ECUADOR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120020-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 20
• Content Type: REPORT

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Al 14/1d-5
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:-Table of Contents
Ecuador
j)aget,
A.
General
1
B.
Environmental factors
1
1.
Topography and climate
1
2.
Socio-economic problems
2
3.
Animal and plant life (veterinary significance)
3
(2) Flies
3
(3) Ticks and mites
3
(7) Mollusks
3
(8) Worms
3
14.
Nutrition
3
b. Food supply and distribution
3
c. Food sanitation, storage, and technology
4
C.
Diseases
4
2.
Animal diseases
4
a. Prevalent animal diseases
4
(1) Piroplasmosis
4
(2) Anaplasmosis
5
(3) Foot-and-mouth disease
5
(4) Brucellosis
5
(5) Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis
6
b. Other important animal diseases
6
D.
Veterinary medical organization and administration
6
I.
Civilian
6
a. Organization
6
b. legal controls
8
(1) licensure
8
(2) Quarantine
8
(3) Inspection
8
c. Professional veterinary organization
8
d. Emergency veterinary services
9
2.
Military veterinary servides
9
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E. Veterinary manpower
F. Veterinary facilities
G. Veterinary supplies and materials
H. Reference data
I. Comments on principal sources
Page
9
9
10
10
10
1. Evaluation 10
2. List of sources (in order of importance) 10
Figure 1: Veterinary Services in Ecuador, 1962.
Master Bibliography
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NIS 87 - Section 45
Ecuador
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A. General
Eauador's capability for providing adequate animal health services or veterinary
public health requirements is seriously impaired by a lack of well-qualified technical
personnel and failure on the part of the government to provide sufficient operating
funds for disease and parasite control programs. Only a relatively few livestock
owners are in a position to finance animal health?care, and a vast majority of the
domestic animals receive neither preventive nor curative treatment. A number of
diseases and parasitic conditions in animals in Ecuador are serious public health
problems and supervision over processing and handling of livestock products is, in
most instances, below reasonably acceptable standards.
Although a considerable effort has been made to develop and expand the dairy
industry through importation of high quAlity American or European stock, disease,
infertility and unfavorable environmental factors have limited its growth to
relatively small areas of the Sierra around Quito (0-13S - 78-30W.
A major share of the small growth in veterinary services and animal health
program planning is attributable to the technical assistance of international
organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Pan-American
Health Organization (PAHO), and the United States Agency for International
7/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ Ey
DevelopmentjAID).
B. ,Environmental factors
1. Topography and climate -- Ecuador's geographic location and unusual topography
create diverse problems in animal production and health. The country is divided into
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three separate zonal categories so far as livestock raising is concerned. These are,
the Sierra or rugged mountain area, over 4,000 feet in elevation, extending through
the center of the country from north to south; the Litoral, or coastal, tropical
lowland; and the Oriente, much of -which is jungle or rain forest. TAile none of
these regions are generally favorable for efficient livestock production, localized
areas in each offer some circumstances conducive to raising adaptible animal types.
The mountain areas produce a cardiac syndrome known as "brisket disease" in a great
number of animals other than aucheniae (llamas, alpacas and vicunas), and the
tropical Iitoral and Oriente areas limit production? to heat tolerant and insect
resistant species, such as zebu or criollo (native) cattle.
Communicationv in all three areas, aside front the immediate vicinities of major
7/ 10/ 11/ 12/ ly
cities is difficult or lacking.
2. Socio-economic problems -- The Sierra, heavily populated by Indians, has
little available land resources for expansion of grazing and the people necessary to
develop a pastoral agriculture in the Iitoral or Oriente refuse to leave their
traditional mountain homes. Animal owners in the Sierra, aside from a few wealthy
families, are illiterate, superstitious natives who are little impressed by efforts
of the government to protect animals from diseases and parasites. Extension services
or animal health demonstration projects have not significantly drawn aside the mantle
of illiteracy, superstition, and lethargy that encompasses the great majority of
livestock raisers. As a result, this population segment is not only afflicted by a
number of diseases of animals transmissible to man, but animal productivity is
seriously curtailed.
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Ecuador is currently lagging behind her neighbors, Colombia and Peru, in attempting
to provide a sound system of veterinary training and development. Resources are
svAndered in supporting a number of substandard veterinary educational institutions
and failing to adequately supervise and control production and distribution of
7/ 10/ 11/ II/
veterinary medicaments...-. -
3. Animal and plant life (veterinary significance)
(2) Flies
IkauatObia spp, causing warble infestation.
Cochliopyia spp. - screwworm infestation.
- Oestrus ovis - sheep nasal fly.
(3) Ticks and mites
Boophilus microplus - transmits piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis.
Sarcoptes scabiei - causes mange in bovines and possibly sheep.
(7) Mollusks
limnaea truncatula is the principal intermediate host of fasciolae.
(8) Worms
Fasciola heptatica - the liver fluke of domestic animals.
Echinococcus granulosus - the tape-worm of carnivora,causes extensive
hydatidosis in humans.
Taenia solium -leads to cysticercosis (pork measles) in swine.
Taenia saginata - leads to cysticercosis in beef.
9/22/3.2/11/1/36/
Nutrition
b. Food supply and distribution -- The lack of transport facilities, both
road and rail, is an underlying factor in the low consumption of animal protein in
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Ecuador. Fresh meat, milk or fish are availAble only around the major towns, since
transport of other than dried or heat processed products is virtually impossible,
While a low level of economic development and traditional food habits influence
the rate of protein consumption, a considerable overall increase could be expected if
7/ 8/ 9/ a.o/ 12/
proposed transport and distribution facilities were developed: - --
c. Food sanitation, storage, and technology -- Adequate inspection and
sanitary handling of meat and other animal products is neglected at virtually all
levels of processing and distribution. Regular meat inspection is carried out at -
only the two major slaughterhouses in Quito and Guayaquil (2-los - 794002 and
further sanitary supervision until it reaches the consumer is neglected. The
bacteriological quality of milkreceived for pasteurization is very poor and that of.
raw milk for distribution is even worse. Lack of refrigerated transportation makes
distribution outside the immediate vicinity of processing and collection plants
6/ 7/ 8/9/ 10/ 21/ 24/
impossible.
C. Diseases
2. Animal diseases
a. Prevalent animal diseases
(1) Piroplasmosis Piroplasmosis, a protozoan blood disease of cattle,
is a most serious Obstacle to livestock development programs. Introduction of
European cattle breeds into areas other than the high altitude region where tick
activity is low is at present *Yimpractical. Regular tick control in the form of
dipping cattle or reducing pasture infestation continues to be ignored. Criollo and
zebu cattle withstand the disease but fail to attain high productivity. To survive
at all, European breeds must be exposed to infection at a young age (premunition),
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and if reasonable production is expected such animals require much greater protection
2/ Si 10/ 12/ 13/ .3V 36/
against ticks than do the criollo or zebu cattle.
(2) Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis, also transmitted by ticks, is nearly as
serious among dairy cattle as piroplasmosis. Survival after infection is generally
2/5/10/12/13/35W
more common in anaplasmosis, but debility is severe and long standing.
(3) Foot-and-mouth disease -- Ecuadorian cattle are periodically affected
by foot-and-mouth disease either from reservoirs of infection within the country or
through introduction of the disease from bordering countries. Since animal inspection
and quarantine requirements are enforced only at sea entries, the country can expect
continuing outbreaks as long as the disease remains active in neighboring areas.
This disease seldom spreads in epizootic waves as it does in open range country, for
the mountains and rivers interpose natural barriers and transport of livestock either
by commercial carriers or on foot is extremely limited. Vaccination is practiced in
outbreak areas but this procedure is generally accomplished too lite to materially
alter the course of the disease. The most serious losses occur on the occasions when
the disease affects dairy animals in the Sierra.
2/ 10/ 12/ 13/ 23/ 25/ 26/
- (4) Brucellosis -- Brucellosis (B. abortus) is common anong dairy animals
and aAnajor contributing factor to a high rate of infertility. The extent of spread
to range animals is currently not known. Vaccination using Strain 19 abortus vaccine,
is increasingly popular, and the major dairy producers are interested in establishing
other control measures as well. Since the milk supplies are generally boiled there
is little chance of spreading the disease widely to the human population. However,
farm and dairy workers, as well as individuals who consume certain types of
2/12/26/
unpasteurized cheese, are frequently exposed to infection:
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(5) Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis -- Although official reports indicate
moderate animal infection by these parasitic forms, observers have noted heavy rates
in slaughter animals. Only a small proportion of livestock are inspected and such
inspection is cursory at best. Consequently, the true incidence of infection is
2/ 10/ 12/ 13/
actually not known.
b. Other important animal diseases -- Other important animal diseases include
Johnels diseases, mastitis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tuberculosis, and various ecto-
parasitic infections in cattle. Hog cholera, pasteurellosis and a host of parasitic
conditions are common in swine. Sheep are affected by pasteurellosis and parasitic
conditions and suffer seriously in sparse mountain pasture areas from deficiency
conditions. The major poultry diseases are fowl pox and avian leukosis. Rabies
is a recurrent problem in some areas and domestic livestock is not infrequently
2/ 10/ 12/ 13/
affected as a result of bites of carnivora:-
D. Veterinary medical organization and administration
1. Civilian
a. Organization -- Veterinary services in Ecuador are primarily a nationalized
function. The Directorate of livestook and Veterinary Services within the Ministry
of Development is fundamentally responsible for all the major veterinary activities
in the country. Small localized veterinary programs, utilizing national veterinarians
advised by American veterinary personnel, conduct extension and training
programs under the Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Agricultura (SCIA)
programs of the U.S. Agency for International Development. The director of Livestock
and Veterinary Services is also responsible for the major prescribed meat inspection
routines, although municipalities in a few cases employ local veterinary inspectors
for such activities. An animal inspection and quarantine branch, under the Director
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of Livestock and Veterinary Services is active at sea ports of entry for livestock
and livestock products. However, comparable activity at land border points in
connection with intra-country livestock movement is seriously neglected.
A few veterinarians are engaged in private practice chiefly dealing with the
purebred imported herds of wealthy ranchers and a few are engaged in commercial
biological and pharmaceutical industry. International organizations, such as the
U.S. Agency for International Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations and the Pan-American Health Organization provide veterinary technical
advisory services for developing specific projects of interest to the government.
A recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease has stimulated a rash of activities,
apparently uncoordinated, by the Food and Agriculture Organization the Pan-American
Health Organization, the Agency for International Development and even the United
States Freedom from Hunger Foundation. Action ranges from providing vaccine from
sources outside Ecuador to consideration for plans for a diagnostic laboratory, and
even a combined diagnostic-vaccine production unit as well, to providing technical
assistance in field operations research and diagnosis.
For administrative purposes the Director of Livestock and Veterinary Services
divides his organization into two principal zones, one concerned with the Iitoral and
one with the Interior or Sierra. Each is administered by a sub-director, since the
two areas have distinct interests, resulting from topography, climate and character
of livestock. Both sub-directors include under their jurisdiction a Director of
Veterinary Laboratory Investigations, one located in Quito and the other in Guayaquil.
Unfortunately, v.Doun veterinary schools, all started in relatively recent years,.
have built up a dominating influence over veterinary activity in each locality of
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their operation. This has led to a serious factionalism which obstructs coordinated
veterinary programs - an obstacle the Director of the national veterinary services
1/ 2/ 9/ 10/ 12/ 13/ 20/
cannot overcome.
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- The only requisite for veterinary practice or employment
in Ecuador is graduation from one of the country's four7,: veterinary colleges or from
32/ 34/
?a foreign veterinary school recognized by the governmental veterinary authorities.
(2) Quarantine -- Control over imports of foodstuffs and livestock
influencing health of animals or possible introduction of disease from external
sources and through internal movement, is prescribed in an Emergency Decree Law
No. 19 of 1959. Incorporated in this law is the law for Animal Sanitation, which
specifies health inspection and quarantine requirements, and charges its administration
to the Director of Livestock and Animal Health in collaboration with the Institutes
10/ 12/ 1.3/ 20/
of Veterinary Investigations of the Litoral and the Sierra.
(3) Inspection -- Nominal veterinary ,inspection of slaughter and meat
processing plants exists at most meat and meat products producing centers. The
quality of inspection is low and considerable meat unfit for human consumption or
fit only for special processing finds its way to markets or consumer
1/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 12/ 13/
channels.
c. Professional veterinary organization -- At least two major veterinary
associations exist. One is located in Quito and the other in Guayaquil. Their
chief aim is, apparently, to protect what is thought to be prerogatives of
veterinarians or veterinary services in their respective areas. Platitudinous
expressions upholding professional ethics and responsibilities emanate from both,
32/
and at that point activity ceases to exist;--
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d. Emergency veterinary services -- Ecuador's veterinary services, as
currently organized and staffed, could not cope with a serious animal disease outbreak
requiring emergency action. International organizations are currently attempting to
assist Ecuador in a campaign against a recently introduced outbreak of foot-and-mouth
10/ 12/ 13/ 23/ 25/
disease.
2. Military veterinary services -- A small veterinary unit in the armed forces
12/ 31/
provides care for military animals of the remount unit.
E. Veterinary manpower -- The ratio of veterinarians to livestock in Ecuador is
very low, 1: 64,000, and the situation is further complicated by the concentration
of veterinarians in the major metropolitan areas rather than at the sites of livestock
production. Communications, including mechanized transportation, are very poor, and
even when disease conditions are reported or assistance sought by livestock owners
the probability for prompt and effective veterinary attention is remote.
Four separate faculties, all sub-standard by any criteria in faculty curricula,
facilities or equipment, exist in this country, which can scarcely justify from an
economic or requirement standpoint even one school. Each university in Ecuador is
an autonomous unit. These faculties are located at the University of Gugyaquil,
Guayaquil, Central University of Ecuador in Quito, Technical University of Manabi,
in Portoviejo (1-03S - 80-27W), and the University of Loja, Loja (4-00S - 79-13W).
1/ 2/ 12/ 13/ 32/ 34/
All four schools graduate no more than 20 students per year.
F. Veterinary facilities -- Veterinary laboratory facilities, located principally
in Quito or Gugyaquil, are generally inadequate. Space and equipment are deficient,
which interferes with sound laboratory discipline. A few small diagnostic units
have been developed in rural areas where extension type services of Servicio
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Cooperativo Interamericano de Agricultura (SCIA) operate. A. few commercial biological
or pharmaceutical concerns operate small laboratories in Guayaquil and Quito. Very
little quality control over products exists, and in some, cases preparation of products
is undertaken with little regard for protection against contamination or assurance
1/ 10/IS?.._31 15/ 34/
of viability and potency.
G. Veterinary supplies and materials -- Veterinary supplies and materials are
produced locally to a limited extent, and the balance of requirements is supplied
through private biological and pharmaceutical agencies, some of which represent
several separate foreign concerns. Currently, an Agency for International Development
and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization support program is underway
to develop a foot-and-mouth disease diagnostic and vaccine production
7/ 10/ 12/ 13/
laboratory.
H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation -- Various United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
technical assistance reports provide substantial information on recent development
programs in the fields of veterinary services and sanitary food handling. Local
livestock and veterinary periodicals report recent changes in field services and
veterinary legislation.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
(1) United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. ETAP Report NO. 1260.
Inform al Gobierno del Ecuador Servicios Veterinarios (Report to the
Government of Ecuador on the Veterinary Services). Rome. 1960.
(Unclassified)
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(2) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Report
No. 13. "Ecuador: Survey of Livestock and Slaughterhouse Potential,"
Quito. September 22, 1960. (Unclassified)
(3) United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Report of the
International Meeting on Veterinary Education. Held in London, United
Kingdom 25 to 30 April 1960, Rome, April 1960. (Unclassified)
(4) Fomento (Development). Various issues. Quito. ?Ministerio de Fomento.
1959. (Unclassified)
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Ministry
of
Development
Director.
of
Livestock Ac Veterinary
Services
Interamerican
Cooperative
Agricultural Services
USA - Ecuador
Sub-director
of
Livestock & Veterinary
Services
of the
Litoral (Guayaquil)
Director
of-
Veterinarylaboratory
Investigations
of the
Litoral
Director
6!
Veterinary Laboratory
Investigations
of the
Sierra
Sub-director
of
Livestock & Veterinary
Services
of the
Sierra (Quito)
Sources: 12 9, 102 122 132 34.
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MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Ecuador
1. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Report of the International
Meeting on Veterinary Education. Held in London, United Kingdom 25 to 30 April
1960. Rome. April 1960. (Unclassified)
2. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization/Office of International Epizootics.
YAO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1960. Rome. 1961. (Unclassified)
3. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Recent Developments Affecting
Livestock Production in the Americas. Rome. 1956. (Unclassified)
4. . Report of the Second Inter-American Meeting on livestock Production.
Rome. June 1953. (Unclassified)
S. . Report of the Third FAO Meeting on Livestock Production in the
Americas. Held at Buenos Aires, Argentina 18 to 30 April, 1955. Rome. June 1955.
(Unclassified) .
6. . ETAP Report No. 1264. Informe al Gobierno del Ecuador el Funcionamiento
de una Planta Pasteurizadora de Leche Report to the Government of Ecuador on the
Functions of a Milk Pasteurization Plant). Rome. 1960. (Unclassified)
7. . ETAP Report No. 14. Report to the Government of Ecuador on Agricultural
Extension and Education. Rome. May 1952. (Unclassified)
8. . ETA Report No. 11. Report to the Government of Ecuador on the
Preservation of Perishable nods. Rome. February 1952. (Unclassified)
9. . ETAP Report No. 581. Informe al Gobierno del Ecuador =bre Construccion
de Mataderos (Report to the Government of Ecuador on the Construction of Slaughter-
houses). Rome. 1957. (Unclassified)
10. . ETAP Report No. 1260. Informe al Gobierno del Ecuador Servicios
Veterinaries (Report to the Government of Ecuador on the Veterinary Services).
Rome. 1960. (Unclassified)
11. Labor del SCIA (Work of SCIA). Various issues. Quito. Ninisterio de Economia.
1957. (Unclassified)
12. Fomento (Development). Various issues. Quito. Ninisterio de Fomento. 1959.
(Unclassified)
13. Revista del Consorcio de Centros Agricolas de Manabi (Review of Work of the
Agricultural Center of Manabi). Various issues. Portoviejo. Imprenta Alarcon.
1959-1961. (Unclassified)
14. Junta Nacional de Planificacion y Coordinacion Ebonomica (National Council for
Economic Planning and Coordination). Informe Anual (Annual Information), 1957-1958.
Parts I and II. Quito. Impreso en la Editorial "Santo Domingo." 1958. (Unclassified)
15. SCIA Annual Report 1957. Quito. Ministerio de Fomento. 1957. (Unclassified)
16. Primer Censo Agropecuario Nacional-1954 (The First National Agricultural Census -
1954). Quito. Ministerio de Economia. 1956. (Unclassified)
17. U.S. Department of Commerce. Investment in Ecuador. Washington, D. C. U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office. November 1958. (Unclassified)
18. U.S. Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense. Ecuador -
Nutrition Survey. Washington, D. C. U.S. Government Printing Office.
July 1960. (Unclassified)
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19.
20.
21.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
"Livestock and Meat."
. Report No.
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Service. Report No. AGR 22.
(Unclassified)
Sanitary Regulations."
of Livestock and Slaughter-
(Unclassified)
Foreign Agricultural
Quito. February 26, 1957.
AGR 42. "Ecuador: Animal
(Unclassified)
AGR 13. "Ecuador: Survey
September 22, 1960.
Quito. June 7, 1960.
. Report No.
house Potential." Quito.
22.
. Report No.
AGR 56. "Ecuador: Packing Plant to be Built in Quayaquil."
Quito. February 16,
1961. (Unclassified)
23.
Report No.
AGR 80. "Ecuador: Outbreak of Aftosa, in Colombia and
its Effect in Ecuador."
Quito. May 26, 1961. (Unclassified)
24.
. Report No.
AGR 2. "Ecuador: Livestock, Marketing of Meat." Quito.
July 210 1961. (Unclassified)
25.
. Report No.
23, "Outbreak of Aftosa." Quito. February 27, 1962.
(Unclassified)
26.
. Report No.
24. "Ecuador: Livestock Report." Quito. March 7, 1962.
(Unclassified)
27.
U.S. Department of State. Foreign Service Despatch. No. 423. "Investment
Opportunity - Sale of Quito Sausage Factory." Quito. March 28, 1960.
(Unclassified)
? 28. . NO. 68. "Annual Economic Report for Quayaquil Consular District."
Quayaquil. February 9, 1962. (Unclassified)
29. U.S. International Cooperation Administration. ?Airgram. TOICA A-81. "Quarterly
Report: Division of Food and Agriculture, April/June 1961." Quito. July 28, 1961.
(Unclassified)
30.
31.
32.
. Airgram. TOA1D A-57.. "Quarterly Report: Division of Food and
Agriculture, July-September 1961." Quito. November 17, 1961. (Undlassified)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. "Trginee'Program
Information Documents." Various issues. Washington, D.C. 1957-1960. (Unclassified)
Pan-American Health Organization. "Results from Questionaires Submitted to
Schools of Veterinary Medicine of the Americas." Washington, D.C. August 11, 1959.
(Unclassified)
33. Blood, Benjamin D. "The Veterinary Medical Profession in the Americas: Its
Educational Programa' Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
vol. 126, no. 938. Chicago, Illinois. May 1955. (Unclassified)
34. . "The Veterinary Medical Profession in the Americas--Its Size and
Distribution." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. vol. 122,
no. 913. Chicago, Illinois. April 1953. (Unclassified)
35. United Nations, Fodd and Agriculture Organization. Report of the First Meeting of
the Joint FAO/OIE Expert Panel on Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock. Held in
London, England 24-29 November 1958. Rome. 1959. (Unclassified)
36. . Report of the Joint FAO/OIE Meeting on the Control of Tick-Borne
Diseases of Livestock. eld in Rome, Italy 23-27 July 1956. Rome. 1956.
(Unclassified)
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