NIGERIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120009-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 9
• Content Type: REPORT

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Table of Contents
Nigeria
Page
A.
General
1
B.
Environmental factors affecting health
1
1.
Topography and climate
1
2.
:Socio-economic pattern
1
3.
Animal and plant life
2
a. Animal
2
(2) Flies
2
(5) Ticks and mites
2
(a) Ticks
2
(b) Mites
2
(7) Mollusks
3
(8) Worms
3
(10) Rodents
4
(11) Wild animals
4
14.
Nutrition
4
b. Food supply and distribution
4
c. Food sanitation, storage, and technology
5
C.
Diseases
5
2.
Diseases of animals
5
a. Prevalent animal diseases
5
(1) Trypanosomiasis
5
(2) Rinderpest
6
(3) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
7
(4) Rabies
(5) Parasitoses
7
(6) Streptothricosis
8
(7) Foot-and-mouth disease
8
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(8) Pasteurella infections
(9) "Pneumonia of goats"
(10) "Staggers"
(11) Poultry diseases
b. Other important animal diseases
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D. Veterinary organization.,and administration
1. Civilian
a. Organization
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure
(2) Quarantine
(3) Inspection
c. Professional veterinary organizatilon
cif Veterinary research
f. EMergency veterinary services
2. Military veterinary organization
E. Veterinary manpower
F. Veterinary facilities
G. Veterinary supplies and materials
H. Reference data
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation
2. list of sources in order of importance)
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11.
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NIS 50B - Section 45
Nigeria
A. General
Nigeria's livestock suffers from many serious animal diseases, some of which are
of considerable public health significance. The veterinary services are by far too
understaffed to carry out efficient control measures. Inability or reluctance of
livestock owners to adopt proper management procedures, and the continual influx of
diseased cattle and goats from surrounding territories, are other factors responsible
for the low standard of animal health. Nigeria's government, eager to realize the
country's potential as a livestock producing area, has requested assistance from the
Agency for International Development (AID) and the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the Unit.ed Nations (FAO), but has received little veterinary aid so far.
B. Environmental factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate -- Aside from the coastal mangrove swamp forest belt,
all areas of Nigeria have considerable land adaptable to animal raising. However,
uncontrolled grazing, herd mismanagement and disease curtail the country's ability
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to support significant numbers of livestock.
2. Socio-economic pattern -- Despite educational campaigns by government and
international agencies, large segments of Nigeria's rural population are still
ignorant of even the Most elementary animal health and management procedures, or
like the Fulani tribes in the Northern Region, are reluctant to break from tradition
by adopting modern husbandry methods. Many of Nigeria's younger people are unwilling
to follow agricultural pursuits and drift into cities and towns in search of better
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work prospects and higher living standards.
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3. Animal and plant life
a. Animal
(2) Flies -- Of the innumerable varieties of flies occurring in Nigeria,
tsetse flies, the carriers of trypanosomiasis, are by far the most significant.
The following species have been reported:
Glossina caliginea
G. fusca
G. haningtoni
Gi,longipalpis
G. medicorum
G. morsitans
G. nigrofusca
G. pallicerca
G. palpalis
G. tachinoides
G. tabaniformis
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(5) Ticks and mites
(a) Ticks -- Numerous species of ticks, many of them disease vectors,
exist in Nigeria. The more important ones and the diseases they are capable of
transmitting are:
Amblyomma variegatum heartwater
mrgus persicus avian spirochaetosis
Nyalomma spp. piroplasmosis, theileriosis, African
tick-borne fever (boutonneuse fever)
Naragophus annulatus piroplasmosis
Palpoboophilus decoloratus piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus piroplasmosis, theileriosis, louping
Nairobi sheep disease, African
tick-borne fever.
R. capensis
R. evertsi
R. sinus
East coast fever
piroplasmosis, East coast fever,
spirochaetosis
anaplasmosis, East coast fever
(b) Mites -- Mite( infestations cause severe debilitation in domestic
animals. The more important species of mites are: Demodex spp., Sarcoptes scabiei.
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varieties, Psoroptes communis varieties.
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(7) Mollusks -- Lymnaea natalensis and species of the genera Planorbis
and Physopis are intermediate hosts for the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica.
Biomphalaria pfeifferi gaudi and Bainus (Physopsis) globosus serve as intermediate
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host of human and animal schistosomes.
(8) Worms -- The following parasitic helminths of livestock have been
identified in Nigeria:
Trematoda- Dicrocoeliumdendriticum (lanceolatum)
Cestoda-
Nematoda-
D. hospes
Fasciola gigantica
Paramphistomum spp.
Schistosoma bovis
S. spindale
Avitellina centripunctata
Cysticercus bovis
C. cellulosae
C. tenuicollis
Helicometra giardi
Moniezia benedeni
M. expansa
Raihietina app.
Stilesia globipunctata
Bunostomum phlebotomum
B. trigonocephalum
Cooperia pectinata
C. punctata
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Gaigeria paehyscelis
Gongylonema verruco sum
Haemonchus contortus
IL placei
Neoascaris vitulorum
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Oesophagostomum columbianum
O. radiatum
Onchocerca gibsoni
Parafilaria bovicola
Setaria cervi
S. labiato-papillosa
Strongyloides papillosus
Syngamus spp.,
Thelazia rhodesii
Trichostronolus axei
T. colubriformis
Trichuris globulosa
T. ovis
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(10) Rodents -- The ground-squirrel Xerus erythropus, a most common and
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widely distributed rodent, is believed to be a reservoir of rabies in Nigeria.
(11) Wild animals -- Monkeys, antelopes buffaloes (bush cows),
hartebeests and other wild animals are reservoirs of trypanosomiasis of livestock
and man. Wart hogs (Phacochoerus sp.) and Red-River hogs (Fotamuchoerus porous),
are potential carriers of African swine fever. Jackals, feral cats, hyenas, foxes
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and bats, are capable of serving as rabies reservoirs.
4. Nutrition
b. Food supply and distribution -- Most Nigerians have to depend primarily
on crops for their supply of protein. In 1959, it was estimated that out of a daily
adult protein intake averaging 72 grams, only 7 grams were of animal origin, some of
which was contributed by livestock from surrounding territories and by imported dried
fish. Milk is absent from the diet of about three-fourths of the population. The
cattle herds of the Fulani tribes in the Northern Region supply their owners with milk,
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but make only a limited contribution to the country's meat supply. Fulani husbandry
methods, based on a tradition equating wealth and social prestige with the number of
cattle owned, leave few animals for slaughter or sale. Cattle in the Eastern and
Western Regions are kept for ceremonial purposes and are likewise not a significant
source of meat. Government attempts to alleviate the animal protein shortage through
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an expansion of sea and inland fishing have been unsuccessful so far.
c. Food sanitation, storage, and technology -- With the exception of some
modern districts of Lagos (6-27N - 3-23E), food sanitation is unsatisfactory throughout
Nigeria. The almost complete absence of refrigeration and storage facilities, and
the lack of adequate supervision, result in the processing and marketing of meat, milk
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and other foods under highly unsanitary conditions.
C. Diseases
2. Diseases of animals -- Many serious animal diseases commonly occur in Nigeria.
Control efforts are hindered by a shortage of veterinary personnel and by the ignorance
and primitive habits of most livestock owners. Other factors militating against an
acceptable level of animal health are the continual clandestine introduction of
diseased livestock from surrounding territories and the veterinary services' inability
to properly examine all animals lawfully presented at border inspection stations. In
the absence of a reliable reporting system, the incidence and distribution of various
diseases remain as yet unknown.
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a. Prevalent animal diseases
(1) Trypanosomiasis Tlypanosomiasis (T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax,
T. dimorphon) is the main obstacle to an expansion of Nigeria's cattle industry.
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The prevalence of the tsetse fly, the principal vector of this debilitating and often
fatal disease, in the southern three-fourths of Nigeria confines most of the cattle
to the savannah areas of the Northern Region. In several provinces, the veterinary
services provide treatment at mobile camps. The usual fee for an injection with
homidivm bromide, homidium chloride or antrycide dimethylsulfate is one shilling
(approximately 14 cents). Government authorities frequently have to.contend with
unscrupulous persons who$ taking advantage of the tribesmen's reluctance to bring their
cattle to treatment-camps, offer injections at the owner's homes at an inflated fee
using imitation medicaments. Other trypanosomiasis control measures consist of the
application of insecticides and the clearing of brush and riverine vegetation serving
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as tsetse fly habitats.
(2) Rinderpest Immunization of a large portion of young animals has
markedly reduced the incidence of rinderpest, but the disease is still widespread and,
continues to threaten Nigeria's cattlepopulation. A tissue culture vaccine, produced
by the Federal Department of Veterinary Research in Vom (9-44N - 8-47E), has lately
been used in some areas, and on its initial promising results the replacement of
caprinized and lapinized vaccines is considered a strong possibility. In the fall of
1962, a vaccination campaign, sponsored by the Commission for Technical Cooperation
in Africa South of the Sahara (C.C.T.A.), was launched in Nigeria and the neighboring
countries of Cameroon, Chad and Niger. This campaign, executed by the veterinary
services under supervision of C.C.T.A. officials, will last:three years, and is
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expected to provide inoculations for 8 million cattle.
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(3) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia -- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
is enzootic in the northeastern provinces, with frequent sporadic outbreaks in other
parts of the country. In enzootic areas, veterinarians combat the disease through
vaccination (lyophilized KH3J vaccine) and quarantine of affected or exposed cattle.
Complete slaughter of infected and exposed cattle, with payment of compensation, is
the method of control in,sporadic areas. The clandestine introduction of cattle from
adjoining countries having an extremely high incidence of the disease and unauthorized
movement of animals within the country, seriously hinder efforts to eliminate
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contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.-
(4) Rabies -- A high incidence of rabies in dogs is a serious menace to
man and livestock. Vaccination meets with little interest by the population and is
confined largely to European-owned dogs. No cases of rabies in wild animals have been
confirmed so far, but the ground-squirrel (Kerus erythropus) is believed to be a
reservoir of the disease. The Federal Medical laboratories at Yaba (6-32N 7. 3-23E)
conduct rabies diagnoses and produce a phenolized vaccine (Paris strain) of sheep
origin for human use. Vaccine (Flury strain) for canine prophylaxis is prepared at
the laboratories of the Federal Department of Veterinary Research at.Vom.
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(5) Parasitoses -- A great variety of helminthiases and ecto-parasite
infestations are a serious problem throughout Nigeria, contributing to unthriftiness
in all classes of livestock and causing the loss of large numbers of young
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animals.
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(6) Streptothricosis Streptothricosis (locally known as kirchi), a
fungal skin condition, is common among cattle and goats. It is particularly prevalent
during the wet seasons and causes serious losses through hide damage and debilitation.
Attempts to incriminate ticks or flies as vectors, and thus to control the disease
through the application of insecticides, have been inconclusive so far. No effective
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cure for streptothricosis has yet been found.
(7) Foot-and-mouth disease -- Foot-and-mouth disease, types 0 and A4 occurs
in Nigeria. In indigenous ruminants the disease usually runs an extraordinary mild
course and frequently remains unrecognized. Thus, no reliable information regarding
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its incidence and distribution is available.
(8) Pasteurella infections -- Pasteurella infections - some of them
obviously caused by the agent of hemorrhagic septicemia - are widespread among cattle.
Control efforts, however, are largely ineffective, as it 'is not yet known what
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specific pasteurella strains exist in Nigeria.
(9) "Pneumonia of goats" -- So-called pneumonia of goats is enzootic
throughout Nigeria. This highly fatal disease, which is apparently unrelated to
caprine contagious pleuropneumonia and whose causative agent remains as yet unknown,
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responds to early treatment with sulfonamides and heavy doses of chloramphenicol.
(10) "Staggers" -- "Staggers" is a highly fatal disease of horses in
southern Nigeria. It is characterized by nervous symptoms resembling, in various
degrees, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalomyelitis and rabies. A virus isolated from
the brain of an affected horse did not appear to be related to any of 37 other viruses
with which it was compared. The name Nigerian horse virus has been proposed for the
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causative agent of "staggers." ?
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(11) Poultry diseases -- Despite control efforts by Nigerian veterinary
authorities and MID experts, poultry diseases continue to cause heavy losses.
Newcastle disease is by far the most common and destructive disease, followed by fowl
pox, infectious coryza and other respiratory infections. Spirochaetosis and
aegyptianellosis likewise occur frequently. Recent reports indicate that fowl cholera,
fowl typhoid and avian tuberculosis are not as widespread as had hitherto been
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believed.
b. Other important animal diseases -- Other important animal diseases are
blackleg, anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, piroplasmosis,
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coccidiosis and vitamin-mineral deficiencies.
D. Veterinary organization and administration
1. Civilian
a. -Organization -- Responsibility for veterinary field activities in Nigeria
is divided among the three regional governments. The Veterinary (Field Services)
Division of the Ministry of Animal and Forest Resources, Kaduna (10-31N - 7-26E),
Northern Nigeria; the Veterinary Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Enugu
(06-26N - 7-29E), Eastern Nigeria; and the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan (7-23N - 3-54E), Western Nigeria, are the
principal veterinary authorities in their respective regions. In the Northern
Region there exists also a small agency, known as the Veterinary (Research) Division
of the Ministry of Animal and Forest "Resources, which directs three laboratories for
diagnostic work and disease investigations.
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? The veterinary services in each region are organized on a provincial basis,
calling for a Provincial Veterinary Officer, one or more Veterinary Officers and a
force of Veterinary Assistants in each province. However, due to a shortage of
veterinary officers, not all professional positions can be filled, leaving many
provinces without qualified veterinary supervision. In some provinces, particularly
in the Northern Region, so-called Native Veterinary Assistants serve as intermediaries
between veterinary authorities and the local population.
The Federal Department of Veterinary Research of the (federal) Ministry of
Economic Development has the responsibility for veterinary research, the production
of biologicals and the training of Veterinary Assistants. With headquarters in Vom,
the Department maintains research and vaccine production laboratories, and a veterinary
assistants' school. The Federal Department of Veterinary Research is also responsible
for the veterinary service within the Federal Territory of Lagos and the veterinary
supervision of the Agege (6-38N - 3-19E) Dairy Farm on behalf of the Western Region's
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Veterinary Department.
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- The Veterinary Council of Nigeria, guided by a 1952
ordinance, makes recommendations for the licensure of veterinarians and acts as a
disciplinary board on professional conduct. The Council is empowered to examine
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applicants not holding the qualifications prescribed by the ordinance.
(2) Quarantine -- Chapter 54 (Diseases of Animals) of the 1958 edition of
the Laws of the Federation and of Lagos governs the import of domestic and other
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animals.
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(3) Inspection -- The sanitation of meat, milk and other food products,
while largely governed by federal laws, is the concern of regional and local govern-
ments. In the larger cities inspection is conducted by a numerically inadequate
force of public health inspectors who lack proper training for this task. In smaller
communities slaughter, dairying and market operations are carried out without any
4/ 25/ 42/ 43/ 44/
sanitary supervision.
c. Professional veterinary organization -- The Nigerian Veterinary Association
is Nigeria's professional veterinary organization. Although without official functions,
the Association, from time to time, makes recommendations regarding compensation
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and recruitment of veterinarians to federal and regional government authorities.
d. Veterinary research -- Despite a shortage of personnel, some creditable
veterinary research is performed by the Federal Department of Veterinary Research and
the Veterinary Section of the West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research,
both located at Von. Major research subjects are the epizootiology, serology and
imnrunology ofItinderpest, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, contagious bovine pleuro-
pneumonia and streptothricosis, as well as the development of new vaccines againgt
these diseases. Work on trypanosomiasis deals with epizootiological, pathological
and chemotherapeutical aspects.
The practical application of research findings is the concern of the Veterinary
Technical Committee which, however, has no executive powers and acts solely in an
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advisory capacity.
f. Emergency veterinary services -- Nigeria's veterinary services lack
sufficient qualified personnel and would be unable to cope with any major emergency.
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2. Military veterinary organization -- There are no military veterinary activities
in Nigeria.
E. Veterinary manpower -- The country's force of approximately 25, largely expatriate
veterinarians, is far too small to render adequate service. Efforts are being made to
alleviate this shortage by providing scholarships for training abroad and by offering
attractive salaries and other benefits to foreign veterinarians. Nigeria's professional
veterinarians are aided by a force of Veterinary Assistants, which is likewise
numerically insufficient. In many provinces so-called Native Veterinary Assistants,
who rarely have had any formal training, serve as interpreters and intermediaries
between veterinary authorities and local tribes.
The Veterinary School at Vom conducts a two-year course for Veterinary Assistants,
graduating 25-30 students annually. Junior laboratory technicians are also trained
at this school. The Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science of the University
College, lbadan, apparently offers some basic instruction to students intending to
2/ 7/ 9/ 31/ 32/
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F. Veterinary facilities -- The research and vaccine production laboratories and the
veterinary assistants' school of the Federal Department of Veterinary Research at Vom
are Nigeria's principal veterinary facilities. Significant and, likewise located at
Vom, is the Veterinary Section of the West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis
Research, an institution jointly supported by the governments of Nigeria (53%),
Ghana (38%), Sierra Leone (4%), Gambia (i%), and the Commonwealth Development and
Welfare Organization (C.D. & 41%.
Most of the regional and provincial veterinary activities are conducted in
temporary camps and in inspection stations along the borders, but small diagnostic
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and treatment laboratories exist in Kaduna, Enugu, Ibadan, Kano (12-00N - 8-31E) and
Maiduguri (11-49N - 13-10E). The federal veterinary clinic in Lagos provides treatment
for pet animals, cares for the horses of local racing clubs, and also aids farmers
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in the surrounding countryside.
G. Veterinary supplies and materials -- The laboratories of the Federal Department of
Veterinary Research at Vbm virtually meet all of Nigeria's requirements for animal
biologicals. Pharmaceuticals, instruments and other equipment, however, are entirely
7/ 18/
obtained from abroad.
H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
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1. Evaluation -- Publications by Nigerian federal and regional veterinary authori-
ties, and reports in African and international veterinary and medical journals provided
adequate information for a reasonably comprehensive evaluation of animal diseases and
veterinary services in Nigeria.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
1) Inter-African Bureau for Animal Health.BulletinaEpizootic Diseases ,
of Africa. Various issues. Publications Bureau, Watergate House. London.
1955-1962. (Unclassified)
2) Federation of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Research. "Annual reports
of the Department of Veterinary Research for the years 1957-58, 1958-59,
1959-60." Lagos. 1959-1961. (Undlassified)
3) Ministry of Animal Health and Forestry. "Annual reports on the Veterinary
Division of the Ministry of Animal Health and Forestry of Northern Nigeria
for the years 1957-58, 1958-59." Government Printer, Kaduna. 1961-1962.
(Unclassified)
4) Ministry of Agriculture Eastern Nigeria. "Annual reports of the Veterinary
Division, 1956-57, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1959-60." The Government Printer,
Enngu. 1958-1961. (Unclassified)
5) Her Majesty's Stationery Office. "Federal Nigeria, Annual Report 1957."
London. 1957. (Unclassified)
6) Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. "Annals of Tropical Medicine and
Parasitology." Various issues. Liverpool University Press. 1958-62.
(Unclassified)
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