INFRARED ACTIVITIES AT ZAVOD 393, KRASNOGORSK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01030R000100390006-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 19, 2013
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: February 5, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States. within the mean-
ing of Title 18. Sections 793 and 794.0! the U.S. Code, as
emended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited,
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CONFIDENTIAL 50X1
COUNTRY USSR (Moscow Oblast) REPORT
SUBJECT Infrared Activities at Zavod 393, DATE DISTR.
Krasnogorsk.
5 February 1954-
NO. OF PAGES 11 50X1-H UM
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT
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RACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
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Report Referenced in Attachment
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STATE
ARMY
itx
NAVY
v5,
AIR
FBI
AEC
bar Ev
(Note: Washington Distribution Indicated gy "X"; Field Distribution By "*".)
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COUNTRY' $
SUBJECT $
PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRED
C ONFIDENTIAL
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SE ? .'Y IN
USSR (Moscow Oblast)
Infrared Activities at Zavod 393,
Krasnogorsk
DATE OF Ils
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
REPORT
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DATE DISTR. as-Dsc, 53
NO. OF PAGES 10
NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
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SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT1
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liMIOESTOIty LAYOUT
1. I ',have drawn a sketch showing the laboratory layout after the 1949
move Isee page 0. Dr. GOERLICH occupied the cell laboratory and
was in charge of this particular room, in the design
office L Otto RITTER was engaged in work on the so-
called "Juno Geraet" (an infrared device) L see Footnote 1, page 0
up to about 1949. Crystals were grown in the crystal laboratory
STRAUBEL, but I can give no information as to the types of
crystals involved.
2. A move took place in 1949 whereby the laboratory site formerly
occupied by the Germans was taken over by the Soviets, I\
/cannot describe the facilities the
Soviets obtained. I believe the Soviets continued after 1949 to
improve these facilities. The facilities available to the Germane
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in the new laboratory site were rather meager and we had to borrow
equipment from the former laboratory taken/ over by the Soviets. 4_
Twenty-three people were working in the design office under the '
direction of Hermann SCHRUMPFlowho delegated tasks given him by the
Soviets to the German engineers. The only infrared activity
known to me was RITTERis project, but I did not become familiar
with any details of RITTER's work.
3. The mechanical shot had only standard mechanical equipment, which
included lathes, milling machines, drill presses, etc. There
were no special facilities for fabrication of optical components,
such as comparatorsoto. Design engineers had parts made in the
mechanical shop. These parts were assembled in the shop to form ,
a final device, under the supervision of the project en ineer.
Finished equipment was turned over to the Soviets,
was very
vague on this poing
)
4. The optical laboratory tested objectives and had apparently
managed to retain reasonable facilities in spite of the move.
Facilities included grinding machines and polishing machines
?tit no measurement devices. The optical shop was primarily
concerned with making lenses for the Contax.
LABORATORY OF IR. GOERLICH
5. Dr. COERLICHIs cell laboratory was in, a room about 15 x 7 meters,
on the left side of which were located three vacuum systems,
50 cm. wide and 60 cm. high. I have drawn a simple sketch
showing the plan of this laboratory 2:17ee page 82. There were
three tables in this room. Dr. GOERLICHis table, which was in
the rear,:terved also as his desk. A small -darkroom with an
optical bench of 150 cm, maximum length was located in one corner.
I saw several photocells in the darkroom and observed measurements .
being conducted there on these cells with a 600? C Black Body pry-
ing as radiation source. I also observed a Black Body for 300 C.
I cannot gpe any details regarding their construction, flee
paragraph.10j. Also located in the laboratory was an oven for ,
jflidation, of photocells I cannot recall the facilities in
GOERLICHIs laboratory in detail as my visits to the room were
infrequent, sometimes only once in several months. I did not
observe anyoptical instruments such as tripods, mirrors, etc.
6. The following personnel were directly associated with Dr. GOERLICH:
Dr. Alfred GROSS; Fraulein RUNE (who later became Frau GOERLICH);
two (glassblowers, Werner HARTMANN and VANDENHER2; and a-Dr.
GAENEWEIN. Only :meal the vacuum systems was at GOERLICHts disposal.
GOERLICH,had.id share the room,with Herbert FUCHS, who worked on lens
coatings-using one of the vacuum' systems; a Or, Harold STRAUBEL,
who was in charge of the crystal laboratory; and a Herbert fIESE.
FUCH is-now chief of personnel at Zeiss Jena, While GOERLICH was
in charge-of the room, Dr. STRAUBEL, FUCHS and RIESE did hot report
to him tut had Other Sotiet supervisors. RIESE made inittor OORtm
ings, using the third vacuum system.
7. GOERLICH Was frequently summoned by Soviets unknown to ffie end diem
appeared into the Soviet laboratory. I-cannot give any indication
as to the length or frequency of such visits. At one time GegidICA
was visited by a Soviet, Dr. TOLSTOY,.in connedtidh with work Oh tha
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tau-meter (facility for measuring photocell time constant).
TOLSTOY is allegedly a Soviet expert in the photocell field. The
only additional information that I can give on Dr. TOLSTOY is
that he had personally constructed a photocell time constant
measuring device and that there was a Russian description of it
in the laboratory. This was not necessarily the first or only
such visit by Dr'. TOLSTOY to GOERLICH. I saw Dr. TOLSTOY only
once, in 1951, but knew that he had been there more often. I
feel that GOERLICH was not overly happy in the USSR' Re often
indicated his desire to return to Germany. The Soviets did not
praise GOERLICH in any special way nor did they treat him as a
"fair-haired boy." I do not believe that GOERLICH had any special
relations with the Soviets or any special privileges during his
stay there. Most of the time he did just what was required of
him and concerned himself with preparations for his book. The
facilities at GOERLICH's disposal were insufficient for any
elaborate research activities. I can give no opinion, one. way
or another, as to whether GOERLICH might have acted as supervisor
or consultant to a group of 10 or 15 Soviet employees in the
Soviet laboratory, making periodic checks over them and their
performance or acting as a trouble shooter up to the time when he
was no longer essential. I believe that GOERLICH was mostly
interested in scientific findings, and that GOERLICH's prime
interest was in his cells rather than in equipment using these
cells.
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8, two tau-meters, one of which was for Dr. GOERLICH, and the
other for the Sovietsft
bnly a few photocells at any particular 50X1-HUM
time in GOERLICH's laboratory, and never\ large quantities. I
definitely had the impression that there was a decrease in activity
with respect to fabrication of lead sulphide cells in GOERLICH's
laboratory towards the end of his stay in the USSR and that the
Soviets had by that time acquired the necessary know-how and could
'continue unassisted. \GOERLICH personally making
measurements on cells,/ 50X1 -HUM
might know more about this subject. I know that GOERLICH resumed
his work on photocells upon his return to Zeiss Jena, but can give
no further details.
INFRARED SENSITIVE. PHOTOCELLS
9. In GOERLICH's laboratory and also on RITTER's table, lead
sulphide cells; they resembled the cooled Elac cell which was used
in the Kiel IV device and other long-range detection equipment
(Elac Waer-epeilgeraet, for instance). I have described the cell,
and drawn a sketch 'of it [see page 9 J. There is a hollowed-
out glass cylindrical structure with a sensitive surface 'of a
bluish gray appearance deposited on the inner front surface. I
did not observe any cell holners but did see shiny protective
jackets and a spring-loaded plunger associated with a cell Which
fits into the cell. I estimate that a total of 200 - 500,cells
were fabricated in GOERLICH's laboratory since 1949. I never saw
these cells built into an instrument nor did I observe any mount-
ing ring. I had seen cells' earlier but did not learn until 1949
that these were PbS cells. I cannot describe the process for mak-
ing these cells, but I feel the cells were chemically deposited
rather than evaporated.
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BLACK BODIES
10. Willy ROEGER built a'numberoof Black Bodies for different
temperatures, including 300 C, some of which were for GOERLICH.
Several of these Black Bodies were built for the Soviet laboratory.
I cannot describe the Black Bodies in detail, but have indicated
their general appearance by a sketch See page 102. Black Bodies
:were constructed by ROEGER even before I had heard about photocells.
GENERAL ATMOSPHERE IN THE GERMAN LABORATORY
11. I have no knowledge regarding activities in the Soviet laboratory
after the movelef-the Germans to their new location since the Soviet
laboratory was too distant for any observation. I never observed
any personnel working on the roof of the Soviet laboratory and can
offer no information on material being brought in or out of the
Soviet installation. I never saw an large equipment the size of
half a desk in the design office. [Note: The Kiel
IV equipment used the identical cells and is about this size.7
As far as I was concerned, all plans which
were generally made in the design office, were turned over to
Hermann SCHRUMPg and I do not know what SCHRUMPF did with them. I
know that Soviet officers and
civilians came and looked at the device. In the laboratory proper
there were primarily civilians and very few military people. I had
the impression that the Soviets were quite capable people Who knew
what they wanted and did not depend on handouts of information
from the Germans. I never saw military personnel actually working
there wearing white smocks. A Comment; RIcent
intelligence reports claim this took place in one plantz/ I never
saw any servo mechanisms or servo mechanism components.
JUNO DEVICE
12. RITTER had already been working at Zeiss on the so-called "Juno
Device",which was a 'seeker for guided' missiles, and the
name,,uno Device% mentioned frequently. There was relatively .
little collaboration.bCtwebn. GOERLICH and RITTER, although
occasionally the'lwetalking together. There was more
collaboration between RITTER and the elektro-laboratory. On the
other hand, there was collaboration between the elektro-laborator
and GOERLICH. RITTER was-active on the Jutodevice until 1948/49,
then :had little to do with it./ /never saw the device or any of
its-eomponents. 1 the device on which RITTER was work-
ing was actually the responsibility of the elotrical shop, which
was also staffed by ZIASS people. They built a laboratory-type
amPlifier[for GOERLICH, but I cannot give any further details
on this-shop.
1 Comments:
/report givesthe fi st positive clue
that work on passive detection by means of infrared photocells was
being Carried on in the USSR. .The photocell described is
definitely of a4similar type as the Bloc cooled photocell, which was
used for instance in the Kiel IV Geraet2. The Juno device mentioned
:Was a seekerhead for guided missiles which utilizes a lens-
mirror-system and slotted disk modulator system for two-dimensional
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control which was of an entirely different construction mechanically
than the Kiel Geraet. It is not clear at this time whether the Juno
or the Kiel IV is actually involved. It is understood that RITTER
had been working at Zeiss with the Kiel Geraet3. The use of the Black
Bodies of low temperature indicates positively that passive detection
wad attempted. Of particular importance is the fact that GOERLICH's
facilities since 1949 were quite modest and that GOERLICH had not been
at the head of a large organization dealing with infrared as had been
supposed Instead GOERLICH was apparently put on
ice after all informatibn he had was taken from him, and was returned
to Germany when there was no further use for him in the USSR. GOERLLCH
was then not very busy and spent much time writing his book. This
would explain the many requests GOERLICH mailed out during that period
fort reprints of material dealing with photo emissivity and photo
conauctivity. It appears thus that our previously held belief that
GOERLICH would be well qualified to give an estimate of Soviet progress
and capabilities in the infrared field is still correct. However, he
himself seems to have played a relativelz minor part during the last
few years in the Soviet infrared effortd
,Footnote 1:
rpescription of German Homing Missile Heads Utilizing Zeiss 'Optics.
a. Wasserfall is a lens mirror system, with a lead sulphide
photocell. The field is divided into four quadrants each of
whibh is obscured by two revolving shutters to give a pair
of characteristic frequency interruptions. Each shutter
? wheel has two sets of spokes spaced at different frequencies
and each set travels over half the aperture. The circumfer-
ence of the two wheels are at right angles where they pass
over the aperture. Thus the quadrant in which the target falls
1 is-defined by the frequency characteristic ?of the signal and
? the mechanism responds accordingly by correcting the course of
the missile.
b. Linse is a system similar to Wasserfall but applies to a self-
steered boat and therefore had only one revolving shutter,
creating a left right coordinate system with characteristic
frequencies. Instead of mirrors, Linse has lenses of
aperture 1: 0.85 f - 3.6 cm. Of the 50 which were delivered
at the end of 1944, 10 had lenses of lithium fluoride; 40 had
lenses of KRS -5.
Juno is a system similar to Linse but with two-dimensional
control. One variant had two shutter disks and one lens;
another has two lenses placed at the ends of mutually per-
pendicular radii of a single shutter disk.
d. Krebs and SamMler are lens mirror systems, with similar
modulation schemes to Wasserfall.
Footnote 2:
The German Kiel Geraet was originally designed as a bomber exhaust
detector for night fighters. Zeiss, Jena, received orders for 50
*Kiel devices in the autumn of 1944 from Dr. PLUMEYER of OKI.. Twenty
to thirty of these were delivered to the German Air Force. Tests
were made at 'McLain and a squadron at Goslar was fitted. The main
difference of Kiel 19 11, In gild IV was in the field of view. After
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some minor modifications and the use of more ?
sensitive amplifiers, this identical Kiel IV hat. become currently
the work horse for passive detection of both
air and ground targets. It is in use by:the Air, Force and the
Signal Corps for experimental purposes and can be considered a
highly useful instrument.
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Soviet
Chief
aONFIDENTI A L
Pa-se 7
?
Design Office&
'Ceti
Laciratory
Mecho.nica.I Shop
.5oVlet. Guard: 44
Mechanical Shop
UNZA5 LIP% meters
Optica.I Skop
,
Cry sto.1-
Marta!
Lab
873
Glassblower
Associated,. wi+h 4he abovt rooms bu..t. fuerther. away 'on
so-me floor v.)ere rooms henA)in ? ttoto.
Mechanical Shop
(Associated- with Optical Lab)
Optical Lab
GENERAL LABORATOR`? LAYOUT
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Pas e 8
Vo_cueusm systems [Dome
5o Gm. 0 eo cm.-hIgh
15
Optical benc.h
(maxi length 1,50 cm
LnLtsth meters
600?C, Slack lai;cts
?LABORATORY OFF. DR, GOERL.ICH
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Page 9
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Photoce.11
Pit....nger for dry ice
Aluaninu.rn jacket
INFRARED SENSITWE CELL
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Pole 10
Believed aperture to be 1cm
ROUGH SKETCH OF BLACk 13009
(As Seen 13y 5o:.)rt.ei
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