RUMANIA

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Collection: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3
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RIPPUB
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C
Document Page Count: 
16
Document Creation Date: 
December 27, 2016
Document Release Date: 
September 25, 2013
Sequence Number: 
2
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Content Type: 
REPORT
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Declassified ter"/ ; A in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 -2-50X1 \f I?II- Page 1 Table of Contents Rumania A. General B. Environmental factors affecting health 1. Topography and climate 2. Sod-economic pattern 3. Animal and plant life a. Animal (2) Flies (5) Ticks and mites (7) Mollusks ( 8 ) Worms (11) Mild animals I. Nutrition b. Food supply and distribution c. Food sanitation, storage and technology C. Diseases 2. Diseases of animals a. Prevalent animal diseases (1) Rabies (2) Hog cholera (3) Erysipelas (4) Brucellosis (5) Anthrax (6) Foot-and-mouth disease (7) Helminthiases (8) Poultry diseases b. Other important animal diseases D. Veterinary organization and administration 1. Civilian a. Organization b. Legal controls (1) licensures Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 (2) Quarantine (3) Inspection c. Professional veterinary medical organization d. Veterinary research f. Emergency veterinary services 2. Veterinary military organization E. Veterinary manpower F. Veterinary medical facilities G. Veterinary medical supplies and materials H. Reference data I. Comments on principal sources 1. Evaluation 2. list of sources (in order of importance) Figure 1: Organization of Veterinary Services in Rumania, 1960. 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 NIS 22 - Section 45 Rumania A. General Rumania has a high incidence of many serious animal diseases, some of which are of considerable public health significance. Government authorities, in an effort to improve animal health, have strengthened the force of veterinarians and have increased the number of veterinary facilities. However, progress in this 50X1 effort has been hindered by inefficient application of disease control measures and by insufficient popular cooperation. Rumanials entire veterinary activities are under the strong central control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, leaving little room for individual initiative. Private veterinary practice does not exist. At present veterinary authorities are formulating ambitious plans to drastically reduce the incidence of animal diseases, but it is unlikely that this goal will be reached in the near future. Rumanian veterinarians actively participate in scientific meetings within the Communist bloc, but only rarely attend those held in western countries. B. Environmental factors affecting health 1. Topography and climate -- Rumania's basically continental climate and generally fertile soil favor profitable livestock production. Sheep and goats are primarily raised in the mountainous parts of northern Rumania; swine production is ? predominant in the Banat and Crisana areas, while cattle are kept mainly in the '23/ 24/ 25/ 31/ plains west of the Carpathians and east of the Transylvanian Alps. 50X1 -1- Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 ? CONFIDENTIAL 2. Socio-economic pattern - Forced industrialization during postwar years has caused a decline in the production of livestock and other agricultural commodities. Another factor impeding livestock production has been the failure of parts of Rumania's rural population to fully cooperate with veterinary authorities. Resentment of collectivization and a reluctance to abandon traditional methods of 2/ 7/ 8/ 22/ 24/ 36/ animal husbandry have been the main reasons for this failure. 3. Animal and plant life a. Animal (2) Flies -- Cattle warble flies (Bypoderma spp.) are the most important species of various insects plaguing Rumania's livestock; they cause severe hide damage and also contribute toward a decline in milk production and loss of weight. (5) Ticks and mites (a) Ticks -- Numerous species of ticks, many of them vectors of disease, occur in Rumania. The most important ones and the diseases they transmit are: Boophilus annulatus Dermacentor pictus Ixodes ricinus Rhipicephalus bursa Rhipicephalus sanguineus piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis piroplasmosis, tularemia, equine encephalomyelitis piroplasmosis, tularemia, encephalitides piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis, encephalitides piroplasmosis, encephalitides (b) Mites -- Mite infestations, most likely by species of the genera Psoroptes, Sarcoptes and Chorioptes, cause severe debilitating conditions in all classes of livestock. (7) Mollusks -- Several species of snails, primarily of the genus limnaea, serve as intermediate hosts for liver flukes (fasciolidae) that widely affect ruminants in Rumania. CONFIDENTIAL -2- Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 0017FIDENIA.ar,4 (8) Worms -- Among the species of worms affecting Rumania's livestock, several are of considerable public health significance. ?The most important ones and the conditions they cause are: Cysticercus bovis (cattle bladder worm) - beef measles. . Cysticercus cellulosae (pork bladder worm) - pork measles, Trichinella spiralis - trichinosis Consumption of raw or improperly cooked fresh water fish, particularly pike, by sizable segments of the population frequently leads to infections with 2/ 7/ 8/.12/ 29/ Diphyllobothrium latum (the broad fish tapeworm). (11) Wild animals -- Large numbers of wolves, foxes and other sylvatic animals serve as reservoirs of rabies. 2/ 7/ 12/ 13/ 22/ 35/ 4. Nutrition b. Food supply and distribution -- As in other East bloc countries like Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, consumption of meat milk and eggs in Rumania is not comparable to that in northern European countries. Commitments to export canned and frozen meat to Austria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and some Near East countries, frequently require the diversion of disproportionately large amounts of beef and 8/ IV LW 23/ 35/ pork from local markets. c. Food sanitation, storage, and technology - Sanitary supervision of meat and meat products is reasonably adequate. Milk hygiene Standards, however, 8/ despite efforts toward improvement, are not yet uniformly satisfactory. C. Diseases 2. Diseases of animals -- Unsettled wartime conditions favored the spread of many serious livestock diseases throughout Rumania. Government authorities, in order to improve animal health, have strengthened the force of veterinarians and -3-. C014PIDENTIAL Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/25 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL have increased the number of veterinary treatment and research facilities. However, although some progress in disease control has been made, the overall achievements have failed to meet expectations. Lax enforcement of quarantine and vaccination laws, unduly liberal interpretation of forced slaughter regulations, and indifferent popular support, have been the main factors responsible for this failure. The present efforts to enforce strict compliance with disease control regulations, even if completely successful, are unlikely to result in drastic improvement of 2/ 3/ 7/ 8/ 12/ Rumania's animal health within the near future. a. Prevalent animal diseases (1) Rabies -- Although some progress toward its control has been made, rabies is still a major threat to man and domestic animals. Government authorities have set up stringent regulations requiring registration, leashing and annual 6 vaccination (live aluminum hydroxide adsorbed Babes strain vaccine, of ovine origin) of all dogs, and periodically conduct intensive campaigns to reduce the number of 5/1/9/10/12/29/30/ ?m? am. 0=0 ???????? ????? stray dogs and sylvatic animals which are the reservoirs of the disease. ????SM (2) Hog cholera -- Hog cholera is Rumania's most important swine diseases causing severe economic losses. The veterinary services combat the disease through quarantine measures, forced slaughter and vaccination. Three kinds of vaccine are presently in use, crystal violet vaccine, formolized altminum hydroxide vaccine, and lapinized Koprowski strain vaccine, which is administered together with immune serum. Under exceptional circumstances simultaneous vaccination with virulent virus and immune serum may be carried out. A-new immunization method, using lapinized vaccine without serum 1-5 months subsequent to the administration of an inactivated vaccine, is presently being tested under field conditions. CONFIDENTIAL 2/3/5/10/12/27/28/29/ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/25 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL (3) Erysipelas -- Semi-annual immunization with attenuated broth culture vaccine, quarantine and slaughter, have reduced the extremely high postwar incidence of erysipelas, but the disease is still, next to hog cholera, the most common cause 2/ 7/ 11/ 12/ 27/ 32/ of swine losses. (4) Brucellosis -- Brucellosis in cattle and swine is one of Rumania's major animal health problems. Control measures consist of semi-annual serological testing of all cattle and the slaughter of most reactors. Affected cows of high economic value are placed in isolation farms from where their calves are removed to special calf raising stations immediately after birth. Vaccination with Strain 19 is carried out at certain calf raising stations where it is felt that the introduction of brucellosis cannot be prevented with certainty. Attempts to control porcine brucellosis include testing. and subsequent slaughter 7/ 8/ 12/ 18/ - - ? of reactors, as well as frequent veterinary examinationa of boars.. (5) Anthrax -- Anthrax is enzootic in many parts of Rumania, endangering animals as well as man. Veterinary authorities Combat the disease through sanitary measures and immunization of cattle, sheep and horses, with a vaccine prepared from 7/ 10/ 12/ 29/ a non-encapsulating edematogenic strain of B. anthracis. (6) Foot-and-mouth disease -- Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease caused by matypical type Ct virus, periodically occur in Rumania. In the past, the disease has been reasonably well controlled through strict sanitation and quarantine, and through vaccination (saponized Schmidt-Waldmann type vaccine) of all cattle in a 10-20 kilometer zone surrounding a local Of infection. Slaughter has only been 1/0/10A8/32/34/ carried out in cases where small numbers of animals were affected.- ? -5 - TVIINHCIJMOO im Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/25 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL (7) Helminthiases -- Liver flukes, round worms and tapeworms cause widespread unthriftiness in all classes of livestock. Veterinary authorities have Instituted compulsory therapeutic treatment and are encouraging intensive research 2/ 6/y1 21/ designed to develop new, effective anthelmintics. (8) Poultry diseases -- Numerous destructive diseases severely curtail poultry production in Rumania. Control measures, consisting of vaccination, quarantine and slaughter have failed so far to materially decrease the incidence of these diseases, which include Newcastle disease, fowl plague, fowl pox, fowl cholera, tuberculosis, pullorum disease and leukosis. 1/ 5/ 8/ 12/ 29/ b. Other important animal diseases -- Other imiportant animal diseases in Rumania are bovine tuberculosis, ovine enterotoxemia, salmonellosis, leptospirosis$ contagious agalactia of sheep and goats, swine pox, swine influenza, bovine piroplasmosis$ cysticercosis, trichinosis ectoparasitism and deficiency 2/ 3/5/ 7/ 8/ 10/ 12/ 22/ 32/ conditions. D. Veterinary organization and administration 1. Civilian a. Organization -- The General Directorate of Animal Production in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is Rumania's principal veterinary, authority and is also responsible for the country's animal husbandry activities. The General Directorate governs the Veterinary Directorate, the State Veterinary Inspectorate, the Training Directorate the Meat Inspection Service, the Animal Disposal Service, the Zooveterinary Pharmaceutical Administration; and directly supervises the Pasteur Serum and Vaccine Institute (Institutul de seruri i vadcinuri Pasteur), the Institute for Animal Pathology and Hygiene (Institutul de -6- CONFIDENTIAL Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL patologie Si igena animala), the Central Control Laboratory for Animal Health, Food Products and Feed CLaboratul central de control sanitar-veterinar al alimentor si furajelor), and the Biologics Control Laboratory (Laboratul de control al produselor biologice), all in Bucharest (44-26N - 26-06E). The Veterinary Directorate controls 18 Regional Veterinary Administrations, each of which in turn directs its respective District Veterinary Administrations, Veterinary Dispensaries and Regional Veterinary Hospital. The Veterinary Practitioners, all of which are government employed, are responsible to the District Veterinary Administrations. The State Veterinary Inspectorate and its subordinate Regional Veterinary Inspectors have primarily police functions; their duties are the enforcement of animal health and quarantineregulations, and the supervision of disease control campaigns. The Training Directorate governs agricultural education and training, and thus, also supervises the N. Balcescu Agricultural Institute cInstitutul agronomic-N. Balcescu), Bucharest, which maintains Rumanials only faculty of veterinary medicine. The Regional Veterinary Laboratories and the Regional Zooveterinary Pharmaceutical Centers are subordinate to the Central Control laboratory for Animal Health, Food Products and Feeds, and the Zooveterinary Pharmaceutical Administration, respectively. Artificial insemination is entirely a function of animal husbandry agencies, some 3/ 5/ 8/ 15/ 16/ El 24/ 37/ of which employ a small number of veterinarians. b. Legal controls (1) Licensures -- Completion of a six-year course at the Rumanian 8/214/ veterinary faculty is prerequisite for employment as veterinarian. ? -7- CONFIDENTIAL Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL (2) Quarantine - The Veterinary Law of 1945, periodically amended, 7/8/ governs the import of animals and animal products. (3) Inspection -- Meat inspection regulations, largely patterned after German models, are sound and reasonably well enforced. However, the sanitary supervision of milk and dairy products does not consistently prevent the outbreak of milk-borne diseases or the marketing of adulterated milk. Veterinary authorities are confident that the just completed agricultural collectivization will raise the sanitary standards of Rumania's dairy industry by providing closer supervision of milking and dairying operations. Official testing of veterinary biologics and livestock feeds is carried out at the Biologics Control laboratory and the Central Control Laboratory for Aninel 2/ 7/ 8/ Health, Food Products and Feeds respectively. c; Professional veterinary medical organization -- No veterinary professional organizations as known in the western countries appear to exist in Rumania. Veterinarians and aniMal husbandry specialists belong to the I.V. Mishurin Scientific Agricultural Section of the Scientific Association for Engineers and Technicians of the Rumanian Peoples' Republic (Asociata stiintifica a inginerilor si tehnicienilor din Republica Populara Romina sectia de stiinte agricole nI.V. Niciurinft). This association is mainly political in character and has few, 2/ if any, scientific functions. d. VeterinarT.research Rumanian veterinary research is primarily applied in character, and,, while generally not outstanding, has made some noteworthy contri- 2/ 8/ 29/ 30/ butionsi particularly in the fields of immunology and epidemiology. -8- CONFIDENTIAL Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL 1. Emergency veterinary services -- Rumania's veterinary services are under strong central governmental control and can readily be mobilized in cases of serious epizootics. In the past, however, confinement of disease outbreaks has been hindered by inefficient application of practical control measures and incomplete popular cooperation - two factors likely to interfere alsowith future emergency 2/ 7/ 8/ 22/ disease control campaigns. 2. Veterinary military organization -- Rumania's military veterinary services, which are maintained by the army, are primarily concerned with the health care of horses and sentry dogs. The services are headed by a veterinary-general and three Military District-Veterinarians (Medic veterinar sef al regiunei militare), each in charge of veterinary activities in a military district. Veterinary officers are assigned to military units having more than 80 to 100 horses, while veterinary feldshers serve in units with at least 20 horses. Each military district has one or two military veterinary hospitals, accommodating approximately 200 horses, and five to seven military veterinary dispensaries for short-term treatment and minor surgery. The Military Veterinary Hospital (Spitalul Militar Veterinar), in Bucharest, is engaged mainly in disease investigation and research. The army assures itself of an adequate number of veterinary personnel by providing ? veterinary education to volunteers willing to serve for five years and by conducting 38/ two-gear training courses for military veterinary feldshers. E. Veterinary manpower A postwar shortage of veterinarians has been alleviated considerably through the expansion of the Bucharest veterinary faculty and the temporary establishment of a veterinary faculty in Arad (46-11N - 21-19E) as part of the Agricultural Institute CONFIDENTIAL -9- Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25 CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/25 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAt in Timisoara (45-45N - 21-13E). The present force of approximately 2700 veterift- arians is still not quite sufficiently large, but it is expected that the Bucharest veterinary faculty, with an annual graduating class of 100 to 150 students, will be able to meet the country's veterinary manpower needs within the near future. The veterinarians, all of which are government employed, are assisted by approximately 2100 technicians and lay assistants. Veterinary education in Rumania, which is comparable to that in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, suffers from a lack of clinical training and insufficient instruction 2/ 8/ 17/ 24/ in the practical aspects of disease control: - F. Veterinary medical facilities -- Rumania's veterinary facilities for diagnosis, treatment and food sanitation are adequate in number and reasonably well distributed. Each of the 18 regions has a Regional Veterinary Hospital for hospitalization and treatment of cases too complicated for-the Veterinary Dispensaries, which serve one or more districts. Most regions also have a Regional Zooveterinary Pharmaceutical Center supplying medicaments and equipment to hospitals, laboratories, dispensaries and practitioners. The Central Control laboratory for Animal Health Food Products and Feeds and its Regional Veterinary laboratories, conduct diagnostic work and are responsible for the sanitary supervision and quality control of neat Products, milk and other foods of animal origin. The Central Control Laboratory Also supervises the production of livestock feeds. Testing of veterinary sera and vaccines, all of which are produced at the Pasteur Serum and Vaccine Institute, is carried out by the Biologics Control Laboratory. Numerous animal disposal plants, located throughout the country, are responsible for the removal and utilization of animal cadavers. CONFIDENTIAL -10- _ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 The Institute for Antnal Pathology and Hygiene, which maintains experimental farms at Cluj (46-46N - 23-36E) and two other locations, is Rumania's principal veterinary research facility. Further veterinary research is performed at the Veterinary Faculty, the Pasteur Serum and Vaccine Institute and the Bucharest Military Veterinary Hospital (Spitalul militar veterinar). The Institute of 50X1 Inframicrobiology (Institutul de inframictobiologie) in Bucharest, a medical facility, 2/ 6/ 8/ 15/ 17/ 19/ 214/ 30/ conducts some research of veterinary importance. G. Veterinary medical supplies and materials -- Rumania's requirements of veterinary biologics are met entirely by the Pasteur Serum and Vaccine Institute. Most veterinary antibiotics and pharmaceuticals are produced in government-controlled plants that also manufacture medicaments for human use. ;A. large part of the required veterinary instruments and some veterinary pharmaceuticals are being imported. The distribution of veterinary medicaments and supplies is carried out exclusively by Regional Zooveterinary Pharmaceutical Centers under the Control of the Zoo- veterinary Pharmaceutical Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and 8/ 14/ 22/ 24/ 26/ Forestry. H. Reference data -- Not included in this report. I. Comments on principal sources 1. Evaluation -- The available source material was largely general in nature, providing only few detailed data. Sources 1 and 2 were useful for most sections of this report, while sources 3 and 4 provided mainly information on animal disease incidence and control measures. Information on the organization of the military veterinary services was very limited. 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 2. List of sources (in order of importance) (1) Probleme Zootehnice si Veterinare (Zootechnical and Veterinary Problems). Various issues. . Bucharest. Cronies Documentar Scurte Informatii. 1958-1961. (Unclassified) (2) Monatshefte fur Veterinar Medizin (Monthly Journal for Veterinary Medicine). Various issues. Leipzig. "S. Hirzel Verlag. 1957-1961. (Unclassified) ( 3 ) Tarnorutchi, I. Die Den Manschen und Tieren Gemeinsamen Krankheiten (Diseases Common to Animal and Man). Bucharest. State Publisher for Agriculture and Forestry. 1959. (Unclassified) Ministry of Agriculture. lucrarile Stiintifice ale Institutului de Seruri si Vaccinuri Pasteur-Bucuresti (Scientific Works of the Pasteur Serum and Vaccine Institute in Bucharest). Various issues. Bucharest. Editura Agro-Silvica. 1956-1961. (Unclassified) -12- 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 CONFIDENTIAL Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry General Directorate of Animal Production Pasteur Serum Institute for Biologics & Vaccine Animal Path- Control State Institute ology & Laboratory Veterinary (Bucharest) Hygiene (Bucharest) Inspectorate (Bucharest) Veterinary Directorate Central Con- trol Labora- tory for An- mal Health, . Food Products & Feeds (Bucharest) Regional Veterinary Inspectors Zooveterinary Meat Animal Training Pharmaceutical Inspection Dispceal Directorate Administration Service Service Regional Regional Regional Animal N. Balcescu Veterinary Veterinary Zooveterinary Disposal Agricultural Administrations Laboratories Pharmaceutical Plants Institute Centers (Bucharest) District Veterinary dministration Regional Veterinary Hospital 2IDENTIAL Veterinary Dispensaries Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Sources: 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 17, 24, 37. . , Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25 : CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 R Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120002-3 50X1