THE ELECTRIC BATTERY INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC

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• Document Page Count: 81
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 26, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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Ile.R.E.L
N? 63
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRIC BATTERY INDUSTRY
OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 130
1 May 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
TEE ETECTRIC BATTERY INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 130
(ORR Project 36.1555)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
The emphasis of this report is on estimates of the total value and
the composition of production of electric batteries in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc and on estimates of trade patterns, use patterns, and inputs.
Production in each country of the Bloc has been estimated independently,
the sum of these estimates equaling the total for the Bloc.
Estimates of the value of production and the physical quantity of
production are given for 1938 and for 1946-63. Administrative organi-
zation, trade, use patterns, and inputs are given only for the latest
year available.
No attempt has been made to treat exhaustively the pattern of input
and consumption. The inputs given are estimated physical quantities of
the most essential materials and labor, and a use pattern has been de-
termined for broad consuming sectors.
Data for 1957 included in this report represent a first approxima-
tion subject to subsequent refinement.
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SECRET
CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
page
1
3
A. Nature and Uses of the Product
3
B. Definition of the Industry
4
C. Importance of the Industry . . .
?
?
?
5
II.
History, Organization, and Technology
6
A. USSR
6
1. Organization
6
2. History and Technology
7
B. East Germany
10
1.
Organization
10
2.
History and Technology
10
C. Other Countries
11
1.
Organization
11
a. Bulgaria
11
b. Communist China
11
c. Czechoslovakia
11
d. Hungary
11
e. Poland
11
f. Rumania
12
2.
History and Technology
12
a. European Satellites
12
b. Communist China
13
III.
Production
A. Magnitude and Growth
114.
B. Composition
16
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IV. Trade
Page
18
A. USSR
18
B. Albania
18
C. Bulgaria
18
D. Communist China
19
E. Czechoslovakia
19
F, East Germany
19
G. Hungary
20
H. Poland .
20
I. Rumania
20
V. Use Pattern and Requirements
20
A. Use Pattern
20
B. Requirements
21
VI. Inputs
22
A. Labor
22
B. Materials
22
VII. Capabilities, Limitations, and Intentions
?
?
22
A. Capabilities
22
B. Limitations
23
C. Intentions
24
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables
27
Appendix B. Manufacturing Facilities
Appendix C. Methodology
59
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Tables
1. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and
1946-63
2. Indexes of the Estimated Value of Production of
Electric Batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by
Year, 1938 and 1946-63
3. Estimated Volume of Production of Storage Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and
1946-63
4. Estimated Value of Production of Storage Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and
1946-63
5 Estimated Volume of Production of Primary Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and
1946-63
6. Estimated Value of Production of Primary Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and
1946-63
Page
28
29
30
31
32
33
7. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Bat-
teries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Typq,
1956 34
8. Estimated Distribution of Electric Batteries in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc, as Percentages of Each
Type of Battery, 1956 36
9. Estimated Distribution of Electric Batteries in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc, as Percentages of Total
Production, 1956 37
10. Estimated Labor Force of the Electric Battery
Industry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1957 . . . . 38
11. Estimated Inputs of Selected Materials for Pro-
duction of Electric Batteries in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, 1956
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Page
12. Estimated Volume of Production of Electric Battery
Plants in the USSR, 1950 62
13. Estimated Volume and Value of Inputs of Selected
Materials for Production of Storage Batteries,
with Prices of Final Products in the US
14. Estimated Volume and Value of Inputs of Selected
Materials for Production of Primary Batteries,
with Prices of Final Products in the US
Illustrations
67
68
Following Page
Figure 1. USSR: Locations of Plants of the Electric Inside
Battery Industry, 1957 (Map) Back Cover
Figure 2. Sino-Soviet Bloc: Estimated Value of
Production of Electric Batteries, by Area
of Origin, 1946-63 (Chart) 14
Figure 3. Sino-Soviet Bloc: Estimated Index of the
Value of Production of Electric Batteries,
1950 and 1963 (Chart)
Figure 4. Sino-Soviet Bloc: Estimated Value of
Production of Electric Batteries, by
Type of Battery, 1946-63 (Chart)
Figure 5. Sino-Soviet Bloc: Estimated Distribution
of Electric Batteries, as Percentages of
Total Production, 1956 (Chart) . . . . .
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(OUR Project 36.1555)
THE ETECTRIC BATMRY INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC*
Summary
The estimated value of production of electric batteries** in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc*** during 1957 was US $449 million,**** which almost
equaled the $453.5 million worth of batteries produced in the US in
1954. Of the value of production in the Bloc, the USSR contributed
about $373 million, or more than 80 percent of the total. The other
significant producer in the Bloc was East Germany, with about 7 per-
cent of the total value of production.
The estimated annual value of production of batteries in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc exceeded the prewar level in 1946, doubled between 1946
and 1950, more than tripled between 1950 and 1957, and is expected to
increase approximately two and one-half times between 1957 and 1963.
From 1946 through 1957 the USSR consistently has provided about four-
fifths of the total value of production of batteries in the Bloc. The
average annual rate of growth of the value of production of batteries
in the Bloc between 1950 and 1957 was about 18 percent. In the US the
comparable rate of growth was less than 3 percent between 1947 and 1954.
Of the value of production of batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in
1956, storage batteries accounted for 73 percent and primary batteries
for 27 percent. More than 40 percent of the value of production of
batteries in the Bloc in 1956 was allocated to military applications,
with batteries for the propulsion of submarines accounting for about
one-quarter of the military requirements for batteries. Compared with
US production in 1954, the Bloc in 1956 produced only 35 percent of
the value of production of automotive batteries but more than three
times the value of production of alkaline batteries.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of OUR as of 1 January 1958.
** The term batteries as used in this report always refers to electric
batteries.
*** The term Sino-Soviet Bloc as used in this report includes the
USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Communist China, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Rumania. Albania is not included, because batteries are
not produced there.
**** Values are given in 1955 US dollars throughout this report.
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The battery industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc requires significant
quantities of nonferrous metals. The requirements for the most impor-
tant of these in 1956 were lead, 145,300 metric tons*; antimony, 8,700
tons; nickel, 6,200 tons; cadmium, 700 tons; and zinc, 29,500 tons.
Shortages of these metals have limited production of batteries in
the Bloc, particularly in the European Satellites.
The Sino-Soviet Bloc generally has been able to meet its require-
ments for industrial and military batteries but has not been able to
meet the demand for consumer batteries, particularly radio batteries.
The quality of batteries produced in the Bloc usually is adequate for
its needs although generally inferior to batteries produced in the US
or Western Europe. Inferior batteries are costly to the Bloc in terms
of reduced reliability, high rates of replacement, and waste of scarce
raw materials.
Although research and development appear to be on a par with efforts
in the West, the new designs and production techniques acquired by the
Sino-Soviet Bloc have been adopted only after a serious time lag. Con-
sequently, applied technology in the Bloc lags behind that of the West
by about 5 to 10 years.
As a result of backward technology, obsolete equipment, and the
large requirements for scarce metals, the battery industry of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc appears to be a high-cost industry compared with the bat-
tery industries of Western countries. Apparently, only the desire of
the Bloc to be independent of foreign supply prevents imports of bat-
teries from non-Bloc countries on a significant scale.
To correct the shortcomings of its battery industry and to expand
rapidly its volume of production of batteries, the USSR intends to
mechanize and to automate on a large scale. This program is to be in-
stituted by 1960. Other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc have less
ambitious plans but also intend to improve the quality and to enlarge
the volume of their production of batteries through research, invest-
ment, and training. The investment program of the USSR seems rational
in terms of replacing manpower, which is becoming relatively more
expensive, with capital equipment, which is becoming relatively cheaper.
In addition, the mechanization and automation of production of batteries
will expand the volume of production while improving quality, will con-
serve scarce raw materials, and will enable the industry to produce new
designs which could not be manufactured with present equipment.
* Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
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I. Introduction.
A. Nature and Uses of the Product. 1/*
Batteries are of two general types -- the primary type and the
secondary, or storage, type. The generation of electricity in both
types is accomplished by chemical reactions, but in different ways.
Primary batteries generate electricity by consuming such ma-
terials as zinc and sal ammoniac. This type of battery cannot be
used after it is exhausted, without replacing the used materials.
Storage batteries, however, have a reversible chemical re-
action: that is, when the battery is completely discharged, it can
be restored by passing a current through it in the opposite direction
from that of the discharging current. Although the length of life and
output of a primary battery is very limited, the storage battery may
be used for heavy-duty purposes which require large capacity and heavy
current drains.
An electrochemical couple is the term used to describe two
dissimilar substances which have a chemical reaction resulting in
production of electricity. One couple, regardless of size, has
a specific voltage determined by the chemical properties of the sub-
stances composing the couple. The larger the size of the couple,
however, the larger its capacity in terms of amperes of electric
current.
A single couple is commonly encased in a container and called
a cell whether it is of the primary or storage type. A battery is
simply a group of cells connected together. If like polarities are
connected (plus to plus and minus to minus), the voltage of the battery
remains that of a single cell, and the capacities of the cells are
additive. If unlike polarities are connected (plus to minus), the
voltages of the cells are additive, but the capacity of the battery
remains that of a single cell. The voltage of a primary cell never
exceeds 2.5 volts for any couple and is commonly about 1.5 volts.
The voltage of a storage cell never exceeds 2 volts. The most
common couple for primary batteries is zinc with manganese dioxide.
Mercury and alkaline couples are in the developmental stage. Primary
batteries can be either wet or dry, although the dry battery is typi-
cal. For storage batteries the most popular couples are lead-acid
(sulfuric), nickel-iron, and nickel-cadmium. Zinc-silver batteries
and zinc-nickel batteries are in the developmental stage. Storage
batteries always are made of wet cells.
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Batteries are used as a source of direct current power for the
following four main applications: (1) recurring heavy current drains
which require many cycles (a cycle is 1' discharge and I charge),
(2) constant light current drains, (3) intermittent current drains,
and (4) nonrecurring heavy current drains. Storage batteries, of
course, could be used for all of these applications, but application
(1) is most suited to their nature. A good example of application (1)
is the submarine battery, which propels a boat while discharging and
later is recharged by generators. When storage batteries are used in
applications (2) and (3) they usually are put on a floating circuit,
where the battery is constantly being charged except for brief periods
of discharge. Examples of application (3) are telephone batteries to
provide steady voltage and the automotive battery which starts an
automotive vehicle and is charged constantly by the generator. In
application (4) the storage battery commonly is destroyed after use,
as in a guided missile. Such a storage battery is called a reserve
battery, and it only is activated immediately before use. Primary
batteries can be used in all applications except (1), in which they
cannot be charged. Examples of the types of primary batteries for
the various applications are railroad signal batteries for applica-
tion (2), radio batteries for application (3), and batteries for shell
fuses or guided missiles for application (4).
In manufacture the essential ingredients for a superior product,
on the assumption of a good design, are electrolytically pure materials
and accurately controlled manufacturing processes. Poor-quality materials
result in a product with low capacity and short life. Poorly controlled
manufacturing processes result in a product which does not live up to
its design capability and may give erratic performance.
B. Definition of the Industry.
The battery industry is composed of those manufacturing facil-
ities which produce either primary or storage batteries. Each plant
included in the industry produces finished batteries, although there
are variations between plants in their degree of production of materials
for battery components and other products. The majority of plants pro-
ducing storage batteries receive pig le, sulfuric acid, nickel, cad-
mium, silver and steel, rubber, or plastic battery containers from other
Plants which specialize in production of these battery inputs. Plants
producing primary batteries for the most part import zinc (in bulk
form), manganese dioxide, paper, flour, sal ammoniac, pitch, and other
miscellaneous materials which are fabricated at the battery plants.
Facilities which produce other commodities as well as batteries
are included, but an attempt has been made to estimate only the
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production of batteries. For example, many manufacturers of primary
batteries also produce flashlights and/or radios, and manufacturers
of storage batteries for miners' lamps also produce the lamps.
In most countries the facilities used to produce primary bat-
teries are separate from those producing storage batteries because
the productive processes have little in common. In general, storage
batteries are produced in fewer, larger plants than are primary bat-
teries, which require less capital equipment and more labor than
storage batteries. Battery plants, regardless of the type of bat-
teries produced, usually are located near the centers of consumption
of their products, partly because of the economy of transporting the
material inputs to the factory relative to the price of shipping and
handling finished batteries and partly because of the fact that acti-
vated storage batteries* as well as primary batteries are perishable
commodities which deteriorate with time and handling.
Battery plants usually diversify their production. Storage
battery plants may specialize in automotive types of starting, lighting,
and ignition (SLI) batteries if the demand for the product is large as
in the US and, to a lesser extent, in the USSR. Typically, however,
each plant will produce several types of storage batteries. The prod-
uct mix can be changed readily because nonspecialized operations and
equipment are used. The same degree of diversification is usually
true of the primary battery industry although exceptions are found,
particularly in small firms producing only flashlight cells.
C. Importance of the Industry. 2/
Batteries are used widely throughout the civil and military
communities as standby power sources for aircraft emergency apparatus,
hospital lighting, shipboard communications, telephone and telegraph
service, and control of circuits of electric power plants. There are
also many special military applications such as power sources for
fuses for shells and mines, for guided missile control systems, and
for radio communications; motive power for submarines and electric
torpedoes; and conventional SLI service for tanks, trucks, aircraft,
and other vehicles.
Two Important civil uses of batteries are in SLI service for
automobiles, trucks, locomotives, and tractors and in the lighting of
flashlights and lanterns. There are other necessary applications of
batteries. Much of industry could not operate effectively without the
use of batteries. Coal mining operations, for example, depend heavily
* Activated storage batteries are those in which the electrolyte has
been added to the active materials and the battery is operational.
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on electric locomotives and electric miners' lamps. Hearing aids
powered by batteries are necessary to many people. Radiosondes
powered by batteries are essential in gathering meterological in-
formation for weather forecasting and scientific data for basic re-
search. In fact, many scientific measuring and recording instruments
can be powered only by batteries. Future scientific electronic devel-
opments will expand further the requirements for special-purpose bat-
teries. A current example of such a development is the battery which
is required as a power source for scientific recording and transmitting
instruments contained in earth satellites being sent beyond the atmo-
sphere of the earth. Solar-cell mercury batteries will be used to
convert radiation from the sun into electric power in the earth satel-
lites.
An example of battery developments which broaden the field of
battery application is the development of the atomic battery. Although
not yet perfected, the atomic battery probably can be used in the near
future to power wrist watches, small radios, and hearing aids, as well
as for many other applications in the military and scientific fields.
Such batteries will last from 5 to 20 years and will be no larger than
a button.
From the above discussion of the wide application of batteries
throughout science, industry, and the military, it is obvious that
the battery industry of any country will have a far-reaching influence
on its welfare and strength.
II. History, Organization, and Technology.*
A. USSR.
1. Organization. .V
Before the recent reorganization of the electrotechnical
industry of the USSR on a regional basis, all of the major manufacturing
facilities for both primary and storage batteries were subordinate to
the Ministry of the Electrotechnical Industry of the USSR and were
directly controlled by Glavakkumulyatorprom (Glavnoye Upravleniye
Akkumulyatornoy, Elementnoy i Elektrougol'noy Promyshlennosti -- Main
Administration of the Storage Battery, Battery Cell, and Electrocarbon
Industry). Several minor plants which produce automotive storage bat-
teries or flashlight and radio primary batteries were subordinate to
various republic or local ministries in their respective locations,
primarily in the thinly populated areas of Siberia. All battery plants
are now presumably subordinate to the respective economic councils of
their respective economic regions.
* For further details and documentation, see Appendix B.
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2. History and Technology.
The first plant for manufacturing storage batteries in the
USSR was established in Leningrad in 1897 by the German subsidiary of
the British Tudor firm. Another similar Plant was established in Lenin-
graii in 1912 by the same firm. Moselement, a plant for manufacturing
primary batteries, was established by the Soviet government in 1929 in
Moscow. During the 1930's, several new plants were established for
production of all types of storage and primary batteries. Most of these
plants were relocated partially or wholly during World War II.
After the war, old plants were rebuilt and expanded, and
new plants were constructed. Much of the equipment required by the
expansion of the industry came from dismantled German plants. The
locational pattern, shown in the accompanying map, Figure 1,* indicates
that the industry is dispersed geographically, although concentrations
of production appear at Saratov, Leningrad, Kamsomol'sk, and Moscow
and its surrounding area.
At present the Soviet battery industry is expanding output
rapidly, but applied technology is lagging. The Minister of the Elec-
trotechnical Industry, I. Skidanenko, has stated that -although much new
technology has been developed by the scientific research institute,**
very little is adopted by the manufacturing organizations. Li In the
area of conductor coatings for the plate type of battery, for example,
plants still are using the old technology of 1941. In the area of
pasting technology for lead-acid storage batteries the plants are still
using the paste composition and application techniques of 1950 or
earlier.
In a recent statement of policy, Glavakkumulyatorprom an-
nounced that all of its plants would be specialized and mechanized in-
creasingly. The scientific research institutes therefore were directed
to give more aid to the manufacturing plants. The main steps outlined
for improving production were use of powder metallurgy for making lead-
acid batteries, mechanization of constant-flow production, standardization
* Inside back cover.
** The Scientific Research Battery Cell and Electrocarbon Institute
(Nauchno-Issledavatel'skiy Elementno-Elektrougollnyy Institut -- NIEEI)
performs research on new product types and production techniques,
whereas the Central Design Bureau of the Electrical Drive Trust (Tsen-
tral'noye Konstruktorskoye Byuro "Elektroprivod" TsKB "Elektro-
privod") and the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Electric
Welding Equipment (Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut
Elektrosvarochnogo Oborudovaniya VNIIEO) develop specialized units
for mechanizing and automating various production processes.
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of parts and organization of their mass production, use of paste tech-
nology for coating the electrodes of primary batteries, and automation
of quality control operations. 2/ This statement of policy was rein-
forced and explained in detail at a conference of directors, chief
engineers, and leading workers of Glayakkumulyatorprom in February
1956.
From the above statements of highly placed executives of
Glavakkumulyatorprom, it is a fair inference that the battery industry
in the USSR is lagging technologically and is striving desperately to
overcome its backwardness by an intensive program of technological
improvement in both product design and production techniques. More
concrete evidence exists in the technical evaluation of two Soviet
primary batteries and a nickel-cadmium storage battery. In the opinion
of the evaluators the Soviet batteries did not perform nearly so well
as comparable US designs. Impure materials, lack of manufacturing
skill, and loose design were the primary factors contributing to the
inferiority of the Soviet batteries. //
In spite of the technological shortcomings of the battery
industry in the USSR, research and development have been carried out in
an apparently successful manner. Although the operating plants have
been neglected, the research facilities have developed the VDL* series
of new primary cells. These are alkaline cells with air depolarization
which primarily are used by the Ministry of the Communications Industry
as power sources for both radio transmitters and receivers. Although
superior to the manganese dioxide depolarized dry cells now in use, the
VDL cell has not gone into production because of its higher cost. .g./
Another new primary cell which is important to communica-
tions in the USSR is the VDZh**-400 iron-carbon alkaline cell. This
cell has a long shelf life, can operate at low temperatures, and has
a specific power by weight and volume that is double that of lead-
acid cells. Although this cell is not in production at present, it
appears that its main advantage will be its low cost because it con-
tains no nonferrous metals.
In addition, Soviet research has produced a working thermal
generator, or fuel cell, which is being produced in limited quantities
to replace true batteriesxxx in such low-power applications as power
* The probable expansion is vozdukho-depolyarizovannaya latunt (air-
depolarized brass).
** The probable expansion is vozdukho-depolyarizovannoye zhelezo
(air-depolarized iron).
xxx A true battery stores electrical energy, whereas fuel and solar
cells merely convert heat energy to electrical energy without storing
it. These cells are actually electrical generators.
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sources for small radio transmitters and receivers. Research is con-
tinuing in the USSR, as it is in the US, to develop fuel cells with
large power outputs in order to transform fossil fuels directly into
electric power without use of mechanical rotating machinery. 12/
Other battery types in an experimental stage are solar batteries,
which transform radiation from the sun directly into electricity;
gas batteries, which contain no metal and which use carbon and an
acid or common salt electrolyte; and atomic batteries, which use a
radioactive material to produce a small current at a high voltage.
None of these types has been developed yet sufficiently for practical
applications. Developments for some practical applications, however,
may occur by 1960. 21/
Basic research on the lead-acid storage battery is far
less startling but more important in the short run than the above
developments. The lead-acid storage battery is the bread-and-butter
battery of the world, as well as of the USSR, even though it was
invented in 1869. Soviet researchers apparently have been vtry
thorough in exploring corrosion-resistant alloys for grids of lead-
acid storage batteries. They found that silver materially decreases
the corrosion of the positive grids and that tellurium, sulfur, cal-
cium, and copper, as well as silver, help the negative grids resist
corrosion. 12/ Economic application of these findings could prolong
significantly the life of lead-acid storage batteries.
Research also is being directed in the USSR and in other coun-
tries toward batteries which will deliver high outputs at low tempera-
tures and toward reserve batteries which can be stored indefinitely with-
out electrolyte and can be quickly activated by the addition of electro-
lyte, when power is desired. Batteries of this type have many applica-
tions, especially for the military in guided missiles, torpedoes, fuses,
sonobuoys, arming devices for mines, and emergency devices in aircraft.
Power requirements per unit of weight are very great in these applica-
tions.
One very promising type of battery, which may answer some of
the requirements posed above, is the silver-zinc storage battery. This
battery has a power output Ier unit of weight which is about five times
or more higher than that of either the lead-acid or nickel-cadmium types
of battery. It is still not completely reliable and does not perform
well at low temperatures, but development appears to be intensive. In
the US these batteries are being developed primarily for application in
guided missiles and homing torpedoes. The French navy is interested in
them as a source of power for submarines. There is some indication of
large purchases of silver by the USSR from Communist China.
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B. East Germany.
1. Organization. 1L[./
Since the formation of East Germany, the battery industry
has been subordinate to the Ministry of General Machine Building (Mini-
sterium fuer Allgemeinen Maschinenbau). Within the Ministry, however,
the battery industry has been shifted from the Main Administration for
Cable and Equipment Construction (Hauptverwaltung Kabel- und Apparatebau),
which was abolished, to the Main Administration for Electrical Machinery
(Hauptverwaltung Elektromaschinenbau), although it is possible that some
communications batteries are manufactured under the Main Administration
for Radio and Telecommunications Technology (Hauptverwaltung Rundfunk-
und Fernmeldetechnik).
2. History and Technology.
The territory that is now East Germany produced only 15 per-
cent of German batteries before World War II but shared in the signifi-
cant German development of the sintered-plate nickel-cadmium battery. 12/
This battery is able to sustain high rates of discharge while having
the other advantages of the nickel-cadmium couple -- long life, dependa-
bility, good cold-weather performance, and little maintenance. It also
shares, however, the disadvantage of high initial cost. Today the
sintered-plate nickel-cadmium battery is being used in many military
applications where high rates of discharge are required, such as in
the starting of aircraft and in control systems for guided missiles.
The battery is still being developed for better performance character-
istics in the US.
It is estimated that East Germany today retains little of
the good technology developed and applied before World War II. The
German battery industry was well developed before World War II and led
the world in battery technology. When the USSR dismantled the bat-
tery plants after World War II, however, much good equipment was lost
and never replaced. A recent technical evaluation of a radio dry cell
produced in East Germany indicated that the manufacturing process was
very poor and that inferior materials were used. lY Mich of the in-
feriority of East German batteries is a result of the difficulty in
securing good materials and machinery.
East Germany may have retained some of its good technicians,
however, for in 1953 it was able to produce silver-zinc batteries for
the USSR. 1// 'In 1954 a fairly good low-temperature dry cell was de-
veloped for use in radiosondes. 1?1 Other projects currently under
way include the development of a process for the recharging of dry
cell batteries and the development of a solar battery. 1
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In general, current production in the battery industry of
East Germany is at a low technological level compared with production
in the industry of the USSR, with many hand operations, poor designs,
and inferior materials resulting in low productivity and poor products.
C. Other Countries.
1. Organization.
a. Bulgaria. 22/
The battery industry of Bulgaria is subordinate to the
Ministry of Heavy Industry (Ministerstvo na Tezhkata Promishlenost) and
directly controlled by Elprom (Elektricheska Promishlenost), which is
one of the administrations composing the machine-building industry.
b. Communist China. 21/
In Communist China the battery industry up to April 1956
was known to have been under the control of the Electric Equipment In-
dustry Control Bureau of the First Ministry of the Machine Building
Industry (Ti-i Chi-hsieh Kung-yeh). Since May-July 1956 the battery
industry probably has been under the new Ministry of the Electrical
Equipment Industry (Tien-chi Kung-yeh Fu).
c. Czechoslovakia. ggi
The Ministry of Heavy Engineering (Ministervstvo Tezkeho
Strojirenstvi), through the Main Administration of Metal Goods (Hlavni
Sprava Kbvoveho Zbozi?), controls production of batteries in Czecho-
slovakia. Storage batteries are produced under the Prazska Akumulatorka
National Corporation, and primary batteries are produced under the Ba-
teria National Corporation. Both corporations are subordinate to the
Main Administration of Metal Goods.
d. Hungary. 23./
The battery industry of Hungary is subordinate to the
Ministry of the Metallurgy and Machine Industry (Koho es Getipari Min-
isterium). In the office of the First Vice-Minister of this Ministry
is the Electrical Industry Management, which is believed to exercise
direct control of the battery industry.
e. Poland.2)1/
The Central Administration of the Cable Industry (Cen-
tralny Zarzad Przemyslu Kablowego) of the Ministry of Heavy Industry
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(Ministerstwo Przemyslu Ciezkiego) is the controlling organization for
the battery industry of Poland.
f. Rumania. 22/
The Ministry of Heavy Industry (Ministerul Industrei
Metalurgice si Constructii de Masini) supervises the battery industry
of Rumania. There may be a Main Administration of Electric Power and
Electrotechnical Industry (Energiei Electrice si Industriei Electro-
Tehnica) formed from the former ministry of that name which directly
controls battery production.
2. History and Technology.
a. European Satellites.* ?1/
Bulgaria had almost no battery industry before World
War II but has organized an industry of modest size from small pri-
vately owned facilities since the war. The battery industry of Bul-
garia, however, has expanded slowly relative to the average country
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and has remained very small. In Rumania,
where the battery industry before World War II apparently was estab-
lished better than in Bulgaria, the industry has expanded rapidly
since World War II.
In Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia the prewar in-
dustries were well established, most of the producing firms apparently
having been founded and owned by parent firms in Germany. The Tudor
firm was especially active in Hungary and Poland. Hungary has the
oldest industry, dating from 1890, whereas Poland and Czechoslovakia
established their industries during the 1920's and 1930's. Since
World War II, expansion of the battery industries of the European
Satellites has been modest in terms of new investment. Because of
the increased utilization of existing facilities, however, rates of
growth of production during the postwar years have been substantial.
In Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Ru-
mania the battery industries emerged from World War II almost undamaged.
The USSR drew heavily on their production of batteries immediately after
the war and still Imports from them.
Technology of these European Satellites is character-
ized by extensive hand operations, inferior raw materials, old plant
equipment, and prewar techniques. All of them rank somewhat below
* For information on the history and technology of the battery indus-
try of East Germany, see B, 2, above.
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East Germany in the level of technology and productivity, with the pos-
sible exception of Hungary. In technological proficiency, these Euro-
pean Satellites fall in the following order: Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria. Albania has no battery industry.
Scientific research institutes operate in these Satel-
lites to improve the operating technique of the plants and to improve
existing products in minor ways. There is no evidence of a research
and development program in the new areas of electrochemical develop-
ment. The USSR apparently is the source for whatever new technology
is adopted, although East Germany also may contribute. Hungary and
Rumania have done work in the miniaturization of batteries for com-
munications, measuring instruments, and miner's lamps. This develop-
ment represents primarily the effort of the Satellites to design less
expensive batteries through reducing material requirements rather than
an attempt to design new batteries for new applications.
b. Communist China. 2//
Like the rest of the Chinese electrotechnical industry,
the battery industry in China was established by foreigners during the
1920's and 1930's. DS and European firms concentrated in Shanghai, and
the Japanese established the industry in Manchuria.
After the techniques of production were introduced, many
family-sized operations were undertaken by the Chinese, especially in
the primary battery field, concentrating on production of flashlight
cells. A US manufacturer who owned a branch plant in Shanghai before
World War II estimated that there were more than 100 producers of flash-
light cells in China at that time, concentrated primarily in the area
around Canton. The products of these firms were very poor, having about
one-sixth the life of a comparable US product. As might be expected,
the prewar industry utilized hand labor for every operation in which
machinery could possibly be eliminated.
Since the advent of the Chinese Communists in 1949,
the state has taken over the large plants and gradually has eliminated
the small private plants by amalgamating and nationalizing them. There
are still, however, a considerable number of small plants producing
small quantities of dry cells for civilian consumption in flashlights
and radios. Again, as might be expected, the technological level has
risen as the state has introduced new investment and foreign technicians
into the industry. Another positive factor was the help extended to
Nationalist China by US manufacturers after World War II. The insis-
tence, however, on maintaining the historically conceived custom of
producing both primary and storage batteries at the same location has
made the rationalization of production processes more difficult than
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in the more backward of the European Satellites, such as Bulgaria and
Rumania.*
Evidence of the poor technology in existence in Com-
munist China today is a technical evaluation of a flashlight dry cell
produced in Canton. The cell is an attempted copy of the US "Ray-0-
Vac" flashlight cell, but the poor quality of raw materials and work-
manship exhibited in its construction produced a battery of inferior
quality.
It is estimated that the level of technology in the
battery industry of Communist China is today no better and probably
worse than the least developed of the European Satellites. With the
?advent of general investment in industry, however, it is predicted that
new facilities will soon be constructed which will compare favorably
with, and may even surpass, any now existing in the USSR. The Chinese
do have the advantage of starting from scratch with little fixed invest-
ment to hinder modernization.
III. Production.
A. Magnitude and Growth.
The estimated value of production of batteries in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc for selected years, 1938-63, is shown in Table 1** and for
1946-63 in the accompanying chart, Figure 2.xxx The level of production
prevailing before World War II was exceeded in 1946, primarily because
the USSR expanded its production from the prewar level during and
immediately following the war. Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania also
equaled or exceeded their prewar levels of production by 1946. The
other Bloc countries, except East Germany, regained their prewar
levels of production by 1948, East Germany did not recover until
1949. The annual value of production in the Sino-Soviet Bloc doubled
between 1946 and 1950, more than tripled between 1950 and 1957, and
is expected to increase approximately two and one-half times between
1957 and 1963.
* The productive processes of the two types of batteries have no
common operations and, therefore, afford no savings by joint produc-
tion. In fact, hinderances develop when both types are produced in
the same shop. Other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc also produce a
small quantity of batteries in a similar manner, but the plants are
separated physically, although remaining under a common management.
** Appendix A, p. 28, below.
XXX Following p. 14.
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Million 1955 US Dollars
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1200,
1000
800
600
400
200
SINO-SOVIET BLOC
ESTIMATED VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC BATTERIES
BY AREA OF ORIGIN, 1946-63
Figure 2
\
\
N
\
uro Communist
Epean
USSR
\
?
Satellites ?
i
?
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_
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\, -.,
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.
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_
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. ?
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_
_
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I
I
1946
26382 2-58
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1 960
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The annual value of production of batteries in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc during 1957 was $449 million, of which the USSR contributed $373
million, or more than 80 percent of the total. Production of batteries
in the Bloc in 1957 almost equaled the $453,472,000 value of batteries
produced in the US in 1954. In 1947, production by the Bloc represented
only 22 percent of production by the US. g.q/
Before World War II the USSR produced about two-thirds of the
value of production of the areas now included in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Since the war the USSR has consistently contributed about four-fifths
of the total value of production by the Bloc. In 1957, East Germany
was a poor second with about 7 percent. The other Bloc countries in
order by value of production were Communist China, Poland, Czechoslo-
vakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria. Only Hungary and Poland suf-
fered lower annual production in 1956 than in 1955. In 1956, produc-
tion in Hungary dropped to an estimated 60 percent of the level of
production in 1955, and Poland produced 83 percent of the value of
batteries produced in 1955. In 1957, the battery industry of Hungary
was the only one in the Bloc to produce less than in 1956. Production
of batteries in Hungary in 1957 is estimated to have been about 54 per-
cent of that in 1955.
Indexes of the estimated value of production of batteries in
each of the countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc is shown in Table 2*
and in the accompanying chart, Figure 3.** The average annual rate
of increase of the value of production of batteries in the entire
Bloc between 1950 and 1957 was about 18 percent. In the US the com-
parable rate of increase was less than 3 percentxxx between 1947 and
1954. 22/ The USSR obtained an 18-percent average annual rate of in-
crease between 1950 and 1957. East Germany obtained the highest rate
of increase, whereas Hungary had the lowest. From 1950 to 1955, how-
ever, Hungary had the highest rate of increase, about 28.6 percent per
year. Ranked by the average annual rates of increase obtained be-
tween 1950 and 1957, the countries of the Bloc are East Germany,
Rumania, Communist China, the USSR, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
and Hungary. The average annual rate of increase of production of
batteries is expected to be somewhat lower between 1957 and 1963
than it was between 1950 and 1957. The future increase of produc-
tion apparently is to be obtained primarily by increased mechaniza-
tion, specialization, and automation in the USSR, Czechoslovakia,
Poland, and East Germany and primarily by new plant construction in
the other European Satellites and China.
* Appendix A, p. 29, below.
** Following p. 16.
XX In current prices.
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The estimated volume of production of storage batteries in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc is shown in Table 3,* the estimated value is shown in
Table 4,** and the estimated value of production of batteries, by
type of product, are shown in the accompanying chart, Figure 4.xxx
The USSR produced about 85 percent of the value of storage batteries
produced by the Bloc in 1956. The estimated volume of production of
primary batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc is shown in Table 5,xxxx and
the estimated value of production is shown in Table 6t and in Figure 4.
About 78 percent of the primary batteries were contributed by the USSR
in 1956.
B. Composition. 12/
The estimated value of production of batteries in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, by type of product, is shown in Table 7tt and in Fig-
ure 4. xxx Of the value of production of batteries in the Bloc, stor-
age batteries accounted for 73 percent and primary batteries for 27
percent. In the US in 1954 the percentages were 74 percent for stor-
age batteries and 26 percent for primary batteries. In 1947, storage
batteries accounted for 79 percent and primary batteries for 21 per-
cent of the value of production of batteries in the US.
Although the composition of production of batteries is amaz-
ingly similar in the Sino-Soviet Bloc and in the US with respect to
storage and primary batteries, there are significant differences in
the sizes of subcategories within the over-all categories of storage
and primary batteries. Perhaps the most outstanding contrast is the
large proportion of production of batteries which is devoted to al-
kaline batteries in the Bloc, 21 percent, and the small proportion
represented by alkaline batteries in the US, about 5 percent. Within
the category of alkaline batteries are nickel-cadmium alkaline stor-
age batteries, which represent about 12 percent of production of bat-
teries in the Bloc and more than one-half of the category of alka-
line batteries, whereas in the US less than 0.5 percent of production
of batteries is composed of nickel-cadimum storage batteries.ttt
Appendix A, p. 30, below.
Appendix A, p. 31, below.
Following p. 16.
xxxx Appendix A, p. 32, below.
t Appendix A, p. 33, below.
tt Appendix A, p. 34, below.
ttt The applications of nickel-cadmium alkaline batteries within the
Sino-Soviet Bloc are primarily as a power source for radio transmitters
and receivers, miners' lamps, and control systems for guided missiles
and other weapons. The nickel-iron Lfootnote continued on p. 1
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2,000
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
8
6
SINO-SOVIET BLOC*
ESTIMATED INDEX OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTION
OF ELECTRIC BATTERIES, 1950 AND 1963
Figure 3
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26383 2-58
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RUMANIA
EAST GERMANY
HUNGARY
COMMUNIST CHINA
SINO-SOVIET BLOC
USSR
POLAND
BULGARIA
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1963
*Albania Negligible
50X1
Million 1955 US Dollars
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SI NO-SOVI ET BLOC
ESTIMATED VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC BATTERIES
BY TYPE OF BATTERY, 1946-63
Figure 4
Storage
Batteries
Primary Batteries
Alkaline
Lead-Acid
26384 2.58
1950
1956 1958 1960 1962
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Another significant difference is that the Bloc allocates to the motive
power application almost twice as much of its production of batteries
as does the US -- 19 percent for the Bloc and about 10 percent for the
US. The relatively heavy emphasis of the USSR on production of sub-
marine batteries is believed to account for most of this difference.
More than 10 percent of total production of batteries in the Bloc is
allocated to submarine propulsion batteries. In addition, 7 percent
of Bloc production is allocated to production of batteries for the
propulsion of electric torpedoes.
The largest category for both the Sino-Soviet Bloc and the US
consists of SLI batteries. The US allocates about 57 percent of its
total production to this category, whereas the Bloc allocates about
one-half as much, or 30 percent. Furthermore, in the US almost the
entire category of SLI batteries is for automotive purposes, whereas
in the Bloc about 70 percent of SLI batteries is of the automotive
type. One other important difference is that SLI batteries for air-
craft represent only 1 percent of production in the US but almost
4 percent in the Bloc.
The allocation to stationary storage batteries is very simi-
lar in the US and the Sino-Soviet Bloc, representing about 3 percent
of the total production of batteries in each country.
The percentage allocations to production of the radio and
flashlight battery subcategories of primary batteries in the US are
less than those for the same categories in the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
whereas for other primary batteries the reverse is true. Radio
batteries represent 10.3 percent of production in the Bloc and 7.8
percent in the US, flashlight batteries 12.6 percent of production
in the Bloc and 11.8 percent in the US, and other primary batteries
(primarily general-purpose batteries) 3.8 percent of production in
the Bloc and 6.3 percent in the US.
alkaline batteries are primarily used for motive power for industrial
trucks and mine locomotives. Stationary batteries of this type are used
for emergency power, communications systems, and railroad diesel starting
batteries. It was deemed appropriate that alkaline batteries be listed
separately from the categories representing lead-acid batteries because
of the much higher cost per unit of weight of alkaline batteries and be-
cause of the emphasis placed on their manufacture within the Bloc.
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IV. Trade, .11/
A. USSR.
The USSR imports a larger quantity of batteries than any other
country of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Principal suppliers of the USSR are
Sweden, Austria, East Germany, and Hungary. About one-half of the
Swedish exports are of alkaline batteries. East Germany supplies heavy
types of lead-acid batteries, radio dry batteries, and silver-zinc re-
serve batteries.* Hungary exports alkaline batteries to the USSR.
Exports of batteries by the USSR are also the largest in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc, although the USSR is estimated to be a net importer.
Most of the Soviet exports of batteries go to Communist China. Among
the European Satellites, Albania ranks first as an importer of Soviet
batteries, primarily automotive SLI batteries, with Bulgaria and Ru-
mania sharing the remainder equally. Since 1955 the USSR has sold
small quantities of batteries to Greece, Argentina, and North Vietnam.
North Korea and Egypt began to import from the USSR in about 1950.
Imports of batteries have not been a significant proportion
of the total supply of batteries to the USSR since World War II,
probably never amounting to more than 5 percent of the total supply
and probably less than that since 1950. It is estimated that both
imports and exports of batteries by the USSR have declined absolutely
since 1950.
B. Albania.
Because domestic production of batteries is zero, Albania im-
ports its entire supply of batteries. The USSR was almost the sole
supplier until about 1951, when East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
and Hungary apparently began to export batteries to Albania. Albania
imports only the most common types of batteries, such as automotive
SLI batteries and flashlight dry cells, and has requirements which
are a negligible proportion of the production of the supplying coun-
tries.
C. Bulgaria.
Bulgaria has been a net importer of batteries since World
War II. In 1955, however, it began to export small quantities of
batteries to Syria and Rumania. In 1957 it also exported to Turkey,
* Silver-zinc batteries are under development in the US as power
sources for electronic systems in guided missiles. A similar use
may be imputed to the silver-zinc batteries going to the USSR.
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and at least one-fifth of its total production was to have been exported.
It is possible that Bulgaria is now a net exporter by a small margin,
although a considerable amount of re-exporting probably is taking place.
Through 1955, Bulgaria received imports of batteries principally
from the USSR and East Germany, but Czechoslovakia was by far the lar-
gest supplier of batteries to Bulgaria in 1956.
D. Communist China.
Communist China, a net importer of batteries, is dependent on
the USSR for most of its imports of batteries, although Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and West Germany also have contributed significantly. The
requirements of China are principally for the heavy types of storage
batteries, especially the military types for tanks, submarines, and
aircraft.
Beginning in about 1956, Communist China has advertised widely
its flashlight dry cells for sale over most of Southeast Asia. China
has made a few small sales to Burma and Borneo and perhaps to Egypt
through Hong Kong. These sales are believed to be for prestige value
alone and do not reflect an abundant domestic supply.
E. Czechoslovakia.
No imports of batteries by Czechoslovakia have been noted since
World War II. Although the domestic industry is not large, Czechoslo-
vakia supplies significant quantities of batteries to Communist China,
Albania, and Bulgaria and supplies smaller quantities to Rumania, Turkey,
and Egypt.
F. East Germany.
East Germany imports no batteries except a few special nickel-
cadmium radio batteries from West Germany. On the other hand, it ex-
ports widely and in significant quantities. Immediately following
World War II, East Germany was the prime supplier of the USSR, with
perhaps 8o percent of its production going to the USSR. Since Soviet
demands fell off rather abruptly in 1954, East Germany has exported
more to Bulgaria, Albania, Poland, Hungary, Switzerland, and West Ger-
many, although the USSR remains by far the largest consumer of East
German batteries. In 1956 and 1957, Egypt received aircraft and ve-
hicle batteries from East Germany. In 1956, other countries added to
the list of importers from East Germany were Norway, Syria, Turkey,
and India.
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G. Hungary.
Hungary is a net exporter of batteries. The USSR, Communist
China, Albania, and Poland are the principal recipients of Hungarian
batteries, with Bulgaria and Turkey receiving only small amounts.
Hungary does import batteries, however, from Sweden, West Germany,
East Germany, and Poland. Sweden appears to be the primary sup-
plier.
H. Poland.
Poland exports batteries to Albania, Hungary, Greece, and Tur-
key, although its imports of batteries are greater than its exports.
East Germany long has supplied batteries to Poland, but more recently
Hungary, the UK, and West Germany have become important sources of
batteries for Poland. In 1955 and 1956, Poland probably relied more
heavily on the West for battery imports than did any other country of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
I. Rumania.
Rumania is a net importer of batteries and relies primarily
on the USSR and Hungary for its imports. Czechoslovakia, Austria,
Belgium, and West Germany export small quantities of batteries to
Rumania.
V. Use Pattern and Requirements.
A. Use Pattern.
Most of the products of the battery industry are designed for
specific uses. -Accordingly, the use pattern of the industry has been
determined from the known applications of the various categories of
products and, where a category has more than one use, from an estimated
priority allocation among end uses.
The principal uses of batteries are in (1) industry, including
all batteries used as producer goods but omitting those used as com-
ponents in the manufacture of final products; (2) civilian consumption,
including batteries used as components of commodities for personal
consumption; (3) power networks, including all batteries used for con-
trol and emergency standby pruposes; (4) communications networks, in-
cluding all batteries used for voltage regulation and emergency standby
purposes; (5) certain direct military end items, including multipurpose
batteries which are used exclusively by the military.
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The estimated distribution of batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
as percentages of each type of battery, for the principal purposes
listed above is shown in Table 8.*
Table 9 and the accompanying chart, Figure 5,xxx show the
estimated distribution of batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1956
as percentages of total production. More than 40 percent of production
of batteries was allocated to military uses, whereas only one-half as
much, about one-fifth of the total, was allocated to civilian consump-
tion. Industry consumed about one-quarter of the total production of
batteries.
B. Requirements. ")_2/
The requirementsxxxx of the Sino-Soviet Bloc for batteries are
being met substantially except for batteries demanded for civilian con-
sumption, particularly radio batteries. Apparently the shortage of
radio batteries is most severe in absolute terms in the USSR, probably
because the USSR has many more battery-powered radios than any of the
Satellites or Communist China. The disproportion between the rates of
production of battery-powered broadcast radio receivers and radio bat-
teries apparently is planned because the production plans of both com-
modities have been fulfilled generally from 1950 through 1957. Soviet
policymakers would seem to dictate that the public listen to their
radios less than they would prefer.
Temporary shortages have been, noted from time to time in mili-
tary and industrial batteries although the cause of such shortages,
which was almost invariably a lack of materials, particularly nonfer-
rous metals, usually was overcome rapidly through imports and adjust-
ments in allocations of both finished batteries and material imports.
Capacity appears to be adequate for present requirements in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc as a whole. In the USSR, however, production
appears to be at or near full capacity, whereas the European Satel-
lites and Communist China, to a lesser degree, do not utilize their
full capacities because of the chronic lack of raw materials.
Appendix A, p. 36, below.
Appendix A, p. 37, below.
Following p. 22.
Requirements are defined as actual orders for batteries.
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VI. Inputs.
A. Labor.
Table 10* shows the estimated labor force of the battery indus-
try of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1957. Productivity of the USSR is clearly
superior to that of the other members of the Bloc, for the USSR contri-
butes over four-fifths of the value of production of batteries in the
Bloc, with only slightly more than one-half of the labor force employed
by the battery industry of the Bloc.
B. Materials.
The estimated inputs of selected materials for production of
batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1956 is shown in Table 11.**
The battery industry is a significant consumer of certain nonferrous
metals such as cadmium, lead, and antimony. Other nonferrous metals of
which the battery industry is a less important consumer are nickel and
zinc. Negligible percentages of production of the other indicated ma-
terial inputs were consumed by the battery industry in 1956.
VII. Capabilities, Limitations, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
All types of batteries required by the Sino-Soviet Bloc can be
manufactured domestically. The Bloc is capable of manufacturing prod-
ucts of adequate quality for both military and civilian requirements.
The technology of the Bloc, however, is inferior to that of the US,
and its equipment is generally less modern and less efficient than
equipment employed by the US. In particular, the Bloc has a severe
deficiency of materials-handling equipment, thus reducing productivity,
causing excess consumption of labor, and in some cases reducing the
quality of the product. Craftsmanship in hand operations, however,
appears to be as good as any in the West. This asset is usually nul-
lified by poor materials, resulting from improperly controlled pro-
cessing.
In research and development of batteries the Sino-Soviet Bloc
has progressed nearly as far as most Western countries, although it
is certainly far behind in improving the quality of the batteries in
large-scale production. Nevertheless, the Bloc has developed and
produces far more alkaline batteries than does the US. Western Europe,
however, also produces alkaline batteries on a significant scale. The
* Appendix A,. p. 38, below.
Appendix A, p. 39, below.
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Figure 5
SINO-SOVIET BLOC
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC BATTERIES
AS PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL PRODUCTION
1956
26385 2-58
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depth of experience with alkaline batteries, particularly those of the
nickel-cadmium type, may afford the Bloc some advantage in developing
batteries for military applications, such as power sources for guidance
systems of guided missiles. In addition, East Germany especially has
had long experience in the development and production of silver-zinc
batteries which have military applications similar to those of the
nickel-cadmium alkaline battery. On the whole, however, it does not
appear that the Bloc has developed any new type of battery with which
the research organizations of the US are not familiar.
Gains in reducing costs and increasing production to meet future
requirements will be Obtained by the Sino-Soviet Bloc because of the in-
creasing integration and modernization of the battery industry of the
Bloc. Such a development will produce specialization, standardization,
and increased productivity of labor. The supply of producer goods for
investment in the battery industry appears to be available in the fore-
seeable future.* In addition, with the possible conversion of Soviet
submarines to nuclear power,xx the requirements levied on the battery
industry may be reduced significantly. At present the supply of non-
ferrous metals appears to be the limiting factor on production. The
battery industry probably has the capacity to process more materials
than are available.
B. Limitations.
Although the Sino-Soviet Bloc does not yet depend heavily on
imports of batteries to meet its requirements, the battery industry of
the Bloc appears to be a high-cost industry relative to the battery in-
dustries of Western countries, primarily because the industry requires
significant quantities of scarce nonferrous metals.*xx Because of the
heavy military requirements for batteries the Bloc has at Present almost
no choice except to pay the higher cost of domestic production, for the
economic vulnerability of the Bloc would be even greater if dependence
on foreign supply were to be initiated. In addition, there appears
little likelihood of cheaper substitutes for conventional batteries
being developed in the near future, although in the long run such sub-
stitutes may be developed.
* This statement is based on the plans of the battery industry of the
USSR to re-equip with modern machinery in the near future.
xx Recent contacts with unidentified submarines (probably Soviet sub-
marines) point toward the possible existence of improved propulsion
systems. These systems may be a nuclear power system or may be based
on improved submarine batteries. 4
*XX Other significant factors are obsolete equipment, backward tech-
nology, and high transportation costs.
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Another closely related vulnerability is of an organizational
character and is one which the USSR may remedy with its plan of decen-
tralization. BecauSe a great proportion of the battery industry of
the USSR was established during or immediately following World War II,
manufacturing facilities were set up hurriedly, and in some cases lit-
tle thought was given to the rational specialization of plants and the
geographic relationships of consumers and suppliers. There are, there-
fore, higher hosts of transportation and higher manufacturing costs to
the industry than there would be under a more rational organization.
The most important result of the long hauls from manufacturer to con-
sumer is that batteries arrive at their distant destinations with their
useful lives greatly depleted through handling and elapsed time, even
though inspection at the factory indicated that the batteries were
entirely satisfactory. Additionally, destruction of transport facil-
ities could severely impair the supply of batteries.
C. Intentions.
The Sino-Soviet Bloc intends to modernize its battery industry
as rapidly as possible. The new automatic equipment developed recently
is being adopted primarily in the USSR, and the Soviet plan is to in-
tensify this effort during 1958-60 and presumably to continue the pro-
gram beyond 1960. 3.Y Evidently the chief reason for this decision is
that the quality of products as well as the volume of production rises
with the installation of new equipment. Other possible gains will be
conservation of manpower and raw materials and the ability to produce
new designs which could not be manufactured with present equipment.
In the more developed countries such as the USSR, East Germany, and
Czechoslovakia the investment policy appears to be to replace old
capital equipment with new equipment instead of merely adding the
new. In the other European Satellites and in Communist China the
policy appears to be to build new plants and to add on to existing
plants without discontinuing the service of obsolete equipment.*
As previously mentioned the USSR intends to solve some of its
problems in transportation and specialization by decentralized admini-
stration. These plans may not be feasible for a large part of the
battery industry, because of the expense of moving specialized machinery
and equipment. The probable solution lies in gradually relocating fa-
cilities as the bulk of the older equipment is replaced.
The intention to. be independent of Free World sources of supply
of end products and raw materials largely has been accomplished -- more
so for the manufacture of end products than for the supply of raw
* The conclusions concerning investment policy were derived from plant
studies and from Soviet policy statements concerning investment. 2/
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materials. Another intention which partly has been accomplished is the
standardization of battery materials and end products. Although far
from completed, the movement toward standardization has resulted in the
adoption by the European Satellites and Communist China of many Soviet
standards. Further plans to7Jard this end are being made and carried
out through CEMA (Council for MUtual Economic Assistance).* 24:i
* For references to individual plants'which have adopted Soviet stan-
dards, see Appendix B.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
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Table 1
Estimated Value of Production of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc 2/
1938 and 1946-63
Year
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist
China 12/
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany Hungary Poland
Rumania
Total European
Satellites Total Bloc
Percentage of Total
Produced by
the USSR
Million 1955 us $
1938
1946
26
59
Negligible
0.2
1.1
0.5
2.8
2.5
4.2 2/ 0.7
0.8 1.1
3.6
1.5
0.5
0.5
12
7
39
66
66.7
89.4
1947
70
0.2
0.9
2.8
1.6 1.4
3.1
0.6
lo
81
86.4
1948
84
0.2
2.7
3.2
4.0 1.5
3.9
0.6
113
loo
84.o
1949
99
0.3
3.4
3.5
5.7 1.8
3.7
0.7
16
118
83.9
1950
117
0.3
4.0
5.0
8.0 2.1
4.5
0.7
21
142
82.4
1951
139
0.3
4.8
5.5
8.6 2.4
5.5
0.7
23
167
83.2
1952
165
0.4
5.7
6.1
11.1 2.9
6.8
1.0
28
199
82.9
1953
195
o.4
6.8
6.8
14.7 3.9
8.3
1.4
36
237
82.3
1954
231
0.5
8.1
7.5
21.3 5.4
9.7
1.9
46
285
81.1
1955
276
0.5
9.7
8.3
22.8 7.4
11.1
2.2
52
338
81.7
1956
320
0.6
11.5
9.1
27.4 4.4
9.2
2.6
53
385
83.2
1957
373
0.9
13.9
9.9
32.8 4.0
11.0
3.1
62
449
83.1
1958
433
1.0
16.5
10.8
39.4 5.2
13.3
3.8
74
523
82.8
1959
504
1.1
19.8
11.8
47.3 7.0
16.0
4.5
88
612
82.4
1960
587
1.3
23.5
12.8
56.7 9.4
19.2
5.4
105
715
82.1
1961
687
1.5
28.2
13.9
68.1 12.5
23.1
6.5
126
841
81.7
1962
802
1.6
33.6
15.2
81.7 16.7
27.7
7.7
151
986
81.3
1963
939
- 1.9
40.2
16.4
98.1 22.4
33.3
9.3
181
1,161
80.9
Percent
Percentage of total
Bloc production
in 1957
83.1
0.2
3.1
2.2
7.3 0.9
2.5
0.7
13.8
100.0
a. Because of rounding; figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-48) are for approximately the same area as those for Communist China (1949-63).
c. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for postwar East Germany.
-28-
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Indexes of the Estimated Value of Production of. Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Year
1938 and 1946-63
Year
Communist Czecho- East
USSR Bulgaria China 2/ slovakia Germany Hungary Poland Rumania Total Bloc
1950 - 100
1938
22
10
28
56
52 12/
33
80
69
27
1946
50
66
12
50
10
52
33
69
46
1947
60
73
22
56
20
67
69
75
57
1948
72
81
68
64
50
71
87
83
70
1949
85
go
85
70
71
86
82
89
83
1950
loo
100
100
100
100
loo
loo
loo
100
1951
119
111
120
110
107
114
122
107
118
1952
141
124
142
122
139
138
151
135
140
1953
167
137
170
136
183
186
184
193
167
1954
197
152
202
150
266
257
216
252
201
1955
236
170
242
166
285
352
247
300
238
1956
274
192
288
182
342
210
204
357
271
1957
319
281
348
198
410
190
244
428
316
1958
370
322
412
216
492
248
296
514
368
1959
431
368
495
236
591
333
356
617
431
1960
502
419
588
256
709
448
427
741
504
1961
587
478
705
278
851
595
513
889
592
1962
685
546
840
304
1,021
795
616
1,066
694
1963
803
624
1,005
328
1,226
1,067
740
1,280
818
Percent
Annual average rate
of growth in 1950-57 18.0 15.9 19.5 10.2 23.3
9.6 13.6 23.1 17.9
a. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-40 are for approximately the same area as those for Communist
China (1949-63).
b. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for
postwar East Germany.
- 29 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 3
Estimated Volume of Production of Store Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc Ei
1938 and 1946-63
Year
USSR
Bulgaria
ComMunist
China 12/
Czecho-
slavakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total Bloc
Thousand Metric Tons
1938
27
Negligible
0.7
2.0
4.2 2/
0.8
1.8
0.6
37
1946
60
0.2
0.3
1.7
o.8
1.3
1.3
0.6
66
1947
71
0.3
0.6
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.9
0.7
80
1948
83
0.3
1.9
2.3
4.o
1.8
3.7
0.7
98
1949
96
0.3
2.5
2.6
5.6
2.2
3.1
0.8
113
1950
111
0.4
3.0
3.0
7.9
2.6
3.8
0.9
133
1951
130
0.4
3.5
3.4
8.5
3.0
4.8
1.0
155
1952
152
0.4
4.2
3.8
11.0
3.7
6.0
1.3
182
1953
178
0.5
4.9
4.2
14.5
4.9
7.6
1.9
216
1954
207
0.6
5.8
4.7
21.1
6.5
8.7
2.6
257
1955
241
0.6
6.9
5.3
22.6
8.7
9.5
3.1
298
1956
274
0.7
8.2
5.8
27.1
5.2
8.9
3.7
334
1957
312
1.2
9.7
6.4
32.5
4.7
10.8
4.5
382
1958
353
1.4
11.5
7.0
39.0
6.1
13.0
5.4
436
1959
402
1.6
13.7
7.7
46.9
7.9
15.7
6.5
502
1960
457
1.8
16.2
8.5
56.2
10.4
19.0
7.8
577
1961
520
2.1
19.2
9.4
67.5
13.4
22.9
9.3
664
1962
594
2.4
22.7
10.3
81.0
17.5
27.5
11.2
767
1963
677
2.8
26.9
11.3
97.2
22.7
33.2
13.4
884
Percent
Percentage of total
Bloc production
in 1957
81.7
0.3
2.5
1.7
8.5
1.2
2.8
1.2
100.0
a. Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-48) are for approximately the same area as those for Communist
China (1949-63).
c. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for
postwar East Germany.
-30-
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 4
Estimated Value of Production of Storage Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc 2j
1938 and 19)+6-63
Year
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist
China IV
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total Bloc
Million 1955 us
1938
23
Negligible
0.4
1.3
3.5 ,92
0.5
1.0
0.3
30
1946
50
0.1
0.2
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.3
54
1947
59
0.1
0.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.1
0.4
65
1948
70
0.1
1.0
1.5
3.3
1.1
2.1
0.4
80
1949
81
0.2
1.3
1.7
4.7
1.3
1.7
0.5
92
1950
95
0.2
1.5
2.0
6.6
1.6
2.1
0.5
110
1951
111
0.2
1.8
2.2
7.1
1.8
2.7
0.5
217
1952
131
0.2
2.1
2.5
9.2
2.2
3.4
0.7
151
1953
152
0.2
2.5
2.8
12.1
2.9
4.3
1.1
178
1954
178
0.3
2.9
3.1
17.5
3.9
4.9
1.5
212
1955
209
0.3
3.5
3.5
18.8
5.2
5.3
1.8
247
1956
241
o.4
4.1
3.9
22.6
3.1
5.0
2.1
282
1957
278
0.6
4.9
4.3
27.1
2.8
6.0
2.5
326
1958
320
0.7
5.8
4.7
32.5
3.6
7.3
3.1
378
1959
370
0.8
6.9
5.2
39.0
4.7
8.8
3.7
439
1960
427
0.9
8.1
5.7
46.8
6.2
10.6
4.4
510
1961
496
1.1
9.6
6.2
56.2
8.0
12.8
5.3
595
1962
575
1.2
11.4
6.9
67.4
10.5
15.4
6.3
694
1963
669
1.4
13.5
7.5
80.9
13.6
18.6
7.6
812
Percent
Percentage of total
Bloc production
in 1956
85.4
0.1
1.5
1.4
8.0
1.1
1.8
0.7
100.0
a. Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-48) are for approximately the same area as those for Communist
China (1949-63).
c. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for
postwar East Germany.
31
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 5
Estimated Volume of Production of Primary Batteries
ih the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1938 and 1946-63
Year
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist
China Di
Czecho-
slavakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total Bloc
Thousand Metric Tons
1938
4
Negligible
0.9
1.5
0.8 2/
0.3
3.4
0.2
11
1946
11
0.1
0.4
1.4
0.2
0.4
0.9
0.2
15
1947
13
0.1
0.8
1.5
0.3
0.4
2.2
0.2
18
1948
17
0.1
2.1
1.7
0.8
0.5
2.0
0.2
24
1949
21
0.1
2.6
1.8
1.1
0.5
2.2
0.3
30
1950
26
0.1
3.1
3.0
1.5
0.6
2.6
0.3
37
1951
33
0.1
3.7
3.3
1.6
0.6
3.1
0.3
46
1952
41
0.2
4.5
3.6
2.1
0.8
3.8
0.4
56
1953
50
0.2
5.4
4.0
2.8
1.1
4.5
0.4
68
1954
63
0.2
6.5
4.4
4.0
1.6
5.4
0.5
86
1955
79
0.2
7.8
4.8
4.3
2.3
6.4
0.5
105
1956
94
0.2
9.3
5.2
5.1
1.4
4.7
0.6
120
1957
112
0.3
11.2
5.6
6.2
1.2
5.6
0.7
143
1958
133
0.3
13.4
6,1
7.4
1.7
6.7
0.9
170
1959
159
0.3
16.1
6.6
8.9
2.4
8.0
1.0
202
1960
189
0.4
19.3
7.1
10.7
3.3
9.6
1.3
241
1961
225
0.4
23.2
7.7
12.8
4.7
11.5
1.5
287
1962
268
0.4
27.8
8.3
15.4
6.5
13.7
1.8
342
1963
320
0.5
33.4
8.9
18.4
9.2
16.4
2.2
409
Percent
Percentage of total
Bloc production
in 1957
78.4
0.2
7.8
3.9
4.3
0.8
3.9
0.5
100.0
a. Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-48) are for approximately the same area as those for Communist
China (1949-63).
c. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for
postwar East Germany.
- 32 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 6
Estimated Value of Production of Primary Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc 21
1938 and 1946-63
Year
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist
China 12/
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total Bloc
1938
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
Percentage of total
Bloc production
in 1956
Million 1955 US $
3
9
11
14
18
22
28
34
43
53
67
79
95
113
134
160
191
227
270
Negligible
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.6
1.7
2.1
2.5
3.0
3.6
4.3
5.2
6.2
7.4
9.0
10.7
12.9
15.4
18.6
22.2
26.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
3.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.7
8.3
8.9
0.7 s/
0.1
0.3
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.6
3.8
4.0
4.8
5.7
6.9
8.3
9.9
11.9
14.3
17.2
Percent
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
5.7
1.0
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.2
1.6
2.3
3.2
4.5
6.2
8.8
2.6
0.8
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.4
4.0
4.8
5.8
4.2
5.0
6.0
7.2
8.6
10.3
12.3
14.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
o.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.7
9
12
16
21
26
32
40
48
59
73
91
103
122
145
172
206
246
292
348
76.9
0.2
7.2
5.1
4.7
1.3
4.1
0.5
100.0
a. Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. Figures for pre-Communist China (1938-48) are for approximately the same area as those for Communist
China (1949-63).
c. The figure for estimated production in East Germany in 1938 is for the same area as the figures for
postwar East Germany.
-33-
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 7
Estimated Value of Production of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Type p../*
1956
Type of Battery
Storage batteries 12/
Starting, lighting,
Value
(Thousand 1955 us $)
Percentage of Total
Communist Czecho- East Produced Percentage
USSR Bulgaria China slavakia Germany Hungary Poland Rumania Total by the USSR of Total Production
and ignition
Aircraft
12,300
400
1,000
400
14,100
87.2
3.7
Automobile, truck, tractor,
and bus
67,900
400
4,100
2,400
5f000
1,600
3,200
800
85,400
79.5
22.2
Motorcycle
2,500
400
300
loo
200
3,500
71.4
0.9
Tank
11,800
700
12,500
94.4
3.2
Subtotal
94,500
400
4 100
1220
7,000
1 600
3,300
1 400
115,500
81.8
30.0
Motive power
Industrial truck and loco-
motive propulsion
800
3,000
1,500
400
200
5,900
13.6
1.5
Submarine propulsion
38,500
600
1,000
40400
96.0
10.5
Torpedo propulsion
25,400
25,400
100.0
6.6
Subtotal
64,700
3,600
1,500
1,400
200
71,400
90.6
18.6
Stationary
8 200
100
3,000
22
?En
11,700
70.1
Railroad diesel diesel starting
700
700
100.0
0.2
Railroad car air conditioning
and lighting
N.A. 21
100
2,500
200
2 800
N.A./
9.7
* Footnotes for Table 7 follow on p. 35.
- 311- -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 7
Estimated Value of Production of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Type 2/
1956
(Continued)
Value
(Thousand 1955 us $)
Type of Battery
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist
China
Creche-
slovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total
Percentage of Total
Produced
by the USSR
Percentage
of Total Production
Storage batteries bi
(continued)
Alkaline storage batteries
Nickel-cadmium, all types
38,800
6,500
200
45,500
85.3
11.8
Nickel-iron, all types
34,200
500
34,700
98.6
9.0
Subtotal
73,000
500
6,500
200
80,200
91.0
20.8
Total
241 100
400
4 loo
3,900
22,600
3,100
5,000
2,100
282,300
85.4
73.1
Primary batteries .
Flashlight
40,000
loo
4,000
800
1,500
600
1,100
500
48,600
82.3
12.6
Radio
26,900
100
2,400
3,700
2,800
600
3,000
39,500
68.1
10.3
Other di
12,100
1,000
700
500
100
100
14,500
83.4
3.8
Total
79,000
200
7,400
5,200
4 Soo
1,300
4 200
500
102,600
76.9
26.7
Grand total
320,100
600
11,500
9,100
27,400
4 400
9,200
2 600
384,900
83.2
100.0
a. Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
b. All storage batteries are of the lead-acid type unless otherwise indicated.
c. Production is known to exist, but estimates of quantity cannot be distinguished from those for similar product types.shown in this table.
d. Primarily composed of general-purpose dry cells.
-35-
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 8
Estimated Distribution of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, as PercentaEes of Each Type of Battery
1956
Percent
Type of Battery
Storage batteries 2/
Starting, lighting, and ignition
Civilian Power Communications Direct Military
Industry IV Consumption Networks Networks End Items
Aircraft 100
Automobile, truck, tractor, and bus 50 lo 4o
Motorcycle 50 50
Tank 100
Motive power
Industrial truck and locomotive propulsion
Submarine propulsion
Torpedo propulsion
100
100
100
Stationary
50
50
Railroad diesel starting
100
Railroad car air conditioning and lighting
100
Alkaline storage batteries
Nickel-cadmium, all types
10
6o
30
Nickel-iron, all types
60
lo
10
20
Primary batteries
Flashlight
10
80
lo
Radio
80
20
Other 1/
40
20
40
a. Each type of battery totals 100 percent.
b. Not including batteries for end items manufactured by industry for consumption in other sectors.
c. All storage batteries are of the lead-acid type unlessotherwise indicated.
d. Primarily composed of general-purpose dry cells.
- 36 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/26: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000160002-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 9
Estimated Distribution of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, as Percentages of Total Production
1956
Percent
Type of Battery
Storage batteries 12/
Civilian Power Communications Direct Military
Industry P../ Consumption Networks Networks End Items Total
Starting, lighting, and ignition
Aircraft ?
Automobile, truck, tractor, and bus
Motorcycle
Tank
Motive power
Industrial truck and locomotive propulsion
Submarine propulsion
Torpedo propulsion
Stationary
Railroad diesel starting
Railroad car air conditioning and lighting
Alkaline storage batteries
Nickel-cadmium, all types
Nickel-iron, all types
Primary batteries
Flashlight
Radio
Other a/
Total
11.1
1.5
0.2
0.7
1.2
5.4
1.3
1.5
22.9
2.2
0.4
10.0
8.2
0.8
21.6
1.5
0.9
2.4
1.5
7.1
0.9
9.5
3.7
8.9
0.5
3.2
10.5
6.6
3.5
1.8
1.3
2.1
1.5
43.6
3.7
22.2
0.9
3.2
1.5
10.5
6.6
3.0
0.2
0.7
11.8
9.0
12.6
10.3
3.8
100.0
a. Not including batteries for end items manufactured by industry for consumption in other sectors.
b. All storage batteries are of the lead-acid type unless otherwise indicated.
c. Primarily composed of general-purpose dry cells.
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Table 10
Estimated Labor Force of the Electric Battery Industry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1957
Country
Number
Percentage of Total
USSR
30,000
60.3
Bulgaria
400
0.8
Communist China
6,000
12.1
Czechoslovakia
2,000
4.0
East Germany
5,700
11.4
Hungary
1,000 to 1,500 aJ
2.0 to 3.0
21
Poland
3,500
7.0
Rumania
1,200
2.4
Total
49,800 to 50,300 2/
100.0 21
a. Uncertain because of the Hungarian rebellion of October 1956.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
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Table 11
Estimated Inputs of Selected Materials for Production of Electric Batteries
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1956
Thousand Metric Tons
Type of Battery
Antimonial
Lead
Nickel
Cadmium
Iron
Steel
Container
Nonmetallic
Battery Cases
Separators and
Sealing Compound
Manganese
Dioxide
Zinc
Carbon
Paper
Electrolyte
Storage batteries 21
Starting, lighting, and ignition
Aircraft
Automobile, truck, tractor, and bus
Motorcycle
Tank
9.4
77.2
2.5
11.8
3.2
30.0
1.0
4.o
2.7
25.7
0.8
3.4
4.1
38.6
1.2
5.1
Motive power
Industrial truck and locomotive propulsion
4.3
1.4
1.2
1.7
Submarine propulsion
20.9
4.o
3.5
5.2
Torpedo propulsion
6.9
1.3
1.1
1.7
Stationary
10.6
3.9
3.4
5.1
Railroad diesel starting
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
Railroad car air conditioning and lighting
1.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
Alkaline storage batteries
Nickel-cadmium, all types
2.1
0.7
3.4
3.4
2.2
Nickel-iron, all types
4.1
1.4
6.4
6.4
4.0
Primary batteries
Flashlight
10.2
16.9
14.2
5.5
0.5
13.5
Radio
3.6
8.2
8.9
2.6
3.3
6.1
Other
4.6
7.6
6.4
2.5
0.2
6.1
Total
145.3_1/
6.2
0.7
1.4
9.8
49.4
70.4
32,7
29.5
10.6
4.o
2L.1
a. All storage batteries are of the lead-acid type unless otherwise indicated.
b. Antimonial content is about 6 percent: that is, approximately 8,700 metric tons of antimony.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
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S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX B
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
This appendix gives basic information on each of the major battery
plants in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The basic information includes the
name of the plant, its location, its products, the estimated labor
force, and comments pertaining to its history and technology. Plants
are listed according to country, in alphabetical order by city.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Country and City
USSR
Alma-Ata
Ashkhabad
Baku
Gomel'
Ivanovo
Plant
Alma-Ata Storage Battery Plant ,3V
Russian name: Alma-Atinskiy Akkumul-
yatornyy Zavod
Address: 57 Pastera Ulitsa
Ashkhabad Storage Battery Workshops112/
Russian name: Ashkhabadskiy Akkumul-
yatornyy Masterskiye
Submarine Battery Plant111/
Address: 30-32 Krasnopresnenskaya
Ulitsa
Production
General Type
End Use
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Truck
Storage (lead-acid) Submarine
Battery PlantIla/ Primary
Address: approximately 1 kilometer (km) Storage (lead-acid)
north of the center of the city.
Galvanic Battery Plant
Russian name: Zavod Gal'vanicheskikh
Batariy
Primary
Flashlight
Submarine
Flashlight
Radio
Spare elements
S-E-C-R-E-T
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
100 This plant probably was established after WorldWar II,
about 1945 or 1946. Some of the plant machinery was re-
built in 1947, and a grid-casting foundry was put in opera-
tion. Previously the plant had received grids from Yaro-
slavl'. The plant consistently has fulfilled its produc-
tion plan and has reduced costs appreciably. In 1956, hat-
teries were being repaired as well as manufactured. The
plant was subordinate to the Ministry of Motor Transport
of Kazakhskaya SSR and is the only enterprise in that re-
public producing storage batteries.
100 . This plant probably was established about 1950. It repairs
and builds batteries. It consistently has exceeded its
plans and was modernized in 1955. The Soviet press has
made much of the plant's innovation of substituting iron for
lead for intercell connectors. The plant is the only stor-
age battery plant in Turkmenskaya SSR and is subordinate to
the Ministry of Motor Transport of Turkmenskaya SSR.
N.A.
Plant equipment probably was brought from a dismantled bat-
tery plant in Asbest in 1946. No positive evidence exists
that the plant produces submarine batteries, but its loca-
tion and the submarine activity in the Caspian Sea suggest
that such production is probable.
1,200 Badly damaged during World War II, this plant was rebuilt
with modern equipment and resumed production in March 1947.
A fairly large research laboratory is located in the plant.
400 This plant is a new plant reported to be under construction
in 1954. It is estimated that the plant was brought into
operation in 1955.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Country and City
USSR (Continued)
Klaypeda
Komsomol'sk
Komsomol'sk
Kursk
Plant
Production
General Type
Sirius Electric Battery Cell Plant Primary
Komsomo11sk-on-Amur Storage Battery
Plant, 45/
Russian name: Komsomol'sk-na-Amure
Akkumulyatornyy Zavod
Address: located on Pionerskaya Ulitsa
(about 5 km east-southeast of the rail-
road station)
End Use
Flashlight
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Diesel starting
Submarine
Tank
Storage Battery Plant11.?./ Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod Automobile
Address: approximately 4 km northeast
of the railroad station in Komsomol'sk
Storage Battery Plant,
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod
Address: northwest outskirts of the
Ryshkovo suburb of Kursk
Storage (lead-acid Automobile
and alkaline) Diesel starting
Motive power
Stationary
Submarine
Torpedo
S-E-C-R-E-T
Labor Force
(Number)
N.A.
Comments
This Lithuanian plant expanded rapidly immediately after
World War II, but it was criticized for producing flash-
light cells of poor quality. The plant mechanized its
operations in 1954 and 1955 for the mass production of
flashlight cells for the SKE-P-32 pocket flashlight.
1,000 This plant was probably a small storage battery repair shop
when it was established before World War II. It was ex-
panded during the war, and a major expansion project car-
ried out after the war was completed in early 1948. This
plant is a major producer of submarine batteries. Most of
its submarine batteries are shipped to shipyards on the
Amur River. Other batteries are shipped all over the USSR,
reportedly as fax west as Minsk.
700 This plant probably was established during World War II to
supply aircraft batteries, when the Germans overran the
western USSR, and may be administratively part of Plant
No. 364 in Komosomol'sk. The plant may have been expanded
in 1947. ,
50X1
1,000 Construction of this plant was initiated immediately before
World War II, suspended during the war, and resumed in 1945.5())(1
Equipment was obtained from the submarine and torpedo bat-
tery plant built by the Germans in PoSen, Poland, in 1943.
The Posen plant was a modern, high-capacity plant. The
repair and charging of storage batteries began in 1946, but
batteries probably were not produced until 1949 or 1950.
Only lead-acid storage batteries were produced up to 1954,
when the production of alkaline batteries was organized.
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Country and City
Plant
Production
Labor Force
(Number)
General Type
End Use
USSR (Continued)
Leningrad
Lenin's Spark Storage Battery Plant,
Storage (lead-acid
and nickel-iron)
Aircraft
Automobile
2,500
Russian name: Leninskaya Iskra Akkumu-
lyatornyy Zavod
Diesel starting
Motive power
Address: Profesora Popava Ulitsa 38
Stationary
Submarine
Leningrad
Storage Battery Plant imeni?Lieutenant
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
1,500
Shmidt
Motorcycle
Submarine
Tank
i
aiannam e. iixxumiilyatornyy Zavod
imeni Leytenanta Shmidta
Address: Ulitsa Kalinina 50a
Leningrad
Scientific Research Institute for Stor-
age Batteries 52/
Research
None
600
Russian name: Nauchno-Issledavatel'-
skiy Akkumulyatornyy Institut
Leninsk-Kuznetskiy
Address: next door to the Iskra plant,
Primary
Flashlight
General purpose
600
Leninsk-Kuznetskiy West Siberian Bat-
tery Plant L./
Russian name: Leninsk-Kuznetskiy
Radio
Zavod "Zapsibelement"
Address: approximately 500 meters
northeast of the railroad station
Storage (alkaline)
Batteries for miners'
lamps
S-E-C-R-E-T
Comments
This plant is the oldest battery plant in the USSR and was
established by the Tudor firm in 1897. Before World War II
it was the largest battery plant in the USSR and boasted on
excellent research and development laboratory called the
Central Accumulator Laboratory (now called the Scientific
Research Institute for Storage Batteries), the only one of
its kind in the USSR. The plant was neither evacuated nor
severely damaged during the war. It was in full operation
in 1946 and instituted a modernization program in 1948.
Through this program the plant plans to double its 1955 pro-
duction by 1960. The plant is presently the second or third
largest battery plant in the USSR.
50X1
This plant was established in 1912 by the German branch of the
English Tudor Co. During World War II it was destroyed 70 50X1
percent but was rebuilt by prisoner-of-war labor after the
war. It was a very large plant before the war and is now a
prime producer of submarine batteries.
This institute formerly was the Central Accumulator Labora-
tory. Before World War II the laboratory was concerned
principally with submarine and alkaline batteries and with
copying German machinery for the production of lead powder.
Since the war the institute has been criticized for allowing
the technology of storage battery manufacture to be very 50X1
backward. The chief criticism is that the institute has
been so preoccupied with problems concerned with current
production .that many manufacturing plants have not had help
in mastering new types of production.
This plant was established in November 1941 from equipment
evacuated from the Moselement plant (No. 220) in Moscow and
was located in what had been a small repair shop for bat-
teries. Some automobile batteries may have been produced
immediately following World War II. The main product now is
the alkaline battery for the Kuzbas miners lamps.
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Country and City
Plant
Production
Labor Force
(Number)
General Type
End Use
USSR (Continued)
Makar'yevo
Battery Plant, /g/
Primary
Flashlight
3,000
Russian name: Batareynyy Zavod
General purpose
Address: approximately 3 km southeast
Radio
of the railroad station in Makar'yevo
on the west side of the Angara River
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
Submarine
Tank
Moscow
Moscow Electric Cell Plant, Plant
Primary
Flashlight
3,000
General purpose
Russian name: Mbskovskiy Elementnyy
Radio
Zavod or Mbselement
Address: Novoalekseyevskaya Ulitsa 46a
Special cells for
radiosondes
Novorossiysk
Battery Plant "A/
Primary
Radio
700
Address: about 2 or 3 km south of the
city center
Storage (lead-acid)
Aircraft
Automobile
Submarine
- 1+5 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Comments
This plant probably was established in the early 1920's and
was expanded in 1941 by the addition of equipment evacuated
from Leningrad. Submarine batteries allegedly are supplied
by the plant to Vladivostok for the Soviet Pacific fleet.
Other types of batteries are shipped all over the USSR, re-
portedly as far Vest as Minsk. The plant is actually 2
plants at 1 location, because production of lead-acid stor-
age batteries and that of primary batteries have no techni-
cal processes in common. The plant equipment is primarily
of US origin with the remainder from Germany and England.
This equipment requires much hand operation, particularly
in the handling of materials between processes. It is esti-
mated that this plant, 113 km northwest of Irkutsk, is the
fourth largest battery plant in the USSR.
This plant was established in 1929, evacuated to Leninsk-
Kuznetskiy in November 1941, and partially re-evacuated from
50X1
Leninsk-Kuznetskiy to Novosibirsk in December 1941. The 50X1
extent of the evacuated equipment later returned to Moscow
is not known, but it is estimated that the plant has been
restored and augmented since World War II. In 1941 the
plant produced about 80 percent of the primary batteries
manufactured in the USSR. At present it is still the lar-
gest producer of primary batteries in the USSR by a wide mar-
gin. The zinc-soldering department was automated in 1953,
thus considerably improving the productivity of the plant.
This plant was very small before World War II and probably
did not produce submarine batteries, although it might have
repaired them. Immediately following the war it was reported
that this then fairly large plant was specializing in the
production of submarine batteries.
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Production
Labor Force
Country and City Plant General Type End Use (Number)
USSR (Continued)
Comments
Novosibirsk Electrosignal Radio Plant, Primary Radio 1,100 This plant was established in 1941 from equipment evacuated CVNX,A
Storage (lead-acid) Stationary from a radio plant in Voronezh. It produces radio products 50X1
particularly military communications equipment. Batteries,
however, appear to be the major part of production. The
plant may have been subordinate to the Ministry of the De-
fense Industry.
Podol'sk Podol'sk Storage Battery Plant, Storage (lead-acid) Automobile 1,000 Construction of this plant commenced in 1933, and the plant 50X1
161 was put into operation in 1935. The plant was evacuated dur,ju" 1
Russian name: Podol'skiy Akkumulya- ing World War II and returned to Podol'sk in 1945. After
tornyy Zavod the war it was restored with new US and dismantled German
Address: Serpukhovskaya Ulitsa 20 equipment. The plant was probably not expanded to its pre-
war size until after 1950. Its products are not good, the
average life of its batteries being 3 to 6 months according
to tests run on the automobile parks of Moscow organizations
from 1940 to 1949. The plant's products are apparently used
chiefly to equip new vehicles produced at plants in Gor'kiy,
Moscow, and Yaroslavl'. This plant is the largest producer
of automotive types of batteries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Pskov Storage Battery Plant 23/ Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft 700 This plant was constructed during 1945 and 1946 and has been
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod Automobile producing since 1946. It probably is equipped with expro-
Motorcycle priated German equipment.
Submarine
Riga Riga Storage Battery Plant/ Storage (lead-acid) Automobile 400 This plant was established before World War II and was
Russian name: Rizhskiy Akkumulyatornyy damaged slightly during the war. Rand operations are used
Zavod extensively.
Address: Ulitsa Lenina 115
dussian name: Elektrosignal Radic
Zavod
Address: Bol'shevistskaya Ulitsa
S-E-C-R-E-T
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Country and City
USSR (Continued)
Saratov
Saratov
Tallinn
Plant
Storage Battery Plant,
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod
Address: approximately 800 yards south-
southwest of the main passenger sta-
tion in Saratov
Storage Battery Plant, ?S./
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod
Address: approximately 2.5 miles
southwest of the main passenger sta-
tion in Saratov on the south side of
Astrakhanskaya Ulitsa
Tallinn IRA Battery Plant L./
Address: Kalininskaya Ulitsa 40
Production
General Type ,
End Use
Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft
Automobile?
Motorcycle
Shipboard
Stationary
Submarine
Tank
Torpedo
Storage (alkaline) Aircraft
Batteries for
miners' lamps
Motive power
Stationary
Primary
Flashlight
General purpose
Radio
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
2,000 This plant probably was built in the early or middle 1930's
and was not damaged during World War II. New machinery was 50X1
received from Germany and installed in 1946. Electric carts
are used for intraplant transport of heavy raw materials and
semimanufactures. Battery cases are received from the rub-
ber plant in Saratov. Mach of the finished
product goes to the automobile works in Gor'kiy and Moscow 50X1
and the jet aircraft plant in Kuybyshev. The
largest customer is probably the Soviet Navy, which receive:?JU
ship, torpedo, and submarine batteries from this plant. The
plant has been criticized for producing short-lived automo-
bile batteries and is alleged to have an exceedingly high
reject rate.
3,000 This plant is the largest battery producer in the USSR. It
probably was built shortly before World War II. The Swedes, 50X1
probably the Swedish NIFE Company, helped build the plant
and supplied design and production technology. The plant
was not damaged during the war, but some machinery was re-
moved as a precautionary measure. This machinery was re-
placed and augmented immediately after the close of hostil-
ities. Producing only alkaline batteries, the plant is
modern, clean, and well equipped with materials handling
equipment and good German machinery of prewar and postwar
vintage. This plant produces a good product by Soviet stan-
dards although of somewhat inferior design compared to simi-
lar US and Western European models.
100 This small plant was established before World War II and is
subordinate to the Ministry of the Local and Shale-Chemical
Industry of the Estonian SSR. It was fulfilling its plan
fairly well through 1953 but substantially underfulfilled
the plan in 1954 because of a shortage of zinc and carbon.
The priority of the plant is probably 10w, because only bat-
teries for civilian use are produced.
- -
S-E-C-R-E-T
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Country and City
USSR (Continued,)
Tashkent
Tyumen'
Vladivostok
Voroshilovgrad
Yelets
Plant
Production
General Type
End Use
Tashkent Storage Battery Plant 0/ Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Russian name: Tashkentskiy Akkumu- Tank
lyatornyy Zavod
Address: west-northwest of the rail-
road station in Tashkent
Tyumen' Storage Battery Plant 0/
Russian name: Tyumenskiy Akkumu-
lyatornyy Zavod
Address: approximately 700 meters
southwest of the Tura bridge on
Lunasaskaya Ulitsa
Storage Battery Plant
Russian name: Akkumulyatornyy Zavod
Address: approximately 4 km southeast
of the railroad station in Vladivostok
Voroshilovgrad Storage Battery Plant 0/
Russian name:. Voroshilovgradskiy
AkkumulyatornyyZavod(VAZ)
Carbon Electrode Plant,
0/
Russian name: Yeletskiy Zavod
Prozhektornyy Ugol'
Address: on the southern outskirts
of Yelets on the western side of the
Sosna River
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Storage (lead-acid) Submarine
Storage (N.A.) N.A.
Primary Flashlight
General purpose
Radio
S-E-C-R-E-T
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
1,000 This plant probably was built during or immediately following
World War II. The plant is well organized and technologi-
cally progressive. Lead mining and smelting facilities are
in close proximity.
200 This plant allegedly was established from equipment evacuated
from Moscow in 1941. It receives battery cases from Sverd-
lovsk and ships finished, batteries to Gor'kiy and Moscow.
New equipment, which was installed in 1953, significantly in-
creased production capacity. The annual plan was fulfilled
in 1954.
N.A.
N.A.
1,000
This plant probably was established during World War II to
service the Soviet Pacific fleet with submarine batteries.
It may be only a battery repair facility.
This plant simply was mentioned as being a storage battery
plant subordinate to Glavakkumulyatorprom of the Ministry of
the Electrotechnical Industry.
This plant was established about 1935. Expansion was under
way in 1939, interrupted by World War II, and resumed in
1945. The plant suffered severe damage during the war.
Equipment from the Pertrix plant in Berlin and modern US
equipment was installed during the period 1945-48. Some
construction was still under way in 1949. Since the lat-
ter part of 1951 the plant apparently has fulfilled or over-
fulfilled plans consistently.
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50X1
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Country and City
Plant
Production
General Type
End Use
Labor Force
(Number)
Bulgaria
Sofia
"Rayko Damyanov" Accumulator-Battery
Primary
Flashlight
ioo
Plant i7./
Radio
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
General purpose
Sofia
Plant
Primary
Flashlight
300
Address: Totleben Ulitsa near
Radio
Aleksandrovallospital
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
Communist Chin&
Canton
Chien-hang Storage Battery Plant
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
700
Address: No. 1-1, Hua-yuan-kung-lu,
Pei-chiao
Stationary
Canton
Haing-hua Battery Plant /2/
Primary
Flashlight
400
Address: Chin-sha Road, Ho-nan
Canton
New Southwest Dry Cell Plant
Address: 22 Tung-Ch'ing Fang, Yung-
han Nan Lee
Primary
Flashlight
.A.
Comments
This plant was organized in 1948 for production of storage
batteries. Production of primary batteries probably was
added in 1954.
50X1
This plant is the former engineering plant which was
re-
designated in 1950. The plant was very email
in 1945, when it was created by merging several small pri-
vate firms. Products of the plant include vehicle chassis
and body and agricultural machinery and flashlights, as well
as batteries. Irregular deliveries of raw materials and low
worker morale resulting from poor working conditions have
served to inhibit production. The plant has expanded some-
what since World War II, however, and new building and mach-
inery were added in 1955. Much of the new machinery was im-
ported from Czechoslovakia and East Germany, although the
old equipment is almost all German.
This plant is 'a local government-operated battery plant. It
uses the aircraft trademark.
Established in 1929, this joint state and privately operated
plant is alleged to be the largest plant of its kind in Com-
munist China. It produces the Wu-yang brand primary cell
with a trademark consisting of five sheep or goats. The
plant was expanded about 50 percent in the summer of 1953,
and further expansion up to 4 times its size in 1952 was
contemplated.
This plant is known to have been in existence at least since
1954 because a dry cell acquired from the plant was found to
have been produced in 1954. The flashlight cell had an air-
plane trademark and looked like a "Ray-0-Vac' (brand of US
manufacturer of flashlight cells) flashlight cell. Hand
operations are used extensively at this plant.
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Country and City Plant
Communist China (Continued)
Canton Yung Yao Battery Plant 2/
Hankow
Production
Labor Force
General Type End Use (Number)
Comments
Primary Flashlight 100 This plant was established in 1937 and is probably a pri-
vately owned plant. Its trademark is a flying elephant.
Hankow Battery Plant Storage (lead-acid) Automobile 200 This plant probably was established before World War II.
Address: No. 1259, Chung-shan-ta-tao The National Resources Commission of Nationalist China
planned to expand the plant when operating it in 1948. The
Communist regime took the plant over in October 1949 and
claimed to have increased production fourfold by March 1950,
while depending upon domestic supplies of manganese dioxide
rather than importing. The plant uses the Sun-Moon brand.
Harbin Harbin Battery Plant /22/
Lung -chiang
Primary Flashlight 150 This plant probably was established shortly after the close
General purpose of World War II. Initially only primary batteries were
Radio produced, but by 1949 or 1950 the production of storage bat-
Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft teries had been organized. Apparently ebonite (hard rubber)
Automobile containers for storage batteries are manufactured by the
Tank plant for its own use. A nonbattery product, graphite brushes ,
for electric motors, also is produced here.
Dry Cell Battery Plant Di Primary General purpose 140 This plant probably is government operated. Batteries are of
Radio poor quality.
Mnkden Mnkden Battery Plant /W Primary Flashlight 800 Founded on 29 December 1937 by the Japanese as the Manchurian
Radio Dry Cell Manufacturing Co., the plant survived World War II
Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft as a small producer of dry cells. Gradually expanded after
Automobile the war, the plant began to produce storage batteries in ad-
Tank dition to dry cells by about 1950. Automotive types of bat-
teries in sizes for everything from tractors to tanks are
manufactured, using Soviet standards and specifications..
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Production
Country and City
Plant
General Type
End Use
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
Communist China (Continued)
Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai
Wu-han
Po-shan Battery Plant /V Primary
Address: No. 120 Fu-chou Lu
Storage (lead-acid)
Remy Storage Battery Manufacturing Co. /?/ Storage (lead-acid)
Shanghai Dry Battery Plant IV Primary
Mo-han Battery Plant ?2/ Primary
Address: No. 2, Ch'ang-sha Hbu-hsiang,
Min-ch'uan Lu
Flashlight
Radio
Other
Automobile
Diesel starting
Motive power
Railroad lighting
Stationary
Automobile
Other
Flashlight
Radio
Other
N .A.
1,000
200
800
N.A.
This state-operated plant is the major Chinese producer of
storage batteries other than the automotive type. It prob-
ably was established in the early 1930's.
This firm in 1951 was a private enterprise which sold bat-
teries to both public and private consumers. It probably
is state owned at present. The firm is also known by the
name of Lien-mei Battery Manufacturing Co.
This plant probably is the largest producer of primary bat-
teries in Communist China and produces the lighthouse brand.
Considerable improvement in prolonging the operating life of
its products was claimed in 1955. The reject rate in 1954
was very law, about 0.5 percent.
This joint state-private plant was formed in January 1956 by
merging 14 small plants. Manual methods have been replaced
largely by machine methods. For example, such operations
as mixing, sifting, and buffing have been mechanized.
Czechoslovakia
Budisov nad Budisovkou Bateria Dry Cell Plant ?1/
Ceska Lipa
Primary
Ceska Lipa Storage Battery Plant L/ Storage (lead-acid)
Flashlight
Motive power
Plates for use in re-
pairing batteries
Tank
150 None.
100 This plant was established in 1944 as a branch of the Son-
nenschein Plant in Berlin. It is the only plant in Czecho-
slovakia which produces batteries for the new traction
equipment, heavy artillery, and tanks produced at the Skoda
Works. The productivity of this plant appears to be much
higher than that of other Czechoslovak plants.
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Country and City
Czechoslovakia (Continued)
Mlada Boleslav
Prague
Radotin
Slany
Usti nad Labem
Plant
Prazska Storage Battery Plant 11/
Production
General Type
End Use
Storage (lead-acid Aircraft
and alkaline) Automobile
Motive power
Motorcycle
Plates for use in re-
pairing batteries
Stationary
Prague Storage Battery Plantgli/ Storage (lead-acid Automobile
Address: Administrative Office: and alkaline) Other
10 Spanelska St.
Zetkovi Plant
Address: Zizkova Ulice 32, Prague-
/Carlin
Letna Plant
Address: Prague -Letna
Rife Plant
Address: Rostivarska Siln 1780
Svobodove Plant
Address: Borivojova 17
Asta Storage Battery Plant gt2/
Peoples Plant "Bateria" L/W
Address: Netovicka 875
Elka Storage Battery Plant L/
Address: Perstynska Ulice 6
Storage (lead-acid Automobile
and alkaline) Motive power
Railroad lighting
Stationary
Primary
Flashlight
Other
Radio
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
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Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
300 Established before World War II, this plant is the main plant
of the Prazska Akumulatorka National Corporation, which con-
trols storage battery production in Czechoslovakia, and is
the headquarters for the administrative apparatus of the
corporation. The plant is the largest storage battery plant
in Czechoslovakia, being the predominant producer of lead-
acid storage batteries and producing 20 percent of the
country's requirements for alkaline storage batteries.
200 This firm is made up of four small manufacturing plants in
separate locations. The administrative office is at the
same address as the Bateria National Corporation (which con-
trols the production of primary batteries); although the
plant is subordinate to the Prazska Akumulatorka National
Corporation in Mlada Boleslav. The component plants, which
had been founded before World War II, all were privately
awned until 1950. The most important of the component
plants was the former Rife Stahlakkumulatoren AG, which
was built by a German firm and is estimated to supply about
60 percent of the nickel-steel alkaline storage batteries
required by Czechoslovakia.
100 This plant was founded before World War II and supplies
about 20 percent of the country's requirements of nickel-
steel batteries.
1,000 Surviving World War II undamaged, this plant, the largest in
Czechoslovakia, was expanded after 1949 from its prewar
size, although in 1945 its production facilities for storage
batteries were removed to other plants. Apparently the
Bateria plants began preparing to specialize in the produc-
tion of primary batteries immediately following the war.
100 This plant was built before World War II and was known as
Langstein and Klein up to 1945.
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Country and City
East Germany
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Dresden
Groeningen
Plant
Peoples-Owned Storage Battery Plant in
Oberschoeneweide
German name: VEB Akkumulatbrenfabrik
Oberschoeneweide
Address: Wilhelminenhof Strasse 68/69,
Berlin-Obirschoeneweide
Production
General Type
End Use
Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft
Automobile
Stationary
Submarine
Tank
Peoples-Owned Berlin Battery and Cell Primary
Plant ?2/
German name: VEB Berliner Batterie-
und Elementefabrik
Address: Bruno-Buergel-Weg, 69-81,
Berlin-Niederschoeneweide
Pertrix Dry Battery Works 20/
Address: 53a Sedanstrasse, Berlin-
Niederschoeneweide
Dresden Storage Battery Plant 21/
Address: Donaerstrasse 6-8
Peoples-Owned Storage Battery Plant in
Groeningen 22/
German name: VEB Akkumulatorenbau
Groeningen
Primary
Flashlight
Radio
Other
Flashlight
Radio
Other
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Motorcycle
Tank
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Motorcycle
- 53 -
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
1,100 Formerly the Storage Battery Plant "Varta," this plant was
established in 1900 and was damaged slightly during World
War II. After the war the USSR removed 90 percent of the
plant's equipment and took over the operation of the re-
maining facilities. The plant was returned to the control
of East Germany on 29 April 1952. Lead was imported from
the USSR during 1951 and 1952 to meet a severe lead shortage.
Most of the end products have been exported to the USSR.
The plant has a good laboratory and fully automatic grid-
casting equipment. Because of poor working conditions, how-
ever, a large proportion of the labor force is composed of
convicts.
500 This plant was established before World War II and was not
damaged during the war. Because some production of un-
specified batteries with high rates of discharge exists,
the plant may supply batteries for guided missiles and/or
other military applications.
500 During World War II this plant produced batteries for guided
missiles and may still do so. The plant was dismantled in
1945 and partially restored in 1946. The dismantled equip-
ment was appropriated by the USSR for in
Yelets. The plant has a research laboratory which was com-
pletely staffed by Russians after the war until about 1952.
The plant has not been able to produce at full capacity be-
cause of chronic shortages of raw materials, particularly
zinc, ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide, and magnesium
chloride.
100 Tank batteries have been exported to the USSR. Lead is ob-
tained domestically, but rubber battery cases are imported
from Sweden and Czechoslovakia. Material shortages forced
a reduction in the labor force in 1951.
50 This plant was constructed during 1949 and 1950 and put into
operation in 1950. It was enlarged somewhat in 1954.
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Country and City
Plant
Production
General Type
End Use
East Germany (Continued)
Grossstadtein (near Leipzig) Venta Battery Plant 2,V Primary Radio
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Motorcycle
Sonneberg
Rulag Werke Battery Plant 9111
Primary Flashlight
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Tank
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
500 This plant probably was established before World War II. A
lead shortage forced the plant to shut down temporarily in
1949.
500 Probably established before World War II, this plant is al-
leged to produce flashlight cells of "unusual storage capa-
city" (long shelf life or high output per unit of weight!)
and are used to provide power for electrical instruments in
submarines. Most of the plant's production has gone to the
USSR.
Tabarz
Falk Battery Plant 22/
Primary
Flashlight
General purpose
Radio
150
Women compose the majority of the labor force of this plant,
and plant operations are performed by hand. Production of
the plant is consumed domestically. The brand name used by
the plant is "Mono:"
Worbis
Peoples-Owned Battery Plant in Worbis 2.,/
German name: VEB Batteriefabrik Worbis
Address: Querstrasse 16
Primary
Radio
Other
250
This plant produces chiefly for the East German and Soviet
armies. It has a research and development laboratory, but
the laboratory personnel are not regarded highly. The
plant has suffered periodic shortages of carbon, graphite,
and zinc, particularly in 1953 and 1955.
Zeitz
Zeitz Dry Battery Plant 21/
Primary
Flashlight
700
This plant produces radio batteries for the Volkspolizei
German name: Trockenelementefabrik
Zeitz
Radio
(Peoples Police) and the army and flashlight cells for ci-
vilian consumption. The plant has been hampered periodically
Zwickau
Address: Liebknechtstrasse about 0.5
km from the railroad station in the
direction of Altenburg
Peoples-Owned Mining Lamps Plant in
Zwickau 213/
German name: VEB Grubenlampenwerke
Zwickau
Address: Works I: Reichenbacher
Strasse 64-68; Works II: About 1 km
west of Plant I; Works III: Schwahenteich
Strasse
Storage (lead-acid
and alkaline)
Automobile
Batteries for miners'
lamps (nickel-cad-
mium, alkaline type)
Motive power
Motorcycle
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S-E-C-R-E-T
by shortages of zinc and manganese dioxide. It was formerly
the Ehlers Battery Plant.
1,300 Established by the German firm of Friemann and Wolf, this
plant suffered no damage during World War II. There are
three works composing the plant, alkaline batteries being
produced in Works I and lead-acid batteries in Works II.
Works III is a 'mechanical workshop. The plant was taken
over by the USSR after the war and returned to East Germany
in 1952. Band operations are employed predominantly. Only
the grid-pasting operation is mechanized, and the equipment
employed here is modern and in good condition. Most of the
end products are exported to countries of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc.
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Production
Labor Force
Country and City Plant General Type End Use (Number)
Hungary
Budapest
Comments
Storage Battery and Dry Cell Plant 29/ Primary Flashlight 1,200 This plant is the oldest and largest battery plant in Hungary,
Hungarian name: Akkumulator as Radio having been established in 1890 by AFA (Akkumulatoren-Fabrik
Szarzelem Gyar Other AG of Berlin), which owned the plant until 1945. After World
Address: Vaci-ut 137/139, Budapest Storage (lead-acid Aircraft War II it was taken over by the USSR as former German prop-
XIII and alkaline) Alkaline, several erty. No damage was suffered by the plant during the war.
types The plant was returned to RUngary in 1952. Since 1951 the
Automobile plant has been modernized and enlarged by the process of
Marine absorbing the facilities of other Hungarian plants. For ex-
Motorcycle ample, the Polus Sirius Battery Plant was absorbed in 1951.
Stationary Other plants, now defunct, which were absorbed were the Rife
Storage Battery Plant and Electrical Engineering Joint Stock
Co.. Pertrix Battery Plant, and the Hoppecke Storage
Battery Plant. The existing equipment is primarily of German
and Hungarian prewar makes. New techniques of production are
being adopted in order to increase output. Experimentation
is conducted in the field of alkaline batteries for diesel
starting. The problem of replacing imported materials --
lead, rubber, and wood, primarily -- by materials domestically
produced also is under continuous study. A high percentage
of production has been exported to the USSR since the war.
This
is the former Varta Storage Battery
which
Budapest
Electrical Equipment and Storage Bat-
tery Plant 222/
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
300
Poland
Bielsko
Petrea Polish Storage Battery Plant 121/
Storage (lead-acid
Automobile
300
Address: Leszczynaka 5 (in the Biala
suburb of Bielsko)
and alkaline)
Batteries for miners
lamps (nickel-iron
alkaline type)
Motive power
Stationary
Gdansk -Orunia
Daimon Cell and Battery Plant 122/
Primary
Flashlight
N.A.
Address: Sandomierska 11
Lantern
- 55 -
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plant
Plant,
was expanded and renamed in 1950. Now various electrical
switches and transformers as well as batteries are produced
in this plant. About 30 percent of the original prewar plant
was destroyed during World War II but had been restored by
1950. The plant has old equipment, lacks material's, and pro-
duces a product of poor quality. About 75 percent of its
production has been exported to the USSR since the war.
This plant was established in 1922, survived World War II
with negligible damage, and was slightly expanded in 1950.
The plant fulfilled the annual plan for 1955.
This plant was founded in 1923 and observed in operation in
1952.
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Country and City
Poland (Continued)
Piastow
Plant
Piastow Storage Battery Plant,
12.31
Address: 20 Ulica Poniatowskiego
Production
General Type
End Use
Storage (lead-acid) Automobile
Motive power
Motorcycle
Stationary
Submarine
Labor Force
(Number)
Comments
Boo Founded in 1924 by the German branch of the Tudor firm, this
plant is one of the two large producers of lead-acid batter- 50)(1
ies in Poland. The plant was not damaged during World War II
and probably produced submarine batteries for the German navy.
During 1956 the plant was temporarily shut down for remodeling
in order to eliminate the dangerous concentration of lead
dust in the air. Immediately adjoining this plant is a rub-
ber products plant, which probably supplies battery con-
tainers.
Poznan
Electric Cell and Battery Plant 12/21
Primary
Flashlight
600
Address: 4 Ulica Grochowe Loki
Radio
Other
Poznan
Centre Element and Battery Plant 102
Primary
Flashlight
1,000
Address: Tama Garbarska Street
Other
Storage (lead-acid)
Automobile
Other
Starograd
Electric Cell and Battery Plant 1.2/
Primary
N.A.
N.A.
Address: Kosciuszki 112
Tczew
"Arkona" Battery Plant
Storage
N.A.
400
Address: Ulica Mickiwcza 25
Wroclaw
Blask Battery Plant 19.,11/
Primary
Flashlight
400
Radio
Other
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Probably established before World Wax II, this plant is the
largest producer of primary batteries in Poland. The plant
produces for export to Turkey, East Germany, Hungary, and
other countries as well as for domestic consumption.
This plant probably is the largest producer of batteries in
Poland. It was constructed in the 1930's and partially eva-
cuated to Germany in 1939. After World War II it was re-
equipped for the production of both primary and storage bat-
teries and may have been expanded later. Full production
was resumed in 1946 for the first time since 1939.
This plant probably was established before World War II.
The quality of its products was reported to be much improved
in 1953.
This plant apparently receives raw materials from the USSR
and exports finished products to the USSR. Alkaline bat-
teries may be produced at this plant.
This plant probably is the second largest producer of pri-
mary batteries in Poland.
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Production
Labor Force
Country and City Plant General Type End Use (Number)
Rumania
- Bucharest
Comments
Accumulatorul Storage Battery Plant 122/ Storage (lead-acid) Aircraft 800 This plant was formed in 1947 by the merger of several small
Address: Grupul 1: Calea Doroban- Automobile storage battery plants into two groups (grupul). Grupul 1
tilor 105; Grupul 2: Calea Rahovei 224 Motive power was formed from the Tudor Storage Battery Plant and facil-
Nbtorcycle ities from several unidentified small plants in Bucharest
Ship and Timisoara. Grupul 2 was formed by the merger of three
Stationary plants in Bucharest, formerly called the Rova, Imer, and
Akko plants. These plants probably were established before
World War II. The facilities of these plants apparently suf-
fered little damage during the war dad are still in use to-
day. Because of the obsolete machinery, lack of materials
handling devices, and inferior raw materials, the products
of the plant are regarded as poor and the productivity of
the plant as low. There has been a chronic shortage of raw
materials, particularly lead, during the entire period
since World War II. Therefore, the plant has never been
able to produce at full capacity, and many employees are
only partly utilized. The plant apparently has undergone
no extensive enlargement or modernization since its for-
mation in 1947.
Timisoara Electro Banat Plant 112/
Address: Strada A, Pestalozzi 22 Primary Flashlight 400 This plant is the former Dura Works, which was probably estab-
Radio lished before World War II. It was renamed about 1951 and
expanded considerably. The plant has 3 production sections,
1 of which produces primary batteries. In 1955 the plant
fulfilled its annual plan and increased labor productivity
about 6 percent more than 1954. Since 1955 the plant has
had facilities for refining from domestic ore manganese diox-
ide, which it formerly imported. Mechanized production pro-
cesses are employed to a limited extent.
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
I. Production.
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C. Labor Force.
1. USSR.
The labor force in the battery industry of the USSR was esti-
mated for 1950 by plant analysis. Moving the estimate from 1950 to 1957
was accomplished by using the index of labor productivity given by offi-
cials of Glavakkumulyatorprom. 111/
2. East Germany and Hungary.
Current information on battery plants in East Germany and
Hungary allowed estimates of the labor force to be made directly for
1957.
3. Bulgaria, Communist China, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and
Rumania.
Estimates of the labor force in battery plants of Bulgaria,
Communist China, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Rumania were made for vari-
ous years between 1950 and 1957 by plant analysis. The estimates were
moved to 1957 by the index of production for each country.
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D. Estimates of Production, by Country.
1. USSR.
Estimates of production were made for the 27 known battery
plants of the USSR and are summarized in Table 12.* By combining these
estimates, a country estimate of the total output was obtained for the
year 1950. The product mix estimated for 1950 was valued by 1955 US
dollar prices. The average price per physical unit of output (metric
ton) obtained for 1950 was used throughout the time series so that the
value and the physical series increase at the same rate over time.xx
The actual indexes of production were given by the USSR for
the year 1955, with 1950 as the base year for the three categories of
batteries: (a) lead-acid storage batteries, (b) alkaline storage bat-
teries, and (c) primary batteries. The planned indexes for 1960 rela-
tive to 1955 were given for the same categories of batteries. 112/ The
1950 estimate based on plant production was aggregated accordingly in
categories corresponding to those of the Soviet official indexes and
expanded over the years from 1950 to 1960 at the average annual rates
of increase indicated by the given indexes. From 1960 to 1963 the series
were extrapolated at the average annual rate of increase obtaining be-
tween 1955 and 1960. From 1950 back to 1946 the series were extrapolated
at the average annual rate of increase obtaining between 1950 and 1955.
Production for the prewar year, 1938, was estimated on the basis of
plant information concerning damage sustained during World War II, new
construction during and immediately following World War II, and the
transfer of manufacturing facilities from Germany and Poland to the
USSR. The three series for the time period 1938 and 1946-63 were added
to obtain the time series for the total production of batteries.
Checks were made by end-use requirements for the estimated
categories of submarine batteries, tank batteries, automobile and truck
batteries, diesel starting batteries, passenger car lighting batteries,
flashlight batteries, and radio batteries. The information on end use
is based on estimates. 113/ Another check was made on the category of
automobile and truck batteries by comparing the ruble value given for
automobile batteries in 1955 114/ by the USSR with the estimated out-
put. The ruble price per physical unit was calculated by using the
estimate of physical production and was compared to ruble price infor-
mation published for 1955. The calculated prices fell within the limits
set by the prices of typical types and sizes of automotive type storage
batteries given in the Soviet price book. 115/
* Table 12 follows on p. 62.
** This relationship is only true within each of the three categories --
lead-acid storage batteries, alkaline storage batteries, and primary bat-
teries. The value per metric ton of the total output will change over
time.
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Table 12
Estimated Volume of Production of Electric Battery Plants
in the USSR
1950
Thousand Metric Tons
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griv1
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crivi
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bUAl
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Plant Name
Lead-Acid
Storage Batteries
Alkaline
Storage Batteries
Primary
Batteries
Alma-Ata Storage Battery Plant
Ashkhabad Storage Battery Workshops
Gomel' Battery Plant
Ivanovo Galvanic Battery Plant
Komsomol'sk-on-Amur Storage Battery
Komsmol'sk Storage Battery Plant
o.4
0.2
0.7
0.5
1.2
0.3
9.0
11.0
3.1
1.9
2.0
2.3
9.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
0.7
26.0
Plant, 4.4
5.6
3.2
Kursk Storage Battery Plant,
9.5
Leningrad Lenin's Spark Storage
Leningrad Storage Battery Plant
Battery Plant,
imeni Lieutenant
Battery Plant
Shmidt,
8.5
10.1
2.1
Leninsk-Kuznetskiy West Siberian
Makar'yevo Battery Plant,
Moscow Electric Cell Plant,
Novorossiysk Battery Plant
Novosibirsk Electrosignal Radio
Podol'sk Storage Battery Plant,
Pskov Storage Battery Plant
Riga Storage Battery Plant
Saratov Storage Battery Plant,
Saratov Storage Battery Plant,
Tallinn IKA Battery Plant
Tashkent Storage Battery Plant
Tyumen' Storage Battery Plant
Plant, 4.2
7.0
2.7
1.4
10.2
14.0
2.8
13.0
100.0
Yelets Carbon Electrode Plant,
Other plants 21
Total
a. Baku Submarine Battery Plant (lead-acid batteries); Klaypeda Sirius Electric Battery Cell Plant (primary
batteries); Vladivostok Storage Battery Plant (lead-acid batteries); and Voroshilovgrad Storage Battery Plant
(unspecified storage batteries, probably lead-acid).
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2. Bulgaria.
Production of storage batteries in Bulgaria was given for
1956 (actual) and 1957 (plan) by the Minister of Heavy Industry. 116/
With these years as bases and with the information that a new plant will
probably go into operation at Pazardzhik in 1958, the production series
for storage batteries was extrapolated forward to 1963 at an average
annual rate of increase of 15 percent and backward to 1946 at an aver-
age annual rate of decrease of 12 percent. All storage batteries pro-
duced in Bulgaria are estimated to be of the automotive type.
Output of primary batteries in Bulgaria was estimated for
1955 on the basis of plant studies. The time series was extrapolated
forward to 1963 at an average annual rate of increase of 12 percent and
backward to 1946 at an average annual rate of decrease of 10 percent.
All primary batteries produced in Bulgaria are estimated to be flash-
light cells. Production of both storage and primary batteries is
estimated to have been negligible in the prewar period.
J. Communist China.
Estimates of production of both storage and primary batteries
in Communist China were made for 1949 on the basis of plant studies.
Estimates of aggregate Production for Nationalist China were available
for 1946 and 1947 for both primary and storage batteries. 117/ Com-
bining the production of the Mukden Battery Plant with these aggregate
estimates produced estimates of total output for 1946 and 1947. The
production estimate for the year 1948 was interpolated between the es-
timates for 1947 and 1949 Based on 50X1
an index for the production of storage batteries between 1956 and 1957
(plan), 118/ the time series for the storage batteries was extrapolated
from 1949 to 1963 at an average annual rate of increase of 18.5 percent,
and the time series for primary batteries was extrapolated from 1949 to
1963 at an average annual rate of increase of 20 percent.
Production for the prewar year, 1938, was estimated from
aggregate information on Nationalist China 119/
The time series for both storage and primary batteries were
checked by end-use requirements using the categories of automotive bat-
teries (storage) and radio batteries (primary). 122/ By assuming rela-
tionships between these categories and the total outputs which are simi-
lar to those obtaining in the estimated product mix of the USSR, modi-
fied for estimated differences, the total output of batteries in Com-
munist China could be roughly checked. Because logical assumptions
could be made as to battery life compared with that in the USSR and
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because it is known that China is a net importer, the estimates of pro-
duction were determined to be of a reasonable order of magnitude.
4. Czechoslovakia.
The production series for storage batteries was extrapolated
from 1949 to 1955 at an average annual rate of increase of 12 percent
and from 1956 to 1963 at 10 percent. The series was moved back from
1949 to 1946 at an average annual rate of decrease of 15 percent, with
production in 1938 being estimated to be equal to production in 1947.
The production series for primary batteries was extended forward from
1950 to 1955 at an average annual rate of increase of 10 percent and
from 1956 to 1963 at 8 percent. The series was extrapolated back from
1949 to 1946 at an average annual rate of decrease of 10 percent, with
production in 1938 being estimated to be equal to production in 1947.
A 67-percent increase in the output of primary batteries was estimated
to have occurred from 1949 to 1950 on the basis of plant expansion in
1949.
The estimates were checked by end-use requirements of auto-
motive storage batteries and radio primary batteries based on CIA esti-
mates 122/ and were found to be of a reasonable magnitude.
5. East Germany.
Estimates of production of batteries in East Germany for
1954 were made on the basis of plant studies. These estimates then
were extrapolated to the years from 1949 to 1955 by the index of pro-
duction of "batteries and elements" (storage and primary batteries)
given by the East German government.* 123/ The series was extrapolated
forward at an average annual rate of increase of 20 percent, which is
slightly less than the average annual rate from 1949 to 1955. The pro-
duction series for both primary and storage batteries have the same in-
dex because only the aggregate index for all batteries is known. The
product mix is assumed to be constant over time.
* The production index was computed from the production series given
in DME (Deutsche Mark East) by the East German government. The value
series could not be used directly, because the value of the currency
used is anibiguous. The values appear to be very low in relation to
estimated physical production.
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From information'relating production after World War II to
production before World War II and East German production to all German
production in the prewar year, 1938, estimates of output were made for
1938 and 1946. 124/ Outputs for the years 1947 and 1948 were estimated
by interpolation between 1946 and 1949.
The estimates of output were checked against several esti-
mates of requirements for automotive storage batteries and radio pri-
mary batteries 125/ and were found to be of a reasonable order of
magnitude.
6. Hungary.
Estimates of production of batteries in Hungary were made
from plant studies for 1952, 1955, and 1956. The volume of production
in 1935 was established by a quasi-official report made during World
War II, 126/ and the relation between the output in 1935 and 1946 was
estimated on the basis of plant studies. Thus the average annual rates
of growth were determined for the years 1946-56. The production series
for storage batteries was extended from 1957 to 1963 at an average an-
nual rate of increase of 30 percent. The series for primary batteries
was extended over the same period at a 40 percent average annual rate
of increase. It is estimated that there was a reduction in total pro-
duction of approximately 10 percent in 1957 compared with 1956 because
of the Hungarian rebellion.
The production series was checked by estimates of end-use
requirements 127/ and was found to be of a reasonable order of magni-
tude.
7. Poland.
Production of storage batteries in Poland was given in
physical quantities for the years 1938, 1947-49, 1953, 1954, 1955, and
the first half of 1956. 128/ Plant studies were employed to determine
the product mix in order to value the physical production series. Es-
timates for the years between those given were interpolated. The esti-
mate for the year 1946 was extrapolated from 1947 on the basis of the
annual rate of increase from 1947 to 1948. Extension of the series
from 1956 to 1963 was accomplished by extrapolation, using the average
annual rate of increase from 1950 to 1955 -- 20.6 percent.
Plant studies established the estimate for production
of primary batteries in 1956 and the product mix used throughout the
series. Estimates for the years 1946, 1949, and 1955 were based on
information which expressed total battery production as a percentage
of the electrotechnical industry of Poland 129/; the production of
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primary batteries was based on the difference between total production
and production of storage batteries in the given years. Estimates
for years between the given years were made by interpolation. Produc-
tion of primary batteries in 1938 was given. 130/ For the years from
1956 to 1963 the estimates of production of primary batteries were made
by extrapolation at an average annual rate of increase of 19.5 percent,
the rate which prevailed from 1950 to 1955.
8. Rumania.*
The production series for storage batteries is based en-
tirely on the study of the Accumulatorul Storage Battery Plant, which
is the sole producer of storage batteries in Rumania. Production for
the years 1938, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, and 1954 was estimated from
the plant study, and the years between were estimated by interpolation.
The series was extended to 1963 at an average annual rate of increase
of 20 percent.
Similarly, the production series for primary batteries is
based entirely on the study of the Electro Banat Plant, which is the
sole producer of primary batteries in Rumania. Production in 1938,
1951, and 1956 was estimated from the plant study, and the years be-
tween were estimated by interpolation. The series was extended to
1963 at an average annual rate of increase of 25 percent.
The production series for both primary and storage bat-
teries were checked by estimates of end-use requirements 131/ and
found to be of a reasonable order of magnitude.
II. Trade.
Because an estimate of trade in absolute figures was found to be
infeasible, an analysis was made of trade patterns and practices. This
analysis relies heavily on press statements(
III. Inputs.
Tables 13 and 1)4xx show the material inputs of representative cate-
gories of the battery industry in the US and the prices of the final
products in 1955. Inputs for the representative categories were based
on typical requirements for materials in the US. Although a precise
representation of inputs and price is difficult to obtain with so few
categories, it is believed that the estimates of production suffer
* For documentation for the plant study, see Appendix B.
** Tables 13 and 14 follow on pp. 67 and 68, respectively.
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Table 13
Estimated Volume and Value of Inputs of Selected Materials for Production
of Storage Batteries 2/
with Prices of Final Products in the UB
Material Inputs
(Kilograms per Metric Ton of Final Product)
Type of Battery
Antimonial
Lead
Nickel
Cadmium
Iron
Steel
Container
Nonmetallic
Battery Case
Separators and
Sealing Compound
Electrolyte
Factory Price,
Free on Board
(1955 US $ per Metric Ton)
Starting, lighting, and ignition
Aircraft
485
164
140
211
732
Automobile, truck, tractor, and bus
450
175
150
225
500
Motorcycle
450
175
150
225
667
Tank
485
164
140
211
524
Motive power
Industrial truck and locomotive propulsion
500
159
136
205
660
Submarine propulsion
623
120
103
154
1,220
Torpedo propulsion
623
120
103
154
2,200
Stationary
462
171
147
220
450
Railroad diesel starting
500
159
136
205
827
Railroad car air conditioning and lighting
500
159
136
205
1,074
Alkaline storage batteries
Nickel-cadmium, all types
177
59
288
288
188
3,890
Nickel-iron, all types
186
62
286
286
180
1,500
a. All storage batteries are of the lead-acid type unless otherwise indicated.
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Table 14
Estimated Volume and Value of Inputs of Selected Materials for Production of Primary Batteries
with Prices of Final Products in the US
Material Inputs
.(Kilograms per Metric Ton of Final Product)
Factory Price,
Manganese
Sealing
Free on Board
Type of Battery
Carbon
Dioxide
Zinc
Paper
Compound
Electrolyte
(1955 US $ per Metric Ton)
Flashlight
91
278
233
9
167
222
800
Radio
80
252
272
100
109
187
1,200
Other a/
91
278
233
9
167
222
520
a. Inputs are for general-purpose dry cells.
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little error from this source compared with the errors inherent in the
sources used as basic data.
Inputs of materials vary with the products selected and combined to
represent a category. The error which may be introduced by the selec-
tion of particular products also is believed to be minor in comparison
with the errors inherent in the basic data. All inputs of materials
could not be included, because of the vast variety of materials used
in the industry, and therefore only the most critical and indicative
inputs have been included.
Estimates of physical quantities were converted to quantities of
major inputs by the factors shown in Tables 13 and 14.* This conversion
may be made for the estimates of production for any year, but only ma-
terial inputs for the year 1956 were computed for this report.
Estimates of the labor force were not computed by analogy to pro-
duction in the US but are the totals of estimates for individual plants.
* Pp. 67 and 68, above.
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USSR: LOCATIONS OF PLANTS OF THE ELECTRIC BATTERY INDUSTRY, 1957
Figure 1 50X1
60
NORTH
SEA
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\\...Boundaries ore not necessarily those
re t
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Tashkent

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