(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED ARTICLES ON SOVIET MINERAL PROCESSING(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A075500190001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 7, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 9, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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TRUMBATCHBV V.F. Dr. of Technical sciences.
MELNIKOV E.A.s mining engineer, Institute of Mining
Affairb named after SkotchinsXy A.A.
Moscow, USSR
DISTRIBUTICN OF STRE'SSES IN THE INTERVENING
PILL;..RS AT MEDIUM AND STEEP DIPS
? Nowadays both single-stall and stoop - and - room methods
are widely being put into practice for winning minerals. While
projecting those methods determi.natiOn of their geometrical
parameters (e.g. chamber spanning, overall sizes of pillars,
thickiless of arch stratum and cap pillars in case of horizon
mining) should 'always be given priority, because economical
indices of the particular enterprise as well as safety mining
will mostly depend upon said parameters.
When estimating the strength of pillars similar to that
of any other structure there should be determined'
1. Loads actuating on the pillars.
2. Values and character of stress distribution in pillars
affected by the mentioned loads.
3. Strength of pillars with due account of their stressed
condition and also strength charecteriStios of their rock
components.
Stressed condition of the pillars is one of the most
important factors that determine their strength in general.
It is an extremely difficult problem to determine the
stresses actuating inside the pillars. Therefore, the scientists
in their theoretical investigations found it necessary to
determine first the stresses in the pillars formed in the pro-
cess of round, elliptical and slotted openings, and, hence
solution of the problem (1, 2, 3) would be considerably simpli-
fied.
Since chambers in the process of mining are generally
of the rectangular shape the sr aticn,:3 obtained will have a
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4 ?
partial app cast dweermina the streases. act as.-
ting upon theAlit4lars,..
Therefore 'sa.me experimental Methods have been found to
rmine the intrapillar stresses. The photoelastic method
can serve as one of them. A number of problems have been solved
due to employment ef the particularOethod concerning mainly
the determination: 1:?' stresses in the'. pillars when mining
gently dipped minerals (4,5)
Stressed condition of pillars gentle aria di2s
is not yet properly studied.
In the USSR such experiments have been carricd out, for
instance, by Borisenko S.G. (L). dower her the influence
of side thrusts on, the rbcks have not been .taken into account.
On the basis of the analyses ofJthe existin, ideas about
the stressed condition of undisturbed, rocks and also on the
basis of mining data: and that of laboratory measurements there
can be concluded that:
1. Rocks in the unmined solid imAsses are in the stressOd
, A
condition characterized by the vertical, component of stres-
ses in the given pidnt of the massifthat corresponds to the
weight of the covering idol: and horiiontal component depending
upon the properties, of the rocks under consideration ;
2. Proceeding from the millinr!, data and that of labora-
tory measurements side thrust factor for different types of
rocks can vary within the range of 0.5 (for hard rocks) to
1.0 (for ,soft roe 47,9)-.
The at13 the present rape iae carriod out expe-
rimental znvti4ons on models-ulint-,the photoelastic
method to study he influence,,,, the angle Of dip, side
thrust factor and the shape of pillars upon the stressed,
condition of the t;oak..
The models have been manufactured of igdantine and
luloid i.e. optically active -materials. The MOdele iMt4e.1.
stopp - and - room ,Method and six chamiers save been re
ced with pillars between them. The r00,ti44'at the
,
he t h , it th b was acoa nd 2.
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- 3 -
tion of' stresses. in the pillars has been studied with the
angle of dip being 10?, 45., 600 and, 909 accordingly.
The investigations have been conducted with different
values of the side thrust in order to find the influence of
the stressed condition of the unmined rock upon the value
and character of stress distribution in the intervening pil-
lars. As the material the pillar models and surrounding
rocks were made from is operative within the limits of elactic
deformation there should exist a linear dependency between the
loads acting on the models and the stresses formed inside
them.
Therefore it turned to be sufficient to determine expe-
rimentally the stresses in the models with two meanings
of side thrust 4attor, whereas for all the other meanings to
determine their value in accordance with the formulae menti-
oned below.
Two systems of forces actuate in our case upon the
model:. weight of taa material the model is manufactured from
and the forces of the side thrust. Now using the principles
of mutual independbnce of actin, forces and superposition
there can be c&icuded tht.ec the stress in SOMe point of the
model will be.
where
=
(1)
stress in the given c)int caused either .by the
weight proper of the Molel materiel or the load
applied fro. out-Stie.,
-:side thrust factor
-1
6 - stress in the same point of the model caused
by the side thrust forces which equal the for-
ces of the weight proper.
With the change of the side thrust values in the. model
and the vertical load remained, stresses in the considered
point of the niodel will be:
ecc,
, (2)
9
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? . , ?
where
m2 - new value oj the side thrust factor.
Now bringing together both equations (1) and (2) we
shall hare
m
61 -
? and
5B -
mi
Thus to find the value of the stresses with the meanings
of the side thrust factor of ? mn t6 following equation sh:nIld
be used
or
=
6dB + Ihnt
(nal ? ran) 62, (212 ) 6.1
-
In1m2
(3)
This method can successfully be used when finding the
stresses in the models made of igdantina since with the 1-ethod
of investigation accepted fav,urable conditions can be creatJd
for flat defermation inside .odels with the side thrust
factor being one. Besides there can be every opportanity for
flat stressed condition with the side thrust factor being
0.5.
In this case formula 3 will be modified in-t(:
= 2 (I T. ) 2 - (I -2 m .v.6) 61 (4)
As the model vr,s _Lade f c 11,11 'id the plate with-the
cut out rooms was nifrily tr,3t/'hed in the first an then
in the second hormal direction as a result of the applied
load. Stresses in the given point have been determined from
the etuation
(5)
.Fig.1 illustrates the pillars and covering rocks with
the side thrust factor values varyir, tr9w,G.4 tc 1.0
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PRFIRP1'?
obtained as a resUlt of investigating. 04.the models the values
of the mean normal and tangential atresseS.- The stresses are
given in the units of the normal stresses actuated upon the
pillar.
The mean. normal stress of ,the pillar at a flat pitch
has been taken as a nnit.
Fig.1 shows that the normal pressure, actuated upon the
pillar, is decreased with the increment of the angle dip ex?
cept the case cf hydrostatic pressure in an undisturbk.--...1 rock
massif i.e. the . case when the value of the normal pressure
actuated on the pillar does not. depend upon the angle of dip
and equals the full weight of the covering rock, whereas the
shearing stresses constitute zero.
Both the increase of the angle of dip, an decrease of
the side thrust factor lead to decrease of the value of the
normal stress upon the pillar at inclined beddings. For ins?
tance, with the angle of dip being 450 maximumdecrease of
.load with the side thrust factor being 0.5 censitutes 2570 of
the load that dould be observed in case of a gentle dip.
Accordingly, these values for the side thrust factors of (5.4
and 0.6 will be 30 and 20 -ot::r cent.
From Fig.1 it becomes .:.bvious that maximum decrease of
load takes place with the dip angle being 900 'i.e. when it is
two times less compared with the flat pitch having the side
thrust fact../. of the order of 0.5.
Shearing stresses appear in the pillars at inclined
boddings and -their' values car.: be determined by the dlip
angle and the value of the side thrust factor in an undistar?
bed rock massif. Peak vaues the shearing stresses are
obtained (see the diagrz-lia. on Fig.1) with the dip angle being
45?.
The diagram brings the mean values of the shearing stres?
ses actuated upon the stratification planes. Though these stres?
ses are not considerable as compared with the mean stresses
normal to the stratification- plane, still under certain favou?
rable conditions they can result in ?shifting the pillar.
<
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? ?
?
a
Checking the possibility of disturbing the intact pil-
lars by the shearin6.stresses can be obtained by com2,arison
of the created sheaan?; stresses that should be r,.:fertad to
the normal ones with the friction factor on the plane of
thickness being as follows:
g
6-
where vp - angle of friction on the planes of weakness.
t'
The meanings of - at g = 0.5 are brought in Table 1
for different dip ant.les
ct.
=mom., ????
Table 1
0
10
20.
304J
52
0
L,.0 c7
0.176
C.248
0.310
0.333
For example, if there are clay partings in the pillar
the value of c.n be taken as 100. In this case with
20`) there will be a danse2 of crushing the pillar by
its displacement.
The .vales of the mean-noral and tangential stresses
at medium dip obtained by the iilvestigations of the modcis
are in good condormity with th:. data calculated from the
formulae 7 and .8 which .in turll have been deduced by means
of decompositioni the streSs,.;s actuating on th-, pillar as
shown in Fig.2
8
H 2
m Sin2 ) (7)
Su
4
1: = 1/2 (I - m ? Sin 2 e4 (8)
- au_
6- volume weight of the covering rocks
H - depth. of the pillar
Skp - pillar xposurere
where
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S - pillar sectional eirea
et - angle of dlp
U' side thrust factor
Figs 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the general character Df
stress distribution on the pillars the axis uf which is nor-
mal to the stratification at the dip angles being 30?, 60?
and 900. The figures show the isemetric lines of the maxi-
mum tangential stresses 1, max expressed in fractions of
H.
The data obtained testify that stressed conditien of the
pillars in the case of medereee di substantially differs
from that of gentle dip. In ti e latter case a great deal
of experiments carried out on models proved the mean lerti-
cal section of the pillar be the weakest point and, there-
fore, estimation of the supporting stress ef any pillar 15)
should proceed from the said point. For high pillars e.g.
h/b > 1.5 (Fig.6) when the greater part of the pillar is
under conditiens of uniaxial compression, estimation of its
supporting strength should be proved by the uniakial compres-
sien test results.
With the h/b;)odient.
c2
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Iltri METHODS OP STYMIE
CrIMENTRATS UPGRADING
(Summary)
K ? G.Bakinov, I.I.Va.neev,
C.X.Gorlovsky, U.I.Sropkin,
N .V .Zashikhin, A.S.Konev.
t ? v,?
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STAT
:MODS 1A11.17IDE C0NC-11'111113 UPC/DIG
K.Gaakincv,
T.I.vunoev, min.ong.,
min.une.,
;ard.tech.sci., 1)sput7 Director
in ahArgo of scientific work,
N.V.ZaahiAcnin, Cand.tecluepoi., !Wild or tho
Depart. of Non.gorrous motels
pr000ssing,
A ?S onev,
Candsteall.sci.
Imititabo Mokhanobr, Loningrad
Inlitituto
21 Linia 34;41kbitfad
USSR
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14.Tv ':MQ 3 OP 3UIIDE CONC,24T2A75 UPGRADING
K.G.BAkinov,
T.I.yaneev, uln.enc.,
.1.0orlovek/, min.ong.,
U.I.Xropkiu, Gand.teah.soi., Deputy Director
in oharge of aoientifie work,
N.V.3maikhis, cand.teoh.nal., [lead of the
Depart. of Non./errous metals
processing,
.r.Konev, Cand.teoh.soi. at
Institute Melhanobr, Leninerad
STAT
institute Nekhanobr
21 Unit. 8.a- 1..4_ 7A
-_---.
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NEW METHODS OF SULFIDE CONCENTRATE UPGRADING
SUMMARY
The first part of the paper is dealing with the rip?
salts of laboratory research as well as with the Jades-
trial application of a flotation process for sulfide cop-
pr-nickel or+. wew high-eiolocular depressors of readily
flo..41 ,Ilicate minerals such as oarboxymethyloellulose,
cellulose salfarie esters and copper-ammonium solutions
o;: cellulose, have been used. It has been shown that the
use of carboxyaothylcellulose with optimum physioel-chem-
lcal vi,riables (degree of substitution - 50, degree of
polorization - 500), instead of the previously used as
clpressor - sodium silicate, permits: to increase consid-
erably the content of valuable constituents in the ?out:4n-
Trate, to obtain clarified tailing water without addition
of coagulants and to use it as reclaimed water In flota-
Ttcn. 'q: recont consumption has beln considerably reduc-
ed too. Tho results of the r.Juearch an the interaction of
cacboxymethylcellulose with the surface of sulfides
and readily floated silicates have Also been considered.
It is shown in the second part of this paper that the
C,T)liditioning of the pulp with sodium sulfide and active
LarUon proved to be most effective for the preparation
fmlfide lead-copper concentrates. This method ensures
Sqfficient desorption of the collector from the sulfide
suceface and its removal from the liquid phase of the
falp iithout washing and dewatering.
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4,1
Conditions have been devised for the separation of
per-lead concentrates containing bornite and dial-
These are based upon the depression of copper
minerals by a complex zinc cyanide. It has been shown
too that in order to obtain a stable depression of cop-
per minerals the stability of concentration of the zinc-
cLanuie compiguk.ti lotL,tion is to be ensured. This is
achi-J,Jd by:
a) the reduction of ore and bulk concentrate sliming
during the preparation stage (this reduces the rate of
the Line-cyanide complex interaction with chalcocite);
b) oy a periodic addition of the depressor every
5-6 minutJ0 in the course of flotation.
he aocomplishment of these conditions has allowed
to obtair from a bulk concentrate assaying 22 per cent
o copper and 11 cent of lead, a lead concentrate
wi2a u0 per cent lead and 3 per cent copper content as
well as a copper concentrate with 25.5 per cent copper,
2-4 per cent lead at a recovery about 80 per cent lead
96 per cert sopper into the respective concentrates
(of an initial bulk concentrate where 40 per cent of
copper -1-e chalcocite).
7:temB of he second part of this paper describes a
Sepsion process without using cyanide, and the dezino-
cepper
of iiad-14a4 concentrates assaying copper in form of
??c;ic This procedure is based upon the depression
o-C _;;:lena by sodium sulfite (Na26*nd ferrous sulfate in
a ,akly acid medium. The new procedure as compared to the
(.1nide method and applied to lead-copper concentrate sops-
33
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r,tion increases the selectivity and reduces the coat of
Aineral processing. Applied to sulfide polyaetallio ore
:1'021 30MO ore deposit it has ensured ths following astol-
lur,:issi data: an increase of gold recovery by 3.2 per
;ent, of copper into a copper concentrate ? by 8.8 per
of zinc into a zinc concont.cate . by 1.9 per cont.
An upgrading of copper, as well as of lead concentra?
has been reached.
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