SUPPORT TO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S BUREAU FOR INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS MATTERS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ILLICIT NARCOTICS CULTIVATION IN SELECTED FOREST REGIONS OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN BASIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 55
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 23, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 17, 1987
• Content Type: REPORT

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SUPPORT
to
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S
BUREAU FOR INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS MATTERS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ILLICIT NARCOTICS
CULTIVATION IN SELECTED FOREST REGIONS OF
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ANTICIPATED RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Task 1. Detailed Planning and Resource Identification . . . . 9
Task 2. Identification and Retrieval of Published Literature. . . 9
Task 3. Preparation and Preliminary Analyses
of Available Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Task 4. Selected U.S. Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Task 5. Jamaican Field Visit and Interviews . . . . . . . . . 12
Task 6. Colombian and Peruvian Field Visits and Interviews. . . . 12
Task 7. Analyses and Implications of Findings . . . . . . . . ... 14
Task 8. Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
INM SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
RELEVANT EXPERIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
APPENDIX B. RELEVANT EXPERIENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
APPENDIX C. CANDIDATE(FACULTY) IN-COUNTRY INTERVIEWEES . . . . . . . . C-1
APPENDIX D. SUMMARY OF BATTELLE NORTHWEST CAPABILITIES AND ON-GOING
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN REMOTE SENSING/IMAGE PROCESSING . . D-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. THE DEVASTATING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
ARE RAPID, AND RECOVER SLOWLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FIGURE 2. THE FOCUS OF THE PROGRAM IS ON NATIONAL "AFFECTED
REGION" BASES, AND-ON NEAR- TO MID-TERM AFFECTS. . . . . . . 5
FIGURE 3. OUR GOAL IS TO PROVIDE INTERCOUNTRY, INTERCROP,
AND INTEGRATED DESCRIPTIONS OF CONSEQUENCES BASED
ON EXAMINATION OF SPECIFIC CROP-COUNTRY COMBINATIONS . . . . 7
FIGURE 4. ON-SITE VISITS SHOULD BE MADE TO VARIOUS
SITE TYPES TO ALLOW COMPARISONS OF EFFECTS . . . . . . . 13
FIGURE 5. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 17
FIGURE 6. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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SUPPORT
to
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S
BUREAU FOR INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS MATTERS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ILLICIT NARCOTICS
CULTIVATION IN SELECTED FOREST REGIONS OF
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
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July 17, 1987
from
BATTELLE
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Department of State's Bureau for International Narcotics
Matters (INM) has devoted considerable attention and effort to influence the
control of illicit drug production outside the United States. One strategy of
INM is to illustrate to foreign leaders the environmental and associated
economic consequences of continued production of the illicit crops. INM
desires to continue and enlarge on this strategy.
In particular, many of the growing regions for these crops are
located in fragile ecosystems. The growing regions to be included in this
program often are located in tropical or subtropical climates on steeply
sloped, highly erosive, thin, and leached soils with virgin woody species
cover. Deforestation and certain other agricultural practices in these
environments are known to have devastating short- and long-term effects on the
environment, and on related socioeconomic factors (Figure 1). Among other
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AREA AND
DEGREE OF
DISRUPTION
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FIGURE 1. THE DEVASTATING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
ARE RAPID, AND RECOVER SLOWLY
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negative consequences, deforestation interrupts for extended periods the
intricate and balanced primary and secondary productivity of tropical soils,
flora, and fauna. Destruction of genetic resources (germplasm) also is an
important consequence of tropical deforestation.
INM has requested that Battelle prepare this white paper with a view
toward providing technical and economic information which can be used to
support INM's strategy.
The focus of this program is to identify and assess the natural and
economic resource effects which result from growing the illicit crops in the
countries of interest. The output should support U.S. policy development, be
country-specific, and have a material bearing on the leaders' decision-making
with respect to active inhibition of illicit crop production. The major
emphasis of this program is on direct environmental and economic effects.
Lesser emphasis would be placed on effects of a very small scale (i.e., on the
grower) or on macro-scale issues (i.e., global climate).
This document describes our understanding of the program's objectives
and scope, our suggested approach for meeting the objectives, the anticipated
program output, a preliminary schedule of activities, and a description of the
core program team members and their experiences.
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OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The primary objectives of this program are to:
Identify, describe, and document for the regions
of interest the major environmental consequences,
and the related economic implications, of the
production of illicit drug crops. This informa-
tion will be used to encourage leaders to
actively inhibit illicit crop. production.
Our goal is to create,a tightly focused program yielding highly
usable results. The results also can establish a framework for future programs
that can focus on other aspects of the problem. To that end, several elements
delineate the scope of the program.
? Geographic Regions. The spatial focus of the
program includes the mountainous areas of western
Jamaica, the Santa Marta and/or Perija Mountains
of Colombia, and the Huallaga Valley of Peru that
currently or potentially are impacted by illicit
marijuana or coca growing. [Selected Bolivian
sites may be considered as alternates to the
Peruvian sites.] The areas included in this
geographical focus collectively can be termed
"affected regions". More detailed geographic
descriptions of the focus regions need to be
.developed through discussion with INM. There
will be a need for analysis on an affected region
basis, as environments and likely effects differ
among the regions.
? Crops. Marijuana and coca are the crops of
interest in these regions.
? Environmental Implications. We will. be focusing
on examining direct effects (changes of vertical
and horizontal aspects of vegetative cover, soil
fertility, local erosion, flooding, in-stream
sedimentation, loss of nutrients from burned
vegetation, recovery rates on growing areas,
etc.) of both short- and mid-term nature.
Indirect and long-term effects, such as possible
changes in fauna, climate, atmospheric
conditions, etc. would receive less attention in
this program (Figure 2).
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NATIONAL
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REGION" BASES, AND ON NEAR- TO MID-TERM AFFECTS
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? Economic Implications. This element is designed
to allow us to integrate and convert the findings
from the environmental analyses to economic
variables and descriptions. Based on examination
of specific country-crop combinations (e.g.,
marijuana growing in Jamaica), we hope also to be
able to draw conclusions across countries and
across crops so as to provide an integrated
picture of environmental and economic
consequences (Figure 3).
As with environmental effect descriptions, we
will be examining direct as opposed to indirect
or distant effects. In this program, we will
concentrate first on the implications to the
drug-growing region of the producing country,
giving lesser attention to its growers,
alternative employment, and alternative crops.
Downstream social costs in the countries of
consumption are outside the scope of this
program.
? Costs and Benefits. This program is not designed
to be a formal cost/benefit analysis. Costs and
benefits will be:monetarily quantified within the
context of supporting policy, and when sufficient
supporting documentation is available.
Otherwise, costs and benefits will be stated in
environmental and socioeconomic terms on a per
unit basis for affected regions (e.g., loss of
soil or nutrients per hectare; hectare-years of
site destruction). We will express the observed
and measured costs of illicit crop growing on a
regional basis since each cropping site affects
areas beyond the actual site borders through in-
stream sedimentation and other processes. We
believe that focusing on the overall costs to the
regions that support illicit crop growing, rather
than on the cost's to individual illicit crop
plots will provide INM with results more central
to its needs.
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JAMAICA
COLOMBIA
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CROP
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COUNTRY
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FIGURE 3. OUR GOAL IS TO PROVIDE INTERCOUNTRY, INTERCROP,
AND INTEGRATED DESCRIPTIONS OF CONSEQUENCES BASED
ON EXAMINATION OF SPECIFIC CROP-COUNTRY COMBINATIONS
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ANTICIPATED RESULTS
We anticipate being able to provide the following to INM:
? Descriptions in the affected regions of the
direct near- and mid-term environmental effects
to soils, vegetation, and waterways, and the
associated economic implications of growing the
illicit drug crops. The major emphasis will be
on the environmental impacts of the illicit
agricultural systems, placed in an economic
context.
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? Documentation supporting the effects and
implications through review of the scientific
literature, photographs, on-site sampling and
analyses, and interviews with local and inter-
national experts in the field. Where possible,
`before and after' analyses will be depicted.
? A concise report of our key findings designed to
meet the needs of several audiences, including
INM and the political leaders (provincial,
parish, national) in the countries of interest.
The scientific and technical support to our
conclusions and implications will be provided in
appendices.
? Report supplements in the form of captioned 35 mm
slides usable for audiences with foreign leaders
and in other contexts.
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APPROACH
We suggest an eight-task approach in this program. This will allow
for an orderly development of information to reach our anticipated results.
These tasks and their interrelationships are described below.
Task 1. Detailed Planning and Resource Identification
It is vital during this task that the detailed planning effort
already initiated be completed, including the further identification of
available resources for effectively conducting the program. Such resources
include the inventory of Government (e.g., INM and Drug Enforcement Agency)
data and reports, photographs, satellite imagery, and possible lists of
interviewees located both in the U.S. and in the countries of interest. INM
should participate in this planning/resource task not only as a resource, but
also to assure that the final plans remain directed to INM's specific needs.
This program (its objectives., time, budget, etc.) is not amenable to major
changes in direction, repeat of tasks, or multiple field visits to the same
sites.
Task 2. Identification and Retrieval
of Published Literature
Considerable quantities of literature have been published on the
environmental and economic consequences of deforestation. For example,
Battelle staff have published approximately 20 technical reports/articles on
tropical environments including co-authorship of a book on nutrient cycling in
tropical forests in Panama. Articles have dealt with soils, nutrient budgets,
and vegetation patterns. Little literature, however, has focused on
deforestation specifically related to illicit drug production. Nonetheless,
the existing literature on deforestation and ecosystem perturbations will
provide valuable baseline information for this program. We anticipate that
the baseline information will assist in identifying categories of effects, and
in identifying differences between environmental effects created through
illicit drug agriculture and through other activities. From the current
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literature, we will establish categories of expected environmental consequences
of slash/burn agriculture and clear-cut forestry on typical sites in each of
the affected regions. Of particular interest will be work conducted on
recovery rates of various disturbed ecosystems, and the effects of slash/burn
agriculture and clear-cut forestry on erosion of soil and release of nutrients.
For example, the effects of in-stream sedimentation in the tropics only now are
being documented well.
During our field work, we then can focus on confirming the presence
or absence of these effects in the illicit drug agriculture sites, and on
identifying and quantifying any differences between baseline sites and illicit
drug agriculture sites. We anticipate that illicit drug agriculture will be
found to be more destructive than normal slash/burn agriculture or clear-cut
forestry because the illicit drug agriculture sites typically are located on
more marginal land and the growers tend to abandon sites, showing little
concern for long-term environmental effects.
Establishing a link between our analysis of destruction in illicit
drug agriculture sites and those provided in the current literature for other
types of slash/burn agriculture and clear-cut forestry sites will enhance
credibility, given that a long-term study cannot be implemented at this time.
Much of this literature is on-hand at Battelle from prior studies. Literature
on a number of other topics also will be identified and retrieved. A
literature search strategy will be developed early in this Task using input
from Task 1. We have on-line access to the international literature databases,
and have established methods for rapid retrieval of desired references.
Particular attention will be paid during literature retrieval and analysis to
identifying persons both in-country and elsewhere for productive interviews. A
first-cut list of candidate in-country (faculty) interviewees has been started
and is presented in Appendix C; other categories of candidates need to be
developed. Much of Task I and Task 2 will be conducted concurrently.
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Task 3. Preparation and Preliminary
Analyses of Available Resources
As a result of Task 1, it is expected that some preparation and
analyses of available resources will be required. For example, it may be
desirable to compare satellite imagery of the same location taken on two or
more different dates. We anticipate that this analysis will require
preparation time by Battelle Northwest or the current INM contractor providing
the service.
The second portion of this Task constitutes preliminary analyses of
the resources acquired in Tasks 1 and 2. The results of the preliminary
analyses will enable tentative conclusions or hypotheses to be formulated and a
series of questions to be developed. The hypotheses will be tested and the
questions addressed during the field visits and interview tasks.
The final step in this task is to review the plans generated in
Task 1 and the analyses of the literature retrieved. We will make any
necessary changes to the plans, and finalize preparations for the remainder of
the program.
Task 4. Selected U.S. Interviews
The earlier tasks will identify possible contacts within the U.S. and
questions to be posed to these persons. During Task 4, these resource persons
in the U.S. will be contacted by telephone and, if necessary, through field
visits. In particular, telephone contacts and possibly field visits should be
considered to the University of California at Santa Barbara and to the
University of Mississippi. We have worked previously with six additional
centers for knowledge of tropical ecology, and know many of the key persons in
the tropical sciences. For example, we may contact Dr. Peter Raven, President
of Tropical Biology Association and Dr. Daniel Janzen, one of the world's
leading tropical biologists. Our existing contacts may aid us in identifying
additional in-country resource persons.
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Task 5. Jamaican Field Visit and Interviews
For several reasons (including language, proximity, etc.), we suggest
that the initial field visit be to Jamaica. The following activities will be
necessary:
? arrangements. and logistics for visit (with the
assistance of INM)
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? interviews with information resource persons
? fly-over and on-ground visits to selected sites
representative of various conditions and stages
of growth, including current illicit crop sites,
previous illicit crop sites, undisturbed (virgin)
sites, and legal crop sites (Figure 4)
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still color photography
collection of soil, tissue, and other
samples and measurements, such as
length and degree of slope, soil depth,
and percent vegetative cover
- comparisons to previous data from the site or nearby.
This task will be completed upon organization and consolidation of
the information retrieved from Jamaica and after any necessary changes in
planning to improve the next set of field visits.
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Task 6. Colombian and Peruvian
Field Visits and Interviews
The information needed on the visits to Colombia parallels that of
the earlier Jamaican field visit described above. However, particular
attention will be paid to differentiating between our findings in Jamaica and
Colombia with respect to marijuana growing, and to the coca plantations of
Peru. We consider it especially important to distinguish between the marijuana
and coca agricultural systems, as we suspect that there are important
differences in the two relating not only to physical but also to illicit crop-
cultural considerations. For example, it appears that the long-standing
Peruvian peoples' habitual chewing of coca leaves creates a greater social
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INTRACOUNTRY
COMPARISONS
BY CROP AND
CROP SITES
ILLICIT
ILLICIT CROP
CROP
SITES
SITES
RECOVERING
VIRGIN
LEGAL
SITES
AGRICULTURAL
SITES
FIGURE 4. ON-SITE VISITS.SHOULD BE MADE TO VARIOUS
SITE TYPES TO ALLOW COMPARISONS OF EFFECTS
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toleration of coca growing by local. authorities. This cultural toleration
enables coca production to occur on somewhat higher quality lands. The use of
these higher quality land types may create differences in environmental
considerations and implications. Also, the coca plant is cultivated as a
perennial, giving the growers incentive to preserve the quality of the cropping
sites for longer periods of time in certain environments.
Task 6 will be completed after organizing and consolidating the
information retrieved through the field visits.
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Task 7. Analyses and Implications of Findings
Task 7 is the major analytical Task. It begins with a structuring
and organization of the findings from the literature, the interviews, the field
visits, and other sources. In conducting the analyses, we will be looking for
representative evidence supporting (or not supporting) the tentative
conclusions and hypotheses generated in Task 3.
We expect to use a simple ranking system (high, medium, low) to
better translate this knowledge into meaningful, lay-language findings. For
example, we may be able to report a high extent and -high magnitude consequence
in certain regions, a low extent and low magnitude consequence in other
regions. A similar, simple approach to organizing environmental and other data
and information was presented by one of the Battelle core team members at
CETESB in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Out of this will flow levels of environmental
concern and economic priorities. Given our findings at this stage, we will
begin to draw formal conclusions relating to the environmental and economic
implications of growing the crops in the regions of interest. Meaningful
implications will be described qualitatively and, where possible,
quantitatively and monetarily.
This Task closes with a detailed outline of our findings,
implications, and reporting frameworks. It would be useful at this point to
schedule a meeting with INM so as to formally review progress and finalize
plans with respect to the content and nature of reporting.
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Task 8. Reporting
We suggest that two reporting formats be utilized:
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Written Report in Two Volumes. The first volume
would be a concise set of three "executive
summaries" organized by country, consisting of
five to ten pages each which might be distributed
to local leaders. We suggest that this first
volume be written in lay language, be hard-
hitting in a credible way, and contain color
photographs and presentation graphics in support
of key findings. The second volume (or a set of
appendices), would provide the discussion and
documentation in a more technical format
supporting the conclusions and implications
contained within the executive summaries.
? Visual Aids. The second reporting format would
consist of sets of slides organized and separable
by country. Narration-style captions would
accompany the slides. These visual aids would be
accompaniments to the appropriate executive
summary, and could be used in face-to-face
discussions with foreign leaders.
Battelle has significant in-house capability in
the'production of visual aids.
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PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE
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Figure 5 illustrates a preliminary schedule for each of the Tasks
discussed in the earlier section of this white paper. We have assumed a six-
month program beginning October 1, 1987. Considerably more detailed planning
with INM will be needed to finalize.the schedule.
We consider this schedule achievable but very tight. Only careful
attention to planning and detail will enable this program to be completed on
schedule. Of particular concern are possible slippages in being able to
arrange the field visits and in obtaining unpublished documents, comparisons of
satellite imagery, and photographs. INM's assistance with necessary
arrangements for the in-country visits is especially important.
Some attention will need to be paid to effects across seasons. We
will be carrying out this program during the dry season, and will not be able
to directly view immediate effects during the rainy season. Therefore, we
intend to discuss seasonal effects with in-country personnel so that we present
a fair over-the-year picture.
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TASK 1. PLANNING AND RESOURCES
TASK 2. ID AND RETRIEVE INFORMATION
TASK 3. PRELIMINARY ANALYSES
TASK 4. SELECTED U.S. INTERVIEWS
TASK 5. JAMAICAN FIELD VISIT
TASK 6. COL. AND PER. FIELD VISITS
TASK 7. ANALYSES AND IMPLICATIONS
TASK 8. REPORTING
ASSUMED START DATE OF OCTOBER 1, 1987
Q4 1987
Q1 1988
FIGURE 5: SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
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INM SUPPORT
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We view this program as a cooperative effort between INM and
Battelle. It is essential that a solid base of communication be maintained
throughout the program. Battelle can provide top-flight assistance to INM in
environmental, agricultural, and economic analyses relating to this area.
However, only through the tapping of INM's reservoir of. staff expertise and
physical assets can this program truly succeed.
In particular, we will need support through INM in the following
? Provision of photos, satellite imagery, reports
(from INM, DEA, and possibly other agencies),
candidate in-country contacts, possibly certain
INM staff expertise, and other resources relevant
to this program.
? Assistance in interpreting satellite imagery and
in interpreting photographs where the location,
perspective, and other features are not obvious.
The ability to obtain special analyses of
satellite imagery so as to be able to isolate
and/or demonstrate hypotheses and conclusions.
Battelle Northwest is capable and interested in
performing this function for INM. (See Appendix
D for a description of Battelle Northwest's
capabilities.)
? Security clearances for some of the program team
members, should clearances be required.
Assistance in travel arrangements, and in
assuring that appropriate area clearances,
escorts, and other protective measures are taken
for the safety of the program team.
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PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
This program will be managed by the Special Programs Office (SPO)
under the direction of Mr. Tom Grimm, who reports directly to
Dr. Frederick J. Milford, Vice President for Special Programs. The SPO will
act as the Client's focal point for the program and will provide management
review along with all report preparation such as monthly contract status
reports,. interim reports and the final contract report. Along with the
Security Office, SPO acts to ensure that the spirit and letter of security
regulations are followed. The SPO possesses all of the resources necessary for
handling classified programs including appropriately cleared personnel, secure
storage, Tempest approved computer, and a secure KY-71 telephone system.
Mr. D..Alan Scantland will be the Principal Investigator of the
proposed research program. He has training in both the biological and economic
sciences, has over 10 years experience in working with executive-level Clients
on agriculturally oriented issues, and has strong skills in managing complex,
multidisciplinary, and fast-moving programs. Mr. Scantland will be assigned to
plan, direct, and schedule the research work on this program. We will be the
primary contact with the Contracting Officers' technical representative on all
matters related to scheduling, performance, and reporting of program research
activities.
The proposed organization of the program includes participation of
experienced scientists from multiple disciplines (see Figure 6). Significant
involvement of the Core Team members throughout the entire program is planned.
Members of the Support Team will be available when needed to participate in
certain highly focused aspects of the program.
Biographical sketches of personnel selected for the program are
included in Appendix A.
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INVESTIGATOR
D. A. SCANTLAND
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SOILS ENVIRONMENTS
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M. R. ARTHUR B. W. CORNABY B. A. YOUNG
AGRICULTURAL HYDROLOGY ECONOMICS/ ECONOMICS/
ECONOMICS GEOGRAPHY LANGUAGES
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RELEVANT EXPERIENCE
The Program Team has the necessary skills and experiences to carry
out this program effectively*. Included within Appendix B are brief
descriptions of a few programs we have conducted, and which illustrate the
range of experiences which we can draw upon during this program. One or more
members of the Program Team have worked on all of the Programs cited within
Appendix B.
* At the present time, only one member of the Core Team (B. W. Cornaby) holds
a DoD clearance. (See Appendix A for additional clearance information.)
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
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THOMAS D. GRIMM
Manager
Special Programs Office
B.S., U. S. Naval Academy
B.S., Electrical Engineering, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School
Qualifications
Mr. Grimm joined the Battelle staff in 1982. As Manager of the Special
Programs Office, Mr. Grimm is exclusively dedicated to and responsible for
planning, administration, and management for a wide variety of research,
development, and assessment efforts on behalf of Intelligence Community
sponsors. In order to be responsive to the needs of the Intelligence
Community, Mr. Grimm has continuous access to and interaction with all
technical disciplines of Battelle Columbus Laboratories.
Prior to joining Battelle, Mr. Grimm served as a member of the Armed
Forces since his graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy. As a career
Naval Officer, his sea assignments were culminated by assignment as a
Submarine Commanding Officer from 1972 to 1974. Following his command at
sea, Captain Grimm relocated to Washington, D.C. where he spent the last
6-1/2 years of his Naval career as a Project Director in support of
research and development efforts for the Director of Naval Intelligence.
These programs were characterized by severe security constraints and
advanced technology. As Project Director, Captain Grimm had total
technical and fiscal responsibilities throughout the entire development
process from initial requirements, through concept, development plan,
preliminary design, critical design review, test plans, test procedures,
testing, and test results. While attached to the Director of Naval
Intelligence, Captain Grimm had extensive interaction with numerous
national level Intelligence agencies external to DoD.
Mr. Grimm was born May 12, 1935 in Connellsville, Pennsylvania. His Social
Security number is He holds a Special Top Secret clearance STAT
granted March 25, 1983.
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D. ALAN SCANTLAND
Manager, Market and Technology Assessment Programs
Agricultural and Biotechnology Resources
Education
B.A., Biology, Earlham College
M.S., Agricultural Economics (Agribusiness Management), The Ohio State
University
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Qualifications
Mr. Scantland's background and experience enable him to apply natural
scientific relationships to solve a variety of agricultural,
biotechnological, biomass, and food business problems. Market
structure and function, international competition, and the relation-
ships of government regulation to business operations are important
factors in research programs managed and conducted by Mr. Scantland.
These capabilities have enabled him to provide significant inputs to
strategy development, technology transfer and business development
planning, feasibility assessment, and diversification programs for
clients.
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Recent Program Experience
Two example programs requiring economic analyses of agricultural
businesses which Mr. Scantland has managed are cited below.
? Assessment of International Markets for Biological Plant
Pesticides. This program involved a determination of future
market sizes for biologically-derived pesticides targeted to
specific plant diseases in four developing countries. The
client, a major international agrichemical company, used the
information to determine the appropriateness of embarking on a
substantial R&D and product development effort. During exten-
sive field interviewing in the countries, Battelle focused on
the relative costs and benefits to growers of these products,
government involvement in the local agricultural and pesticide
industries, and historical pesticide consumption. In-field
interviews were carried out in Thailand and Indonesia.
? Commercial Field Tests for Sweet Sorghum. As part of
Battelle's major program activities to speed biomass production
and utilization, we managed commercial grower field tests of
sweet sorghum. Nine farmers from three states grew over 10
hectares of sweet sorghum utilizing conventional farm machinery
and production practices. Three cultivars were evaluated.
Analysis of the data suggested that while this heavy biomass
producer could be grown with modern midwestern practices,
efficiency could be enhanced substantially through more
appropriate machinery.
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MICKEY F.. ARTHUR
Soil Agricultural Microbiologist and Soil Scientist
Environmental and Ecologic Analysis
Education
B.S., Microbiology, The Ohio State University
M.S., Immunology, The Ohio State University and The Ohio Agricultural
Research and Development Center
Ph.D., Microbiology, The Ohio State University (currently)
Qualifications
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Mr. Arthur has 10 years of experience at Battelle. He has conducted
environmental assessments with respect to diverse agricultural systems,
including effects on soils and crops due to acid deposition, power
plant emissions, reservoir construction, sewage sludge application, fly
ash disposal, and high-level nuclear waste isolation. All major soil
types, including tropical soils, have been included in these studies.
Specific areas considered have included nutrient cycling and loss, soil
fertility and erosion, crop ecology, microbiology, and soil/plant
relations. For example, in.one study for the U.S. EPA, Mr. Arthur led
a team of researchers in the development of a quantitative model that
predicts soil erosion losses in sludge-amended soils. The model is
based on soil and sludge levels of phosphorus and nitrogen as the
factors limiting sewage sludge application to agricultural soils.
Mr. Arthur also conducts and manages laboratory studies on soil and
aquatic metabolism of pesticides, and is developing methods for in situ
bioreclamation of highly polluted soils (e.g., dioxin soils).
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BARNEY W. CORNABY
Sr. Research Scientist
Environmental and Ecologic Analysis
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M.S., Zoology/Statistics, Brigham University
Ph.D., Ecology/Entomology, University of Georgia
Qualifications
Dr. Cornaby is an expert on technical environmental assessments with 15
years experience. He has conducted/supervised ecosystem field and
literature studies in the New World tropics. In Colombia and Panama he
led a team on the Pan-American highway assessment in the Darien Gap.
In Venezuela, his work over a three'year period focused on power plant
effects (chemical and physical alterations) on tropical soils,
vegetation, crops, and animals. Other tropical rainforest and
vegetation/ecological conversion studies, covering the period from
1938-1976, have been in Costa Rica (two months continuous) and Brazil
(two times).
He has made 15 trips to Latin America including Jamaica and Peru and
has given/published approximately 10 technical papers. He has a
reading knowledge and conversation understanding of technical Spanish,
although his true fluency is in Portuguese.
Dr. Cornaby was born on January 22, 1943 in Spanish Fork, Utah. His Social
Security Number is Cr. Cornaby holds a DoD Secret clearance. STAT
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BRIAN A. YOUNG
Agricultural Biotechnology Consultant
B.S., Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University
M.S., Plant Pathology, Texas A&M University
Ph.D. Agronomy (Currently), The Ohio State University
Now a doctoral student and Battelle consultant, Mr. Young was employed
at Battelle through 1986.
Qualifications and Relevant Experience.
Agronomic Research. Mr. Young has wide-ranging agronomic experience
both at the laboratory/research and at the field/applied level. Mr.
Young has a farm background giving him hands-on experience in crop
production practices.
Through his association with Battelle, Mr. Young has conducted
technical and economic analyses of energy crops plantations as an
alternative to conventional crops. Several of these studies involved
assessments of the environmental impacts of energy crop production on
marginal lands. He is principal author of a reference manual on energy
crop production published by the Department of Energy.
In addition to his research at Battelle, Mr. Young conducts applied
research in plant genetics and breeding for the Ohio State University's
Agricultural Research and Development Center.
Techno-Economic Research. Mr. Young has evaluated the potential market
for a plant pesticide in four Less Developed Countries, including
Brazil and Mexico. This study required in-country travel to assess
both the need for the pesticide and the ability of farmers to adopt its
use. In a separate study, Mr. Young evaluated the likely agronomic,
social and economic impacts of over 300 "appropriate" agricultural
technologies assuming they were adopted by farmers in Less Developed
Countries.
In still another study, Mr. Young conducted an assessment of the world
market and technical marketing obstacles for sales of a specific plant
micronutrient. The world market, segmented by country, for the
micronutrient product was estimated by evaluating soil micronutrient
deficiencies and by assessing the likely efficacy of the micronutrient
in various soils in fourteen countries.
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WILLIAM J. KELLY
Principal Research Economist
Foreign Science and Technology
Education
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B.A., Russian, University of Massachusetts
M.A., Economics, Rice University
Ph.D., Economics, Rice University
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Dr. Kelly has been chosen for this effort because of: (1) his
background in economic development, (2) his knowledge of Spanish, (3)
his foreign travel experience, and (4) his security clearances.
Dr. Kelly specialized in economic development studies while pursuing
graduate work at Rice University, studying under Professor Donald
Huddle, a prominent expert on Latin America. Under Professor Huddle's
supervision, Dr. Kelly wrote a doctoral dissertation on the family
planning efforts of Puerto Rico. After completing his studies, Dr.
Kelly taught courses in economic development at the University of
Georgia.
Since joining Battelle in 1977, Dr. Kelly has been engaged in research
on economic policy and R&D policy in foreign countries, including
energy consumption and production,, scientific and technical manpower,
and technology transfer. He currently is leading a Battelle-funded
study of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to Iran covering a
number of types of facilities, including grain elevators.
As a result of this experience, Dr. Kelly has become familiar with
information retrieval systems; data collection problems; and the
techniques and problems involved in the specification, estimation, and
interpretation of linear regression models.
Dr. Kelly has a reading knowledge of Russian, French, and Spanish and
has been called upon by professional journals to review books published
in French and Russian.
In carrying out his doctoral research, Dr. Kelly spent five months in
Puerto Rico, visiting some two dozen clinics in the Northeast Health
District. He also has spent time in the Bahamas, Haiti, and Mexico.
During such visits, he has made a point of visiting remote villages,
often traveling on local buses and "publicos".
Dr. Kelly was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, August 24, 1942, and his
Social Security Number is Dr. Kelly holds a Special Top Secret STAT
clearance granted May 13, 1982, and also has SCI. access.
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THOMAS A. MCCLURE
Sr. Agricultural Economist
Battelle Project Management Division
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Ph.D., Agricultural Economics, The Ohio State University (1972)
M.S., Agricultural Economics, The Ohio State University (1965)
B.S., Agricultural Economics, The Ohio State University (1964)
Relevant Experience
Dr. McClure has conducted and managed economic research studies at
Battelle for more than 21 years. Much of his research experience has
been concerned with agricultural and food-related topics. Areas of
emphasis have included agricultural technology, farm production
economics, marketing and financial analysis, and agricultural economic
impact analysis. Since late 1984 he has contributed to economic
research studies related to environmental and economic effects of
disposal of spent nuclear fuel and other high level wastes. Currently
he is engaged in several waste transportation topics including analysis
of train accident rates, effects of human factors on nuclear waste
transport safety, and development of an approach to identify routes for
waste salt disposal from repository construction.
He led a 1984 Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation study, Agricultural
Impacts of Siting a Nuclear Waste Repository in the Texas Panhandle.
Topics addressed included a description of agricultural trends in the
Texas Panhandle, repository requirements for land and water relative to
agricultural use, repository impacts on agricultural production, and
the issue of perceived contamination of agricultural commodities and
processed food products.
Dr. McClure was project leader and principal author of The Future of
United States Agriculture, 1983-2000, a one-year study for the
Production Credit Association (PCA). The study described U.S.
agricultural tends and regional characteristics, and focused on new
technologies affecting farmers over the next two decades.
He has participated in numerous projects involving potential production
of liquid fuels from sugar crops, corn, and oilseeds. He conducted an
assessment of Brazil's biomass production and processing technologies.
Other biomass related work has included such topics as potential for
development of new crops, economic impacts on the agricultural sector,
land and water availability, crop input requirements and costs,
transportation and handling costs, and by-product markets.
Dr. McClure also is owner/manager of a cash-grain farm in West Central
Ohio.
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MASON HOWARD SOULE
Economic Geographer
Foreign Science and Technology
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Education
B.A., Soviet Area Studies (1976), Kent State University
M.A., Geography (1978), Kent State University
Ph.D., Economic Geography (1982), Indiana University (candidate)
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Mr. Soule has experience in a number of areas of direct relevance to
the topic. He has taught undergraduate courses in physical geography,
which included sections on soils, vegetation, hydrology, and climates.
As part of his graduate work, he was engaged in fieldwork in rural
areas. He also has taught college level courses focusing on problems
in the developing world, and has extensive experience analyzing and
interpreting maps.
Mr. Soule has taken graduate level courses in air photo interpretation
and remote sensing techniques, which included analyses of multispectral
satellite imagery. As part of this coursework, he worked with
densitometers and wrote a paper on urban land use classification using
Landsat imagery.
Prior Experience
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Mr. Soule has been engaged in several studies for the U.S. Government
since joining Battelle in July, 1985, mostly relating to Soviet and
East European technical and economic issues. Prior to joining
Battelle, he was a lecturer in the geography departments at Ohio State
and Indiana Universities. He has extensive experience in applying
mathematical models and computers to the study of geographical and
socioeconomic problems.
Mr. Soule was born in Evanston, Illinois on June 13, 1953 and his Social
Security Number is Mr. Soule was granted a Special Secret STAT
clearance on May 14, 1986.
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Nutrient and Radionuclide Cycling in
Tropical Forests and Agricultural Lands
As a part of the feasibility study for the Atlantic-Pacific
Interoceanic Canal program, an intensive study of tropical terrestrial
ecosystems was undertaken. The purpose of this effort was to study the
movement and storage of stable elements. and radionuclides in the tropical
ecosystems occurring in regions of Central America under consideration for
construction of the canal utilizing nuclear devices for excavation. A major
portion of this study was conducted on site in Central America.
Descriptions were prepared of the terrestrial ecosystems by functional
category, natural material used by man were identified, and food chains
leading to these materials were identified. The spectrum of chemical
elements in these ecosystems were determined by chemical analysis of various
samples. Input and flow-through rates for materials were determined for
significant elements of interest.
Availability of Agrotechnologies in LDCs
The objective of this project was to provide a complete study of
agrotechnologies which can be expanded for use or introduced into lesser
developed countries (LDC). Agrotechnologies were defined as any input,
method, or equipment applicable to plants and/or animals, that will do at
least one of the following: increase output; improve biological efficiency;
lower production costs; decrease harvest and post-harvest/slaughter losses,
and; increase shelf-life of product during processing and marketing.
Technologies not yet in widespread use in LDCs, but which have the potential
for adoption by these countries, were the focus for the study. Over 300
technologies were evaluated in this study.
Environmental Impact Assessment for a
Power Plant on the Coast of Venezuela
This study has as its purpose to initiate an environmental impact
assessment of an electric power generating facility near Punta Moron,
Venezuela. The environmental impact assessment process consisted of five
basic steps: (1) literature review, (2) baseline description, (3)
experimental effects studies, (4) impact prediction, and (5) development of
mitigative measures. Because this was the first environmental impact
assessment (EIA) to be initiated in Venezuela, it was appropriate to divide
the work into two phases. Phase I reviewed available data about the Punta
Moron environment and possible impacts, both beneficial and detrimental,
resulting from the construction and operation of the power plant. With this
data the remaining steps in the assessment process could be properly planned
and implemented. Thus, Phase I had as specific objectives the following:
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? Conduct of literature review and evaluations to
identify useful information as well as data gaps,
? Develop a study plan that could be used in Phase
II to fill important data gaps, and
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? Transfer of knowledge concerning the environmental
impact assessment process.
Phase II, which will implement steps 2 through 5 of the EIA process, is
being initiated.
Two multidisciplinary research teams, one from a firm in Venezuela
(INELMECA) and a corresponding team from Battelle were created. Disciplines
included four aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological environments
-- air, water, terrestrial ecology, and marine ecology. The two teams
worked together closely in meeting these three Phase I objectives.
Environmental and Economic Impacts
of Selected Biomass Systems
In this program, Battelle examined the environmental and economic
impacts associated with commercial operation of several types of biomass
systems. Included systems were alcohol fuels production, anaerobic
digestion, and combustion and pyrolysis.
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Unfilled Market Needs for Bactericides
The principal objective of this study, commissioned by a major
agrichemical firm was to determine the commercial unfilled market needs for
bactericide products in four countries (Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, and
Thailand). The Battelle team travelled to each country to provide estimates
of potential markets and needs for several crops. The company is using this
data for its internal R&D program planning.
Commercial Grower Sweet Sorghum Field Testing
Battelle has carried out major program activities in evaluating
the use of sugar crops as fuel and fiber sources. As part of this effort,
Battelle managed the conduct of field tests carried out by commercial
growers. Nine farmers in three midwestern states grew over 10 hectares and
three cultivars of sweet sorghum as part of an effort to make commercializa-
tion efforts more effective and rapid. Agronomic and economic data was
collected and analyzed over the season. One key finding was that the large
volume of sweet sorghum biomass produced per unit area precluded the
efficient use of typical midwestern large-scale harvesting machinery.
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Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum as an Energy Crop
The objective of this project was to evaluate the yield potential
of sweet sorghum in a specific west-coast location. The client was.
interested in establishing a biomass energy conversion facility, using sweet
sorghum as a feedstock, and needed valid estimates of the commercial-scale
yield likely from sweet sorghum. Battelle was asked to draw conclusions on
the results of field work previously conducted by the client, and to design
field experiments capable of giving valid yield estimates for the location.
Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Closed
Boll Cotton Harvesting Concept
The overall objective of this research program was to perform a
technical economic evaluation of a closed boll cotton harvesting system.
Within this technical economic evaluation, major sub-objectives were
defined:
? To develop baseline economic, cost, and energy
data on the current system of cotton production
and processing, from planting through mill
purchase of raw cotton
? To develop similar information and data for the
proposed new concept of closed boll cotton
harvesting, including estimating potential cost
and return data for growers and gin operators and
estimating the relative increased/decreased energy
consumption at these levels.
? To investigate the desirability of developing a
field threshing unit to separate locks from burrs
as opposed to separation at a central location
(i.e., the gin yard)
? To identify any impediments to implementation of
the closed boll harvesting system (such as the
inability to commercially produce determinate
cotton cultivars); and to suggested needed
research to overcome identified impediments
? To identify desired design characteristics of a
closed boll cotton harvester.
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Future of U.S. Agriculture. 1983-2000
In this landmark study, Battelle identified key economic, social,
environmental, and technological factors that will influence United States
agriculture to the year 2000 and early into the 21st century.
The program assessed the interrelationships of potential impacts
of these key factors as they may affect changes in U.S. farm production and
marketing practices, farm financial management, and agricultural
institutions supplying credit and other services to U.S. farmers.
Agricultural production, marketing, and communication technologies were
emphasized, along with their rural sociological implications. The final
report contains information relative to the major commodity groups produced
by U.S. farmers, and also a number of agricultural inputs such as chemicals
and fertilizers, feed and animal health products, seeds, farm machinery and
equipment, fuels and energy, farm labor, and capital investment and
management. Historical information on the structure of U.S. agriculture,
and a general review of economic trends and agricultural developments over
the past two decades are covered to set the stage for the futuristic
prospective.
The final report was published by Battelle Press as a book
entitled Agriculture 2000 -- A Look at the Future. The study also served as
a basis for selecting subject matter for a film entitled AgriAmerica, 2003
A.D. that has been shown to production credit associations, farmers and
ranchers, and vocational agricultural students.
Biomass Technologies Group Program
This study:
? Identified the current and projected
state-of-the-art biomass technology in selected
countries, and
? Developed an up-to-date international bibliography
that identified and abstracts the leading articles
published on the subject
The countries selected for investigation are the United States,
Canada, Sweden, West Germany, Australia/New Zealand, Japan, and Brazil. For
each of the countries, an in-depth investigation is being conducted to
identify the major technologies applicable to the production of fuels or
chemicals from biomass (including oilseeds) and to determine the current
status of biomass, problems, government's role, and other major factors
influencing the use of biomass. An international literature search and
extensive field interviews comprise the basic research approach.
Approximately 80 industrial companies representing 12 nations participated
in this program.
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Management Plan for Forestry Operation
on the Eglin AFB Reservation
Battelle was contracted by the Armament Division of the U.S. Air
Force to demonstrate the scope of military mission requirements for Eglin
AFB Reservation forest resources and to develop present and future forest
management plans to meet mission requirements and incorporate forest revenue
generating activities. The investigation was organized and conducted in
three phases. Phase I focused on the identification of past, present, and
future operational forest needs of the Department of Defense (DoD),
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E), and training
organizations using Eglin Reservation. Phase II concentrated on review of
the present suitability of Eglin's forest environments to meet mission needs
and initial development of a management plan to preserve the required
existing forest resources and the associated natural environments. Phase
III emphasized the completion of a management plan designed to, develop and
maintain suitable acreages of forest environment that will better support
the required present and future RDT&E, and training needs and, to
incorporate revenue generating activities consistent with the primary
mission. The overall plan was judged by the Armament Division to meet their
current needs. An implementation schedule is being developed by the
Division based on Battelle's report.
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APPENDIX C
CANDIDATE (FACULTY)
IN-COUNTRY INTERVIEWEES
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APPENDIX C
CANDIDATE (FACULTY)
IN-COUNTRY INTERVIEWEES
Among the individuals we will want to consider for in-country
interviews are:
Jamaica: Dean Edgar R. Thomas
College of Agriculture
Port Antonio, Portland
Jamaica
Colombia: Alberto Gonzalez Murcia
Dean of the Faculty of Forest Engineering
Universidad del Tolima
Ibague, Tolima
Colombia
Peru: Dr. Augusto Tovar Serpa
Dean of the Faculty of Forestry
Universidad Nacional Agraria
Lima
Peru
Ing. Damaso Alcantara Leon
Dean of the Faculty of Forestry
Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru
Huancayo, Junin
Peru
Ing. A. Qinteros Garcia
Head of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry
Universidad Nacional de San Martin
Tarapoto
Peru
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APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF BATTELLE NORTHWEST
CAPABILITIES AND ON-GOING
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
IN
REMOTE SENSING/IMAGE PROCESSING
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Includes:
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SUMMARY OF BATTELLE NORTHWEST
CAPABILITIES AND ON-GOING
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
IN
REMOTE SENSING/IMAGE PROCESSING
1. Synopsis of,Remote Sensing-Relevant Activities/Developments
2. Description of Relevant Facilities
-- Remote Sensing/Calibration Laboratory
-- Image Processing/Data Fusion Workstations
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DESCRIPTION OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY'S
REMOTE SENSING RESEARCH ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO A
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GLOBAL EARTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES INITIATIVE
SUMMARY
Since 1976 the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL*) has been
conducting Geoscientific Remote Sensing Research with funding from the Office
of Basic Energy Sciences (OBES) Geosciences Program (Dr. George Kolstad et
al.). This modest but uninterrupted basic research effort has developed
advanced capabilities (facilities, hardware, software, and staff), and unique
application experience associated with interactive computerized analyses of
combinations of remote sensing (primarily satellite) and geoscientific
(geophysical and geologic) data. These OBES developed capabilities are
contributing to numerous programmatic efforts within PNL and have been the
basis for several independent but closely linked remote sensing research
initiatives that have since been developed within DOE (viz., OHER and Defense
Programs) and via Related Services Agreements with NASA. These programs
involve technical considerations such as sensor calibration, absolute
radiometry, computerized quantitative analyses, and modeling functions that are
directly relevant to global scientific studies that exploit satellite remote
sensing possibilities. Moreover, these programs have multidisciplinary and
multiorganizational (interagency) features that are basic to any serious
global-scale research initiative within the earth and environmental sciences.
Recent developments further document the Laboratory's interest and commitment
(exploratory research funding) in fostering research that develops
multidisciplinary teams and facilities for solving complex energy-related
problems on local to global scales.
* Operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DOE/OBES Geoscientific Remote Sensing Task
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This task has been supported by OER/OBES for over a decade to conduct
basic research in remote sensing most relevant to DOE's objectives in the
geoscientific area. It involves advancing the state-of-the-art in interactive
image processing, computer graphics, and artificial intelligence to exploit the
geoscientific potentialities of all types of remote-sensing data acquisitions
(viz., visual, thermal, and microwave). The goal is to develop advanced
computer techniques for processing, analyzing, and displaying combinations of
remote-sensing and geoscience (geophysical and geologic) data so the
geoscientists can analyze more complex data, more completely and more rapidly.
This goal continues to grow in importance, as increased advancements are needed
from the geosciences to help solve critical national issues associated with
locating, developing, and conserving energy resources, storing waste generated
during energy development, and monitoring and assessing energy-related
environmental changes and trends on local, regional, continental, and global
scales. Also, research conducted under this task is closely coordinated with
the OBES-funded activities in aeronomy and solar research. The two current
areas of emphasis involve cooperative use of the geodata (Symbolics)
workstation under development and joint studies of atmospheric properties
limiting the quantitative uses of remote-sensing data.
The long term OBES support has resulted in the development of a
center of excellence in remote sensing at PNL. Although emphasizing
geoscientific remote sensing (e.g., geoexploration and continental scientific
drilling), center capabilities are becoming increasingly supportive of a
variety of DOE programs within PNL (e.g., arid lands ecology, acid rain, wind
energy, subsurface contaminant transport, nuclear waste repository sighting,
and national security technology). Moreover, the advanced capabilities
(facilities and staff) developed under this task have ben the basis for the
successful implementation of several new, but closely linked, programmatic
initiatives within and external to DOE. And, just recently, PNL was notified
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that the "Geologic Spatial Analysis" proposal (spun off from this task) has
been accepted by OBES Geosciences as a new start for FY 87.
NASA/GSFC Landsat Thematic Mapper Investigations
Since the launch of the first thematic mapper in 1982 (Landsat 4),
PNL has participated as a Principal Investigator in assessing the quality and
utility of satellite multispectral data due primarily to capabilities developed
under the OBES remote sensing task. From 1982 to 1985 we were involved in the
NASA Landsat Image Data Quality Analysis (LIDQA) Program. Currently (1985 to
1988( we are engaged in a follow-on thematic mapper radiometric calibration
study. This investigation is aimed at developing analytical techniques that
will enhance the scientific exploration of satellite multispectral data.
This related services research with NASA emphasizes the quantitative
uses of satellite multispectral data, especially high-resolution thermal band
data. It involves (1) the quantitative characterization of earth surface
(land-cover) features based upon their reflectivity or emissivity at different
wavelengths and their associated spectral and temporal variabilities, (2)
assessment of the application potentialities of using combinations of visible
and nonvisible (e.g., thermal) band, and (3) development of computerized
techniques for adjusting data to account for atmospheric and sensor calibration
effects.
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This research is directly relevant to any global initiative in that
it stresses quantitative uses, involved interdisciplinary participation (viz.,
remote sensing, atmospheric and ecology/hydrology specialists), and requires
detailed protocols for the acquisition of supportive ground-through data.
Also, through this program, we are maintaining close contact with NASA Goddard
and Headquarters personnel involved in developing and implementing the Earth
Observing System (EOS) being developed by NASA-NOAA specifically to foster
global studies of the earth.
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DOE/DP Nuclear Multispectral Data Exploitation
Beginning in 1983, and, once again based largely on. capabilities
developed on the OBES remote sensing task, PNL successfully implemented a
series of continuing research and application programs through its National
Security Technology Office. These Defense Programs' funded projects are
emphasizing the development and application of advanced remote sensing and
image processing techniques most relevant to DOE's national security interests.
Her again, these efforts are interdisciplinary, multiorganizational (involving
other DOE laboratories) and involve extensive acquisition and processing of
worldwide satellite data. All of these functions are integral to any global
research initiative. Of major relevance is that expense and capital equipment
funds provided by DP have significantly enhanced capabilities (facilities,
equipment, and staff) at PNL, as well as within other participating DOE
laboratories, that can directly support a DOE role in global earth nd
environment research.
DOE/OHER Support of ALE and REFLEX
Efforts were initiated in 1985 to identify technical areas within the
Arid Lands Ecology (ALE) program wherein interdisciplinary activities,
involving ecology, hydrology and remote sensing specialists, would offer new
opportunities for substantial research advancements. Some small initial
efforts began in FY 86, related mostly to acquiring familiarization with field
and satellite arid land vegetation spectral data including both visible and
thermal regimes. Almost simultaneously, DOE/OHER (Dr. Frank Wobber et al.) was
in the process of developing a new program initiative, titled REFLEX aimed at
using advanced remote sensing technologies for interdisciplinary scientific
experiments involving hydrologic -- ecologic interaction. This OHER initiative
provided PNL with the opportunity to more formally organize a multidisciplinary
confederation aimed at developing quantitative methodologies for remotely
measuring, monitoring, and modeling hydrologic-ecologic processes effected by
energy developments in arid regions (REFLEX Program Plan DOE/ER-0254).
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Pacific Northwest Laboratory's initial research emphasis within
REFLEX is to test the possibility of combining remote measures of surface
temperature with atmospheric, vegetation, and soil data to develop a
computerized procedure for making landscape-level estimates of
evapotranspiration in arid regions using the Hanford-ALE site as the principal
study area. This experiment requires close collaborative efforts among remote
sensing, hydrology, and ecology specialists to acquire and analyze digital data
from field, aircraft, and satellite observations. In a broader context, REFLEX
provides an ideal forum for staff from all participating DOE Laboratories (as
will as several other government agencies) to share ideas, expertise,
techniques, and results which individually and collectively related directly to
supporting a DOE role in global earth and environmental sciences research.
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Recent Developments 1986-1987
Several recent developments have occurred in the remote sensing area
that will influence PNL research activities relevant to global scientific
research.
? A PNL proposal for a companion basic research task to the
Geoscientific Remote Sensing task entitled "Geologic Spatial
Analysis" has been accepted by OBES Geosciences Program as a new
start in FY 87. This task emphasizes the development of
computerized geologic analysis techniques for determining
spatial (Three-dimensional) relationships of earth crustal
fracture planes and structural characterization. The technique
involves the integration and analysis of digital data bases
developed from remote sensing, mapped lithology, field
measurements,a nd conventional geophysical methods. If
successful, the proposed quantitative technique for determining
fault, fold, and fracture orientations and locations anywhere on
earth, will provide vital data relevant to US DOE concerns in
energy exploration, continental scientific drilling, seismic
analysis,
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and waste storage sighting, as well as basic geologic mapping
and tectonic studies.
? In FY 87 a major project was initiated with the US ARmy (under
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DOE Related Services) which also requires the collaborative
participation of PNL's remote sensing and ecology/environmental
staff. The objective of the project is to tailor and test
remote sensing techniques for supporting environmental
management functions at Army training centers such as the Yakima
Firing Center adjacent to the Hanford site. The project
emphasizes the development of techniques for operationally
detecting and evaluating vegetation changes over the entire 400
square-mile firing center. Moreover, the project included
providing PNL with an advanced interactive workstation for
conducting geographic information system (GIS) type analysis
with authorization for utilization on DOE projects when not
engaged in Army research.
For several. years PNL's Earth and Environmental Sciences Center
has been using Laboratory Exploratory Research funds to support
studies involving the use of knowledge based (expert) systems
for improving existing or developing new models and for a
variety of small remote sensing studies involving technical
issues (e.g., emissivity, microwave processing, etc.) critical
to quantitative uses of multispectral data. Also, with the
recent installation of a CRAY computer at Hanford, studies are
in progress for evaluating pathways for linking existing image
processing, data manipulation, and modeling workstations to the
super station.
? Pacific Northwest Laboratory continues to explore opportunities
to translate OER developed capabilities at PNL to localized
applications at Hanford. The successful integration of remote
sensing and ecological/environmental disciplines within several
other programmatic areas has opened up new possibilities. For
example, utilization of these combined capabilities for
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monitoring and evaluating land surface changes associated with
repository site characterization at Hanford is scheduled to
commence this fiscal year.
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Remote Sensing/Calibration Laboratory
In order to perform field studies and laboratory measurements in
support of remote sensing data analysis, PNL personnel have established a
special optical radiation/thermal calibration/testing laboratory. The purpose
of this laboratory is three-fold: (1) to house temperature and optical
measuring devices, such as mercury thermometers, thermocouples, and radiation
temperature radiometers used in various thematic mapper/aircraft thermal
calibration studies, so that the instruments can be maintained in proper
working condition (calibration of all instruments against an NBS standard using
consistent techniques is accomplished before and after the satellite overpass,
to ensure experimental; (2) to perform experiments to investigate the effect of
ground effects such as emissivity of bodies which is less than one on the
temperature recording of radiometers and satellite sensors; and (3) to
investigate the vapor formation effect over water on higher temperatures which
give rise to temperature measurement uncertainties.
A secondary purpose of the laboratory is to provide a training ground
for the collection of field data and the corrections necessary to avoid
uncertainties by improper collection of field data. For example, several
mechanical aspects of making measurements with field radiometers must be
considered. Emitted thermal radiation can be angle-dependent. The field of
view (FOV) of the radiometer must be filled, to give a correct reading that
limits the distance that the radiometer is from the thermal source of a given
size. The total angle of view must also be such that a uniform temperature is
sensed across the area seen by the radiometer, or else the pixel phenomenon
will give a "weighted temperature" reading. Finally, for field instruments
that are battery-operated, the time of use in the field can partially drain the
batteries and can cause reading errors unless accounted for.
Battelle Northwest currently has five computer systems dedicated to
spectral and spatial data analysis. These include:
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I. A UNIX-based system dedicated for Geographical Information
System (GIS) work. The system is based on the Army's Geographic
Resources Analysis System (GRASS) software package. The
hardware configuration includes:
A MASSCOMP 5600S CPU with
832 x 600 x 10 color display
71 mg system disk
474 Mb Fujitsu disk drive
1/2' 1600 BPI tape drive
floppy disk drive
laser printer
pen plotter
ethernet port and serial ports (allowing access to
other equipment in the lab)
SUN 3/50m with
141 Mb disk
ethernet port and serial ports
1/4 tape
The SUN system acts as an intelligent windowing front end to the
MASSCOMP system for the users. The SUN is also used to process
GIS data in its own right when the MASSCOMP is active. Besides
doing operational work the system is also used to develop new
GIS functions.
II. A VMS based system for operational image processing. Hardware
for this system includes:
A MicroVAX CPU with
16Mb of memory
1024 x 864 Monochrome graphics screen
TK50 95Mb Cartridge tape drive
71 Mg system disk
Digitizing table
Eikonic series 850 digital camera system
Matrix film recorder
Tektronix 4125
Optical disk system for .8 Giga byte 5-1/4" cartridges
300 byte mountable disk drive
300 Mg removable winchester disk system (up to 4 drives at
a time)
Graphic laser printer
1/2 1500 BPI tape drive
International Imaging System (IIS) image array processor
with 17 MB of memory and 512 x 512 color monitor
Important application software on the system includes the IIS
system 600 software and the LAS image processing system from
NASA (currently being installed). [This system is contained in
a Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) secure area.]
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III. A R&D VMS based system for Geologic Spatial Analysis (GSA).
This system uses 3-dimensional vector data (e.g., a Digital
Elevation Model); or point data (e.g., seismic hypocenters) in
the interpretation of geologic structures. This GSA computer
system consists of:
MicroVAX cpu with
13 Mb of memory
1024 x 864 x 8 bit color graphics screen
95 Mb Cartridge tape drive
71 Mg system disk
689 mb Fujitsu super eagle
9401 tri-density 9 track magnetic tape unit
laser printer
ethernet port and serial ports (allowing access to other
equipment in the-lab)
24" wide Galcomp 5825 color electrostatic printer
24" x 36" digitizing table (on order)
IV. A VMS based spatial information system. This system is used for
both R&D and operational activities. Software includes both in-
house developed software and software "cloned" from the systems
mentioned above. Of special focus for this system is the
combining of different spacial data sets including vector
images, vector maps, associated text information and fluid flow
modeling results. The hardware for this system includes:
MicroVAX cpu with
16 Mb of memory
1024 x 864 x 4 bit color graphics screen
95 Mb Cartridge tape drive
71 Mg system disk
689 mb Fujitsu super eagle
9401 tri-density 9-track magnetic tape unit
RAMTEK 4225 (e.e., tektronic 4125 clone)
touch screen terminal
voice I/O terminal
two 380 Mb disk drives (on order)
1024 x 1024 x 29 bit color display
ethernet port (allowing access to the CRAY) optical disk
system for .8 Giga byte 5-1/4" cartridges
A Symbolics-based image processing and analysis workstation that
has the following components and advantages:
(a) One Giga Byte Virtual Address Space - this large
virtual memory will greatly simplify programming,
which is currently constrained by a 64K-byte physical
memory. Large image files will appear as arrays in
virtual memory.
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(b) Higher Computational Rates - the floating point
computation speed is two to three times greater on the
new system.
(c) 1280 by 1024 Pixel Color Display - the high-resolution
color display frame buffer appears as part of the
virtual memory of the Symbolics system. This feature
considerably simplified the creation of complex
dynamic displays.
(d) State-of-the-Art Users' Interface - the system has a
highly interactive program development environment.
This environment makes editing, testing, and debugging
of programs much faster.
(e) Hardware designed for the LISP Computer Language - the
computer hardware has been designed specifically to
run LISP efficiently. The system will execute LISP
programs several times faster than the VAX 11/780.
(f) LISP and FORTRAN Can Be Mixed - this feature means
that existing software in FORTRAN can run on the
system with additions made in LISP.
(g) Utility of Expert Systems and Other Artificial
Intelligence Applications - this system is basically
an AI workstation. It runs LISP, the preferred
language for artificial intelligence applications in
the United States. These features open many
possibilities for improvement of existing software and
development of new software that do not exist on the
current minicomputer.
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Balteile
Columbus Division
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693
Telephone [phone]
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