(t) of the previous period:
f (act)
From the equation for balance of the runoff
gq # q2 qz # OO000000#O?OdI Dqc # CIO
and on the basis of the determined relations by the observations of the runoff at
the upper points and the precipitations of the unobserved drainage areapseparate
in runoff relations, the runoff is predicted for the lower key point-- the hydro..
metric station at the village of Banya. The daily runoff has been thus predicted
fro the time from 1 Febr.1954 to 1 Sept. of the present year.with an average error
of 2% and a maximum error of 13:43 cases).
40% of the cases are without deviation(Table 1.5).
LONG-RANGE HYDROLOGICAL PREDICTIONS. '
The long-range hydrological predictions use hydrometric methods.hydro-meteor-
?logical methods of typization0 methods based upon the periodicity of the course
of the hydro-meteorological processespand methods based upon synoptic analysis.
The hydrometric methods are used for long rivers.and they are based upon the
hydrometric observations.
The hydro-meteorological methods are based upon the relationship between the
climatic and hydrological processespand upon the differences in time between the
corresponding phenomena which are determined by the observation of the pastoon the
basis of which,by the observation of the present development of the meteorological
processes, the future course of the hydrological events is ferecast.
The methods of the tyoization are based upon the selection of the method of
development of the hydrometeorological processes during the individual years or
periods. By their started yearly or periodical development.we determine the type
to which they belong,and by/ the corresponding type we judge on the expected course
of the predicted processes.
The methods based upon the periodicity start out from the prerequisite for
periodical repetition of the schematized values of the growing hydrological and
meteorUogical elements.
A few authors divide the methods as follows:
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"Wi'MGE7W?N Te ?Anew.=
Eulg.hydrology
STAT
MWEETOr
140
METHODS OF THE ANALOGY 410 GENETIC METHODS.').
The methods of the ankogy'itart out froi6eultLtinnual observations on the ba.
sis of which the laws are determined in the evolution(0.128) of the Wrological
processes.without any regard to the factors which influence their formation.
The genetic method consists in the determination of the degree and manner of
influencing the individual factors in the formation of the hydrological processes
during a relatively ihort...range observetion.
The method of the analogy uses the mathematical statistics.It is based on what
has happened.and what counts for its periodical repeatability. It is applied for
prediction of the values of the individual elementsowithout forecasting the times
of development-- they are chiefly quantitative. We must remark that by this method
the forecasts do not conform to the change of the setting0which is narticularly
important when such a change is permanent as the Change in the vegetal cover of
the drainage basinotechnical structures in the river systemoetc.
The genetic methods Count on introducing en the future the establishment of
the observation in the past of the influence of constant(permanent)factorspand
Only as the influence of Prediction on the variable works. They have their practic-
al side that they can be oriented with the Changes of the setting both of the
slowly Changing factors and of the climatic factors..the fallen precipitations?
the depth of the snow cover? the development of the temperature? the solar radia-
tionpetc.
These methods are divided-- in dependence on which of the factors is given
greater weight0or according to what the prognosis is given for the development of
hydrological processes-- into synoptic? hydrometeorological? hydrologicalpetc.
For a synoptic prognosisobased upon the spacial atmospheric changes, a meteor-
ological prediction is necessary which is in conformity with the following addi-.
tional geophysical factors the drainage area? the altitude above sea-level? slope,
vegeta/ coverage, snow coat, fallen precipitations0etc. It has greatest applica-
tion at the prediction of the winter regimen of the rivers.
This method gives comparatively little justificationpbecause of the imperfec-
tion of the synoptical meteorological prediction.
The hydro-meteorological method is based upon the climatic observations at the
moment of the prediation0and its established relationship with the hydrological
=neap
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STAT
AGE NUMBER
141
Of the demonstrated 'methods for long-range prediationoapplication is made as
follows t
The method of the analogy(especially the methods of mathematical statistics)
---
for forecasting the value and the repeatability of the extreme values in the devel-
opment of the hydrological processes; necessary for the measurement of the water
stands. Because of its great practical value at worko this method has found a large
application in spite of the pointed-out defects.For its improvementoa condensation
of several observational periodsowith the participation of more points of the ob-
served serieso is necessaryo which would give a chance to estimate the influence
of the various factors.
Special attention is deserved by the hydro-meteorological methods among which
the greatest use has that of KALININ. Byt it0 the volumes of the monthly and of
the seasonal runoffs are determinedoon the basis of frAgg (p.129) the observations
of the runoffs o of the climatic observations0 of the water reserve of the surface
of the drainage basin in the river systemoand of the underground reservesoand of
the depth of the snow cover.It counts chiefly on the fact that the larger part of
the runoff originates from the water reserve in the drainage basin and a completely
email portion comes from the fallen precipitations which during the summeroand the
fall and the winter is not enough(in the USSR) to fill up the reserve of the ground
aoistareoand they very rarely give a surface ranoffaa. when they fall as torrential
precipitationsowhich represents a very small percentage of the total volume of the
runoff.
On our country0 this method hall be applied with success for the plains section
of the drainage basins of our rivers where the fallen precipitations still create
a little surface runoff. For the mountainous rivers0where the falling precipitations
create a large surface runoffotheir part in the prediction mast be taken into con-
sideration.By this methodoat the present moment ,,experiments are made for predictions
of a monthly and of a seasonal volume of the runoff of the Marica river,, The flood
waters of rare repeatability may be predicted by the method of a probable repeata-
bility of the cliehatic processes related to rather similar drainage basins.
(p.130) TABLE 1: WATER PREDICTION OF THE WAT-R STANDS(h) OF THE DUNA RIVER
at the town of Vidin0by observation of the Duna river at Budapestoof the
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Szava at Brod? of the Tisza at Szegedo and of the Drava at Barcs.
(cont,, table)
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?Tirrai7CICE"
Balgohydrology
AGE NUMBER STAT---1
142'
(LEGEND of heads ofcolumns)::21. date; 2.; observation 11 cm upstream; 3.
cla # g 4= date; 5. forecast h cm downstream; 6.. observation h cm downstream;
7? deviation cm ; eritr'lin'% from' the aiplitude; 9? 25% of the cases
with error frok
_
to...cm; 10. 50% of the cases with error from...to...cm.
(p.131) TABLE 28 (similar columnar headings as on p.130)
p0132) TABEL 38 (same columnar headings)
(p.133) TABLE 48 (same columns)
(p.134) TABLE 58 (same columnar headings).
*End of this article*
(see next page),
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ELLIGELICE RANSLATION
.BnlgohydrillogY
STAT
'AGE
143
-
143
engineer R.RAIKOV and engineer SH.BENATOVA.
APPLICATION OF THE MI:THODS FOR THE REGULATION OF THE RUNOFF IN
OUR COUNTRY.
In the widest senseo under regulation of the runoff we understand all con
-
scions human interventions into the natural course of the runoff? all artificial
changes of the field? of the speeds, and of the water amounts.With such a wide
meaning of the conceptoalmost all branches of water engineering( hydro-energetic
and water-improvement constructiono water supplypetc.) are engaged in the regula-
tion of the runoffoi.e.o in the changing of the natural regimen of the runoff and
in its adjustment to the vital activity of man.
The topic of the present report is the regulation of the runoff in its narrow-
er senseonamely the re=distribution of the surface waters 1.e00 the artificial
increase or decrease of the water amounts at separate moments? in comparison with
t,
the natural ones. In this seneeothe regulation of the runoff is substantially a
subsidiary measure in solving many water economical tasksosuch as the water supply?
the irrigation? the energy productio40 the transporaation as well as the complex
types of water consumption.
In the beginning of the 20th centuryothe inductrializationo the transport and
the rural economy made comparatively little demands on the water ecenomy. The con-
stracted water engineering structures usually did not have large dimensions,and
the dams have only realized a yearly regulation of the runoffoIt is natural that
at that time,the entire theory for regulation of the runoff has not been in exise.
tence,The first works In this field are related to the computation of dams for an-
nual eaualizationof the waters 0d later for several years. Therewitho on the ba.
els of hydrological observstionso real or fictitious course lines of the runoff
have been compiled andoafter comparing the afflux with the consumption, the size'
of the dam was determined, In this waypthe balance methods of computation have
risen the first.
Daring L9120 HASTICKI published a balance solution of the task for the deter-
mination of the irrigational possibilities of the rivers with the regulation of
the runoff. In /9140 WEN compiled a curve which expressed the relatio4 between
the following values8. multi-annual volume of the damso coefficient of the regu-
lation of the runoff? percentage of assurance of the consumption and coefficient
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T LU CE TRANSIATION
Bulg.hydrology
of the variation. (P.135)
STAT
Eurriono.--
144
-3 4:
;.L J
In the U.S.S.R. a wifte.esoread teaching of the methods based upon the theory of
probabilities started after 1930 when KRICK' and,NENIEL published their first works.
Thereafterothe works of SKVARENSKI came onto also of POTAPOY0KRIOKI0MENKEL,LTAPI-
CREV0etc.
There are various types of regulation of the runoff which can be classified
by two basic marks; a) by destination, and b) by the length of the period of reg-
ulation.
By the first markowe make a distinction on the basis of which branches of the
national economy are served; there is a regulation for irrigation, for energy prod-
uction, for water supply, water transportation, of complex denominationspetc.
By the second markowe distinguish daily,weekly,seasonalOpluri-annual and mixed
regulations.
II.REGULATION OF THE RUNOFF.
As starting data for the regulation of the runoff, the hydrometric fdata on
the natural regimen of the rivers will serve. Depending upon the length and the
fitness of these observationsoboth in our practice and in the literature, two basic
methods are used in the regulation of the runoff.- the balance and the statistical
method.
The availability of direct hydrological observations for a long period(30-50
years) makes it possible to have them used in basis of the calculation at the reg
ulation?since the runoff is compared with the consumption.
This method is made by tabalationoor granhicallyeand it is called tabular or
balanced.
In the presence of very short observational sets or in complete absence of each
sets, the statistical methods are used which are based upon the theory of probab.;
ility?and the averages or statistical data of the runoff are utilieedosuch as the
standard ranoffothe distribution of runoff within & year, obtained either by con-
crete observations or by analogy0
It mast be emphasised that we do not talk here of two basic theoretical trends
in the development of hydrology in general-- a genetical and a statistical, and for
the utilisation of the already analysed and determined hydrological data at the
regulation of the runoff which in the practice is made with the aid of the thus
c'inted out and entIond mejds.
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Solgohydro logy
STAT____
PAGE HUMBER
145
g/ Under the balance,patheft we will understand that method on the basis of which
// rests the use of t4ei?result*pf direct pydrometacal observations of either of
// the water amoantspor of the annual water massy? and under statistical method--
// that by which the direct hydrometric observations are worked over by the meth-
// ode of mathematical statistics for the determination of certain indices-- aver-
// age yearly water amount0 coefficient of variation0 coefficient of asymmetry--
// (p.137)--which characterize the regimen of the river.without giving an indica
// tion about the calendarly course of changes within this so Characterized reg..
// imen.
With observations of shorter set.which is the ease in our country(we have at
our disposal 17-year observation of the runoff)0 a preliminary estimate is necessa-
ry on the representativeness of this number.or its completion by other indirect
metnods.when concrete data of adjacent rivers.observations on the precipitations,
etc0 are utilized.
Lately however0 some of our colleagues are enthusiastic in applying only the
statistical methodOeven in such cases where it is not apalicable.when the concrete
data for runoff are used only for the determination of their average statistical
characteristics.The rejection of the direct observations on the ranoff.and the pro-
motion of our water-economical studies by this way only 0y lead in some eases to
serious mistakes. Therefore it is important that we investigate briefly the applica-
tion of the two basic methods for the regulation of the runoff, while we stop for
some time especially at the seasonal and pluri-annual equalizations.
As chief consumers of the water resources in our country, the energy production
and the irrigation arisepand lately also the industrial water supply. Ordinarily,,
the mountainous dams0 canalspand other structures will have the task of the energy..
productive utilization of the waters.and those of the plains-- the regulation of
waters for irrigational purposes. In our courtry the conditions are such that com-
plex tasks were put upon most of these structures.
At the energyproduction0 the consumption is steady in the Various years.while
within the year it is characterized by an energy-load curve. This relieves much of
the task. since one has to work only with one variable-- the runoff. In this ease,
independently from the length of the regulation periodotabularly or graphicallyi9
with the aid of the integral curves.the runoff is compared with the consumption.
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-FinthnircraTagi.MN
13._ 1.2a. 1...itc.`roiogy
SAGE MiSTAT
146.
and the capacity ciii& ligaso detcrmined iitTegivon assurance.Tice versa0
at given capacities o eldaiqlhe magnitudejOfrtheliimared water consumption is
looked for.
In the absence of any kind of data.alse in the presence of a very ihort set of
observations.not permitting its extrapolation0 the statistical method is employed.
The seasonal volume is found when from the curve of assurance the size of the an.
nual runoff is determined at the proposed assurance0 accordingly the Characteris-
tic monthly distribution is arranged.and the curve of consumption is drawn.The sea,
sonal volume is the difference between the consumption and the afflux in a, period
of emptying of the dam. With pluri.annual equalisationothe working volume is delib-
erately divided into two parts-- volume for annual equalization0 and volume for
a pinri-annual equalization. The first is determined by the same method as at the
seasonal equation of the waters0 and the second0 with the known standard and co-
efficient of variation of the runeff.and with the accepted assurance and estab-
lished regulation(contrel)--with the aid of the curves of Pleshkevo
(p.138) At the regulation of the runoff for irrigational purposes0 we run into
a series of difficulties.because of the peculiar nature of (1 consumption, The re-
quired result is already theg function not only of the variable afflux but also of
the variable water consumption. The fluctuations of the irrigational standard.which
depends upon the climatic factors0 are very small in the drought.afflicted(afflict-
able) and semi-desert districts .and .since.until recentlypirrigation has been
practice only in such districts0 the questions on the regulation of the runoff for
irrigational purposes with variable standards have been very little worked out.
At the present timeomuch greater importance was acquired by irrigation even in
the other districts for which the irrigational standard is fluctuating within con,.
siderable limite.Sach is the nature of irrigation in oar country.too.
As a basic problem at the regulation of the runoff. the question arises about
the presence or absence of the correlative ratio between the runoff and the irriga-
tional standard.A complete functional relationship usually does not exist between
the runoff and the irrigation standard0 since the drainage basin and the climatic
factors have a different influence upon these values; however0 in a number of cases
such a ratio may be determined.since the irrigation standard depends upon factors
which undoubtedly will also influence the runoff?
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.ca
'Bulgohydrology
t1GE HUMBER
14?
STAT?
The application of theAllalaMce method itPtherego.lation of the runoff for jr.
rigational purposes does not meet with any diffioulty..whereas the application of
the statistical method runs into: difficulties. at the computation of the correlative
ratio between the irrigational standard and the runoff.
These questions in the literature are explained but comparatively little.This
is the reason that he we stop some time to spend on them in more detail.to let um
share in the planning experience of the water-economical group of the "Energo-
Hydro-Project''.
1. THE BALANCE METHOD.- For the regulation of the runoff for irrigational pur-
poses by the balance method.the following initial data are necessary afflux into
the dam for a pluri-annual period by months and0 the need for water in the field0
i.e.,the irrigational standards for each year of the observational period.and their
distribution by months.
In ease of a seasonal or annual equalisation.with a given capacity of the dam0
for each concrete year the volume of water mass is determined which had been used
according to the irrigation curve0 and the size of the irrigated area. Here we
distinguish two cases chiefly= if in some years the afflux in the extra-irriga=
tional season is not in the condition to fill up the dam0 the useable water mass
oquals the afflux in the year.substracted the losses of evaporation and infiltra-
tion. If the dam is full at the start of the irrigational season0 and the afflux
is larger than the water required for irrigation0 a part of the water will over-
flow, The water mass useable for irrif:ation will be equal to the sum of the volume
(capacity) of the dam and the part of the afflux in the irrigational season which
could have been ueed for irrigation.
The thus obtained water masses for each year are made into the corresponding
irrigational standards and the size of the areas ready for irrigation is obtained.
For this new sequence of numbers.the curve of assurance(theoretical or empirical)
is drawnoand the size of the area Iff is determined(p.139)0 assured for instance
for 75%.*(FOOTNOTEs In accordance with the instruction on planning, our country
observed the following assurances s- for energy production 85%. for irrigation 70,
for water supply 95%oand so ono and the searching after the economically justi-
fied assurance is not practicPd at all). We think that raising the questiod is
right, since the final purpose of irrigation is to guarantee with a given assurance
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G CE SWIM
Bulg.hydrology
WERRA ---
148 ? '
not that there will be wateremetailable0 butJthatAheYe'!will be such and such an
area irrigated? i.e.. IheJcrop.;'n
When the capacity of the dam is not givent;the task is solved by the reversed
process? i.e.. the size of the required capacity is sought which would assure a
given surface area with the accepted assurance. When the size of the irrigated area
Is increased0 the size of the required volume(capacity) of the dam will also in-
crease. For an accurately determined area there is a certain required volume for
annual equalizatioh. For the irrigation of surfaces which are already larger than
thispa pluricoannual volume is required.
The calculations by the balance method for a pluri-annual equation are not dif-
ferent at all from those with a seasonal or annual equation. The common principle
at the balance method-- comparison of the afflux for each month 0 with the needs of
the area taken for irrigation for the corresponding year.and thence-- finding of
the required capacity for 75% assurance of the area holds good also here. By the
solution of the taskOrepeated a couple of times. the ratio is established between
the useful capacity of the dam and the irrigational area.Frequently.for the cur-
tailment of the volume of the work.or in ease of lack of data on the runoff by
months0 as with the statistical methods0 the conditional division of the useful
capacity of the dam is permitted into volume for an annual equalization and volume
(capacity) for pluri-annual equalisation. sac _h of the two capacities is separate-
ly determined.while the balance for the pluri-annual capacity is made according
to the annual water M9411050
Before explaining the determination of the pluri-annual capacitypit should be
important to explain the contents of the concept" Coefficient of regulationeg,
at the irrigation". One should think such a coefficient here to be the average
(i1zri-annual) consumption C4e0expressed in relative values against the average
pluri-annual tinflow.
Ifs
F....is the size of the area irrigated by the data; VV..the average pluriannual in,
flow; K00 the pluri-annual irrigation standard; VVi.0 the inflow in any year; Miou
the standard in any year. the required pluri-annual capacity Vm.in this year for
irrigation of F decares will be...
Via 0 Ki F VATI
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Bul hydrology
?roil we divide the entire exoression by VV and sr ? we multiply and divide the first
2
STAT
PAGE NUMBER
149
- ? _
member of the right side by Hoothen we will get..
where (p3140)
Vim = Hi0F xMo VVi
eellolnfter erfra
VVer Mo x VVer VVer
.00is the modulated coefficient of the pluriannual capacity;
VVi
= ki.000is the modulate coefficient of the inflow;
VV
sr
H1
Mo
F A? H Eg V Vreg Doo average regalated water mass;
Kieo. is the modulated coefficient of the irrigation standard;
r Aomo
0(0 ... coefficient of regulation(control)0
VVsr
Thew
ki000000 00 (1)
If the right side of the equation lo obtained with a minus signoin the given
Year a plurk=annual capacity is not necessary. The expression (1) ie computed for
each yearoand from the obtained figures of the pluri-annual capacitiesothe ',Asmara
ance is. found 25%,
From the above demonstration it is seen that...
F c; 10,?.=i0e,
Ho
1,e00 the irrigated area is equal to the average regulated water mass divided by
the average value of the irrigation standard, This is the reason that frequently
instead of the irrigated area,) the average regulation(control)00 Is taken to
facilitate the work.
2. THE STATISTICAL METHOD,. For regulation of the runoff by the statistical
methodothe following starting data are requiredsc average pluri -annual inflow
into the dam(or the standard of the runoff), the curve of assurance of the inflow?
the percentual distribution of inflow per months for the measured year? the irriga.
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:rt
STAT
PAGE NUMBER
150.
? ,--. .! _ ..?1-. !7`; . ?
tional standard with 255 assurance and its distraution by months and the curve
of assurance of the irrigational 'standard.
In ease of a seasonal equalisationowith a given capacity of the damo75% assured
efflux is foundoand accordinglyothe characteristic percentual distribution Of ie
determined for this assurance? In the drawing of the dam by the irrigational graph?
the useable water volume Is determined.The latter0divided by the irrigational stand-
ard oing assured for 25%0gives the size of the irrigated area.
With an annual regulation of the runoffothe required volume is determined for
the complete equation by an irrigational graph to a 75% assured efflux.
With the water economical investigations of the pluri-annual dame ,thevariabil-
ity of the irrigational standards per year is taken into consideration.
As We have seen aboveothe required pkuti.annual capacity of the dam for an ara
bitrarily selected year? expressed in relative values in regard to the average plu-
ri-annual afflux0 isPA. cis 44, .In this expressionoboth members
06
Oct. Vfol, and ki are also variableoand have their own curve of assurance.
For the determination of the pluri-annual capacity of the damosufficient to coy..
er the annual deficit of the aff/uxo from the high possible differences such value
pIr must be selected which will give an assurance of r%.
For covering the deficit of the runoff for any Me yearspalso with an i$ r%
assurancep (1)%e, No must be taken for these "ns years.
An approximate solution of this task for the first time has been given by en-
gineer TEOFIMOV whenoan the basis of the taikothe first method of KRIM and MEN-
KE., was laid down.In a 1945 publication? a consultant for melioration of the VNIG
and has given a solution of the same task in a slightly different form. Theoret-
icallyothere is no difference between the two solutions.
A more accurate solution can be obtained by the use of POTAPOV,s methodoThe sol-
ution is based upon the granho-analytical method for determination of complex curves
of the assurance both with the full independence between the two variables(in our
case the efflux and the consumption) and with the existing correlative ratio between
the two.
The annual component of capacity with a pluri-annual equalization is determined
by drawing the dam with an annual efflux equal to the regulated water mass.
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ELIU GE 4DISLATION
*Balg,hydrology
S TAT
PAG- E NUM8ER
151
III. BEGULATIMOtIMUNOFF AT THE CASCADE?
The total utilization of the larger rivers for energy productive.for irrigation.;
al.and so on0 pruposes is only possible through the consistent constructing of a
few steps of water engineering structures as dams and centrals.i.e..through a cas-
cade construction.
The colution of the cascade by the balance method,independently from the type of
consumption,does not represent the principal difficulty.Any of the steps will be
determined and decided by the already described way? only that the starting data
for the second.third.and all successive steps are obtained after the previously
constructed upper steps have been solved. Thereby? this is connected with the need
of a number of assumptions which we shall investigate somewhat later by means of
concrete examples.
In the existing engineering literature.the way is not pointed out by which a
cascade could be decided when one has at his disposal only the average statistical
Characteristics of the natural runoff.On the contrary.in the works that deal with
this question it is said that the problem is very complicated.and that it has to
be solved in the future.Here is how HEIM and MEMEL write in "Water economical
Computationsuppubl. 1952 (p.366 and 371)8" The theory of the use and planning of
the regimen of the cascade of water junctions at the present time commences to
be constructed from now on." with the computation of the cascade. the analysis of
the chronological consistency of the runoff(by the balance method;-our remark)
acquired a special meaning(importance)0 since in many cases the complicated recip-
rocal action of the water reservoirs is not subjected to research which is based
upon studying the probability of the distribution of the runoff.The statistical
methods for the water economical(p,142) and hydro-energical computation of the
cascade of water junctions are applied Chiefly for an approximate estimation of
the basic indices for the effectiveness of the regulation of runoff 3= assurance
and total consumption" "At a detailed planning.they must be combined with re-,
search of the regimen of the cascadepobtained by the runoff.characteristic for
a number of years."
The water economical studies along a number of our structures and especially
along those of the TED(Heat-Electricity Department?) of the Tundilsa riverofinished
side by side with the two methods.clearly illustrate the advantages and the defects
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Bulg,hydrcaogy
STAT
PAGIZNU$JR
152 '
of the balance method and ofthW'statistical-meth6ds'010plied at the various eases
of regulation.
)
As examples We shall quote the conclusions of the elaborations at some of our
structures?
1. THE KVEDZHALI DAM.- The dam was planned for the Ards river above the *own
of KvErdthali. The average pluri-annual afflux 14 the dam, by the data of 16 years,
observations at the nearby water gaging post, amounts to 841 million cubic m, with
the coefficient of variation evr. 0.29.
The chief destination of the water junction is to satisfy the electric consume-
tion of the Khaskovsk electric region.
With the aid of the statistical methodothe basic parameters of the dam were de-
termined as followas degree of the regulation CIC%' 0.75; required seasonal volume
...325.70 million cubic m. The required pluri-annual volume... 36.30 million cubic
m. Consequently,the total useful vo1ume000362 million cubic no
With this capacity of the dam,VEC(hydroelectric central) "Iirdshali" can surely
coverowith an 85% assurance? 50,300 Kwatt power and 96 million KWatt hours annual
production.
For a verification of the assurance of the guaranteed powers and production,
the regimen of the Central was followed back for the available 16-year period of
observations.In result of the detailed drawing by monthspit was found that through
29 menthe of the observational periodothe Central was not in a condition to guaran-
tee the required powers and production,which makes 85% of the investigated period;
or,with other words, the assurance of the Central was exactly obtained so as by
the statistical methodpand the results were in complete agreement by the two me-
thods.
2, THE DAM TOPOLYANE.- The dam is planned at the similarly named village for
the river Hakitnica. The average pluri-annual afflux into the dam is 61.5 million
cubic movith Cig 0.85? It has direct observations at its disposal,for 17 yearspon
the runoff ,for the period 1935/36 - 1951/52.
The destination of the dam is Chiefly to satisfy the needs for water of the
TEO(Topoiyane Electrical Central) *Parte& outflow5.7Or the sake of control, the
computation was done parallel by the two methods..the balance and the statistical,
at three different outlets for TEC-- 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 23/sec0smitted evenly
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RANSWg
Bulg.hydrology
STAT
AWENUMHER
153
through the entire year with 954 assurance.
The balance method was.applied without dividing the volume into seasonal and
pluri -annual.
For the determination of the pluri -annual volume by the statistical method.the
Pleshkov curves were used.
The following required capacities(volumes) were obtained: (p.143)
C4,
Balance meth. V
Statistometh. V
Difference in vole DV
Difference in %
0.5 0.75 1.00 m3/sec
17.38
15.75
# 1.63
# 9.4
31.00
30.64
# 0.36
# 1.2
????????.0
45.4 m1110m3
48.2 "
202 = 2.8 mill.m3
. 6.2 %
The differencesbetween the results of the two methods are with the limits
the volume computed by the
- 6% and # 9%. At the discharge of Qv. 0.5 m3/sec 011#01f1flOt00011Wfil bal-
ance method is 9% larger than the one computed by the statistical method0 and at
the discharge of 1.00 m3/sec the picture is the reverse-- the statistical method
gives a result 6% higher than the balance method. At QS' 0.75 m3/sec0 the differ.-
ence '3,5 but 1%.
These differences may be explained in the following way:- with little regula-
tionothe balance method gives the higher results in comparison with the statistic-
al methodosince the available series of data includes a drought period of 5 years
out of 6 years, and at higher regulation.because of the large assurance of the con-
sumption authorised, a drought period is a period of greater length ?and the re-
sults re lower,
3, CASCADE "TUNDZHA".- For the entire use of the river Tundsha,the construction
of a series of dams and centrals is provided along the river.The plan consists
chiefly of the following dams:- the dam Kalofer in the upper course of the river0
the dam G.Dimitrov at the village Kpronkaowith a total volume of 96.00 million
cubic m, and an average annual natural afflux of 300 million cubic m? the dam
Zhrebchevo.at the village of Zhrebchevo,with a maximum capacity of 500.00 million
cubic m.and an average annual natural afflux of 654.00 million cubic m. One of the
variant schemes provides also a dam Oyurlya.with a capacity of 160,00 million cubic
m, at the river of the same name-- a right-hand tributary of the Tundsha river.
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Bulg.hydrology
STAT
AGE MUM
154 ?
The scheme of the river basin includes also other-smaller dams0but0because of
their secondary importance0ie.shall not delay ineitheir discussion.
The main task of the cascade is the regulation of the waters for irrigation.
At the G.Dimitrov dam and at theZhrebehevo damotater gaging posts are in exis-
tence which have at their disposal observations for 16.yrar periods on the runoff,
fro the period from 1935. A number of other water gaging posts.distributed along
the individual tributariesphave shorter periods of observation.
We shall stop individually at some of the dams0and at the cascadepalso.
At planning the G.Dimitrov damothe task was assigned to determine the possible
area for irrigation by the dampwith an assurance of 75%. Because of its small ca..
pacity.the dam can realise only a seasonal regulation.
The calculation by the balancemethod of the irrigational area amounted to
3140000 decares? and by the statistical method. ..to 2590000 decares. The difference
of 550000 decares? 1000 21.2%(17.5%) between the two methods is not within the lim-
its of admissibility.
To what is this due?
1) firstoto the fact thatoat the computation by the statistical method? a func-
tional dependence was assumed between the assurance of the runoff and of the irriga.
tional standard, which in the reality does not exist. Thus(p0144) the afflux of
1935/36 it of 61.5% assurancepandoin accordance with the statistical method? the
irrigational area is not assured. In reality? because of the fact that the assurance
of precipitationorespectively of the irrigational standardois only 11%0 the culti-
vated plants require little water? and the dam might be able to perform its task,
We had a similar case in 1945-19460t000 when the precipitation was assured for
93%u and the afflux for ..50%. Such a non-coincidence is also found in other years.
The statistical method is unable to compute it? and it assumes the most favorable
combination between precipitation and ranoff...complete functional relation between
them? which leads to the lowering of the value of the 75% assurance of the area.
This has been also confirmed by Academician KOSTYAKOV in his bookg" Bases of smell-
oration(p.356) where it is said that the real assurance of the irrigational area.
determined by the statistical methodois above 10% greater than the one made g by
computation. Moreoveroindded, the obtained area of 259?000 decares may be satis-
fied through all the years of the observational periodpi.e.oto be 100% assured.
1.11:200..0?0101:??????????????lb
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Salgohydrology
??????Sannumeginliale1.1
pAGE mom STAT
1
155
2) secondly, to the at that for a peroentual distribution for the 75% as-
sured yearOthe monthly distribution of 1937/08 is, taken,which is the most unfavor-
able in the entire observational period,In reality, even in the years of much small-
er runoff,the dam could equalise larger water massesoaccording to the irrigational
graph than it did in 1937/38.
The results were also verified by the graphic analytical method of POTAPOV who
computed the correlative coefficient between the efflux and the irrigational stand-
ard. The irrigated area of the dam amounted to 330,000 decars, or 5% more than the
one determined by the balance method.The entire cascade has been worked up.and (solv-
ed by the balance methodowhich gives a possibility to compute comparativele easily
the influence of waters of the GoDimitrov dam spilled to the dam Zhrebchevoof the
waters deviated for irrigation in the Kazanlushko, in St.Zagorpand other fields,
of the additional affluxes to the dams.and so on. The only and serious objection to
the employment of this method is the question about the representativeness of the
observed hyerologicel series. We shall consider this question in the following report
The employment of the statistical method,howeveromeets with serious difficult
-
lee and objectionspand it can be only realized in the basis of the following assump'..
tione8
1.) That there is a functional relationship between the assurance of runoff in
every water reservoir of the river basin.i.e.,that the runoffs in all water reser-
voirshave an equal assurance in any year. In truth, in accordance with the hydrol-
ogical observations, such a relationship does not exist.
2.) That the sum total of the runoffs of some tributaries which have equal as-
eurances. let us say one of 75(t0 is also assured. at 75%; even in the ease when the
natural runoff of the river is disturbed by separation of waters for irrigational
purposes.
3) After,with the aid of the above assumptioneo the affluxes in all dams have
reached three assurances( 25%075%, and average year), by guessing from the tabula,.
tions of POSTER, we determine(p.145) the coefficients of variation(for the three
not
years in order to) and of asymmetry. It is enoughoit is/correct to measure the
afflux in one of the three years because then both the coefficient of variation
and the coefficient of asymmetry will be erroneously determined. It is natural
that this will also reflect upon the reliability of the obtained capacity of the
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-iniair"----EACE TRANSLATION
Bulge hydrology
meeeemseSSTAT
157 ?
dam and on its effeCi,; T6eVfor3iistance0inime difithe-variants,the en= to the
G,Dimitrov dam was determined bk,the above method'as'follows:
75% assurance 81.77 million cubic meters
25% N o o .123.94
average pluri-annual 0 0.= 102077 mill cubicm,
With these data,from the tables of FOSTER it was predicted that Cir 0,30, and
0s 0000, The natural afflux to the dames we have also told above, is ZOO million
cubic meters average annual4 with Ci = 00350
The result in impossibleOsinee it ia not plausible that, after 2/3 of the water
has been caught above the G?Dimitrov dampi.e., mainly by the collective canal,
a smaller coefficient of variation could be obtained,
The actual influence of the collective canal mast have been exactly the reverse,
since in the years of small eater, the canals will catch almost the entire water
volumeonefin the moist years a significant percentage will spill overpand the rel-
ative difference'lpetween the afflux in the arid and in the humid years to the G,
Dimitrov dam will get larger,
4,, To avoid the assumption that the sum of a few different affluxes of equal
assurance has the same assurance? at the determination of the effect of a few
pluri-annual equalisersOthe admittance was made that the capacity of the plurian-
nual equalizer is equal to the sum of the required capacities for the regulation
of the individual &Mums, For instance, the pluri-annual capacity of the ZlIreb
chevo dam will be equal to the sum of the capacities needed for the regulation of
the affluxes of the additional drainage area, of the efflux of the waters spilled
over the G,Dimitrov dam, and of the water mass thrown in by the tributary river
Belenska.
Between these three affluxes,many and numerous combinations are pessible,One
limes situation is that they are so adding up that in the individual years the to".
tal afflux to the dam will be constant? The other limes situation is that the
flood-water and lo-water years and the affluxes for the three years will coincide,
The actual correlation coefficient between the three afluxes may be computed
correctly by the balance method only,whereas the employment of the statistical me-
thos requires us to take the most unfavorable combination between them.- the func-
tional relationship,
The solution in this way is not synonymous, With one and the same capacity of
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EEURMWERIRMEENTM--
Sulg.hydrology
:PIEPPIAppopell?MOP
the damndepending upon whatatind of regulation wif vial teem
S TAT
1
PAGE' NUMBEk
158
Ior eat-h individual
affluxn different irrigational areas may be ebtained6Tor instancenwith the general
regulation ecta 0.80 for all affluxes, and with a capacity of the dam of 455 mil-
lion cubic meters() the irrigated area will amount to 832,000 decares. If however?
with the same starting data, we take the regulation(control) degree at Oka: 0.70
for the waters spilled over the GeDimitrov dam0c4'01=0.80 for the tributary from
the Belenska river, and 4eipl: 0,85 00for the efflux from the additional drainage
area, with the same capacity of the dam, the Irrigated area(p.146) increases to
856,000 decares. With variation of the degree of regulationnmany different results
may be obtainednsometimes even absurd ones. Thusne.g.0 with another variant for
the Zhrebchevo damn one may arrive at results that the waters spilled over through
the spillway of the G.Dimitrov0 would reduce the size of the irrigated area as
follows;
With a total capacity of the Zhrebcheve dam at 4150000800 cubic meters, with
the spilledaertrer waters from the G.Dimitrov spillway06970000 decares are irriaa-
tedn and without them.. .7400000 decares, ornthe spilled-over waters would decrease
the efficiency of the dam by 430000 decares.
In the following tabulation,the results are given parallel of the accomplished
water economical researches by the balance and by the statistical methods for the
cascade,at two aariants; a without the Hyurlya damn and with the Hyurlya dam.
TABAE (om 13,146)s(LEGEND)(of headings as marked by written-in letters);
ee. part of the Gyurlya dam; b. method; a- dams;d= Gyurlya n Va /60,000 MM3 dee
-
area; 03= G.Dimitrov, V 2 9600 MM3 decares; f- Zhrebchevon V g 415,0 MM3 dacares;
g- total decares; h= with the Gyurlya dam; 1: balance; 2; statistical; 33 differ-
ence; 1. without the Gyurlya dam; 1;balance; 2; statistical; 3; difference.
p
From the above tabulation it can be seen that the contribution of the Gyurlya
damnaccording to the balance method, is 46,000 decares, and according to the stat-
istical method... 155,000 decares. This difference is still outside the range of
admissibilityoand it is due only to the inability of the statistical method to com-
pute all peculiarities in the regimen of a cascade irrigational dam.
XV. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE QUOTED EXAMPLES.
10 The available hydrological datanas wall as their sequence and the applied
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E Ewa= p 31.71Y-M-
Bu1g.hydrology
STAT
riNIUMEA
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methods for the regu1atircin7Of thas:rotoff influenbteiln,the most direct sense0 the
choice of the scheme for construction0 the sisesf:of the structures,and the nation-
al economical effect of the regulation.
2. The employment of the balance method in all cases of regulation is entirely
possible. The necessary condition for this is that the concrete hydrological obser-
vations are for a long period of time. The hydrological observations for shorter
periods( 15-20 years) may be0 and must be0 employed after proving the renresenta-
tiveness of this series in a pluri-annual segment.
3. The application of the statistical method is urged when any kind of hydrol-
ogical data are unavailable ,or when the available data are not sufficient,and their
extrapolation is not possible.
4. In ease of regulation when the main goal is energy production.water supply
and so on, with which the consumntion is not changed in(p.147) the individual years
and with the same equalisers0 the two methods give practically identical results.
For determination of the seasonal capacity.the use of concrete observational
data is urgent.even of a shorter period.
With the determination of the pluri-annual capacity by the balance methodowith
high degree regulations and assurances, depending upon the length of the observed
series0 low results are obtained for the eanacities. This is so because in such
cases the length of the authentic Hnti years is outside the bounds of the observed
series. The task must be to decide by statistical methode,while the Pleehkov curves
are used.which accurately determine the pluri-annual capacities at constant con-
sumption.
5, In the ease of variable consumption0 such as the irrigation. the statistical
methods are not sufficiently elaborated.and they cannot compute the peculiarities
of the irrigational standard. Their employment at individual dams leads to lower
results for the effect of regulation, and it may be used at the preliminary stages
of planning. In this case.better results are given by the grapho-analytical method
of POTAPOV.
6. At the solution of the cascadespespecially when pluri-annual dams and dams
of irrigational designation are included in them0 only the balance method is ap-
plicable.
The experiences with the solution of similar tasks by the statistical method
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.Bulg.hydrology
T3.Orr,Mitnit ?TAT-i
160
will lead to mistakespand in some CRSOS to absurd. results.
7, In consideration of the fsot that the basis of the water measuring network,
having at its disposal observations of 16-20 rare periodsombraces the large riv-
ers and chiefly their lower courses from where the waters will be distributed for
irrigation, and since for (smell a case the waters will be distributed) such a case
the application of the balance method is especially necessary,the question mast be
seriously raised about the representativeness of this series and brought to the
attention to our scientific research institutions and scientific workers.
8. The water gaging network for the mountainous rivers,whose use is chiefly for
energy productionOmust be enlarged ,and the observations must be improved in regard
to increasing the security at the construction of the water-engineering structures.
9. Generally. the possibility for application of the different methods in the
regulation of the runoff depends upon the hydrological data which are at our dis-
posal, on the Character of the consumption, on the degree of regulation, and on
the mutual action of the equalizers with other equalizers. It may be thought that
in the future much more attention is supposed to be paid to the analysis of the
physico-geographical factorsOand that the theory of probabilities will more and
more retreated to the background.
(p48 Blank), End of this article-
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TELL WW V ? T., LATION
Bulg.hydrology
;SI 111,-`34 ?
Engineer R.RAIKOV & engineer SHGBENATOVAs
e e -
REFLECTION OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTRIgTiCS UPON THE
,
11mi/emu or THE RUNOFF.
1.General remarks
STAT
rAGE? NUM--
161
The hydrological facts influence the methods of the regulation of runoff in
two mays.
On one hand. the length of observations from which these data are extracted de.
termines in many cases the use of one or the other method. On the other hand,the
errors admitted to them reflect differently upon the results.depending upon the use
of the various methods.Evidently.a more detailed investigation is necessary on the
relation between the hydrological data and the methods for regulation of the ruu.
off which could lead to valuable conclusions in respect to our practice and which
would enable to clarify some of the important tasks which stand before hydrology
in connection with the water economical researches.
The development of the computing methods for the regulation of the runoff in
our country reasonably raise the question about the purposefulness of the apnlica.
tion of the two basic methods.the balance and the statistical methods.The correct
solution of this problem will save millions of levee in our economy.In the present
reportOthe great importance of the balance method is outlined,by the aid of which
in many cases it is only possible to solve the stated task.However, its use sup-
poses hydrological data for pltnriannual periods(3550 years) ,which is not at our
disposal for any single water gaging. The length of observation periods on the run-
off in our country in general lines0 is indirectly proportional to the altitude
above sea-level of the water.gaging posts.High in the mountainsowe either do not
have any such observations at our disposalor they date only from 1-23 years.The
longest are the hydrometric data in the middle and the lower courses of the rivers,
but also even the longest ones.with very few exceptions, do not exceed 17 years
for the period between 1935/36 and 1951/52. This circumstance does not make the
balance method very much applicable.since it has been sufficiently demonstrated
that this period is representative so that it could be placed as the basis of cons
putations. In thisone of the most important tasks of the engineers and scientif
ic workers also consists.those scientists who work in the field of hydrology.in
connection with our water en neerin construction ente
rises,
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STAT
-gee
162
(p0150) From the data for the 17-year period form 1935/36 - to 1951/52, in
many eases the standard of the runoff is determined(as an arithmetical average for
this period), also the coefficient of variation, and the coefficient of asymmetry.
The same data are also used as analogues for the determination of the hyerological
parameters for points of very short runs of observation. The assurance is neces-
sary that the thus determined hydrological characteristics are probable, or nearly
probable, and that they express correctly the regimen of the river in a pluri-ane.
nual segment,since they are the starting data for the statistical method. It is
necessary to define the limits of possible errors, as well as its reflection upon
the results With the present report we shall share a few established facts or our
experience concerning the thus stated problems.
The safest method for the determination of the representativene-s of a series
by analogy with the river which is in similar physico-geographical and climatoLa
ogical conditions and has observations at its disposal for many years on the runoff
not
in our country, is/applicable by the simple reason that it lacks such an analogy
for which we would have a sufficient number of data.For this reason, we have been
compelled to use indirect ways when we start out from the data on the preciptta,
tiAns,for which we have observations for many years from 1901/02 to 1950/5/.
\
The'runoff is chiefly a function of the precipitations 0Consegnently,if it
is demonstrated that a good correlative ratio exists between the runoff and the
precipitations, then the conclusions which can be made at the research of the
precipitation series could be transferred, with a certain reliability, also upon
the runoff series, To determine this, construction of the precipitation charts was
necessary on whose basis the precipitation could be found that fell in the drainage
area of the rivers at the points for which we have observations on the runoff.
Construction of such charts with sufficient accuracy ie a very difficult task,
because there are but few stationspespecially in the higher sections, and it needs
much time,which we do not have at our disposal for which reason the solution of the
problems has been made on the basis of the 50-year data on precipitations at 27
separate pluviometric stations. All stations are in Southern Bulgaria,since at
the present moment it represents the largest interest from the point of view of
water economy,and it has been studied the best.
Experiments were made to determine the relationship between the precipitation
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ELL! CE RANSLATIOR ' PAGE NUMBER
Bulg.hydrology 163 ?
of the the individual stationseize the draece-egeti-z?teevenaarhe rivers at
some water gaging stationse-The following resu1tslwee7obtained:
The correlation coefficient between precipitation in Samokov and the runoff a
the Stalin dam is 0.74; between precipitation at Kazanlft and the runoff at the G.
Dimitrov dam .000.61; between precipitation at Kazanleek and the runoff at the Zhree--1
chevo dam... 0.59; between precipitation in Chirpan and the Old Zagora.and the run-
off at the Topolyane dam0000.57 and 0.46. The better relation between the precip.
itation in Samokov and the runoff in the Stalin dam( alpha 2 0.74) may be explained
by the circumstance that Samekov is approximately in the center of the water drain-
age basin...at an altitude of 950.
(p.151) The obtained relations are encouraging when it is considered that the
individual pluviometric stations cannot characterize the precipitation in the en-
tire drainage area.still pore that the selected stations are in the plains9 where-
as the runoff is formed chiefly by precipitation in the mountains,where there is
every reason to suppose a good relation between precipitation and ranoff.due to
which the resultsobtained by comparison of the precipitations.may be transferred
upon the ranoff.too.
Inspite of the fact that at the moment we have at our disposal the 17-year
observations on the runoff? we shall make its foundation on the 16.year series
of 1935/36 - 1950/51 since it has been laid down on the basis of the water econ-
omical researchee for a set of structures in our country which are then given
as examples in the explanation?
II. THE STANDARD OF RUNOFF.
It is usually thought that 25-year observations on the runoff are sufficient to
characterize it by size and by distribution. Unfortunately9 in our country we do
not have at our disposal data for more than 16 years.Therefore0 the standard of
the runoff is most often determined as the arithmetic average of the data for
these /6 years9 moreover in rare cases when the runoff is of a larger variation?
i.e.. Cv larger than 0.40. It is necessary to determine whether the arithmetic
average of the data for the available 16.year observations would represent the
standard of the runoff9 or if it deviates film It,, what are the sizes and direee.
tions of these eeviations.
As we have already emphasized,, the lack of long-range observations on the ranof
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.Bulg.hydrology
compells US to make investigation on the available precipitational-seriesowith
full consciousness that the conclusions of theseerinvestigations will be only ori-
entative for the runoff of the rivers. There were 27 stations investigated0 eight
of which were examined by the method of the creeping series. Two such series were
taken a one 16.year and one 25-year series while the conclusions were made oa the
16-par seriesOsince we have such a series available for the runoffpand the 25-
.year eeries was given for illustration and comparison. The only consideration at
the choice of the eight stations has been their altitude above the sea-level, as
we tried to include stations of low and high altitude above the sea-level, These
stations areg
STAT
AGE NUMBER
164
Chirpan 170 m 538 mm average prectpitation
St. Zagora 234 in 594 mmii it
Sliven 270 in 577 mm
Kaeanlli.k 372 in 617 mm
Shipka 570 m
739 mm
Samokov 950 in 651 mm
Batak 970 a 675 mm *
Petrokhan 1400 in 1066 mm
The method of creeping series permits to determine the average annual preci-
pitation for any series of "n" yearspentering into the observational period. Thue.
we investigate first of all the period from 1901 . 19160thersafter the period
1902 . 19170 1903. 19180 and so on up to (p.152) 1935 - 1951. The obtained results
are systematised en Table 1 in which the average yearly precipitations of 50 years
are given 0 the maximum and the minimum average yearly precipitation for a 16=year
aeries the maximam and minimum average pluri-annual precipitation for a 25-year
series and the average pluri.annual precipitation for the period 1935/36c. 1950/51
as well as the deviation of this precipitation in commrison with the 50=year prec-
ipitation expressed in mm and percentage0
What conclusion can be drawn from these results?
The standard precipitationpobtained from the observations of 16 years in com-
parison with the 50-year standarraothich we take as the most probab1e0 varies bet-
ween the limits of plus 14.00 and mime -13.3%. As we had supposedothe standard
precipitation for a 25-year series varies between smaller 1imits,namely0 between
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STAT
PAGE NUMBER
165 ?
plus.minue 9,3%0 acsortssatit'is said thatowitheithe-exclusion of station Petro-
khan which gives
the greatest'devistions(and about the probability of its data we
have reasons to doubt) ,because of the reconstruction of 13 yearsothe standard pre-
cipitationin about 70% of the casespboth with the 16-year and with the 25-Plyear
series of observations, is higher than the 50-year standard. Between the periods
in which the maximum and mibimum values of the standard precipitation appearpit was
not possible to determine any kind of relationship for the individual stations...
Thus ,whereas for the stations of Petrokhan and Batak the period 1924/25 . 1,850/Ea
gives the maximum standard precipitation, for the stations Stara Zagora and Kazan=
lyik the same period gives the minimum standard precipitation, It is true that the
number of the examined stations is small, and their physico-geographical locations
are also entirely different te enable us to accept the following conclusions as
generally valid, In general, the conclusion can be made that a 16 year seriespand
even a 25-year series, picked by chsnce(at random) may give deviations from the
standard precipitation which are outside the admissible limits, although not by
very large values, Interesting ispin cages? the Moyear series 1935/36 1950/510
In Table20 comparison is made between the standard precipitation obtained at an
arithmetical average of the observations of this periodpand the 50-year period
1901/02 - 1950/51 for 27 stations.
The deviations are between smaller limits, plus 14,0 % at the Petrokhan sta.
tion and minus -7,3% at the Kasanlft station, At 19 of the examined stations,which
makes 70% of the total number, the deviations are within the limits plus-minus 6%,
and at 15 stationsor at 56%0 the deviations are within the limits of plus-minus 4%,
In 8 stations the deviations are larger than 6%0as only in three stations are
they larger than 10%, At the larger part of the stations?, 22(81%), the deviation
Is positive, i?e? the 16-year eeriod is rainier than the 50-year period,
The results of the examined 27 stations tell that the 16.year series 1935/366.
1950/51 determines the standard precipitation with sufficient accuracyo
The deviations for most stations are within the admissible limits,which gives
us right to accept the arithmetic average of this period as the standard precipi-
tation, It mast be noted that a slight increase of the standard is at hand.
(p,153) Let us now investigate how an error in the standard is reflected at
the solution of the tasks ef regulation of the runoff of the rivers by the two
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Bulg.hydrology
SI-AT
3AE NUMBER
166
At the balance method? the standard runoff /*mot used directly in the comput-
ations? but indirectly? since it deals more individually with the runoff for each
yearpor even for each month. Thereby0 for the determination of the capacity of the
dam0 the runoff is authoritative in the years of low waters. The years with flood
waters do not show practically no influence upon the results. Therefore 0t1the er-
ror in the standard runoff is due to increasing or decreasing some of the flood-
water or XIMMUKSE average years0this error does not have any effect upon the com-
putation.
With the statistical methodothe standard =off is one of the required starting
data.Each error in the standard runoffoindependently from the circumstanc to what
cause it may be due is reflected upon the size of the required capacity of the dam
for the regulation of a certain water volume.This established, fact is chiefly good
in case of pluri-annual equalisers.
In the report which investigates the question on the regulation of the ranoff0
it was pointed out that the useful capacity of the dam Kirdzhali0 computed by the
statistical method with a degree of regulation alpha a 0.5, amounted to 362 million
cubic meters, While it assures 0with 85% assurance0 500300 Kwatt power, and 95.72
million Kwatt hours production. The average pluri.annual afflux to the dam is 841,00
at
million cubic meters. If this afflux were determined to be 10% 1ower0VW about
so that
=MUM on cubic metersilit would enable the dam to assure the same power and
capacity
production, its useful/volume should be 440000 million cubic metero 0 or about
80000 million cubic meters more? which would require 37 million levas extra invest-
meats.
III. DISTRIBUTION OF THE EgNOFF IN THE YEAR.
The basis and the most responsible task of water economical studies at the em-
ployment of the statistical method in oases of an annual equalization includes the
eorrect selection of the proportionate distribution of the runoff within the yeara
In the eases where the data are lacking en the runoff of the river? its dis-
tribution by months is determined by analogy with some other river which is under
the same climatic and physico-geographical conditions. We do not have to examine
such a case. We shall upend time on the methods applied in practice for the deter-
mination of the monthly distribution of the runoff within the year when we have ob
servations at our disposal0i.e00ebservations in respect to the regulation of runoff.
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NOMMINIM
STAT___
,
AGE NUMBER
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1) Most frequently.theemonthly desereouelonorene measured years is taken
as some reall year that.has the smallest runoff per yearper an annual runoff with
assurance close to the accepted one. When a few years are which correspond to this
condition0 those are taken which by estimation have a. monthly distribution typical
for the river.er those which have the leant favorable distribution.
This method cannot be recommended since each concrete year has its peculiari-
ties which are not characteristic for the river in a pluri-annual section. The year
may hapeen to be of a very(p0154) small runoff to have comparatively high /ow watea
ere which will lead to the decrease of the water volume( in the reservoir,Yet.the
selection of the representative year is subjectivepand as such it unavoidably bears
greater or smaller error in itself.Thus.for instancepat the determination of the
volume capacity of the Kftdzhali dam0 two years of the observational period 1946/47
and 1944/45 were shown to be suitable for the analysis of the monthly distribution
of the runoff in the measured year. The, year 1946/47 is the one with more flood
waters, but it is marked by strong fluctuation of the runoff within the year a
large volume of flood waters and strong reduction during the low-water period.
whereas 1944/45 is a drier year.but it is characterized by lesa fluctuation and by
a relatively larger runoff during the period of low water!.
In consideration of the fact that even the two years are satisfactory for the
research in literature for the proportionate year0 and that with independent elab-
orations each one of them could be selected as such0 the annual volume of the qt.-
dzhali dam was computed twice. The volume capacity.determined by the elaboration
for which the 1946/47 year was taken as a basis0 came out at 100 million cubic
meters largerothe dam wall 7 m higher, and the capital output was increased by
43 million levan.
It is evident that this result could not be considered satisfactory. This makes
necessary a third,, more accurate work over.on the basis of another method which was
selected for the determination of the monthly di stribution(we shall describe it
later).According to this computationothe capacity of the dam comes out exactly
as the average of the first obtained results.
The quoted example is a good illustration for the inaccuracies which may be
obtained.due to the subjectiveness at the taking of the characteristic monthly dis-
tribution.
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.Bulg.hydrology
STAT
PAGE NUMBER
168
In the first section of the report an example was pointed out ?that of the Mimi-
troy dam for the use of the statistical method at the taking of a tynical monthly
distribution.? this is of 1937/38. This is namely the chief reason to obtain a
1005 assurance of the irrigation by the damOinstead of the pre-required 75% assura
ance,
2.) The endeavour to get rid of the chancy peculiarities of the runoff in the
indivit4ua1 real years has led to the method of the
ical years. By this methodothe monthly distribution
either the average values of the monthly runoffs as
servational period, or the runoff is taken for each
so-called fictitious hydrolog-
1 of the runoff in the year is
determined for the entire ob,.
month with an assurance deter-
mined in advance. The runoff obtained by this method for each month is expressed
in percentages
Is distributed
The method
of the annual runoff,and by this percentual correlation the runoff
in the measured year,
of fictititouo hydrological year will almost always lead to the low-
ering of the capacities of the dams since the runoff in the individual months is
artificially smoothed over0equalized. Usually, during the period of low waters of
the measured year, relatively larger runoff is obtainedo larger than it is charac-
teristic for the river.If each month is taken with an assurance given in advance,
let us say with a 85% assurance, the assurance of the total annual runoff will
come out much larger. This is easily explainable when it is taken into coneidera,.
tion(p0155) that very rare is the year in which all months are arid monthspand that
the probability for the happening of such an event is very small.
The fictitious hydrological year,called also the averaged year0 finds use at
the determination of the capacity of the annual compilation of the pluri-annual
equaliserspand a high degree of regulation, since in this case the deviations in
the graph of the individual years are amended by the capacity of the pluri-annual
equalisation.
3) The water economical group at the "Energo-Hydro Project" is lately using an-
other method for the determination of the monthly distribution of the proportion-
ate year, whichpaccording to a number of authors such as PATAPOV0WIKITN0and others,
Is the most acceptable, The essence of the method consists in the division of the
year into two or more periods.At the selection of the number of periods and their
length we may be guided either by the point of view of the runoff ,o2 the river
only, or by the point of view of both the runoff and the consumption. In the cases
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Bulg.hydrology
STAT
169 '
of regulation of the runoff for a known purposepthe consumption is also justly paid
an attention to. In this is found the advantage and the novelty of the method.
For example,the year is divided into two periods-- period of the filling up of
the dam, and the period of its exhaustion. Usually00these two periods colincide
with the period of high waters and low waters of the river? but there are cases pos-
oible when a part of the period of high waters enters into the period of emptying
of the dam, and vice versa. At emptying with the purpose of irrigationotwe periods
are accurately definede,--- from the start of the month of May to the end of the
month of September. Of course? some different years will deviate from the so estab-
lished time,but they are not cheracteristic for sur rivers, With the energy produc-
tion,two periods are determined, when the graph of the runoff(usually the graph of
the averaged year) and the graph ef the consumption are compared.
From the point of view of assuring the interests of consumption.,, the period of
emptying is more important and responsible; therefore? when we deduct from the los-
ses? the capacity of the dam is equal to the regulated water volume, reduced by the
efflux during this period. The volumes of the water for the period of emptying are
determined from the curve of assurancepconstructed for the period,with the accepted
assurance for consumption. The water volume during the period of filling is the
difference between the annual runoff at the given assurance and the already deter-
mined volume of waters in the period of emptying. If the year is divided for example
into 4 periods.-- spring,sumemer, falloand winter, and the most responsible is the
sumeer period? we proceed in. the following way a- from the curve of assurance for
the summer period we compute the volume for this period at the accepted assurance,
Thereafter, the curve of assurance is constructed for the sum of stammer plus epring
and from thie the total volume for these two periods is found at the same assurance.
By deducting from it the already measured volume for the summer period, the runoff
in the spring period is determined. Furthermore, from the curve of assurance for
the total summerpand spring,and winter period the value is found which corresponds
to the accepted assurance, and the value of the runoff In the(p0156) winter period
is determined as the difference between these values and the earlier measured vo-
lume of the yammer and spring runoff. By the same methodothe runoff in the fall
period is also determined as the difference between the total annual runoff at the
given assurance,and the runoff in the summer.spring,and winter periods.
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AGE NUMBER
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The distribution of the runoff within one period shows almost no influence up-
on the capacity of the dam. It is the most correct to take it analogically to the
distribution for the same period in the averaged year.
In the cases when the dam has some destination and variable consumptionpand the
period of fillin and emptying is very different in the individual years, the year
is divided according to the Characteristic periods in the regimen of the runoff,for
instance spring high waters, summer low waters, repeated autumnal high waterspand
so on. The complexity of these cases consists in the determination of the calendar
dates for the beginning and the end of each period, since in the individual years
they are very different,and also in the determination of the volume of water with-
in the periods. This urges a detailed analysis of the regimen of the river for each
year.
The cited method has been used at the water economical investigations of the
Kytrdenali dam and the Topolyane dam, and it gave results entirely close to those
of the balance method. Therewithpany kind of subjectiveness is avoided, and inspite
of the fact that the thus constructed year is a fictitious one, it gives a possib-
ility to measure the capacity of the dams the most correct way for the assurance
of consumption.
IV. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION.
The coefficient of variation has been investigated by the data for 27 stations
which have used it at the estimation of the standard precipitation. Its Change was
tracked down at the same eight stations by the method of the moving averages, also
for a 16-year and for a 25-year series. The sesults of the research are given in
Table 3, The comparisons are made with reference to the coefficient of variation,
determined from the data for precipitation over 50 years,which may be taken as the
most probable.
From Table 301t can be seen that the coefficient of variation,obtained from
the 16-year series, is changed within a very wide range,--from plus 31.3% to minus
65,6%. For station Samokov,where we have the greatest deviationo, it varies from
Cv.. 0.030 to Cv= 002770with a most probable Cvm
0.211. For the 25reyear series,
the deviations are smaller than plus 16.0% to minus 34.1%. Characteristic are
three peculiarities in the changing of the coefficient of variations
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STAT
NUMBER
171 ,
1) Until about 1924/250 the coefficient of variationoebtained-at the use of
the 16-year series? is larger than with the 50-year series. After this yearo it
begins to decrease? and it reaches its minimum either in 1934/35 or in 1939/40.
From 1944/45 until now it becomes again larger.
2) The deviations in a positive direction? i.e.? to higher coefficients of va-
riation? are considerably smaller than in the negative direction. (p.157)
3) With the exclusion of station Petrokbano in 70% of the casesowith the 16-year
series and about in 90% for the 25-year serieso the coefficient of variation is
smaller than that for the 50-year period.
From the obtained data the fellowing conclusions may be drowns
1) The determination of the coefficient of variation of a 16-year seriesoand
even of a 25ayear series is unsafepand it may lead to grave errors.
2) The probability to obtain a lowered coefficient of variation is much larger
than the probability to get and increased one.
Otherwise is the matter with the question of the coefficient of variation ob.
tamed by the data for the period 1935/36 - 1950/51. The deviations for the indiva
idual stations are in much tighter limits from plus 0.2 for station Kazanlidk to
minus 10,5% for the etation of Petrokhan. From 8 stations? only in one was the co-
efficient of variation smaller for this period than the 50-yearly. Similar is also
the pciture of the results of the 27 stations given in Table 4. ?or some stations?
e.g? Koprivestica? the deviation in percentage is rather 1arge000030%0 but gener-
ally taken the coefficient of variation of the 16-year series(1935/36 c. 1950/51)
is close to the OUP calculated from the 50-year series. Here is also emphasized
that the 16-year series is a little less favorable in a plurtaannual section?
than the 60-year serieso since in 23 stations the coefficient of variation of the
16-year series is larger.
The coefficient of variation is uaed in the computation for regulation of the
runoff with the statistical method ? Especially important is its significance in
the cases of the pluri-annual equalizations, Thuspe.g., with the preliminary corn
putations for the capacity of the Belmeken damo because of lack of the hydrolog-
ical elaborationso by analogy with other water gagings(at a relatively high alti-
tude), the coefficient of variation was taken for 04P 0.34.Consequently0 after more
detailed researches it was shown to be Cy: 0e20.
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AGE NUMBEk
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STAT
Undoubtedly, this large difference is. the coefficient of variation also re-
flects upon the required pluri-annual capacity Which in the first ease, with
ala 0.850was 48 million cubic meterspand in the second case, only 1006 million cUb-
ic meters0 or a difference of 37.5 million cubic meters, which makes 42% of the
overall capacity of the dam.
Expressed in investments, the difference represents about 80 million levas.
If instead of Cis 0.34 in the first case, 0.25 were determined, i.e.. with a
true deviation of 26%0in comparison with the second research? the difference in the
capacities would have been only 12 million cubic meters, or 13.0 is relation to
the total capacity.
Consequently.with the true deviations of thn coefficient of variation, the tiif.
ferences in the capacities are not within very great extremes, and they increase
with the increase of the degree of regulation and assurance.
V. REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE SERIES 1935/36