U.S. SPACE PROGRAM MOVES TO NEW PHASE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 19, 2014
• Sequence Number: 30
• Publication Date: April 19, 1959
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19: CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
\
C?St-cg.? VP
\eliQtfr?2
\ c t?C
THIS IS TO LET YOU KNOW
THAT I AM NOW ASSOCIATED WITH
MISSILES & SPACE SYSTEMS
DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.
AS
CHIEF. TECHNICAL MILITARY PLANNING
ROBERT H. SHATZ
MISSILES & SPACE SYSTEMS
400 MAIN ST.
EAST HARTFORD, CONN.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19: CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
WHAT HAPPENED!
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19: CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, APRIL 19,
U. S. SPACE PROGRAM
MOVES TO NEW PHASE
'Second Generation' Experiments
Follow Initial Explorations
By JOHN W. FINNEY
13teig to The New York Times,
WASHINGTON, April 18? 3,400 pounds, those of the Unit.
Through the failure of a tern- ed States some 400 pounds,
tieramental second-stage rocket, In terms of scientific actom-
the United States failed this plishmeniS in space, however,
:Week to seere a spectacula,i American scientists are eon-
triple play in space by placing vinced that the United States
three satellites into orbit on the stands on a par with, if not
game day, ahead of the Soviet Union. To
- Instead the United State S had the credit of the U. S. satellite
'to be satisfied with a single program stands such scientific
'fatellite?the 1,600-pound Dis. findings as these:
eeverer I/ sponsored by the be- (1) The discovery by the Ex-
fense Department's Advanced PIorer satellites that the earth
Research Projects Agency. The is girdled by a great belt of in-
two scientific satellites 'that tense radiation trapped In the
pro.ject Vanguard had attempt- terrestial magnetic field,
ed to place into orbit fell into (2) The findings, through
the Atlantic Ocean when the tracking of the tiny Vanguard I
Second stage of the Vanguard satellite, that the earth has a
launching rocket?the source of slightly greater equatorial bulge
Many past Vanguard failures? than previously thought as well
misfired, as a very slight pear shape.
For the satellite teams, which (3) The discovery that the
'
still have somewhat an under-
density of the earths atmos.
dog complex in the space race phere above some 120 miles, in-
with the Soviet Union, the fail- stead of being constant, is high-
tire once again of Project Van- ly variable, fluctuating with lat-
guard and the qualified success itude, time of day and season.
of the Discoverer was another In addition, the first cloud
mornenlarY setback, There was cover pictures of the earth were
none of the air of despair, how-
ever, that such a failure would
have Occasioned?and in fact
did occasion?a year and more
ago.
tesa, Rivalry
' The relative air of calm that
fpllowed the latest failure casts
significant light on both how
the public and officialdom feels
the United States is faring in
the space, ,t?ace with the Soviet
Union. Eo. the public at large
it is apparent that some of the
?nce inten,se interest an feeling
of rivalry- ha,3 gone out of the
race. Both sides have now put
pp several satellites, and it is
obViously no longer an awe-
inepfling, Buck-Rogerish trick.
kurtheemore, the publio has
*become accustomed to the fact
that there are likely to be as
many failures as successes in
the early stages of the space
race?a fact which was lost
,.
sight of in the early day e of
intense competition. .
Among the_ offiCials of the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration and of the De-
fense Department, there is ap-
parently a surging air of Con-
fidence that with new, more
powerful and mere reliable
rockets now becoming available
the United States is going to
, PVertak a the Soviet Uniol. in
ilie exploration of space, and in
the process clutter the, okies
With satellites
,
, ?
In recent weeks the civilian
space, administration, for the
first time has, laid out a long-
range program for the a'cien-
tific exploration of space. And
with Discoverer II the Defense
,Department has taken the first
:significant step toward the mili-
tary exploktation of space,
,. ..
/ V Eye . \?,.....
1C
The principal objective of
1,--
project Discoverer is to previde
, the basic know-how for subse-
quent development of reconnais-
sance satellites that will be able
to survey enemy territory with
photographic or television eyes
and also perhaps give early
Warning of an impending enemy
missile attack. This basic pur-
pose has become somewhat oh
soured bY the man-in-space guise
. thrown around Project Discov-
ever by the Defense Depart-
ment, apparently to prevent any
Seviet misgivings about Discov-
erer satellites flying over their
.territor4
The, true purpose of project
Discoverer, however, is evi-
cienced by two of the principal
experiments performed by Dis-
coVerer It One Was to stabilize
, the. satellite So that it did not
, tumble or wobble through space
but rather maintained a fixed
position' is relation to the earth.
Such a stabilized platform is an
obvious prerequisite for mount-
ing cameras that are going to
scan the earth., With its system
' of compressed air jets and a
horizon reference device, Dis-
, coverer ,it was reported t,o have
achieved a stabilized orbit
The second principal pui pose
of Discoverer II was to demon-
strate the feasibility of return-
ing a capsule from a satellite in
orbit:
rn the case of Discoverer II
the recovery attempt was con-
- - feunded by two low an orbit and
a.stubborn timing deviee, which
refused to be reset ort radio
command!' As a result the cap-
sule could riot be ejected at the
proper time scs that it would
float down: on a parachute near
-thee- Hawaiian Islands to be
Snagged ha mid are by trans
ports armed with sky hook
,.$. Ahead
taken by the Vanguard II satel-
lite (although the pictures are
proving difficult to translate be-
cause of a wobble in the satel-
lite) and the first satellite com-
munications relay experiment
was conducted with the Score
satellite.
A comparison with Soviet sci-
entific accomplishments 14 diffi-
cult because thus far the Soviet
Union has refused to make
available to the world the scien-
tific data obtainedl frOm, its
satellites. Instead it has only
Published some general results
and conclusions. Probably the
most significant published dis-
covery made by the Soviet satel-
lites was that the ionization
does not fall off as rapidly as
had been thought above the
most, electrically charged part
of the earth's ionosphere.
Foundation Stones
To the impressed but uneorn-
prehendint layman, these may
seem like rather abstruse find- ,
ings of little practical `value.-
They represent the foundation
stones, however, on which fu-!
tine exploitation of space for.
peaceful and military purposes'
will be based. Knowledge about\
the radiation belts and the den.
sity or drag to be encountered
in, space is crucial for futurei,
manned and unmanned space*0
vehicles. The redefinition off
the earth' t shape will lead toi,
mbre precise measurements of"
the distances between points on
the earth?a matter of not in-
considerable consequence td
people living, in the potential
target areas of ballistic Missiles:
The first meteorological satel-
lite points the way to a new
global technique for forecast-
ing weather and the corninu-ni-
cations satellite opens new chan-
nels for world-wide radio and t
teel vision communications,
S Space Administration
plans to launch eight scientific
satellites and two deep space
probes this year and six satel-
lites and four deep space probes
in 1960. The Defense Depart-
ment is planning a series of Dis-
coverer shoots leading up to the
launching of the first develop-
mental Sentry reconnaissance
satellites in 1960. In addition,
plans are well advanced for the
launching of a series of naviga-1
,geodetic and communi-1
cations satellites starting this
year. It all adds up to a pro-
gram that should see the United
States launching one or two
satellites a month in the corr9
big year,
Second Phase
? With this program, the United
States is now moving into the
second ,phase of its exploration
of space. The first phase Was
primarily an exploratory surveyi
of the new frontier of space.
Now more powerful rockets are
becoming available that permit
the launching of more complex
"second generation" experi-
ments. The objective of theses
experiments will be to plot out:
in greater detail the dimensions;
of this new frontier.
With Discoverer It in orbit,
how does the United States now,
stand in the space race? In
'numbers this is the box score:
the United States, eight earti
satellites and one solar satellite;
the Soviet Union, three earth!
satellites and one solar satellital
Errors: for the United Statesi
elina earth satellite launching1
failures and four moonshot fail -I
tries; for the Soviet 'Union, un- f
-announced and unknOwn.
Despite its lag-in numbers and;
the unexplained lapse in sateli
lite launchings, the Soviet Unioni
still has a decided eclge?abouti
8 to 1?II the instrumented pay
loads paced in space's The Soviet
space payloads totally roughly
DISCOVERER-THE SATELLITE AND ITS ORBIT
THE VEHICLE
Fepe,..,1Re-entry vehicle
2nd Stagi
DISCOVERER
SATELLITE
19.2 feet
(entire 2nd stage
goes into orbit,
weight 1,600 lbs.)
1. Timer was to
detach re-entry
vehicle on:11th
circuit of 'earth
for recovery in Pa-
cific near Hawaii.
2. Timing was off
and re-entry ap-
parently occurred
in this region of
the Arctic Ocean.
? North Potts
S itzbergoot
IMPORTANCE OF
Typical Cape Canaveral orbit is inclined
at 33-degree angle to Equator. As earth ro-
tate; beneath it, satellite covers only shaded
area'of earth between, 35? North and South.
POLAR ORBITI'
2. Bu t DiscOverer, launched from California
.iis polar orbit, crosses Equator it 90-degree
'angle, passes over both' pole and in time
traces longitude-lice lines over ? all earth.
A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19: CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19: CIA-RDP78B05167A000300200030-7
6 NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, APRIL 19, 1959.
PreSideni
were only
followed?
en obeyed.
the Letts
asked for
This week
stay was
jent* is ex-
A. clear
give Mr.
with the
may "rec-
powir to
h the MC-
mportance
and demo-
phasis.
bet was a
Ina yester-
ilai Lama,
:ndia after'
asa. These,
en friends.
A his time
control ?f
preserved
ity on the
the capital
h was rea-
who came
Topics
On a recent visit to
Ten Years this conntry the Lord
of Mayor of Dublin, Mrs.
Eire Catherine Byrne, said:
You never know
what the Irish are going to do. We
like something out of the ordinary
to happen now and then," And ten
years ago yesterday something very
unusual, even for the Irish, hap-
pened. A. twenty-one-gun salute
from the O'Connell Bridge in Dublin
marked the inauguration of Eire,
better known here as the Republic
of Ireland. Cries of "An Poblacht
Abu" ("Up the Republic!") accom-
panied the cannonade and a new era
opened in the long and mostly tur-
bulent history of the Emerald Isle.
The Republic of Ireland is about
as large as Maine and its population,
with poetry thick in them, numbers
slightly over 3,000,000. Eire takes in
twenty-six of the island's thirty-two
'counties?the six are in Northern
Ireland.
A Land of
Hams, Whisky
and Horses
Perhaps the
briefest descrip-
tion of Ireland's
ancient and re-
cent history was
provided by its President, Sean T.
O'Kelly, when he said that although
the British still occupy ."our six
northern counties * * * in the rest of
the country we have pretty well
overcome the effects of seven hun-
dred years of ruthless suppression."
All available statistics bear out this
statement. Eire has now become
world famous for its hams, bacons,
tweeds, poplin, laces, linens, whis-
kies, flower bulbs, frozen beef,
clothes, shoes, raincoats, Waterford
glass and crystal wares, fine blood-
stock horses and thoroughbled dogs
and cattle.
ClimaIavan, v?? opmturv ago Irelnid'q
New York
The Dual Life of Rocky
And Rockefeller
By JAMES RESTON
Governor Rockefeller has devel-
oped a philosophy about the 1960
Presidential campaign, which is so
beautiful in its innocence that it
comes under the heading of news, if
not theology.
His view is that he is a spectator
in this great drama of picking a
president, just like the rest of us.
He reads all about it in the news-
papers. He sees his name in the
public-opinion polls' and his picture
on the cover of the national maga-
zines, and he id clearly pleased
apout all this.
But at the same time he is like
a. man reading a fascinating novel
abut a riches-to-rags character
named "Rocky," He is for "Rocky"
all right, and can hardly wait for the
end of the story, but he feels as
detached from "Rocky" as from Dr.
Zhivago.
Mr. Rockefeller does not feel this
way about the Governor of New
York. That is something real and
different. He sees himself in the
physical center of the state drama.
Like Averell Harriman, his pred-
ecessor, he is like the rich boy
who is finally allowed out in the
alley to play With the kids. He loves
the bustle and freedom of the
combat. But the Presidential race s
something else.
It is not that he fails to see the
-practical possibilities of his own
nomination and election. It is sim-
ply that he believes, unlike most of
the other Presidential candidates,
that events, rather than the actions
of men, will determine the nominees.
.! .4.
(Zol-prprr
Letters to The Times
Adenauer as President
Danger to s Constitutional, System
Feared if Office Is Expanded
The writer of the following retter
is Assistant Professor of Political
Science at Mount Holyoke College,
To THE EDITOR OP' THE NEW YORK TIMES:
Chancellor Adenauer's willingness
to assume the Presidency of West
Germany has caused wide specula-
tion about the political role which
he might play in the new office. -It
is therefore important to note that
the constitutional provisions for the
Presidency are not as vague as
would be implied in the statement
of your editorial of April 8 that
"The German Presidency is what a
strong man can make it "
In fact it was an outstanding con-
cern of the framers of the West
German Constitution that the Presi-
dency should not again be suscepti-
ble to that expansion of powers
which under the Weimar Constitu-
tion made it ultimately the vehicle
of dictatorship., Consequently, the
present Constitution gives the Presi-
dent an eisentially ceremonial and
symbolic role which the incumbent,
Heuss, has exercised w.th a dignity
that has made the Presidency a posi-
tion of moral leadership.
The political powers of the office
are few. Neither the power to ap-
point nor to dismiss the Chancellor
is among them, as your editofial
asserts. In the selection of the
Chancellor the President is merely
empowered to make the first nomi-
nation, But the Bundestag, the
lower house of Parliament, elects
and it is able to reject the Presiden-
tial nomination for its own.
,,4ppointing Chancellor
'in the event that a majority
A
members of the Bundestag
*lits to agree on any candidate
' Chancellorship does the
Al have a further role to play
'''?,election. In this instance
he alternative of either ap-
the candidate having the
number of Bundestag votes
a majority, o,r of dissolving
se of Parliament.
Aresident may exercise dis-
4in one other case of par-
'-y- indecision. When a
'rn* is refused confidence by
destag without being re-
-7 a successor chosen by a
of the inember; of that
en the President may de-
ther to grant a Chancellor
an ambivalent position a
An of* the Bundestag, or a
of a state O. f legislative
.ty which would permit the
ey exclusion Of the Bundie-
s the legislative prpces .
er, neither of these cases of
o in the Bundestag is likely
with its present party corn-
Should such a situation
the future, it is doubtful
.he President would really
;o exercise his prerogative
`antlyi ir view of the gen-
aitutional weakness of his
For, the exercise of all his
astitutional powers he !T-
ie countefsignature of the
or or the relevaIt Minister,
of these powers mere
les ?
antages of Limitations
?salon is far weaker than
'ais Frertch or Italian coun-
/ In view of the German
experience, there is ample
) defend these constitutional
ns even if they should re-
'clenauer's subsequent politi-
ence.
Fmperament and training
r is not equipped to play the
'resident as Heuss played it.
is now his ambition to
the Presidency into an in
of political leadership, he
only reverse the position he
telf taken toward the Presi-
hile he was Chancellor but
endanger the. constitutional
or what appear to him and
:lends to be the advantages
iornent.
GEft HARD LOEWENBERG.
Hadley, Mass., April 9, 1959.
Cr. -? ?
a World Court Effective
7IT05 OP' THE NEW YORK TIMES
lead editorial of April 15
'o Vice President Nikon's
, that the International
f Justice be empowered to
_ . -
binding decisions"
ATP
a moment that the Communists
would make a single move to carry
out any mandate that they did not
like. Nor can we be too sure what
we ourselves would do. Not if we
look at the record, and Particularly
at the story of our dealings with the
Indian tribes.
"John Marshall hats issued his
writ," sneered Andrew Jackson when
our Supreme Court was trying to
assure some measure of justice to
the friendless Cherokees. "Now let
him enforce it,"
The effectiveness of the orders of
every court must in the last analy-
sis rest upon the action of the sher-
iff and, if need be, of the military.
And an international court will be
truly effective only when it is sup-
ported by officers able and willing
to enforce its decrees directly upon
every individual in the territory of
any nation subject to its jurisdiction.
T. C. P. MARTIN,
New York, April 13, 1959.
'Policy Drift Deplored
Lack of Responsible Leadership
Held Serious in Present Crisis
-- ?
The writer of the following letter
is an associate professor in the
School of Social Work at ,McGill
University.
To THE EDITOR OP THE NEWYORK TIMES:
Surely there must be a way for
some of the people who make up the
top echelons of world power to cut
through the morass of self-deceiving
words in which our 'national policies
have become entangled. Some 0
them surely have the. minimum of
strength and decency to say what
all of them must know in their
hearts--namely, that we are on the
brink of destruction, and that the
United States, especially its policy-
makers and administrators, are as
much to blame as their counterparts
in the Soviet camp.
I am an American abroad, sick of
the degrading feeling Of helplessness
in the face of impending eaten..
trophe, angry at my country's lack
of responsible leadership. I see my
homeland involved almost beyond a
oint of no return in the criminal
lunacy known as the "nuclear de-
terrent."
? In the name of ordinary human
decency why don't our Congres-
sional representatives and the State
Department get off their high horse
and act less like bragging school-
boys and more like_ responsible
adults who know what is at stake?
Now, - even before the conferences
have started, the press pronounce-
ments and other, publicity devices
are tying Our negotiators hand and
foot to the same old moribund policy.
,Conference Action),
Must the conferences be made
failures before they have started? If
the outcries of those who try to
speak up, and the dumb anxieties of
,
the inarticulate alike, do not move
our political managers to sane ac
tion then We are indeed in the grasp
of tyranny, and lost
It is clearly their duty to wield
their power with the utmost respon-
'sibility. No doubt they think that
is what they are doing. But it
behooves them to look about them,
and to see America's destiny and
the 'World's through the eyes of their
people. And many people see ahead
the apocalyptic vision of Hiroshima
and. Nagasaki, multiplied many
thousandfold.
Do we in America really repre-
sent a "free world"? How, free is a
world, though it may sport no polit-
buro and no MVD, in which men are
nevertheless helpless tri save them-
selves, their works, and their prog-
eny, because they are too, proud,
too stupid or too cowardly to turn
off the mechanism of genocide?
What is to be done? I want to
urge my fellow Americans, those
in high places of decision-making
power, to begin now to speak and
act less like Hitler, who didn't care
if he pulled his enemies as well' as
the rest of the world, including his
homeland, into the abyss with him.
Everything is to be gained and noth-
ing whatever to be lost by suspend-
ing: the reliance on machines which
cannot possibly defend, by declar-
ing a moratorium on propaganda
and by reflecting awhile.
Maybe the great American capac-
ity for creativity can still come ur
with something sensible to save the
day. H. DAym Kum
Montreal, April 12, 1559. '
Foundations and Their Funds
omits EDITOR Or THE NEWYORK TIMES:
In connection with your ,April
itorial' "Where .Foundation Fundt
some of your readers' may b(
`terested in this additional data or
subject:'
The 1953 edition of "American
nuidations" lists 4,000 public serv
! organizations which state thei
,and purposes: Professing an;
erest Whatever in internationa
airs, nineteen?established for th
rancement of international peace
, , , JOHN F. K.A
retail, the Collective Securit:
Institute.
rew York, April 14, 1959.
York Times
t
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Associated Press Is entitled exclusively
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ted to it or not otherwise credited in th
and local- news of spontaneous origin jun
I herein. Rights or republicatior- - a
matter herein 4re also reserved.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/05/19 : CIA-RDP78605167A000300200030-7