HAITI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120017-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: REPORT

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General
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Table of Contents
Haiti
B. Environmental factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate
2. Socio-economic pattern
3. Animal and plant life
a. Animal
(1) Mosquitoes
(2)' Flies
(3) lice
(4) Fleas
(5) Ticks and mites
(6) Other arachnids and insect pests
(8) Worms
(9) Reptiles
(10) Rodents
(11) Mid animals
14. Nutrition
a. Dietary level
b. Food supply and distribution
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology
Diseases
1. Diseases of BM
a. Diseases prevalent among the population
(1) Malaria
(2) Tuberculosis
(3) Helminthiasis
(4) Malnutrition and deficiency diseases
(5) Typhoid fever
(6) Tetanus
(7) Syphilis
.(8) Poliomyelitis
(9) Arthropod-borne viral encephalitides
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D.
E.
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(10) Dengue fever
8
(11) Typhus
9
(12) Respiratory diseases
9
(13) Skin diseases
9
(14) Yaws
9
(15) Whooping cough
9
(16) Dental diseases
9
(17) Other diseases
9
(18) Animal diseases transmissible to man
10
2. Diseases of animals
10
a. Prevalent animal diseases
10
(1) Anthrax
10
(2) Parasitoses
10
(3) Rabies
10
(4) Nutritional deficiencies
11
(5) Swine diseases
11
(6) Poultry diseases
11
(7) Other important animal diseases
11
Medical organization and administration (veterinary)
12
1. Civilian
12
a. Organization
12
b. Legal controls
12
(1) Licensure
12
(2) Quarantine
12
(3) Inspection
12
c. Professional veterinary organizations
13
d. Veterinary Research
13
f. Emergency veterinary services
13
2. Military veterinary organization
13
Medical manpower
13
1. Personnel
13
2. Training
13
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F. Veterinary facilities
G. Veterinary supplies
H. Reference data
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
Master Bibliography
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NIS 79 - section 45
Haiti
A. General
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Lack of veterinary care and ignorance of even the most elementary principles of
livestock management perpetuate a deplorable state of animal health in Haiti. The
ill-equipped and poorly financed veterinary services, consisting of one veterinarian
and a small force of inadequately trained technicians, are unable to cope with the
country's many serious animal diseases. Disease control is further handicapped by
the illiteracy, superstition and primitive habits of large segments of the rural
population.
The U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) and the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in their efforts to improve Haiti's
livestock production, have not been able to provide sufficient veterinary assistance.
However, unless such assistance is rendered on an extensive and long-range basis,
the existing animal health problems are unlikely to be solved.
B. Environmental factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate -- Frequent droughts, soil erosion caused by indis-
criminate cutting of timber, and relentless exploitation of the arable land, preclude
the growing of feed for any large numbers of livestock. But, with concerted efforts
of irrigation, reforestation and soil conservation, many areas, such as the
Artibonite Valley and the Northern and Cu]. de Sac Plains, could be adapted to
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profitable livestock raising.
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2. Socio-economic pattern -- With the exception of a few dairy herds of well-
to-do farmers in the Artibonite Valley and the Port-au-Prince (18-32N - 72-204 area,
there is little organized animal husbandry in Haiti. Peasant families, which are
entirely ignorant of livestock management principles, may own a cow, one or two
pigs, a horse, a burrow, several goats and perhaps eight to ten chickens. Cows and
pigs are usually not kept for local food consumption purposes, but are destined for
eventual sale, constituting a source of ready cash.
AID has attempted to improve animal production by introducing new livestock and
by training the rural population in proper husbandry methods, but progress so far
has been confined to local areas in the Artibonite Valley and the Department of
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the North:- ? ?
3. Animal and plant life
a. Animal
(1) Mosquitoes -- Except in the higher mountain regions, anopheline
mosquitoes are ubiquitous in Haiti. Anopheles albimanus is the predominant species
and the principal vector of malaria. Other malaria vectors are A. grabhamii,
A. crucians and A. vestitipennis.
Aedes aegypti, a vector of urban yellow fever and dengue, is common. No yellow'
fever has been reported in Haiti, but dengue is widespread. Other aedes mosquitoes
occurring are A. taeniorhynchus and A. sollicitans.
Culeex pipiens quinquefasciatus, a carrier of filariasis, and Psorophora ferax,
a pest of man and animals, are also known in Haiti.
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(2) Flies -- Numerous species of flies occur in Haiti. The most
important ones and the conditions they cause are:
Musca domestica
Stomoxys s
Lyperosia(Siphona) pa. )
Atherixm.
Siinulium
Callitroga spp.
Calliphora spp.
mechanical transmission of gastro-
intestinal diseases in man.
vicious wbiters," serious nuisance.
serious nuisance, potential carrier
of onchocerciasis
cutaneous myiasis
screwworm infestation in domestic
animals.
mechanical transmission of infectious
diseases$ cutaneous myiasis.
(3) Lice Pediculus humanus var. corporis is present but epidemic
typhus carried by this insect has not been reported. Various species of animali lice
are found abundantly.
(4) Fleas -- The most common species of fleas are:
Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea)
C. felis (cat flea)
C. fasciatus (rat flea)
Pulex irritans (human flea;)
Tunga penetrans (chigoe flea)
(5) Ticks and mites -- Of the numerous species of ticks in Haiti, the
following have been identified:
Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)
D. nitens
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
Ali?R211112_. cajennense
BoPphi1us microplus
Identified mites include Eutrombicula batatas (chigger mite), Sarcoptes scabiei
and Demodex
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(6) Other arachnids and insect pests -- Other arachnids and insect
pests include Latrodectus mactans (black widow spider), Lycosa tarantula (tarantula),
scorpions, reduviid bugs, bed bugs and fire ants.
(8) Worms -- Of the many types of worms existing in Haiti, the most
common identified species are:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius xrermicularis
Nacator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Haemonchus contortus
Oesophagostomum spp.
Metastrongylus spp.
Dirofilaria immitis
Stephanurus dentatus
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia solium (Cysticercus cellulosae)
T. saginata (Cysticercus bovis)
T. multiceps .(Coenurus cerehalis)
Echinococcus granulosus
Hymenolepis nana
(9) Reptiles -- With the exception of crocodiles in Lake Etang
Saumatre, no poisonous or otherwise dangerous reptiles are known to exist in Haiti.
(10) Rodents The common types of rats exist in great numbers
throughout Haiti.
(11) "Wild animals -- Mongooses and semi-wild dogs, which are an important
reservoir of rabies, are the only dangerous wild animals reported. Bats are common
but no cases of bat, rabies have been recorded. There are no monkeys in Haiti.
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4. Nutrition
a. Dietary level -- The diet of Haiti's population, particularly in rural
areas, is notably lacking in animal proteins. Relatively well-to-do families may
eat meat once a week, while other families have it once or twice a month. Eggs are
rarely eaten and milk is given only to small children. Various sorts of beans,
eaten in large quantities, are the main source of protein. The diet is also short
in fats of any kind. Corn, millet, manioc, sorghum and rice are the staple crops,
but supplies do not always see the people through the year. In season, there are
sweet potatoes, mangos, plantains and avocados. Oranges and grapefruits are plentiful,
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but are mostly marketed in the cities. Vegetables are little known.
b. Food supply and distribution -- Most of the food in Haiti is produced
and consumed locally. However, many peasants sell part of their seasonal harvests
as well as part of their food animals in order to obtain imported foodstuffs, such as
wheat flour and dried fish. .Ing droughts frequently cause crop failures, resulting
in severe food shortages. Fish is available in coastal areas, but in the absence of
refrigeration facilities it rarely reaches inland towns.
Most meat and dairy products for the elite and tourist hotels in the larger
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cities are imported.
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology -- Except in the modern sections
of Port-au-Prince and some other cities, food sanitation and storage are entirely
inadequate. The absence of effective supervision and a lack of refrigeration facilities
results in the marketing of unsanitary food products.
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C. Diseases
1. Diseases of man -- Poor health, resulting from insufficient medical care,
malnutrition, inadequate housing, ignorance and primitive habits, is a major problem
in Haiti. Rural public health activities are greatly handicapped by a grave
shortage of professional health officers and a lack of transportation facilities,
leaving many rural clinics and dispensaries in the hands of inadequately trained
technicians. Some private physicians in the larger cities occasionally visit the
surrounding countryside, but only few peasants can afford to pay a doctorls fee or
to buy the medicaments he prescribes. In 1943, an attempt was made to meet the
shortage of physicians in rural areas by requiring new medical graduates to practice
for two years among the peasants, but lack of medicaments, housing and transportation,
as well as extreme isolation caused this plan to be abandoned. At present,most of
the sick who turn for help to voodoo specialists or herb doctors (lokte fey) would
not hesitate to seek qualified medical aid if such were available.
Disease statistics are virtually non-existent, the cause of death being
established only in cases dying in hospitals. Furthermore, the absence of adequate
diagnostic facilities makes it likely that not all diseases occurring in Haiti have
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yet been identified.
a. Diseases prevalent among the population
(1) Malaria -- Malaria is one of Haiti's major health problems. It is
believed that all Haitians, except those in the higher mountain areas, at one time
or other have had malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Only few cases of P. vivax
have been reported. Of the four anopheline mosquito species present, A. albimanus
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is the principal vector of the disease. The National Malaria Eradication Program
(SNEM - Service National Eradication de la Malaria) a joint enterprise initiated in
1954 by the Government of Haiti, the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and the
World Health Organization (WHO), had to be abandoned in 1959 because of lack of
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funds.
(2) Tuberculosis -- Tuberculosis is widespread in Haiti with a
particularly high incidence in the crowded slum quarters of the larger cities. In
the absence of any organized case finding program no figures as to the exact
dimension of the disease are available. Present control measures consist of
BCG-vaccination of all newborns in hospitals as well as the tuberculin testing and
vaccination of school children in Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haiten (19-46N - 72-13W) and
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Lea Cayes (18-12N - 73-454:- -
(3) Helminthiasis Ancylostomiasis is almost universal among the
peasants; it is a result of fecal soil contamination and the custom of going barefoot.
The disease is particularly severe among children 2-7 years of age, who play much
on the ground, and is probably one of the reasons for Haiti's high child mortality.
Other important helminth infections are ascariasis, enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis,
trichiniasis, taeniasis and echinococciasis. There exists a small focus of
schistosomiasis in the Dominican Republic, and unless Dominican authorities can pre-
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vent its spread the disease is likely to appear in Haiti.
(4) Malnutrition and deficiency diseases -- Malnutrition and deficiency
diseases are omnipresent in Haiti. Kwashiorkor is particularly common among the very
young. Maw children, as a result of a poor and insufficient diet, are severely
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stunted and do not reach physical maturity until an unusually late age.
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(5) Typhoid fever -- Typhoid fever is endemic with epidemics occurring
almost yearly during the dry winter season. The health authorities attempt to -
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combat the disease through occasional immunization campaigns.
(6) Tetanus -- Tetanus is widespread and contributes markedly to the
high mortality rate in newborns. In mule schools in Port-au-Prince pupils receive
tetanus immunization in the form of a diptheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccine.
(7) Syphilis -- Syphilis is a significant health problem. With the
decline of yaws an increased number of cases have been recognized, but the full
extent of the disease is still unknown. In Port-au-Prince, attempts are being made
to treat infected prostitutes with penicillin injections, but budgetary cuts are
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likely to force the discontinuation of this measure.
(8) Poliomyelitis -- Although only a small number of infections are
reported, polio appears to be much more widespread than is realized. Most cases
occur during the dry season. Private physicians are using Salk vaccine, but a
shortage of funds so far has not permitted its use in government hospitals and
health centers.
(9) Arthropod-borne viral encephalitides Ville none of the
encephalitides have been reported, it is believed that many of these diseases go
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unrecognized or are misdiagnosed as meningitis or nonparalytic poliomyelitis.
(10) Dengue fever -- Dengue fever exists throughout the country, with
a particular high incidence in the Cap-Haitien area. Attempts to eradicate the
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carrier mosquito, Aedes aegypti, have been confined to the Port-au-Prince area.
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(11) Typhus -- Although no cases have been reported one may assume that
murine (flea-borne) typhus exists in Haiti: The disease occurs in the Dominican
Republic and is unlikely to stop at the border, particularly .since Haiti has an enormous
rat population. No outbreak of epidemic (louse-borne) typhus has been recorded:
(12) Respiratory diseases -- Influenza-like infections frequently occur
in epidemic form. Bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia and bronchitis are also
frequent and severe. Many acute infections resembling herpangina occur, but the
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available facilities do not permit confirmation.
(13) Skin diseases -- Tropical ulcers, fungus infections, furunculosis
and other skin conditions, are prevalent throughout the country.
(14) Yaws -- The effective SERPIAN (Service Eradication Rural Plan, a
joint Government of Haiti 0 enterprise) eradication campaign has reduced the
incidence of yaws to an estimated 1000 cases. In the course of a house to house
coverage, most infected people and their contacts were treated with penicillin. The
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north of Haiti is now considered free of yaws.
(15) Whooping cough -- Whooping cough is one of the principal causes
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of child mortalitT.
(16) Dental diseases -- Dental diseases are exceedingly common, but
only a few people have an opportunity to see a dentist. Not only is there a'large
number of almost toothless adults, but even many children have lost most of their
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teeth.
(17) Other diseases -- Other diseases known to exist in Haiti are:-
Filariasis, amebic and bacillary dysentery, salmonellosis, diptheria, scarlet fever,
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bacterial conjunctivitis, gonorrhea, meningococcal infections, leprosy, leptospirosis,
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pinta, hepatitis, measles, trachoma, and allergies to plants and scrubs. --
(18) Animal diseases transmissible to man -- The following zoonoses are
known to exist in Haiti: Rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis?
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leptospirosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis and trichinosis.
2. Diseases of animals -- Haiti's livestock is beset by a multitude of serious
diseases, but in the absence of any reliable reporting system their incidence and
distribution remains largely unknown. Veterinary diagnostic facilities are entirely
inadequate, so that some diseases existing in the country may not yet have been
identified.
a. Prevalent animal diseases
(1) Anthrax -- Anthrax is widespread in Haiti, with a particular high
incidence in the Artibonite and western regions. A vaccination campaign by the
Department of Agriculture has failed so far to make major progress towards the control
of the disease.
(2) Parasitoses Gastro-intestinal and pulmonary helminthoses,
echinococcosis, coccidiosis and ectoparasite infestations are omnipresent, causing
severe debilitation and unthriftiness, and contributing to the high mortality. of young
animals. Horses in low, met areas frequently are affected by limalzoo," an invasive
parasitic granulomatosis of the skin. The etiology of this condition has not yet
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been determined.
(3) Rabies -- Carried primarily by mongooses and stray. dogs, rabies is
a major threat to man and domestic animals. Control efforts by the Public Health
Department, consisting of limited dog vaccination programs and occasional stray dog)
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destruction campaigns, have done little to reduce the incidence of the disease. NO
bat rabies has been reported from Haiti.
(4) Nutritional deficiencies -- Nutritional deficiencies, such as lack
of protein and phosphorus, are the rule rather than the exception in all classes of
livestock. These deficiencies are the result of the peasants' complete ignorance
of their animals' feed requirements as well as the occurrence of frequent drought
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periods in many parts of the country.
(5) Swine diseases -- Infectious diseases cause the loss of 50-60 percent
of Haiti's annual swine crop. The most significant swine diseases are hog cholera,
erysipelas pasteurellosis and atrophic rhinitis. A government sponsored hog cholera
immunization campaign failed completely, since most peasants with a yearly income
1/2/3/9/14/24/
of 40-50 dollars were unable to pay the price of 60 cents per dose of vaccine:
(6) Poultry diseases -- Despite the efforts of FAO and AID experts,
Haiti's poultry production is still in dire need of improvement. Aside from some
eiperimental farms, poultry is usually never housed and roams over the countryside
in search of food. Serious disease outbreaks cause a high mortality; Newcastle
disease alone is believed to kill about half of the poultry population annually.
Other important poultry diseases known to occur are: fowl pox, infectious coryza,
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fowl cholera, tuberculosis and coccidiosis.
(7) Other important animal diseases -- A recent (1961/62) surVey by AID
indicated a high incidence of brucellosis, leptospirosis and anaplasmosis. Other
important diseases recognized in Haiti are tuberculosis, salmonellosis, infectious
icterohemoglobinuria (Clostridium hemolyticum)? mastitis, tetanus, piroplasmosis
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and fungal infections.
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D. Medical organization and administration (veterinary)
1. Civilian
a. Organization -- The Veterinary Section of the Department of Agriculture,
Natural Resources and Rural Development (la Section Vtterinaire, Departement de
11 Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement Rural) is responsible
for Haiti's veterinary services. The Section, staffed by one professional
veterinarian and a small force of technicians, directs the veterinary activities of
the government "agronomists" (agricultural school graduates), maintains a diagnostic
laboratory and public clinic at the National School of Agriculture at Damiens
(18-36N - 72-18W), and carries out foot-and-mouth disease quarantine inspection at
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harborS and airports.
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- There are no license requirements for veterinarians.
(2) Quarantine -- Haiti has laws and regulations governing the import of
domestic and other animals. Present quarantine efforts are directed almost exclusively
2/ 3/ 6/
against the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease:"
(3) Inspection -- The abattoir of the Haitian-American Meat and
Provision Company at Damiensis the only slaughterhouse in Haiti operating under
veterinary supervision. In other cities the inspection of meat and other animal
products is carried out by public health inspectors who lack proper training for this
task. Small communities have no supervision of slaughter and dairy operations
whatsoever, resulting in the slaughter of diseased animals and the production of
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highly unsanitary milk.
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c. Professional veterinary organizations-- No professional veterinary
organizations exist in Haiti.
d, Veterinary research -- No veterinary research is conducted in Haiti.
Some disease investigations are carried out by an American veterinarian at the Albert
Schweitzer Hospital in Deschappelles (19-04N - 72-28W) in the Artibonite Valley. A
6/9/
visiting AID veterinary expert recently has conducted a limited disease survey.
f. Emergency veterinary services -- No emergency veterinary services
exist in Haiti.
2. Military veterinary organization -- There are no military veterinary
activities in Haiti.
E. Medical manpower
1. Personnel -- Haiti's .totally insufficient medical manpower consists of
approximately 300 physicians, 100 dentists and a force of nurses, midwives and
medical auxiliaries. About half the physicians are parttime employees of the
Department of Health. The others are entirely in private practice or work in
hospitals maintained by missions, philanthropic foundations, and foreign industrial
companies. Many rural clinics and dispensaries are staffed solely by medical
auxiliaries, leaving large proportions of the peasant population without professional
medical care.
A government veterinarian and a veterinarian at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital are
Haitits entire professional veterinary personnel. Most veterinary activities are
carried out by agricultural school graduates ("agronomistsn), who have had some
2/ 3/ 4/9/ 12/ 22/
rudimentary veterinary training.
2. Training -- The University of Haiti at Port-au-Prince has a medical and dental
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faculty. A school of nursing, attached to the medical faculty, provides training
for nurses and midwives. The medical faculty graduates 35 physicians annually, most
of whom have emigrated in recent years. Medical training, which is not comparable to
that in the U.S., consists of a six-year course, including aoneyear internship.
Aside from some rudimentary training at the National School of Agriculture and
some instruction by visiting veterinary experts, no veterinary schooling is available
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in Haiti.
F. Veterinary facilities -- The diagnostic laboratory and public clinic at the
National School of Agriculture at Damiens and a clinic at the Albert Schweitzer
2/ 3/ 9/
???? a???
Hospital in Deschappelles are Haitils sole veterinary facilities.
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2/y
G. Veterinary supplies -- No veterinary supplies And medicaments are produced in Haiti:
H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation -- The available source material on animal and human health matters
is general in nature. A lack of any reliable statistics precludes a detailed
discussion of the incidence and extent of many diseases.
Sources 1, 2 and 3 were useful for most sections of the veterinary part Of this
report, while source 4 contributed information on human diseases and medical manpower.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
1) Bush, D.L. "Observations and Investigations in Veterinary Medicine in Haiti."
Military Medicine. vol. 117; Washington, D.C. 1955. (Unclassified)
2) Keefe, J. "Veterinary Pioneers in Haiti." The Allied Veterinarian. vol. 32.
Indianapolis, Indiana. 1961. (Unclassified)
3) Departement de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement
Rural. Annual Report 1959-1960. Port-au-Prince. 1961. (Unclassified)
4) Department of Health Data, Division of Preventive Medicine. Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. Health Data Publication No. 4. Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army Medicel Center. Washington, D. C.
1960. (Unclassified)
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MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY
Haiti
1. Bush, D. L. 1955. Observations and investigations in veterinary medicine in
Haiti. Milit. med. 117:132-35. Washington.
2. Departement de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement
Rural. 1959. Annual report 1958-1959. /11 French7. Port-au-Prince. 43 p.
3. Departement de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement
Rural, 1961. Annual report 1959-1960. ffil French7. Port-au-Prince. 114 p.
4. Department of Health Data, Division of Preventive Medicine. 1960. Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army
Medical Center Health Data Publ. 4. Washington. 25 p.
5. Europa Publications Limited. 1962. Haiti, p. 541-542. The World of learning
1961-62. 12th ed, London.
6. Hayward, J. G. 1962. End-of-tour report for the period January 29, 1960 to
July 9, 1962. U.S. Department of State TOAID A-42. Port-au-Prince. 8 P.
7.. Holly) M. A. 1955. Agriculture in Haiti. Vintage Press Inc. New York.
8. Kain, J. 1950. Report on Haiti. Social Security Administration, Federal
Security Agency, Children's Bureau. Washington.
9. Keefe, J. 1961. Veterinarian pioneers in Haiti. The Allied Veterinarian 32:112-118,
10, Metraux, A. 1951. Making a living in the Marbial valley (Haiti) - occasional
papers in education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. Paris. 217 p.
11. Simmonds, S. 1956. Haiti - overseas economic survey August 1956. Her Majesty's
Stationery Office. London.
12. United Nations. 1949. Mission to Haiti. Report of the United Nations Mission
of Tedhnical Assistance to the Republic of Haiti. New York.
13. United Nations, Educational) Scientific and Cultural Organization. 1951. The
Haiti pilot project - phase one 1947-49. Monographs on Fundamental Educa-
tion IV. Paris,
14. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 1902. FAO-WHO-OTE animal
health yearbook 1961. Rome. 315 p.
15. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 1958. Report of the fourth
FAO inter-American meeting on livestock production held in Kingston, Jamaica,
Federation of West Indies 22 July - 1 August 1958. Rome. 158 P.
16. U.S. Department of State. 1961.. Further report on Haitian meat inspection
procedures. Report 30. Port-au-Prince. 6 p.
17. U.S. International Cooperation Administration. 1961. Food and Agriculture
Division annual report for the period January 1 - December 31, 1960, including
the last quarter. TOICA A-609. Port-au-Prince. 28 p.
18. U.S. International Cooperation Administration. 1961. Veterinary public health.
TOICA A-185. Port-au-Prince. 2 p.
19. U.S. Operations Mission, 1960. Agricultural program activities since May 1959.
Port-au-Prince. 13 p.
20. Winters, R. L. 1962. End-of-tour report. U.S. Department of State TOAD A-648.
Port-au-Prince. 8 p.
21. Nbrldmark Press Inc. 1960. Haiti - Republic of Haiti, p. 414-420. The Nbrldmark
encyclopedia of the nations. iiorldmark Press Inc., Harper & Harper. New York.
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a.
Supplementary References
Haiti
22. Department de L'Agriculture, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture (Uiliversitd d'Haiti).
1953. Programme des etudes agronomiques. Port-au-Prince. 45 P.
23. Heidelberger Akademie der Assenschaften. World atlas of epidemic diseases.
Hamburg.
24. Pan American Union. 1962. Haiti. Washington, D. C. 31 p.
25. Scofield, J. 1961. Haiti - West Africa in the West Indies. National Geographic
11:227-259.
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